FILI 101
“Subject to the provisions of law and as the Congress
Lesson 1
MGA POSISYONG PAPEL HINGGIL SA FILIPINO
AT PANITIKAN SA KOLEHIYO
 Ito ay naka-angkla sa ideya ng international
standards, labor mobility, at ASEAN
intergration.
Tanggol Wika- tagapagtanggol ng wikang Filipino.
Hunyo 21, 2014- nabuo ang tanggol wika sa De La
Salle University-Manila (DLSU).
 Halos 500 delegado mula sa 40 paaralan,
kolehiyo, unibersidad, organisasyong
pangwika at pangkultura ang lumahok.
Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera- pambansang alagan ng
sining.
2015- pinangunahan ng Tanggol Wika ang
pagsasampa ng kaso laban sa anti-Filipino ng CHED
Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 20, Series of 2013, sa
Korte Suprema.
Temporary Restraining Order (TRO)- inilabas ito ng
korte sumprema para ipahinto ang pagpaslang sa
Filipino at Panitikan sa kolehiyo.
2019- taon na tinggal ng korte ang TRO ngunit tuloy
parin ang laban ng Tanggol Wika sa iba pang arena.
House Bill 223- ibalik ang Filipino at Panitikan bilang
mga mandatoring asignatura sa kolehiyo.
POSISYONG PAPEL
- isang akademikong gawain na kung saan
naglalahad ito ng saloobin o paninindigan sa
isang isyu tulad edukasyon, politika at batas.
- ginagamit ito sa organisasyon at institusyon
upang ipaalam sa publiko ang kanilang
paniniwala at rekomendasyon bilang isang
paksa.
Lesson 2
FILIPINO BILANG WIKA NG KOMUNIKASYON
SA KOLEHIYO AT MAS MATAAS NA ANTAS
 Kasabay ng mga pagbabagong dulot ng
internasyonalisayon at globalisasyon ay tila
paglalam din ng pag-unawa at paluwag ng
yakap ng mga Pilipino sa sariling wika.
 Isa sa mga karaniwang mukhang pang araw-
araw na gawin ang mga pinaiksing salita sa
chat at text at ang mga pinag halong wika sa
iisang pangungusap.
 Kadalasan mali rin ang baybay sa mga pasulat
na gawain at gayun din sa bigkas sa mga
pasalitang aktibidad.
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Artikulo 14 Seksyon 6
may deem appropriate, the government shall take steps
to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium
of official communication and as language of
instruction in the educational system.”
Pangulong Corazon C. Aquino- sya ang nagbigay ng
diin din sa probisyong ito sa pamamagitan ng
executive Order No. 335.
Order No. 335- ito ay nagsasaad na magamit ang
Filipino sa opisyal na mga transaksyon,
komunikasayon at korespondesya at nag aatas sa mga
kagawaran ng kawanihan, opisina at iba pa.
 Lumbera et.al 2007- ang Filipino ang wikang
ginagamit sa paglinang at pagpapalaganap ng
isang edukasyong na nagtataguyod ng
kapakanan ng bansa nagpapayaman ng diwang
Magtatanong at mapanlikha at umuugat sa
buhay at pakikibaka ng nakararami.
Bienvenido Lumbera- isang makata, tagapuna,
dramatista at iskolar ng Pilipinas.
- nakatanggap sya ng Gawad Ramon Magsaysay
para sa pamamhayag, panitikan at malikhang
komunikasyon.
- Gawad sa Aklat mula sa Pambansang
Pundasyon sa Aklat at ang Gawad Pang-alaala
kay Don Carlos Palanca para sa Panitikan.
Abril 11, 1932- kapanganak ni lumbera at sa Lipa sya
sinilang.
David Michael M. San Juan- sya ang gumawa ng 12
Reasons to Save the National Language.
Agosto 10, 2014- taon kung kailan nya nilatha ang
kanyang artikulog 12 Reasons to Save the National
Language.
Virgilio S. Almario (2014)- sabi nya na napakarami
pang dapat gawin upang ganap na magtagumpay ang
wikang Filipino Aniya hindi sapat ang pagdedeklara
ng
buwan ng wikang Pambansa.
Pangulong Fidel V. Ramos- noong Hulyo 5, 1977
dagdag pa niyang na ang wikang Filipino ay totoong
mabubuhay at Yayaman sa pamamagitan ng patuloy na
paggamit ng araw-araw na mga mamamayan.
Lesson 3
PAG PROSESO NG IMPORMASYON PARA SA
KOMUNIKSYON
PANANALIKSIK
Vizcarra (2003)- ayon sa kanya na ang pananaliksik ay
isang sistematiko, kontrolado, empiriko, at kritikal na
pang-imbestiga sa haypoteknikal na pahayag tungkol
sa inaakalang relasyon o ugnayan ng mga natural na
phenomenon.
Atienza (1996)- ay matiyaga, maingat, sistematiko,
mapanuri at kritikal na pagsisiyasat o pag-aaral
tungkol sa isang bagay, konsepto, kagawian, problema,
isyu,o aspekto nh kultura at lipunan.
MGA PANIMULANG KONSIDERASYON NA
DAPAT ISAALANG-ALANG NG ISANG
MANANALIKSIK
1. Paglilinang ng Paksa
2. Layuning ng Pananaliksik
3. Sitwasyong Pang-Komunikasyon
KOMUNIKASYON
- Salitang Latin na “communis” ang ibigsabihin
ay karaniwan o panlahat.
- Ginagamit sa pakikipag ugnayan,
pakikisalamuha at pakikipag talastasan sa
kapuwa.
Atienza et. Al 1990- tahasan itong binubuo ng
dalawang panig: isang nagsasalita at isang nakikinig na
kapwa nakikinabang nang walang lamangan.
S.S Stevens- ang komunikasyon ay Ang napiling
pagtugon at organismo sa anumang bagay na
nangngailangan ng pagkilos o reaksiyon.
Green at Perry (Developing Language Skills)-
intensyonal at konsyus na paggamit ng anumang
simbolo upang makapagdala ng katotohanan, ideya,
damdamin, emosyon, mula sa isang indibidwal tungo
sa iba.
PROSESO NG KOMUNIKASYON
1. Tagapagpadala/Pinanggalingan
- pinagmulan ng mensahe o impormasyon
maaring isang tao, institusyon o organisasyon.
2. Midyum/Tsanel
- ito ang gamit para maipadadala ang mensahe
halimbawa ay salita, galaw o kilos pwede ding
ekspresyon ng mukha.
3. Tagatanggap
- Ito naman ang pinadalhan ng mensahe o
tagatanggap ng mensahe; makilala at
mauunawaan ang ipinahihiwatig.
4. Ingay
- Sagabal sa nag papadala ng mensahe.
Mensahe- ito ay ang produkto ng pagsasaliksik ito ay
may dalwang klase:
a. mensaheng pangnilalaman o pang lingwistika.
b. mensaheng relasyunal o mensaheng di verbal.
5. Tugong/ Fidbak
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- positibo o negatibo na uri ng tuwieang tugon,
di tuwirang tugon, naantalang tugon.
6. Konetxt/Konteksto
- kabuuang kaligiran ng komunikasyon maaring
pisikal, historical o kultural.
KAHALAGAHAN NG
PAKIKIPAGKOMUNIKASYON
 Nakakuha ng kaalaman at karanasan.
 Nakakatulong sa atin gumawa ng hakbang o
desisyon sa ating buhay.
 Nakakaaagap at nakakapag bahagi ng
impormasyon sa pamamagitan ng ibat-ibang
midya.
 Nakakatulong upang mapabilis ang gawain at
maging prodaktibo sa araw-araw.
 Nakakatulong upang ma solusyonan problema.
 Nakakatulong sa pag papatatag ng relasyon.
IBAT IBANG PARAAN NG PAGSAGAP NG MGA
KAALAMAN O IMPORMASYON
1. Pagpili ng Batis- ang Batis ng Impormasyon
ay
mga sources ng mga impormasyon na
nakukuha ng mga nagbabasa at nakikinig.
2. Dokumento- impormasyon o usaping
nakasulat sa papel pwede itong pribado o
pampublikong dokumento. Halimbawa nito ay
ulat, pampamahalaan, batas o ordinansa,
talaarawan, talambuhay.
3. Pahayagan- ito ay publikasyon ng ibat ibang
balita, kwento, komentaryo, anunsyo sa araw
araw. Halimbawa nito ay broadsheet, magasin,
news report, tabloid, editorial cartoon at
editorial.
4. Anunsyo/Patalasatas- mga impormasyon na
makikita mo sa radio, telebisyon, poster at iba
pa. Halombawa nito ay TV at radio
commercial, ad posters, print ads, commercial
flyers.
5. Litrato- larawang likha sa pamamagitan ng
potograpiya nakakagawa ito ng mga
impormasyon.
6. Kasaysayang Pasalita- pagtatala ng
pagkakaalala, salysay, at interpretsyon ng
isang tao na nabuhay sa nakaraan o saksi sa
isang pangyayari gamit ang pagrecord o
pagsulat.
7. Panitikan- produkto ng sining, kasaysayan at
pamumuhay ng mga sinaunang tao.
8. Historical Sites- lugar o istruktura na may
maksaysayang kahalagahan o pangyayaring
nagaganap o di kaya ay naitayo bilang
pagdakila sa isang tao o pangyayari.
 9. Digital- mga tala mula sa internet o mga
kagamitang digital. Halimbawa nito ay mga
social media.
Thomas Edison- sya ang nagturo sa kanyang
pangalawang asawa ng morse code.
Morse Code- isang paraan ng pakikipagusap gamit ang
pag tapik sa bawat kamay.
10. Paraphrasing- ito ay tipikal na nagpapaliwanag
o nagbibigay ng liwanag sa teksto
ipinapahayag sa pamamagitan ng iba pang
pananalita. Pagbabago ng mga salita ngunit
nandun parin ang ideya.
11. Panunulad o Plahiyo- pag-angkin at paggamit
ng gawa o ideya ng iba ng walang permiso.
12. Sitasyon- pag gamit ng salita, sulat o ideya ng
iba kailangan itong bigyan ng kredito ang
orihinal na may ari.
IBA’T IBANG URI NG SITASYON
1. APA- American Psychological Association
- ito ang madalas na ginagamit sa mga
dokumento sa mga kursong panlipunan ang
APA ay nakapokus sa petsa ng isang artikulo.
2. MLA- Modern Language Assiociation
- ginagamit naman ito ng mga kursong
humanities, ito naman ay nakapokus sa awtor.
3. CMS- Chicago Manual of Style
- Ito naman ay ginagamit sa mga klase o sa
kursong may kinalaman sa kasaysayan, ito
naman ay nakapokus kung saan nagmula ang
ideya.
 Kailangan na nating tanggapin na binubuo ng
tinatawag na binary opposition ang mundo sa
kadahilanang walang neutral at ang mga bagay
ay nasa pagitan lamang ng positibo at
negatibo, masama o mabuti, at sang-ayon o
hindi.
PAGBASA
- Isa sa mga apat na kasanayang pang-wika.
Pagkilala at pagkuha ng mga ideya at mas
ibahagi ng may-akda sa babasa ng kanyang
sinulat.
William S. Gray- sya ang Ama ng Pagbasa.
PROSESO NG PAGBASA
 Persepsyon- ito ay pagbasa sa akda o
pagkilala.
 Komprehensyon- ito ay pagunawa sa binasa.
 Asimilasyon- ito ay pagkukumpara sa nabasa
at sa karanasan o kaalaman ng nagbasa.
 Reaksyon- ito namanay ang paghatol o
pagbibigay ng saloobin.
KAHALAGAHAN NG PAGBABASA
 Nakakapagpalawak ng pananaw.
 Gamot sa pagkakabagot.
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 Nakakapagbigay-aliw.
 Nakakarating sa iba’t ibang lugar.
 Gamot sa suliraning personal.
Ayon sa website na MIND TOOLS may anim na
paraan upang malaman ang fake news:
1. Pagbuo ng kritikal na pagtingin.
2. Maging mapanuri.
3. Kiallanin ang pinagmulan ng impormasyon.
4. Suriin ang mga katibayan.
5. Huwag magpadala sa face value ng
impormasyon.
6. Suriin kung tunog tama ang impormasyon.
Fake News- tumutukoy sa mga hindi totoo o mga
kwento na naglalaman ng ilang katotohanan ngunit
hindi ganap na tumpak, sa pamamagitan ng aksidente o
disenyo.
 Sinasabi rin ng ilang tao na ang mga totoong
kwento ay "fake news", dahil lamang sa hindi
sila sang-ayon sa kanila.
 Kailangan natin maging mapanuri at kritikal sa
impormasyong nakukuha sa midya upang
magamit ang mga ito sa kapakinabangan, sa
halip na kapahamakan dapat din maging
mapanurri sa mga impormasyon na nakukuha
sa harapang pakikipag usap.
 Mahalaga ang pagtitimbang, at pagtatahi ng
mga impormasyon mula sa taong nakaranas
hanggang sa kinikilalang dalubhasa sa paksa
ng komunikasyon o penominang pinag
uusapan.
GEd 103
Lesson 1
RIZAL LAW REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
Rizal Bill (1950)
- proposed by Claro M. Recto and Jose P.
Laurel.
- its mandated by the law.
 - the lesson contained within the course itself. GENEALOGY OF JOSE RIZAL
Rufino Santos- he is the archbishop of the manila, he Full Name: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo
requested to Recto to only require the “expurgated” Realonda
version of Rizal’s two novels. Born: January 19, 1861
SENATORS WHO OPPOSED THE BILL: Died: December 30, 1896
1. Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo Nickname: Jose or Pepe
2. Mariano Cuenco  he was the nationalist and polymath during
3. Decoroso Rosales the Spanish colonial period.
GROUPS WHO OPPOSED THE BILL:  he killed in Bagumbayan now called as the
1. Catholic of the Philippines Luneta.
2. Knight of Columbus  he is ophthalmologist.
3. Congregation of Mission  he is member of Filipino Propaganda
4. Catholic Teachers Guild Movement which advocated political
Fidel Ramos- acting directed of CHED and DECS. reforms for the colony under Spain.
IMPORTANT POINTS OF R.A. 1425  he is the 7th child of Teodora Alonzo and
 re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and Francisco Alejandro Mercado.
nationalism. MOTHER OF JOSE RIZAL
 honoring them particularly the national heroes Name: Teodora De Quintos Alonzo
and patriot of Jose Rizal. Born: November 9, 1827
 Noli Me Tangre and El Filibusterismo are a Died: August 16, 1911
constant and inspiring source of patriotism.  daughter of Manuel De Quintos and Regina
 to develop the moral character, personal Ursua.
discipline, civic conscience and to teach the  Teodora Alonzo studied at Colegio de Santo
duties of citizenship. Rosa.
SECTIONS FROM R.A. 1425 FATHER OF JOSE RIZAL
1. Section 1- all schools and colleges are Name: Francisco Alejandro Mercado
required. Born: May 11, 1818
2. Section 2- its obligation to study about the life Died: January 5, 1898
and works of Jose Rizal.  son of Capt. Juan Mercado and Cirala
3. Section 3- translate the language that can Alejandro.
understand.  Francisco Mercado studied at Colegio de San
4. Section 4- nothing should be changed and Jose in Manila.
added in life and works of Jose Rizal. JOSE RIZAL’S SIBLINGS
5. Section 5- allocate 300,00 pesos to carry out  Saturina Mercado Rizal de Hidalgo
the purpose of this law.  Paciano Rizal
SIGNIFICANCE OF R.A. 1425
 Narcisa Rizal Lopez
 provides insights on how to deal with current
 Olympia Rizal Ubaldo
problems.
 Lucia Rizal Herbosa
 helps to understand better ourselves as
 Maria Cruz Rizal
Filipinos.
 Conception Rizal
 teaches nationalism.
 Josefa Rizal
 provides various essential life lessons.
 Trinidad Rizal
 serves as a worthwhile inspiration to every
 Soledad Rizal
Filipinos.
Paciano Rizal- he supported Jose Rizal’s financial.
RIZAL: HUMAN AND HERO
RIZAL’S VIRTUE OF CHARACTER
Ocampo:196- reverence without understanding is for
deities not flesh and blood heroes like Rizal Hero-  Honesty
worship must be both historical critical.  Personal Integrity
Cristobal,2004- if Rizal is treated like God, he become  Patriotism
unattainable and his accomplishments inhuman.  Civic Responsibility
 Willingness to Sacrifice
Lesson 2  High Sense of Justice
 Family Solidarity

4
Domingo Lam-Co- Chinese businessman and ancestor
of Francisco Mercado.
Ines de la Rosa- wife of Domingo Lam-Co.
HISTORY OF JOSE RIZAL’S NAME
 Jose- from St. Joseph
 Protacio- from St. Protacio
 Rizal- second crop
 Mercado- Spanish term means “market”
because of his ancestor Domingo Lam-Co.
 Alonzo- his mother’s surname.
 Y and Realonda- from Teodora’s godmother
surname.
Maestro Celentino and Lucas Padua- the formal
teacher of Jose Rizal.
Leon Monroy- former classmate of Rizal’s father and
became Jose Rizal’s tutor.
Father Leoncio Lopez- the one of the men he respected
in Calamba.
June 6, 1868- on that day Jose Riza and his father left
for Calamba to go on a Pilgrimage of Antipolo and to
fulfill his mother’s vows. It was the first trip of Rizal
across Laguna de Bay.
3 POEMS OF JOSE RIZAL WHILE HE IN ATENEO
 Al Nino Jesus (To the Child of Jesus)
 A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary)
 Alianza intima la religion y la educacion (An
Intimate of Religion and Education)
Ode to Jesus- the first poem of Rizal, which was
written in 1875. Spanish poetry standard classified as
“octava real”.
Lesson 3
HIS EDUCATION AND CAREER
1768- Jesuits expelled from the Philippines.
1858- members of Jesuits returned to the Philippines.
1865- Ateneo was secondary school that offered
rigorous courses almost equivalent to colleges
academics.
AT ATENEO DE MANILA
 Ateneo was known to be the exclusive college
for boys because of its great teaching.
1872-1877- under the supervision of the Jesuits, Rizal
studied at Ateneo de Manila.
Ateneo Municipal- formerly known as Escuela Pia.
Letran- this is the school his father wants for him.
June 10, 1872- Rizal took the first entrance exam at the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran. Kasama nya ang
kanyang kapatid na si Paciano Rizal.
Father Magin Ferrand- the college registrar in Ateneo
Municipal.
5
2 REASONS WHY RIZAL ARE NOT QUALIFIED
IN ATENEO:
1. Because Rizal are late registrant.
2. And he was very thin and undersized for an 11
yrs old.
Manuel Burgos- tumulong kay Rizal para makapasok
sa Ateneo.
 But Jose Rizal are not allowed to use his
surname Mercado because on that time ang
Mercado ay kilala ng mga otoridad dahil sa
relasyon ni Paciano sa isang leader ng
secularization movement.
 Six years program at Ateneo and gives the
student academic title of Bachiller en Artes.
5 SUBJECTS IN ATENEO
 Christian Doctrine
 Language of Spanish
 History and Geography
 Mathematics and Sciences
 Classic Discipline
Roman Empire- composed of boarding students at
Ateneo.
Carthaginian Empire- composed of non-boarding
students.
Father Jose Bech- Rizal first professor in Ateneo.
Ration Studiorum- method of instruction used at
Ateneo, system of indoctrination under tight and
constant discipline but with reward.
Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam (For the Greatest Glory of
God)- this is the one goal of Atenean.
March 14, 1877- Rizal pass his oral examination.
JOSE RIZAL EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:
 Marian Congregation (member)
 Religious Confraternities (officer)
 Academy of Spanish Literature (member)
 Academy of Natural Sciences (member)
Father Pablo Pastells- mentor of Rizal on his extra-
curricular activities.
STA. ISABEL COLLEGE
Santa Isabel College- he took a private lesson to be
proficient in Spanish and develop his skills in poetry
writing.
Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez- he is the mentor of
Rizal in developing his skills in poetry.
Agustin Saez- mentor in painting.
Teodoro Romualdo de Jesus- mentor in sculpture.
Father Jose Villclara- encouraged him to pay attention
in sciences and philosophy.
AT UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
 he enrolled under the Faculty of Philosophy
and Letters.
November 25, 1881- presented the title for his
excellency.
REASONS WHY HE TOOK PHILOSOPHY AND
LETTERS:
 it was what his father would have wanted for
him.
 he had failed to seek the advice of the rector of
the Ateneo, Father Ramon Pablo.
3 SUCJECTS HE HAD TO COMPLETE IN UST:
 Cosmology and Metaphysics
 Theodicy
 History of Philosophy
2 REASONS WHY HE TAKE MEDICINE COURSE:
 Father Ramon Pablo advised him to take
medicine course.
 Rizal’s mother had failing eyesight, if he
became a doctor, he cures his mother
condition.
3 MAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO HIS
UNHAPPINESS AT THE UST:
 Dominican professors were hostile to him.
 Filipino students suffered discrimination.
 The method of instruction at use.
3 MAIN REASONS FOR HIS STRUGGLING
ACADEMICS:
 Not satisfied in education system.
 Have many distraction because of his young
age.
 Medicine was not Rizal’s true vocation
Segundina Katigbak- first woman he was into, he
frequently visited in her boarding house.
Leonor Valenzuela- isa sa niligawan nya.
Leonor Rivera- his first cousin, niligawan din nya
kasabay si Orang.
RIZAL’S LIFE ABROAD
BARCELONA
May 1, 1882- he left Calamba and was able to reach
Manila in 10 hrs.
May 3, 1882- he left Manila
June 11, 1882- ship reached the Naples in Italy.
June 16, 1882- he arrived in the city of Barcelona
Spain and boarded in the Fonda de Espana.
Plaza de Cataluna- welcome celebration from his
fellow Filipinos.
MADRID
September 2, 1882- he moved in Madrid.
November 3, 1882- he enrolled at the Universidad
Central de Madrid.
Academy of San Carlos- he enrolled painting and
sculpture.
November 1885- he arrived in Paris.
February 1886- he arrived in Germany.
6
July 3, 1887- he left Rome and rode the train going to
Marseilles, France.
August 5, 1887- Rizal arrived at Manila boarded SS.
Hayfony after five years
of study and patriotic labors in Europe.
August 8, 1887- he arrived in Calamba.
August 30, 1887- he left in Calamba and he went to
Manila for he was invited to see Governor-General
Emilio Terrero as regards his Noli.
February 3, 1888- he left in Calamba again.
Himno al Trabajo- a friend of Rizal from Lipa
requested him to write a poem to celebrate the
conversion of Lipa from a pueblo to a villa.
Lesson 4
JOSE RIZAL’S TRAVELS ABROAD
JOSE RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
1872 and 1892- a national consciousness was growing
among the Filipino emigres who had settled in Europe.
1872- the freer atmosphere of Europe, these emigres
liberals exiled and students attending European
universities formed the Propaganda Movement.
Jose Rizal- he is the most outstanding Propagandist, a
physician, scholar, scientist, and writer.
1886- publication of Noli Me Tangere (Touch me not)
1891- publication of El Filibusterismo (The reign of
greed)
Graciano Lopez Jaena- a noted orator and pamphleteer
who had left the islands for Spain in 1880 after he
publication of his satirical short novel.
Fray Botod (Father Fatso)- an unflattering portrait of a
provincial friar. In 1889 he established a biweekly
newspaper in Barcelona, La Solidaridad (Solidarity),
which became the principal organ of the Propaganda
Movement, having audiences both in Spain and in the
islands.
Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt- an Austrian geographer and
ethnologist whom Rizal had met in Germany.
Marcelo del Pilar- a reform minded lawyer. Del Pilar
was active in the antifriar movement in the islands
until obliged to flee to Spain in 1888, where he became
editor of La Solidaridad and assumed leadership of the
Filipino community in Spain.
July- he established the La Liga Filipina (Philippine
League).
La Liga Filipina- designed to be a truly national,
nonviolent organization.
November 1895- La Solidaridad went of business.
November 1896- both del Pilar and Lopez Jaena died
in Barcelona.
THE TRAVELS OF RIZAL
May 1882- Rizal left the country to pursue further
studies abroad.
June 1883- he traveled to France to observe how
medicine was being practiced there.
April 1888- entering San Francisco, California, he
visited the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado,
Nebraska, Illinois, and New York.
May 1888- he arrived in England
1888 to 1890- he shuttled between London and Paris,
where he wrote ethnographic and history-related
studies, as well as political articles.
March 1891- Rizal finished writing his second novel,
El Filibusterismo, in France.
September 1891- El Filibusterismo was published in
Ghent using donations from Rizal’s friends.
June 1892- Rizal came home to the Philippines.
FIRST TRIPS ABROAD (1882-1887)
SINGAPORE
May 9, 1882- the first stop over of Rizal on his way to
Spain. Rizal boarded the boat Djemnah to continue his
trip to Spain.
SRI LANKA
May 18, 1882- it was Rizal’s journey to Colombo, Sri
Lanka that was important for him to improve his
knowledge of the French language while he on board
French ship, Djemah.
EGYPT
June 2, 1882- he arrived at the Suez Canal en route to
Marseilles.
FRANCE
June 12-15, 1882 – the boat anchored at Marseilles,
France and he boarded at the Noalles Hotel.
June 15, 1883- he left Madrid for Paris, France to
spend his summer vacation and to observe the big
French City.
GERMANY
February 3, 1883- Rizal arrived the town of
Heidelberg, Germany. Rizal was so enamored with the
Heidelberg flower that he wrote a beautiful poem
about them, “To the Flowers of Heidelberg.”
April 26, 1886- he left Heidelberg for Wilhemsfeld,
Germany to honor invitation extended to him by Rev.
Karl Ulmer.
June 20-25, 1886- he studied the German country life
and practice speaking good German.
August 15, 1886- he left Wilhemsfeld for Leipzig,
Germany to offer no little knowledge in Tagalog to
Prof. Ferdinand Blumenthal for the letter’s study of the
language.
October 29, 1886- he visited the Palacio Japonais and
many other interesting places in Dresden, Germany.
November 1, 1886- he was admitted to the Real
Bibliotheca de Berlin Capital of Spain, to do some
7
research and to read other books, and Maximo Viola
joined with him. He started teaching viola the German
Language.
May 26-30, 1887- Rizal and Viola arrived in Munich,
Germany and they boarded in Rhine Hotel and they
drunk beers in the business establishment.
SWITZERLAND
June 19, 1887- with Viola, Rizal celebrated his 26th
birthday in Geneva and his attitude towards revolution
was manifested in his letters to Blumentritt.
June 23, 1887- Rizal and Viola parted, Rizal going to
Rome and Viola to Barcelona.
FRANCE
July 2, 1887- he arrived in Marseilles to search the
bodegas of the “MEROA GERIAS” for the box of
merchandise.
ITALY
June 27, 1887- he arrived at Rome, Italy and walked
around the city. He visited the Capitolio, the Roca
Taperya, the Palatinum, the forum Romanun. The
Museum Capitolinum and the church of Santa Maria,
the Manggiore.
 Rizal was determined to return to the
Philippines for the following reasons:
1. To operate on his mother’s eye
2. To serve his people who had long been
oppressed by Spanish tyfants.
3. To find out for him how Noli and his other
writings were affecting the Filipinos and
Spaniards in the Philippines.
4. To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.
 He called “Doctor Uliman” because he came
from Germany, treated their ailments and soon
he acquired a lucrative medical practice.
SECOND TRIPS ABROAD (1885-1892)
HONGKONG
February 8, 1888- Rizal boarded in the house of Jose
Mana Base after 5 days trip from Philippines.
JAPAN
February 28, 1888- he studied the habits and custom of
the Japanese people, their language, theaters and
commerce.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
April 16, 1888- Rizal arrived at San Francisco,
California and he boarded at the Palace Hotel and he
went around for observation of the city.
ENGLAND UNITED KINGDOM
May 16, 1888- he arrived at Liver pool, England and
boarded at the Adelphi Hotel. In London, he published
the second edition of the Noli Me Tangere.
BELGUIM
February 12, 1890- he arrived at Brussels, Belgium.
September 25, 1891- Valen Ventura sent Rizal in
Ghent, Belgium 200 frames for the publication’s
expenses of the Fill.
FRANCE
February 11, 1891 – Rizal finished writings his book
El Filibusterismo in Biarritz, France.
THIRD TRIPS ABROAD (1891-1892)
FRANCE
October 17, 1891- Rizal arrived at Marseilles with
boxes of Morga and Fili.
HONGKONG
October 18, 1891- Rizal arrived Hong Kong boarded
the Melbourne. Rizal sent to Manuel Camus in
Singapore 20 copies of the Fili and he gave
Camus 25% commission for the books sold.
LAST HOMECOMIMG (1892-1896)
June 26, 1892- Rizal arrived in the Philippines from
Hong Kong boarded the boat Don Juan.
July 3, 1892- Rizal founded the La Liya Filipina in
Calle Ilaya, Tondo.
July 7, 1892- Despujol released his gubernational
decree ordering the deportation of Jose Rizal to
Dapitan.
June 15, 1892- Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan Ged 104
for his last 4 years.
INTRODUCTION OF GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION CONCEPTS, MEANING,

FEATURES, AND DIMENSIONS
Globalization- is a process involving the
interconnections, diffusion and exchange of goods,
services, ideas and people, balance and fairness in all
countries.
 According to the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) globalization is the growing economic
interdependence of countries worldwide
through increasing volume and variety of cross
border transactions in goods and services and
of international capital flows and also through
the more rapid and wide diffusion of
technology.
 According to Steger globalization is an
expansion, and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across world time
and world space. It is about growing
worldwide connectivity.
ATTRIBUTES, QUALITIES OR
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization has four characteristics or qualities.
These are:
1. Creation of new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connections that cut
across traditional, political, economic, cultural,
and geographical boundaries.
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 2. Expansion and the stretching of social
relations, activities, and connections.
Social Stretching- process of emergence of gigantic
and virtually identical shopping malls in all continents
to cater to consumers who can afford commodities all
over the world-including products whose various
components were manufactured in different countries.
3. Intensification and acceleration of social
exchanges and activities.
4. Globalization processes do not occur merely
or an objective, material level but they also
involve the subjective plane of human
consciousness.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. The Prehistoric Period (10000 BCE-3500
BCE)
- in this earliest phase of globalization, contacts
among hunters and gatherers who were spread
around the world were geographically limited.
In this period due to absence of advanced
forms of technology, globalization was
severely limited.
2. The Pre-modern Period (3500 BCE-1500 CE)
- in this period the invention of writing and the
wheel were great social and technological
boosts that moved globalization to a new level.
3. The Early Modern Period (1500-1750)
- It is the period between the Enlightenment and
the Renaissance. In this period, European
Enlightenment project tried to achieve a
universal form of morality and law.
4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)
- Innovations in transportation and
communication technology, population
explosion, and increase in migration led to
more cultural exchanges and transformation
in traditional social patterns.
5. The Contemporary Period (from 1970 to
present)
- The creation, expansion, and acceleration of
worldwide interdependencies occurred in a
dramatic way and it was a kind of leap in the
history of globalization.
3 GROUPS OF ANTI-GLOBALISM
1. Rejectionist- scholars who dismiss the utility
of globalization as an analytical concept
typically advance their arguments from within
a larger criticism of similarly vague words
employed in academic discourse.
2. Skeptics- the second group emphasizes the
limited nature of current globalizing processes.
3. Modifiers- the third and the final group of
globalization critics disputes the novelty of the
process, implying that the label
9
“globalization” has often been applied in a
historically imprecise manner.
STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Economic Globalization- refers to the increasing
interdependence of world economies as a result of the
growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities
and services, flow of international capital and wide and
rapid spread of technologies.
 According to the International Monetary Fund
economic globalization is a historical process,
the result of human innovation and
technological progress. It refers to the
increasing integration of economies around the
world, particularly through the movement of
goods, services, and capital across borders. It
also refers to the movement of people (labor)
and knowledge (technology) across
international borders.
Internationalization- is an extension of economic
activities between internationally dispersed activities.
MARKET INTEGRATION
- refers to how easily two or more markets can
trade with each other. It occurs when prices
among different locations or related goods
follow similar patterns over a long period of
time.
Global Corporation- is a business that operates in two
or more countries. It also goes by the name
"multinational company".
TYPES OF RELATED MARKETS WHERE
MARKET INTEGRATION OCCURS
1. Stock Market Integration- This is a condition
in which stock markets in different countries
trend together and depict same expected risk
adjusted returns.
2. Financial Market Integration- It is an open
market economy between countries facilitated
by a common currency and the elimination of
technical, regulatory and tax differences to
encourage free flow of capital and investment
across borders.
BRICS Economies- Brazil, Russia, India, China and
South Africa (BRICS) is an acronym for the combined
economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South
Africa.
GATS- General Agreement on Trade in Services is the
first multilateral agreement covering trade in services
which was negotiated during the last round of
multilateral trade negotiations, called the Uruguay
Round, and came into force in 1995.
FDI- Foreign Direct Investment was of corporate
origin. It is the major driver of extended global
corporate development.
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
GLOBALIZATION AND THE NATION-STATES
Max Weber- a german social theorist define state as
compulsory political organization with a centralized
government that maintains a monopoly of the
legitimate use of force within a certain territory.
Hedley Bull- a 20th century international philosopher
stated that states are independent political communities
each of which possesses a government and asserts
sovereignty in relation to a particular portion of the
earth’s surface and a particular segment of the human
population.
Neoliberalism- is the intensification of the influence
and dominance of capital. It is the elevation of
capitalism as a mode of production into an ethic, a set
of political imperatives, and a cultural logic.
Economic Sovereignty- on the other hand is the power
or national governments to make decisions
independently of those made by other governments.
4 DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF SOVEREIGNTY
1. International Legal Sovereignty- it refers to
the acceptance of a given state as a member of
the international community.
2. Westphalian Sovereignty- it is based on the
principle that one sovereign state should not
interfere in the domestic arrangements of
another.
3. Interdependence Sovereignty- it is the capacity
and willingness to control flows of people,
goods and capital into and out of the country.
4. Domestic Sovereignty- it is the capacity of a
state to choose and implement policies within
the territory.
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Global Governance- or world governance is a product
of neo-liberal paradigm shifts in international political
and economic relations.
 The United Nations (UN) in the world of
politics has the roles of preventing and
managing conflicts, regulating armaments,
championing human rights and international
humanitarian law, liberating the colonized,
providing economic and technical aid in newly
liberated countries, organizing elections,
empowering women, educating children,
feeding the hungry, sheltering the disposed
and displaced, housing the refugees, tending
the sick and coordinating disaster relief and
assistance. In policy motivation, peacekeeping
is the most important feature of UN activity in
peace and security.
 The UN aims to save succeeding generations
from the scourge of war; to reaffirm faith in
fundamental human rights; to establish
10
conditions under which justice and respect for
the obligations arising from treaties and other
sources of international law can be
maintained; and to promote social progress
and better standards of life in larger freedom.
4 MAIN PURPOSE OF THE UN CHARTER
1. Maintaining worldwide peace and security
2. Developing relations among nations
3. Fostering cooperation between nations in order
to solve economic, social, cultural, or
humanitarian international problems
4. Providing a forum for bringing countries
together to meet the UN's purposes and goals
17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-Being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships
THE WORLD OF REGIONS
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
Global South- refers to the regions of Latin America,
Asia, Africa, and Oceania mostly low- income and
often politically or culturally marginalized. It may also
be called the "developing World" such as Africa, Latin
America, and the developing countries in Asia,
"developing countries," "less developed countries,"
and "less developed regions” including poorer
"southern" regions of wealthy "northern" countries.
Global South- refers to these countries' "interconnected
histories of colonialism, neo-imperialism, and
differential economic and social change through which
large inequalities in living standards, life expectancy,
and access to resources are
maintained.
THREE PRIMARY CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL
SOUTH
1. It refers to economically disadvantaged nation-
states and as a post-cold war alternative to
“Third World”. Third World" is a phrase
 2. The Global South captures a deterritorialized
geography of capitalism’s externalities and
means to account for subjugated peoples
within the borders of wealthier countries, such
that there are economic Souths in the
geographic North and Norths in the
geographic South.
3. It refers to the resistant imaginary of a
transnational political subject that results from
a shared experience of subjugation under
contemporary global capitalism.
IMF- International Monetary Fund as a historical
process representing the result of human innovation
and technological progress.
European Integration- it is the process of industrial,
political, legal, economic, social and cultural
integration of states wholly or partially in Europe.
Complete Economic Integration- the final stage of
economic integration in which member states
completely forego independence of both monetary and
fiscal policies.
Silk Road- a network of pathways in the ancient world
that spanned from China to what is now the Middle
East to Europe.
WTO- World Trade Organization deals with the global
rules of trade between nations with the main function
of ensuring that trade flows smoothly, predictably and
freely.
International monetary system (IMS)- refers to a
system that forms rules and standards for facilitating
international trade among the nations.
European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM)- is a
permanent fund created by the European Union (EU)
to provide emergency assistance to member states
within the Union.
European Monetary System (EMS)- on the other hand
is a 1979 arrangement between several European
countries which links their currencies in an attempt to
stabilize the exchange rate. This system was succeeded
by the European Economic and Monetary Union
(EMU), an institution of the European Union (EU),
which established a common currency called the euro.
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PM 102
Lesson 1
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT
Management- process of planning, organizing, leading,
and controlling people in organization-effectively use
resources to meet goals.
2 ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT
 People- the people with the responsibility and
authority to determine the overall direction of
the organization.
 Process- decide what goals should be and
defines them for the organization.
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS OF
MANAGEMENT
 Processes- ongoing activities that are ongoing
and interrelated.
 Ongoing- activities not done in a linear, step-
by-step fashion, will continue while others
begin.
 Interrelated- results of tasks influence each
other, must be done efficiently.
The management process consists of four primary
functions that managers must perform:
1. Planning- defining goals and tackling them
and defines future of organization-long-term
plans.
 Strategic plans
- Long-term and effects entire organization
- Bridges gap between what organization is and
what it wants to be
 Tactical plans
- Translate strategic plans into specific actions
who, what, where, etc.
2. Organizing- decides how to best implement
the plans and decides how an organization is
structured.
3. Leading- uses knowledge, character, and
charisma inspire achievement of goals and
leads by communication, building
commitment, creating shared values, and
encouraging high performance.
4. Controlling- process of monitoring activities,
measuring performance, comparing results,
making corrections and observing and
responding to what happen.
TYPES OF MANAGERS
Managers- function in a number of roles including
leading, sharing information, and making decisions.
Vertical Management- also called top-down
management various levels of management within
organization.
CEO- Chief Executive Officer
COO- Chief Operating Officer
CMO- Chief Marketing Officer
CTO- Chief Technology Officer
CFO- Chief Financial Officer
CCO- Chief Commercial Officer
Middle Manager- department heads, directors, chief
supervisors. Links between top and first-line
managers.
Receives broad strategic plans with specific objectives.
First-Line Manager- entry level- “on the line” close
contact with workers, responsible for organizational
objectives and plans, assistant managers, shift
managers, foremen, section chiefs, office managers.
Team Leaders- reports to first-line or middle manager
develops timelines, specific work assignments,
provides training to team, communicates clear
instructions.
TYPES OF MANAGEMENT ROLES
1. Leadership and Interpersonal Roles
 Top Manager- voice of organization, hard to
separate personal aspects from corporate
positions.
 Middle Manager- determines what information
can be shared, weighs informational value to
decide what to send to top management.
 First-Line Manager- evaluates work and
helping employees contribute.
2. Decisional Roles- all managers required to
make decisions.
 Entrepreneur - top-level managers and
economic opportunities, lead change initiative.
 Disturbance handler - top and middle
managers, react to problems in organization
(internal/external) - decide what actions should
be taken.
 Resource allocator- depending on whether
decisions affect whole company or not.
 Negotiator - top and middle-level managers
 Top managers - negotiations about whole
company (contracts or agreements).
 Middle-level managers - negotiate salary and
hiring.
THE ADVANTAGES OF MANAGING PEOPLE
WELL
 What Makes a Good Manager?
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency
- Sustainable Practices
 Competitive Advantages
12
- Business outperforms rivals due to employees
 Depends on a stable and reliable workforce.
Lesson 2
HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT
Scientific Management- movement produced
revolutionary ideas for the time ideas such as
employee training and implementing standardized best
practices to improve productivity.
Frederick Winslow Taylor
- known as the Father of Management
- was as Mechanical Engineer
- interested in the type of work done in factories
and mechanical shops
- in 1909, he published the Principles of
Scientific Management
Frederick W. Taylor Theories
 Concerned about worker output more than
worker satisfaction/motivation
 Introduced idea of systematic training and
selection- encouraged owners to interact with
worker
 Created a “First-class worker” concept
 Digital Taylorism is maximizing efficiency
Scientific Management Core Principles
 Look at each task to determine “best way” to
perform job
 Hire right workers for each job and train to
work at maximum efficiency
 Monitor worker performance and provide
instruction and training
 Divide work between management and labor
so workers can be more efficient
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
- Focused on worker welfare and motivation.
- They believed that by reducing the amount of
motions associated with a particular task, they
could also increase the worker’s well-being.
Henry Gantt (1861-1919)
- was also an associate of Taylor. He is probably
best known for two key contributions to
classical management theory: the Gantt chart
and the task and bonus system.
The Gantt chart has multiple benefits for project
management:
 aids in the breakdown of tasks into specific
elements
  allows for the monitoring of projected
timelines
 identifies which tasks are dependent upon a
prior task or element
 identifies which tasks are which are
independent and can be completed at any time
BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT
Max Weber- born in Germany during time when
industrialization was transforming most aspects of
society and government. Industrial in industrial
capitalism.
- Visited United States to study U.S. economy
(1904)
6 Characteristics of Bureaucracy
1. Hierarchical Management
2. Division of Labor
3. Formal Selection Process
4. Career Orientation
5. Formal Rules and Regulations
6. Impersonality
Henri Fayol and Administrative Theory
- Born in Turkey 1841
- Experimented with different management
structures
- Incorporated some of Weber’s ideas in his
theories
- Concerned instead with how workers were
managed and how they contributed
- Created the 5 duties of management
5 Duties of Management
1. Foresight- create plan of action for future
2. Organization- provide resources to implement
plan
3. Command- select and lead best workers
through clear orders
4. Coordinate- make sure diverse efforts fit
together through communication
5. Control- verify whether things are going
according to plan and correct as needed
Guiding Principles
1. Scalar chain- unbroken chain of command
extends from top to bottom
2. Unity of command- employees receive orders
from only one superior
3. Unity of direction- activities that are similar
should be the responsibility of one person
4. Division of work- workers specialize in a few
tasks to become more proficient
HUMANISTIC MANAGEMENT
Mary Parker Follet
- Considered to be the Mother of Modern
Management.
13
- Developed concepts applied to business and
management.
- Follett devoted her life’s work to the idea that
social cooperation is better than individual
competition.
- In her 1924 book Creative Experience, Follett
wrote:
“Labor and [management] can never be
reconciled as long as labor persists in thinking
that there is a [management] point of view and
[management] thinks there is a labor point of
view. These are imaginary wholes which must
be broken up before [management] and labor
can cooperate.”
Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Experiments
- Completed a series of studies designed to
isolate factors in workplace that affected
productivity.
- Employed nondirective interview method.
- Published findings in “The Human Problems
of an Industrialized Civilization” in 1933.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT IN MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
FORCE SHAPING MANAGEMENT AND
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
1. Pace of Change. Rate of progress x2 every
decade
2. Technology. Primary factor driving change
3. Globalization. Increasing ease of flow between
countries
4. Diversity. Tremendous resource to
organizations- different perceptions,
experiences, and strengths
5. Social Expectations. Would provide goods and
services society required
Operations Management- concerned with physical
processes involved. Initial product design to
incorporate features. Manage supply chain. Work with
marketing and sales.
Information Management- depends on accuracy to
make decisions. Concerned with collection,
preservation, storage, etc. of information.
Contingency Management
 Not specific function—general approach
 Every situation recognized as unique;
managers must adapt to match situation
 Might include industry in which company
operates
Lesson 3
PLANNING AND MISSION
MISSION, VISION, AND VALUES
Mission Statement- describes what organization needs
to do to achieve vision, will be more specific than
vision statement, conveys to stakeholders why the
organization exists, explains how it creates value for
the market or the larger community.
Vision Statement- is a statement of organization’s
overarching aspirations of what it hopes to achieve,
should inspire people, motivate people to want to be
part of and contribute to the organization, should be
clear and concise, usually not longer than a short
paragraph.
Values Statement- defines what organization believes
in, describes how people should behave, must be
reinforced at all levels of organization, called the
“code of ethics”, provides a standard for employees to
judge
violations.
PROS AND CONS PLANNING
Pros of Planning
 Provides a guide for action
 Improves resource utilization
 Provides motivation and commitment
 Sets performance standards
 Allows flexibility
Cons of Planning
 Prevents action
 Leads to complacency
 Prevents flexibility
 Inhibits creativity
THE PLANNING CYCLE
6 Stages of the Planning Cycle
1. Define objectives
2. Develop premises
3. Evaluate alternatives
4. Identify resources
5. Plan and implement tasks
6. Determine tracking and evaluation methods
TYPES OF PLANS AND COMMON PLANNING
TOOLS
Types of Plans
1. Long term- crucial to ultimate success, top
management responsible for these plans.
2. Short term- allocate resources for a year or
less, must be monitored and updated
3. Standing Plans- policies, procedures, and
regulations
4. Single-use- one-time project or event (budgets,
project schedules)
Policies, Procedures, and Regulations
1. Policies- broad guidelines for smooth
operation- hiring and firing, promotions, etc.
14
2. Procedures- steps to be followed in established
operations- reflect company policies and
support long-term goals
3. Regulations- what is allowed and what is
strictly prohibited state and federal
governments issue regulations often
Role of Budgets in Planning Process
- Single-use and short-term
Different Budget Types
1. Financial- balance sheets/expense statements
2. Operating- project revenue against
expenditures
3. Nonmonetary- allocate resources such as labor
and workspace
4. Fixed- do not change: sales revenue
5. Flexible- vary with level of activity
Roles of Budgets in Planning Process
 Important planning tool: going “over budget”
is sign of poor planning.
 In some cases, to routinely come in under
budget is also viewed negatively, because with
more accurate budgeting those committed
resources could have been allocated to other
projects.
 Often, projects compete for limited resources
so the best budget is the one that most closely
projects actual expenses and revenue.
Forecasting, Scenario Planning, and Contingency
Planning
1. Forecasting
- Makes a prediction about future
- Scientific forecasting is using mathematical
models, historical data, and statistical analysis
- Long-range forecasting requires both
quantitative numerical data and qualitative
data based on experts
2. Contingency Plans
- Describes what will happen in a possible—but
not expected--situation
- Used to handle emergency situations
Management by Objectives and SMART Goals
Management By Objectives (MBO)
- Jointly set goals and objectives, plan tasks for
employees, agree on standards for evaluating
performance, meet to review progress often.
SMART Goals
- Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant,
Time-bound
- Provides incentives to employees, empowering
them to set own objectives, honestly
communication with workers.
Benchmarking- looking for performance levels outside
organization. Industry, geography, organization,
processes, innovation.
 Industry- consider your competitors
 Geography- consider the regional economy
 Organization- consider the economic climate
 Processes- may also be called “strategic
benchmarking”
 Innovation- considers processes used by
partners or competitors

15