Ex.1. p.58.

(1-2 lines)
Classify the following words according to the type of motivation.

1.Babble - лепетіти, бурмотіти, белькотіти, тарабанити. Phonetical motivation

2.Basketball - баскетбол. Morphological motivation. basket+ball (м'яч для

баскетболу)

3.blooming/health/ квітучий, процвітаючий. Semantic motivation

4.bookshelf - полиця. Morphological motivation.book+shelf

5.bottleneck- шийка пляшки, вузький прохід. Мorphological motivation.

bottle+neck

6.boyish- хлопчачий. Morphological motivation. boy+ish

7.bump- вдарятись. Phonetical motivation

8.buzz- дрижчати, гудіти. Phonetical motivation

9.catlike- котячий. Morphological motivation. cat+like

10.chatter - балаканина. Morphological or phonetical. chat+er

11.chirrup - щебет, цвіркутіння. Morphological motivation or phonetical. (chir+up)

12.crash - гуркіт, тріск. Phonetical motivation

13.eatable - їстівний. Morphological motivation.( eat+able)

14.foot /of a mountain/- підніжжя гори. Semantic motivation

15.giggle - хихикати. Phonetical motivation

16.green with envy/- позеленіти від заздрості. Semantic motivation

ПРАВИЛА!!!!(На всякий випадок)
1. Phonetical motivation (фонетична мотивація):
- English: Phonetical motivation refers to the influence of sound on the formation
or alteration of a word.
- Ukrainian: Фонетична мотивація вказує на вплив звуку на формування або
зміну слова.

2. Semantic motivation (семантична мотивація):

- English: Semantic motivation is the influence of meaning in the formation or
modification of a word.
- Ukrainian: Семантична мотивація вказує на вплив значення при формуванні
або модифікації слова.

3. Morphological motivation (морфологічна мотивація):

- English: Morphological motivation refers to the influence of word structure or
form on the formation or alteration of a word.
- Ukrainian: Морфологічна мотивація вказує на вплив структури або форми
слова на формування або зміну іншого слова.

Ex7 A p.67-70
А)With the help of an etymological dictionary comment on the results of semantic
changes in denotation and connotation, comparing the present-day and former
meanings of the words in bold type.
b) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. When the season opened, the huntsman, in red coat... would blow the small
horn... - and they were away (M. Bragg). 2. The prices were so ruinous that even
foreigners blenched at them (A. Christie). 3. Sir Charles called his few witnesses,
the prisoner himself went into the box and told his story (Id.). 4. "Don't agree that
we've rather neglected that channel of inquiry?" (Id.). 5. "It doesn't necessarily
mean that the man's a dangerous criminal. Lots of respectable citizens fall in love
with other people's wives" (Id.). 6. She had expected a wire in reply appointing
some rendezvous, but nothing had come (Id.). 7. He sat long about his meal until a
white-faced maid came to clear the table (A. E. Coppard).

1.season - c. 1300, "a period of the year," with reference to weather or work, also
"proper time, suitable occasion," from Old French seison, also saison "season,
date; right moment, appropriate time" (Modern French saison)
now - 1)one of the main periods into which a year is divided, each of which has a
particular type of weather; 2)a period of time in a year during which a particular
activity takes place, or during which something usually happens; 3)the time of the
year when most people take their holidays;
Коли сезон розпочинався(відкривався) мисливці в червоних пальтах ...дули в
маленький ріг ...і вони були далеко.

2. foreigner - 15th century, in the meaning a person belonging to or owing

allegiance to a foreign country(OE)foreyner. As a noun in English was simple
foreign (early 14c.), probably from Old French, which used the adjective as a noun
meaning "foreigner;" also "outskirts; the outside world; latrine, privy."
Nowadays meaning: 1.a person born in or coming from a country other than one's
own. 2.a piece of work done for private gain without an employer's permission or
without declaration to the relevant authorities
Ціни були настільки руйнівні, що навіть іноземці здригалися від них.

3. box – "rectangular wooden container," usually with a lid, Old English box, also
the name of a type of shrub, from Late Latin buxis, from Greek pyxis "boxwood,"
pyxion "writing table, box," made of boxwood, from pyxos "box tree," which is of
uncertain origin. Beekes suggests a loan-word from Italy, as that is where the tree
is native. Graphics sense "space enclosed within borders and rules" is from 1929.
NOW - a container for putting things in, especially one with four stiff straight sides
Сер Чарльз покликав своїх небагатьох свідків, тоді як ув’язнений відправився
на місце дачі показань і розповів свою історію.

4. Channel early 14c., "bed of a stream of water," from Old French chanel "bed of
a waterway; tube, pipe, gutter,"...
NOW: this word hasn’t even lost its initial meanings, but obtained new: a
television station and all the programmes that it broadcasts, a system or method
that you use to send or obtain information, goods, permission etc, a particular
range of sound waves which can be used to send and receive radio messages and a
way of expressing your thoughts, feelings, or physical energy.
Чи згоден ти(ти погоджуєшся), що ми швидше знехтували тим каналом
передачі інформації?

5.Citizens - c. 1300. citisein (fem. citeseine) "inhabitant of a city or town." Sense of

"freeman or inhabitant of a country, member of the state or nation, not an alien"
is late 14c. Meaning "private person" (as opposed to a civil officer or soldier);
NOW - someone who lives in a particular town, country, or state;
Це не обовʼязково означає, що чоловік є небезпечним злочинцем. Багато
поважних громадян закохуються в дружин інших чоловіків"

6.wire - original meaning is at the last moment but due to the technical revolution
it obtained a meaning of metal in the form of a usually very flexible thread or
slender rod.
NOW -thin metal in the form of a thread, or a piece of this
Вона очікувала, що у відповідь буде призначена якась зустріч, але так нічого
невідбулося.

7.meal - original meaning from Old English-- mel "appointed time for eating," ,,,
present day - an occasion when you eat food - extension of time (can be breakfast,
dinner, etc)
Now - an occasion when you eat food, for example breakfast or dinner, or the food
that you eat on that occasion

maid- late 12c., Middle English of unmarried men as well as women, usually
young.
NOW - a female servant, especially in a large house or hotel
Він довго сидів, намагаючись доїсти свою страву, доки білолиця офіціантка не
прийшла протерти стіл.

B. Narrowing of meaning
1. John had a view - the fox racing across a skyline,.. tail straight up in the air
to leave no scent. But the hounds had the view as well, and they were after It
(M. Bragg). 2. There was no orchard and even cooking-apples had to be purchased
-but there she was lucky as John did not care much for fresh fruit (Id.). .3 Wonder
how he's getting on? The sort of fellow who could be starving and sleeping in the
street and he'd never complain (P. Hardy). 4. As a girl she wanted to be a movie
star(B. Lowry). .5 "There's a certain responsibility about having been the wife of
genius"(W. S. Maugham).

1. Hound – In 14th-century England, hound was the general word for all domestic
canines, and dog referred to a subtype resembling the modern mastiff and
bulldog. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had
begun to refer only to breeds used for hunting.
NOW: a dog of a breed used for hunting, especially one able to track by scent.
Джон бачив, як лисиця промайнула на обріїї, задерши хвоста, щоб не
залишати слідів. Але гончі помітили її не гірше за мене.

2. fruit – late 12c., "any vegetable product useful to humans or animals," from Old
French fruit "fruit, fruit eaten as dessert; harvest; virtuous action" (12c.), from
Latin fructus "an enjoyment, delight, satisfaction; proceeds, produce, fruit, crops".
Originally in English meaning all products of the soil (vegetables, nuts, grain,
acorns);
modern narrower sense is from early 13c. usually sweet product of a plant or tree
that contains seeds or a pit (= large hard seed)
Там не було фруктового садка і потрібно було купувати навіть яблука, але їй
пощастило, оскільки Джона не дуже турбувала наявність свіжих фруктів.

3. Starving - Middle English sterven, to die, from Old English “steorfan”; Also
Archaic meaning - to suffer or die from cold.
Nowadays meaning -(as a verb) To suffer or die from extreme or prolonged lack of
food or informal to be hungry. (as an adj) - suffering from lack of food
“Цікаво як він там? Він з тих хто може помирати від голоду або ж спати на
вулиці, але ніколи не поскаржиться”

4. Girl - c. 1300, "child, young person" (of either sex but most frequently of
females), of unknown origin;
nowadays meaning - a female child from birth to adulthood.
Будучи дівчинкою, вона мріяла стати зіркою кіно.

5.wife - Middle English wif, wyf, from Old English wif, from Proto-Germanic
*wiban, of uncertain origin. Middle English wif, wyf, from Old English wif (neuter)
"woman, female, lady,"
nowadays meaning - the woman that a man is married to
Є певна відповідальність за те, щоб бути дружиною генія.

C. Degradation of meaning

1. Beresford did not die. He had taken less of the poison than his wife (A.
Berkeley)
Poison- from Old French poison, puison ( Modern French poison) "a drink,"
especially a medical drink, later "a (magic) potion.
NOW- it became specifically associated with substances that can cause illness or
death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed.
Бересфорд не помер. Він прийняв менше отрути, ніж його дружина.
2. "I really feel I've been terribly silly," she said (A.Christie).
Silly- late Middle English (in the sense ‘deserving of pity or sympathy’): alteration of
dialect seely ‘happy’, later ‘innocent, feeble’, from a West Germanic base meaning
‘luck, happiness’. The sense ‘foolish’ developed via the stages ‘feeble’ and
‘unsophisticated, ignorant’.
NOW- weak in intellect.
"Я справді відчуваю, що поводилася надзвичайно нерозумно", - сказала вона.
3. /Moira/ moved rapidly away. Bobby sprang up to follow her, but Frankie pushed
him firmly back... "Stay there, idiot, leave this to me" (Id.).
Idiot- early 14c., "person so mentally deficient as to be incapable of ordinary
reasoning;" also in Middle English "simple man, uneducated person, layman" (late
14c.), from Old French idiote "uneducated or ignorant person" (12c.),
N0W- a foolish or stupid person.
/Мояра/ швидко пішла геть. Боббі підхопився, щоб піти за нею, але Френкі
міцно штовхнула його назад "Стій там, бовдуре, залиш це мені".
4. "Possibly you are paying too much attention to local gossip. Local gossip is very
unreliable. I have heard the wildest stories" (Id.).
Gossip-Old English godsibb "sponsor, godparent," from God + sibb "relative" (see
sibling). The sense was extended in Middle English to "a familiar acquaintance, a
friend, neighbor" (c. 1300), especially to women friends invited to attend a birth,
later to "anyone engaging in familiar or idle talk" (1560s).
NOW- a person who habitually reveals personal or sensational facts about others.
"Можливо, ви занадто багато уваги приділяєте місцевим пліткам. Місцеві
плітки є дуже недостовірними. Я чула найжахливіші історії".
5. She looked sad and thoughtful (Id.)
Sad-In Middle English and into early Modern English the prevailing senses were
"firmly established, set; hard, rigid, firm; sober, serious; orderly and regular," but
these are obsolete except in dialect. The sense development seems to have been via
the notion of "heavy, ponderous" (i.e. "full" mentally or physically), thus "weary,
tired of." By c. 1300 the main modern sense of "unhappy, sorrowful, melancholy,
mournful" is evident. An alternative course would be through the common Middle
English sense of "steadfast, firmly established, fixed" (as in sad-ware "tough pewter
vessels") and "serious" to "grave." In the main modern sense, it replaced Old English
unrot, negative of rot "cheerful, glad."
NOW- affected with or expressive of grief or unhappiness.
Вона виглядала сумною та задумливою.
D. Elevation of meaning

1.Marshal Von Grock was a true Prussian... He had the sense of reality which
belongs to soldiers (O. K. Chesterton).
Marshal- Middle English (denoting a high-ranking officer of state): from Old French
mareschal ‘farrier, commander’, from late Latin mariscalcus, from Germanic
elements meaning ‘horse’ (compare with mare) and ‘servant’.
NOW- a high official in the household of a medieval king, prince, or noble originally
having charge of the cavalry but later usually in command of the military forces.
Маршал Фон Грок був справжнім прусаком... Він мав відчуття реальності,
притаманне солдатам.

2. "You can leave that to me. I've got a splendid idea" (A. Christie).
Splendid- early 17th cent.: from French splendide or Latin splendidus, from
splendere ‘shine, be bright’.
NOW- brilliant, very good, excellent.
" Ти можеш залишити це мені. У мене є чудова ідея.
3. He accepted the lady's invitation to come down and stay at her little cottage at
Chipping Somerton (Id.)
Lady- Old English hlǣfdīge (denoting a woman to whom homage or obedience is
due, such as the wife of a lord, also specifically the Virgin Mary), from hlāf ‘loaf’ + a
Germanic base meaning ‘knead’, related to dough; compare with lord.
NOW- 1) a polite or formal way of referring to a woman, 2) a woman of good social
position.
Він прийняв запрошення пані приїхати і зупинитися в її маленькому котеджі в
Чіпінґ Сомертоні.
4. "You've been wonderful simply wonderful... You've been an angel," said Frankie
(Id.)
Angel- Old English engel, ultimately via ecclesiastical Latin from Greek angelos
‘messenger’; superseded in Middle English by forms from Old French angele.
NOW- a person of exemplary conduct or virtue.
"Ти був чудовий, просто чудовий... Ти був ідеальним", - сказав Френкі.
5. Eliduc's overlord was the king of Brittany, who was very fond of the knight and
looked after his interests (J. Fowles).
Fond- late Middle English (in the sense ‘infatuated, foolish’): from obsolete fon ‘a
fool, be foolish’, of unknown origin. Compare with fun.
NOW- 1) having an affection or liking for. 2) foolishly optimistic; naive.

Knite- Old English cniht ‘boy, youth, servant’, of West Germanic origin; related to
Dutch knecht and German Knecht. Sense (2) dates from the mid 16th cent.
NOW- (in the UK) a man awarded a non-hereditary title by the sovereign in
recognition of merit or service and entitled to use the honorific ‘Sir’ in front of his
name.
Володарем Елідука був король Бретані, який дуже цінував лицаря і дбав про
його інтереси.

6. When Johnson closed the door, Sharkey gazed after him. What a good comrade
he is, he thought (F. Hardy).
Comrade- from French in 16th century camerade, camarade (originally feminine),
from Spanish camarada ‘room-mate’, from Latin camera ‘chamber’. Compare with
chum.
NOW- 1) a colleague or a fellow member of an organization, 2) a fellow soldier or
member of the armed forces.
Коли Джонсон зачинив двері, Шаркі подивився йому вслід. Який він хороший
товариш, подумав він.

Ex 10 p 72

1. They were under a great shadow train shed... with passenger cars all about and
the train moving at a snail pace (Th. Dreiser).
2. "Now come and have some breakfast. We pig it in the kitchen in the mornings" (J.
Fowles).

3. "Get him an ambulance, then." I shook my head... "You're a stupid heartless pig.
He obviously needs a doctor, and hospital care" (D. Francis).

4. "You and Fleur. Two little lame ducks - charming yellow little ducks" (J.
Galsworthy).

5. 'They won't monkey with me no more," he told Martha, "I've showed 'em I could
look after myself" (V. Palmer).

Zoosemy (animal metaphor) is the way names of animals are used to denote and
characterise human qualities and traits of the character.

1. Zoosemy word: snail

Translation: Вони були під великим тіньовим навісом (шлейфом)... з

пасажирськими вагонами навколо, і поїзд рухався з равликовою швидкістю ( у
дуже повільному темпі).

2. Zoosemy: pig

Translation: А тепер іди поснідай. Ми готували це вранці на кухні.

3. Zoosemy: pig

Translation: Викличте йому швидку". Я похитав головою... "Ти тупа безсердечна

свиня. Йому, очевидно, потрібен лікар, і лікарняний догляд.
4. Zoosemy: ducks

Translation: Ти і Флер. Дві маленькі кульгаві качки - чарівні жовті маленькі качки

Lame duck Перевод: неудачник, "несчастненький"

5. Zoosemy: monkey

Translation: Вони більше не будуть подовитись зі мною недбало, - сказав він

Марті, - я показав їм, що можу про себе подбати".

Exercise 11, p. 72-73

a) Explain the logic of metonymic transference in the following words and
collocations in bold type.
b) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
Metonymic transference - a transfer of name from one object (phenomenon, thing,
action, process, etc.) to another based on the contiguity of their properties,
relations, etc.
1. “George Dial /was/ dressed in smart grey FLANNELS”
In this sentence, the word “flannels” is used to refer to George Dial’s shirts. The
term “flsnnels” is closely associated with casual, comfortable clothing, and it stands
in for a specific type of garment.
Джордж Діал /був/ одягнений в елегантну(чепурну?) сіру фланелеву сорочку.

2. “Moira Nicholson is a nice little SOUL and I didn`t want her to get landed in a
mess”
Here, the word “SOUL” is used metonymically to describe Moira Nicholson. Instead
of directly saying she is a kind or good-hearted person, the term “SOUL” is employed
to evoke a sense of her inner character or essence.
Мойра Ніколсон – маленька добра душа і я не хотів, щоб вона потрапила в
халепу.
3. “Thoroughly sympathetic with BEAUTY in distress, he … did all he could”
In this sentence, “BEAUTY” represents a beautiful woman. The word “BEAUTY” is
used metonymically to refer to the woman who is experiencing distress. It implies
that the speaker empathizes with her situation.
Глибоко співчуває красуні у скруті, він … зробив все, що міг./ (Глибоко співчуває
красі у скруті, він … зробив все, що міг?)

4. “Over a period of two weeks the old man executed a hundred and forty
SILHOUETTE portraits of Evelyn”
The term “SILHOUETTE” is used here to represent the art or act of creating shadow
profiles or outlines. Instead of saying the old man drew or sketched portraits of
Evelyn, the word “SILHOUETTE” emphasizes the visual aspect of his work.
Протягом двох тижнів старий чоловік виконав сто сорок обрисів Евелін./
(Протягом двох тижнів старий чоловік виконав сто сорок силуетних портретів
Евелін)

5. “Do you all sell anything to eat here?” one questions THE GRIZZLED OLD
CARPET SLIPPERS who opens the door"
In this playful sentence, “THE GRIZZLED OLD CARPET SLIPPERS” refers to the
innkeeper or the person who opens the door. The choice of words creates an
amusing and unexpected image, as if the slippers themselves are answering the
question.
"Ви тут щось продаєте поїсти?" - запитує відчиняючий двері старий, оббитий
часом господар./ ("Ви тут продаєте щось поїсти?" – запитують старі килимові
капці з сивиною, відчиняючи двері.)

6. “ONE TABLE was playing dominoes already”

Here, “ONE TABLE” stands in for the people sitting at that table. The focus is on the
activity (playing dominoes) rather than the individuals themselves.
За одним столом вже грали в доміно
!!!!!!Цього в завданні не сказано, але якщо запитає який це саме вид!!!!!
1. This sentence contains a metonymic epithet. The word "flannels" is used
metonymically to refer to George Dial's shirt, emphasizing the casual and
comfortable nature of his clothing.
2. This sentence contains a metaphoric epithet. The term "SOUL" is used
metaphorically to describe Moira Nicholson, implying that she is a kind or good-
hearted person.
3. This sentence contains a linguistic metonymy. The word "BEAUTY" is used
metonymically to refer to a beautiful woman in distress, emphasizing the speaker's
empathy towards her.
4. This sentence contains a linguistic metaphor. The term "SILHOUETTE" is used
metaphorically to describe the portraits of Evelyn, emphasizing the visual aspect of
the old man's work.
5. This sentence contains a linguistic metaphor. The phrase "THE GRIZZLED OLD
CARPET SLIPPERS" is used metaphorically to describe the innkeeper, creating an
amusing and unexpected image.
6. This sentence contains a linguistic metonymy. The phrase "ONE TABLE" is
used metonymically to refer to the people sitting at that table, emphasizing the
activity they are engaged in (playing dominoes).