CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN

1. Các cách dùng cơ bản.

a, Loại 1: Diễn tả điều có thật ở hiện tại:
Câu điều kiện có thực là câu mà người nói dùng để diễn đạt một hành động hoặc một
tình huống thường xảy ra (thói quen) hoặc sẽ xảy ra (trong tương lai) nếu điều kiện ở
mệnh đề chính được thoả mãn.
Nếu nói về tương lai, dạng câu này được sử dụng khi nói đến một điều kiện có thể thực
hiện được hoặc có thể xảy ra.
Mệnh đề If Mệnh đề chính
If + S + V (hiện tại đơn) S + will + V(inf)
Cấu trúc viết lại sử dụng Unless:
V+……. + or +S +will/won’t+V+……. .
= Unless S +V+…. , S+will/won’t+V+……
= If S don’t/doesn’t + V, S+will/won’t+V+……
Ex:
Study hard or you will fail the exam. = Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam.
= If you don’t study hard , you will fail the exam.
Chú ý:
- Sau mệnh đề If hoặc mệnh đề Unless phải có dấu phẩy (, )
- Sau Unless không được dùng dạng phủ định (Ví dụ : không được viết Unless
youdon’t write)
Command (Thức mệnh lệnh)
If + S + V(s-es), V(mệnh lệnh)+ . . . . . .
Ex:
- If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me.
- Please call me if you hear anything from Jane.
b, Loại 2: Điều kiện ko có thật ở hiện tại:
Câu điều kiện ko có thực ở hiện tại dùng để đề cập đến những tình huống tưởng tượng
hoặc không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại.
 Mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề chính

If + S + V-ed S + would + V
(Quá khứ đơn) (dạng 1 lùi thì)

*Note: Động từ to be phải chia là were ở tất cả các ngôi.

Ex:
-If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
- If I had money, I would buy the car.
- If I were you, I wouldn't see that movie.
c, Loại 3: Điều kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ:
Câu điều kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ dùng để đề cập những tình huống không
có thật trong QK và xác định kết quả nếu nó đã xảy ra. Cấu trúc câu này thường ám
chỉ sự tiếc nuối hoặc lời trách móc.

Mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề chính

If + S + had + V-PII S + would + have + V-PII

(Quá khứ hoàn thành) (Dạng 2 lùi thì)

Ex:
-If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have had an accident.
- If I had had money, I would have bought the car.
- If I had worked harder I could have passed the exam. (But I didn’t work hard, and I
didn’t pass the exam.
* Chú ý:
- Cũng có thể thể hiện một điều kiện không có thực mà không dùng if. Trong trường
hợp đó, trợ động từ had được đưa lên đầu câu, đứng trước chủ ngữ. Mệnh đề điều kiện
sẽ đứng trước mệnh đề chính.
Eg:
- Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
- Had he studied harder for the test, he would have passed it.

2. Một số lưu ý về cách dùng câu điều kiện

 1. Trong câu điều kiện có mệnh đề phụ ở dạng phủ định, chúng ta có thể dùng
“unless” thay cho “if not…”
Ví dụ:
 I will buy you a new laptop if you don’t let me down. => I will buy you a
laptop unless you let me down.
 I will go to Cao Bang tomorrow if it doesn’t rain. => I will go to Cao Bang
tomorrow unless it rains.
2. Trong câu điều kiện loại I, chúng ta có thể sử dụng thì tương lai đơn trong mệnh
đề phụ nếu mệnh đề phụ diễn ra sau khi mệnh đề trình diễn ra.
Ví dụ:
 If aspirin will ease my headache, I will take a couple tonight.
 If you will take me to the park at 9 a.m, I will wake you up at 8 a.m.
 If I will have English lesson this afternoon, I will book a grab to school now.
3. Cách dùng của câu điều kiện loại 2 và câu điều kiện loại 3 thường được sử dụng
trong cấu trúc câu Wish và cấu trúc câu Would rather để thể hiện sự tiếc nuối
hoặc ý trách móc ai đó đã hoặc không làm gì:
Ví dụ:
 If I had reviewed for the exam, I would not have got mark D! => I wish I had
reviewed for the exam. => I would rather I had reviewed for the exam.
 If I had gone to that party, I could have met her. => I wish I had gone to that
party. => I would rather I had gone to that party.

Bài tập về câu điều kiện

Exercise 1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:

1. If I see him , I _____ (give ) him a gift.
2. If I had a typewriter, I _____ (type) it myself.
3. If I had known that you were in hospital, I _____ (visit) you.
4. You could make better progress if you _____ (attend) class regularly.
5. If I _____ (know) his telephone number, I’d give it to you.
6. If you _____ (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
7. If he worked more slowly, he _____ (not make) so many mistakes.
8. I shouldn’t drink that wine if I _____ (be) you.
9. If I _____ (find) a cheap room, I will stay a fortnight.
10. A lot of people _____ (be) out of work if the factory closed down.
Exercise 2: Make conditional sentences:
1. Keep silent or you’ll wake the baby up.
 →If ……………………………………………..…..………
2. Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson.
→ If …………………………………….....….…….
3. I don’t know her number, so I don’t ring her up
→ If …………………………………….....….……..
4. I don’t know the answer, so I can’t tell you.
→ If …………………………………………….………..
5. We got lost because we didn’t have a map.
→ If …………………………………….……..…….……
6. Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes.
→……………………………………………..……
7. Without this treatment, the patient would have died.
→……………………………………….….…...
8. He lost his job because he was late every day.
→………………………………………………...……
9. Peter is fat because he eats so many chips.
→……………………………………………………...…..
10. Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes.
→………………………………..…..
Exercise 3: Use UNLESS instead of IF
1. If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another
Unless………………………………………………
2. If she does not hurry, she’ll be late
Unless ……………………………………………….
3. If you are not careful, you’ll cut yourself
Unless ……………………………………………………
4. if you had not sneezed, he wouldn’t have known that we were there.
Unless ……………………………………………………
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.
1. _____have enough apples, she’ll make an apple pie this afternoon.
A.Should she B. If she C. Will she D. Unless she
2. If you_____to me, you wouldn’t have got so much trouble.
A. listened B. would listen
C. had listened D. Would have listened
3. If you don’t know how to spell a word, you_____ look it up in the dictionary.
A. must B. will C. should D. ought
4. If the sun _____, we _____for a walk.
A. shines / will go B. shone / will go
C. shone / would go D. had shone / would go
5. The campfire _____ if it _____ last night.
A. wouldn’t be cancelled / hadn’t rained
B. wouldn’t have been cancelled / hadn’t rained
C. would have been cancelled / hadn’t rained
D. will be cancelled / rains
6. But for our parents, we _____ successful in life.
A. will never be B. would never be
C. wouldn’t have be D. would have never been
7. If I _____ my wallet at home this morning, I _____ money for lunch now.
A. leave / will have B. didn’t leave / would have
C. hadn’t left / would have D. hadn’t left / would have had
8. It is too bad, Lam isn’t here. If he _____ here, he _____ what to do.
A. were / would know B. is / will know
C. had been / would have known D. was / would know
9. If we _____ the plans carefully, we would not have had so many serious mistakes.
A. study B. had studied C. studied D. were studying
10. I will never talk to you again _____ you apologize me _____ your being rude.
A. if / for B. unless / for C. or / of D. whether / or
11. _____ if you work harder, you will be sacked.
A. Whether B. If C. However D. Unless
12. I think you should stop smoking.
A. If I am you, I will stop smoking. B. If I were you, I will stop smoking.
C. If I were you, I would stop smoking. D. If I had been you, I would stop smoking.
13. If you take the ice out of the fridge, it _____.
A. vaporizes B. melts C. heats D. disappears
14. We should do something to protect water from being polluted _____we will have
nothing to drink in the future.
A. if B. whether C. or D. unless
15. Let’s knock on their door to see _____ home.
A. if they’re B. unless they’re
C. whether they were D. if they were
16. Unless we _____ more snow, we can’t go skiing.
A. will have B. have C. have had D. had
17. You’ll fail the exam _____ you start revising.
A. if B. until C. when D. unless
18. Unless you wash the car, you _____ not drive it at the weekend.
A. would B. could C. have to D. may
19. If Peter _____ his car before the drive, he _____ the problem of out of petrol.
A. checked / will not get B. had checked / would not
have got
C. checks / will not have got D. would be checking / will not
have got
20. He stepped on the mine, and it exploded.
A. If he doesn’t step on the mine, it doesn’t explode.
B. If he doesn’t step on the mine, it won’t explode.
C. If he didn’t step on the mine, it wouldn’t explode.
D. If he hadn’t stepped on the mine, it wouldn’t have exploded.
21. In my experiments, the liquid is cooled to 32ºF. It always freezes.
A. If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it froze.
B. If you cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would freeze.
 C. If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it will freeze.
D. If you had cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would have frozen.
22. It may rain this afternoon. I hope it doesn’t because I don’t want the match to be
cancelled.
A. If it rains, the match is cancelled. B. If it rains, the match will be
cancelled.
C. if it rained, the match would be cancelled. D. If it had rained, the match
would have been cancelled.
23. Unfortunately, I don’t know Philosophy, so I can’t answer your question.
A. If I know Philosophy, I can answer your question.
B. If I know Philosophy, I will be able to answer your question.
C. If I knew Philosophy, I would be able to answer your question.
D. If I had known Philosophy, I would have been able to answer your question.
24. _____ there are some more ideas, we can end the meeting now.
A. If B. As if C. Unless D. In case
25. If he _____ with us now, he _____ the beauty of nature of the National Park.
A. is / can enjoy B. was / will enjoy
C. has been / would enjoy D. were / could enjoy