13

Tavi 1. fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

gansazRvrebebi

fsiqologiis miznebi

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla?

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

fsiqologiis istoriuli safuZvlebi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi

ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: vifiqroT momavalze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

14

1954

wels

SeerTebuli

Statebis

uzenaesma

brauni

sasamarTlom

topekas

ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqmeSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac

Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis segregacia ukanonod gamocxadda.
uzenaesi

sasamarTlos

fsiqologebis
romlebmac

da

gadawyvetilebaze

sxva

socialuri

sasamarTlos

kvlevis

araviTari

mecnierebebis
Sedegebi

zemoqmedeba

ar

mouxdenia

warmomadgenlebis

warudgines.

Sedegebi

Cvenebebs,
naTlad

metyvelebda imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian bavSvebze uaryofiTad

moqmedebda.

mogvyavs

erT-erTi

fsiqologis,

kenet

klarkis

Cveneba,

romelmac

Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia vaiTmeni, (Whiteman, 1993, 49-51 gv.):

testireba gasuli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cavatare Tqvni moTxovnis

mixedviT skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, ZiriTadad pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene
meTodi, romelzec adre gesaubreT - zangi da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis
feris garda sxvamxriv absoluturad identuria. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene,
romelbzec es Tojinebi exata....
bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:
"maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvelaze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT
yvelaze metad?", maCveneT "cudi" Tojina".....
sul 6-dan 9 wlamde 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe, maTgan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina, is
yvelaze metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daaxasiaTes, rogorc "sasiamovno".
ar dagaviwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absoluturad identuria, kanis feris garda.
TerTmetma bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cudad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi
Tanxvdeba adre miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300-ze met bavSvze Catarebulma
gamokvlevam gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: zangi bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi
eqceva sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli negatiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi.....
iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klarendonis sagrafos es bavSvebi, iseve rogorc
nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSkarad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs
sazogadoebaSi,

pirovnuli

ganviTarebis

procesSi

daziandnen.

maTSi

naTlad

SeimCneva arastabilurobis niSnebi da, Cemi azriT, yvela fsiqologi swored

amgvarad axsnida miRebul Sedegebs.
xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi
zemoqmedeba uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva
mTeli qveynis mosaxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedegebi?

15

kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqologiuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze

rogorc calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxovrebaze. es magaliTi am

saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzaurobaSi, sadac

adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTuleebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki
saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas
ayalibebs.

fsiqologia

da

cxovreba

tvinis

da

fsiqikis

Sinagani

sivrcidan

adamianis qcevis garegan ganzomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT procesebs,

romlebic azris mqone struqturas mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad,
iseT

sakiTxebs,

rogoricaa:

rogor

aRviqvamT

samyaros,

rogor

vswavlobT,

vurTierTobT sxvebTan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT gavarkvioT adamianis

cxovrebis

ufro

dramatuli

gamovlinebebi,

rogoricaa,

rogor

da

ratom

naxuloben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT erTmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben,

ratom arian agresiulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqiurad. da bolos, vaCvenebT,
rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqologiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da - zogierT,
magaliTad, segregaciis SemTxvevaSi - SevcvaloT kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi
kulturuli Zalebi.
Cven,

fsiqologiis

da

cxovrebis

avtorebs,

fsiqologiis

kompetenturobis

gvjera. pedagogiuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqologia sul ufro da

ufro momxibvleli gaxda CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis procesebis
warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqnizmebis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvavebas aqvs adgili.
Zveli Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba. magram adamianis bunebis mravali
momajadovebeli
mogzaurobis

mxare

dasaruls

jer

kidev

Tqvenc

amoucnobi

saTuTad

rCeba.

moepyrobiT

imedi

gvaqvs,

fsiqologiuri

rom

am

codnis

sakuTar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani iqneba wvdomis mecnieruli wyurvili. davsvamT
kiTxvebs adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, rodis da im qcevis
mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adamianebSi,
cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT. avxsniT, ratom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqecviT ase. riTi
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, raSia Tqveni unikaloba da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad
sxvebis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi

memkvidreobam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma

gamocdilebam? rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi - adamianur cxovelSi _

agresia da altruizmi, siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmedeba? am TavSi

16

ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gaxda yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologiis,

rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.
ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor
esmiT fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi da areali. wignis damTavrebis
Semdeg Tqven

unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo am TavSi pirvelad

gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu ras unda niSnavdes es.

gansazRvrebebi
mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs fundamentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis
buneba? am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiTi pasuxobs, rom swavlobs individSi mimdinare
procesebs, iseve rogorc fizikur da socialur garemoSi aRmocenebul Zalebs. am
TvalsazriT, fsiqologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc individis qcevis da
fsiqikuri

procesebis

mecnierul

Seswavlas.

ganvixiloT

am

ganmartebis

mniSvnelovani nawilebi; mecnieruli, qceva, individi da fsiqikuri.

fsiqologiis

mecnieruli

mecnieruli meTodis
mecnieruli

meTodi

aspeqti

principebis
moicavs

moiTxovs,

rom

fsiqologiuri

mixedviT mopovebul

problemis

analizisa

monacemebs

da

daskvnebi

efuZnebodes.

gadaWrisaTvis

saWiro

Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrovebul

monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2-e
TavSi ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.
qceva

is

iaraRia,

romlis

saSualebiTac

organizmi

garemos

ergeba.

qceva

moqmedebaa. fsiqologiis sagani ZiriTadad adamianis da cxovelis dakvirvebadi

qcevaa.

sicili,

SeiZleba

tirili,

daakvirde.

sirbili,

fsiqologebi

Sexeba

qcevis

ikvleven,

ras

is
da

magaliTebia,
rogor

romlebsac

akeTebs

individi

mocemul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.

fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili,
mozardi

sportsmeni,

kolejis

studenti,

romelic

studentur

saerTo

sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas egueba, Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras icvlis, an

qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis
TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi. amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba
iyos

Simpanze,

romelic

komunikaciisaTvis

saWiro

simboloebs

swavlobs,

17

labirinTSi mosiarule TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagire zRvis

loqora.

individi

unda

SeviswavloT

mis

bunebriv

garemoSi,

an

kvleviT

laboratoriaSi, gakontrolebul (kontorlirebad) pirobebSi.

mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri
procesebis, anu adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver gavigebT. adamianuri
aqtivobis didi nawili Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Semoqmedeba
(Seqmna),

ocneba.

mravali

fisqologisaTvis

swored

fsiqikuri

procesebia

fsiqologiuri Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male gaigebT, rom fsiqologma

mkvlevrebma daxvewili teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlenebis da procesebis
Sesaswavlad - raTa es piradi gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.
am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias unikalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac
fsiqologebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian fokusirebuli, sociologebi
swavloben adamianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xolo anTropologebi
yuradRebas amaxvileben qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kulturaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi farTod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs.
rogorc

erT-erTi

politologias,

socialuri

sociologias

mecniereba,
da

fsiqologia

eTnologias.

iyenebs

fsiqologebs

ekonomikas,

bevri

saerTo

interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da

qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsiqologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor
muSaobs admianis fsiqika, rac, axlad warmoSobili kognituri mecnierebebis _
kompiuteruli mecnierebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi maTematikis
kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakavSirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba _
medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurisprudenciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli
fsiqologia

cdilobs

gaaumjobesos

TiTeuli

individisa

da

koleqtivis

cxovrebis done. fsiqologia, aseve, inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasTan, sxva

humanitarul

mecnierebebTan,

religiasTan

da

xelovnebis

iseT

dargebTan,

rogoricaa literatura da dramaturgia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqologiis siRrme da farTo Tvalsawieri
siamovnebis wyaroa ukve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, studentebisaTvis,
vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqologias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.
fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis
mecnieruli Seswavla

18

mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) - im procedurebis wyeba, romlebic

obieqturi informaciis Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba, Tanac
imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumamdea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.
qceva

(behavior) - is moqmedebebi, romlis saSualebiTac organizmi garemos

ergeba.
fsiqologiis
informaciis
Seswavlis

saganze

miReba

kidev

SegiZliaT

saukeTeso

gzad

bevria
am

saTqmeli,

Sesavali

fsiqologTa

magram,

Tavidan.

miznebis

bevri

Rirebuli

fsiqologiis

garkveva

migvaCnia,

sferos
modiT,

ganvixiloT es miznebi.
fsiqologiis miznebi
im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic fundamentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris
qcevis aRwera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontroleba. gamoyenebiT (praqtikos)
fsiqologebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adamianis cxovrebis

gaumjobeseba.

es miznebi fsiqologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens. ra igulisxmeba TiTeul

am mizanSi?

movlenis aRwera
fsiqologiis

pirveli

amocanaa

zusti

dakvirveba

qcevaze.

Cveulebriv,

fsiqologebi aseTi dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas monacemebs uwodeben.

qceviTi monacemebi aris organizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romelSic es

qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Segrovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis

saTanado done da SeimuSaon qcevis is sazomebi, romlebic misi obieqturad

Seswavlis garantias gvaZlevs.
individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba
- yvelaze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze detalur, specifikur donemde.
fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli doneebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs.
fsiqologiuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlevrebi swavloben mTliani
pirovnebis

qcevas

mkvlevrebma
crurwmenebis

rTul

SeiZleba
mizezebi,

socialur

Seiswavlon
fsiqikuri

da

kulturul

Zaladobis
daavadebis

konteqstSi.

am

kros-kulturuli
Sedegebi.

Semdeg

doneze

sxvaobebi,
doneze,

fsiqologebi qcevis ufro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa SuqniSanis

sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvalebis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier

19

daSvebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswavlisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev

ufro mcire erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdiloben Seiswavlon qcevis
biologiuri

safuZvlebi,

pasuxismgebelia

anu

sxvadasxva

daadginon

tipis

tvinis

mogonebis

is

ubnebi,

Senaxvaze;

romlebic

daswavlis

dros

warmoSobili bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze, an mxedvelobaze pasuxismgebeli

sensoruli gzebi. analizis TiTeuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT informacias,
romlis saSualebiTac dgeba adamianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, risi
miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.

qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera,

romlebSic es qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvirvebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben,

rom

qceva

obieqturadDaRweron.

im

faqtebis

Segroveba,

romlebic

realurad

arsebobs da ara iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an surs, rom iyos,

upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa. radganac yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis procesSi
sakuTari,

subieqturi

molodini

rogorc

Tvalsazrisi

aucilebelia,

rom am

Seaqvs

esenia

Tvalsazrisma

ar

mikerZoeba,

crurwmena,

daamaxinjos

monacemebi.

Semdeg TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mravalgvari meqanizmi

Seqmnes obieqturobis SesanarCuneblad.

movlenis axsna
maSin,

rodesac

aRqmulis

miRma

kanonzomierebebis

aRwera

TvalsaCino

unda

ixedebodes.

aRmoCena

informacias
qceviT

fsiqologiis

unda

da

mravali

eyrdnobodes,

fsiqikur
dargis

axsna

procesebSi

mTavari

mizania.

fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSaobs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel

situaciebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidinos suicidi, an danaSauli?
fsiqologiuri axsna ZiriTadad aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas
axdens

faqtorTa

kombinacia.

zogierTi

faqtori

individis

SigniT

moqmedebs,

rogoricaa genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an TviTSefaseba.

qcevebis am Sinagan determinantebs organizmis
organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba,
radgan isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi, am
determinantebs

dispoziciuri

cvladebi

ewodeba.

arsebobs

agreTve

garegani

faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa

prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli

20

xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens pirovnebis gareT arsebuli movlenebi.

qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos, an situaciis (situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba.
rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben
axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs
adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT midrekilia
riskisaken

(dispoziciuri

axsna),

an

zogierTi

individi

ganicdis

TanatolTa

zewolas (situaciuri axsna) - an, rom orive aucilebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).

xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi
mizeziT axsnas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni maswavlebeli ambobs,
rom

kargi

niSnis

monawileobis

misaRebad

miReba.

Tqveni

aucileblia
megobari

gakveTilze

yovelTvis

diskusiaSi

kargad

aqtiuri

swavlobs,

magram

gakveTilze ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams Tavis azrebs da

Sexdulebebs. maswavlebeli sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa da
miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram
arasodes iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar azrs, Tuki vinme
sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxeduli ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi sufrasTan.
ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mdebare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze
pasuxismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT, Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs
ise moiqces, rogorc saWiroa, Ciki da zimbardo (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq
SegviZlia

morcxvobis

cneba

gamoviyenoT

da

Tqveni

megobris

qcevaTa

mTeli

diapazoni amiTi avxsnaT.

organizmis

cvladebi

(organizamic variables)

organizmis

qcevis

Sinagani

determinanti.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _ organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis
Sinagani determinanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva
tipis monacemis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli
deteqtivi

Serlok

holmsi

nawyvet-nawyveti

monacemebis

safuZvelze

akeTebda

gamWriax daskvnebs. msgavsad amisa, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos warmosaxva

da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad

21

ganswavlul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamianis gamocdilebis sakuTari

wvdomisa

da

sxva

fsiqologiuri

mecnierebis

kvlevis

mier

aRmoCenili

umetesoba

cdilobs

faqtebis

safuZvelze

gansazRvros,

mravali

axsnas.
SesaZlo

variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mocemul qcevas.

winaswarmetyveleba
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli
kavSiri

raRac

albaTobiT

gamovlindeba.

xSirad

qcevis

romelime

formis

safuZvlad mdebare mizezebis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars zustad

iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. magaliTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari
morcxvia,

SegviZlia

darwmunebiT

viwinaswarmetyveloT,

rom

is

uxerxulad

igrZnobs Tavs, Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. rodesac romelime qcevis

an kavSiris asaxsnelad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mixedviT Seafaseben,
ramdenad

kargad

SeuZliaT

megobars

warmatebiT

rom

zusti

da

daemyarebina

amomwuravi
ucnobTan

winaswarmetyveleba.
kontaqti,

diagnozi

Tqven
unda

Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnieruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi
da naTlad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos, ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba
da uaryofa, Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli winaswarmetyveleba imis
gagebas

emyareba,

Tu

rogor

aris

dakavSirebuli

erTmaneTTan

movlenebi

da

varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akavSirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.

mizez-Sedegobrivi

winaswarmetyveleba azustebs im pirobebs, romelSic qceva

Seicvleba. magaliTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da maimunebSi ucnobi

piris

Tandaswreba

cvlilebebi

ki

SfoTvis

SeiZleba

niSnebs

iwvevs.

damokidebuli

dakvirvebul

iyos

situaciis

qcevaSi
SigniT

gamowveuli
variaciebze,

magaliTad, ucnobobis (ucxoobis) xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofiliyo, rac
bavSvi da maimuni, nakleb SfoTvas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvelebis
gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistematurad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT
bavSvis reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.

kontroli
mravali

fsiqologisaTvis

kontroli

centraluri,

yvelaze

mniSvnelovani

mizania. kontroli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar moxdeba - daviwyoT,

SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zlierebaze an

22

gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mizez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is qcevis

gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelovania, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas
aZlevs

adamianebs

cxovrebis

donis

gaumjobesebaSi

daexmaron.

am

wignSi

periodulad SexvdebiT fsiqologebis mier gamogonebul sxvadasxva tipis Carevas

im mizniT, rom daexmaron adamianebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqtebis
gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, exeba fsiqikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas.
wignSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT adamianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi
qcevebi,

rogoricaa

magaliTad,

sigaretis

moweva,

wamoiwyon

jansaRi

qcevebi,

rogoricaa regularuli varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis ra stili

exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar
surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba
am

xelisSemSleli

faqtorebis

gadalaxva

(Tavi

18).

aq

moyvanilia

mxolod

ramdenime magaliTi im uricxvi situaciidan, romlebSic fsiqologebi TavianT

codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobeson da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba. am
TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod optimistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera,
rom praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado
CareviT. fsiqologia da cxovreba iziarebs am optimizms.
interess

moklebuli

ar

iqneba

aRvniSnoT,

rom

gageba

da

ara

kontroli

warmoadgens mravali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqologebis saboloo mizans,

noubels

da

kontrolze

triandisi
yuradRebis

(Nobles 1980, Triandis 1990).

gamaxvileba

dasavlur

kritikosebs

fsiqologiaSi

miaCniaT,
im

rom

kulturuli

mikerZoebis amsaxvelia, romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa kolonializmis

da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrobluri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsiqologiis
kontrolze

fokusireba

agreTve

mamakacur

midgomad

iTvleba,

is

aseTi

dominanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT wamyvani roli fsiqologiis

ganviTarebaSi bornSteini da qvina, (Bornstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).

Sejameba
am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT fsiqologiis da cxovrebis zogierT seqcias,
romlebic

specialurad

SevadgineT,

raTa

ufro

efeqturad

aiTvisoT

teqsti.

Sejamebis qveTavi Tan sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil informacias. amgvari
Sejameba ganvlili masalis sakvanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT. yovel

23

Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, romelsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es

seqcia teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiyenoT. Tu armoaCenT, rom ar
gesmiT Sejameba, teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Tavidan waikiTxeT, sanam
ar darwmundebiT, rom namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari seqciebi testirebisaTvis
mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da
fsiqikuri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsiqologebs ramdenime mizani
aqvT: obieqturad da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan misi aRmZvreli
Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon rodis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon is,
raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra saWiroa fsiqologia?
am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvisas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra saWiroa fsiqologia?
Cveni pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pirdapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqologiur kvlevas
dauyovneblivi

fsiqologiis

da

da

mniSvnelovani

cxovrebis

gamoyeneba

erT-erTi

aqvs

yoveldRiur

umTavresi

mizania

cxovrebaSi.

fsiqologiuri

gamocdilebis pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba gaaSuqos.

yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT studentebs, romlebic fsiqologiis disciplinis
Sesaval kurss eswrebian da garkveuli kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es kiTxvebi
maTi sakuTari gamocdilebiTaa gamowveuli ("rogor unda moviqce, Tu vfiqrob, rom
deda fsiqikurad daavadebuli myavs?" "es sagani maswavlis, rogor unda miviRo
ukeTesi

niSnebi?");

xandaxan

es

kiTxvebi

presis

saSualebiT

gavrcelebuli

fsiqologiuri informaciiTaa gamowveuli ("marTalia, rom rac ufro didia bavSvi,

miT ufro konservatulia igi?" "qalebi yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi arian, vidre
kacebi?"). CvenTvis am kursis swavlebis sirTule swored imaSia, rom mecnieruli
kvlevis is Sedegebi warmoavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvnelovania studentebisaTvis.

fsiqologiisa da cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela seqcia cdilobs swored amgvar

kiTxvebs upasuxos. am gamocemaSi specialuri CanarTebi movaTavseT - fsiqologia

Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiTeuli aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTxvas, romelic araerTxel

gvsmenia

studentebisagan.

sakiTxebi,

romlebic

Cvens

mizans

yvelaze

metad

warmoadgens
aRelvebT

mecnierulad
studentebs.

agvexsna
imedi

is

gvaqvs

24

dagveTanxmebiT, rom fsiqologiis Seswavla gaamdidrebs Tqvens cxovrebiseul

gamocdilebas.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia
da

ra

aris

fsiqologiuri

kvlevis

miznebi.

Tumca,

fsiqologiis

Seswavlis

dawyebisas mniSvnelovania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac Tanamedrove

fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba. es istoriuli mimoxilva emyareba erT martiv
princips: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologiis mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel
manZilze gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqologiis sagnisa da kvlevis
meTodebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni

istoriuli

mimoxlva

analizis

or

doneze

ganxorcieldeba.

pirvel

ganyofilebaSi mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca fsiqologias safuZveli

Caeyara,

xolo meore ganyofilebaSi farTod

mimdinareobas.

fokusirebis

orive

aRvwerT amJamad

donisaTvis

SeecadeT

arsebul

Svid

warmoidginoT

is

inteleqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Teoriebi.

fsiqologiis istoriuli safuZvlebi
"fsiqologias

xangrZlivi

warsuli

aqvs,

magram

mokle

istoria",

werda

eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli, herman ebinhausi (Hermann

Ebbinghaus, 1908).
bunebis

mecnierebs

mravali

saidumlo

saukuneebis
-

rogor

ganmavlobaSi
aRiqvams

ainteresebdaT

adamiani

realobas,

admianis
rogoria

cnobierebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe - magram amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis
SesaZlebloba
gavixsenoT

kvlevis

Cvens

saTanado

welTaRricxvamde

iaraRis
meoTxe

ararsebobis
da

mexuTe

gamo

ar

gaaCndaT.

saukuneSi

berZeni

filosofosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristoteles mier dasmuli fundamenturi

SekiTxvebi. marTalia, fsiqologiis garkveuli formebi induri iogas uZveles
tradiciaSic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi swored did berZen
moazrovneTa dialogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msjeloba imaze, Tu rogor
muSaobs goneba, ra aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calkeul moqalaqeebsa da
maT

saxelmwifos

Soris.

me-19-e

saukunis

bolosTvis

mkvlevrebma

sxva

mecnierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fizika, kvlevis laboratoriuli

25

meTodebis fsiqologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi gaecaT filosofosebis

mier dasmul am fundamentur kiTxvebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula vilhelm
vundtma

(Wilhelm

fsiqologiis
fiziologi

Wundt),

pirveli
iyo,

romelmac,

laboratoria

samecniero

1879

wels

daaarsa.

karieris

laipcigSi

marTalia,

manZilze

misma

eqsperimentuli

vundti

ganaTlebiT

interesebma

sxeulis

Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla. mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da

aRqmis

ZiriTadi

droisaTvis,

procesebi

rodesac

da

vundtma

martivi

fsiqikuri

fsiqologiuri

procesebis

laboratoria

siCqare.

daaarsa,

im
ukve

ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi fiziologiuri

fsiqologiis safuZvlebis pirveli gamocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) kendleri,

(Kendler, 1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma fsiqologiis studentebis
aRzrda daiwyo, misma mowafeTa didma raodenobam SemdegSi TavianT samSobloSi
daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.
raki fsiqologia damoukidebel disciplinad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis
mraval universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi gaCnda, pirveli maTgani _
jons hopkinsis universitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laboratoriebs vundtis
gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad, eduard titCeneri (Edward Titchener) vundtis mowafe,
erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi gaxldaT aSS-Si, romelmac 1892 wels kornelis
universitetis laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave dros, harvardis
universitetis

filosofiis

axalgazrda

profesorma,

romelic

medicinas

swavlobda da literatura da religia ainteresebda, wminda amerikuli xedva

SeimuSava. uiliam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis, henri jemsis Zmam, or
tomad gamosca "fsiqologiis safuZvlebi" (1890/1950), romelic, mravali eqspertis
azriT, yvelaze

mniSvnelovani

fsiqologiuri

naSromia.

maleve,

1892

wels,

h.

stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asociacia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT

amerikaSi

40-ze

meti

fsiqologiuri

laboratoria

funqcionirebda,

hilgardi

(Hilgard, 1986).
fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis
Sesaxeb.

am

debatebSi

gamokveTili

zogierTi

sakiTxi

jerac

ar

kargavs

mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.

struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi

26

rodesac

fsiqologia

laboratoriuli

mecniereba

gaxda

da

eqsperimentuli

kvlevebis Catareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenciali unikaluri wvlili

Seetana codnis SeZenaSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi martiv reaqciebs
("ki"-s an "ara"-s Tqma, Rilakze TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi
aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sistematuri da obieqturi procedurebis
saSualebiT iyo Segrovebuli, sxvebsac SeeZloT am eqsperimentebis Sedegebis
gameoreba. vundtis fsiqologiuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aqcenti
mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da monacemTa statistikur analizze.
rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom
cnobierebis sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTodebi unda gamoeyenebinaT.
cnobieri

fsiqikuri

cxovrebis

elementebis

Seswavlis

miseuli

meTodi

introspeqcia iyo - individis mier konkretuli sensoruli gancdiT gamowveuli

azrebis da grZnobebis ganxilva. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis Sinaarsis raobaze
akeTebda da naklebad ainteresebda kiTxvebi "ratom" da "rogor". mis midgomas
struqturalizmi
struqturalizmi ewodeba,
ewodeba anu swavleba fsiqikis da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb.
struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom adamianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba
gavigoT, rogorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am midgomis mizani iyo
fsiqikis

struqtura

Semadgeneli

SegrZnebis

elementebis

da

analizis

fsiqikuri
gziT

cxovrebis

ekvlia.

sxva

mravali

gancdebis
fsiqologi

struqturalizms sam frontze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo, radganac

adamianis

gancdis

mTeli

sirTule

martiv

SegrZnebebamde

daiyvana;

(2)

is

elementaruli iyo, radgan nawilebs an elementebs erT mTelSi aerTebda da

uSualod
adaimianis

am

mTel

qcevas

cnobieri

ar

gancdis

swavlobda;
mxolod

(3)

is

verbalur

mentalisturi iyo, radgan

aRweras

swavlobda

da

ar

iTvaliswinebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera,

maT Soris, cxovelebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul avadmyofebs.
struqturalizmis

erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani

alternativa

iyo

gelStalt

fsiqologia, romlis fuZemdebeli gaxldaT germaneli fsiqologi maqs verthaimeri

(Max Wertheimer). misi azriT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, rogorc geStalts
_ organizebul mTels da ara martivi nawilebis erTobas: rodesac, magaliTad,
naxats

aRviqvamT,

is

ufro

metia,

vidre

saRebavis

calkeuli

monasmebis

erToblioba. rogorc mexuTe TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqologias kvlavac aqvs

gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.

27

struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispiro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.

funqcionalizmi: mizanmimarTuli fsiqika

uiliam

jemsi

titCeners

eTanxmeboda,

rom

fsiqologiis

Seswavlis

sagani

cnobiereba unda iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyvaneboda elementebze,

Sinaarssa da struqturebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tviseba, romelic
mudmiv

urTierTqmedebaSi

imyofeba

garemosTan.

adamianis

cnobiereba

mis

garemosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniSvnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis

moqmedebebi da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.
funqcionalizmisaTvis

umniSvnelovanesia

daswavlili

Cvevebi,

romlebic

organizms garemosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcionirebis saSualebas aZlevs.

kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas "ra aris nebismieri qceviTi aqtis funqcia an
mizani?" funqcionalizmis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli filosofosi jon
diui.

mis

mier

fsiqikuri

procesebis

praqtikuli

gamoyenebis

mcdelobam

ganaTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi

misca progresul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul skolaSi da Semdgom mTel
aSS-Si: "meqanikuri daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gadavidnen im imediT,
rom es inteleqtualur cnobismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis ukeTesi
wvdoma miiReboda" (kendleri 1987, gv. 124).
marTalia, jemss dakvirvebis sjeroda, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil
laboratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas aniWebda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi
arsebobda

adgili

emociebis,

me-s,

nebisyofis,

Rirebulebebis,

religiuri

da

mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. misi Tbilsisxliani fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom

TiTeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyvaneba formulebze an testis qulebze.
jemsisTvis

fsiqologiis

mizans

warmoadgenda

axsna

da

ara

eqsperimentuli

kontroli, arkini (Arkin, 1990).

am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba
miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struqturalizmis da funqcionalizmis
praqtikosTa

aRmoCenebma

is

Tanamedrove

fsiqologia

ganviTarda.

rogorc

struqturas,

aseve

inteleqtualuri
amJamad

funqcias,

konteqsti
fsiqologebi

magaliTad,

Seqmnes,

romelSic

swavloben

metyvelebis

qcevis

procesi.

warmoidgineT, rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaTvis Tqvens mier

warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia - varskvlavuri

28

omebi CemTan erTad am saRamos - amave dros winadadebas unda hqondes swori
struqtura: swori ar iqneba Tu ityviT "ginda varskvlavuri omebi erTad CemTan am
saRamos wamosvla?" metyvelebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swavloben, Tu
rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da
enis gramatikuli struqtura, boki (Bock 1990). (enis da metyvelebis zogierT
process

mecxre

TavSi

aRvwerT).

am

wignSi

aqcents

gavakeTebT

rogorc

struqturaze, ise - funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc klasikur, aseve Tanamedrove

kvlevebs. fsiqologebi mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela individisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa da TiTeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis
Sesaswavlad.
struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsiqikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac
fsiqikuri gamocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elementebis an movlenebis
kombinacia.
funqcionalizmi
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, romelic fokusirdeba organizmis
garemosTan urTierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis funqciebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi
ganvixilavT

Tanamedrove

fsiqologiis

ZiriTad

mimdinareobebs.

TiTeuli

maTgani _ biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli, humanisturi, kognituri,

ganviTarebis

da

fsiqo-kulturuli

iZleva

xedvis

kuTxesa

da

daSvebebs,

romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor:

adamianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvidreobiT miRebul (biologiuri
determinizmi),

an

garemoTi

ganpirobebul

(garemos

determinizmi)

scenars

aTamaSeben? organizmi aqtiuri da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiuli?

SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT
aixsnas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire komponentis jamia, Tu mas axali da
gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba ganapirobebs, ra eZebos,
sad da ra meTodebiT. yoveli momdevno seqciis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tvali,
rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da Sedegebs TiTeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.
marTalia,

fsiqologiis

centralur

sakiTxebs

TiTeuli

es

mimdinareoba

gansxvavebulad udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da erTmaneTs uTavsebs

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cnebebs. TiTeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT

29

gavigoT

adamianis

gamocdileba.

amitom,

aq

TiTeuli

mimarTulebis

wvlils

ganvixilavT, xolo erTad aRebuli, isini Tanamedrove fsiqologias asaxaven.

biologiuri mimdinareoba
biologiuri
nervuli

da

funqcionireba

mimidnareobis

warmomadgenlebi

endokrinuli

sistemebis

funqcionirebaSi

axsnilia

safuZvlad

mdebare

mis

qcevis

mizezs

genebis,

eZeben.

fizikuri

tvinis,

organizmis

struqturebis

da

bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul

ujredebs Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqtivobis Sedegi.
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri
fenomenebi SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT aixsnas: yvelaze rTuli
fenomenic ki SeiZleba gagebul iqnas ufro mcire, ufro specifikur erTeulebze
dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am winadadebis
Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredebSi mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis
gziT.

aq

qceva

ganisazRvreba.

misi

fizikuri

safuZvlad

struqturiT

mdebare

da

biologiuri

memkvidreobiTi

struqturebis

da

procesebiT
procesebis

SecvliT gamocdilebam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma SeiZleba gkiTxon:

"ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT? fsiqobiologiuri
mimarTulebis amocanaa qceva analizis yvelaze zust doneze gaigos.
mravali

aseTi

mkvlevari

universitetebsa

da

samedicino

laboratoriebSi

muSaobs, sxvebi klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZleba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT

asakovani virTxebis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovilebis gadanergviT,
xolo

meoreni

avtosagzao

SemTxvevis

an

daavadebis

Sedegad

gamowveuli

mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan

warmoSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.

fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
fsiqodinamikuri

mimarTulebis

mixedviT,

qcevas

marTavs,

an

mis

motivs

warmoadgens Zlieri (mZlavri) Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tandayolili

instinqtebidan,

biologiuri

ltolvebidan,

pirovnul

moTxovnilebebsa

da

sazogadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis gadaWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs.

deprivaciis

mdgomareoba,

fiziologiuri

aRgzneba

da

konfliqtebi

qcevis

ganxorcielebis energias zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri - sawvavs orTqlis

lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu misi

30

moTxovnilebebi

dakmayofilebulia

da

misi

ltolvebi

Semcirebuli.

qcevis

mTavari mizania daZabulobis Semcireba.

motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yvelaze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund
froidma

(Zigmund

dasawyisSi.

Freud)

froidis

ganaviTara

ideebi

19-e

saukunis

fsiqikurad

bolos

daavadebul

da

20-e

pacientebTan

saukunis
muSaobis

Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT, is principebi, rolmebic man avadmyofebTan

aRmoaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jansaR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze.
froidis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani
da garegani Zalebi. froidis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom adamianis
buneba yovelTvis racionaluri ar aris, rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT
iyos gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebuli. froidis Semdeg es Teoria
misma

mimdevrebma

pirovnebis

sxvadasxva

Camoyalibebis

mimarTulebiT

periodi

ganaviTares.

adreuli

froidis

bvSvobaa,

mixedviT,

neo-froidianelebma

gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socialuri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba

CarTes, romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi iCens Tavs.
froidis

ideebs

didi

gavlena

hqonda

fsiqologiis

mraval

sferoze.

misi

wvlilis sxvdasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecnobiT bavSvis ganviTarebis,

sizmris,

daviwyebis,

aracnobieri

motivaciis,

Terapiis

sakiTxebs. magram gakvirvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes

yofila

sistematuri

mecnieruli

kvlevis

pirovnebis

Sedegi.

da

fsiqoanalituri

nacvlad

amisa,

es

iyo

gamorCeuli SemoqmedebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobili iyo adamianis

azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amocnobis
surviliT.

bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
am

mimdinareobis

konkretuli

tipis

warmomadgenlebi
qcevas

garemos

bihevioristebi aanalizeben garemos

swavloben,

konkretuli
winapirobebs,

Tu

stimuli.

rogor

akontrolebs

upirveles

im pirobebs,

yovlisa,

romlebic

win

uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amzadebs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba.

Semdeg isini ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi kvlevis mTavar obieqts

31

warmoadgens, qceva unda gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakontroloT. bolos,

ikvleven

reaqciis

dakvirvebad

Sedegebs.

bihevioristis

interesis

sagania,

magaliTad, rogor cvlis motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZulebs mas ufro

frTxilad iaros, an saerTod Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia) sagzao
jarimebi (Sedegi).
monacemebs bihevioristebi gakontrolebuli (kontrolirebadi) laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebidan iReben, maT SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiuterebi
gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven,
rom Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmartebuli da raodenobrivad
gamoxatuli. xSirad isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxvevaSi mtredebs da
virTxebs), radgan eqsperimentis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontroleben, vidre
adamianebis

SemTxvevaSi.

bihevioristebi

Tvlian,

rom

cxovelebze

Seswavlili

ZiriTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva saxeobebSic.

biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqologiis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili
zusti eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa
umetesobaSi

gaiziares.

bihevioristebis

mier

cxovelebze

aRmoCenili

kanozomierebebi adamianis problemebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principebma

ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis axali tipis Terapia da
utopiuri sazogadoebis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.

humanisturi mimdinareoba
humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaCnda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da
bihevioristuli

modelebis

alternativa.

humanisturi

fsiqologiis

mixedviT,

adamianebis qcevas ar ganapirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi, rogorc amas

froidianelebi miiCneven da arc garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaCndaT.
adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Sinaganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis
unari aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, adamianis ZiriTadi amocanaa
swrafva sakuTari potenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas, magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi
da ara mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze dayvaniT. isini adamianTa
cxovrebis manZilze gamovlenil cxovrebiseul istoriebis paternebs akvirdebian.
biheviorisitebisgan

mkveTrad

gansxvavebiT,

humanisturi

fsiqologiis

32

warmomadgenlebi swavloben individis mier gancdil subiqtur samyaros da ara

garegani damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT danaxul obieqtur samyaros. amitom,
isini

fenomenologiuri

fsiqologiis

warmomadgenlebadac

iTvlebian,

radgan

movlenebze calkeuli (moqmedi) subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swavloben.

garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdiloben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da
holistur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, namdvili wvdoma niSnavs individis
fsiqikis, sxeulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqologiis sferos da masSi literaturis,
istoriis,

xelovnebis

fsiqologia

ufro

Seswavlidan
savse

miRebul

disciplina

gakveTilebs

xdeba.

rTavs.

humanisturi

amgvarad,

fsiqologiis

warmomadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris is safuari, romelic exmareba

fsiqologias adamianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryofiT Zalebze zemoT
dadges. rogorc 16-e TavSi vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi gavlena
iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgomebis gaCenaze.
bihevioristuli
ainteresebs

mimdinareoba

dakvirvebadi

(Behaviorists

qceva,

perspective)

romelic

am

obieqturad

mimdinareobas
fiqsirdeba

da

dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimulebTan.

biheviorizmi

(Behaviorism)

mecnieruli

midgoma,

romelic

fsiqologiis

Seswavlas mxolod gazomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.

humanisturi
romelic

mimdinareoba

aqcents

(Humanistic perspective)

individis

fenomenologiur

fsiqologiuri
samyaroze,

modeli,

racionaluri

arCevanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis ganviTarebis Tandayolil

unarze akeTebs.

kognituri mimdinareoba
kognituri
SezRudulobis

revolucia

fsiqologiaSi

gaCnda,

rogorc

biheviorizmis

kidev erTi gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas

adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela procesi _ yuradReba, azrovneba,

damaxsovreba da gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT, adamianebi moqmedeben,
radgan isini azrovneben, xolo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.

33

kognitur

modelSi

qceva

mxolod

nawilobrivadaa

ganpirobebuli

garemos

winmswrebi movlenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, rogorc es bihevioristebs

miaCniaT. zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruliad axali da ara
warsulSi gamoyenebuli gzebidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis unari,
romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs
adamians momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia gadalaxos. individi realobaze
reagirebs ara ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed ise, rogorc is misi
fiqrebis

da

warmosaxvis

Sinagani

samyaros

subieqtur

realobaSi

aisaxeba.

kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qcevebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu

viRacas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo
sinanulis

gancdis

Semdeg

bodiSis

moxda

azris,

rogorc

qcevis

mizezis

magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs
swavloben, rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba, problemis gadaWra da
gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvinSi sisxlis
moZraobis sqemas sxvadasvxa tipis kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebs

adreuli

bavSvobis

SemTxvevaze,

an

sicocxlis

ganmavlobaSi

mexsierebis unaris cvlilebebs. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis gamo, mravali

mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdinareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.

evoluciuri
oluciuri mimdinareoba
ev
evoluciuri

mimdinareoba

cdilobs

Tanamedrove

fsiqologia

biologiuri

mecnierebebis ZiriTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCevis gziT evoluciis

Teorias daukavSiros. bunebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: garemosTan ukeT
Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes

STamomavlobas

iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis

genebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Taobis manZilze, adaptaciis unari

sul

ufro

mimdinareoba

da

ufro

gulisxmobs,

Zlierdeba
rom

da

ixveweba.

fsiqikuri,

iseve,

fsiqologiaSi
rogorc

evoluciuri

fizikuri

unarebi

milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa konkretul adpataciur miznebs

momsaxureboda.
mkvlevrebi
ganviTarda.

im

garemo

adamianis

pirobebs

ganviTarebis

swavloben,
istoriis

99%

romlebSic

adamianis

pleistocenis

eraSi

tvini
mcire

34

jgufebad cxovrebas, nadirobasa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxeSad, 2

milionwliani

periodi,

romelic

10

000

wlis

win

damTavrda).

evoluciuri

fsiqologia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul CarCos iyenebs, raTa is

centraluri adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic cocxal arsebebs udga
win: mtaceblebisa da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Segroveba da gacvla,
wyvilis

mopoveba

problemebis

da

SenarCuneba,

dadgenis

Semdeg

janmrTeli

evoluciuri

bavSvebis

fsiqologia

gazrda.
daskvnebs

adaptaciuri
akeTebs

im

fsiqikuri meqanizmebis, an fsiqologiuri adaptaciis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am

problemebis gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.
evoluciuri
gansxvavdeba,

fsiqologia
rom

misi

sxva

ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebisagan
amxsneli

upirvels

principi

yovlisa,

evoluciis

imiT

ukiduresad

xangrZlivi procesia. am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben gaigon qalisa

da mamakacis mier aRebuli gansxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evoluciis
da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gavlenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri
fsiqologiis

warmomadgenlebs

ar

SeuZliaT

eqsperimentebis

Catareba,

radgan

evoluciis process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gzebis Zieba uwevT, raTa
Teoriis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi moipovon.
kognituri

mimdinareoba

(Cognitive perspective)

fsiqologiis

mimdinareoba,

romelic aqcents akeTebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis procesebze,

rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra,
fantazia da cnobiereba.
evoluciuri

mimdinareoba

(Evolutionary perspective)

fsiqologiis

midgoma,

roemlic xazs usvams qceviTi da mentaluri adapaturobis mniSvnelovnebas im

varaudis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi
viTardeboda, raTa konkretul adpatur miznebs momsaxureboda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aqcents qcevis mizezebis da
Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvaobaze akeTebs.

kulturuli mimdinareoba
am

mimdinareobis

warmomadgenlebi

qcevis

mizezebisa

da

Sedegebis

kros-

kulturul sxvaobebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniSvnelovani pasuxia

im kritikaze, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva zedmetad xSirad emyareba adamianis
bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo

35

klasis amerikelebs gergeni (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zalebis saTanado

gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs.
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kvebiTi aSlilobebi TeTrkanian da
Savkanian amerikel mozardebSi aSS-Si (ixileT me-12-e Tavi). kulturuli Zalebi
SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxvadasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobebis
Sedareba

aSS-sa

da

indoeTSi

(Tavi

me-11-e).

kros-kulturuli

fsiqologiis

warmomadgenlebs ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Teoriebi, Tu ufro

viwro, specifikur populaciebs.
kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologiuri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze
vrceldeba:

zemoqmedebs

Tu

ara

kultura

adamianis

mier

samyaros

aRqmaze?

ganapirobebs Tu ara ena samyaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bavSvis

ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kulturuli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis
gamocdilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Tavis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs Tu ara
kultura imaze, Tu rogor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebes Tu ara
kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorcielebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara
kultura imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqikur aSlilobebs?
amgvari kiTxvebis

dasmiT kulturuli mimdinareoba xSirad

iseT daskvnebs

gvaZlevs, romlebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Tezisebs ewinaaRmdegeba.

magaliTad, mkvlevarTa azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar miesadageba
venis

kulturisagan

Sors

mdgom

sazogadoebebs.

amgvari

idea

jer

kidev

anTropologma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinowski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da

froidis

mamaze

gaakritika,

centrirebuli

sadac

ojaxebi

Teoria
dedazea

axali

gvineis

centrirebuli.

magaliTis

safuZvelze

amrigad,

kulturuli

mimdinareoba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareobis zogierTi debuleba

arasworia. kulturis sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos,
rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.

mimdinareobebis Sedareba: agresiis magaliTi

Svidive mimdinareoba sxvadasxva daSvebazea agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis
qceva. cxrili 1.1. ajamebs am mimdinareobebs.
cxrili 1.1. Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba
mimdinareoba

rogor esmis

qcevis

kvlevis

kvlevis

36

adamianis buneba

determinanteb

fokusi

i
biologiuri

ZiriTadi
Temebi

pasiuri

memkvidreoba,

tvini da

qcevis da

meqanisturi

bioqimiuri

nervuli

fsiqikuri

procesebi

sistemis

procesebis

procesebi

bioqimiuri
safuZveli

fsiqodinamik

instinqtiT

memkvidreoba,

aracnobieri

qceva,

uri

marTuli

adreuli

ltolvebi,

rogorc

gamocdileba

konfliqtebi

aracnobieri
motivebis
garegani
gamoxatva

biheviorist

reagirebs

garemo,

konkretuli

qceva da misi

uli

stimulze,

stimulis

garegani

stimulebi,

SeiZleba misi

Semcveli

reqciebi

mizezebi da

Secvla

pirobebi

aqtiuri,

potenciurad

adamianis

cxovrebis

usazRvro

sakuTari

gamocdileba

paternebi

potencialis

Tavisadmi

da

faseulobebi,

mqone

mimarTuli

potenciali

miznebi

SemoqmedebiTad

stimulis

fsiqikuri

qceviTi

aqtiuri,

Semcveli

procesebi,

indikatorebis

reagirebs

pirobebi,

ena

saSualebiT

stimulze

fsiqikuri

Seswavlili

procesebi

fsiqikuri

humanisturi

kognituri

Sedegebi

procesebi
evoluciuri

plesitocenis

adaptacia

ganviTarebul

ganviTarebis

eris problemebis

gadarCenis

adapturi

gadaWraze

mizniT

fisqologiur

funqciebis

37

adaptirebuli

i adaptacia

TvalsazrisiT
ganxiluli
fsiqikuri
meqanizmebi

kulturuli

icvleba

kulturuli

damokidebule

adamianis

kulturis

normebi

bebisa

gamocdilebis

(attitudes) da

universaluri

zegavleniT

qcevebis kros- da
kulturuli

kulturulad

sqemebi

specifikuri
aspeqtebi

magaliTisaTvis

mokled

ganvixiloT,

rogor

axsnida

TiTeuli

es

Teoria

agresiis faqts, imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad. yvela es midgoma

iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. TiTeuli
mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevrebis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi
da SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.
biologiuri. ikvlveven tvinis konkretuli sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini
sxvadasxva regions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowveul destruqciul
moqmedebebs afiqsireben. agreTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom ar aris
seriuli

mkvlelebis

tvinSi,

xom

ar

aris

dakavSirebuli

qalis

agresia

menstrualur ciklTan.
fsiqodinamikuri.

aanlizeben

agresias,

rogorc

reaqcias

frustraciaze,

romelsac siamovnebis miRwevis dabrkolebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

usamarTlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi
mSoblebis mimarT gancdili mtrobis gadatanas zrdasrul asakSi.

bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadenili agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis

faqtebs, vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebis, an Tanatolebs daartyma da es zedmeti
yuradRebis

sagani

gaxda.

es

midgoma

amtkicebs,

rom

bavSvebi

mSoblebisagan

agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Semdeg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.

38

humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebulebebs da socialur pirobebs,

romlebic xels uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdilebas da ara
harmoniul ganviTrebas.
kognituri.

swavlobs

mtrul

azrebs

da

fantaziebs,

romelsac

adamiani

Zaladobis aqtis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi arsebuli agresiis, maT

Soris

pornografiuli

Zaladobis

gavlenas

iaraRis

xmarebisadmi,

gaupatiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.

evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra

pirobebis

gamo gaxda

agresia adaptaciuri

(adapturi) qceva adreuli adamianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,

romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis seleqciur warmoSobaze.
kulturuli.

ganixilavs,

rogor

avlenen

da

xsnian

agresias

sxvadsxva

kulturis warmomadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturuli Zalebi agresiuli

qcevis sxvadasxva tipis gamovlenis albaTobaze.
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb, raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT,
romlebic fsiqologiuri kvlevis mTel diapazons moicavs. kiTxvebis amgvari sia
rom

mogemzadebinaT,

sxvadasxva

dargis

fsiqologis

saeqsperto

sferos

SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cveneuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi

dargis fisqologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqvni sakuTari kiTxvebis sia
CamowereT. gadaxazeT TiTeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoikiTxavT am
wignSi.
cxrili 1.2. fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba
kiTxva

vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas?

rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT

klinikuri fsiqologiis

TavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi?

warmomadgeneli
fsiqiatri
fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist)
Temis fsiqologi (community
psychologist)

39

rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi?

bio-fsiqologi
fsiqofarmakologi

rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls

eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis

brZanebebis Sesruleba?

warmomadgeneli
qcevis analitikosi

ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias,

kognituri fsiqologiis

romelic namdvilad vici?

warmomadgeneli
kognituri mecnierebis
warmomadgeneli

ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi

pirovnebis fsiqologiis

erTmaneTisagan?

warmomadgeneli
qcevis genetikosi

rogor muSaobs "TanatolTa zewola"?

socialuri fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli

ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb?

ganviTarebis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli

ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao?

Sromis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi

rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli "amrev"

ganaTlebis fsiqologiis

moswavles?

warmomadgeneli
skolis fsiqologi

ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win?

janmrTelobis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli

Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli danaSaulis

sasamarTlo fsiqologiis

Cadenis dros?

warmomadgeneli

ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis

sportis fsiqologiis

mniSvnelovani matCebis dros?

warmomadgeneli

albaT, ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi

aCvenebs, rom, maTi

raodenoba 500 000-s

aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan 82

aTasamde

40

fsiqologiuri

kvlevis

sferoSi

moRvaweobs

(ixileT

suraTi

1.2).

marTalia,

fsiqologebis procenti dasavleTis industriul qveynebSi metia, sxva mraval

qveyanaSic

izrdeba

saerTaSoriso

interesi

kavSirSi

64

fsiqologiis
qveynis

mimarT.

fsiqologiuri

fsiqologia

gaerTianebuli

mecnierebis
rozencvaigi

(Rozenzweig, 1999a). amerikis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bolos 155 000
wevri

yavda

msoflios

yvela

kuTxidan

fouleri

(Fowler,

1999).

kidev

erTi

saerTaSoriso organizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba (APS), 16 000-ze met

wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqologiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusirebuli,
vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.
sur.
saavadmyofoebi,
klinikebi, sxva
samsaxurebi _ 24,5

24,5
33,9

1.2.

fsiqologTa

samuSao

garemo

naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas

akademiuri
dawesebulebebi _
33,9

momuSave fsiqologTa procenti

daudgenelia _ 2,9

amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis

fsiqologiis doqtoris akademiuri

skolebi da sxva
saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebi _ 3,7

2,9
3,7

22

xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris

Catarebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT.

biznesi, mTavroba _
13,0

13

fsiqologiis doqtoris xarisxis

mwone qalebis procentuli wili

damoukidebeli
praqtika _ 22,0

sur. 1.3. qalebisaTvis miniWebuli

miniWebuli

70

60

fsiqologiis doqtoris xarisxis

50

procenti

40

gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv

30

qalebi umetesobas Seadgenen

20

10

0
1971

1981

1991

1997

ar

gagikvirdebaT

fsiqologiis

imis

kvlevac

da

gageba,

rom

praqtikac

41

mamakacebis

dominirebiT

mimdinareobda,

magram

mcire

raodenobiT

qalma

fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987;

Scarborough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn)
kornelis universiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma miiRo doqtoris xarisxi.
man dawera cnobili saxelmZRvanelo "cxovelis goneba". 1895 wels meri kalkinsma
(Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daamTavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantura, magram
administracia mas ar aZlevda doqtoris xarisxs. amisda miuxedavad, kalkinsi
warmatebuli
prezidenti

mkvlevari
gaxda.

da

ana

amerikis

froidma

fsiqologTa

(Anna Freud)

asociaciis

mniSvnelovani

pirveli

wvlili

qali

Seitana

fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali mkvelevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi

araerTxel SexvdebiT.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mamakacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis
da praqtikis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.3 suraTzea naCvenebi, doqtoris xarisxis
umetesoba amJamad qalebs aqvT pioni da sxv. (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia 21-e
saukuneSi myarad narCundeba miurei da uiliamsi (Murray and Williams, 1999). rac ufro
meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologas adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti
adamiani - qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am
karieras.
Tqven

gzas

mogzaurobad,

adgaxarT.

imedi

romelic

savsea

gvaqvs,

rom

moulodneli

fsiqologia

da

cxovreba

siamovnebebiT

da

Rirs

samaxsovro

momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc italielebi ityvian, "wavediT!" (andiamo!)

Sejameba
adre

fsiqologebs

doqtriniTaa
konkretuli
fsiqikur

miaCndaT,

marTuli

fsiqikuri

mizezebiT. erT-erTi

Sinaarsebsa

rom

da

fsiqologiuri
da

fizikuri

procesebi
movlenebi

detreminizmis
ganpirobebulia

adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents

qcevis

struqturaze

akeTebda,

meore

midgoma,

funqcionalizi ki - qcevis funqciaze.

Tanamedrove fsiqologia
mimdinareoba

swavlobs

fsiqodinamikuri

Svid

ZiriTad

mimarTebas

mimarTulebisaTvis

mimdinareobas

qcevasa
qceva

da

tvinis

cnobieri

moicavs;

biologiuri

meqanizmebs
da

Soris,

aracnobieri

motivaciebiTaa gamowveuli, bihevioristuli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva garegani

stimuluri pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaTvis aqcenti

42

keTdeba

individis

cvlilebas),

Sinagan

kognituri

unarze

miaRwios

mimarTulebisaTvis

pirovnul

mTavaria

zrdas

is

(individualur

fsiqikuri

procesebi,

romlebic qceviT reaqciebze zemoqmedebs, evoluciuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva

gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, da bolos, kulturuli
mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi interpretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.

fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pasuxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli

ramdenime

aTwleulis

manZilze

Seicvala,

misi

Tvalsawieri

ufro

internacionaluri gaxda da met qals moiTvlis.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: vifiqroT momavalze

fsqologiis da cxovrebis am gamocemas mokle eseebi davamateT, romlebic

fsiqologiaSi, rogorc mecnierebaSi momxdar vclilebebs arwers 21-e saukuneSi
gadasvlasTan
disciplina

erTad.
gasuli

am

TavSi

100

mokled

wlis

aRvwereT,

ganmavlobaSi,

Tu

rogor

Seicvala

gansakuTrebiT,

es

Teoriuli

mimdinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mogvitans Semdegi 100 weli? aSkaraa, rom fsiqlogiis
Sinaarsi da praqtika momavalSi Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac fsiqologebi swavloben, droze ar aris
damokidebuli, magaliTad, rogoria enis aTvisebis ZiriTadi procesebi, magram
arsebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic konkretul dros moaqvs. magaliTad, me-17-e
da me-18-e TavebSi ganxiluli socialuri fsiqologiis kvlevebis umetesoba im
mecnierebma
msoflio

wamoiwyes,
omis

sazogadoebrivi
danamdvilebiT

vinc

cdilobda

saSinelebani.
moZraoba

SegviZlia

gaego,

Cven

ver

Seipyrobs
vTqvaT,

rom

ra

Zalebma

ganapiroba

viwinaswarmetyvelebT,

msoflios

21-e

fsiqologebi

romeli

saukuneSi,

dauyovnebliv

meore

magram

reagirebas

moaxdenen am sakiTxebze da maT Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqologiur kvlevaze

agreTve

did

gavlenas

moaxdens

is

teqnologiuri

siaxleeebi,

romlebic

adamianebsa da kulturebs Soris manZils amcirebs. internetis gamo 21-e saukuneSi

didi mniSvneloba mieniWeba sxvadasxva kulturis msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sakiTxs.
teqnologiuri siaxleni fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebzec iqoniebs gavlenas,
radgan

fsiqikuri

procesebis

kvlevisas

ukve

20-e

saukunis

bolos

farTod

gamoiyeneboda kompiuterebi da tvinis Sesaswavli sxva mowyobilebebi, romlebzec

vundts da mis kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT. kidev ufro daxvewili

43

teqnologiuri miRwevebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs saSualeba miecemaT zedmiwevniT

zustad gaarkvion, ra mimarTebaa fsiqikur procesebsa da tvinis aqtivobas Soris.
aseve, genetikuri kvlevis teqnologiuri iaraRebis ganviTarebam SesaZloa swrafad
Secvalos is gzebi, romlebiTac mkvleverebi acalkeveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
zegavlenas TiTeuli individis cxovrebaSi.
am

tipis

sakiTxebs

inovaciebi

fsiqologiis

Sinaarssa

da

praqtikaSi

mivmarTavT sowred am specialur seqciaSi, fsiqologia 2121-e saukuneSi.

veb gverdebi:
www.apa.org - amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis gverdi
www.psychologicalscience.org - amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoebis gverdi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

fsiqologia aris individebis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli

Seswavla

fsiqologiis mizania qcevis aRwera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da

gakontrolebis xelSewyoba
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

vundtis
aqcents

da

titCeneris

elementaruli

Sromebidan

ganviTarda

SegrZnebebisagan

struqturalizmi,

agebuli

fsiqikisa

romelic

da

qcevis

struqturaze akeTebs.
jemsisa da diuis mier ganviTarebuli funqcionalizmi aqcents qcevis miRma
(gareT) arsebul mizanze akeTebs.
am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tanamedrove fsiqologiis safuZvlebi
fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svidive Tanamedrove midgoma gansxvavebulad xedavs
adamianis bunebas, qcevis determinantebs, kvlevis sferosa da meTodebs.
biologiuri

mimdinareoba

qcevasa

da

tvinis

meqanizmebs

Soris

mimarTebas

swavlobs
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva instinqturi ZalebiTa da Sinagani
konfliqtebiT, cnobieri da aracnobieri motivebiTaa ganpirobebuli
biheviorizisaTvis qceva ganpirobebulia garegani stimulebiT

44

humanisturi mimarTulebisaTvis mniSvnelovania racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebis

Tandayolili unari individSi
kognituri mimdinareoba xazs usvams im fsiqikur procesebs, romlebic qceviT
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs
evoluciuri

mimdinareoba

Tvlis,

rom

qceva

gadarCenis

procesSi

Seguebis

Sedegad ganviTarda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba qcevas da mis interpretacias kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
fsiqologebi

sxvadasxva

sferoSi

muSaoben

gamocdilebas eyrdnobian. fsiqologiis

da

sxvadasxva

profesiis

specialobis

warmomadgeneli pasuxs

scems TiTqmis yvela kiTxvas, romelic realur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas

exeba
21-e

saukunis

dasawyisisaTvis

internacionaluri

da

fsiqologis

praqtikosebisa

da

profesia

mkvlevrebis

moculobiT
SemadgenlobiT

ufro
ufro

mravalferovani gaxda.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ZiriTadi

cnebebi

yvela

TavSi

muqi

SriftiTaa

gamoyofili,

rom

advilad

SeamCnioT. xolo yoveli Tavis bolos igive terminebi ganmeorebiTaa mocemuli

Sesabamisi gverdis miTiTebiT. garda amisa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wignis bolos
leqsikonSia mocemuli anbanis mixedviT.

biheviorizmi

organizmis cvladebi

bihevioristuli mimdinareoba

situaciis cvladebi

biologiuri mimdinareoba

struqturalizmi

garemos cvladebi

funqcionalizmi

dispoziciuri cvladebi

fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba

evoluciuri mimdinareoba

fsiqologia

kognituri mimdinareoba

qceva

kulturuli mimdinareoba

qcevis monacemebi

mecnieruli meTodi

humanisturi mimdinareoba

37

Tavi 2. fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

aRmoCenis etapi

dasabuTebis etapi:
etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da operaciuli gansazRvrebebi

eqsperimentuli meTodi: alternatiuli axsna da kontrolis saWiroeba

korelaciuri meTodi

qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba?

fsiqologiuri gazomva

sandooba da validoba

TviTangariSi

qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva

kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi

informirebuli Tanxmoba

riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba

ganzrax motyueba

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu

cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba, eTika, politika

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

fsiqologia 2121-e saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

38

Tavis
premiiis

avtobiografiaSi

namdvilad xumrobT,

laureatma fizikosma

riCard

mister

feinmanma

feinman (1985)

nobelis

(Richard Feynman) WianWvelebis

navigaciis unaris araformaluri kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):

prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT

mSvenier dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi, rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi?
rogor xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris
saWmeli, rogorc amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar
vicodi.....
erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage,
romlebzec

WianWvelebi

mosapoveblad.

Semdeg,

meCvenebina,

rom

xvdebodnen,

sad

win
Zveli

WianWvelebs
iyo

raime

da

ukan

slaidi

dadiodnen
axliT

geometriis

Sevcvale

araviTari

moTavsebuli.

winaswar

Tu

da

dayrili
amgvarad

SegrZneba

raRac

erTi

ar

gziT

Saqris
SevZeli

aqvT:

ver

midiodnen

Saqrisaken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brundebodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas
ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac
eqsperimentebis

mTeli

seriebi

moyva

imis

Sesamowmeblad,

Tu

ramden

xans

narCundeba es kvali, SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla, da sxv. aRmovaCine, rom
kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda. rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da missave
kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperimentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas
WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayofilebina.
SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram
sxva tipis kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an cxovelis qcevasTan
dakavSirebiT. am TavSi visaubrebT imaze, rogor pasuxoben fsiqologebi kiTxvebs,
romlebic TqvenTvisac sainteresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mecnerul
meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad aburduli monacemebidan azrovnebis,
grZnobebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli daskvnebis gakeTeba.

39

am

TavSi

mowodebuli

informaciis

daufleba

Zalian

sasargeblo

iqneba

TqvenTvis im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT mecnierul kvlevas.

Cveni

mizania

dagexmaroT

kritikuli

azrovnebis

gaumjobesebaSi

imiT,

rom

gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi da fsiqologiuri movlenebis

mizezebis,

Sedegebis

da

korelatebis

Sesaxeb

miRebuli

pasuxebi

SeafasoT.

masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT amgvar frazas: "kvleva aCvenebs, rom...." Tqveni

inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro
brZnulad

moixmaroT.

gaCvenebT,

rogor

gadaWraT

kamaTi

"faqtebTan

da

ara

polemikasTan" mileri (Miller, 1992).

aRmoCenis etapi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac
am TanmimdevrobiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi Semowmeba (dasabuTeba).
aRmoCenis

etapi

Sexedulebas,
mivyavarT.

kvlevis

informacias

saidan

uCndeba

sawyisi
da

fazaa,

zogad

kiTxvebi

romlis

codnas

ganmavlobaSic

movlenis

mkvlevars?

zogierTi

dakvirvebas,

axleburi

xedvisaken

maTgani

movlenaTa,

adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad

qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqologiaSi did, gadauWrel problemad
iTvleba.

xSirad

warmoadgenen.
aRmoCenaa,

mkvlevrebi

WeSmaritad

romelic

Zvel

ideebs

Semoqmedi

mecnierebas

da

moazrovnis

da

maT

kombinaciebs

sinji

sazogadoebas

axali

ukeTesi

axleburad
WeSmaritebis

mimarTulebiT

amoZravebs.
aRmoCenis

etapi

ganmavlobaSic

(context

of

dakvirvebas,

discovery)

kvlevis

Sexedulebas,

sawyisi

informacias

da

fazaa,

romlis

zogad

codnas

movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.

fsiqologiuri

Teoriebi

cdiloben

gaarkvion,

rogor

funqcionirebs

tvini,

fsiqika, qceva da garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris cnebebis

organizebuli

wyeba,

romelic

movlenas

an

movlenaTa

erTobliobas

xsnis.

fsiqologiuri TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determinizmis poziciaze

dganan. determinizmi gulisxmobs, rom yvela movlena - fizikuri, fsiqikuri da
qceviTi - ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es
mizezebi SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi iyos, an garemoSi. amave dros, mkvlevrebi

40

uSveben,

rom

qcevac

da

fsiqikuri

procesebic

mimarTebaTa

kanonzomierebebs

misdevs (xasiaTdeba, avlens) da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

amitom, fsiqologiuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas da, amave dros, axali ideebi da
hipoTezebi wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis
Sesaxeb

arsebuli

Semowmebadi

debuleba.

hipoTezebs

xSirad

"Tu-maSin"

winaswarmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli pirobebidan gansazRvruli

Sedegebis miRebis mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom Tu
bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad
moiqcevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam "Tu-maSin" mimarTeba unda Seamowmos.
Teoriebi
rodesac

ukiduresad
mecnieruli

gadasinjos

Tavisi

mniSvnelovania
monacemebi

Teoria.

ar

axali

hipoTezebis

adasturebs

amrigad,

Teoriasa

CamoyalibebisaTvis.

hipoTezas,
da

mkvlevarma

kvlevas

Soris

unda

mudmivi

urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis

etapis

kidev

erTi

mniSvnelovani

nawilia

kvlevisaTvis

saWiro

saTanado Rirebulebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs Ria - kritikul

da skeptikur - damokidebulebas nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris
miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier. Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli,
WeSmariteba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia garkveul pirobebze da axali
monacemebis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda iyos. meore, Ria
orientaciis

gamo

mkvlevrebi

seriozulad

udgebian

iseT

fenomenebsac

ki,

romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (bemi

da honortoni, (Bem, Honorton, 1994).
mecnieruli

praqtika

im

monacemebs

emyareba,

romlebic

gakontrolebuli

dakvirvebiTa da frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis samyaroSi, roca kargi

monacemebi

eqspertebis

azrs

upirispirdeba,

sakiTxi

monacemebis

sasrgeblod

wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvlevis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis,

anu,

sxva

gaimeoron,

mkvlevrebs

unda

an

monacemebi

uaryon

hqondeT
da

SesaZlebloba
meTodebi.

Seamowmon,

monacemebis,

gaakritikon,

Sedegebisa

da

monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke

dgas.

samecniero

moyvanili

da

publikaciebSi

amiT

mkiTxvels

kvlevis

TiTeuli

saSualebas

aZlevs

nawili

calke

erTmaneTisagan

seqciaSia
ganasxvavos

obietquri monacemebi da maTi subieqturi interpretacia. da bolos, kvleva unda

41

gamoqveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi ar unda daikargos, Tanac,

sxva mecnierebs unda mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron kvleva.
Teoria

(Theory)

cnebaTa

organizebuli

wyeba,

romelic

movlenas

an

movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis.

determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gulisxmobs, rom yvela movlena fizikuri, fsiqikuri da qceviTi - ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT,
romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris
mimarTebis Taobaze, xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis formiT,
konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Sedegi moyveba.
Sejameba
aRmoCenis

etapi

kvlevis

is

fazaa,

romelSic

mkvlevrebi

dakvirvebas,

informacias da codnas iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoayalibon.

fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacva
umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian.
dasabuTebis
dasabuTebis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad faqtebis
mopovebaa saWiro. es ki sakmaod rTulia, fsiqologebma iseTi monacemebi unda
Seagrovon,

romlebic

validuri

daskvnebis

gakeTebis

saSualebas

miscemT.

amisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul meTods.

meTods mecnieruli meTodi
aris

monacemTa

Segrovebisa

da

interpretaciis

procedurebis

erToblioba,

romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia

miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli
meTodis mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze
subieqturoba minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili, amitom, obieqturobis gasazrdelad
gamoiyeneba
sWirdeba:

specialuri
mkvlevrebma

damcavi
srulad

saSualebebi.
unda

erT-erT

daafiqsiron

maTgans

monacemTa

axsnac

ki

ar

Segrovebisa

da

analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba

42

SeeZlos.

amitom,

jer

aRvwerT,

ra

safrTxe

aqvs

obieqturobas

da

Semdeg

ganvixilavT masTan brZolis gzebs.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves
ar

"xedaven".

am

seqciaSi

damkvirveblis

tendeciurobis

problemas

da

misi

gadaWris gzebs ganvixilavT.

obieqturobis
obieqturobis sirTule
damkvirveblis

tendenciuroba

pirovnuli

motivebisa

da

molodinebisagan

gamomdinare Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas xedaven, rasac moelian

da ara imas, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba. ganvixiloT damkvirveblis tendenciurobis
saintereso magaliTi: 20-e saukunis daswyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma fsiqologma,
hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munsterberg) mSvidobis Temaze sityva warmosTqva didi
auditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera
Tavisi sityvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:

reportiorebi

dauyovnebliv

moTavsdnen

platformis

garSemo.

erT-erTma

Jurnalistma dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaocebuli Cemi sityviT, rom
srul siCumeSi moismina is, meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamosvlas gamudmebiT wyvetda
mquxare aplodismentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi wuTebis ganmavlobaSi
ar wydeboda. kidev erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas gamudmebiT
viRimebodi, xolo sxvam aRniSna, rom saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da
erTic ki ar gamiRimia. erTma miuTiTa, rom aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi,
xolo meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdi (1908, 35-36 gv.).
saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdroindeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina,
ra kavSirSi iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur SexedulebebTan. SesaZloa,
maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom "dainaxes" Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs Soris sxvaoba aseTi radikaluri ar
unda iyos, rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram es magaliTi gvaCvenebs,
rom sxvadasxva damkvirvebelma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoitanos erTi
da

igive

romelSic

monacemebis
informaciis

safuZvelze.
nawili

damkvirveblis

mniSvnelovnad

tendenciuroba

iTvleba,

xolo

ugulvebelyofa xdeba, radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.

filtria,
danarCenis

43

dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis

SemowmebisaTvis faqtebia saWiro (faqtebi unda moipovo).
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa Segrovebisa da interpretaciis
procedurebis

erToblioba,

romlis

saSualebiTac

minimumamdea

dayvanili

Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia miRebuli.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _ realobis damaxinjeba, romelic
damkvirveblis pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan momdinareobs.
mkvlevrebi
gamocdileba

xSirad

akvirdebian

Semoaqvs

movlenebs.

dakvirvebaSi,

iseve

yovel

damkvirvebels

rogorc

simpatiebi

Tavisi

romelime

Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba.

ra SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma, raTa es tendenciuroba minimumamde daiyvanon?

problemis gadaWris saSualeba

damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi iyeneben
standartizacias da operaciul gansazRvrebebs. standartizacia niSnavs monacemTa
Segrovebis yvela fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvelasaTvis saerTo
procedurebis gamoyenebas. testis, an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli unda
iyos, anu, kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes.
standartizacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT da pasuxebs winaswar
dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSualebas
gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva
mvklevrebis mier miRebul monacemebs.
Tavad
SeZlon

dakvirvebis
TavianTi

mniSvneloba

procedurac

Teoriebi

hqondeT.

operacionalizacia

iseT

cnebebis

ewodeba.

unda

iyos

cnebebad

Targmnon,

mniSvnelobis

operaciuli

standartuli.
rom

mecnierebma
maT

standartizaciis

gansazRvreba

cnebas

unda

SeTanxmebuli
strategias
konkretuli

operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT ganmartavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads

unda hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba, romlic sxva nebismieri
cvladisagan damoukideblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris damoukidebeli
cvladi.
cvladi nebismieri cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli cvladi _ is damokidebulia
stimulis pirobebis cvlaze.

44

warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili hopTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi,

romlebic bevr Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresiuli iqnebian TavianT
TanatolebTan.

SegiZliaT

dagegmoT

eqsperimenti,

sadac

agresiis

siZlieris

manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli cvladi), da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT

avlens

bavSvi

agresias

(damokidebuli

cvladi).

Tqveni

eqsperimentisaTvis

mniSvnelovania orive cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli Zaladobis

raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis monawileebis mier gamnvlenili agresiis zoma operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedurebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad
gazomoT es ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis

xSirad

problemaa

zogierTi

rTuli

cvladis

operacionalizacia. rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan urTierTobis

xarisxis
agreTve

operacionaliziacias?
iseTi

cvladebis

(pasuxs

me-11-e

TavSi

operacionalizacia

ixilavT).

uxdebaT,

fsiqologebs

romelTa

uSualod

dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis operacionalizacias?

(ixileT

Tavi

14-e).

operacionalizacia

Tu

Tqven

moaxdineT,

fsiqologi

Tqveni

mkvlevari

kolegebi

SeiZleba

xarT
ar

da

cvladis

dageTanxmon

da

CaTvalon, rom TviTpativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia arasworia, magram

Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRvreba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron da
Seafason Tqveni Sroma.
standartizacia
monawilisadmi

(standardization)
mopyrobis

an

testSi,

monacemebis

interviuSi

an

dafiqsirebis

eqsperimentSi
unificirebuli

procedura.
operaciuli gansazRvreba

(operational definition) _ axdens cvladis an pirobis

definicias konkretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT.

cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad
icvleba
damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _ eqsperimentul garemoSi, stimulis
piroba, romelic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damoukideblad icvleba.
damokidebuli cvladi

(dependent variable) _ eqsperimentul garemoSi, nebismieri

cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladis cvlilebis

Sedegia.

45

eqsperimentuli meTodi: alternatiuli axsna da kontrolis saWiroeba

yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom adamianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval
mizezs dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis winaSe dganan, roca mizezSedegobriobis

dadgenaze

aqvT

gadasalaxavad

mkvlevrebi

pretenzia.

mizez-Sedegobrivi

eqsperimentul

meTods

iyeneben.

orazrovnebis
isini

axdenen

damoukidebeli cvladis manipulirebas, raTa naxon, ra zemoqmedeba eqneba amas

damokidebul

cvladze.

am

meTodis

mizania

daadginos

erTi

cvladis

mizez-

Sedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am seqciaSi ganvixilavT alternatiuli axsnis

problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs.

obieqturobis sirTule
rodesac
warmodgena

fsiqologebi
imaze,

Tu

hipoTezas
ratom

amowmeben,

SeiZleba

ukve

winaswar

Secvalos

aqvT

damoukidebeli

garkveuli
cvladis

cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba

iwinaswarmetyveloT
yureba

agresiis

da

maRal

eqsperimentulad
dones

iwvevs.

aCvenoT,
magram

rom

saidan

televiziiT

Zaladobis

iciT,

namdvilad

rom

Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hioTezis yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis

dasadgenad fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alternatiul axsnebs. SesaZlo
Sedegis

rac

meti

alternatiuli

axsna

arsebobs,

miT

naklebad

viqnebiT

darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis procesSi eqsperimentatoris

mier specialurad Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda raRac sxva ereva da
monacemebis interpretacias arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba. rodesac
romelime

qcevis

efeqtis

realur

mizezs

damatebiTi

cvladi

Seereva,

eqsperimentatoris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko xdeba. warmovidginoT,

magaliTad, rom televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla da meti
moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, "Zaladobas"
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi. mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios,
romeli faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
marTalia, TiTeuli eqpserimentuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul axsnaTa
unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi,
romelic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba. esenia molodinis efeqti da

placebo efeqti. molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari Zalauneburad

mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias

46

iRebs.

am

dros,

gamomwvevi

mizezi

ara

damoukidebeli

cvladi,

aramed

eqsprimentatoris molodinia.
eqsperimentuli

meTodi

(experimental

method)

kvlevis

meTodi,

romelic

damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes misi efeqti

damokidebul cvladze.
damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi, romelic monawilis qcevaze
zemoqmedebs eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi, romelic maSin Cndeba, roca
mkvlevari Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas moelis maTgan,
riTic mosalodnel reaqcias iRebs.
robert

rozentalma

molodinis

(Robert Rothental)

tendenciurobis

fenomeni

Seiswavla da naxa, rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (rozentali, 1966):

saidan viciT
virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben
am

saxelmZRvaneloSi

daskvnebi
Sedegebs

xSirad

fsiqologiuri

swored

daeyrdnoba.

am

mTels
seqciis

kvlevis

msoflioSi
mizania

Sedegebs

gagiziarebT.

Catarebuli

gaecnoT

Cveni

amgvari

kvlevebis

eqsperimentebs,

romlebic

pirdapir pasuxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiTeuli saidan viciT saSualebas

gvaZlevs

davinaxoT

ganvixlavT

kavSiri

eqsperiments,

eqsperimentsa

sadac

Cans,

da

mignebas

rogor

Soris.

SeiZleba

aq

mokled

eqsperimentatorma

zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis Sedegze.

klasikur

eqsperimentSi

12

students

misces

virTxebis

jgufebi,

romlebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda eswavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars

uTxres, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo
meore

naxevars,

rom

maTi

virTxebi

labirinTSi

cudad

gamsvlel

jiSs

miekuTvneba. sinamdvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli virTxebi sruliad

erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg gamsvlelebad
dasaxelebuli

virTxebi

cud

gamsvlelebad

dasaxelebul

virTxebze

ukeT

swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode), 1963).

rogor

fiqrobT,

rogor

Seatyobines

studentebma

TavianTi

molodinebi

virTxebs? albaT xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca adamianebze

47

vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze. molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss

amaxinjebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli
manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini medicinidan modis, im
SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba qimiurad
inertuli

wamlis

miRebis

Semdeg

mainc

umjobesdeboda.

janmrTelobis

mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnaloba efeqtiani iqneba.

kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurnalobam
pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeqti (Roberts et al; 1993).
fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca
qceviT reaqciaze zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu ra gaakeTos, an ra
igrZnos da ara realuri gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT Zaladobis
yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis
pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis.
SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom radgan agresiis gamosavlen
situaciaSi moaTavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian da amitom iqcevian ase.
eqsperimentatorma yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi icvlian qcevas, roca
ician, rom viRac ucxo uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad, monawileebi
gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs, roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven da
amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs
kvlevis Sedegebze.

problemis gadaWris saSualeba

radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi
mizezi aqvs, kargi kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTvaliswinebs da maT
gauvnebelyofas cdilobs. aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi ewodeba _
meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da
piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis
temperatura,

davalebebi,

eqsperimentatoris

Cacmuloba,

gamoyofili

dro,

monacemTa Caweris xerxi da situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis yvela

monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos. erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi
unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semotanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben
fsiqologebi gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT gamowveuli problemebi.

48

placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperimentis monawileebi

eqsperimentuli manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas
kontrolis procedurebi

(Control procedures) _ meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac

eqsperimentatori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da piroba, garda

ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa.
warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi
CarTeT, romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda. frTxilad

unda iyoT, rom

gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs Tqveni

molodinebidan
romelmac

gamomdinare.

unda

miekuTvneba

Seafasos

cdis

piri.

amdenad,
cdis

sasurvelia,

pirTa

saukeTeso

agresia,

rom
ar

SemTxvevaSi,

kvlevis

icodes,

asistentma,

romel

tendenciurobis

jgufs

aRmofxvra

SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asistents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,

romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba.
mraval eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT maT, visTvisac cnobilia
kvlevis hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlevrebs kidev erTi, sakontrolo piroba
SeaqvT eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas placebo kontrols vuwodebT.
placebo kontroli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis, romelic Sedarebis
saSualebas

aZlevs

eqsperimentators.

gaixseneT

gogonas

istoria,

romelsac

hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara. man ki upasuxa: "rasTan SedarebiT?". es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs
kvlevis

Sedegebi.

davuSvaT,

gaecaniT

kvlevis

Sedegebs,

romlis

mixedviTac,

"mowevis danebebis msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma warmatebas nikotinis salbuniT miaRwia",

endriusi (Andrews, 1990). rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo jgufi? am
kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen da
maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic, rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini
samedicino TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo

salbuns, miT ufro meti

albaTobiT anebebden Tavs mowevas, abelini da sxvebi, (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad,
nikotinis

salbuni

efeqturi

saSualeba

aRmoCnda,

magram

misi

zemoqmedebis

naxevari placebo efeqtis damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini hqondaT, rom

es

salbuni

maT

uSvelidaT.

sakontrolo

pirobaSi

miRebuli

monacemebi

mniSvnelovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eqsperimentis efeqts vadarebT.

49

kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis
pirebs

SemTxveviTad

anawileben

eqsperimentul

(erTi

an

meti

eqsperimentuli

CareviT) da sakontrolo (eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis pirebis

SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi
cvladebis

aRmosafxvrelad,

individualuri

gansxvavebebis

romlebic
gamo

cdis

iCens

Tavs.

pirebs

Soris

swored

arsebuli

amgvar

sqemas

vgulisxmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul da sakontrolo pirobaSi

cdis pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba did Sanss gvaZlevs imisa, rom orive jgufSi
msgavsi cdis pirebi moxvdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas TiTeul cdis
pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive
albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar gamova ise, rom eqsperimentul

jgufSi

mxolod Zaladobis scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian da sakontroloSi

- Zaladobis scenebis moZule cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive tipis
adamiani unda moaxvedros TiTeul jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris
sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT, rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva
iwvevs da ara cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs
kvlevaSi monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv, fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi
20-dan 100-mde cdis piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs ki mkvlevari im
populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT
hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets ityuebian, vidre 4 wlis bavSvebi.
kvlevaSi msoflios am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu CarTavT, magram
ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier SerCeuli
bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva
populaciis reprezentatulia,
reprezentatulia Tu is imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs,
rogorebicaa, magaliTad,

sqesi, asaki da

sxv. SerCevaSi mxolod

biWebi

rom

gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT, rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.

ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _ eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic
saSualebas gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris molodinis efeqti,
imiT, rom arc asistentma da arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi
moxvdnen isini.

50

placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimentuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar

xdeba da im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis saSiSroeba Cndeba.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _ cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad
anawileben eqsperimentul

da sakontrolo pirobebSi.

SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis

gadaarCies
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli erToblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul
SerCevaze dayrdnobiT, generalizacia gakeTdeba.
reprezentatuli

SerCeva

reprezentatulia,

Tu

(representative

is

imeorebs

sample)

populaciis

SerCeva
zogad

populaciis

maxasiaTeblebs,

rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxv

cdis pirTa SigniT sqema

(within subjects design) _ kvlevis sqema, sadac TiTeuli

cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperimentul pirobaSi qceva
SeiZleba SevadaroT missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi

cdis

pirebi

jer

xvdebian

safuZvlis

pirobaSi

(A),

Semdeg

eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas.

eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis pirebs SigniT sqema - aq TiTeuli
cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba erTmaneTs SevadaroT
cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer
xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg
isev ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A): ukan, safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba
mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom cvlileba mxolod misi
Carevis da ara romelime damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis, Sedegia.
saidan viciT?
bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-A sqemaSi
amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi, sadac fsiqologs surda Seemowmebina
Semdegi hipoTeza: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT, rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro
advilad

gamoavlenen

agresiul

qcevas.

skolis

moswavleebi

dapatiJes

maskaradze, iseT wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kostiumSi gadacmuli

modioda. bavSvebs mravalgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen, rig maTgans agresiuli
qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs - araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) bavSvebi

51

kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen, Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves da

Tavisi

surviliT

irCevdnen

TamaSebs.

bolos,

safuZvlis

pirobaSi

(A)

dabrunebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades, oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.

rogorc 2.3 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi
bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca anonimurebi iyvenen (B) (Fraser, 1974).
aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba
da misi damokidebul cvladze efeqtis gazomva xdeba. marTalia, eqsperimentuli
meTodi

saSualebas

aZlevs

mkvlevrebs

cvladebs

Soris

kauzaluri

kavSiris

Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise

sasurvelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi
swavloben,

raTa

advilad

gaakontrolon

yovelgvari

situaciuri

faqtori,

samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis

azriT,

gakontrolebul

simdidre

da

eqsperimentul

mravalferovneba

pirobebSi

ikargeba,

radgan

kvlevisas
mxolod

qcevis

erTi,

mTeli

an

mcire

raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meorec, cdis

agresiuli aqtebis saSualo procenti

pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben da maT cdian da zomaven. isini

90

cdiloben

imgvari

reagireba

rogoric

eqsperimentators

moaxdnon,
esiamovneba

da, saerTodac, maTi qceva gansxvavebuli

80
70
60
50

iqneba

Cveulisagan,

sxva

akvirdebaT.

radgan

ician,

mesame,

rom

arsebobs

40

mniSvnelovani

30
20

romelTa

10

gamoc

SeuZlebeli

A1 sawyisi
mdgomareoba

B anonimuroba

A2 saboloo
mdgomareoba

vikvlevT,
ara

eTikuri
eqsperimentis

xdeba.

Cagvris

Catareba

magaliTad,

memkvidreobiT

bavSvis

sakiTxebi,

gadaecema

tendencia,

ver
Tu

radgan

daCagruli bavSvebis eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis sakontrolo

jgufi

unda

gvqondes.

Semdeg

seqciaSi

kvlevis

iseT meTods

davubrundebiT,

romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.

sur. 2.3. anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia

anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive bavSvebi bevrad maRal

agresias avlenen anonimur pirobaSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur pirobebSi.

52

korelaciis meTodi
kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan? optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian,
vidre

pesimistebi?

fsiqikuri

aris

daavadebis

kavSiri

gaCenas

romlebiT manipulirebas

bavSvobaSi

Soris?

es

Cagvris

kiTxvebi

fsiqologi ase martivad

gancdasa

iseT

da

SemdegSi

cvladebs

ver moaxerxebs,

moicavs,
Tanac, aq

eTikuri mosazrebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad iyeneben

korelaciis meTods.
fsiqologebi
korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca surT
meTods
A
B
A

gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.

or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi
iyeneben statistikur

sazoms,

romelsac

korelaciis koeficienti ewodeba (r).

korelaciis koeficienti icvleba +1-dan -1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli dadebiTi

korelacia, -1 - sruli uaryofiTi korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs.

dadebiTi

cvladis

maCveneblebi,

korelacia

niSnavs,

korelaciis

rom

koeficienti

izrdeba
erTi

meore

cvladis

niSnavs,

cvladis

rom

Tu

izrdeba

maCveneblebic.

maCveneblebis

zrdas

erTi

uaryofiTi

meore

cvladis

maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ixileT suraTi 2.4)..

sur. 2.4. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi

es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas

aCvenebs. TiTeuli wertili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufro met
burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoimuSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads
Soris dadebiTi korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi, rac ufro
nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoimuSavebs.
nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti
kavSiria, an is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba korelaciis koeficienti
1-s, miT ufro Zlieria kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevari
ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra
zomiT stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es
maT muSaobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc stresis
kiTxvarze miRebuli qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produqciis, saqonlis
is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs

53

mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis.

Zlieri

uaryofiTi

korelacia

imis

maCvenebli

iqneba,

rom

stresis

zrdas

produqtulobis Semcireba moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis romelime

adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma

SeiZleba

kidev

erTi

nabiji

gadadgas

da

Tqvas,

rom

stresis

Semcireba produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari daskvna arasworia. Zlieri

korelacia mxolod imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sistematuradaa
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.

korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. korelaciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo

mizez-Sedegobrivi

efeqtidan

nebismieri,

an

arcerTi.

magaliTad,

stressa

da

produqtulobas Soris arsebuli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom

(1)

saxlSi

gancdili

stresis

gamo

adamianebi

uaresad

muSaoben,

(2)

dabali

produqutuloba iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis adamianebi ufro

metad ganicdian stress da uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs danarCen ors. da bolos, davuSvaT, rom axali
teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xmauria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met
stress

(radganac

adamianebi

ver

axdenen

koncentracias)

da

ufro

dabal

produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).

korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegobrioba _ aRar.
korelaciis

meTodi

(correlational

method)

gansazRvravs,

Tu

ra

zomiTaa

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.

korelaciis koeficienti (r)
( ) (correlation coefficient) _ statistika, romelic or
cvlads Soris kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.
korelacia, SesaZloa, mcdari iyos, radgan mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo
Sedarebebi ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri 1965 wels niu iorkSi
momxdar sinaTlis Caqrobasa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis zrdas
Soris. '"niu iorkelebi Zalian romantiulebi arian, es sanTlis Suqis gamo moxda"
_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki es faqti amgvarad axsna: "im
saRamos seqsis Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni, Sexvedra, kartis
TamaSi _ moispo da sxva raRa darCenodaT?" ("niu iork Taimsi", 8/11/1966). msgavsi
korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da sxva bunebrivi katastrofebis
Semdeg.

"miwisZvram

SeiZleba

Sobadobis

afeTqeba

gamoiwvios"

werda

san

54

francisko qronikli, Ceni (Chen, 1990). magram, Tu ar davizarebT da am Sedegebs

Sobadobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT, aRmoCndeba, rom korelacia mizezSedegobriobad

SeniRbuli

damTxveva

aRmoCndeba.

anu,

sezonsa

da

Sobadobis

maCvenebels Soris namdviladaa korelacia da swored esaa katastrofasa da

Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis sakontrolo piroba. naTelia, rom
korelaciis Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda movekidoT, rogorc eqsperimentis
meTodis gamoyenebisas miRebul Sedegebs.
ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiTqos korelaciis meTodi usargebloa.
wignSi

xSirad

SevxvdebiT

korelaciur

kvlevebs,

romlebmac

mniSvnelovani

aRmoCenebi Semates fsiqologias. madaze mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs gTavazobT:

saidan viciT?
biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi
garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu ratom avlenen zogierTi 5 wlis asakis
biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo sxvebi ara? mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari
sxvaobis safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris destruqciul konfliqtSi unda
veZeboT,Ygarsia

da

sxv

maTi

(Garcia et al; 2000).

azriT,

da-ZmebTan

gancdili

konfliqtis done ganamtkicebs sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul qcevas. am

mizniT,

mkvlevrebma

TamaSebi

da-Zmebs

Seafases.

videokameriT

Soris

gadaiRes

konfliqtis

korelaciurma

analizma

180

biWis

raodenobisa
daadastura

da

da-ZmasTan

TamaSi.

intensiurobis

varaudi,

rom

es

mxriv

da-ZmasTan

konfliqtis maRali donis mqone biWebi ufro metad avlendnen agresiul da

destruqciul qcevas.
xedavT,
jgufebSi
konfliqti

ratomaa

saWiro

SemTxveviTad
aqvT

korelaciuri

ver

gaanawileb

da-ZmasTan,

unda

kvlevis
bavSvebs,

daicadoT

da

gamoyeneba
romlebsac
mxolod

am

SemTxvevaSi?

cota

Semdeg

an

bevri

dainaxavT,

gamovlindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba situaciebs Soris.

qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba?
am

seqciis

dasasruls

gTavazobT

imis

konkretul

magaliTs,

Tu

rogor

gamoiyenes fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa saqmianobis Sesafaseblad,

romlebsac didi survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi produqcia saukeTesoa.
albaT,

SegxvedriaT

qvezRurblovani

reklamebi,

romlebic

gpirdebian,

rom

55

amieridan Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba. erTi reklama ukeTes seqsualur

cxovrebas gpirdebaT, meore - dabali TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas gTavazobT,
mesame - wonis swraf da efeqtur daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT
unda usminoT kasetas, romelzec "qviSian napirze okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis
xmaa" Cawerili.
"qvezRurblovan"
praqtikulad
gamoiwvia

xriki

presis

zemoqmedebas
iyo,

1957

xangrZlivi

wels

furclebze.

istoria

Catarebulma

aqvs.

gamokvlevam

qvezRurblovani

reklamis

marTalia,
didi

es

aJiotaJi

"gamomgonebeli"

amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekranze gaelvebulma warweram "iyideT

batibuti!" 58 procentiT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia, rojersi, (Rogers, 1993).

uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu orleanis supermarketma mniSvnelovnad

Seamcira qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi qvezRurblovani teqstis ganTavsebiT: "Tu
moviparav, cixeSi Cavjdebi". ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma satelefono
gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom gamokiTxuli 400 mozardis

75

procents sjera, rom

qvezRurblovani reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba marketingis specialistebis mier.

rac ufro metad ganaTlebuli iyvnen respondentebi,
respondentebi miT ufro metad sjerodaT
maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.
axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad zemoqmedebs
qvezRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa da qcevaze? pasuxs Cvens mier
aRwerili eqsperimentuli meTodis saSualebiT gavcemT (ixileT suraTi 2.5).
sur.

2.5.

qvezRurblovani

kasetebis

efeqturobis

Sesamowmebeli

kvlevis

eqsperimentuli gegma

eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa gakeTebuli.

cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damokidebul cvlads, Semdeg SemTxveviTad
anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen mexsierebis, an TviTSefasebis teqstis
Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas. Semdeg maT kvlav uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs,
raTa ipovon raime SesaZlo cvlileba damokidebul cvladSi: mexsierebasa da
TviTSefasebaSi.

kvlevam

qvezRurblovani

darwmunebis

sando

zemoqmedeba

ver

aRmoaCina.
saidan viciT?
qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba
mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsierebis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze

56

qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti Seefasebina. kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde

237

qali

da

mamakaci

monawileobda.

jer

maT

mexsiereba

da

TviTSefaseba

Seumowmes saTanado testebis da kiTxvarebis meSveobiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad

gaanawiles or jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines mexsierebis kaseta, meores TviTSefasebis. isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5 kviris ganmavlobaSi da
Semdeg laboratorias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gaezomaT maTi mexsiereba
(oTxi testiT) da TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma ar icodnen (brma
sqema), romeli cdis piri romel pirobaSi moxvda (Greenwald et al; 1991).
am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom arc TviTSefaseba da
arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobesebula. Tumca, gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri
efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi moelodnen, rom maT daexmarebodnen.
mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi
daamates. orive jgufis cdis pirTa naxevars mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera
"TviTSefaseba", xolo TviTSefasebis kasetaze "mexsiereba". cdis pirebs sjerodaT,
rom

TviTSefaseba

mousmendnen,

da

gaumjobesdeboda,

mexsiereba

Tu

Sesabamisi

gaumjobesdeboda,

Tu

warweris

kasetebs

mqone

kasetas

eqneboda

warwera

"mexsiereba", Tumca, sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas usmendnen!

es

daxvewili

eqsperimenti

sakmod

konkretuli

rCevis

micemis

saSualebas

gvaZlevs: nu daxarjavT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi placebo efeqtis

garda arafers gvTavazobs. fsiqologiis da cxovrebis mniSvnelovani mizania myar
eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT.
es eqsperimenti, agreTve, specifikur magaliTs gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis
Sesaxeb, romlebsac fsiqologebi zomaven - am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvqonda cdis
pirebis rwmenasTan, rom maTi mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda da imave
mexsierebisa

da

TviTSefasebis

obiequr

gazomvasTan.

Semdeg

seqciaSi

ufro

zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu rogor zomaven fsiqologebi gamocdilebis sxvadasxva

ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan procesebs.
Sejameba
kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba. amisaTvis fsiqologebi mecnierul
meTods

iyeneben.

damkvirveblis

tendenciuroba

daZleulia,

roca

monacemTa

Segrovebis procedurebis standartizacia da cnebebis operaciuli gansazRvra

57

xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi mkvlevrebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis

saSualebas aZlevs.
agreTve,

mkvlevrebma

unda

gaacnobieron

alternatiuli

axsnis

arsebobis

faqtic, rogoricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari daskvnebis misaRebad

isini iyeneben iseT procedurebs, rogoricaa ormagad brma kontroli da placebos
kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis dros jgufebSi cdis pirTa SemTxveviT
ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul
jgufebs Soris msgavsebis garantias gvaZlevs. cdis pirTa SigniT sqema moicavs AB-A sqemas, sadac monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamodgebian. mkvlevrebi
korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis mniSvnelovani SezRudva isaa, rom is ar
gulisxmobs mizez-Sdegobriobas. eqsperimentuli meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT,
realuri

samyaros

zemoqmedebis

SeswavlisaTvis,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqti.

fsiqologiuri gazomva
radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalferovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva
siZneleebTanaa

dakavSirebuli.

sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva da

zogierTi

qceva

advilad

dakvirvebadia,

xolo

sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevaris erT-erTi

amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sinagani movlenebi da procesebi _ garegani,

xolo piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania
sakvlevi fenomenis operaciuli gansazRvreba. es gansazRvrebebi im proceduras
gvaZlevs, romliTac xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis an raodenobis
cvladisaTvis raodenobrivi mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis mravali
meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upiratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.
fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis sizustis or indikators Soris
gansxvavebis ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da validoba. Semdeg ganvixilavT
monacemTa Segrovebis sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda agrovebdes fsiqologi
monacemebs, hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad igi saTanado statistikur monacemebs unda
iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi
monacemebs.
sandoobis da validobis miRweva

58

fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba

niSnavs fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli
qcevis monacemebis Sesabamisobas da sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi sxva dros, msgavs
pirobebSi Semowmebisas unda gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi
ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda miviRoT. ganvixiloT eqsperimenti,
romelmac aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod placebo efeqts iZleva. am
eqsperimentSi 237 cdis piri iyo. eqsperimentatoris pretenzia, rom Sedegi sandoa,
niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis Semdeg
msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT.
validoba niSnavs,

rom

kvleva,

an

testireba

im

fsiqologiur

cvlads,

an

Tvisebas zomavs, romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bednierebis validuri

sazomi

saSualebas

unda

gvaZlevdes

viwinaswarmetyveloT,

ramdenad

bednieri

iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. validuri eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars

ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia, anu, Sedegebis gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur
samyaroze. rodesac kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT,
rom kvlevis Sedegebi validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi sando iyos,
magram ara - validuri. magaliTad, Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad SegviZlia
Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi sando iqneba (yovelTvis igive
pasuxs

miviRebT),

magram

ara

validuri.

SeecadeT

sandoobis

da

validobis

TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazomebi, romlebsac am wignSi SexvdebiT.

TviTangariSi
mkvlevrebs

xSirad

ainteresebT

uSualod

ver

daakvirdebi.

grZnobebi,

damokidebulebi

esenia
(attitudes),

imgvari

gamocdilebis

Sinagani

kvleva,

fsiqologiuri

Sexedulebebi.

SesaZloa,

romelsac

mdgomareobebi
es

gamocdileba

garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad,
seqsualuri

aqtivoba

TviTangariSs
kiTxvebze

an

kriminaluri

(self-report measures)

miRebuli

qceva.

eyrdnoba.

werilobiTi

an

es

zepiri

aseT
aris

SemTxvevebSi
mkvlevris

verbaluri

kvlevebi

mier

dasmul

pasuxebi.

amgvari

Sefasebebis raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis sando xerxebi arsebobs, ase rom,

fsiqologebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxi Seadaron erTmaneTs.
TviTangariSi intervius

dros

kiTxvari an anketa kiTxvebis

an

kiTxvarze miRebul

pasuxebs

gulisxmobs.

werilobiTi krebulia, kiTxvebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba

59

iyos: faqtobrivi ("Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?") warsuli an awmyo qcevis Sesaxeb

(ramdens

eweviT?)

damokidebulebebisa

da

grZnobebis

Sesaxeb

("ramdenad

gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?"). Ria kiTxvebi saSualebas aZlevs respondents

Tavisuflad,

sakuTari

sityvebiT gasces

pasuxi

SekiTxvas.

arsebobs, agreTve,

daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax, ara, ar

vici.
sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli
gamoyenebisas, instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis stabiluroba da
Sesabamisoba
validoba (validity)

_ testi zustad imas zomavs, ris gazomvasac apirebda

TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis

Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi
interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris dialogi detaluri informaciis
miRebis mizniT. mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan gansxvavebiT, interviu
interaqtiuria. interviuerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda mixedviT, Tu ras
pasuxobs respondenti. kargi interviuerebi socialuri interaqciis processac
iTvaliswineben
respondentTan,

da

amyareben

romelic

raports

ndobas

da

dadebiT

piradi

socialur

informaciis

urTierTobas

gaziarebis

survils

iwvevs.
marTalia, mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mravalgvar sazoms iyeneben, maT
umetesobas

ver

gamoviyenebT

patara

bavSvebTan,

wera-kiTxvis

ucodinar

zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze molaparakeebTan, gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan

da cxovelebTan. xolo iq, sadac maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes
sandoobis da validobis problema. monawileebma SeZleba ver gaigon kiTxvebi an
zustad ver gaixsenon TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic, sakuTari
Tavis

Sefasebaze,

SesaZloa,

imoqmedos

socialuri

sasurvelobis

efeqtma

rodesac adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan
arasasurveli) STabeWdileba Seqmnas. maT SeiZleba moeridoT namdvili grZnobebis
gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT SeiZleba
tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao, gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva
mizans miaRwion. intervius situacia aseve iZLeva saSUalebas, rom tendenciurobam

60

da

mikerZoebam

gavlena

moaxdinos

interviueris

mier

dasmul

kiTxvebze

da

respondentis mier gacemul pasuxebze.

qcevis gazomva da dakvirveba
fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri ainteresebT. isini swavloben virTxis
labirinTSi gavlas, bavSvs, romelic suraTs xatavs, students, romelic leqss
izepirebs, an muSas, romelic raRac davalebas asrulebs. qcevis sazomi garegan,
dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.
qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gza aris dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda iyos
dagegmili, zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba qcevis procesze an

produqtze. magaliTad, daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba ramdenjer

imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis sias (CamonaTvals) (procesi) da Semdeg ramden
sityvas aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirvebisaTvis sakvlevi qceva advilad
dasanaxi

da

Casaweri

unda

iyos.

magaliTad,

emociebis

laboratoriul

eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis piris saxis gamometyvelebas, rodesac is emociis

gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.
uSualo

dakvirvebas

fsiqologebi

xSirad

xSirad

iyeneben

teqnikas

axmaren.

kompiuterebs,

raTa

magaliTad,
zustad

Tanamedrove

gazomon

is

dro,

roemlic kvlevis monawileebs sWirdebaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba Sesarulon,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, windadebis wakiTxva, an porblemis gadaWra. marTalia,
zusti gazomvis zogi forma kompiuteris eris gaCenamdec arsebobda, kompiuterebi
araCveulebrivi moqnilobis saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis Segrovebisa da
analizisaTvis.

mesame

TavSi

uaxloes

teqnologiebs

aRvwerT,

romlebic

saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis RirSesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da

naxon, rogor muSaobs tvini.

bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bunebrivad gaCenil qcevas akvirdeba,

magram

ar

ereva

masSi.

magaliTad,

mkvlevari

SeiZleba

calmxrivi

sarkidan

akvirdebodes bavSvebis TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician, rom maT uyureben. adamianis

qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxolod bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli,
radgan

araeTikuri

an

arapraqtikuli

iqneba

sxvagvarad

moqceva.

magaliTad,

araeTikuri iqneba bavSvi mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis

Semdgom ganviTarebaze misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.

61

laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvlevari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra xangrZlivi

efeqti aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis rTuli sqemis (paternis)
formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvirvebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli magaliTia jein
gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990; petersoni da gudali 1993). gudali 30 wlis
manZilze swavlobda Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tanganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs,
rom 10 weliwadSi rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tavdapirvelad apirebda,
swor daskvnebs ver gaakeTebda:
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qcevebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac
akvirdebian da iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili qceva.

Simpanzeebis

da

adamianebis

qcevaSi

mraval

saerTos

davinaxavdiT,

magram

dagvrCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi bevrad ufro mSvidobiani arsebebi

arian, vidre adamianebi. radganac pirveli dekadis Semdegac gavagrZeleT kvleva,
SevZeliT dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayofa da am or axal jgufs
Soris

warmoSobili

sastiki

agresia.

aRmoCnda,

rom

zogierT

SemTxvevaSi

Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomadgenlebi.

meores mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emociuri
kavSirebi gamoavlines. . . kargad ganviTarebuli kognituri unarebi, kulturuli
tradiciebis (ganviTareba). . . (Goodall, 1986, gv.3-4)
kvlevis dasawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is
mkvlevrebs

movlenis

sazRvrebis

dadgenaSi

exmareba,

an

warmodgenas

uqmnis,

romeli iqneba mniSvnelovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvirvebis monacemebi

mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTavrebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom
mravali

kvleviTi

proeqti

TviTangariSisa

da

qcevis

kombinaciaSi iyenebs. magaliTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba

dakvirvebis

meTodebs

Seiswavlos, ras ambobs

adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT 17-e Tavi).
kidev

erTi,

individze

zogierTi

tardeba.

kvleva

SemTxvevis

Seswavlas

calke aRebuli individis

warmoadgens,

intensiurma

analizma

anu,

erT

xandaxan

SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT

adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, 3-e TavSi SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone

62

calkeuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi enis funqciis lokalizaciis

Sesaxeb Teoriebis warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva tipis procedura da
sazomi

instrumenti.

Semdeg

seqciaSi

im

eTikur

standartebs

ganvixilavT,

romlebic am meTodebis da procedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.

eTikuri sakiTxebi adamianis da cxovelis kvlevisas
qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma
monawileebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es
ganzrax Caidines, rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini, rom mas
daexmarebian,

daijeros,

rom

Setyobineba

sasargebloa

maSinac

ki,

roca

mexsierebisa da TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom es ase ar iyo.

motyueba

arsodes

aris

kargi,

magram

rogor

Seafasebdnen

mkvlevrebi

am

SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts? rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis

SesaZlo sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac wevs kvlevis monawile, Tu procedura
riskiani, tkivilis, an stresis momyenebeli, motyuebiTia? fsiqologebi amgvar
kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen sakuTar Tavs (rozentali, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi uflebebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris
aucilebeli

movaleobaa.

am

uflebebis

dacvisaTvis

arsebobs

specialuri

komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is

aS.S.-s janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamoqveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan.
universitetebs, kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawesebulebebs reviziis
sabWoebi

hyavT,

romlebic

amgvar

proeqtebs

ixilaven.

amerikis

fsiqologTa

asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi SeimuSava, ganvixiloT rigi

maTgani.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
adamianebze

Catarebuli

labratoriuli

kvlevis

dasawyisSi

monawileebs

aRuweren proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur risks da im Sedegebs,

romlis

miRebasac

moelian

kvlevis

dasasruls.

monawileebs

arwmuneben,

rom

maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis:

maTi monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur adgilas Seinaxeba, xelmisawvdomi
iqneba

mxolod

mkvlevrebisaTvis,

xolo,

Tu

mkvlevars

kvlevis

Sedegebis

63

moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, monawileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.

monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze, sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb
sruli informacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian monawileobaze. garda amisa,
monawileebs afrTxileben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT datovon kvleva
da oficialuri pirebis sakontaqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis survili
gauCndebaT.
riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba
fsiqologiuri

kvlevis

umetesoba

ar

aris

dakavSirebuli

raime

riskTan,

miTumetes, roca mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT. magram aris iseTi
eqsperimentebi, romlebic adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swavlobs rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati, konformuloba, stresi an agresia romlebmac SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos adamiani. amitom,
amgvari

kvlevisas

riski

minimumamde

unda

iyos

dayvanili,

monawileebs

unda

SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi unda miviRoT, rom Zlier

reaqciebs gavumklavdeT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi, sabWoebi yuradRebiT ixilaven,
aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara, SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Catareba,
ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
ganzrax motyueba
zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia,
radgan es kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca agresiaze televiziiT
Zaladobis

yurebis

zemoqmedebas

swavlobT,

monawiles.

zogierT

mkvlevars

SemTxvevaSi

ar

gamarTlebuli,

aris

miaCnia,

ar

rom

korni

unda

uTxraT

monawilis

(Korn, 1987).

Tqveni

motyueba

amerikis

mizani
arcerT

fsiqologTa

asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
mecnieruli

da

saganmanaTleblo

mniSvneloba

unda

hqondes,

rom

motyueba

gavamarTloT, (2) mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe mizans ver
miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze, (4) kvlevis dasasruls monawileebs
unda

avuxsnaT,

ratom

movatyueT.

amgvari

eqpserimentebi

SesaZloa

SezRudos, an saerTod ar miiRos, steiningeri da sxvebi, ( Steininger et al; 1984).

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu

sabWom

64

fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovelTvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris

informaciis ormxrivi gacvla unda iyos. monawilis reqciebidan da pasuxebidan
mkvlevari raRac axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac swavlobs, xolo
monawiles unda SevatyobinoT kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da
kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eqpserimentis dasasruls, yovel monawiles
unda

CavutaroT

kvlevis

Semdgomi

interviu,

sadac

mkvlevari

maqsimalur

informacias miawodebs kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar

darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu
kvlevis

romelime

etapze

monawilis

motyueba

aucilebelia,

eqsperimentatori

dawvrilebiT uxsnis, ratom gaakeTa es. da bolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT

gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom maTi uflebebi dairRva.
cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba, eTika, politika
SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi?
es

kiTxva

mkvlevrebi,

xSirad

Zalian

romlebic

umniSvnelovanesi

polarizebul

miuTiTeben,

aRmoCenebi

misces

rom

pasuxebs

iwvevda.

cxovelebze

mecnierebas

erT

mxares

Catarebulma

domjani,

purdi,

arian

kvlevebma
petrinoviCi

(Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998). cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
iseTi

wamlebis

daavadebebs

gamogoneba

mkurnaloben,

da

gamocda,

narkomaniis

romlebic

Sesaxeb

SfoTvas

mniSvenlovani

da

fsiqikur

codnis

miReba

(mileri, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebi Tavad cxovlebisaTvisac

gamosadegia. magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena, rogor unda SevamciroT
zooparkSi,

galiebSi

myofi

socialuri

organizaciis

cxovelebis

sferoSi

stresi.

gakeTebulma

cxovelTa
mignebebma

daswavlisa
maTi

da

volierebis

ukeTesi dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro sasikeTo garemo pirobebis

Seqmna gamoiwvia, nikoli da sxv., (Nicoll et al; 1988).
miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis
damcvelebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev mcdarad miaCniaT, rom "homo
sapiensis sxva qmnilebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTlebulia", boudi da
Sapiro (Bowd and Shapiro 1993, p. 136; Shapiro, 1998).

am Secdomis gamosasworeblad

gvTavazoben "laboratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad manipulaciur kvlevebze

gadavideT, romlebic bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba" (boudi da

65

Sapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda

miudges cxovelebis kvlevas.
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _ mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias
miawodebs kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar darwmundeba,
rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.
cxovelebis

kvlevaSi

gansakuTrebul

gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelSic

sifrTxileze

miuTiTebs,

agreTve,

fsiqologiis fakultetis studenti 1188 da

amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis 3982 wevri monawileobda, plousi (Plous, 1996a,

1996b):
gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80 procents miaCnia, rom bunebriv garemoSi
Catarebuli dakvirveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30 dan 70 procenamde) mxars
uWers iseT kvlevebs, romlebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba, rac,
nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damokidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,
ZaRlebi,

an

primatebi).

rogorc

studentebma,

aseve,

leqtorebma

uaryves

tkivilis mimyenebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi cxovelebze.

orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT 60-ma procentma) mxari dauWira
fsiqologiis saswavlo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram orive jgufSi
mxolod erTma mesamedma CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli muSaoba
bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.
Tqven

ras

fiqrobT?

rogor

SeafasebdiT

cxovelebze

Catarebuli

kvlevis

sargebels da xarjs?
Sejameba
fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad
sandocaa

da

interviuebis
rogoricaa

validuric.
saSualebiT

uSualo

sakuTari
xdeba.

dakvirveba

Tavis

fsiqologi
da

Sefasebis
iyenebs

bunebrivi

gazomva
agreTve

dakvirveba.

kiTxvarebis
qcevis

adamianis

da

sazomebs,
kvlevis

mniSvnelovani eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba, kvlevis riskis da

mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi intervius
aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli
kvlevebis eTikuri Sedegebi.

66

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

am Tavis bolos ganvixilavT kritikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic
imisaTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna azrianad moixmaroT. es nebismieri
pirovnebisaTvisaa
romelic

aucilebeli

aRsavsea

Cvens

pretenziiT

dinamikur

WeSmaritebaze,

sazogadoebaSi,
"saRi

gonebis"

im

situaciaSi,

mcdari

miTebiT,

konkretuli interesebis samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT. kritikuli

azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsis Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiur

codna

fsiqologiurad

mgrZnobiare

subieqtis

yoveldRiuri

samwuxarod,

fsiqologiuri

daxvewili

cxovrebis

informaciis

didi

sazogadoebis

mudmivad
raodenoba

moazrovne,

Tanmdevi
ara

aspeqtia.

mecnieruli

wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da

radio gadacemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis "bulvaruli" wignebidan modis.
davubrundeT fsiqikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. marTalia, is mogebaze
orientirebuli marketingis konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi propagandiT
daiwyo (rojersi, 1993) - da, rogorc vnaxeT laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, es
idea jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi
dagexmarebaT.

yovelTvis

unda

ecadoT

fsiqologiis

Seswavlidan

miRebuli

formaluri codna im araformalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT, romelic

gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis
Sesaxeb, pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis safuZvleze eZebeT da
TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.
yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT zogierTi zogadi wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi
garkvevaSi dagexmarebaT:
korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.
mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi operaciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli,
ise rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi mniSvneloba.

67

sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT

Zebnas, ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
yovelTvis

eZebeT

SemoTavazebuli

axsnis

alternatiuli

variantebi,

gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca axsna SemomTavazebels (anu avtors) aZlevs xels.

gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis
aRqma.
eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis martiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis
da movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris gzebSi.
eWvi

SeitaneT

raime

mkurnalobis,

Carevis,

an

produqtis

efeqturobaSi,

aucileblad SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.

Ria da amave dros skeptikuri iyaviT: aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar
aris naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtkicebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad
iyaviT sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.
gvinda,

amave

Ria

skeptikuri

midgomiT

ganixiloT

es

wigni,

ar

gvinda,

fsiqologiis Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba iyos. imedi gavqvs,

rom monawileobas miiRebT ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es siamovnebas
moganiWebT.
fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi
fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba
internetSi fsiqologiisadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds waawydebiT. magaliTad,
Sizofrenia erT-erT misamarTze 83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi (ixileT Tavi 15). sxva
misamarTze imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis gamosvlamde es
raodenoba kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs, ratom uwodeben
Tanamedroveobas informaciis afeTqebis periods. yvela CvenTaganisaTvis namdvili
gamowvevaa am informaciis brZnuli moxmareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT, internetSi
ganTavsebul romel informacias vendoT da romels ara?

biblioTekaSi bevrad ufro advilia informaciis wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq

ZiriTadad seriozuli samecniero Jurnalebia moTavsebuli, romelTa umetesoba
amerikis

fsiqologTa

asociaciis,

an

amerikis

fsiqologiuri

sazogadoebis

gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semowmebis rTul process

gadis. redaqcia

mas

2-dan

5-mde

aRiarebul

specialists

ugzavnis,

romlebic

68

naSroms detalurad ixilaven misi Teoriuli safuZvlebis, meTodologiis da

Sedegebis

TvalsazrisiT.

Tu

eqspertebi

moiwoneben

kvlevas,

is

qveyndeba.

magaliTad, 1998 wels amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebulma

Jurnalebma mowodebuli naSromebis 69 procenti uaryves. ra Tqma unda, es procesi
srulyofili ar aris, zogierTi Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod uariyofa, xolo
zogi

SedarebiT

susti

rogorRac

"gaZvreba",

magram,

zogadad,

es

procesi

garantias gvaZlevs, rom JurnalTa umetesoba maRal standartebs akmayofilebs.

amitom,

rodesac

informacias

internetSi

naxavT,

yovelTvis

dainteresdiT,

saidan modis is, ra aris misi wyaro. SegiZliaT internetSi seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebismieri informacia unda
Seicavdes

gamoyenebuli

literaturis

CamonaTvals

da

aqedanac

mixvdebiT,

ramdenad seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT saqme. fsiqologia da cxovreba-Si moyvanili

informaciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda SegeparoT, radgan yvelagnaa miTiTebuli
saTanado

samecniero

wyaro,

amitom,

internetSi

muSaobisas

imave

principiT

imoqmedeT!
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
aRmoCenis etapi
kvlevis aRmoCenis stadiaze dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad
codnas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT. mkvlevari Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
es is fazaa, romelzec ideebi mowmdeba da dasturdeba, an uariyofa.
ideebis

SemowmebisaTvis

mkvlevrebi

mecnierul

meTods

iyeneben.

es

aris

monacemebis imgvarad Segroveba da inetrpretireba, rom Secdomebi minimumamde

iyos dayvanili.
mkvlevrebi

ebrZvian

damkvirveblis

tendenciurobas

procedurebis

standartizaciis da operaciuli gansazRvrebebis gamoyenebis gziT.

kvlevis eqsperimentuli meTodebi gansazRvravs, arsebobs Tu ara cvladebs
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTeba.
mkvlevrebi

alternatiul

gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.

axsnebs

kontrolis

saTanado

porcedurebis

69

kvlevis

korelaciuri

meTodi

gansazRvravs,

ramdenad

aris

ori

cvladi

dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. korelacia ar gulisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas.

fsiqologiuri gazomva
fsiqologebi cdiloben ise gazomon monacemebi, rom isini sando da validuri
iyos.
fsiqologiuri kvleva moicavs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis da qcevis gazomvas.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
yvela

mkvlevari

valdebulia

pativi

sces

kvlevis

monawileTa,

ara

aqvs

mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu cxovelis, ZiriTad uflebebs. eTikuri da humanuri

mopyrobis garantirebisaTvis SemuSavebulia rigi damcveli saSualebebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli
mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegebi sworad gamoviyenoT, unda vicodeT, rogor
viazrovnoT kritikulad da rogor SevafasoT kvlevis Sedegebi.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
a-b-a sqema

molodinis efeqti

aRmoCenis etapi

operaciuli gansazRvreba

TviTangariSi

ormagad brma kontroli

dasabuTebis etapi

placebo efeqti

damatebiTi cvladi

placebo kontroli

damokidebuli cvladi

populacia

damoukidebeli cvladi

reprezentatuli SerCeva

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba

sandooba standartizacia

determinizmi

qcevis gazomva

eqsperimentuli meTodi

SemTxvevis Seswavla

validoba

SerCeva

Teoria

cvladi

kvlevis Semdegi interviu

cdis pirTa Soris sqema

kontrolis procedura

cdis pirTa SigniT sqema

korelaciis koeficienti

hipoTeza

korelaciuri meTodi
mecnieruli meTodi

Tavi 3.
3. qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

memkvidreobiToba da qceva

evolucia da bunebrivi gadarCeva

adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba

biologia da qceva

miyuradeba tvinze

nervuli sistema

Tavis tvinis struqturebi da maTi funqciebi

hemisferoTa lateralizacia

endokrinuli sistema

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis

sferoSi

nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

neironi

moqmedebis potenciali

sinafsuri gadacema

neirotransmiterebi da maTi funqciebi

fsiqologia

Cvens

cxovrebaSi:

gamocdileba tvinze?

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

rogor

gavlenas axdens

cxovrebiseuli

71

1848 wlis 13 seqtembers rkinigzis muSas, fineas geijs ubeduri SemTxveva

mouvida: _ moulodneli afeTqebis Sedegad daaxloebiT erTi metri sigrZis
palo

TavSi

SeerWo.

srul

gonebaze

myofi,

geiji

etliT

miiyvanes

sastumromde, sadac man kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla. momdevno ori-sami kviris
ganmavlobaSi geiji sikvdils ebrZoda, oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi
mdgomareoba
SemTxveva

mudmivad

umjobesdeboda.

masaCusetis

aRniSnavda,

rom

samedicino

geijis

gadarCena

jon

harlou,

sazogadoebas
samedicino

eqimi,

1968

romelmac

es

wels

moaxsena,

TvalsazrisiT

saswauls

warmoadgenda:

es SemTxveva daaxloebiT oci wlis winaT moxda. naklebad cnobil qalaqSi

(kavendiSi, vermonti). SemTxveva aRweril iqna naklebad cnobili soflis
eqimis mier da metropolitenis eqimebis mierac Zalian didi sifrTxiliT iqna
miRebuli. mravali maTgani uars ambobda daejerebina am adamianis gadarCena,
vidre maT TiTebi mis TavSi arsebul xvrelSi ar Cayves (harlou, 1968, gv.329).
sinamdvileSi geijs saocrad msubuqi fizikuri dazianebebi qonda. man
dakarga

mxedveloba

nawilobriv

marcxena

TvalSi

paralizebuli iyo,

magram

da

misi

saxis

marcxena

mxare

misi sxeulis poza, moZraoba da

metyveleba ucvleli darCa. Tumca, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es iyo sxva

adamiani, rogorc amas misi eqimis angariSi adasturebs:

balansi mis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da cxovelur midrekilebebs

Soris dairRva. is gaxda meryevi, mouridebeli, RvTisgmobis gamovlenebis
momTmeni adamiani (rac mas adre ar sCveoda). Tavisi megobrebisa da kolegebis
mimarT araviTar pativiscemas ar amJRavnebs; ver itans veranair SeZRudvebs, an
rCevebs, Tu es mis survilebs ar eTanxmeba. zogjer Zalian jiuti da meryevi
uamrav gegmebs awyobs da vidre maT ganxorcielebas daiwyebs, ukve sxva
gegmebze gadadis. Tavis travmamde. is cnobili iyo, rogorc moxerxebuli da
Wkviani biznesmeni, Zalian energiuli da Tanmimdevruli sakuTari gegmebis
aRsrulebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, misi goneba radikalurad Seicvala, imdenad
cxadad, rom misi megobrebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, _ es aRar iyo geiji (gv.
339-340).
geijis

travma

moxda

hipoTezebis

Seqmnas

kavSirebis

arsebobis

saxelganTqmulobis

maSin,

tvinis

rodesac

funqciebsa

Sesaxeb.

gaziarebas,

Tumca

mecnierebi
da

mxolod

kompleqsur
aravin

misi SemTxveva

dRemde

iwyebdnen

qcevas

isurvebda
SemorCa

Soris
geijis

istorias,

72

radganac is warmoadgens yvelaze ufro adreul dokumentirebul cnobas imis

Sesaxeb, rom fsiqologiur procesebs tvinis cxovelqmedeba gansazRvravs.
ratom aris

TiToeuli CvenTagani unikaluri individi?

fineas

geijis

istoriidan gamomdinare, pasuxs am kiTxvaze nawilobriv Tavis tvini da, ufro

zogadad, Tqveni biologiuri Taviseburebebi gansazRvravs. imis gagebaSi rom
dagexmaroT, Tu ra gangansxvavebT Tqven garSemomyofTagan, Cven aRvwerT, ra
rols TamaSobs memkvidreobiToba Tqveni cxovrebis Camoyalibebisa da Tqveni
tvinis formirebis saqmeSi. dafiqrdiT, _ qcevis ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
adamianebs da rogor vlindeba es SesaZleblobebi TiToeul CvenganSi?
garkveulwilad

wignis

es

Tavi

Tqveni

biologiuri

potencialis

mniSvnelovani aspeqtis dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tqveni tvini sakmarisad

kompleqsuria imisaTvis, rom sakuTari funqciebis sistematuri kontroli da
koordinireba ganaxorcielos. ratom aris is aseTi mniSvnelovani? adamianis
tvins xSirad kompiuters adareben. iwonis ra mxolod 1500 grams, Tqveni tvini
met ujreds Seicavs, vidre varskvlavia Cvens galaqtikaSi 100 miliardi
ujredi, romelic erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli da informaciis gacvlasa da
Senaxvas saocari efeqturobiT axerxebs. magram msoflioSi yvelaze ufro
Zlieri kompiuteric ki ver SeZlebs im wesebis asaxvas, romlebic mis sakuTar
operaciebs gansazRvraven. ase rom Tqven nebismier kompiuterze bevrad ufro
rTuli

agebulebisa

xarT;

Tqveni

cnobiereba

saSualebas

gaZlevT

gansazRvroT is wesebi, romlebic Tqvens cxovelqmedebas uzrunvelyofen.

kvleva,

romelsac

Cven

wignis

am

TavSi

avRwerT,

warmoiqmna

adamianis

survilidan, _ Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.

bevri studentisaTvis es Tavi ufro did sirTules warmoadgens, vidre
mTeli am wignis darCenili nawili. is moiTxovs Tqvengan anatomiisa da
mravali

axali

terminis

swavlas,

romelic

TiTqos

Zalian

Sorsaa

im

informaciisagan, romelsac Tqven fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursSi moelodiT.

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Tqveni biologiuri bunebis gageba dagexmarebaT ufro
kompleqsurad SeigrZnoT urTierTkavSiri tvins, gonebas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris, romelic im gansakuTrebul SegrZnebas gansazRvravs, rasac qvia iyo
adamiani.
am Tavis mizania, agixsnaT, Tu rogor monawileobs biologia unikaluri
individebis

SeqmnaSi.

am

miznis

misaRwevad

Cven

jer

avRwerT,

rogor

gansazRvravs evolucia da memkvidreobiToba Tqvens biologiasa da qcevas;

Semdeg vnaxavT, rogor gvexmareba laboratoriuli da klinikuri kvleva

73

tvinis,

nervuli

Semdgom

da

endokrinuli

ganvixilavT

saintereso

sistemebis
kavSirebs

muSaobis

SeswavlaSi.

biologiur

funqciebsa

amis
da

cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas Soris. dabolos, Cven SeviswavliT individebs

Soris gansxvavebas tvinsa da qcevas Soris kavSiris fonze.
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom fsiqologiis erT-erTi umTavresi
amocanaa, Seiswavlos adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
am mizezebis dadgenaSi dagvexmareba kavSir-gansxvaveba iseT punqtebs Soris,
rogoricaa buneba aRzrda; memkvidreobiToba garemo. Tqven SegiZliaT
warmoidginoT,

rom

individebi

agresiulni

arian

maTi

biologiuri

Taviseburebebis gamo. SesaZloa maT romelime mSoblisagan memkvidreobiT

ergoT tendencia agresiulobisaken. alternatiuli variantia imis daSveba,
rom

yvela

adamianSi

gamomJRavnebis

xarisxi

agresiuloba

Tanabradaa

damokidebulia

im

warmodgenili

garemoze,

sadac

da

es

misi

adamianebi

aRizardnen. swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze Zireulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor

unda

moepyros

sazogadoeba

agresiul

individs

moaxmaros

Zalisxmeva

garemos garkveuli pirobebisa Tu Tavad adamianebis Tvisebebis Secvlas.

Tqven unda SegeZloT ganasxvavoT garemos gavlena memkvidreobiTobisagan.
radganac garemoze dakvirveba pirdapir SeiZleba, ufro advilia imis
dadgena, Tu rogor axdens is gavlenas adamianis qcevaze. magaliTad, Tqven
SegiZliaT

daakvirdeT

mSoblis

agresiul

qcevas

bavSvis

mimarT

da

warmoidginoT, ra gavlenas moaxdens es momavalSi bavSvis agresiulobaze;

Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT Warbdasaxlebul da Rarib garemocvas, romelSic
bavSvebi izrdebian da dainteresdeT, SeuZlia Tu ara am garemo pirobebs
agresiuli

qcevis

gansazRvraven,

gamowveva.

SeuiaraRebeli

biologiur
TvaliT

Zalebs,

verasdros

romlebic

davakvirdebiT.

qcevas
qcevis

biologia rom ukeT gaiTavisoT, Cven daviwyebT zogierTi iseTi principis

aRweriT, romelic saxeobebis qcevis potenciur repertuars gansazRvravs
(evoluciis Teoriis elementebi) da mere aRvwerT, Tu rogor gadaecema
qceviTi variaciebi Taobidan Taobas.
evolucia da bunebrivi gadarCeva
1831

wels

daamTavra,
samxreT

Carlz

inglisidan
amerikis

darvini,
gem

sanapiros

romelmac

bigliT

koleji

gaemgzavra

Sesaswavlad.

Teologiis

xuTwlian

mogzaurobis

ganxriT

eqspediciaSi

dros

darvini

74

agrovebda

yvelafers,

rac

ki

mas

gzad

xvdeboda:

zRvis

cxovelebs,

frinvelebs, mcenareebs, namarxebs, niJarebsa da qvebs. misi dakvirvebebis

Sedegebi safuZvlad daedo wigns, romelic moicavda sakiTxebs dawyebuli
geologiidan

zoologiisa

sayovelTaod

gauTqva

warmoSoba.

am

da

saxeli,

naSromSi

emociebis
aris

darvinma

umniSvnelovanesi Teoria: _

moZRvreba

CaTvliT.

wigni,

romelmac

mas

wels

gamocemuli

saxeobaTa

Camoayaliba

mecnierebis

erT-erTi

1859

dedamiwaze

sicocxlis

evoluciis

Sesaxeb.

bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma

Camoayaliba

moZRvreba

evoluciis

Sesaxeb,

romelSic

mogzaurobis dros Segrovili dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aisaxa. erT-erTi im

mravalricxovan

adgilTa

Soris,

romelic

biglma

moinaxula,

iyo

galapagosis kunZulebi vulkanuri arqipelagi samxreT amerikis dasavleT

sanapirosTan. am kunZulebze uamravi cxoveli binadrobs, maT Soris amJamad
darvinis skvinCad cnobili frinvelis 13 saxeoba. darvini dainteresda, Tu
ratom arsebobda skvinCas amdeni sxvadasxva saxeoba arqipelagze. cxadi iyo,
rom isini kontinentidan ver gadmovidodnen, radganac iq es saxeobebi ar
binadrobdnen. man ivarauda, rom saxeobaTa es sxvadasxvaoba iyo Sedegi
garkveuli procesisa, romelsac mogvianebiT bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.

bunebrivi gadarCeva darvinis Teoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomadgenlis ukeTesi Segueba
garemosadmi, saSualebas aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmatebulad gamravldes.

darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, skvinCas yoveli saxeoba saerTo winaprisagan

warmoiSva. Tavidan frinvelebis patara gundma daido bina kunZulebze; isini
gamravldnen erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi
frinveli arqipelagis sxva kunZulze gadavida. procesi, romelic Semdgom
etapze

ganviTarda,

iyo

bunebrivi

gadarCeva.

sakvebi

resursebi

da

sacxovrebeli pirobebi bunebrivi pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

sxvadasxva kunZulze. zogan uxvadaa kenkra da Teslovani mcenareebi, zogi
kunZuli kaqtusebiTaa dafaruli, xolo sxvaze uamravi mweria. erTi SexedviT,
populaciebi sxvadasxva kunZulze msgavsi iyo magram yovel kunZulze
frinvelebs Soris garkveuli araerTgvarovneba arsebobda. imis gamo, rom
kunZulebze

sakvebi

resursebis

raodenoba

SezRuduli

iyo,

skvinCebis

gadarCenis Sansi izrdeboda, Tu maTi niskartis forma ukeT iyo misadagebuli

am

kunZulze

arsebuli

sakvebis

mopovebisaTvis.

magaliTad,

skvinCebi,

75

romlebic

kenkriTa

binadrobdnen,

da

Teslovani

mcenareebiT

mdidar

kunZulebze

gadarCebodnen, Tu msxvili niskarti hqondaT. frinvelebi

wvrili, wawvetebuli niskartiT, romelic mouxerxebelia Teslis gatexvisa

Tu gaxsnisaTvis, aseT kunZulebze iRupebodnen. yoveli kunZulis garemo
pirobebi

gansazRvravda,

gadarCeboda

da

frinvelebis

gamravldeboda,

da

sawyisi

romeli

populaciidan

daiRupeboda

romeli

STamomavlobis

gareSe. droTa ganmavlobaSi aman gamoiwvia kunZulebze Zalian gansxvavebuli

populaciebis Camoyalibeba da xeli Seuwyo saerTo winaprisagan darvinis
skvinCebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganviTarebas.
zogadad,

bunebrivi

gadarCevis

Teoria

gulisxmobs,

rom

organizmi,

romelic kargad aris Seguebuli bunebriv garemos, rogoric ar unda iyos

igi, ufor met STamomavlobas tovebs, vidre naklebad Seguebuli. drois
ganmavlobaSi, organizmebi, romelTac gadarCenisaTvis saWiro niSan-Tvisebebi
gaaCniaT, ricxobrivad imateben imaTTan SedarebiT, romelTac es niSan-Tviseba
ar aqvs. evoluciisaTvis individis warmateba izomeba mis mier datovebuli
STamomavlobis raodenobiT.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bunebriv gadarCevas mokle drois
ganmavlobaSic ki dramatuli efeqtebis gamowveva SeuZlia. peter da rozmari
grantebis

mier

arqipelagis

(Grant & Grant, 1989; Grant, 1986; Weiner, 1994)

erT-erT

gamokvlevaTa

seria,

kunZulze
romlis

darvinis

drosac

skvinCebze

registrirebul

galapagosis

Catarebul
iqna

iqna

naleqebis

raodenoba, sakvebis miwodeba da frinvelebis populaciis zoma. 1976 wels

populacia moicavda aTasze met skvinCas. momdevno wels gamanadgurebelma
gvalvam

mospo

sakvebis

maragi.

patara

zomis

Teslebi

gamoifita,

darCa

mxolod didi da uxeSi. im wels frinvelTa populacia Semcirda 80%-ze

metiT, TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos, rom patara niskartebis mqone mcire zomis
skvinCebi ufro meti daiRupa, vidre mozrdili zomis frinveli msxvili
niskartiT. Sesabamisad, rogorc amas darvini winaswarmetyvelebda, momdevno
wels didi zomis frinvelTa raodenobam imata. ratom? imitom rom mxolod
eseni, didi sxeulebiTa da msxvili niskartebiT iyvnen sakmarisad Zlierni
imisaTvis,

rom

epasuxaT

gvalviT

gamowveuli

garemos

cvlilebebisaTvis.

sainteresoa, rom 1983 wels naleqebis raodenoba Warbi iyo da Teslebi,

gansakuTrebiT

mcire

zomis,

uxvad

ganviTarda.

Sedegad,

mcire

zomis

frinvelebma raodenobaSi ajobes didi zomis frinvelebs, imitom, rom maTi

niskartebi ukeT iyo morgebuli mcire zomis Teslebis mopovebisaTvis. peter

76

da rozmari grantebis kvlevam aCvena, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mniSvnelovan

efeqtebs drois mokle periodSic iZleva. dResac mkvlevaebi agrZeleben
sxvadasxva

saxeobebis

bunebriv

gadarCevaze

garemo

pirobebis

gavlenis

Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul xilis buzze (Huey et al., 200) da Tevzebis
sxvadasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).

genotipi da fenotipi
skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis magaliTi cxadyofs, Tu ratom
uwodebda

darvini

evoluciis

process

ukeT

Seguebulis

gadarCenas.

warmoidgineT, rom yoveli saxeobisaTvis nebismier garemoSi uamravi saarsebo

sirTule moiZebneba. saxeobis is warmomadgenlebi, romelTac garemosTan ukeT
Sexamebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri atributebi gaaCniaT, ufro advilad
gadarCebian. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am atributebis gadacema SesaZloa
Taobidan

TaobaSi

(da

garemoSi

es

sirTuleebi

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

narCundeba), saxeobis evoluciis Sansi izrdeba.

bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis detaluri Seswavlis mizniT, Cven unda
SemovitanoT evoluciuri Teoriis

ramdenime mniSvnelovani cneba. modiT,

SevCerdeT calkeul skvinCaze, kerZodDki im faqtze, rom am skvinCam misi

mSoblebisgan

memkvidreobiT

genotipi,
genotipi

anu

genetikuri

struqtura

miiRo.

konkretuli garemos konteqstSi am genotipma gansazRvra skvinCas ganviTareba

da qceva. skvinCas garegnoba da misi qcevis repertuari ganixileba rogorc
fenotipi.
fenotipi Cveni skvinCas SemTxvevaSi genotipi gansazRvravs mocemul garemo
pirobebTan erTad mokle niskartis fenotips; am niskartiT SesaZlebelia
patara Teslebis akrefa. yvela tipis Tesli mravlad rom yofiliyo, maSin am
fenotips

gadarCenisaTvis

davuSvebT,
SesaZlebeli,

rom

mxolod

maSin

Cven

araviTari
mcire
skvinCas

mniSvneloba

zomis

eqneboda.

Teslebis

msxvili

mopoveba

niskartis

mqone

magram

Tu

yofiliyo
skvinCebTan

SedarebiT seleqtiuri upiratesoba eqneboda. mxolod didi zomis Teslebis

arsebobis pirobebSi iqneboda Cveni skvinCa araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.
mxolod

gadarCenil

skvinCebs

SeuZliaT

gamravleba.

memkvidreobiT

TavianTi genotipis gadacema SeuZliaT mxolod im cxovelebs, romlebic

mravldeba. Sesabamisad, Tuki garemoSi mxood mcire zomis Teslebi moipoveba,
mravali

Taobis

Semdeg

mxolod

mcireniskartian

skvinCebs

miviRebT

Sesabamisad mxolod mcire zomis Teslebis mopovebis unariT. ase cvlis

garemo

saxeobis

qcevis

SesaZlo

repertuars.

suraTi

3.1

warmogvidgens

77

bunebrivi gadarCevis gamartivebul models. Cven SegviZlia es idea adamianis

evoluciasac mivusadagoT.
genotipi organizmis genetikuri struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan memkvidreobiT iRebs.
fenotipi

organizmis

xiluli

niSan-Tvisebebi,

romlebic

misi

genotipisa

da

garemos

urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.

adamianis evolucia
Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic adamianis saxeobis evolucia
moxda, mivxvdebiT, Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri da qceviTi
Tvisebebi

adamianis

saxeobis

biologiuri

kapitalis

nawils.

adamianis

evoluciaSi bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis ori umTavresi Tviseba bipedalizmi

da encefalizacia iyo gadamwyveti. orivem erTad ganapiroba kacobriobis
civilizaciis warmoqmna. bipedalizmi niSnavs or fexze amarTulad siarulis
unars,

xolo

encefalizacia

Tavis

tvinis

zomis

momatebas.

es

ori

adaptacia pasuxismgebelia adamianis evoluciis umravles Tu ara, yvela

miRwevaze,

kulturuli

ganviTarebis

CaTvliT.

rodesac

Cvenma

winaprebma

SeZles or fexze amarTuli siaruli, maT SeiZines garemos Seswavlisa da

axali resursebis eqspluataciis unari; Tavis tvinis zomis momatebasTan
erTad ki maTi inteleqti gaumjobesda, maT SeiZines kompleqsuri azrovnebis,
msjelobis, damaxsovrebisa da dagegmvis unari (Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
ufro

didi

tvinis

evolucia

ar

warmoadgens

ufro

didi

inteleqtis

garantias mniSvnelovani iyo is, Tu ra tipis tvinis qsovili viTaredeboda

da

ra

adgils

ikavebda

is

tvinis

farglebSi).

genotipma,

romelic

gansazRvravda Wkvian da mobilur fenotips, nel-nela gandevna naklebad

warmatebulad adaptirebuli genotipebi adamianTa genuri fondidan, ramac
gamravlebis unari ufro Wkvian orfexa arsebebs misca.
bipedalizmisa da encefalizaciis Semdeg, Cveni saxeobis evoluciis gzaze
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani etapi iyo metyvelebis warmoqmna (Bicketron, 1990;
Holden, 1998). ifiqreT, ra SeguebiTi upiratesoba SeeZlo moetana metyvelebis
ganviTarebas adreuli periodis adamianebisaTvis. iaraRebis gakeTebisaTvis
saWiro martivi miTiTebebi, kargi sanadiro Tu saTevzao adgilebis povna da
saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba zogavda dros, Zalas da sicocxles. imis
magier, rom yovel jerze Tavidan eswavlaT sakuTari gamocdilebidan cdisa
da Secdomis meTodiT, adamianebma SeZles sxvaTa gamocdilebis gamoyeneba.
saubari, iumoric ki, aZlierebda socialur kavSirebs bunebrivad isedac

78

sazogadoebrivi
metyvelebis

saxeobis wevrebs Soris. yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom

warmoqmna-ganviTarebam

SesaZlo

gaxada

dagrovili

codnis

gadacema Taobidan Taobaze.

garemos gavlena
(cvlilebebi garemoSi)

konkurencia
(resursebisaTvis)

ukeT Seguebuli
fenotipis SerCeva
(mraval fenotips Soris)

warmatebuli reproduqcia
(Seguebuli fenotipis Sesabamisi genotipi
gadaecema momdevno Taobas)

am genotipis (da fenotipis)

sixSire matulobs
(momdevno TaobaSi)

sur. 3.1. rogor muSaobs bunebrivi gadarCeva

garemo

pirobebis

cvlileba

ganapirobebs

saxeobis

wevrebs

Soris

konkurencias resursebisaTvis brZolaSi. mxolod im individebs, romelTac am

cvlilebebTan ukeT Seguebuli Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, eqnebaT gadarCenisa da
gamravlebis Sansi. momdevno TaobaSi Seguebuli genetikuri struqturis mqone
individTa raodenoba meti iqneba.
metyveleba
tendecia,

warmoadgens

daswavlis

kulturuli

gziT

adapturad

evoluciis
upasuxos

bazas
garemos

kulturebis
cvlilebebs.

kulturulma evoluciam ganapiroba iaraRebis warmoebis warmateba, soflis

meurneobis gaumjobeseba da industriisa da teqnologiebis ganviTareba da
daxvewa.
SeveguoT

kulturuli
garemo

evolucia

pirobebis

saSualebas
cvlilebebs.

gvaZlevs

Zalian

personaluri

swrafad

kompiuteris

gamoyenebis Segueba, magaliTad, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda.

miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli evolucia ver iarsebebs genotipis gareSe,

79

romelic kodirebs daswavlisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars. kultura

xelovnebis, literaturis, musikis, samecniero codnisa da filantropiuli
aqtivobebis CaTvliT SesaZloa mxolod adamianis genotipis potencialis
gamo.
adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba
Tqven

naxeT,

biologiur

rom

adamianis

potencials

evoluciis

eniWwboda:

mag.

dros

upiratesoba

bipedalizmi

da

saziaro

azrovnebisa

da

metyvelebis unari. magram am saziaro potencialSic rCeba adgili sagrZnobi

variaciebisaTvis. Tqvenma ded-mamam gadmogcaT mxolod nawili imisa, rac maT
mSoblebisgan, bebia-babuisagan da Tqveni ojaxis yvela sxva wina Taobisagan
hqondaT mirebuli, ramac Sedegad mogvca Tqveni ganviTarebis unikaluri
biologiuri gegma. memkvidreobiTobis (winaprebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
niSan-Tvisebebis miRebas) meqanizmis Semswavlel mecnierebas genetika ewodeba.

genetikis safuZvlebi
Tqveni

yoveli

ujredis

birTvSi

moTavsebulia

romelsac dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis

mJava)

genetikuri

masala,

ewodeba. dnm organizebulia

umcires nawilakebad, genebad.

genebad genebis zusti raodenoba adamianis genomSi
(genTa erToblioba) dRemde araa cnobili; asaxeleben ricxvs 30 000-dan 150
000-mde

(Pennisi,

2000).

genebi

Seicaven

cilebis

sinTezisaTvis

instruqciebs. es cilebi aregulireben sxeulSi mimdinare

saWiro

fiziologiur

procesebs da ganapirobeben fenotipis eqspresias: _ sxeulis formas, fizikur

Zalas da bevr sxva qceviT Tvisebas.
genebi

moTavsebulia

struqturebze,

qromosomebi

romelTac

ewodeba.

Casaxvis momentSi Tqven iRebT mSoblebisagan 46 qromosomas 23-s dedisgan

da 23-s mamisgan. yoveli qromosoma aTasobiT gens Seicavs spermisa da
kvercxujredis Serwyma Sedegad gvaZlevs genTa mravali milioni SesaZlo
kombinaciidan

mxolod

erTs.

sasqeso

qromosomebi

Seicaven

informacias

mamrisa Tu mdedris fizikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Tqven iRebT X qromosomas

dedisgan

da

mdedrobiTi

an

Tvisebebis

qromosomas
ganviTarebas,

mamisgan.

XX

kombinacia

ganapirobebs

xolo

XY

kombinacia

mamrobiTi

Tvisebebis ganviTarebas.
memkvidreobiToba niSan-Tvisebebis biologiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.
genetika mecniereba winaprebisgan miRebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis
memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) - genetikuri informaciis gadacemis fizikuri baza.
geni memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTeuli; qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic
pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.

80

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens dedmamiSvilebTan Tqven daaxloebiT genTa

50% saerTo gaqvT, genTa Tqveni kombinacia absoluturad unikaluria, Tuki
Tqven ar gyavT erTkvercxiani tyupi. genebs Soris sxvaoba aris erT-erTi
mizezi, Tu ratom gansxvavdebiT Tqven fizikurad da qceviTac Tqveni Zmebisa
da debisagan. sxva mizezi ki isaa, rom Tqven ar cxovrobT absoluturad
identur garemoSi. fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani mizania, zemoqmedebis am or
wyaros Soris wonasworobis (balansis) gageba.

genebi da qceva
Cven

vnaxeT,

genotipSi

rom

evoluciurma

procesma

uamravi

cvalebadobis

arseboba;

qmnis

cvalebadobas

adamianTa

garemosTan

SesaZlo

am

gaxada

genotipTa

fenotipSi.

adamianis

urTierTqmedeba

adamianTa

qcevis

genetikis sferoSi mkvlevrebi Tanabrad iyeneben genetikisa da fsiqologiis

meTodebs,

raTa

Seiswavlon

mizezobrivi

urTierTkavSiri

niSan-TvisebaTa

memkvidreobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000; Plomin & Rende, 1991; Plomin et
al., 1994).
qceviTi

genetikis

logikis

Sesaswavlad

Cven

unda

aRvweroT

saocari

aRmoCena: _ Tqveni subieqturi kargad yofnis bednierebis, romelsac Tqven

Tqveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdiT safuZvels, SesaZloa, genetikuri
komponenti gansazRvravdes.
saidan viciT
bednierebis memkvidreobiToba
bednierebis genetikuri komponentis Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes
qceviTi

genetikis

klasikuri

meTodi.

maT

Seiswavles

monozigoturi

(genetikurad identuri) (MZ) da dizigoturi (e.w. fraternuli, anu sibsebis

msgavsi)

(DZ)

tyupebis

mier

sakuTari

bednierebis

Sefaseba.

tyupebis

81

bednierebis done fasdeboda specialuri kiTxvariT, romelSic iyo aseTi

tipis kiTxvebic, magaliTad, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ramdenad bednieri xarT?.
mkvlevrebma

Seiswavles

MZ

da

DZ

pasuxebis

ori

seria,

rodesac

respondentebi Sesabamisad 20 da 30 wlisa iyvnen. maT Caatares e.w. jvaredini

analizi (suraTi 3.2): _ 30 wlis respondentis gamonaTqvami Seadares misi
tyupiscalis
arsebobda
tyupebSi

gamonaTqvams

korelacia
pasuxebis

DZ

20

wlis

tyupebis

80%-is

asakSi.

gamoirkva,

pasuxebs

korelacia

Soris.

jvaredini

rom

maSin

TiTqmis

ar

rodesac

MZ

analizis

Sedegad

dadasturda. mecnierebis warmodgeniT, es maRali korelacia SeiZleba aixsnas

mxolod im daSvebiT, rom bednierebas genetikuri komponenti aqvs (Lykken &
Tellegen, 1996).

arsebobs korelacia?
20 wlis

30 wlis

A tyupis bednierebis
done

A tyupis bednierebis
done

B tyupis bednierebis
done

B tyupis bednierebis
done

sur. 3.2. bednierebis genetikuri safuZvlis Semswavleli cdis sqema

mecnierebma Seiswavles korelacia erTi tyupis bednierebis doneebs Soris 20

da 30 wlis asakSi.
xom ar gagikvirdaT, rom bednierebasac ki SesaZloa Zlieri genetikuri
komponenti hqondes? Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT, rom bednierebas garemo ufro
metad gansazRvravs. Tqven romantiuli urTierToba gaqvT? ramdenad rTulia
Tqveni swavlis procesi? romelia Tqveni cxovrebis mTavari winaaRmdegobebi?
mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom garemos aseTi movlenebi iwvevs dabadebis dros
miRebuli bednierebis saSualo donis garkveul variaciebs. analogiisaTvis.
gaixseneT rogor muSaobs Termostati. davuSvaT, Tqven temperatura daayeneT
20C-ze;

garemo

garkveulad

Secvlis

am

temperaturas,

magram

saSualo

maCvenebeli igive darCeba. bednierebis sakiTxis kvlevam aCvena, rom yovel

Cvengans aqvs bednierebis donis raRac sawyisi maCvenebeli (analogiiT, mag.,
10C, 20C, an 30C),

romelic

narCundeba

mTeli

cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi

82

mimdinare movlenebis miuxedavad. magram aucilebelia, rom amas geni (an

genebi) gansazRvravdes? gaixseneT wignis meore Tavidan: _ korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba.

SesaZloa,

gamocdilebam

gansazRvros

gamovlena.
genomis

identuri

elementebs

rom

individis

qcevis

genetikurad

da

dizigoturi

aqvT

gavlena

sxva

aspeqtebma,

ganpirobebuli

tyupebis

magaliTi

bednierebaze.

an

bednierebis

gviCvenebs,

davuSvaT,

rom

rom

Tqveni

genetikuri memkvidreoba gansazRvravs, Tu rogor afasebT Tqven momxdar

movlenebs rom Tqveni da an Zma genetikurad ganwyobilia ufro metad
daiTrgunos umniSvnelo problemebisagan. Tqven, SesaZloa, ufro bednieri
iyoT,

magram

genetika

gansazRvravs,

interpretacias,

romelic,

bednierebaSi,

SesaZloa,

pozitiuri

an,

da

negatiuri

Tu

Tavis

rogor

mxriv,

saSualo

emociebis

axdenT

Tqven

ganapirobebs

keTildReoba

gamomwvev

samyaros

gansxvavebebs

warmoadgens

genebs

Soris

balanss

(Hamer, 1996).

rogori axsnac ar unda moiZebnos, erTi ram cxadia: mSoblebisagan miRebuli

genebi ufro farTo gavlenas axdenen Tqvenze, vidre mxolod Tvalis ferisa
Tu Tqveni simaRlis gansazRvraa.
daimaxsovreT, rom genebSi Tqveni bedis kodi araa Cadebuli. is rom Tqven
maRali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom kalaTburTi unda iTamaSoT; is, rom Tqven qali
xarT,

ar

niSnavs,

gaxsovdeT,

rom

rom

aucileblad

genotipis

bavSvebi

eqspresia

unda

mxolod

gaaCinoT.

garkveul

yovelTvis
konteqstSia

SesaZlebeli. fizikuri zoma, magaliTad, ganpirobebulia genetikuri masaliTa

da kvebis racioniT erToblivad. fizikuri Zala rogorc mamakacebSi, ise
qalebSi, SesaZloa, ganviTarebul iqnes specialuri savarjiSoebis meSveobiT.
inteleqtualuri

ganviTareba

ganpirobebulia

rogorc

genetikuri

potencialiT, ise aRzrdis pirobebiT. verc marto genebi da verc marto

garemo ver gansazRvravs, vin xarT Tqven da ra pirovnebad CamoyalibdebiT.
adamianis

qcevis

genetikaSi

gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba

individualuri

gansxvavebebis warmoSobis Seswavlas eTmoba: _ individualuri genetikuri

masalis ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven Tqveni azrovnebisa da qcevis maneras?
sociobiologebi

cdiloben

am

kiTxvaze

pasuxis

gacemas

qcevis

farTo

speqtris fonze. es sfero Seiswavlis socialur qcevas da adamianebisa da

sxva

cxovelebis

socialuri

sistemebis

evoluciur

safuZvlebs.

modiT

bednierebaSi ufro meti vigulisxmoT. Cven mxolod qceviTi genetikis kvleva

aRvwereT,
Seiswavlis,

romelic
magram

bednierebis
rogor

sferoSi

SeiZleba

aixsnas

individualur
evoluciuri

gansxvavebebs
perspeqtividan

83

adamianis saxeobis zogadi unari bednierebis gancdisa? basi (2000) uSvebs, rom
adamianTa

bednierebaSi

garemoebebs

Soris

miuxedavad

imisa,

garkveuli

arsebuli
rom

SezRudvebia

Seusabamobebis

adamianebi

mcire

Tanamedrove

gamo

zomis

(gv.

da

Zvel

15).

magaliTad,

jgufebis

konteqstSi

ganviTardnen, bevri dRes did urbanul garemoSi cxovrobs, sadac didi

raodenobiT ucxoebiT aris garemoculi. Cven aRar SegvrCa mWidro kavSirebi
individTa im jgufebTan, romelTanac saarsebo sivrces viyofT; kavSirebi,
romlebic gvexmareba bednieri cxovrebis gancdaSi. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven ar SegiZliaT ukan daabrunoT am cvlilebebis
gamomwvevi

kulturuli

evolucia,

Tqven

SegiZliaT

arsebuli

viTarebis

kompensireba Tqvens ojaxTan da megobrebTan mWidro kavSirebis damyarebiT

(Buss, 2000).

Sejameba
saxeobebi
gadarCevis

warmoiqmneba
Sedegad,

intensivobiT

da

romelic

gamravldes

icvleba

drois

warmoadgens

fenotipuri

ganmavlobaSi

organizmis

Tvisebebisa

unars

da

bunebrivi
sxvadasxva

garemos

Soris

urTierTqmedebis gamo. adamianis evoluciaSi ori umTavresi Segueba iyo

bipedalizmi da encefalizacia. metyvelebis ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada
swrafi kulturuli evolucia.
adamianis qceviTi genetikis mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian kavSirs memkvidreobiT
miRebul

genebsa

da

qcevas

Soris.

sociobiologebi

iyeneben

evoluciur

midgomas saxeobebis socialuri qcevis gagebisaTvis.

biologia da qceva
modiT, axla Cveni yuradReba mivapyroT adamianis genotipis mniSvnelovan
produqts: im biologiur sistemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac azrovnebisa da
qcevis

mTel

speqtrs

vaxorcielebT.

bevrad

ufro

adre

darvinis

mogzaurobamde, mecnierebi, filosofosebi da sxvebi msjelobdnen, Tu ra

rols

asruleben

biologiuri

sistemebi

yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi.

tvinis

Seswavlis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figura iyo rene dekarti

(1596-1650), romelmac SemogvTavaza imdroisaTvis Zalzed radikaluri idea: _
adamianis sxeuli aris cxoveluri manqana, romelic SeiZleba mecnierulad
SeviswavloT empiriuli dakvirvebis gziT bunebrivi kanonebis aRmoCenios
meSveobiT. dekarti Tvlida, rom adamianis qmedeba aris meqanikuri refleqsi

84

garemos mxridan stimulaciis sapasuxod. man ivarauda, rom fizikuri energia

aagznebs grZnobis organos. stimulirebis Semdeg grZnobis organo gadascems
tvins agznebas cxoveluri sulis meSveobiT; tvini, Tavis mxriv, gadascems
cxovelur suls kunTebis Sesabamis jgufs, romlebic moZraobiT refleqsur
pasuxs axorcieleben.
refleqsis dekartiseul cnebas mecnieruli dasabuTeba ar hqonda 1906
wlamde,

rodesac

ser

Carlz

Seringtonma

aRmoaCina,

rom

refleqsebis

safuZvels warmoadgenen pirdapiri kavSirebi sensorul da motorul nervul

boWkoebs Soris zurgis tvinis doneze. Seringtonma wamoayena idea, rom
nervuli sistema rogorc amagznebel (nervuli aqtivobis gaZliereba), ise
Semakavebel (nervuli aqtivobis Semcireba) procesebs moicavs. me-20 saukunis
dasawyisamde mecnierebma araferi icodnen nervuli sistemis struqturuli
erTeulis,

neironis

Sesaxeb.

santiago

ramon

kaxali

iyo

pirveli,

vinc

aRmoaCina fizikuri zRvari mezobel neironebs Soris da ganaviTara Teoria

neironebs Soris informaciis gadacemis Sesaxeb. ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg,
eleqtronuli mikroskopis gamoyenebam daadastura misi ideebi. 1948 wels
donald hebma ivarauda, rom tvini ara mxolod nervuli qsovilis masaa,
aramed

integrirebuli

struqturebis,

e.w.

ujreduli

ansamblebis

erTobliobaa, romlebic specifikur funqciebs asruleben.

dekartis Semdeg moxseniebuli mkvlevrebi Tavs neiromecnierebs uwodeben.
dRes,

neiromecniereba

kvlevis

erT-erTi

yvelaze

ufro

swrafad

ganviTarebadi sferoa. mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi gamaognebeli regularobiT

xdeba. neiromecnierebis Sesaxeb Cveni saubari daiwyeba im teqnikuri meTodebis
aRweriT,

romlebac

mkvlevrebi

axali

aRmoCenebisaTvis

iyeneben.

Semdeg

gavecnobiT nervuli sistemis zogad struqturas, romelsac tvinis ufro

detaluri Seswavla mosdevs. dabolos, Cven gavecnobiT endokrinuli sistemis
moqmedebas meore makontrolebeli biologiuri sistema, romelic nervul
sistemasTan erTad muSaobs.

neiromecniereba moZRvreba nervuli sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.

movusminoT tvins
neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTodebis meSveobiT Seiswavlon
tvinis

muSaoba

dawyebuli

operaciebiT

did,

TvalisaTvis

dasanax

struqturebze damTavrebuli ujredebiT, romelTa danaxva mxolod Zlieri

85

mikroskopis

qveSaa

SesaZlebeli.

mkvlevrebis

mier

gamoyenebul

teqnikas

analizis garkveuli done Seesabameba. aq Cven ganvixilavT yvelaze ufro

xSirad gamoyenebad meTodebs, romlebic Tavis tvinis ubnebis funqciebisa Tu
qcevis gansazRvrisaTvisaa saWiro.

intervencia tvinSi
mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi gulisxmobs tvinSi pirdapir
intervencias. es meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis SemTxvevidan
iReben,

romliTac

Cven

wignis

es

Tavi

daviwyeT.

geijis

Tavis

tvinis

dazianebis Semdeg qcevis dramatulma cvlilebebma eqimebs afiqrebina, rom

tvini warmoadgens racionaluri qcevisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis safuZvels.
TiTqmis

imave

periodSi,

rodesac

geiji

travmis

Semdeg

mdgomareobidan

gamodioda, pol broka swavlobda tvinis rols metyvelebaSi. misi pirveli

kvleva am sferoSi warmoadgenda adamianis autofsias, romelsac Searqves
tan im erTaderTi sityvis mixedviT, romlis warmoTqmac mas SeeZlo. brokam
naxa, rom tanis tvinis Sublis marcxena ubani Zlier dazianebuli iyo. am
aRmoCenam

ubiZga

brokas

Seeswavla

im

pacientebis

tvini,

romelTac

metyvelebis moSliloba hqondaT. yvela SemTxvevaSi broka poulobda msgavs

dazianebas

tvinis

Tanamedrove

igive

mkvlevrebi

ubanSi,

romelsac

exla

kvlavac

cdiloben

ipovon

brokas

are

ewodeba.

Sesabamisoba

qcevis

cvlilebebsa da tvinis dazianebas Soris.

SemTxveviT

dazianebuli

tvinis

SeswavlaSi

garkveul

problemas

warmoadgens is, rom mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT Tavad gansazRvron dazianebis

ubani da zoma. tvinis safuZvliani Seswavlisa da

qceviT Tu kognitur

funqciebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis mizniT mecnierebs sWirdebaT meTodebi,

romlebic maT tvinis dazianebuli qsovilis zusti specifikaciis saSualebas
miscems. mkvlevrebma ganaviTares meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa
zustad

gansazRvruli

dazianebebis

gamowveva.

maT

SeuZliaT,

magaliTad,

tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis mocileba, am ubnebis neironuli kavSirebis

gadaWra, an am ubnebis dazianeba sicxis, sicivisa Tu eleqtrobis gamoyenebiT.
rogorc, albaT, mixvdiT, tvinis eqsperimentuli dazianeba mxolod sacdel
cxovelebze,

da

ara

adamianebze,

xorcieldeba

(gaixseneT

Cveni

diskusia

wignis meore TavSi, rom aseTi tipis cxoveluri eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad
umkacres

kontrols

Seicvala,

rodesac

eqvemdebareba).
mecnierebma

tvinis
Seadares

Cveneuli
da

gageba

Seiswavles

radikalurad
cxovelebze

dazianebiTi cdebis Sedegebi adamianebis klinikuri monacemebis Sedegebs.

86

garkveul pirobebSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT tvinis funqciebis Seswavla misi

ubnebis pirdapiri stimulaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, 50-ian wlebSi, valter
hesi iyo tvinis Rrma struqturebis eleqtruli stimulaciis pioneri. man
Canerga

eleqtrodebi

Tavisuflad

moZravi

katis

tvinSi.

Rilakze

TiTis

daWeriT mas SeeZlo Canergil eleqtrodSi eleqtruli muxtis gamowveva. hesma

daaxloebiT 500 kataze detalurad Seiswavla tvinis 4500 ubnis eleqtruli
stimulaciis Sedegebi da aRmoaCina, rom eleqtrodis lokalizaciis mixedviT
SesaZlebeli iyo Rilakze TiTis daWeriT Zilis, sqesobrivi aqtivobis, SiSisa
Tu

SfoTvis

gamowveva

an,

Sesabamisad,

gamorTva.

magaliTad,

tvinis

gansazRvruli regionebis eleqtruli stimulacia iwvevda mSvidi katebis

agresiulobas.

brokas are Tavis tvinis ubani, romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi gardaqmnis.

dazianeba tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.

tvinis aqtivobis registracia da warmosaxva

sxva

neiromecnierebi

stimulaciaze

tvinis

tvinis

funqciebis

eleqtruli

aqtivobis

kartirebas

axdenen

eleqtrodebiT

gareSe

registraciis

meSveobiT. tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba SesaZloa sxvadasxva sizustiT iqnes

Seswavlili.

yvelaze

ufro

specifikur

doneze

mkvlevrebi

tvinSi

ultramgrZnobiare mikroeleqtrodebs aTavseben misi calkeuli ujredebis

eleqtruli

aqtivobis

individualuri

Caweris

neironis

mizniT.

aqtivobis

aseTi

registracia

cvlilebebs

garemo

naTels

hfens

stimulaciaze

sapasuxod.
adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben sxva tipis eleqtrodebs. maT
Tavis

zedapirze

aTavseben

didi,

integrirebuli

eleqtruli

aqtivobis

registraciis mizniT. am eleqtrodebiT iwereba eleqtroencefalograma (eeg),

anu tvinis aqtivobis gaZlierebuli Canaweri. eeg-s iyeneben fsiqologiur
aqtivobasa da tvinis pasuxebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad. magaliTad, erT
eqsperimentSi

pacients

warmoudgenen

saxeebis

serias

da

sTxoven

maT

damaxsovrebas. eeg-ze aRiniSneba am dros tvinis specifikuri aqtivoba (Sommer

et al., 1995).
yvelaze

ufro

SesaniSnavia

is

teqnikuri

meTodebi,

romlebic

Tavdapirvelad neiroqirurgebisaTvis iyo SemuSavebuli insultisa Tu sxva

daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis mizniT. es mowyobilobebi cocxal,
aqtiur tvins aCveneben invaziuri procesebis gareSe, rac qsovilis dazianebis

87

risks

mniSvnelovnad

meTodia

misi

amcirebs.

normaluri

Tu

tvinis

warmosaxva

paTologiuri

Zalian

funqciebis

imedismomcemi
SeswavlisaTvis

(Barinaga, 1997; Posner, 1993).

pozitronul-emisiuri tomografiis (anu PET-skani) gamoyenebis dros cdis
pirs Seuyvanen radiaqtiur (magram ara mavne) substanciebs, romlebic tvins
aRweven

da

garkveuli

moTavsebuli

Camweri

ujredebis

xelsawyoebi

mier
am

STainTqmebian.

dros

afiqsireben

Tavis

gareT

radiaqtiurad

moniSnul ujredebs, romlebic sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis

drosaa aqtiuri. es infromacia gadaecema kompiuters, romelSidac tvinis
dinamiuri

ruqa

dgeba

da

romelic

uCvenebs,

Tu

sad

mimdinareobs

fiziologiuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva tipi.

magnitur-rezonansuli

tomografia

(MRI)

iyenebs

magnitur

velebs

da

radiotalRebs tvinis SigniT energiis pulsebis warmoqmnisaTvis. radganac

pulsebi sxvadasxva sixSiriTaa dayenebuli, zogi atomi magnituri velis
paralelurad
vibrirebas

ganTavsdeba.

(rezonirebas)

rodesac

iwyeben

magniuri

sawyis

pulsi

mdgomareobaSi

iTiSeba,

atomebi

dabrunebis

gamo.

specialuri radio iWers am signalebs da gadaaqvs informacia kompiuterSi,

romelic

gviCvenebs

meSveobiT

sxvadasxva

mkvlevrebs

atomebis

SeuZliaT

lokalizacias

tvinis

tvinSi.

struqturebis

suraTis

dakavSireba

fiziologiur procesebTan.
MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvisaa gamosadegi; PET-skani ufro
detalur informacias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs axali meTodi, e.w.
funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI, romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis upiratesobas
tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlilebebis registraciis meSveobiT.
fMRI saSualebas iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura da funqcia.
mkvlevrebi

iyeneben

fMRI-s

iseTi

kognitiuri

funqciebis

Seswavlisas,

rogoricaa: _ yuradReba, aRqma, metyveleba da mexsiereba (Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000).

eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registracia.

PET--skani tvinis suraTebi, romlebic sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis dros

cocxali

tvinis

aqtivobas

uCveneben

ujredebis

mier

STanTqmuli

radioaqtivobis

dafiqsirebis meSveobiT.

magni
) tvinis suraTebis
magniturtur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI)
(
magnitur velebsa da radiotalRebs iyenebs.

Seqmnis meTodi, romelic

88

300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac dekartma daiwyo tvinis Seswavla;
100 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom tvinis garkveuli
ubnebi specifikur funqciebs asruleben. am aRmoCenebis Semdeg kulturulma
evoluciam

saSualeba

saidumloebebis

misca

Sesaswavlad.

mkvlevrebs
wignis

am

gamoiyenon
Tavis

teqnologia

darCenili

tvinis

nawili

tvinis

saidumloebebs eZRvneba.
nervuli sistema
nervuli

sistema

ujredisagan,
sxeulSia

Sedgeba

neironisgan

gabneuli.

da

nervuli

miliardobiT
nervuli
sistema

specializebuli

boWkoebisagan,
iyofa

or

nervuli

romlebic

mTavar

mTels

nawilad:

centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) da periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns).

cns Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan, xolo pns im neironebisagan,
romlebic

qmnian

nervebs

da

akavSireben

cns-s

sxeulTan.

suraTi

3.3

warmoadgens kavSirs cns-sa da pns-s Soris.

funqciuri magni
) meTodi, romelic aerTianebs PET
magnitur rezonansuli tomografia
tomografia (fMRI)
(
skanisa da mrt-s upiratesobebs da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis magnitur cvilebebs.

centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic Tavisa da zurgis
tvinisagan Sedgeba.

periferiuli nervuli
nervuli sistema (pns) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic spinaluri da
kranialuri nervebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba kavSiri cns-sa da
sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.

cns-is amocanaa sxeulis yvela funqciis integrireba da koordinireba,

Semosuli

nervuli

informaciis

gadamuSaveba

da

sxeulis

sxvadasxva

nawilebSi pasuxebis gagzavna. cns iRebs da agzavnis nervul informacias

zurgis tvinis (nervuli mili, romelic Tavis tvins pns-Tan akavSirebs)
saSualebiT.

Tavad

es

nervuli

mili

moTavsebulia

xerxemlis

arxSi.

spinaluri nervebi gamodis zurgis tvinidan xerxemlis malTa wyvilebs Soris

da ukavSirdeba mTel sxeulSi gabneul sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da
jirkvlebs.

zurgis

tvini

aregulirebs

sxeulis

marcxena

da

marjvena

nawilebis aqtivobas da pasuxismgebelia im martivi, swrafi refleqsebis

ganxorcielebaze,

romelTa

kontrolSi

Tavis

tvini

araa

CarTuli.

mag.,

89

organizms, romlis zurgisa da Tavis tvinebi gancalkevebulia, SeuZlia

mtkivneul gamaRizianebelze sapasuxod kiduris ganrideba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom intaqturi Tavis tvini Cveulebriv pirobebSi informirebuli iqneboda am
qmedebis Sesaxeb, organizms am reaqciis ganxorcieleba misi Carevis gareSec
SeuZlia.

zurgis

tvinis

nervebis

dazianeba

iwvevs

sxeulisa

da

qveda

kidurebis damblas, rogorc es naCvenebia paraplegiur pacientebSi. damblis

gavrceleba

damokidebulia

imaze,

Tu

ra

doneze

moxda

zurgis

tvinis

dazianeba: zeda segmentebis dazianeba ufro farTo damblas iwvevs.

miuxedavad

Tavisi

mmarTvelobiTi

funqciisa,

cns-s

ar

aqvs

uSualo

kontaqti gare samyarosTan. es pns-is funqciaa, miawodos mas informacia

sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT, magaliTad, Tvalebisa da yurebidan da
aseve gaataros cns-is brZanebebi kunTebisa da sxeulis sxva organoebisaken.
pns ZiriTadad boWkoTa ori tipisagan Sedgeba. somaturi nervuli sistema
aregulirebs sxeulis ConCxis kunTebis moqmedebas. mag. warmoidgineT rom
beWdavT

werils.

regulirdeba

Tqveni

somaturi

gadawyvetilebas,

Tu

ra

TiTebis

nervuli
TqvaT,

moZraoba

sistemis
Tqveni

kompiuteris

meSveobiT.

Tavis

roca

tvini

klaviaturaze
Tqven

agzavnis

iRebT

brZanebas

TiTebisaken, daaWiron Sesabamis Rilaks. amavdroulad TiTebidan Tavis tvinSi

ukukavSiris saSualebiT igzavneba informacia maTi moZraobisa da poziciis
Sesaxeb. Tuki Tqven araswor Rilaks daaWireT TiTi, somaturi nervuli
sistema atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb Tavis tvins, romelic Sesabamis koreqcias
ganaxorcielebs da Tqven myisierad waSliT Secdomas da daaWerT TiTs swor
Rilaks.
pns-is meore nawilia avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans), romelic ZiriTad
sasicocxlo

procesebs

awesrigebs.

es

sistema

24

saaTis

ganmavlobaSi

muSaobs, aregulirebs ra sxeulis iseT funqciebs, romlebic Cveulebriv

nebiT kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, mag. sunTqva, saWmlis moneleba da agzneba.
ans maSinac muSaobs, rodesac Tqven gZinavT; is uzrunvelyofs sasicocxlo
funqciebis ganxorcielebas anesTeziisa da xangrZlivi komis drosac.

somaturi nervuli sistema periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic akavSirebs

centralur nervul sistemas kansa da ConCxis kunTebTan.

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic

akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas gluv da gulis kunTebTan da jirkvlebTan da
aregulirebs sxeulis uneblie motorul pasuxebs.

90

nervuli sistema

centraluri nervuli sistema

(Tavisa da zurgis tvini)

periferiuli nervuli sistema

(nervuli qsovili Tavisa da zurgis tvinis
farglebs gareT)

somaturi nervuli sistema

(sensoruli da motoruli nervebi,
nebiTi)

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema

(Sinagani sistemebi, uneblie)

simpaTikuri nawili

parasimpaTikuri nawili

sur. 3.3. adamianis nervuli sistemis ierarqiuli agebuleba

centraluri

nervuli

sistema

Sedgeba

Tavisa

da

zurgis

tvinisagan.

periferiuli nervuli sistema funqciis mixedviT or nawilad iyofa: _

somaturi nervuli sistema akontrolebs nebiT moZraobebs, xolo avtonomiuri
nervuli sistema Sida procesebs. avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aseve or
nawilad iyofa: _ simpaTikuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs qcevas kritikul,
daZabul situaciebSi, xolo parasimpaTikuri sistema akontrolebs qcevas
Cveulebriv pirobebSi.
avtonomiuri

nervuli

sistema

aregulirebs

ori

tipis

reaqciebs:

organizmis reaqciebs safrTxeze da organizmis cxovelqmedebas Cveulebriv

pirobebSi. am funqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
kidev or nawilad iyofa: _ simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri nawilebi. es
ganyofilebebi
nawili

urTierTsawinaaRmdego

aregulirebs

parasimpaTikuri
mdgomareobaSi.

ki

organizmis
sxeulis

simpaTikuri

funqciebs

asruleben.

reaqciebs

daZabul

Sida

sistema

funqciebs

SeiZleba

simpaTikuri
situaciebSi,

akontrolebs

ganxilul

iqnes,

mSvid
rogorc

daZabuli mdgomareobebis momgvarebeli safrTxis, an stresis dros is

amzadebs

tvins

organoebidan
guliscemis

brZolisaTvis.

kunTebisaken
sixSire

saWmlis

nawildeba,

matulobs.

moneleba

Jangbadis

safrTxis

wydeba,

mowodeba
gavlis

sisxli

Sida

Zlierdeba

Semdeg

da

erTveba

91

parasimpaTikuri sistema, raTa ganmuxtos procesebi da organizmi wynardeba.

saWmlis moneleba aRdgeba, guliscema wynardeba, da sunTqva ufro mSviddeba.
parasimpaTikuri
mdgomareobis

nawili

pasuxismgebelia

koordinirebaze,

rogoricaa

organizmis

ZalTa

Cveulebrivi

danaxarjis

gabaTileba,

vizualuri sistemis dacva (cremlisa da gugis Seviwroebis meSveobiT) da

sxeulis

energiis

xangrZlivi

Senaxva.

simpaTikuri

da

parasimpaTikuri

sistemebis gansxvavebuli funqciebi meoTxe suraTzea (3.7) asaxuli.

sur. 3.4 (7
(7). avtonomiuri nervuli sistema

parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic organizmis yoveldRiur Sida

reaqciebsa da qcevas aregulirebs, marcxena mxarezea gamosaxuli; simpaTikuri
nervuli sistema, romelic igive funqciebs stresis dros axorcielebs,
naCvenebia

marjvena

mxareze.

miaqcieT

yuradReba

imas,

rom

simpaTikuri

nervuli sistema zurgis tvinis siaxloves nervuli kvanZebis erTobliobas,

e.w. simpaTikur vels qmnis.
Tavis tvinis struqturebi da maTi funqciebi
Tavis tvini centraluri nervuli sistemis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
nawilia. adamianis Tavis tvini sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Srisagan Sedgeba.
yvelaze ufro Rrmad regionSi, romelsac tvinis Rero ewodeba, moTavsebulia
iseT avtonomiur procesTa maregulirebeli centrebi, rogoricaa guliscema,
sunTqva, ylapva da saWmlis moneleba. centralur Sres qmnis limburi sistema,
romelic

CarTulia

motivaciis,

emociisa

da

mexsierebis

procesebis

ganxorcielebasa da kontrolSi. am or regions gars ekvris cerebrumi didi

tvini. tvinis swored es nawili ganagebs adamianis gonebas. didi tvini, da
misi gare Sre, qerqi (korteqsi) axdens sensoruli informaciis integrirebas,
koordinacias uwevs moZraobas da axorcielebs abstraqtul azrovnebasa da
msjelobas (suraTi 3.5 3.8) axla ufro guldasmiT gavecnoT Tavis tvinis am
sami

ganyofilebis

funqciebs.

daviwyoT

tvinis

ReroTi,

TalamusiTa

da

naTxemiT.
sur. 3.5. Tavis trvinis struqturebi

Tavis tvinis ZiriTadi urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebia tvinis Rero,

naTxemi, limburi sistema da didi tvinis qerqi.
tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi

92

tvinis

Rero

yvela

xerxemlian

cxovels

gaaCnia.

misi

struqturebi

aregulirebs sxeulis Sinagan mdgomareobas (suraTi 3.6 3.9). zurgis tvinis

zeda sazRvarze moTavsebuli mogrZo tvini warmoadgens sunTqvis, sisxlis
wnevisa

da

guliscemis

centrs.

radganac

es

procesebi

sicocxlisaTvis

aucilebelia, mogrZo tvinis dazianeba SeiZleba fataluri iyos. sxeulidan

aRmavali

da

tvinidan

daRmavali

nervuli

boWkoebi

mogrZo

tvinSi

jvaredindeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom sxeulis marcxena nawilis kontrols

tvinis marjvena mxare axorcielebs da piriqiT, sxeulis marjvena nawili
tvinis marcxena nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sur. 3.6. tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi

es struqturebi ZiriTadi sasicocxlo procesebis regulaciaSia CarTuli:

_ sunTqva, pulsi, agzneba, moZraoba, wonasworoba da sensoruli informaciis
pirveladi gadamuSaveba.
uSualod mogrZo tvinis Tavze moTavsebulia xidi, romelic agzavnis
informacias tvinis Reros sxva struqturebSi da naTxemSi (misi saxeli
swored

am

funqcias

ukavSirdeba).

retikuluri

(badebrivi)

formacia

warmoadgens nervebis xSir qsels, romelic tvinis Reros darajis funqcias

asrulebs.

is

ganapirobebs

didi

tvinis

qerqis

mzaobas,

miiRos

axali

stimulacia da Zilis drosac inarCunebs sifxizlis garkveul dones (Kinomura

et al., 1996). am ubnis seriozuli dazianeba komas iwvevs.
retikuluri formaciis grZeli boWkoebi Talamuss ukavSirdeba, romelsac
Semosuli

sensoruli

informacia

didi

tvinis

qerqis

Sesabamis

ubanSi

gadaaqvs, sadac es informacia muSavdeba. magaliTad, Talamusi gadascems

informacias Tvalebidan mxedvelobis kortikalur ubans.
neiromecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom naTxemi, romelic tvinis
RerosTanaa dakavSirebuli da tvinis fuZesTan mdebareobs, koordinirebas
uwevs sxeulis moZraobas, akontrolebs pozas da xels uwyobs wonasworobis
SenarCunebas. naTxemis dazianeba iwvevs moZraobis Cveuli ritmis darRvevas,
is arakoordinirebuli da wyvetili xdeba. bolo drois gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom

naTxemi

aseve

mniSvnelovania

daswavlisaTvis

anu

is

xels

uwyobs

sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis swavlas (Baringa, 1996; Raymond et al., 1996).

limburi sistema
limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul qcevas, emociur mdgomareobasa
da mexsierebas. is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas, sisxlis wnevas

93

da sisxlSi Saqris dones da, aseve, axorcielebs sxva Sinagan funqciaTa

kontrols.

limburi

sistema

Sedgeba

sami

struqturisagan:

hipokampi,

amigdala (nuSisebri kompleqsi) da hipoTalamusi (suraTi 3.7 3.10).

simpaTikuri sistema avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sagangaSo situaciaSi

energiis mobilizacias axorcielebs.

parasimpaTikuri sistema avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic yoveldRiur

tvinis Rero Tavis tvinis struqtura, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad sasicocxlo

funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs sxeulis energias.

funqciebs.

mogrZo

tvini

tvinis

Reros

ubani,

romelic

akontrolebs

sunTqvas,

sifxizles

da

guliscemas.

xidi tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis tvinis

retikuluri formacia tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs Tavis tvinis mzaobas

sxvadasxva nawilebs.

miiRos

sensoruli

informacia

da

pasuxismgebelia

cnobierebis

SenarCunebasa

gamofxizlebaze.

sur. 3.7. limburi sistema

limburi sistemis struqturebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebSia warmodgenili;

isini

monawileoben

motivaciuri

qcevis,

emociuri

mdgomareobisa

da

mexsierebis procesebis regulaciaSi.

hipokampi, romelic limburi sistemis yvelaze ufro didi struqturaa,
mniSvnelovan

rols

TamaSobs

(Eichenbaum, 1999; Squire, 1992)

eqsplicituri

mexsierebis

procesebSi

mexsierebis, romelic Tqvens cnobierebaSi

aisaxeba (ix. Tavi 8). arsebobs uamravi klinikuri monacemi, romelic am

Sexedulebas adasturebs, kerZod fsiqologiis istoriaSi, albaT, yvelaze
ufro cnobili pacientis, h.m-is istoria.
saidan viciT
hipokampis dazianebis zogierTi Sedegi
27 wlis asakSi h.m.-s Cautarda operacia epilefsiuri Setevebis sixSiris
Semcirebis mizniT. operaciis dros mas hipokampi amokveTes. Sedegad, h.m.-s
SeeZlo mxolod Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba. man dakarga axali informaciis
Senaxvisa da misi grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadatanis unari. operaciidan

da

94

didi xnis Semdegac ki pacients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli iyo, weliwadi,
rodesac mas operacia Cautarda.
hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamoiwvia implicituri mexsierebis
darRveva, anu h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebis
unari,

romlebic

cnobierebasTan

ar

iyo

dakavSirebuli.

e.i.,

hipokampis

dazianebis Semdeg Tqven SeinarCunebT axali amocanebis gadawyvetis unars,

magram ar geqnebaT amis damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba (ix. Tavi 8).
nuSisebri

kompleqsi

monawileobs

emociebis

kontrolSi

da

emociuri

mexsierebis formirebaSi. makontrolebeli funqciis gamo, am ubnis dazianebam

SeiZleba

agresiuli

pirebis

dawynareba

gamoiwvios

(Cven

ganvixilavT

fsiqoqirurgias me-16 TavSi). garda amisa, nuSisebri kompleqsis dazianebis

Sedegad ikargeba saxis emociuri gamometyvelebis amocnobis unari (Adolphs et
al., 1994).

im

pirebSi,

romlebsac

nuSisebri

kompleqsi aqvT

dazianebuli,

yvelaze ufro metad daqveiTebulia uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT ki,

SiSis

gamoxatuleba.

SesaZloa

mkvlevrebi

gansakuTrebul

rols

varaudoben,
TamaSobdes

rom

nuSisebri

adamianebis

kompleqsi

mier

SiSisa

da

safrTxis amocnobis unarSi (Adolphs et al., 1999).

hipoTalamusi tvinis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro patara zomis struqturaa,
TumcaRa umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs Tqvens yoveldRiur aqtivobebSi. is
Sedgeba

mravali

birTvisagan

neironTa

patara

grovebi,

romlebic

motivaciur qcevaSi CarTul fiziologiur procesebs aregulirebs (kveba,

temperaturis

regulireba

da

sqesobrivi

qceva).

hipoTalamusi

inarCunebs

sxeulis Sida aris mudmivobas, anu homeostazs. rodesac sxeulis energiis

rezervebi dabalia, hipoTalamusi erTveba organizmis stimulaciaSi, raTa man
sakvebi

ipovos

da

Wamos.

rodesac

sxeulis

temperatura

klebulobs,

hipoTalamusi iwvevs sisxlZarRvTa SekumSvas, an mokle uneblie moZraobebs

TrTolas. hipoTalamusi aseve aregulirebs endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas.

didi tvini
adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis darCenil nawils da misi masis or
mesameds

qmnis.

funqciebis

misi

funqciaa

regulireba.

didi

tvinis

umaRlesi

tvinis

gare

fena,

kognituri
romelic

da

emociuri

miliardobiT

neironebisgan Sedgeba da daaxloebiT 2,5 mm sisqis Sres qmnis, iwodeba didi

tvinis qerqad.
qerqad didi tvini aseve iyofa or, TiTqmis simetriul naxevrad,
cerebralur hemisferoebad (Cven hemisferoebs am Tavis momdevno nawilSi

95

ganvixilavT). ori hemisfero dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan nervuli boWkoebis

msxvili masiT, romelsac korZiani sxeuli ewodeba. es kavSiri hemisferoebs
Soris informaciis gacvlas emsaxureba.
Talamusi Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic sensorul informacias gadascems didi tvinis qerqs.
naTxemi Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akontrolebs motorul
koordinacias, pozas da wonasworobas, aseve sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis daswavlis unars.
limburi sistema Tavis tvinis regioni, romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas, ZiriTad
motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas, aseve mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
hipokampi

limburi

sistemis

nawili,

romelic

konkretuli

mexsierebis

CamoyalibebaSi

monawileobs.
nuSisebri kompleqsi limburi sistemis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.

neiromecnierebma

moniSnes

orive

hemisfero,

gamoiyenes

ra

ori

mniSvnelovani orientiri. erTi Rrmuli, romelsac centraluri Rari ewodeba,

yofs yovel hemisferos vertikalurad da meore, msgavsi Rrmuli, romelsac
lateraluri naprali ewodeba, yofs TiToeul hemisferos horizontalurad
(suraTi
gamovyoT

3.8

3.11).
tvinis

es

vertikaluri

oTxi

ubani,

da

horizontaluri

anu

wili,

dayofa

TiToeul

gvexmareba

naxevarsferoSi.

frontaluri (Sublis)
Sublis) wili,
wili romelic CarTulia motorul kontrolsa da
kognitur qmedebaSi, rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da miznebis
dasaxva, moTavsebulia lateraluri napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
win. am ubnis dazianeba iwvevs adamianis individualobis Secvlas. es swored
is

ubani

iyo,

romlis

dazianebamac

fines

geijis

dramatuli

cvlileba

gamoiwvia (Damasio et al., 1994). parietaluri (Txemis) wili pasuxismgebelia iseTi

SegrZnebebis kontrolze, rogoricaa Sexeba, tkivili da temperatura da
moTavsebulia uSualod centraluri Raris ukan. ocipitaluri (kefis) wili,
wili
vizualuri informaciis bolo samizne, Tavis ukana nawilSia moTavsebuli.
temporaluri

(safeTqlis)

wili,

romelic

pasuxismgebelia

smenis

ganxorciele-baze, moTavsebulia lateraluri napralis qvemoT, TiToeuli

hemisferos gverdiT zedapirze.
Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom romelime wili ama Tu im specifiur
funqcias

marto

akontrolebs.

tvinis

strquturebi

TavianT

movaleobas

96

erToblivad axorcieleben, muSaoben erTad, rogorc integrirebuli erTeuli,

ise,

rogorc

simfoniuri

orkestri.

rodesac

Tqven

recxavT

WurWels,

angariSobT, an saubrobT megobarTan, Tqveni tvini muSaobs, rogorc erTiani

sxeuli,

TiToeuli

neiromecnierebs

wili

SeuZliaT

sxvebTan
tvinis

TanamSromlobs.

oTx

wilSi

im

miuxedavad
ubnebis

amisa,

gansazRvra,

romlebic iseTi specifikuri funqciebis ganxorcielebisTvisaa aucilebeli,

rogoricaa

mxedveloba,

smena, metyveleba

da

mexsiereba.

maTi dazianebis

SemTxvevaSi es funqciebic ziandeba, an sruliad ikargeba.

sur. 3.8. qerqi

didi tvinis qerqis TiToeul hemisferoze oTxi wilia. TiToeuli wili

asrulebs sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul funqciebs.
hipoTalamusi tvinis struqtura, romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas (rogoricaa
kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
homeostazi sxeulis Sida aris mudmivoba.
didi

tvini

tvinis

nawili,

romelic

umaRles

kognitur

da

emociur

funqciebs

aregulirebs.
qerqi didi tvinis gare zedapiri.
hemisferoebi didi tvinis ori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa dakavSirebuli.
korZiani

sxeuli

nervul

boWkoTa

erToblioba,

romelic

tvinis

or

hemisferos

akavSirebs.
Sublis wili tvinis ubani, romelic gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs motorul kontrolSi da kognitiur qmedebebSi.

sxeulis 600-ze meti nebiTi kunTis qmedeba kontroldeba motoruli qerqiT,

romelic Sublis wilSi uSualod centraluri Raris winaa moTavsebuli.
gaixseneT, rom tvinis erTi mxridan wamosuli brZanebebi sxeulis meore
mxarisTvisaa gamiznuli. garda amisa, sxeulis qveda ubnebSi moTavsebuli
kunTebi mag., fexis TiTebi - kontroldeba motoruli qerqis yvelaze ufro
zemo nawilis neironebiT. sxeulis zeda nawilis kunTebi, rogoricaa yeli,
kontroldeba motoruli qerqis qveda nawilis neironebiT. rogorc 3.9 (3.12)
suraTze xedavT, sxeulis zeda nawili bevrad ufro detalur motorul
instruqciebs iRebs, vidre qveda. realurad, motoruli qerqis ori udidesi
ubani xelis TiTebTanaa dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebiT cerasTan da im
kunTebTan, romlebic metyvelebis procesSia CarTuli. qerqis ubnebis sidide

97

im mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, romelic adamianis xeliT manipulirebisa da

metyvelebis unars gaaCnia.
Txemis wili tvinis ubani Sublis wilis ukan da lateraluri napralis zemoT; Seicavs
somatosensorul qerqs.
kefis wili tvinis yvelaze ufro ukana nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs.
safeTqlis wili tvinis ubani, romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa moTavsebuli;
Seicavs smenis qerqs.
motoruli

qerqi

didi

tvinis

qerqis

ubani,

romelic

akontrolebs

sxeulis

nebiT

moZraobebs.

somatosensoruli qerqi uSualod centraluri Raris ukanaa moTavsebuli

marcxena

da

marjvena

Txemis

wilebSi.

tvinis

am

ubanSi

gadamuSavdeba

informacia temperaturis, Sexebis, sxeulis pozisa da tkivilis Sesaxeb.

motoruli qerqis msgavsad, sensoruli qerqis zeda nawili sxeulis qveda
nawils

ukavSirdeba,

xolo

qveda

nawili

dakavSirebulia

zedasTan.

sensoruli qerqis didi nawili dakavSirebulia tuCebTan, enasTan, cera da

saCvenebel TiTebTan anu sxeulis im nawilebTan, romlebic yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan sensorul informacias atareben centrisken. aseve, motoruli
qerqis msgavsad, somatosensoruli qerqis marjvena nawili dakavSirebulia
sxeulis marcxena mxaresTan, xolo marcxena mxare _ marjvena nawilTan.
sur. 3.9. motoruli da somatosensoruli qerqi

sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mgrZnobelobiT

garemo stimulaciisadmi da tvinis kontrolisadmi. mgrZnobeloba sxeulis
garkveul nawilSi damokidebulia qerqis im ubnis zomaze, romelic sxeulis
am konkretul nawils akontrolebs. am suraTze adamianis sxeulis nawilebi
qerqis Sesabamisi makontrolebeli ubnebis zomebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili.
rac ufro didi zomisaa suraTze gamosaxuli sxeulis nawili, miT ufro
maRalia misi mgrZnobeloba garemo stimulaciisadmi da miT ufro Zlieria
tvinis kontroli mis moZraobaze.
smeniTi informacia muSavdeba smeniT qerqSi, romelic ori safeTqlis
wiliTaa

warmodgenili.

auditoruli

qerqi

TiToeul

hemisferoSi

iRebs

informacias orive yuridan. auditoruli qerqis erTi ubani metyvelebis

ganxorcielebaSi monawileobs, xolo meore ubani metyvelebis gagebaSi.
vizualuri informacia muSavdeba tvinis ukana nawilSi, vizualur qerqSi,
romelic kefis wilSia moTavsebuli. aq udidesi nawili eTmoba informacias,

98

romelic baduras centraluri ubnebidan modis, im adgilidan, romelic

Tvalis ukana zedapirzea ganlagebuli da sadac yvelaze ufro detaluri
mxedvelobiTi informacia aRiqmeba.

somatosensoruli

qerqi

Txemis

wilis

nawili,

sadac

sxeulis

sxvadasxva

ubnebidan

miRebuli sensoruli informacia muSavdeba.

smeniTi qerqi safeTqlis wilis nawili, sadac miiReba da muSavdeba smeniTi informacia.

mxedvelobis qerqi kefis wilis nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gadamuSaveba

mimdinareobs.

qerqis yvela ubani araa CarTuli sensoruli informaciis gadamuSavebasa

da kunTebisaTvis brZanebebis gacemaSi. sinamdvileSi, qerqis udidesi nawili
CarTulia infromaciis interpretaciisa da integraciis procesebSi. iseTi
procesebi,
asociaciur

rogoricaa

dagegmva

da

qerqSi.

asociaciuri

gadawyvetilebis miReba,
ubnebi

qerqis

xorcieldeba

sxvadasxva

nawilebSia

gabneuli (erTi regioni 3.9 suraTzea moniSnuli). asociaciuri qerqi gaZlevT

sxvadasxva modalobis sensoruli informaciis kombinirebis saSualebas, raTa
garemos stimulebis Sesabamisi sapasuxo reaqciebi daigegmos.

asociaciuri qerqi qerqis nawili, sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi xorcieldeba.

rogor

muSaoben

magaliTisaTvis,

tvinis

ra

es

xdeba

sxvadasxva

Tqvens

ubnebi

tvinSi,

erTad?

rodesac

warmoidgineT

daweril

sityvas

kiTxulobT (suraTi 3.10 3.13). davuSvaT, Tqveni fsiqologiis maswavlebeli

gaZlevT qaRaldis furcels, romelzedac sityva Sokoladi weria da gTxovT
xmamaRla

warmoTqvaT

es

sityva.

biologiuri

procesebi,

romlebic

am

qmedebaSia CarTuli, saocrad natifi da kompleqsuria. neiromecnieri Tqvens

verbalur

qcevas

ramodenime

etapad

dayofda.

pirvel

rigSi,

vizualuri

stimuli (dawerili sityva Sokoladi) aRiqmeba nervuli ujredebis mier

Tvalis baduraSi, romlebic nervul impulsebs Talamusis gavliT vizualur
korteqsSi agzavnian. vizualuri qerqidan nervuli impulsebi gadaigzavneba
safeTqlis

wilis

ukana

ubanSi

(angularuli

xveuli),

sadac

sityvis

vizualuri kodireba mis akustikur kodirebas unda Seedaros. dadgindeba Tu

ara Sesabamisi akustikuri kodireba, is gadaecema ubans auditorul qerqSi,
romelsac

vernikes

are

ewodeba,

sadac

xdeba

misi

dekodireba

da

interpretacia: _ ah! Sokoladi! ar vityodi uars. nervuli impulsebi mere

99

egzavneba

brokas

centrs,

romelic

Tavis

mxriv

agzavnis

informacias

motorul qerqSi, rac tuCebis, enisa da xorxis stimulacias iwvevs sityva

Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.
sur. 3.10. rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas

informacias dawerili sityvis Sesaxeb nervuli impulsebi Talamusis

gavliT

atareben

Tvalis

baduradan

qerqis

mxedvelobiTi

asociaciuri

ubnebisaken. vizualuri qerqi agzavnis nervul impulsebs safeTqlis wilis

ukana nawilSi, angularul xveulSi, sadac xdeba sityvis vizualuri kodis
(asoebis forma da ganlageba) Sedareba mis akustikur kodTan (JReradoba).
Sesabamisi akustikuri kodis povnis Semdeg is gadaecema smeniT qerqSi e.w.
vernikes ares, sadac xdeba am informaciis dekodireba da interpretireba.
nervuli impulsebi egzavneba brokas ares, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis
informacias

motorul

qerqSi.

motoruli

qerqi

uzrunvelyofs

sityvis

warmoTqmas tuCebis, enisa da xorxis sinqronuli gaaqtivebis meSveobiT.

es

sakmaod

didi

mentaluri

Zalisxmevaa

mxolod

erTi

sityvis

warmoTqmisaTvis. axla ki warmoidgineT, ra xdeba tvinSi, rodesac Tqven

xmamaRla kiTxulobT wigns, an, Tundac, reklamas. yvelaze ufro gasaocari ki
isaa,

rom

Tqveni

tvini

TiTqmis

Zaldautaneblad

da

Zalian

efeqturad

umklavdeba am amocanas, Targmnis ra qaRaldze arsebul aTasobiT niSans

nervul kodad, gadascems informacias tvinis sxvadasxva ubnebs mimdinare
amocanebis Sesaxeb, dabolos, am sityvebis gamoTqmis saSualebas gaZlevT.
Cven

ukve

ganvixileT

nervuli

sistemis

yvelaze

mniSvnelovani

struqturebi. rodesac Cven daviwyeT saubari did tvinze, aRvniSneT, rom

cerebraluri struqtura ori hemisferoTia warmodgenili. qcevebis farTo
speqtrSi

naxevarsferoebi

gansxvavebul

funqciebSi

monawileoben.

davubrundeT am gansxvavebebs Tqveni tvinis hemisferoebs Soris.

hemisferoTa lateralizacia
ra informaciam aiZula mecnierebi efiqraT, rom arsebobs garkveuli
gansxvaveba Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciebs Soris? gaixseneT, rodesac
pol

brokam

tanis

autofsia

Caatara,

man

tvinis

dazianeba

marcxena

naxevarsferoSi aRmoaCina. momdevno gamokvlevebSi brokam naxa, rom sxva

pacientebSic, romelTac metyvelebis msgavsi darRveva hqondaT (daavadeba,
romelsac dRes brokas afazias uwodeben), dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi

100

iyo lokalizebuli. igive ubnebis dazianeba tvinis marjvena hemisferoSi

msgavs efeqts ar iwvevda. ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT?
hemisferoTa Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlis Sansi pirvelad epilefsiis
qirurgiuli

wesiT

mkurnalobis

dros

gaCnda.

mkurnalobis

es

meTodi

gulisxmobs korZiani sxeulis (daaxloebiT 200 milioni nervuli boWkos

erToblioba, romelic hemisferoTa Soris informaciis gacvlas emsaxureba)
gadaWras (suraTi 3.11 3.14). qirurgiuli Carevis mizania, xeli SeuSalos
epilefsiis

Tanamdev

agresiul

eleqtrul

aqtivobas,

gavrceldes

orive

hemisferoze. operacia, rogorc wesi, warmatebulia da pacientebis qcevac

ZiriTadad ucvleli rCeba. pacientebs, romlebmac es operacia gadaitanes,
xSirad uwodeben pacientebs gayofili tviniT.
sur. 3.11.
3.11. korZiani sxeuli

korZiani sxeuli warmoadgens nervuli boWkoebis erTobliobas, romelic

erTmaneTTan

akavSirebs

didi

tvinis

or

hemisferos.

korZiani

sxeulis

gadaWra azianebs hemosferoTa Soris komunikacias.

gancalkevebuli hemisferoebis SesaZleblobaTa Semowmebis mizniT rojer
sperim (1968) da maikl gazanigam (1970) SeimuSaves iseTi meTodika, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlo iyo vizualuri informaciis wardgineba TiToeuli
hemisferosaTvis

cal-calke.

speris

da

gazanigas

meTodika

emyareboda

vizualuri sistemis anatomiis Taviseburebebs (suraTi 3.12 3.15). yovel TvalSi,

marjvena mxedvelobiTi velidan miRebuli informacia marcxena hemisferoSi
xvdeba da, piriqiT, informacia marcxena mxedvelobiTi velidan gadaecema
marjvena hemisferos. rogorc wesi, orive hemisferos Soris informaciis
gacvla
radganac

Zalian
am

swrafad

warmoebs

korZiani

pacientebSi

korZiani

sxeuli

sxeulis
gadaWrili

meSveobiT.
iyo,

magram,

marcxena

da

marjvena mxedvelobiT velebSi arsebuli informacia Sesabamisad mxolod

marjvena da marcxena hemisferoebs gadaecemoda (suraTi 3.13 3.16).
radganac

adamianTa

umravlesobaSi

metyvelebas

marcxena

hemisfero

akontrolebs, mas SeuZlia mkvlevaebs elaparakos maSin, roca marjvena

hemisfero am saSualebas moklebulia. komunikacia marjvena hemisferosTan
miRweul iqna manualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis gziT.: es amocanebi nivTebis
identifikacias, SeTavsebas, an maTgan jgufebis Sedgenas gulisxmobda da
maTi gadawyveta sityvebis gamoyenebas ar saWiroebda. ganixileT gayofili
tvinis mqone pacientis SemTxveva, romelic marcxena hemisferos iyenebs misi

101

marcxena

xelis

mier

Catarebuli

qmedebebis

aRsawerad

maSin,

rodesac

peizaJi,

xolo

marcxena

win

arsebuli

marcxena xels marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs.

saidan viciT
hemisferoebi moqmedebaSi
marjvena
hemisferos

hemisferos
qaTmis

warudgines

fexis

Tovliani

gamosaxuleba.

cdis

pirs

mis

obieqtebidan am ori suraTis Sesabamisi nivTebi unda SeerCia. marjvena xeliT

man miuTiTa qaTmis Tavze, xolo marcxena xeliT Tovlis niCabze. pacienti
ambobda, rom niCabi saWiroa qaTmis narCenebis (da ara Tovlis) gasawmendad.
radganac tvinis marcxena nawilma korZiani sxeulis gadaWris gamo ar icoda,
Tu ras xedavda marjvena naxevarsfero, mas unda aexsna, Tu ratom uTiTebda
marcxena xeli niCabze, rodesac marcxena hemisfero qaTmis fexs xedavda.
marcxena hemisferos kogniturma sistemam SeimuSava Teoria, romelsac unda
gaemarTlebina sxeulis sxva nawilebis moqmedeba (Gazzaniga, 1985).

sur. 3.12. mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza

mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza, romelic TiToeuli Tvalis Sua

zedapiridan

iwyeba,

jvaredinad

gadadis

tvinis

erTi

mxridan

meoreze

korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. mxedvelobiTi informacia Tvalis gare ubnidan

ar

jvaredindeba.

korZiani

sxeulis

gadaWra

xels

uSlis

mxedvelobis

marjvena velSi warmodgenili informaciis gadacemas marjvena hemisferoSi,

xolo mxedvelobis marcxena velSi warmodgenili informacia ver aRwevs
marcxena hemisferos.
sur. 3.13. Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia

Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia normaluria, Tu pacienti gayofili

tviniT iyenebs marcxena xels im obieqtis sapovnelad, romelic mis marcxena
mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, radganac orive procesis ganxorcielebas
marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs. magram, rodesac Tqven sTxovT pacients,
gamoiyenos marjvena xeli im obieqtis asaRebad, romelic mis marcxena
mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, mas amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, radganac
sensoruli informacia marjvena xelidan marcxena hemisferos veRar aRwevs
gadaWrili kavSiris gamo. am SemTxvevaSi cdis piri msxlis magier Wiqas iRebs.
zemoaRwerilis
meSveobiTac

Cven

garda,
viciT,

arsebobs
rom

mravali

adamianTa

sxva

meTodi,

umravlesobaSi

romelTa

metyvelebasTan

102

dakavSirebuli funqciebi lateralizebulia marcxena hemisferoSi. funqcia

lateralizebulad iTvleba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi Tavis tvinis mxolod
erTi hemisfero TamaSobs wamyvan rols. metyveleba (enis gamoyenebis unari),
albaT,

yvelaze

neiromecnierebma
procentsa

da

ufro

metad

aRmoaCines,
caciebis

lateralizebulia

rom

15

memarjveneebis

procentSi

funqciaTa

mxolod

metyvelebas

Soris.

daaxloebiT

marjvena

hemisfero

akontrolebs, xolo caciebis 15 procentSi metyveleba orive hemisferoTi

regulirdeba (Rasmussen & Milner, 1977). adamianTa umravlesobaSi, Sesabamisad,
metyveleba

marcxena

hemisferos

funqcias

warmoadgens. Sedegad, marcxena

naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs metyvelebis moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yrumunjTa enis gamoyenebisas (romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa da moZraobis
mixedviT

gadmoscems

darRvevebs

azrs),

marcxena

hemisferos

dazianeba

aseve

(Corina, 1999; Hickok et al., 1996; Poizner et al., 1991).

iwvevs

ase

rom,

lateralizebulia ara metyveleba, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc vokaluri,

ise

manualuri

Jestebis

warmoqmnis

unari,

romlebic

komunikacias

ganaxorcieleben.
ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero ukeTesia, vidre marjvena.
mkvlevrebma uCvenes, rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive amocanis amoxsnis
gansxvavebuli stili aqvs. marcxena hemisfero ufro analitikuria da is
informacias nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero ki ufro holisturia
da

is

informacias

mTlianad

aRiqvams.

orive

hemisferos

(misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli muSaobis stiliT) kombinirebuli qmedeba ganapirobebs Cveni

aRqmis srulyofilebas. magaliTad, Tqven ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom
marcxena hemisfero, romelic mcire detalebs yuradRebas aqcevs, wamyvan
rols TamaSobs problemaTa didi nawilis gadaWraSi. amavdroulad, marjvena
hemisferos roli win iwevs, rodesac problemis gadaWras SemoqmedebiTi
midgoma sWirdeba marjvena hemisfero gexmarebaT mexsierebis mobilizebaSi
(Bowen & Beeman, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs SeuZliaT darwmunebiT ganasxvavon, Tu
romeli funqciebia lateralizebuli saSualo tvinSi, gaTvaliswinebul
unda

iqnes

individualuri

gansxvavebebi.

rodesac

metyvelebis

lateralizaciaze vsaubrobdiT, Cven aseve vaxseneT tvinis funqciaTa pirveli

individualuri
hemisfero,

an

gansxvaveba:
orive

caciebSi

hemisfero

SesaZloa

erTdroulad

metyvelebas

marjvena

akontrolebdes.

sxva

gansxvavebebi, romlebic Tavis tvinis funqciaTa lateralizaciis dros unda

103

ganvixiloT,

sqesiTaa

ganpirobebuli.

arsebobs

zogadi

gansxvavebebi

mamakacebisa da qalebis tvinis funqciebis principebSi (Breedlove, 1994; Kimura,

Tanamedrove

1999).

meTodebis

saSualebiT

SesaZlebeli

gaxda

dagvenaxa

sxvaoba mamakacebis da qalebis tvinSi sxvadasxva amocanebis gadaWrisas.

magaliTad, funqciuri mrt-s saSualebiT Seiswavlidnen mamakacTa da qalTa
tvinis aqtivobebs Soris gansxvavebebs, rodesac cdis pirebs enis mosmenisas
unda gamoetanaT daskvnebi (eriTmeba erTmaneTs tani da kani?). mamakacebSi
ZiriTadi aqtivoba marcxena hemisferoSi iyo lokalizebuli maSin, rodesac
qalebSi

am

amocanis

amoxsnaSi

orive

hemisfero

TiTqmis

Tanabrad

monawileobda (Shaywitz et al., 1995). aseTi Sedegebi kidev erTxel gvabrunebs

sakiTxebTan, romlebic bunebisa da aRzrdis Tanafardobas exeba. ibadebian
mamakacebi

da

qalebi

cxovrebiseuli

ukve

gansxvavebuli

gamocdilebis

Sedegia?

tviniT,
Semdgom

Tu

es

modifikacia

wlebSi

am

kiTxvas

neiromecnierTa xelT arsebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT pasuxi unda gaeces.

Cven ganvixileT nervuli sistemis bevri mniSvnelovani struqtura. axla ki
ganvixiloT

endokrinuli

sistema,

romelic

nervul

sistemasTan

erTad

sxeulis funqciebs aregulirebs.

endokrinuli sistema
adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore Zalzed specifiur

maregulirebel

sistemas endokrinul sistemas, raTa nervuli sistemis muSaoba Seavsos.

endokrinuli

sistema

jirkvlebis

erTobliobas

warmoadgens,

romlebic

gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen qimiur mesenjerebs hormonebs (suraTi

3.14

3.17).

hormonebi

Zlier

gavlenas

axdenen

organizmis

yoveldRiur

cxovelqmedebaze, TumcaRa isini gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sicocxlis

garkveul

periodebSi

da

zogierTi

gansakuTrebuli

situaciis

dros.

hormonebi gavlenas axdenen sxeulis zrdaze; isini gansazRvraven da xels

uwyoben

pirveladi

da

meoradi

sasqeso

niSnebis

ganviTarebas;

gavlenas

axdenen sifxizlesa da yuradRebaze; warmoadgenen ganwyobisa da xasiaTis

Secvlis safuZvels; aregulireben metabolizms da sxeulis energetikul
danaxarjebs.

endokrinuli

sistema

uzrunvelyofs

organizmis

gadarCenas,

exmareba ra mis brZolas infeqciisa da daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg. is xels

uwyobs

saxeobebis

gadarCenas

maTi

seqsualuri

agznebis

regulirebis,

reproduqciuli ujredebis warmoqmnis, meZuZur dedebSi rZis gamomuSavebis

104

meSveobiT.

ase

rom,

efeqturi

endokrinuli

sistemis

gareSe

Tqven

ver

gadarCebiT.
sur. 3.14. qalisa da mamakacis endokrinuli jirkvlebi

hipofizi marjvniv aris warmodgenili; es mTavari jirkvalia, romelic

marcxena mxares naCvenebi jirkvlebis moqmedebas aregulirebs. hipofizi,
Tavis mxriv,

kontroldeba

hipoTalamusidan,

romelic

limburi sistemis

mniSvnelovani nawilia.
endokrinuli jirkvlebi pasuxoben sisxlSi qimiuri nivTierebebis doneze
an maTi stimulireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan momavali nervuli
impulsebis

mier

xdeba.

amis

Sedegad

hormonebi

gamoiyofa

sisxlSi

da

gadaadgildeba moSorebuli samizne ujredebisken, romelTac specifikuri

receptorebi

gaaCniaT.

hormonebi

qimiuri

regulaciis

programiT

gaTvaliswinebul zemoqmedebas mxolod sxeulis genetikurad gansazRvrul

adgilebSi

gamoavlenen.

sxvadasxva,

magram

specifikur

organoebsa

Tu

qsovilebze gavleniT hormonebi aregulireben uamrav bioqimiur process, amis

gamo maT sicocxlis mesenjerebi ewodebaT (Carpo, 1985). es mravalmxrivi
sakomunikacio sistema akontrolebs organizmSi nela, mudmivad mimdinare
procesebs,

rogoricaa

sisxlSi

Saqris

donis

gansazRvra,

kalciumis

Semcveloba, naxSirwylebis metabolozmi, da sxeulis zrda. magram ra xdeba

krizis dros? endokrinuli sistema gamoyofs sisxlSi hormon adrenalins;
adrenalini energias matebs sxeuls ise, rom mas unari Seswevs swrafad
moaxdinos reagireba safrTxeze.
rogorc adre ukve aRvniSneT, tvinis struqtura, hipoTalamusi, warmoadgens
gadamrTvel ubans endokrinulsa da centralur nervul sistemebs Soris.
hipoTalamusis specializebuli ujredebi iReben informacias tvinis sxva
ubnebidan, romlebic mas ubrZaneben gamoyon sxvadasxva hormonebi hipofizSi,
riTac isini astimulireben, an akaveben sxva hormonebis sekrecias. hormonebi
sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebSi gamomuSavdeba. es qarxnebi sxvadasxva hormonebs
awarmoebs, romlebic sxeulis sxvadasxva funqciebs aregulireben, rogorc es
3.1 cxrilSia warmodgenili. axla ki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani procesebi
ganvixiloT.

105

endokrinuli sistema jirkvlebis qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen

hormonebs.
hormonebi qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier,
aregulireben metabolizms, da gavlenas axdenen sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso niSanTvisebebze.

hipofizs xSirad mTavar jirkvals uwodeben, radganac is 10 sxvadasxva

saxis hormons gamoimuSavebs, romlebic yvela sxva endokrinuli jirkvlis
sekretorul

muSaobaze

gavlenas

axdenen,

aseve

aq

sinTezirdeba

zrdis

hormonebi. zrdis hormonis ararseboba iwvevs sxeulis zrdis Seferxebas

qondriskacobas.
sekreciis

misi

siWarbe

produqtebi

iwvevs

aaqtiveben

gigantizms.

saTesleebSi

mamakacebSi

hipofizis

testosteronis

sinTezs,

romelic Tavis mxriv spermis gamomuSavebas astimulirebs. hipofizi aseve

monawileobs mamakacebis meoradi sasqeso niSnebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogoricaa
sxeulis Tmis safarvelis ganviTareba, xmis Secvla da fizikuri simwife.
testosteronma
gaZliereba.
warmoebas.

SesaZloa

qalebSi,
estrogeni

gamoiwvios

hipofizis
im

agresiisa

hormonebi

hormonaluri

da

seqsualuri

astimulireben

jaWvuri

reaqciebis

ltolvis
estrogenis

aucilebeli

komponentia, romlebic ovulaciasa da qalis nayofierebas gansazRvraven.

Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego zogierTi preparatis moqmedeba emyareba hipofizis
specialuri aqtivobis daTrgunvas, romelic hormonebis gamomuSavebas da
ganawilebas

akontrolebs,

amiT

ki

saboloo

jamSi

irRveva

ovulaciis

procesi.
Sejameba
Sejameba
neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces saukunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria
kavSiri tvinsa da qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods mimarTaven
tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis mizniT. isini swavloben pacientebs tvinis
dazianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis dazianebas, astimulireben
tvinis

regionebs,

iweren

tvinis

aqtivobas

da

kompiuteruli

teqnikis

daxmarebiT qmnian tvinis gamosaxulebebs misi muSaobis procesSi.

hipofizi moTavsebulia tvinSi, gamoimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas axdens sxva

endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hormonebis sekreciaze.

testosteroni

mamakacTa

sasqeso

hormoni,

romelic

saTesleebSi

gamomuSavdeba

da

astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSanTvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.

estrogeni qalTa sasqeso hormoni, romelic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da pasuxismgebelia

ovulaciis procesze, aseve qalebis reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTarebasa da meoradi
sasqeso niSnebis Camoyalibebaze.

106

nervuli sistema iyofa centralur da periferiul nawilebad. centraluri

nervuli sistema Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan; periferiuli nervuli
sistema Sedgeba somaturi da avtonomiuri nervuli sistemebisagan.
Tavis tvini SeiZleba daiyos tvinis Rerod, limbur sistemad da did
tvinad. tvinis Rero aregulirebs ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs, rogoricaa
sunTqva,

guliscema

da

saWmlis

sxeulis

moZraobas

da

gavlenas

moneleba.

naTxemi

axdens

daswavlis

koordinirebas
zogierT

uwevs

procesze.

limburi sistema mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs motivaciis, emociebisa da

mexsierebis

procesebSi.

didi

tvini

pasuxismgebelia

metyvelebisa

da

azrovnebis umaRles funqciebze.

cxrili 3.1. mTavari endokrinuli jirkvlebi da maT mier gamomuSavebuli
hormonebis funqciebi
jirkvali

regulirebadi funqciebi

hipoTalamusi

hipofizis hormonebis gamoyofa

wina hipofizi

saTesleebi da sakvercxeebi
rZis gamomuSaveba
metabolizmi
reaqcia stresze

ukana hipofizi

wylis konservacia
rZis gamoyofa
saSvilosnos SekumSva

farisebri jirkvali

metabolozmi
zrda da ganviTareba

paraTireoiduli jirkvali

kalciumis done

nawlavi

saWmlis moneleba

pankreasi

glukozis metabolizmi

Tirkmelzeda jirkvali

brZolisa da gaqcevis pasuxebi

metabolizmi
sqesobrivi ltolva qalebSi

sakvercxe

qalebis sasqeso niSnebis ganviTareba

107

kvercxujredis warmoqmna
saTesle

mamakacis sasqeso niSnebis ganviTareba

spermis gamomuSaveba
sqesobrivi ltolva mamakacebSi

kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemisfero sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs
yoveldRiuri funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa umravlesobaSi
marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas akontrolebs. zogadad, marjvena hemisfero
informacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena ki ufro analitikuria.
ori

hemisferos

funqciaTa

Sesaxeb

zogadi

daskvnebis

gakeTebisas

unda

gvaxsovdes individualuri da, maT Soris, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi.

endokrinuli

sistema

aris

jirkvalTa

qseli,

romelic

gamoimuSavebs

hormonebs sasicocxlo procesebis regulirebisaTvis.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis sferoSi
daafiqsireT

TvalebiT

nivTebi

Tqvens

garSemo,

iqneb

xe,

romelic

fanjaraSi Cans, an kompiuteri Tqvens magidaze. axla ki daxuWeT Tvalebi da

SeecadeT warmoidginoT igive obieqtebi. ra xdeba Tqvens tvinSi am ori
qmedebis

dros?

ramdenad

SesaZlebelia,

CarTuli

orive

procesSi,

romlebic

rom

aRqmasa

tvinis
da

igive

vizualur

ubnebi

iyos

warmosaxvas

gulisxmobs? teqnologiurma progresma SesaZlo gaxada neiromecnierTaTvis

am saintereso kiTxvas zusti pasuxi gascen.
rogorc

Tqven

naxavT

wignis

me-4

TavSi,

mecnierebma

did

warmatebebs

miaRwies mxedvelobis nervuli safuZvelebis SeswavlaSi. maT SeuZliaT Tvali

miadevnon vizualuri informaciis transformacias Tvalebis baduradan kefis
wilis vizualur qerqamde. rogor unda gansazRvron mecnierebma, CarTulia
Tu

ara

vizualuri

qerqis

erTi

da

igive

ubnebi,

rodesac

adamiani

axorcielebs vizualuri warmosaxvis da ara vizualuri aRqmis process?

mkvlevarTa jgufma stiven koslinis xelmZRvanelobiT (Kosslyn et al., 1999)
gamoiyena

ori

meTodi:

romelic

Cven

ukve

pet

(pozitronul-emisiuri

warmogidgineT,

da

tomografia)

ganmeorebiTi

skani,

transkranialuri

magnituri stimulacia (rTMS), romelic sruliad axali teqnologiaa da sul

ramodenime

wlis

winaT

iqna

gamoyenebuli

adamianTa

kognitur

neiromecnierebaSi.
kvlevaTa

am

seriaSi,

cdis

pirebs

sTxovdnen

daemaxsovraT

oTxi

kvadratuli gamosaxuleba da mere warmoedginaT isini daxuWuli TvalebiT.

108

cdis pirTa amocana iyo, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvebze sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaSi

obieqtis

zolebis

fardobiTi

siganis

Sesaxeb.

es

amocana

ise

iyo

SemuSavebuli, rom cdis pirebs aucileblad unda warmoedginaT vizualuri

gamosaxuleba. pet gamokvlevaSi monawileTa tvini Seswavlili iyo amocanis
gadawyvetis momentSi. skanma uCvena, rom aqtiuri iyo vizualuri qerqis is
ubnebi,

romlebic

mxedvelobiTi

stimulaciis

drosac

aqtiuri

iqneboda.

magram gaixseneT wignis meore Tavidan, rom korelacia ar aris mizezobrioba:

is, rom orive amocanis dros aqtiuria tvinis igive ubnebi ar niSnavs, rom
erTi da igive funqcia sruldeba.
am etapze ki ki erTveba rTMS, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZloa ufro zusti
daskvnebis gakeTeba. es axali teqnika iyenebs magnituri stimulaciis pulsebs
droebiTi, Seqcevadi dazianebebis warmoqmnisaTvis. qsovilis faqtobrivi
dazianebis gareSe SesaZloa tvinis regionebis inaqtivacia. ra xdeba zolebis
Sedarebisas, rodesac rTMS gamoyenebis Sedegad cdis pirebs uzianebdnen
pirvelad

vizualur

qerqs?

iseve

rogorc

Ria

TvalebiT

mxedvelobiTi

aRqmisas, vizualuri warmosaxva seriozulad ferxdeba. es ki saSualebas

gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom pirveladi vizualuri qerqi CarTulia vizualuri
warmosaxvis procesSi.
gagakvirvaT
ganawilebis

am

monacemebma?

Sesaxeb?

Tqven

radganac

ra

kiTxvebi

mecnierebi

gaqvT

agrZeleben

tvinSi

funqciebis

muSaobas

axali

teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, didia imis albaToba, rom Tqvens kiTxvebsac male

gaecema zusti pasuxebi.
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
adreuli periodis fiziologTa erT-erTi umTavresi amocana iyo nervuli
sistemis

muSaobis

principebis

gageba.

Tanamedrove

neiromecnierebma

mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies, magram isini agrZeleben muSaobas, rom am

mravalwaxnagovani problemis yvela nawili amoxsnan. wignis am qveTavSi Cveni
mizania gavaanalizoT da gaverkveT, Tu rogor gadaecema Cveni grZnobaTa
organoebis mier aRqmuli informacia sxeulis sxva
nervuli

impulsebis

meSveobiT.

Cven

viwyebT

nawilebsa da

nervuli

sistemis

romlis

funqciaa

tvins

ZiriTadi

erTeulis, neironis, niSan-Tvisebebis ganxilviT.

neironi
neironi

aris

specializebuli

ujredi,

miiRos,

gadaamuSavos da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs sxeulis SigniT.

109

arsebobs sxvadasxva formis, zomis, qimiuri Semadgenlobisa da funqciis

neironebi (ZuZumwovarTa Tavis tvinSi 200-ze meti sxvadasxva saxis neironia
napovni), magram yvelas aqvs saerTo ZiriTadi struqtura (suraTi 3.15 3.18).
adamianis Tavis tvinSi neironTa raodenoba 100 miliardsa da 1 trilions
Soris meryeobs.
sur. 15. neironTa tipebi

yuradReba
xasiaTs.

miaqcieT

isrebiT

dendritebis

naCvenebia

gansxvavebul

informaciis

formasa

da

moZraobis

datotvis

mimarTuleba.

warmodgenilia interneironis ori tipi.

rogorc wesi, neironebi iReben informacias erTi, da gadascemen mas
meore boloTi. ujredis datotvil morCebs, romlebic Semomaval signalebs
iReben, dendritebi ewodebaT. dendritebis ZiriTadi funqciaa sensoruli
receptorebidan an sxva ujredebidan stimulaciis miReba. ujredis sxeuli,
anu

soma,

Seicavs

birTvs

da

citoplazmas,

romlebic

mis

sicocxlisunarianobas gansazRvraven. somaSi xdeba dendritebis stimulaciis

Sedegad

(an

zogierT

SemTxvevaSi,

uSualod

sxva

neironidan)

miRebuli

informaciis integrireba da misi gadacema erTi, wagrZelebuli boWkosaTvis,

romelsac aqsoni ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, aqsoni gadascems informacias mTel
Tavis

sigrZeze,

romelic,

mag.

zurgis

tvinSi

SeiZleba

erT

metrs

aRematebodes, xolo Tavis tvinSi milimetrze naklebi iyos. aqsonis meore

boloSi

ganlagebulia

terminaluri

balTa,

jirkvlebis,

kunTebisa

neironebi

Semsxvilebuli,

romlis
da

informacias

dendritebidan

somis

bolqvismagvari

saSualebiTac

sxva

neironebis

mxolod

erTi

gavliT

aqsonis

neirons

struqtura,

SeuZlia

stimulireba.
mimarTulebiT

gaswvriv

e.w.

mimdebare

rogorc

wesi,

gadascemen

terminaluri

balTisaken

(suraTi 3.16 3.19).

neironi nervuli sistemis ujredi, romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos da/an

gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.

dend
dendritebi neironis datotvili morCebi, romlebic Semosul informacias mimRebloben.

soma neironis ujredis sxeuli, romelic birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.

aqsoni neironis wagrZelebuli boWko, romlis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrceldeba

somidan terminaluri balTisaken.

terminaluri

balTa
balTa

bolqvismagvari

neirotransmiteriT savse buStukebs Seicavs.

struqtura

aqsonis

bolos,

romelic

110

sur. 3.16. neironis mTavari struqturebi

neironi nervul impulss dendritebis saSualebiT iRebs; Semdeg nervuli

impulsi igzavneba aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken, sadac sxva
neironebis stimulaciisaTvis neirotransmiterebis gamoyofa xdeba.
arsebobs neironTa sami mTavari jgufi. sensoruli (mgrZnobiare) neironebi
iReben informacias sensoruli receptorebidan da atareben mas centraluri
nervuli sistemisaken, receptoruli ujredebi Zalzed specializebulni da
mgrZnobiareni

arian,

poziciisadmi;

motoruli

centraluri
neironTa

nervuli

ZiriTad

sensoruli
informacias

magaliTad,

sinaTlisadmi,

(mamoZravebeli)

sistemidan

masas

neironebi

kunTebisa

interneironebi

neironi neironebi,
romlebic
sensorulidan
motorul
an

neironze

tvinSi

da

an

atareben

sxeulis

informacias

jirkvlebisaken;

qmnian,

romlebic

tvinis

gadascemen

sensoruli
receptorebidan
informacias
sxva
interneironebs.
TiToeul

centraluri nervuli sistemisaken atareben.

motorul

bgerisadmi,

daaxloebiT

aTasi

interneironi

modis,

motoruli neironi neironebi, romlebic informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan

romlebic tvinis ZiriTad muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & Feirtag, 1979).
kunTebisaken da jirkvlebisaken atareben.

ruli neironi
neironi,
romelic
sensoruli
receptorebidan
senso
sensoruli
interneironi
tvinis neironebi,
romlebic
informacias
sensorulidan
sxva inter- an
informacias
centraluri
nervuli
sistemisken
atarebs.
motorul neironebs gadascemen.
motoruli neironi _ neironi, romelic informacias centraluri nervuli
sistemidan kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken atarebs.

interneironi _ tvinis neironi, romelic informacias sensorulidan sxva

inter- an motorul neironebs gadascems.
imis

saCveneblad,

Tu

rogor

muSaobs

es

sami

tipis

neironi

erTad,

ganvixiloT tkivilze ganridebis refleqsi (suraTi 3.17 3.20). rodesac kanis

zedapiris
wvetiani

siaxloves
obieqtiT,

saSualebiT
aagznebs

ganlagebuli
isini

zurgis

motorul

tkivilis

agzavnian

tvinis

receptorebi

informacias

interneironebisaken.

neirons,

romelic,

Tavis

stimulirdeba

sensoruli

neironebis

interneironi

sapasuxod

mxriv,

aagznebs

sxeulis

Sesabamisi ubnis kunTs da ganaridebs mas mtkivneul gamaRizianebels. mxolod

mas

Semdeg,

rac

es

neironuli

aqtivoba

ganxorcieldeba

da

sxeuli

mocildeba mtkivneul obieqts, Tavis tvini iRebs informacias situaciis

Sesaxeb.

msgavs

SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac

gadarCena

swraf

reaqciebzea

damokidebuli, tkivilis SegrZneba Cndeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Tqven ukve
fizikurad

upasuxeT

safrTxes.

cxadia,

incidentis

Sesaxeb

informacia

111

Seinaxeba tvinis mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg jerze Tqven gaaridebT
Tavs potenciurad mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.
sur. 3.17. tkivilis ganridebis refleqsi

am

refleqsis ganxorcielebaSi

mxolod

sami

neironi

monawileobs:

sensoruli, motoruli da interneironi.

tvinis neironTa qselSi gabneulia maTze xuTjer Tu aTjer ufro meti
raodenobis

gliuri

ujredebi

(glia).

Tavad

es

sityva

momdinareobs

berZnulidan da webos niSnavs; saxelwodeba ukve miganiSnebT am ujredebis

mTavar funqciebze: _ isini neironebis sayrdens warmoadgenen. xerxemlianebSi
glias

bevri

mniSvnelovani

funqcia

aqvs.

pirveli

funqcia

ganviTarebis

safexurze Cndeba. gliuri ujredebi exmarebian axalSobil neironebs ipovon

maTi Sesabamisi lokalizacia tvinSi. meore funqciaa cxovelqmedeba. rodesac
neironebi

ziandeba

mravldeba

da

iRupeba,

da

asufTavebs

neironTaSoris

napralebSi

dazianebis

ujredul

ubanSi

narCenebs;

neirotransmiterebisa

gliuri

ujredebi

aseve,

SeuZliaT

maT,
da

sxva

substanciebis

STanTqma; mesame funqciaa izolacia. gliuri ujredebi zogierTi aqsonis

irgvliv qmnian saizolacio safarvels, romelsac mielinis garsi ewodeba. es
cximovani
siCqares;

gliis

sisxlTan
gliuri

izolacia

mniSvnelovnad

meoTxe

erTad
ujredebi,

funqciaa

Semosuli

zrdis
daicvas

toqsinuri

romelTac

nervuli
tvinis

signalis

gadacemis

mgrZnobiare

neironebi

nivTierebebisgan.

astrocitebi

ewodebaT,

specializebuli

qmnian

e.w.

hemato-

encefalur bariers, romelic warmoadgens tvinis sisxlZarRvTa irgvliv

uwyvet

cximovan

Sres.

cximSi

uxsnadi

substanciebi

am

bariers

ver

gadalaxaven, radganac mravali Sxami da sxva mavne nivTiereba cximSi ar

ixsneba

da,

Sesabamisad,

tvinSi

SeRwevac

ar

SeuZliaT.

dabolos,

neiromecnierebi sul ufro xSirad fiqroben, rom glia gavlenas axdens

neironTa Soris komunikaciaze im ionTa koncentraciaze zemoqmedebis gziT,
romlebic nervuli impulsis gatarebas uzrunvelyofen.

glia ujredi, romelic akavSirebs neironebs da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs

dazianebul da daRupul neironebs, da xels uSlis sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs
SeaRwion tvinSi.

amgznebi
amgznebi Sesavali informacia, romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.

moqmedebis potenciali

112

aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT neironebze, romlebic agzavnian informacias da

astimulireben

erTimeores.

movida

dro,

ufro

detalurad

aRvweroT

eleqtoqimiuri signalebi, romelTac nervuli sistema iyenebs informaciis

gadamuSavebisa da gadacemisaTvis. swored es signalebi warmoadgenen Tqveni
codnis, grZnobebis, survilebisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvels.
yoveli neironis mier dasmuli ZiriTadi kiTxvaa: _ ganimuxtos Tu ara (anu,
upasuxos

Tu

ara

gadawyvetilebas

gamRizianebels)?

iReben

maTi

martivad

rom

dendtrirebisa

da

vTqvad,
somis

neironebi

mier

am

miRebuli

informaciis kombinirebis Sedegad da imis gansazRvrisas, es signalebi maT

ganmuxtvas Tu arganmuxtvas ubrZaneben. ufro detalurad

ki, yoveli

neironi iRebs amgznebi ganimuxte! da Semakavebeli ar ganimuxto!

signalebis

balanss.

neironebSi

amgznebi

impulsebi

iwvevn

moqmedebis

potencials da neironi ganimuxteba.

moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli

imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor muSaobs moqmedebis potenciali, Cven unda
aRvweroT

is

bioqimiuri

Semosul

informacias.

garemo,

romelSic

neironi

mTeli

neironuli

arsebobs

komunikacia

da

iRebs

xorcieldeba

eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawilakebis, ionebis, nakadiT, romelic ganWolavs

neironis membranas Txel kans, romelic ujredis SigTavss garemomcveli
garemosagan

gamoyofs.

warmoidgineT,

rom

nervuli

boWkoebi

makaronia,

romelic mariliani wyliTaa savse da marilian supSi dacuravs. rogorc supi,

ise makaronis SigniT arsebuli siTxe Seicavs ionebs natriumis (Na+),
qloris (Cl-), kalciumisa (Ca+) da kaliumis (K+) atomebs romelTac rogorc
dadebiTi (+), ise uaryofiTi (-) muxtebi gaaCniaT (suraTi 3.18 3.21). membrana, anu
makaronis zedapiri, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs orive siTxeSi ingredientebis
Sesabamisi balansis SenarCunebaSi. rodesac ujredi ar aris aqtiuri, anu
imyofeba mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, mis Sida areSi daaxloebiT aTjer ufro
meti kaliumis ionia vidre gareT, xolo natriumis ionTa koncentracia
piriqiT,

gareT

saSualebas

ufro

aZlevs

metia.

natriumis

membrana
ionebs

srulyofili
SemoaRwion

barieri

ujredis

araa,

SigniT.

is
amis

aRmosafxvrelad, bunebam Seqmna satransporto meqanizmebi membranis SigniT,

romelic

gamotumbavs

warmatebuli

muSaobis

natriums
Sedegad

da
siTxe

Catumbavs
ujredis

kaliums.
SigniT

am

tumboTa

uaryofiTadaa

damuxtuli (70/1 000 volti) ujredgare sivrcesTan SedarebiT. es ki niSnavs,

rom

ujredis

Sida

garemo

polarizebulia. am polarizacias mosvenebis

113

potenciali ewodeba. is qmnis im eleqtroqimiur garemos, romelSic nervul

ujreds SeuZlia moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmna.
sur. 3.18. moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli

aqsonuri membrana gamoyofs siTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba natriumisa da

kaliumis ionebis SemcvelobiT. gareSe are daaxloebiT aTjer ufro met
natriumis

ions

Seicavs,

vidre

Sida.

kaliumis

ionebTan

mimarTebaSi

Tanafardoba sawinaaRmdegoa. membranas cilovani arxebi ganWolavs, romlebic

rogorc seleqtiuri arxebi ise moqmedeben, atareben ra an mxolod natriumis,
an mxolod kaliumis ionebs. mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, rodesac nervuli
impulsi ar gadis, orive tipis arxi Caketilia da ionuri tumbo inarCunebs
ionur

ganawilebas

(Signidan

gareT

gamotumbavs

natriumis

ionebs

da

Catumbavs kaliumis ionebs). aqsonis Sida are uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli 70

milivoltis

odenobiT.

Tuki

es

Zabva

Semcirdeba

nervuli

impulsis

moaxloebis gamo, natriumis arxebi ixsneba da natriumis ionebi Semodis

aqsonSi. odnav mogvianebiT, natriumis arxebi ixureba, ixsneba kaliumis arxebi
da kaliumis ionebi gamodis gareT. arxebis monacvleobiTi Caketva da gaxsna
uzrunvelyofs nervuli impulsis gavrcelebas.
nervuli ujredi iwyebs gadasvlas mosvenebis potencialidan moqmedebis
potencialze amagznebeli Tu Semakavebeli informaciis sapasuxod. nebismieri
tipis Semosul informacias SeuZlia Secvalos ionuri balansi membranis
Sida da gare areebs Soris. es aseve iwvevs cvlilebebs ionuri arxebis
funqciebSic ujreduli membranis agznebadi nawilebi, romlebic SerCeviTad
uzrunvelyofen zogierTi ionis moZraobas membranis gavliT. Semakavebeli
informacia aiZulebs ionur arxebs ufro mZafrad imuSaon da SeinarCunon
Sida

aris

uaryofiTi

muxti,

rac

daicavs

neirons

ganmuxtvisagan.

amagznebeli impulsacia iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da natriumis ionebi

Semodis

ujredis

Sida

areSi,

rac

mas

saSualebas

aZlevs

ganimuxtos.

radganac natriumis ionebi dadebiTi muxtis matarebelia, maTi Semosvla

iwvevs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis gadanawilebis Secvlas ujreduli
membranis

gaswvriv.

moqmedebis

potenciali

aRmocendeba

maSin,

rodesac

amagznebeli impulsacia sakmarisad Zlieria SemakavebelTan SedarebiT da

iwvevs

membranis

sakmarisi

depolarizacias

raodenobis

natriumi

70

milivoltidan

Semovida

ujredSi,

55
raTa

milivoltamde:
es

cvlileba

gamoewvia.

Semakavebeli Sesavali Semosuli informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs, ar ganimuxtos.

moqmedebis potenciali nervuli impulsi, romelic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis gaswvriv

vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neirotransmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.

114

iwyeba

Tu

ara

moqmedebis

potencialis

aRmoceneba,

natriumi

iCqaris

ujredis Sida areSi. Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, rac
neironis srul
moqmedebis

depolarizacias niSnavs. Semdgom dominos efeqti iwvevs

potencialis

gavrcelebas

aqsonis

gaswvriv;

depolarizaciis

mowinave ubani ki aqsonis mimdebare regionebSi natriumis arxebis gaxsnas

ganapirobebs

da

ionebi

Semodis

ujredSi.

am

gziT

Tanamimdevruli

depolarizaciiT signali vrceldeba aqsonSi (suraTi 3.18 3.21).

rogor ubrundeba neironi mis sawyis mosvenebul mdgomareobas ganmuxtvis
Semdeg? rodesac neironis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, natriumis arxebi
ixureba

da

kaliumis

ixsneba

gamosvla

kaliumis
aRadgens

arxebi,

kaliumis

neironis

ionebi

uaryofiT

gamodian

muxts.

maSin,

gareT.

rodesac

signali miaRwevs aqsonis bolos, ujredis is nawilebi, sadac moqmedebis

potenciali warmoiqmna, ukve ubrundeba mosvenebul mdgomareobas da mzadaa
momdevno stimulaciisaTvis.

moqmedebis potencialis maxasiaTeblebi

moqmedebis
maxasiaTebels

potencialis
gansazRvravs.

gavrcelebis
moqmedebis

arafris kanons:
kanons _ moqmedebis

bioqimiuri

potenciali

potencialis

zoma

stimulaciis intensivobaze, Tuki is gansazRvrul

buneba

emorCileba

ar

mraval
sul

an

aris damokidebuli

zRurbls aRwevs. miaRwevs

Tu ara amagznebeli impulsi zRurbls, iwyeba potencialis generireba. Tuki

gaRizianeba qvezRurblovania, potenciali ver aRmocendeba. sul an arafris
kanonis damatebiTi Sedegia is, rom moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar icvleba
aqsonis mTel sigrZeze _ moqmedebis potenciali TviTgavrcelebadia, erTxel
dawyebuls, mas ar sWirdeba gareSe stimulacia.
sxvadasxva
gavrcelebis

neironebSi
siCqare

aqsonis

gansxvavebulia.

gaswvriv
yvelaze

moqmedebis
ufro

potencialis

swrafebSi

signali

moZraobs 200 m/wm-Si siCqariT, yvelaze ufro nelSi ki 10 sm/wm-Si. swrafi

neironebis

aqsonebi

dafarulia

mWidrod

Semoxveuli

mielinis

garsiT,

romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gliuri ujredebisgan Sedgeba da aqsoni

115

emsgavseba simze acmul mokle milTa erTobliobas. milakebs Soris arsebul

ranvies

sivrces

Seviwroveba

ewodeba

(suraTi

3.16).

mielinis

garsian

neironebSi moqmedebis potenciali xtunaobs erTi Seviwrovebidan meoreze,

riTac zogavs aqsonis yvela ubanze ionuri arxebis gaxsna-daxurvisaTvis
saWiro drosa da energias. mielinis garsis dazianeba iwvevs moqmedebis
potencialis gavrcelebis Senelebas da bevri problemis safuZveli xdeba.
gafantuli sklerozi (MS) erT-erTi im saSinel daavadebaTagania, romelic
aqsonebis demielinizaciiTaa gamowveuli. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia ormagi
gamosaxulebis aRqma, kankali, da, sabolood, dambla. gafantuli sklerozis
dros

sxeulis

specializebuli

imunuri

ujredebi

Slian mielinizebuli

neironebis garss da azianeben normalur sinafsur gadacemas (Joyce, 1990).

ionuri

arxebi

nervuli

ujredis

membranis

nawilebi,

romlebic

ionTa

SerCeviT

ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.

sul an arafris kanoni moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis intensivobaze

damokidebuli garkveuli zRurblis Semdeg.

refraqteruli

periodi

mosvenebis

periodi,

romlis

ganmavlobaSic

axali

nervuli

impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis segmentSi.

mas mere, rac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonis garkveul ubans gaivlis, am

segmentze

yalibdeba

e.w.

refraqteruli

periodi

(suraTi

3.19

3.22).

absoluturi refraqteruli periodis dros momdevno stimulacia, rac ar

unda intensiuric iyos igi, ver iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis generirebas;

SefardebiTi refraqteruli periodis dros neironi ganimuxteba mxolod

normalurze ufro Zlieri impulsis sapasuxod. gicdiaT unitazis Carecxva,
rodesac is wyliT ivseba? unitazSi unda arsebobdes wylis kritikuli done,
rom mas Carecxvis saSualeba hqondes. amis msgavsad, imisaTvis rom neironma
aRidginos

axali

gadaimuxtos

moqmedebis

da

Tavidan

potencialis
aicilos

generirebis

unari,

qvezRurblovani

is

unda

stimulacia.

refraqteruli periodi uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis potencialis mxolod erTi

mimarTulebiT gavrcelebas: _ mas ar SeuZlia ukan dabruneba, radganac
aqsonis winamdebare segmentebi refraqterul mdgomareobaSia.
sur.

3.19.

eleqtruli

cvlilebebis

droSi
droSi

ganawileba

moqmedebis

potencialis dros

natriumis

ionebi,

romlebic

neironSi

Semodis,

depolarizaciis

gziT

iwveven mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi arsebuli mosvenebis msubuqad uaryofiTi

116

potencialis

Secvlas

msubuqad

pozitiuriT.

rodesac

neironi

depolarizebulia, masSi mokle refraqteruli periodi myardeba, romlis

drosac momdevno stimulacias axali moqmedebis potencialis gamowveva ar
SeuZlia. axali moqmedebis potenciali SeiZleba aRmocendes mxolod maSin,
rodesac aRdgeba ionuri balansi gare da Sida areebs Soris.
sinafsuri
sinafsuri gadacema
rodesac

aqsonuri

potenciali

daasrulebs

mis

mogzaurobas

aqsonis

gaswvriv da miaRwevs terminalur balTas, man unda gadasces informacia

mezobel neirons. magram neironebi erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini sinafsebs qmnian,
patara sinafsuri napraliT presinafsur membranasa (informaciis gadamcemi
neironis terminaluri balTa) da postsinafsur membranas (mimRebi neironis
dendtritis an somis zedapiri) Soris. rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs
terminalur

balTas,

is

iwvevs

moqmedebaTa

mTeli

jaWvis

gaaqtivebas,

romelsac sinafsuri gadacema ewodeba da romelic warmoadgens informaciis

gadacemas erTi neironidan meoreze sinafsuri napralis gavliT (suraTi 3.20
3.23). sinafsuri gadacema iwyeba, rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonur
daboloebaSi iwvevs patara sferosebri buStukebis, sinafsuri vezikulebis,
moZraobas aqsonuri daboloebis Sida membranisaken da masTan mimagrebas.
yoveli

vezikulis

nivTiereba,

SigniT

romelic

neirotransmiteria

sxva

neironebis

moTavsebuli

stimulirebas

bioqimiuri

iwvevs.

moqmedebis

potenciali aseve iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da kalciumis Semosvlas

aqsonur
arsebuli

daboloebaSi,

rac

sinafsuri

neirotransmiteris

vezikulebis

gamoTavisuflebas

gaskdomas

ganapirobebs.

da

amis

maTSi
Semdeg

neirotransmiteri Zalian swrafad gadadis sinafsur napralSi da aRwevs

postsinafsur

membranas.

neirotransmiterebi

sinafsuri

ukavSirdeba

gadacemis

postsinafsur

dasrulebisaTvis,

membranaze

arsebul

receptorul molekulebs.
sur. 3.20. sinafsuri gadacema

moqmedebis potenciali presinafsur neironSi iwvevs neirotransmiterebis

gamoTavisuflebas

sinafsur

napralSi,

risi

gadalaxvis

Semdegac,

isini

astimulireben postsinafsur membranaSi arsebul receptorul molekulebs.

erTi

da

arsebobdes.

igive

neironis

SigniT

SeiZleba

mravali

neirotransmiteri

117

sinafsi or neirons Soris arsebuli naprali.

sinafsuri gadacema erTi neironidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis procesi sinafsuri

napralis gaswvriv.

neirotransmiterebi qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa, gaivlis

sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis stimulacias iwvevs.

neirotransmiteri ukavSirdeba receptorul molekulas ori winapirobis

Sesrulebis Semdeg. pirveli, sxva arc erTi neirotransmiteri, an qimiuri
nivTiereba

ar

SeiZleba

neirotransmiteris
formas

ise,

darRveulia,

daukavSirdes

forma

rogorc

unda

receptorul

Seesabamebodes

gasaRebi

neirotransmiteri

ergeba
ver

molekulas;

receptoruli

klites.

daukavSirdeba

Tu

meore,

molekulis

romelime

receptors,

piroba

rac

imas

niSnavs, rom postsinafsuri membranis stimulireba SeuZlebeli iqneba. Tuki

neirotransmiteri daukavSirda receptorul molekulas, mas SeuZlia mezobel
neirons

gadasces

Seasrulebs

ra

informacia

Tavis

ganmuxtvis

funqcias,

an

arganmuxtvis

neirotransmiteri

Sordeba

Sesaxeb.

receptorul

molekulas da ukan, sinafsur napralSi gadadis. aq is an iSleba enzimebis

zemoqmedebis

Sedegad

an

ukuSeiwoveba

aqsonuri

daboloebis

mier

ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis mizniT.

receptorul

molekulaze

damokidebulebiT,

neirotansmiters

SeiZleba

hqondes amgznebi, an Semakavebeli efeqti. e.i. erTi da igive neirotransmiteri

SeiZleba iyos amgznebi erTi sinafsisaTvis da Semakavebeli meorisaTvis.
TiToeuli

neironi

neironTan erTad
moqmedebis

amuSavebs

miRebul

imisaTvis, rom

potenciali.

swored

informacias

gadawyvitos,
am

aTasobiT

aTasidan

aTi

warmoqmnas Tu ara
amgznebi

da

aTas
axali

Semakavebeli

informaciis integracia aZlevs saSualebas moqmedebis potencials Seqmnas

adamianis gamocdilebis safuZveli.
Tqven albaT gsurT gaigoT, ratom ganvixilavT ase detalurad nervul
sistemas.

es

xom

fsiqologiis

kursia,

romelic

Seiswavlis

qcevas,

azrovnebasa da emociebs. sinamdvileSi, sinafsebi swored is biologiuri

mediumia, romelTa meSveobiTac yvela es qmedeba xorcieldeba. Tuki Tqven
SecvliT sinafsis normalur aqtivobas, Tqven cvliT adamianTa qcevas, maT
azrovnebas da grZnobebs. sinafsis muSaobis principebis gagebam SesaZlebeli
gaxada

ukeT

fsiqologiuri

gagvego

daswavlisa

aSlilobebi,

da

mexsierebis

wamaldamokidebuleba,

meqanizmebi,
da,

zogadad,

emociebi,
sulieri

118

janmrTelobis

qimiuri

formula.

am

TavSi

miRebuli

codna

Tqven

dagexmarebaT gaigoT mTeli wigni _ fsiqologia da cxovreba.

neirotransmiterebi da maTi funqciebi
tvinSi neirotransmiteris funqcias asrulebs 60-ze meti sxvadasxva qimiuri
substancia. intensiurad Seswavlili neirotransmiterebi garkveul teqnikur
kriteriumebs akmayofileben. TiToeuli maTgani gamomuSavdeba presinafsur
aqsonur daboloebaSi da gamoTavisufldeba, rodesac moqmedebis potenciali
aRwevs am daboloebas. neirotransmiteris arseboba sinafsur napralSi iwvevs
postsinafsuri membranis biologiur pasuxs da, Tu misi gamoTavisufleba ar
Sedga,

Sesabamisi

pasuxi

ver

gamoiwveva.

imisaTvis,

rom

Tqven

SegeqmnaT

warmodgena, Tu ra gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva neirotransmiterebi qcevis

regulaciaze,
romlebic

Cven

gansaxilvelad

miCneulia

warmatebuli

yvelaze

yoveldRiuri

gTavazobT

ufro

im

neirotransmiterebs,

mniSvnelovnad

funqcionirebisaTvis.

nervuli

mokle

sistemis

diskusia

aseve

SesaZlebels gaxdis imis gagebas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac neirotransmiterebis

moqmedeba irRveva.

acetilqolini
acetilqolini

gvxvdeba

sistemaSi.

alchaimeris

ZiriTadad

asakovan

darRvevas

iwvevs

rogorc

centralur,

daavadebis

pacientebSi

periferiul

(degeneratiuli

gvxvdeba)

acetilqolinis

ise

dros

daavadeba,

pacientebSi

sekretoruli

nervul
romelic

mexsierebis

neironebis

dazianeba.

acetilqolini aseve amgznebad moqmedebs nerv-kunTovan SeerTebaSi, sadac is

kunTebis SekumSvas iwvevs. mraval toqsins SeuZlia acetilqolinis sinafsuri
moqmedebis Secvla. magaliTad, botulinumis toqsini, romelic arasworad
konservirebul

sakvebSi xSirad

acetilqolinis
indielebis

gvxvdeba, wamlavs

gamoTavisuflebas

mier

gamoyenebuli

sasunTq

Sxami,

adamians, aferxebs ra

sistemaSi.

romliTac

kurare,

isini

isrebis

amazoniis
boloebs

wamlaven, iwvevs sasunTqi kunTebis damblas acetilqolinis receptorebis

blokirebis gziT, xels uSlis ra neirotransmiteris normalur sinafsur
aqtivobas.

gaemi
gaemi

(gama-amino-erbos-mJava)

gavrcelebuli

Semakavebeli

Tavis

tvinSi

neirotransmiteria.

yvelaze
gaemi

ufro

tvinis

farTod
sinafsebis

daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi gamoiyeneba rogorc mesenjeri. gaem-mgrZnobiare

119

neironebi tvinis iseT regionebSia lokalizebuli, rogorebicaa Talamusi,

hipoTalamusi

da

kefis

wili.

gaemi

mniSvnelovan

rols

TamaSobs

fsiqopaTologiis zogierT formaSi, akavebs ra neironul aqtivobas. rodesac

am

neirotransmiteris

done klebulobs, adamianebSi es

iwvevs

damatebiT

nervul aqtivobas, romelic SfoTvaSi gamoixateba (Paul et al., 1986). SfoTvebs

xSirad mkurnaloben benzodiazepinebis Semcveli wamlebiT, rogoric valiumi
da qsanaqsia, romlebic gaem dones zrdian (Ballenger, 1999). benzodiazepinebi
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba gaem receptorebs, samagierod isini xels uwyoben
gaems

Tavad

ufro

efeqturad

daukavSirdes

postsinafsur

receptorul

molekulebs.

dofamini, norepinefrini da serotonini

kateqolaminebi warmoadgenen qimiuri substanciebis klass, romelic or
mniSvnelovan neirotransmiters, dofaminsa da norepinefrins Seicavs. orive
maTgani umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs iseT fsiqologiur daavadebebSi,
rogoricaa guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi da Sizofrenia. norepinefrini
CarTulia

depresiis

zogierT

formaSi:

wamlebi,

romlebic

tvinSi

am

neirotransmiteris donis momatebas uwyoben xels, xasiaTis gaumjobesebasa

da depresiis Semsubuqebas iwveven. sawinaaRmdegod, normaze maRali dofaminis
Semcveloba

nanaxia

SizofreniiT

daavadebulebSi.

rogorc

Tqven

albaT

ggoniaT, am daavadebis mkurnalobis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda iseTi

wamlebis

gamoyeneba,

gamoiwvevda.

romlebic

medikamentozuri

tvinSi

mkurnalobis

dofaminis
adreul

donis
periodSi

Semcirebas
warmoiqmna

saintereso, magram naklebad saxarbielo problema. wamlis maRali dozebis

gamoyenebam Sizofreniis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia parkinsonis daavadebis niSnebi
progresuli da fataluri daavadebis, romelic

moZraobis darRvevebs

iwvevs (parkinsonis daavadebis mizezia dofaminis masinTezirebeli neironebis

gamofitva). am monacemebma aiZuila mecnierebi daewyoT kvleva Sizofreniisa
da parkinsonis daavadebis medikamentozuri mkurnalobis gasaumjobeseblad.
yvela neironi, romelic serotonins gamoimuSavebs, moTavsebulia tvinis
ReroSi,

romelic

agznebisa

da

mravali

sxva

avtonomiuri

procesis

regulaciaSia CarTuli. halucinogenuri nivTiereba LSD (lizerginis mJavas

dieTilamidi) moqmedebs serotoninerguli neironebis efeqtebis daTrgunvis
gziT. es serotoninerguli neironebi Cveulebriv sxva neironTa Sekavebas
iwveven, magram LCD-Ti gamowveuli Sekavebis nakleboba iwvevs cocxal da
uCveulo

emociebs,

romelTagan zogi ramodenime saaTi grZeldeba. bevri

120

antidepresanti, mag. prozaki, aZlierebs serotoninis aqtivobas, xels uSlis

ra mis mocilebas sinafsuri napralidan (Barondes, 1994).
neiromodulatori substancia, romlic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri neironis
aqtivobas.

endorfinebi
endorfinebi

qimiur

nivTierebaTa

jgufia,

romelTac

Cveulebriv

neiromodulatorebs uwodeben. neiromodulatori aris substancia, romelic

cvlis

an

amodulirebs

(Semoklebulia

postsinafsuri

endogenuri

neironis

morfinebi)

aqtivobas.

mniSvnelovan

endorfinebi

rols

TamaSoben

emociuri qcevisa (SfoTva, SiSi, daZabva, siamovneba) da tkivilis kontrolSi

opiumisa da morfis msgavsi nivTierebebi tvinSi erTi da igive receptorebs
ukavSirdeba.

endorfinebs

uwodeben

samoTxis

gasaRebs

maTi siamovnebis

gamomwvevi Tvisebis gamo. gamokvleul iqna SesaZlebloba, rom endorfinebi

nawilobriv

mainc

pasuxismgebelia

tkivilis

Semamsubuqebel

efeqtebze

akupunqturisa da placebos dros (Fields & Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995; Watkins &
Mayer, 1982). es testebi emyareba nivTiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic
morfinisa

da

endorfinebis

tkivilgamayuCebeli
iwvevs,

receptorebis

procedura,

araefeqturia

romelic

naloqsonis

blokirebas
endorfinebis

miRebisas.

iwvevs.

nebismieri

gamoTavisuflebas

naloqsonis

ineqciis

dros

akupunqtura da placebo kargavs Tavis Zalas, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

swored endorfinebi ganapirobebdnen maT zemoqmedebas.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom iseTi airebi, rogoricaa naxSirbadis monooqsidi
da azotis oqsidi, moqmedeben rogorc neirotransmiterebi (Barinaga, 1993). am
axali

klasis

warmomadgenlebi

ar

emorCilebian

neirotransmiterebis

moqmedebis tradiciulad Camoyalibebul principebs. magaliTad, Cvens mier

aRweril neirotransmiterTagan gansxvavebiT, imis magier, rom daukavSirdnen
receptorul

molekulebs,

es

airadi

transmiterebi pirdapir

ganWolaven

mimRebi ujredis gare membranas. am gasaocarma aRmoCenam unda dagarwmunoT,

rom Tavis tvinSi jer kidev bevri saidumlo unda gaixsnas.
wignis am TavSi Cven mokled ganvixileT is SesaniSnavi da araCveulebrivi
samyaro, Tqveni tvini, romelic mxolod kilonaxevars iwonis. erTia, imis
Secnoba, rom tvini akontrolebs qcevas da Tqven sulier procesebs, magram
meorea

imis

gageba,

Tu

rogor

axorcielebs

tvini

yvela

am

funqcias.

neiromecnierebi CarTulni arian am gasaocari problemis amoxsnaSi, rom

121

gaigon tvinis SigniT da garemosa da tvins Soris mimdinare procesebi. Tqven

axla ukve gaqvT sabaziso codna, romelic dagexmarebaT damatebiTi codnis
SeZenaSi.
Sejameba
neironTa ZiriTadi tipebia sensoruli, motoruli da interneironebi. Tavis
tvinis

neironTa

gliuri

umravlesoba

ujredebiT.

interneironia,

neironebi

ganimuxteba

romlebic
amgznebi

garSemortymulia
da

Semakavebeli

impulsebis Sesabamisi balansis miRebis sapasuxod. neironebi sul an arafris

kanonis Sesabamisad agzavnian informacias moqmedebis potencialis saxiT
aqsonis gaswvriv. neirotransmiterebi Tavisufldeba sinafsur napralSi da
gadascemen

informacias

dakavSirebis

gziT.

mniSvnelovani

mezobeli

mravali

neironis

sasicocxlo

neirotransmiterebis

receptorul

procesia

molekulasTan

damokidebuli

moqmedebaze,

iseTi

rogorebicaa

acetilqolamini, dofamini da serotonini.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ rogor gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tvinze?
wignis am Tavis wakiTxvisas, Tqven axal informacias iZenT niSnavs Tu
ara es, rom Tqveni tvini icvleba? _ savaraudoa! studentebi, romlebic
pirvelad

Sedian

SexebaSi

Tanamedrove

neiromecnierebasTan,

xSirad

interesdebian, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba maT

tvinze.
klasikuri cdebis seria, romelic mark rozencvaigisa da misi kolegebis
mier iqna Catarebuli, aCvenebs gansxvavebebs virTagvebs Soris, romlebic
gamdidrebul da gaRaribebul garemoSi aRizardnen (Rosenzweig, 1996, 1999b).
gaRaribebul

garemoSi

virTagvebi

marto

iyvnen

moTavsebuli

galiaSi;

gamdidrebul garemoSi isini mozrdil galiaSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen da

yoveldRiurad

ecvlebodaT

saTamaSoebi.

garkveuli

periodis

(ramodenime

kvira da Tve) Semdeg mecnierebma Seiswavles virTagvebis tvini. Sedegebi

dramatuli iyo. gamdidrebul garemoSi gazrdili virTagvebis saSualo tvini
ufro mZime da msxvili pozitiuri atributebi - iyo, vidre gaRaribebul
garemoSi gazrdili cxovelebisa. SesamCnevi sxvaoba miiRweoda maSinac ki,
rodesac

virTagvebi

gamdidrebul

garemoSi

mxolod

ramodenime

dRiT

Tavsdebodnen. sxvaoba zrdasrul virTagvebSic aRiniSneboda, anu, ara marto

mzardi,
Semdeg

aramed

zrdasruli

uCvenebdnen

virTagvebic

upiratesobas.

gamdidrebul

miuxedavad

imisa,

areSi

rom

es

moTavsebis
gamokvleva

122

virTagvebze Catarda, cdis Sedegebis gadatana adamianebzec SeiZleba: mdidar

garemos dadebiTi gavlena aqvs tvinis ganviTarebasa da muSaobaze.
tvinis

damasuraTebeli

gansxvavebebis

aRmoCena,

teqnikiT

romlebic

SesaZlebelia

cxovrebiseuli

Zalzed

specifikuri

gamocdilebis

Sedegad

Camoyalibda. musikosebma, romlebic violinoze ukraven, Zalian natifad unda

akontrolon marcxena xelis TiTebi. Tuki Tqven daubrundebiT 3.9 suraTs,
naxavT rom sensoruli qerqis didi nawili TiTebs eZRvneba. tvinis skanirebam
uCvena,

rom

qerqis

ubnebi,

pasuxismgebeli

marcxena

xelis

TiTebze,

meviolineebSi ufro didia, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi (Elbert et al., 1995). es

efeqti araa nanaxi marjvena xelis TiTebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT aseTi
mniSvnelovani

datvirTva

violinoze

dakvrisas.

marcxena

TiTebis

reprezentacia sensorul qerqSi yvelaze ufro didi iyo im musikosebSi,

romelTac violinoze dakvra bavSvobaSi, 12 wlis asakamde daiwyes.
Tqven,

albaT,

ukve

ifiqreT

imaze,

rom

cxovrebiseul

gamocdilebas

SeuZlia aseve uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos tvinis muSaobaze. gaixseneT

tvinis

struqtura,

gadamwyveti

hipokampi,

struqtura

mecnierebma

uCvenes,

romelic

Cven

konkretuli

rom

manamde

mexsierebis

qronikuli

stresi

aRvwereT,

rogorc

CamoyalibebisaTvis.

mdgomareoba,

rodesac

organizmis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri resursebi maqsimaluradaa daZabuli

(ix. Tavi 13) iwvevs hipokampis neironTa dendritebis atrofias (McEwen, 1999;
Sapolsky, 1996).

rogorc

zogierTi

formis

pirobebSi

kargaven

neiromecnierebis
meTodebis

Tqven,

darRveva.

albaT,

magaliTad,

labirinTSi

Tanamedrove

aRmoCena,

ukve

mixvdiT,

virTagvebi

orientaciis

mimarTulebebis

romlebic

tvins

unars

Sedegia

mexsierebis

qronikuli

stresis

(Conrad et al., 1996).

mniSvnelovani
uaryofiTi

amocanaa

im

cxovrebiseuli

gamocdilebisagan daicaven. aseTi kvlevis Sedegebi yvelasaTvis sasargeblo

iqneba.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
saxeobebi

warmoiqmneba

da

icvleba

drois

ganmavlobaSi

bunebrivi

gadarCevis Sedegad.
adamianTa

evoluciaSi,

or

fexze

siarulma

da

encefalizaciam

mniSvnelovani Sedegebi, maT Soris metyvelebisa da kulturis ganviTareba,

gamoiwvia.

123

memkvidreobiTobis mTavari erTeuli genia. genebi gansazRvraven im gavlenis

CarCoebs,

romelsac

garemo

faqtorebi

iwvevs

da

romlebic

fenotipis

cvlilebiT gamoixateba.
biologia da qceva
neiromecnierebi uamrav sxvadasxva meTods iyeneben, rom tvinsa da qcevas
Soris

damokidebuleba

Seswavla,

tvinis

stimulacia,

tvinis

gaarkvion:

garkveuli

tvinis

ubnebis

aqtivobis

dazianebis

dazianeba,

registracia,

da

mqone

tvinis

pacientTa
eleqtruli

kompiuteruli

teqnikis

meSveobiT tvinis gamosaxulebis miReba.

Tavisa da zurgis tvini centralur nervul sistemas (cns) qmnian.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) Sedgeba neironebisagan, romlebic cnssa da sxeuls akavSireben. pns Sedgeba somaturi nervuli sistemisagan,
romelic

ConCxis

kunTebis

moqmedebas

aregulirebs,

da

avtonomiuri

nervuli sistemisagan (ans), romelic aregulirebs sasicocxlo procesebs.

Tavis tvini Sedgeba sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Srisagan: _ tvinis Rero,
limburi sistema da didi tvini.
tvinis

Rero

pasuxismgebelia

sunTqvaze,

saWmlis

monelebasa

da

guliscemaze.
limburi sistema monawileobs grZelvadiani mexsierebis, agresiis, kvebiT da
sqesobriv qcevebSi.
didi tvini akontrolebs umaRles mentalur procesebs.
zogi funqcia lateralizebulia Tavis tvinis erT romelime hemisferoSi.
magaliTad,

adamianTa

umravlesobaSi

metyvelebas

marcxena

hemisfero

akontrolebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive hemisfero erTad muSaobs, maT funqcionirebis
sxvadasxva tipi axasiaTebT: _ marcxena hemisfero ufro analitikuria,
marjvena ki holisturi.
individualuri gansxvavebebis fonze zogadi daskvnebi SeiZleba Seicvalos.
magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebs lateralizaciis gansxvavebuli saxeebi
axasiaTebT.
endokrinuli

sistema

gamoimuSavebs

da

sisxlis

nakadSi

gamoyofs

hormonebs.
hormonebi xels uwyoben zrdas, pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTarebas, metabolizms, saWmlis monelebasa da agznebas.

124

hipoTalamusi akontrolebs endokrinul sistemas hipofizis stimulirebis

gziT.
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
neironi,

nervuli

sistemis

ZiriTadi

erTeuli,

iRebs,

amuSavebs

da

gadascems informacias sxva neironebs, jirkvlebsa da kunTebs.

neironebi gadascemen informacias dendritebidan ujredis sxeulis (soma)
gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken.
sensoruli neironebi iReben informacias specializebuli receptoruli
ujredebidan
informacias

da

agzavnian

cns-dan

gadascemen

mas

cns-ken.

kunTebisa

informacias

da

sensoruli

motoruli

neironebi

jirkvlebisaken.
neironebidan

agzavnian

interneironebi

sxva

motorul

an

interneironebs.
rodesac impulsaciis sumacia miaRwevs gansazRvrul zRurbls, moqmedebis
potenciali igzavneba aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri daboloebisaken.
sul

an

arafris

kanons

damorCilebuli

moqmedebis

potenciali

aRmocendeba, rodesac gaxsnili ionuri arxebi ujredis membranis Sida da

gare areebs Soris ionTa ganvladobas uzrunvelyofs.
neirotransmiterebi

gamoTavisufldeba

sinafsur

napralSi.

napralis

gadalaxvis Semdeg isini uerTdeba postsinafsuri membranis receptorul

molekulebs.
aagzneben Tu Seakaveben es neirotransmiterebi membranas, damokidebulia
receptoruli molekulis bunebaze.
ZiriTadi cnebebi

adamianis qcevis genetika

neiromodulatori

amagznebeli Sesavali

neironi

asociaciuri qerqi

neirotransmiterebi

avtonomiuri
(ans)

nuSisebri kompleqsi

parasimpaTikuri sistema

aqsoni

periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns)

brokas are

PET

bunebrivi gadarCeva

genebi

retikuluri formacia

genetika

refraqteruli periodi

genotipi

safeTqlis wili

glia

sasqeso qromosomebi

nervuli

sistema

(pozitronul-emisiuri
skani

tomografia)

125

dazianeba

sensoruli neironi

dendritebi

simpaTikuri sistema

didi tvini

sinafsi

didi tvinis qerqi

sinafsuri gadacema

dnm

smeniTi qerqi

soma

eleqtroencefalograma (eeg)

somatosensoruli qerqi

endokrinuli sistema

somaturi nervuli sistema

estrogeni

sociobiologia

Talamusi

sul an arafris kanoni

Txemis wili

tvinis Rero

interneironi

tvinis hemisferoebi

ionuri arxebi

terminaluri balTa

kefis wili

testosteroni

korZiani sxeuli

fenotipi

limburi sistema

magnetur-rezonansuli
tomografia (MRI)

funqciuri
magnetur-rezonansuli
tomografia (fMRI)

Semakavebeli Sesavali

memkvidreobiToba

Sublis wili

mogrZo tvini

centraluri nervuli sistema (cns)

mosvenebis potenciali

xidi

motoruli neironi

hipoTalamusi

motoruli qerqi

hipokampi

moqmedebis potenciali

hipofizi

mxedvelobis qerqi

homeostazi

naTxemi

hormonebi

neiromecniereba

(dezoqsiribonukleinis
mJava)

Tavi 4. SegrZnebebi

samyaros sensoruli Semecneba

fsiqofizika

fizikuri movlenebidan fsiqikuri movlenebisaken

mxedvelobis sistema

adamianis Tvali

guga da broli

badura

126

Tavis tvinisaken mimavali nervuli gzebi

ferTa SegrZneba

vizualuri obieqtebis kompleqsuri analizi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: SeuZlia teqnologiasDdazianebuli

mxedvelobis aRdgena?

smenis SegrZneba

bgeris fizika

bgeris fsiqologiuri ganzomilebebi

smenis fiziologia

sxva SegrZnebebi

ynosva

gemos SegrZneba

Sexeba da kanis SegrZnebebi

wonasworobisa da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi

tkivili

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli

tkivils?

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

127

jonaTan i. iyo mxatvari. man Tavisi warmatebuli SemoqmedebiTi karieris

ganmavlobaSi Seqmna mravali abstraqtuli tilo, romelic warmoadgenda
kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi man
sruliad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis tvinis dazianebis gamo. roca
is uyurebda Tavis namuSevrebs, xedavda yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da TeTr
ferebSi; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli
asociaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla igi xedavda mxolod uswormasworo da
WuWyian laqebs. es ar exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvlilebebi moxda
mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic. magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu
mxolod Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTisxili da TeTri brinji
gamoiyureboda misTvis gacilebiT ufro jansaR, normalur sakvebad, vidre
feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla aRiqvamda usiamovno rux ferebSi da
eCveneboda ugemuri.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i.-is istoria arc ise tragikuli
aRmoCnda.

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

igi

Seegua

am

mdgomareobas,

scada

gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da daiwyo xatva Savi da TeTri saRebavebiT.

jonaTan

i.-is

Tayvanismcemlebma

es

aRiqves, rogorc

misi

SemoqmedebiTi

karieris axali da saintereso etapi. maT ar icodnen, rom mxatvruli

mimarTulebis Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazianebiT. jonaTan i.
mixvda, rom misma ucabedma ferTa sibrmavem vizualuri samyaros axali
aspeqtebi gadauSala win: Tumca, jonaTan i. ar uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram
dakarga da garkveulwilad swuxda amis gamo, magram man igrZno, rom misi
mxedveloba gaxda uaRresad daxvewili, privilegirebuli,

rom is uyurebs

wminda formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels feri. (Sacks, 1995, p.38).
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom jonaTan i.-im dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari,
misma sensorulma sistemam uzrunvelyo is samyaros axali versiiT, romelic
mas SeeZlo aReqva da gadaeqcia xelovnebad.
dagafiqraT

jonaTan

SesaZleblobebze?

i.-is

istoriam

Tqvens

sakuTar

sensorul

dainteresebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni

Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi,

gagancdevinoT

van

gogis

naxatebis

ferTa

sisavse,

rok-n-rolis

swrafi

melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros macocxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis

kocnis rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli gazafxulze? am TavSi
Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT, Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini gaerkves
stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad aris Cvens garSemo _ danaxuli

128

obieqtebSi, mosmenili bgerebSi da sxva mravalSi. Tqven dainaxavT, Tu rogor

aRgWurvaT

evoluciam

ganzomilebebi.

Tqven

unariT,
aRmoaCenT,

gamoavlinoT
rom

gancdis

SegrZnebebs,

sxvadasxva

romliTac

Tqven

dagajildovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli meqanizmi aqvs.

es Tavi exeba Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur elementebs: SegrZneba aris
procesi, roca sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis gancdas,
maT gacnobierebas. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba perceptul procesebs, romelic
dakavSirebulia
aqtivobasTan.

centraluri

igi

SeiZleba

nervuli

sistemis

ganisazRvros,

ufro

rogorc

maRali

sensoruli

donis
gancdis

identifikacia, interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia. Semdegi Tavis

bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva
informaciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros erTi mTliani suraTis
gancda.
SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba
dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebamde, neba momeciT, yuradReba
gavamaxvilo SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa TviTgadarCena da grZnobadoba

(Sensuality).

Tqveni

SegrZnebebi,

rogorc

gamafrTxilebeli

signali,

ise

gexmarebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad imoqmedoT safrTxis winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs

Tqvens moqmedebas, raTa ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi.
garda amisa, Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia
adamiani,

romelic

gatacebulia

SegrZnebebisagan

miRebuli

siamovnebis

gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT mravalferovani

SegrZnebebiT

mxedvelobis,

smeniTi,

Sexebis,

gemosa

Tu

ynosvis.

roca

waikiTxavT am Tavs, Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze, Tu rogor gexmarebaT

SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli
survili da iswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba miiRoT siamovneba bgerebis,
ferebis, sunebis, gemos da Sexebis samyaroSi.
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
gare samyaros gancda unda iyos zusti da Tavisufali Secdomebisagan.
sxvagvarad Tqven ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT: ikveboT, raTa

129

SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari, romelic dagicavT; sxva adamianebTan

urTierToba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri moTxovnilebani da safrTxis
gacnobiereba, raTa daicvaT Tavi. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis
Tqven unda miiRoT sando informacia samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela
saxeobam ganaviTara informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli saxis specialuri
meqanizmebi. adamiani ki ar aris specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul
sensorul

sferoze:

Tqven

ara

gaqvT

iseTive

srulyofili

mxedveloba,

rogorc, magaliTad, Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ramuras da

iseTive ynosva, rogorc mRrRnelebs. magram adamianebi arian aRWurvilni
sensoruli meqanizmiT, romelic aZlevs maT SesaZleblobas, gadaamuSavos
Semomavali rTuli sensoruli signalebis farTo speqtri.
sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli procesebis Seswavla yovelTvis
inarCunebda
istoriis

gansakuTrebul
ganmavlobaSi.

adgils

roca

fsiqologiuri

vundti

(Wundt,

mecnierebis
1907)

mTeli

eqsperimentuli

fsiqologiis safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza idea, romlis

mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi elementaruli procesebia, romelTagan
igeba ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898) es idea Seitana
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili daikava mis
introspeqciul

kvlevebSi

cnobierebis

Sinaarsebis

Sesaxeb.

rogorc

mogvianebiT vnaxavT, SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiuri kvlevebSi, ZiriTadad,

Seiswavleboda

garemoSi

mimdinare

movlenebsa

da

adamianTa

mier

am

movlenebis gancdas Soris kavSirebi.

fsiqofizika
ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis xma qarxanaSi, raTa muSebma
gaigonon

is

momuSave

manqanebis

xmaurSi?

ramdenad

kaSkaSa

unda

iyos

sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis sakontrolo panelze, raTa

misi sikaSkaSe orjer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli obieqtebis sikaSkaSes?
ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa yavaSi, raTa is TqvenTvis gaxdes tkbili? am
kiTxvebze

pasuxis

gasacemad

Cven

unda

SegveZlos

sensoruli

gancdis

intensivobis gazomva. es aris fsiqofizikis ZiriTadi amocana _ Seiswavlos

kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa da qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris,
romelsac

es

stimuli

aRZravs.

fsiqofizika

fsiqologiuri

mecnierebis

uZvelesi sferoa (Levine & Shefner, 1981).

yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis istoriaSi iyo germaneli
fizikosi gustav fexneri (Gustav Fechner1801_1887). fexnerma Semoitana termini

130

fsiqofizika

da

Seqmna

meTodika,

romelic

akavSirebda

fizikuri

gamRizianeblis intensivobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi _ sensoruli

gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologiur erTeulebSi (Fechner, 1860/1966).
fexneris

teqnika

sinaTlis,

aris

bgeriTi,

erTnairi

ynosviTi,

nebismieri

gemos

Tu

modalobis
SexebiTi

stimulisaTvis

gamRizianeblisaTvis:

mkvlevarebi gansazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs da qmnian fsiqofizikur

skalebs,

romelic

akavSirebs

SegrZnebis

intensivobas

gamRizianeblis

intensivobasTan.

absoluturi zRurblebi da sensoruli adaptacia

rogoria gamRizianeblis is umciresi, usustesi energia, romlis SemCnevac
SeuZlia organizms?"? magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos toni, raTa
jer kidev SesaZlebeli iyos misi gagoneba? es kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis
absolutur
romelic

zRurbls
saWiroa

fizikuri

sensoruli

energiis

gancdis

im

minimalur

warmosaqmnelad.

raodenobas,
mkvlevarebi

absoluturi zRurblis gazomvisas sTxoven yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs,

Seasrulon

SemCnevis

amocana,

magaliTad,

SeamCnion

mkrTali

Suqi

bnel

oTaxSi an Seecadon gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul siCumeSi. cdaTa

mravali

seriis

ganmavlobaSi

xdeba

sxvadasxva

intensivobis

stimulebis

gamoyeneba da TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aRniSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is.

(Tuki Tqven rodesme SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame, Tqven
monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRurblis gansazRvris testSi).
absoluturi

zRurblis

Seswavlis

fsiqometruli

funqciis

gamRizianeblis

intensivobebi,

intensivobis

mqone

saxiT:

Sedegebi

horizontalur

xolo

vertikalur

gamRizianeblebis

SemCnevaTa

SeiZleba
RerZze
RerZze

SevajamoT
gadazomilia
_

aRebuli

procenti.

tipiuri

fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.14.1-ze.

ze
suraTi 4.1

absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla

radganac gamRizianebeli ar xdeba meyseulad SesamCnevi garkveul
wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisazRvreba, rogorc intensivoba,
SemCnevaTa procenti
(diax pasuxebi)

100
rodesac gamRizianebeli
SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.

50

Teoriuli
zRurblis
mrudi

miRebuli
zRurblis
mrudi
absoluturi
zRurbli
(SemCnevaTa 50%)

131

(dabali)
(maRali)
stimulis intensivoba (pirobiTi erTeuli)

sinaTlis
procenti;

Zalian

xolo

susti

kaSkaSa

gamRizianeblis

gamRizianeblis

pirobebSi

pirobebSi

SemCneva

100

aris

procenti.

0
im

SemTxvevaSi, rom yofiliyo erTaderTi, WeSmariti absoluturi zRurbli,

mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis gadaxra 0%-dan 100%-mde Zalian
mkveTrad da grafikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda zRurbls.
magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori mizezis gamo: damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv,
yovelTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben gamRizianeblis SemCnevas
(yuradRebis cvlilebis, daRlilobis da sxva mizezebis gamo) da zogjer
isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSic. (mcdari
gangaSis

saxe,

romelsac

signalis

SemCnevis

Teoriis

aRwerisas

mokled

SevexebiT,). amrigad, fsiqometruli mrudi yovelTvis aris gluvi, S-formis

mrudi,

romelSic

aris

monakveTi,

sadac

xdeba

gadasvla

sruli

SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizianeblis drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom

sruli SemCnevadobisaken.
radganac
SesamCnevi

garkveuli
nebismier

intensivobis
dros,

gamRizianebeli

absoluturi

ar

zRurblis

xdeba

aSkarad

operacionaluri

gansazRvreba iqneba Semdegnairi: es aris gamRizianeblis done, romelzedac

xdeba sensoruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
cxrilSi # 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis done ramdenime nacnobi
bunebrivi gamRizianeblisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis zRurblebi
SeiZleba

gaizomos

analogiuri

proceduriT,

ubralod

unda

gamRizianeblis ganzomileba.
cxrili 4.1.
4.1. miaxloebiTi zRurblebi nacnobi movlenebisaTvis
movlenebisaTvis
sensoruli
modaloba
sinaTle
bgera
gemo

SemCnevis zRurbli
sanTlis ali, 48 km manZilze srul sibneleSi
saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6 m manZilze
erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9 l wyalze

Seicvalos

132

ynosva

sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli samoTaxiani binis mTel

sivrceSi
1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze daSvebuli futkris frTa

Sexeba
fsiqofizika

(psychophysics)

mecniereba

fizikuri

stimulaciisa

da

fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.

absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) _ fizikuri energiis is minimaluri
raodenoba,

romelic

operacionalurad

saWiroa

is

sensoruli

ganisazRvreba,

gancdis

rogorc

warmosaqmnelad;

gamRizianeblis

done,

romelzedac xdeba sensoruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.

fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function) _ grafiki, romelic asaxavs
gamRizianeblis SemCnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizianeblis
TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizontalur RerZze).
Tumca,

SesaZlebelia

SemCnevis

absoluturi

zRurblis

gansazRvra,

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro mgrZnobiarea

sensoruli
sistemebi

garemos
iseTnairad

signalebisadmi

cvlilebebisadmi,
viTardebian,

SeCvevas

adaptaciis

vidre

rom

myari

xels

procesis

mdgomareobebisadmi.

uwyoben

axali

saSualebiT.

garemo

sensoruli

adaptacia aris sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis daqveiTeba xangrZliv

gaRizianebaze.1

magaliTad,

Tqven

albaT

SeginiSnavT,

rom

mzis

kaSkaSa

sinaTle Cans naklebad damabrmaveblad, roca Tqven garkveuli periodis

ganmavlobaSi imyofebiT gareT.

adaptaciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba

adamianebs aqvT ynosvis sferoSi: Tu Tqven SedixarT oTaxSi, sadac mZafri

suni dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da
sunis SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven cxovrobT, yovelTvis
savsea mravalferovani sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis meqanizmi
Tqven

gaZlevT

saSualebas,

SeamCnioT

da

imoqmedoT

ufro

swrafad

informaciis axali wyaros moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.

pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da signalis SemCnevis Teoria

Cvens

mier

zemoT

ganxilul

TavebSi Cven vgulisxmobdiT,

rom

yvela

damkvirvebeli erTnairia, magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze SeiZleba

gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sistematurma Secdomam _ sistematurma
tendenciam, romlis drosac damkvirvebeli reagirebs gansakuTrebuli gziT
1
adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqveiTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis
gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi. (redaqtoris SeniSvna).

133

iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni

stimulis

sensorul

TvisebebTan.

vTqvaT,

Tqven

monawileobas

iRebT

eqsperimentSi, romelSic gevalebaT SeamCnioT susti sinaTle. eqsperimentis

pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars, Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT:
diax, aris sinaTle. meore seriaSi, mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars, Tuki
sworad

upasuxebT:

jarimdebiT

ara,

ar

dolariT

aris

sinaTle.

nebismieri

TiToeul

araswori

seriaSi

pasuxisaTvis.

Tqven

SegiZliaT

warmoidginoT dajildovebis es struqtura, rogor Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis

sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT
diax-s ufro xSirad pirvel seriaSi, vidre meoreSi, Tundac warmodgenili
stimulebi erTnairi donis SemCnevadobiT xasiaTdebodnen?
sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation)

movlena,

roca

receptoruli

ujredebi kargaven TavianT Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis

ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRizinebelze; is iZleva ufro swrafi reagirebis
saSualebas informaciis axal wyaroze.
pasuxis

sistematuri

romelic

Sedegia

Secdoma

(response bias)

arasensoruli

xasiaTis

sistematuri

faqtorebis

tendencia,

zemoqmedebisa

damkvirvebelze da ganapirobebs garkveuli gziT reagirebas.

signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri
Secdomis

problemisadmi

(Green & Swets,

1966).

signalis

SemCnevis

Teoria

nacvlad mkacrad fokusirebisa sensorul procesebze, yuradRebas amaxvilebs

Tavad

msjelobis

procesze

gamRizianeblis

arsebobisa

Tu

ararsebobis

Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi absoluturi

zRurblis

gansazRvras,

signalis

SemCnevis

Teoria

gansazRvravs

or

gansxvavebul process sensorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi sensoruli procesi,

romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZnobiarobas gamRizianeblis siZlieris
mimarT da (2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis miRebis damoukidebeli procesi,
romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis pasuxis sistematur Secdomas.
signalis

SemCnevis

Teoria

gvTavazobs

orive

sensoruli

da

gadawyvetilebis procesebis erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi

modeli

mocemulia

suraTze

4.2

susti

stimuli

warmodgenilia

cdaTa

naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi

damkvirveblebi

pasuxoben

diax,

roca

isini

fiqroben,

rom

134

stimuli warmodgenilia da ara, roca isini fiqroben, rom stimuli ar aris.

rogorc

naCvenebia

naxatze,

matrica

A-ze,

TiToeuli

pasuxi

daTvlilia

rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamotoveba, mcdari gangaSi, an swori

reaqcia, imisda Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara stimuli da pasuxobda
Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.
damkvirvebeli,

romelic

qronikulad

ambobda

diax-s,

iZleoda

warmatebuli damTxvevebis did raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis did

ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia matrica B-ze. is, vinc qronikulad ambobda
ara-s, iZleoda rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, aseve, mcdari gangaSis
mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia matrica C-ze.

signal signal
i
ar i aris
aris

A. miRebuli pasuxi
diax
ara
warmatebuli
damTxveva

mcdari
gangaSi

pasuxis
gamotoveba

swori
pasuxi

signal signal
i
ar i aris
aris

B.. diax pasuxebisaken midrekili

diax
ara
92%

8%

46%

54%

signal signal
i
ar i aris
aris

C. ara pasuxebisaken midrekili

diax
ara
40%

60%

4%

96%

sur. 4.2 signalis SemCnevis Teoria

135

matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian aris Tu

ara miznobrivi stimuli mocemul cdaSi. matricebi B da C - tipiur pasuxebs,
roca subieqti midrekilia diax pasuxebisaken da ara pasuxebisaken.
warmatebuli

damTxvevebisa

da

mcdari

gangaSis

procentebze

muSaobis

procesSi mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa gamoeTvalaT

cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobiarobisa da pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis
maCveneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara
or damkvirvebels erTnairi mgrZnobiaroba miuxedavad didi gansxvavebisa
pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis gamoyofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan,
signalis SemCnevis Teoriam saSualeba misca eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra
da ganecalkevebina sensoruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris roli
erTmaneTisagan saboloo pasuxis Camoyalibebisas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory _ SDT) aris statistikuri
midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina

sensoruli procesebisa

da individis faqtoris roli erTmaneTisagan.

signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTavazobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis
models, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gansxvavebul konteqstSic.
Zalian

xSirad

gansxvavebul

jildoebs

pasuxebisaTvis
gangaSisaTvis.
aicileT

gadawyvetilebani

da

Tavidan

siyvarulis

yoveli

dasjas

magaliTad,

Cvens

warmatebuli

yoveli
Tuki

mosawyeni

Tqven

uaryaviT
(swori

Sansi

cxovrebaSi

moicavs

damTxvevisa

da

swori

signalisa

da

mcdari

gamotovebuli

saRamo

gaxangrZlivebis

yoveldRiur

mipatiJeba

uaryofa),

(signalis

kinoSi,

Tu

amiT

gaanadgureT

gamotoveba)?

Tqveni

gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpirobebuli iqneba prognozirebuli mogebisa da

wagebis

SefardebiT.

magaliTad,

Tuki

aras

Tqma

stimulis

arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi (signalis gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad gvijdeba, vidre diax pasuxi

stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcdari gangaSi),

diax pasuxebi CvenTvis

gaxdeba norma. qirurgebi xSirad arian msgavs situaciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv,

amjobineben

gaakeTon

operacia

im

SemTxvevebSic

ki,

roca

ar

arian

darwmunebulni, rom simsivne avTvisebiania da, amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom

maTi pasuxi mcdari gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _ avTvisebianoba,
SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi, TiToeuli tipis Secdomis

136

SefardebiTi Rirebuleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis SefardebiTi

mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria warmoadgens mniSvnelovan instruments
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.

sxvaobis zRurbli
warmoidgineT,

rom

dagiqiravaT

sasmelebis

kompaniam,

romelsac

surs

awarmoos SesamCnevad ufro tkbili kolas produqti, vidre arsebulia, magram

daamatos rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqari (fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven
gTxoven

gazomoT

gamRizianebels

sxvaobis

Soris,

zRurbli,
zRurbli

romlebic

gansxvavebulebi.

sxvaobis

gamRizianebelTa

wyvili

SeiZleba

zRurblis
da

umciresi

gansazRvrul

gasazomad

SeekiTxoT

fizikuri

Tqvens

Tqven

sxvaoba

iqnas,

unda

damkvirveblebs,

or

rogorc

gamoiyenoT
aris

ori

gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu isini gansxvavebulebi arian.

sasmelis

problemis

SemTxvevaSi

Tqven

miawodebT

damkvirveblebs

or

kolas TiToeul cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli receftis da

meore odnav ufro tkbili. TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas:
igivea an gansxvavebulia. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg Tqven daxazavT
fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks, sadac abscisaTa RerZze gadazomavT realur
gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis funqcias _

gansxvavebulia

pasuxebis procentebs. sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisazRvreba

rogorc

wertili,

romelzedac

gamRizianeblebi

arian

gacnobierebuli,

rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis sidide

aris cnobili rogorc odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba.
sxvaoba odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris
nebismieri

ori

SegrZnebis

fsiqologiuri

gansxvavebis

sididis

sazomi

raodenobrivi erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobis zRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma,
aRmoaCina mniSvnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic ilustrirebulia suraTze
4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxvaobis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,
romelSic gamoyenebulia 10 mm sigrZis swori xazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am
eqspermentis

Casatareblad

Tqven warudgenT cdis

monawileebs or xazs,

romelTagan erTi aris 10 mm standartuli sigrZisa da meoris sigrZe mcired

gansxvavdeba standartulisagan. monawileTa amocanaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara
es

ori

xazi

dainaxavT,

erTnairi

rom

sigrZis

sxvaobis

milimetris

sigrZis

SemTxvevaTa

50%-Si,

xazs

Tu

zRurbli

gansxvavdebian
aris

ganasxvaveben

magram

ukve

20

11

erTmaneTisagan.

miaxloebiT
milimetris

milimetris

milimetri.

sigrZis

sigrZis

Tqven
10

xazisagan

standartuli

137

xazisaTvis 1 milimetris namati ar aris sakmarisi. Tqven dagWirdebaT 2

milimetris damateba, raTa miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri
sigrZis

standartuli xazis gamoyenebisas ki dagWirdebaT 4

damateba. suraTi 4.3

gviCvenebs,

rom

milimetris

odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba

izrdeba

Tanabrad standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan erTad.

rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis
odenobis

Sefardeba

sxvaobas.

magaliTad,

xazis
1

sigrZesTan,

mm/10

mm=0.1;

romelic
mm/20

qmnis

mm=0.1.

es

odnav

SesamCnev

damokidebuleba

Sejamebulia veberis kanonSi:

kanonSi or stimuls Soris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis
Sefardeba standartuli stimulis intensivobasTan aris konstanturi sidide.
amrigad, rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria standartuli stimuli, miT
ufro didi namatia saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis misaRebad.
sur. 4.3 odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis kanoni:

rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT ufro didia is odenoba,

romelic unda daamatoT (L), raTa dainaxoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba.
sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati, romelic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50 %
SemTxevaSi, Tuki Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis sigrZesTan,
proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10 standartuli sigrZisa. es namati gadazomilia
vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis sigrZe horizontalurze.
miRebuli damokidebuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori xaziT grafikze.
Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom L iqneba 0.5, roca standartuli
xazis sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.

La -Lb = L

B
odnav grZeli
xazi

xazis standartuli
11.0-10.0=1.0
sigrZe
16.5 -15.0 = 1.5

11 mm

10 mm

16,5 mm

15 mm

22 mm

20 mm

27,5 mm

25 mm

22.0 20.0 = 2.0

27.5 25.0 = 2.5

138

veberis kanoni

3
sxvaobis zRurbli (L)

2,5
2
L / Lb=0,1

1,5
1
0,5
0
5

10

15

20

25

standartuli xazis sigrZe (Lb) milimetrebSi

es

kanoni

marTebulia

nebismieri

sensoruli

sistemisaTvis.

formula

veberis kanonisaTvis Semdegi saxis iqneba: I/I=k, sadac I aris standartuli

intensivoba, I ki aris namati, im sxvaobis odenoba, romelic qmnis odnav
SesamCnevi

sxvaobas.

veberma

aRmoaCina,

rom

TiToeuli

stimulis

parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli proporcia. am formulaSi

k

aris

proporcia,

anu

parametrisaTvis. (yuradRebiT

veberis

konstanta

stimulis

TiToeuli

ganixileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT, rom

kargad gaigeT, Tu ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba, veberis kanoni, Tu

rogor arian isini dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis kanoni sakmaod
zustia, magram is mainc ar aris universaluri. magaliTad, maSin, roca
stimulis intensivoba xdeba Zalian maRali.
cxrilSi 4.2 Tqven xedavT, rom veberis konstantas aqvs gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebi
mniSvneloba
gansxvaveba.

stimulis
niSnavs

ase

gansxvavebuli

imas,

magaliTad,

rom
es

ganzomilebisaTvis

adamians
cxrili

SeuZlia

giCvenebT,

umciresi

SeamCnios

umciresi

rom

Tqven

SegiZliaT

bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan, vidre

sinaTlis intensivobebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia, vidre
sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani. sasmelebis kompanias dasWirdeboda
SedarebiT ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba, raTa awarmoos ufro
tkbili kola!

cxrili 4.2. veberis

ganzomilebebisaTvis

konstantis

mniSvnelobebi

stimulTa

arCeuli

139

stimulis ganzomileba veberis konstanta

(k))
bgeris sixSire

0.003

sinaTlis intensivoba

0.01

sunis koncetracia

0.07

dawolis intensivoba

0.14

bgeris intensivoba

0.15

gemos koncentracia

0.20

sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresi fizikuri gansxvaveba or

gamRizianebels
rogorc

Soris,

romelic

gansxvavebulebi;

ganisazRvreba

rogorc

jer

kidev

sxvaobis

wertili,

SeiZleba

zRurbli

romelzec

gacnobierdes,

operacionalurad

gamRizianeblebi

arian

gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.

odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _ JND) _ umciresi gansxvaveba
or SegrZnebas Soris, romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnan gansxvavebulebad.
veberis kanoni amtkicebs, rom sxvaobis zRurblis sidide standartuli
gamRizianeblis intensivobis proporciulia.

fizikuri movlenebidan fsiqikuri movlenebisaken

fsiqofizikis

ganxilvam

gagvacnobierebina

SegrZnebis

umniSvnelovanesi

saidumlo: rogor xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams aZlevs specifikur

fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad, rogor aRmocendeba sinaTlis talRis
sxvadasxva sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam ganvixilavT specifikur
sensorul

sferoebs,

zedapirulad

mimovixiloT

informaciis

gadasvla

fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri

nivTierebebidan da sxva, fsiqikuri movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris, gemosa
da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.
sensoruli

fiziologia

Seiswavlis

fizikuri

movlenebis

nervul

movlenebad gardaqmnis biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania, aRmoaCinos,

Tu ra xdeba nervul doneze im movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia
fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi formis fizikuri energiis,
magaliTad, sinaTlis gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad, ewodeba
transformacia.

140

radganac yvela tipis sensoruli informacia transformirdeba nervuli

impulsebis

identur

tipSi,

Tqveni

Tavis

tvini

ganasxvavebs

sensorul

informacias imis saSualebiT, rom Tavis tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs

miusadagebs TiToeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevarebi cdiloben TiToeuli am
sensoruli sferosaTvis
transformacia

daadginon, Tu rogor

nervuli

sistemis

xdeba

eleqtroqimiur

fizikuri energiis

aqtivobaSi,

romelic

warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (magaliTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad

(xmamaRali _ Cumi)

ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.

nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas biZgs aZlevs garemo movlenis an

gamRizianeblis

SemCneva.

garemo

gamRizianeblebis

SemCneva

xdeba

specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT. (magaliTisaTvis, ix.

cxrili 4.3) sensoruli receptorebi gardaqmnian sensoruli gamRizianeblis
fizikur energias ujredis signalebad, romelic SeiZleba gadamuSavebuli
iqnas nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis signalebi awvdian informacias ufro
maRali

donis

sxvadasxva

neironebs,

deteqtoruli

romlebic

informaciis

blokebidan.

am

integrirebas

etapze

neironebi

axdenen
agroveben

informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi zoma,

intensivoba, forma da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis siRrmeSi informacia
kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi da is gadaecema Tavis tvinis qerqis
specifikur
asociaciis

ubnebs,

romlebic

pasuxismgebelni

arian

SegrZnebisa

da

procesebze.

cxrilSi

4.3

Sejamebulia

stimulebi

da

receptorebi

TiToeuli

SegrZnebisaTvis.
cxrili 4.3.
4.3. adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi
fundamenturi Tvisebebi
SegrZneba

stimulebi

sensor
uli
organo
Tvali

mxedveloba

sinaTlis
talRebi

smena

yuri

Sexebis
SegrZnebebi

bgeriTi
talRebi
eqsternaluri
kontaqti

ynosva

aqroladi

cxviri

kani

receptori
Cxirebi da
kolbebi

ZiriTadi membranis
bewviani ujredebi
nervuli daboloebani kanSi
(merke-lis diskebi,
rufinis sxeulebi)
ynosvis

SegrZneba
ferebi,
obieqtebi,
teqstura,
moZraoba, siRrme
xmauri, toni
Sexeba, tkivili,
siTbo, sicive

suni (muskusi,

141

nivTierebebi

organoebis
bewviani
epiTeliumi
gemos bolqvebi

gemo

xsnadi
nivTierebebi

ena

wonasworob
is
SegrZneba

meqanikuri da
gra-vitaciuli
Zalebi

Sinagan
i yuri

naxevarrkalovani
arxebis bususebi
da derefani

kinesTeTiku
riSegrZnebe
bi

sxeulis
moZraoba

kunTebi
,
myesebi,
saxsreb
i

nervuli boWkoebi
kunTebSi, myesebSi

yvavilovani,
damwvris,
pitnis)
gemo (tbili,
mJave, mlaSe,
mware)
moZraoba
sivrceSi,
gravitaciuli
miziduloba
sxeulis
nawilebis
moZraoba da
pozicia

sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis

nervul movlenebad gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
transformacia (transduction) Seiswavlis erTi formis

fizikuri energiis

gardaqmnas meore formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas nervul

impulsebad.
sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _ specializirebuli ujredebi;
isini gadaaqceven fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, romlebic Semdeg
gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis mier.
Sejameba
fsiqofizikis mkvlevarebi swavloben damokidebulebas fizikur movlenebsa
da

damkvirveblebis

damkvirveblis

mier

am

movlenebis

fsiqologiur

gancdas

Soris.

SegrZnebis absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia stimulis

Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa damkvirveblis sensoruli

adaptaciis done _ absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi moqmedebis
cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis Teoria SemuSavda sensoruli procesebis
gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi.
fsiqofizikis mklevarebi, agreTve, dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu ramdenad
unda gaizardos an Semcirdes gamRizianeblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma
SesZlos gansxvavebis aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizikuri stimulaciisa da
damkvirveblis aRqmis cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.
sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos, Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri
movlenebis

gadaqceva

tvinSi

mimdinare

procesebad.

mkvlevarebi,

agreTve,

142

aRweren informaciis gadasvlas sensoruli receptorebidan

Tavis tvinis

qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
mxedveloba aris yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTarebuli da mniSvnelovani
SegrZneba

adamianisa

cxovelebs,

da

romlebic

sxva

bunebam

moZrav

arsebaTa

daajildova

umravlesobisaTvis.

kargi

mxedvelobiT,

im
aqvT

uzarmazari evoluciuri upiratesobani. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,

SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan. mxedveloba SesaZleblobas
aZlevs adamianebs, gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos cvalebadi Tvisebebi da
Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva. mxedveloba aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili
sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.
adamianis Tvali
Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis, romelic asaxavs samyaros
suraTs (ix.. suraTi 4.4).
4.4 fotoaparati uyurebs samyaros linzebis saSualebiT,
romelic axdens sinaTlis Sekrebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs
sinaTles da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis
win mdebare gamWvirvale amoburcul nawilSi. Semdeg is gaivlis wina sakans,
romelic

savsea

siTxiT

namiT.

fotoaparatis

fokusirebisas

Tqven

amoZravebT mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT mas. imisaTvis, rom

Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis formis kristali
_ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvrildeba, roca fokusireba xdeba
moSorebul

obieqtebze

fokusirebisas.

da

msxvildeba

fotoaparatSi

Semomavali

axlomdebare

obieqtebze

sinaTlis

raodenobis

gasakontroleblad Tqven cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki irisis

kunTuri diski cvlis gugis sidides, ese igi im xvrelis sidides, romlis
saSualebiTac sinaTle Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi aris
fotomgrZnobiare firi, romelic afiqsirebs linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis
variaciebs. analogiurad, TvalSi, sinaTle mogzaurobs minisebr sxeulSi,
bolos ecema baduras _ Txel firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis
kaklis ukana kedels.
rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba
erTmaneTs.

axla

ganvixiloT

detalurad.

Tvalis guga da broli

mxedvelobiTi

procesis

komponentebi

ufro

143

Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs

gugas, gafarTovdes an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kaklisaken
mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaTle, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier
fokusirdeba

baduraze;

gansakuTrebiT

broli

mniSvnelovania,

atrialebs

radganac

is

aRqmul
icvlis

obieqtebs.

fokuss

igi

axlo

da

Sorsmdebare sagnebisaTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT, Secvalon brolis

sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am process ewodeba
akomodacia.
adamianebs normaluri akomodaciiT SeuZliaT Tvalis fokusireba sakmod
did diapazonSi _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan ise Sors, sanamdec SeuZliaT
obieqtebis

danaxva.

dakavSirebuli

Tumca,

problemebi.

uamrav

adamians

magaliTad,

awuxebs

akomodaciasTan

axlomxedvelebs

akomodaciis

diapazoni gadaxrili aqvT ufro axlos maTken da amis Sedegad maT ar

SeuZliaT

kargad

fokusireba

Sorsmdebare

sagnebze;

Sorsmxedvelebs

akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar

SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba axlomdebare obieqtebze. asakTan erTad,
agreTve, izrdeba akomodaciis problemebic. broli aRar aris iseTive sufTa,
gamWvirvale da amozneqili, rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli
xdeba

ufro

mkvrivi,

gaumWvirvale,

muqi

da

brtyeli,

is

kargavs

Tavis

elastiurobas. am cvlilebebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad

SekumSva,

raTa

dainaxos

axlomdebare

sagnebi.

ormocdaxuT

wels

gadacilebul adamianebisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac SeuZliaT

kargad fokusireba, progresulad Sordeba

maT.

sur. 4.4

rqovana, guga da broli axdens sinaTlis fokusirebas baduraze. nervuli

signalebi baduridan gadaecema Tavis tvins optikuri nervis saSualebiT.
badura
Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis tvinis saSualebiT. Tvali
krebs sinaTles, axdens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis tvinisaken
mimaval nervul signals. amrigad, Tvalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa
gare samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis talRidan nervul impulsad
gardaqmna. es xdeba baduraze, Tvalis ukana mxareze. mikroskopis qveS Tqven
SegiZliaT

dainaxoT,

rom

baduras

aqvs

Semdgari ramdenime maRalorganizebuli Sre.

sxvadasxva

tipis

neironebisagan

144

sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul impulsad xdeba baduraze

Cxirebisa

da

kolbebis

sinaTlis

mimarT

mgrZnobiare

receptorebis

saSualebiT. es fotoreceptorebi unikalurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur

sistemaSi,

kargad

naTdebian

gare

samyarodan

da

emijnebian

nervuli

procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan Tqven zogjer giwevT TiTqmis sibneleSi

muSaoba da zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam uzrunvelgyoT
sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT, CxirebiTa da kolbebiT. (ix. suraTi 4.5). 120
milioni wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti ganaTebis pirobebSi. 7
milioni

msxvili

kolba

aris

specializebuli

naTel,

ferad

garemoSi

samuSaod.
akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac wamwamovani
kunTebi cvlianEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZlevs, Secvalos
fokusi axlo da Sori obieqtebisaTvis.
badura

(retina)

Tvalis

ukan

mdebare

Sre,

romelic

Seicavs

fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.

fotoreceptorebi

(photoreceptors)

baduraze

mdebare

sinaTlisadmi

mgrZnobiare receptoruli ujredebi.

Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxirebisa da kolbebis muSaobaSi
yovelTvis, roca daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. Tqven, albaT, bevrjer
SeginiSnavT,
ganaTebis

rom

Tavidan

pirobebSi,

bevrs

magram

verafers

cota

xnis

xedavT

darCenili

Semdeg

Tqveni

mkrTali

mxedvelobis

mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven ganicdiT sibnelisadmi adaptaciis

process

Tvalis

cvlilebis

mgrZnobiarobis

Sedegad

sinaTlidan

gradualur
TiTqmis

gaumjobesebas

sibnelisaken.

ganaTebis

sibnelisadmi

adaptaciis mizezia Cxirebis amoqmedeba. isini xdebian ufro mgrZnobiareni,

vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis Semdeg Cxirebi reagireben ufro nakleb
sinaTleze,

vidre kolbebi.

sur. 4.5.
4.5. retinaluri gzebi

es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT.

is

gviCvenebs

retinaSi.

gzebs,

Semomavali

romelic
sinaTle

akavSirebs
gaivlis

nervuli
samive

ujredebis
Sres,

sanam

sam

Sres

miaRwevs

receptorebs, romlebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kaklis ukana mxareze da

mimarTulni arian sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares. aRsaniSnavia, rom
bipolaruli ujredebi kreben impulsebs erTze meti receptoruli ujredidan

145

da

agzavnian

nervuli

Sedegebs

impulsebi

gangliozuri

stoveben

Tvals

ujredebisaken.
optikuri

am

nervis

ujredebidan

ki

saSualebiT

da

miemarTebian Semdegi gadamrTveli punqtisaken.

baduris centrTan axlos aris patara ubani, romelsac uwodeben foveas. is
Seicavs mxolod mWidrod ganlagebul kolbebs. iq ar aris Cxirebi. es adgili
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad
uzrunvelyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduris sxva ujredebi arian
pasuxismgebelni im informaciis integraciaze, romlesac iReben Cxirebidan da
kolbebidan.

bipolaruli

ujredebi

aris

nervuli

ujredebi,

romlebic

axdenen nervuli impulsebis kombinirebas mravali receptoridan da agzavnian

Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi. TiToeuli gangliozuri ujredi Semdeg
axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an ufro meti bipolaruli ujredidan
erT ganmuxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzavnian TavianT impulsebs
gangliozuri ujredebisaken maSin, roca baduris periferiaze mdebare Cxirebi
da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da gangliozur ujredebs. gangliozuri
ujredebis

aqsonebi

qmnian

optikuri

nervs,

romelic

atarebs

vizualur

informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken.

horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli ujredebi axdens informaciis
integrirebas

baduris

gaswvriv.

am

ujredebis

funqcia

ufro

metad

gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs

Soris

kavSiris

ujredebi

akavSireben

receptorebs erTmaneTTan, amakrinuli ujredebi ki aerTeben

bipolarul

ujeredebs

sxva

damyarebaSi.
bipolarul

horizontaluri

ujredebTan

da

gangliozur

ujredebs

sxva

gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduris anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi saintereso ucnauri adgili,
sadac optikuri nervi gamodis. am adgils ewodeba optikuri diski, anu brma

wertili. igi srulebiT ar Seicavs receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa,

Cven ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pirobebs ar SevqmniT amisaTvis.
es xdeba ori mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma wertilebi
iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi imis
registracias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals. meore mizezi isaa, rom
Tavis tvini avsebs am adgils Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT garSemo
myofi areebidan.
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili, Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs 4.6
Semdegi pirobis dacviT: daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis

146

sigrZeze,

daxuWeT

Tqveni

marjvena

Tvali,

moaxdineT

fiqsireba

bankis

figuraze Tqveni marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken

Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze, is
gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi. Tqveni
vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars
akravs am adgils. ase rom, Tqven dainaxavT mxolod siTeTres, romelic
realurad iq ar aris da ver dainaxavT Tqvens fuls, romelic moaTavseT
bankSi, sanam dakargavdiT mas!
brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive
procedura da moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic mocemulia

suraTze

4.6-ze.
4.6
Tuki Tqven miitanT wigns axlos TvalebTan, dainaxavT rom wyvetili
xazi gamTlianda.
sur. 4.6.
4.6. ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili

imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT

gaSlili

mklavis

sigrZeze,

daxuWeT

Tqveni

marjvena

Tvali,

moaxdineT

fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT

wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis
velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT
Tvalis fiqsacias plus niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi
iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs
cariel adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars akravs am adgils. ase rom, Tqven
dainaxavT mxolod siTeTres, romelic realurad iq ar aris.
Tavis tvinisken mimavali nervuli
nervuli gzebi
vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnulebis adgili aris Tavis tvinis
kefis wilis is adgili, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi mxedvelobis
qerqi.

miuxedavad

amisa,

informaciis

umetesi

nawili,

romelic

tovebs

baduras, gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaRwevs mxedvelobis

qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas, romelsac gaivlis vizualuri informacia (Van
Essen et al., 1992).
gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni, romelic axdens TiToeuli
optikuri nervis formirebas, miemarTebian erTad mxedvelobis jvaredinSi
(qiazmaSi),

romelic

formiT

mogvagonebs

berZnul

aso

(romelic

gamoiTqmis, rogorc xi). aqsonebi TiToeul optikur nervSi iyofian or

147

konad mxedvelobis jvaredinTan. boWkoebis naxevari TiToeuli baduridan

rCeba sxeulis im mxareze, romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tvalis
Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadakveTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben TavianT
gzas Tavis tvinis ukana nawilisaken (ix.
ix. suraTi 4.7).
saidan viciT
mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa
dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave, xangrZlivi Tavis tkivilebi da
hqonda sensoruli xasiaTis sirTuleebi marcxena vizualur velSi. roca is
iyo

34

wlis,

gadawyvita

gaekeTebina

operacia,

romlis

drosac

neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen marjvena kefis wilis patara nawils. qirurgebi

mudmivad
dakarga

mkurnalobdnen
mxedveloba

misi

donis

Tavis

vizualuri

tkivilebs,
velis

magram

marcxena

man

mTlianad

nawilSi,

radgan

amokveTili nawili Seicavda pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs. magaliTad, roca

ganaTebul laqas uCveneben fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis wertili
_ esaa centraluri wertili, romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs Tvalebis
fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobierebs mis arsebobas.
fsiqologebma

sTxoves

mdebareobs

ganaTebuli

saSualebiT.

Sedegebi

dons
wertili

SesaniSnavi

mainc

savaraudod

marcxena
iyo.

xelis

donma

amoecno,

Tu

saCvenebeli

TiTqmis

iseve

sad
TiTis

zustad

gansazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis brma marcxena mxedvelobis

velSi, rogorc axerxebda amas saR marjvena vizualur velSi. Semdgomma
eqsperimentebma, agreTve, aCvena, rom mas SeeZlo gamoecno mis brma velSi
naCvenebi xazi iyo vertikaluri Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi figura iyo
X Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi doni sruliad ver acnobierebda laqebis,
xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is amtkicebda, rom ubralod savaraudod
ambobda. roca dons uCvenes testirebis video Canaweri, is gaocebuli iyo
imiT, rom uTiTebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac ver xedavda. (Weiskrantz et al.,
1974).
boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs aqsonebs orive Tvalidan, ukve
axla am

adgilidan ewodeba optikuri traqtebi. optikuri traqtebi agzavnis

informacias ujredebis ori blokisaken tvinSi. mkvlevarebi mxars uWeren

Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi iyofa or gzad: pirvelis
funqciaa xatebis amocnoba _ Tu rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi da meoris
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra _ Tu sad arian obieqtebi (Rao et al., 1997; Wilson et

148

al., 1993). vizualuri funqciebis dayofa ufro dramatulad gamoiyureba, roca

individebi kargaven mxedvelobiTi qerqis nawils travmis an qirurgiuli
Carevis Sedegad. ganixileT Semdegi SemTxveva:
donis mxedvelobas, Sesabamisad, uwodes brma mxedveloba. misi qceva
xorcieldeboda vizualurad miRebuli informaciis Sedegad, Tumca, is ver
acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi Sedegebi iyo miRebuli testebSi
sxva pacientebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri darRvevebiT. es movlena
adasturebs

im

faqts,

rom

xeluxlebeli dazianebuli

is

qerqqveSa

struqturebi,

romlebic

rCeba

Tavis tvinis qerqis pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs

vizualuri analizis iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs, magram

gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna sakamaTo rCeba, radgan Tavis tvinis
mier

vizualuri

informaciis

kodirebisaTvis

gamoyenebuli

uamravi

gza

arsebobs. (Gazzaniga et al., 1994; Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli
meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedvelobis zusti funqcionireba
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes cnobierebis gareSec.
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis nawili, romelSic xdeba
vizualuri informaciis gadamuSaveba.
optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri ujredebis aqsonebi, romlebic
atareben informacias Tvalidan tvinisaken.
Tqven ukve ganixileT, Tu rogor nawildeba is informacia, romelic
miemarTeba Tvalebidan Tavis tvinisaken. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram unda
Seiswavlon:

arsebobs

qveganyofileba
komunikaciis

da

saxeebis

vizualuri

sxvadasxva
Sesaxeb

qerqis

daaxloebiT

Teoriebi
(Hilgetag

et

am
al.,

30

anatomiuri

qveganyofilebebs
1996).

axla

Soris

davubrundeT

vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erTerTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba is aris, rom Cvens mier formis, feris,
mdebareobis da siRrmis gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli
informaciis

gadamuSavebaze

sxvadasxva

gziT.

rogor

xdeba

es

transformaciebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri

samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?
sur. 4.7.
4.7. adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi

diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semosuli sinaTle airekleba

orive baduraze da gviCvenebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba
baduridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive vizualur centrSi.

149

feris SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _ isini SeiZleba davxatoT
sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STabeWdilebebi
kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan _ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji
kvercxebisagan,

magram

ferebis

naTel

gancdas

safuZvlad

udevs

am

obieqtebisagan Tqvens sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asaxva. erTerTi pirveli, vinc ganixila es sakiTxi jer kidev 1671 wels, iyo isaak
niutoni:

sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT, ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia,

garda energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis aRmocenebis unarisa. aseve,
bgera, iqneba es zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri sxeulis,
araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa da haerSi araferia, garda obieqtidan
gavrcelebuli moZraobisa, . . . ase rom, obieqtis ferebi araferia, garda
unarisa, aireklos ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod, vidre danarCeni . .
ferebi

aRmocendeba

maSin,

roca

Tavis

tvini

amuSavebs

informacias,

romelic kodirebulia sinaTlis wyaroSi.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena?
1999 wlis dekemberSi ramdenime sainformacio saagento iuwyeboda, rom
stiv uanderi, romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan iyo brma, imedovnebda, rom
Caitarebda eqsperimentul qirurgiul proceduras, romelic aRadgenda mis
mxedvelobas. proceduras atarebdnen ventai lui, mark humaiuni (Wentai
(
Lui,
Mark Humayun)) da mkvlevarTa maTi jgufis sxva wevrebi (Lui et al., 2001). am
proceduraSi patara mikroprocesori pirdapir ukavSirdeboda baduras da
cvlida

kolbebisa

daavadebis

gamo.

da

Cxirebis

samwuxarod,

funqcias,

romelic

uanderi

Zalian

ar

funqcionirebda

xangrZlivi

drois

ganmavlobaSi iyo brma da is ar iyo kargi kandidati am procedurisaTvis.

Tumca, es teqnika imeds aZlevda maT, visac vizualuri sistemis jaWvis didi
nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli hqondaT.
brma adamianTa umravlesobis dabrmavebis mizezi gaxda maT baduraze
mdebare

receptoruli

ujredebis

kolbebisa

da

Cxirebis

kvdoma

degeneraciuli daavadeba (uanderis sibrmave gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom

inkubatorSi, romelic is ganaTavses dabadebis Semdeg, miwodebuli iqna
zedmeti raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki, roca sensoruli receptorebi

150

wyveten TavianT arsebobas, vizualuri gzebis sxva ujredebi, rogoricaa

bipolaruli da gangliozuri ujredebi, ganagrZoben arsebobas. baduris
struqturis mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5), es ujredebi xelmisawvdomia
pirdapiri eleqtruli stimulaciisaTvis. mikroprocesori, konstruirebuli
luis, hiumainisa da maTi kolegebis mier, zustad amas akeTebda: igi axdenda
eleqtrul

stimulacias,

romelic

agzavnida

Semomaval

signals

arafunqcionirebadi kolbebisa da Cxirebis nacvlad.

mTlian

sistemas,

romelic

cnobilia,

mraval-elementiani

rogorc

xelovnuri retinaluri mikroprocesori (multiple-unit artificial retinal chipset MARC),

aqvs ramdenime komponenti, romelic funqcionirebs rogorc Tvalis kaklis
gareT,

aseve,

SigniT.

magaliTad,

miniaturuli

video-kamera

iWers

gamosaxulebas garemodan.
es gamosaxuleba muSavdeba da igzavneba mikroprocesorisaken, romelic
qirurgiulad

aris

implantirebuli

baduraze

Tvalis

ukana

mxares.

es

mikroprocesori stimulirebas ukeTebs gangliozur ujredebs badeSi da

funqcionirebs msgavsad televizoris Tu kompiuteris ekranisa: TiToeuli
elements am simravlisa _ TiToeul piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos nacrisferi
feris sxvadasxva elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis
farTo diapazoni.
rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli mikroprocesori ar
aRadgens mxedvelobas srulyofilad, iseTnairad, rogorc es nagulisxmebi
iyo statiaSi stiv uanderis Sesaxeb.
informaciis is raodenoba, romelsac uzrunveloyofs es xelsawyo aris
sakmaod

SezRuduli imasTan SedarebiT,

rasac

Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT

Tqveni uamravi kolbebidan da Cxirebidan. miuxedavad amisa, am eqsperimentis

monawileebs

SeeZloT

identificireba.
mxedvelobas

arsebobs

iseT

doneze,

martivi
imedi,
rom

gamosaxulebebisa
rom

es

adamianebi

da

mikroprocesori
SesZleben

imoZraon

formebis
aRadgens
sakuTar

garemoSi da gaarCion didi zomis SriftiT dabeWdili teqsti. uamravi

adamianisaTvis mTel msoflioSi, romelsac daavadebis gamo dazianebuli
aqvs Cxirebi da kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqnologiebis ganviTarebam SeiZleba
SeunarCunos mxedveloba.
Web site:
www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/erl_eye.html

151

talRis sigrZe da feri

sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, aris mxolod patara nawili fizikuri
ganzomilebisa, romelsac ewodeba eleqtromagnituri speqtri. (ix. suraTi 4.8).
Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris aRWurvili saTanadod imisaTvis, rom
dainaxos sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, X sxivebi,
mikrotalRebi da radio talRebi. fizikuri Tviseba, romelic ganasxvavebs
eleqromagnituri

energiis

tipebs,

maT

Soris

sinaTlisac,

aris

talRis

sigrZe, manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris. xiluli sinaTlis talRis
sigrZe gaizomeba nanometrebSi (metris memiliarde nawilSi). is, rasac Tqven
xedavT,

rogorc

nanometramde.

sinaTles,

aris

garkveuli

talRis

fizikuri

sigrZis

diapazoni

talRebis

400-dan

sinaTlis

700

sxivebidan

aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda _ magaliTad, iisferi-lurji ufro

mokle sigrZiani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da wiTeli-narinjisferi
_ ufro grZelis sigrZis talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi. amrigad,
sinaTle

aris

aRwerili

ferebSi;

ferebi

fizikurad

arsebobs

talRis

mxolod

Tqvens

sigrZis

terminebSi

da

ara

sensorul

sistemaSi,

rogorc

talRis sigrZeTa interpretacia.

sur. 4.8.
4.8. eleqtromagnituri speqtri

vizualur sistemas SeuZlia SeigrZnos talRis sigrZis mxolod mcire

diapazoni eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi. Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis sigrZis im
diapazons, romelic naxatze gadidebulad aris mocemuli, rogorc ferebs
iisferidan wiTlisaken.
feris gancda xasiaTdeba sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT: feris toni, simaZRre da
sikaSkaSe.

feris toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris

Tvisobriv

gancdas.

martiv

sinaTleSi,

romelic

Seicavs

mxolod

erTi

talRis sigrZes (rogoricaa, magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba), feris tonis

fsiqologiuri

gancda

Seesabameba

pirdapir

sinaTlis

talRis

sigrZis

fizikur ganzomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris ferTa tonebi

ganlagebuli
erTmaneTis

ferTa

msgavsni,

wreSi.
arian

is

ferebi,

mosazRvre

romlebic

ferebi.

es

aRiqmebian,

Tanamimdevroba

rogorc
asaxavs

speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. simaZRre aris feris SegrZnebis Tviseba,

romelic gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri. Seurevel ferebs aqvs
yvelaze meti simaZRre; Sereul, arasufTa, pastelur ferebs aqvT simaZRris
saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe aris feris

152

Tviseba,

romelic

gulisxmobs

sinaTlis

intensivobas.

TeTr

fers

aqvs

yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _ yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa

SegrZnebis am Tvisebebs, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: adamianebs SeuZliaT
vizualurad ganasxvavon erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva
feri! miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul
kategorias miakuTvnos maTi didi nawili.
modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri
gamocdilebidan. Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb, rom
mzis

sinaTle

krebs

yvela

sigrZis

sinaTlis

talRas:

Tqven

SegiZliaT

gaimeoroT niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da daSaloT mzis sxivi ferTa

srul

cisartyelad.

prizmis

saSualebiT

Tqven

gaigebT,

rom

sxvadasxva

sigrZis talRaTa swori kombinacia warmoqmnis TeTr fers. sxvadasxva sigrZis

talRaTa Serwymas ewodeba damatebiT ferTa Sereva. kidev erTxel SexedeT
suraTs 4.9.
feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris
Tvisobriv gancdas.
simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad
wmindaa feri.
sikaSkaSe (brightness)
intensivobas.

feris

Tviseba,

romelic

gulisxmobs

sinaTlis

sur. 4.9.
4.9. ferTa wre
ferebi arian ganlagebuli maTi msgavsebis mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi

arian ganlagebuli erTmaneTis mopiradapire mxareze. Semavsebeli ferebis

Sereva warmoqnis neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles centrSi. ricxvebi
TiToeuli feris tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri ferebis talRis
sigrZis

mniSvnelobaze,

mxedvelobiTi
araspeqtraluri feris

im

ferebisa,

yviTel-mwvane

romlebic

mgrZnobelobis

moTavsebuli

arian

diapazonSi.

toni miiReba mokle da grZeli sigrZis

speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.

153
mwvane

yviTeli

beli)

yviTel-narinjis feri
(lurjis Semavsebeli)
573

521

(wiTlis Semavse-

560

lurj-mwvane

494

580
narinjisferi

607
mwvanelurji

TeTri

490
480

talRis

wiTeli

sigrZeebs,

470
lurji

indigo-lurji
(yviTlis
Semavsebeli)

romlebic

mowiTalo iisferi
(mwvanis
Semavsebeli)

molurjo
iisferi

ferTa

wris

mopirdapire
araspeqtraluri ferebi

mxareebzea

ganlagebuli ewodeba Semavsebeli ferebi.

ferebi isini Serevisas qmnian TeTri feris
SegrZnebas.

gindaT

Tavad

darwmundeT

Semavsebeli

ferebis

arsebobaSi?

ganixileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa mogcemT Tqven negatiuri

Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas (Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri, radgan

is

aris

sawyisi

feris

sapirispiro).

am

movlenas

Cven

avxsniT

feradi

mxedvelobis Teoriebis ganxilvisas, roca Tqven daJinebiT daacqerdebiT

raime fers sakmaod didxans, Tqveni receptorebis arasrul gadaRlamde da
Semdeg mzeras gadaitanT TeTr zedapirze, Tqven dainaxavT sawyisi feris
Semavsebel fers.
Semavsebeli
Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi, romlebic mdebareoben
erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxareze ferTa wreze; roca aditurad erevian
erTmaneT,s qmnian TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas.
Tqven,

albaT,

cxovrebaSi

ferTa

SeginiSnavT
gancdisas.

Tanmimdevari
Tumca,

kvali

Tqveni

Tqvens

gancdebis

yoveldRiur

didi

nawili

ar

warmoiqmneba Semavsebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, dro da dro erTobiT

naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da saRebavebis kombinirebiT. feri, romelsac
xedavT, roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime obieqts an sxva
ferad zedapirs, aris sinaTlis talRis sigrZe, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli
zedapiris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRebavi gamoiyureba umetes
SemTxvevaSi yviTlad, zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar airekleba, rac qmnis mwvane
feris

SegrZnebas.

analogiurad,

lurji

saRebavi

saSualebas

aZlevs

garkveuli sigrZis talRebs ar iqnas areklili, rac qmnis lurjisa da

cotaodeni

mwvanis

SegrZnebas.

roca

yviTeli

da

lurji

ferebi

arian

kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs lurjs da lurji STanTqavs yviTels _ da

154

erTaderTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli

movlenas

ewodeba

substraqciuli

(substractive)

_ gamoiyureba mwvaned! am

ferTa

Sereva2.

darCenili

talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli talRis sigrZe aris arekvlili da swored is

aZlevs ferebis narevs im fers, romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.
sur.
sur. 4.10.
4.10. negatiuri optikuri kvali

mzera daafiqsireT mwvane-Sav-yviTeli droSis centrSi sul cota 30 wamis

ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg mzera gadaitaneT TeTri qaRaldze da daafiqsireT is
furclis centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es cda megobrebze.
zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im adamianebze, romlebic dabadebuli
arian feris SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sibrmave aris ferebis
garCevisYnawilobrivi an sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris
droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri
kvali, Tuki gaqvT ferTa sibrmave. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv, memkvidreobiT
gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSirebulia X qromosomas genTan. radgan mamakacebs
aqvT mxolod erTi X qromosoma, maT ufro meti Sansi aqvT, gamouvlindeT es
recesiuli Tavisebureba, vidre qalebs. qalebs defeqturi geni orive X
qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel
mamakacTa 8%

da qalTa 0.5% naklebs axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al.,

1999).
yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis is saxe, roca adamians uWirs
mwvane da wiTeli ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti simaZRrisa
arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi, romelic urevs erTmaneTSi yviTel da
lurj ferebs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki aris sruli ferTa sibrmavis SemTxvevebi,
roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs ferebs da xedavs mxolod sinaTlis
xarisxis sxvadasxva variacias. (mister i.-s SemTxveva, romelic naxsenebi iyo
am Tavis dasawyisSi, sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi sruli ferTa sibrmave
gamowveuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazianebiT 65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad,
gaqvT Tu ara raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT suraTs 4.11. Tuki
Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-s da 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni
feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT kidev raimes,
Tqven, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave. (CautareT
es testi sxvebsac _ kerZod imaT, viszedac iciT, rom axasiaTebsFferTa
sibrmave da Tqven gaigebT, ras xedaven isini am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu
rogor xsnian mecnierebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa Semavsebeli
ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.
2

qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia, rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red.SeniSvna)

155

ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi

ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria SemoTavazebuli iyo ser
tomas iungis (Sir Thomas Young) mier 1800 wels. is amtkicebda, rom arsebobs
feris

SemgrZnebi

sami

tipis

receptori

normaluri

mxedvelobis

mqone

adamianis TvalSi, romelic warmoqmnis fsiqologiurad pirvelad SegrZnebebs:

wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela danarCeni feri, misi azriT, iyo miRebuli
am sami pirveladi ferisagan, rogorc Semavsebeli ferebis an ori mosazRvre
feris

kombinaciis

Sedegi.

iungis

Teoria

SemdgomSi

gaumjobesda

da

gafarToebuli herman von helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz) mier da gaxda

cnobili, rogorc iung-helmholcis triqromatuli Teoria.3
triqromatuli

Teoria

sakmaod

damajereblad

xsnida

adamianis

ferTa

SegrZnebebs da ferTa sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa sibrmavis

SemTxvevaSi adamianebs aqvT mxolod erTi an ori tipis receptorebi). Tumca,
sxva movlenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis mier. ratom warmoqmnis
erTi feris mimarT adaptacia negatiur Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT
nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone adamianebs sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa
wyvilebis garCevisas: wiTlisa da mwvanis, lurjisa da yviTlis?
triqromatuli
SemgrZnebi

Teoriis

receptorebis

(trichromatic theory)
sami

tipi,

Tanaxmad,

romlebic

arsebobs

warmoqmnian

feris

pirveladi

ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurji ferebis SegrZnebas.

sur. 4.11.
4.11. ferTa sibrmavis testi

pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba, ver

SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT? Tuki
Tqven xedavT ricxv 17
17--s wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa SegrZneba,
albaT, normaluria.
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuTxedi ferTa SegrZnebis meore
TeoriisaTvis, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis (Ewald Hering) mier
1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi sawinaaRmdego procesis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiReba sami ZiriTadi sistemisagan, romelTagan
TiToeuli Seicavs or sawinaaRmdego elements: wiTeli mwvanis sapirispirod,
lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da Savi (arc erTi feri) TeTris (yvela feri)
sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli
3

qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia, rogorc "sami komponentis Teoria

(red.SeniSvna)

156

feris mqone Tanamimdevar kvals, roca am sistemis erTi elementi gadaiRleba

(xangrZlivi stimulaciis pirobebSi) da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi oponenturi
elementis SefardebiTi wvlili. heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi
qmnian wyvilebs, radgan ferTa SegrZnebis sistema realurad aris Seqmnili
sapirispiro wyvilebisagan da ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.
mravali wliis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnierebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis
Sesaxeb.

sabolood,

maT

aRiares,

rom

es

Teoriebi

ar

ewinaaRmdegebian

realurad erTmaneTs. isini ubralod aRweren procesis or sxvadasxva etaps,

romelic

Seesabameba

suqcesiur

fiziologiur

struqturebs

mxedvelobiT

sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson, 1974). Cven axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami
tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli reagirebs garkveuli sigrZis
talRebis diapazonze, mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe, romlis mimarTac
TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze metad aris mgrZnobiare.
saidan viciT
kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben garkvuli talRis sigrZes
mxedvelobiTi

procesebis

mkvlevarebma

ganaviTares

teqnika,

romlis

saSualebiTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis eleqtruli aqtivobis analizi.

maimuni

makakas

kolbis

ujredebi

gamowovil

iqna

specialuri

minis

milidan, romlis diametric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diametris 1/25-ze

naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis sinaTlis talRas anaTebdnen milSi, eleqtruli
signalis Zalas, romelsac gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi jer zrdidnen da
Semdeg

zomavdnen.

am

teqnikis

gamoyenebiT

mkvlevarebma

aRmoaCines,

rom

zogierTi ujredi reagirebs yvelaze kargad 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis

talRis diapazonSi (lurji ujredebi), zogi _ 535 nanometris (mwvane
ujredebi) da zogi ki 570 nanometris (wiTeli ujredebi) sigrZis talRis
diapazonSi (Baylor, 1987).
am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa da helmholcis hipoTezas,
rom

ferTa

SegrZneba

efuZneba

sami

tipis

mxedvelobiTi

receptorebs.

adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave, aqvT erTi an meti am tipis

receptoruli kolbebis defeqti.
Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebi axdens am
sami

tipis

sawinaaRmdego

kolbebidan
procesebis

gamomavali
Teoriis

signalis
Tanaxmad.(De

kombinirebas
Valois

&

heringis

Jacobs,

1968)

sawinaaRmedego procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT, romelsac mxars

157

uWers leo harviCi da doroti jamesoni (Leo Hurvich da Dorothea Jameson, 1974),
ferTa TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri moqmedebs erTmaneTis sapirispirod
(arian

oponentebi),

nervuli

Sekavebis

procesis

saSualebiT.

zogierTi

gangliozuri ujredi iRebs aRmgzneb signals sinaTlidan, romelic Cans

wiTlad da Sekavebis signals im sinaTlidan, romelic Cans mwvaned. sistemis
sxva ujredebs aqvT aRgznebisa da Sekavebis procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi.
gangliozuri ujredebis es ori tipi erTad qmnis wiTel-mwvane oponenturi
sistemis

fiziologiur

baziss.

sxva

gangliozuri

ujredebi

qmnian

lurj/yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema TeTri/Savi monawileobs Tqvens

mier ferebis simaZRrisa da sinaTlis xarisxis aRqmaSi.
vizualuri obieqtebis kompleqsuri analizi
samyaros

ferebis

aRqma

aris

mxolod

mcire

nawili

im

kompleqsuri

amocanisa, romelic dgas Tqveni vizualuri sistemis winaSe. Tuki Tqven

gindaT daiWiroT fexburTis burTi an Tavi aaridoT krazanebis budes, Tqven
unda SeamCnioT am obieqtebis ier-saxe an forma, maTi siRmre an daSoreba da
maTi

moZraoba

sivrceSi.

Tqveni

vizualuri

sistema

moicavs

ramdenime

gancalkevebul da damoukidebel qvesistemas, romelic aanalizebs erTi da

igive retinaluri xatis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs. neironebis calkeul jgufebs
aqvT

unikaluri

Tvisebebi,

dasabami

misces

feris,

formis,

kontrastis,

moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone & Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000).
Tumca, Tqveni aRqma, saboloo jamSi, warmoadgens erTian vizualur suraTs,
Tqvens mier misi danaxva ganpirobebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens
vizualur sistemaSi, romlebic normalur pirobebSi uaRresad faqizadaa
koordinirebuli. (Merigan & Maunsell, 1993)
Tqven SeiZleba

gaigoT,

Tu

rogor

mimdinareobs

rTuli vizualuri

analizi erTi faqtis magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul doneze

ujredebi
nawilebze.

reagireben
magaliTad,

seleqtiurad vizualuri velis mxolod specifiur

Cven

aRvniSneT

adre,

rom

TiToeuli

retinaluri

gangliozuri ujredi aerTianebs mravali receptoruli ujredidan miRebul

informacias. ujredis receptoruli veli es aris adgili vizualur velSi,
saidanac is iRebs stimulacias.
retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli veli aris ori tipis
(ix. suraTi 4.12 A da B nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia velis
centrSi aRagznebs ujreds da stimulacia mis garSemo mdebare nawilebSi

158

iwvevs masSi Sekavebis process; (2)

Sekavebis

procesiT

centrSi

da

ujredebi sapirispiro organizaciiT _

aRgznebis

procesiT

periferiaze.

ganglioizuri ujredebi reagireben stimulaciis sxvaobaze mis centrsa da

periferias Soris. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian stimulebis kontrastiT;
on-centris mqone ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel laqaze,
romelsac

aqvs

bneli

sazRvrebi,

xolo

off-centris

mqone

ujredebi

ganimuxtebian energiulad bnel laqaze, romelsac aqvs naTeli sazRvrebi.

erTnairi ganaTeba ki iwvevs centrisa da periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas
da ujredi ar aris iseTnairad aRgznebuli, rogorc es xdeba naTeli laqis
SemTxvevaSi.
sur. 4.12 gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi

ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is

iRebs stimulacias. baduris gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi
aris wriuli formis (A, B);

mxedvelobiTi

qerqis umartivesi ujredebi

garkveuli mimarTulebiT aris wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi, is

adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac
iwvevs Sekavebis process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanav,e stimuli,
romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs ujreds aris is, romelSic areebi, sadac
sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia + niSniT), aris ganaTebuli, xolo areebi,
sadac sinaTle iwvevda Sekavebis process (aRniSnulia _ niSniT),

aris

sibneleSi.

A
C

sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis (opponent-process theory) Tanaxmad, nebismieri

feris SegrZneba miiReba sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs
or oponentur elements: (wiTeli mwvanis sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis

159

sapirispirod da Savi TeTris sapirispirod).

receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac
mocemuli gangliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.
Tqven axla gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis gadamuSavebis Taviseburebebs
receptoruli da gangliozuri ujredebis doneze. magram ra xdeba vizualuri
sistemis ufro maRal doneebze? pirveli naSromi am sferoSi Sesrulebuli
iyo devid hiubelisa da torsten vizelis (David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel) _
sensoruli procesebis fiziologebis mier. maT moipoves nobelis premia 1981
wels receptoruli velebis ujredebis SeswavlisaTvis mxedvelobiT qerqSi.
vizelma

da

hiubelma

moaxerxes

katis

mxedvelobiT

qerqis

calkeuli

ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic reagirebdnen moZrav laqebsa da

zolebze vizualur velSi. roca hiubelma da vizelma agegmes am qerquli
ujredebis

receptoruli

velebi,

maT

aRmoaCines

ujredebis

organizacia,

romlebic ufro zustad reagirebdnen garkveul vizualur stimulaciaze

(Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979). erTi tipis qerquli ujredebi, martivi ujredebi
yvelaze

Zlierad

reagirebdnen

gansazRvruli,

maTTvis

gamorCeuli

orientaciis mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. suraTi 4.12). kompleqsur ujredebs,

agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli erTi, maTTvis gamorCeuli orientacia, magram
isini, aseve, irCevdnen moZraobis garkveul mimarTulebasac. hiperkopleqsuri
ujredebi ki specializebulni iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa da sigrZis
mqone moZrav zolebze an moZrav kuTxeebze. ujredebi agzavnian gansxvavebuli
saxis informacias Tavis tvinis ufro maRali donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi,
rac maqsimalurad exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.
am nawilSi Cven gavamaxvileTG yuradReba vizualuri sistemis reaqciaze
garemodan

miRebul

gaRizianebaze.

mexuTe

TavSi

Cven

davinaxavT,

rom

adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens garemodan miRebuli informaciis

_ sinaTlis talRebis, romelic aRwevs Tvals _ da informaciis Sida wyaros
kombinacias _ codnas, romelic ukve Senaxulia tvinSi.
axla ganvixiloT bgeraTa samyaro.

Sejameba
adamianis
fokusirdeba

Tvali

funqcionirebs

Tvalis

brolis

sinaTlis energiis ZiridaTi

mier

fotoaparatis
baduraze.

msgavsad:

swored

sinaTle

baduraze

xdeba

gardaqmna nervul aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare

160

receptorebi Cxirebi funqcionireben susti ganaTebis pirobebSi, kolbebi ki

specializdebian naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis
garCevaSi. baduridan miRebuli informacia agrZelebs gzas Tavis tvinisaken
gadamuSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, romelTa saSualebiT xdeba
informaciis

seleqcia

obieqtebis

identifikaciisa

da

maTi

mdebareobis

gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxvedvelobis fenomenma daadastura vizualuri

analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis arseboba.
feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas
axasiaTebs

sami

ZiriTadi

Tviseba:

feris

toni,

simaZRre

da

sikaSkaSe.

sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia qmnis gansxvavebuli feris SegrZnebas

ferTa

Serevis

niutonis

kanonebis

Tanaxmad.

ferTa

sibrmave

sxvadasxva

xarisxisaa; iSviaTia sruli ferTa sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis mkvlevarebi

mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias, aseve, oponent-procesualur
Teorias. vizualur sistemas aqvs sami tipis kolbebi, romlebic upiratesobas
aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis sigrZeebs. es sami tipis kolbebi erTiandebian
informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze da dasabams aZleven oponentprocesualur fenomens.
vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe efuZneba gangliozuri ujredebis
receptorul velebs, zogi ki
specializacias

obieqtTa

_ ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier arCeul

mdebareobis,

orientaciis

da

moZraobis

mimarTulebis mixedviT.
smena
Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da mxedveloba asrulebis erTmaneTis
Semavsebel funqciebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam dainaxavT maT,
gansakuTrebiT, Tuki isini Tqvens ukan mdebareoben an arian gaumWirvale
obieqtebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma.
Tumca,

mxedveloba

aris

ufro

srulyofili

saSualeba

im

obieqtis

identificirebisaTvis, romlebic erTxel mainc moxvdnen mxedvelobis velSi,

vidre smena, Cven xSirad mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom Cvenma
yurebma miuTiTes Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba. smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas
daviwyebT im fizikuri energiis saxeebis ganxilviT, romelic aRwevs Cvens
yurebamde.
bgeris fizika

161

SemohkariT

taSi.

warmoqmnis

es

obieqtebis

rxevas.

daustvineT.

moqmedebebi
rxevis

daakakuneT

bgerebs? amis
energia

fanqriT

mizezi

gadaecema

isaa,

garemos,

magidaze.
rom

isini

Cveulebriv,

ratom
iwveven
haers,

rogorc ki rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos molekulebs. amiT gamowveuli

wnevis

mcire

cvlilebebi

vrceldeba

rxevadi

obieqtidan

garemoSi

sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT, romelic moZraobs 335 metri

wamSi siCqariT. (ix. suraTi 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba gaCndes srul vakuumSi
(magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan iq ar aris haeris molekulebi,
romelTac aamoZravebda rxevadi obieqtebi.
sinusoidur

talRas

aqvs

ori

ZiriTadi

fizikuri

Tviseba,

romelic

gansazRvravs mis JReradobas: sixSire da amplituda. sixSire izomeba rxevaTa

im raodenobiT, romelsac asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi. rxeva,
rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris manZili marcxnidan marjvniv erTi
talRis

pikidan

momdevno

talRis

pikamde.

bgeris

sixSire,

Cveulebriv,

gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic zomavs rxevaTa raodenobas erT wamSi.

amplituda zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur Tvisebas _ simaRles

pikidan dadablebamde. amplituda ganisazRvreba bgeris wnevis an energiis
erTeulebSi.
fsiqologiuri
fsiqologiuri ganzomilebani
sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam
ZiriTad

ganzomilebas

4:

(Tvisebas)

bgeris

tonis

simaRle,

siZliere

da

tembri. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es movlenebi.

amlituda

haeris
haeris
SekumSva gafarToeba

erTi
cikl
dro

sur. 4.13.
sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena
4.13. sinusoiduri

sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris sixSire _ rxevaTa

raodenoba drois fiqsirebul erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis
vertikaluri diapazoni.
bgeris tonis simaRle
4

mTargmnelis SeniSvna

162

bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT;

maRali sixSireebi warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi ki _ dabal
tonebs.

sufTa5tonebis

mimarT

adamianis

mgrZnobiaroba

cvalebadobs

diapazonSi 20 hercis sixSiridan 20 000 hercis sixSiremde. 20 hercze dabali

sixSireebi adamianma SeiZleba SeigrZnos, rogorc vibracia ufro Sexebis
saSualebiT,

vidre

bgeris

saSualebiT.

Tqven

advilad

warmoidgenT,

Tu

ramdenad didia es diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT, rom fortepianos 88

klaviSi faravs mxolod 30 hercidan 4.000 hercamde sixSiris diapazons.
rogorc gaxsovT fsiqofizikidan, kavSiri sixSiresa (fizikur realobas)
da bgeriT tons (fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi. sixSiris
skalis dabal maCveneblebisas sixSiris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT
iwvevs bgeriTi tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo sixSiris skalis maRal
maCveneblebis SemRxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT sixSire,
raTa SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi. magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze
dabali noti erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod 1.6 herciT, maSin roca ori
yvelaze maRali noti gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.

bgeris siZliere
bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba ganisazRvreba misi amplitudiT.
didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc xmamaRali da mcire
amplitudisa ki _ xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZnobiarea fizikuri
intensivobebis uzarmazari diapazonis mimarT.
bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba
bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT.
bgeris

siZliere

(loudness)

bgeris

perceftuli

Tviseba,

romelic

gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa

saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo mcire amplitudis bgeriTi
talRa ganicdeba rogorc xmadabali.
majis

saaTis

manZilidan,
absoluturi

wikwikis

mdebareobs
zRurbli.

xma,

romelic

intensivobis
Tuki

is

gvesmis

qveda

ufro

daaxloebiT

zRvarze.

mgrZnobiarea,

es

aris

SeiZleba

metris
sistemis

gaigonoT

sisxlis moZraobis xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze mdebared

ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic mifrinavs
5

sufTa tonebs, agreTve, uwodeben martiv tonebs an wminda tonebs (mTargmn. SeniSvna)

163

daaxloebiT
tkivilsac

90
ki

metris

simaRleze.

gamoiwvevs

yurebSi.

es

xma

bgeris

imdenad
wnevis

Zlieri
fizikuri

iqneba,

rom

erTeulebis

terminebSi, reaqciuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis bgeriT talRas, romelic

miliardjer ufro Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.
radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bgeris fizikuri intensivobis
diapazoni, Cveulebriv, gamoixateba ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi
odenobis erTeulebSi. bgeris wneva _ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli, rac
iwvevs

xmamaRlobis

gancdas

izomeba

erTeulebSi,

romelTac

ewodeba

decibalebi (db). suraTze 4.14 naCvenebia zogierTi tipiuri bunebrivi bgeris

intensivobis sidide decibalebSi da bgeris wnevis Sesatyvis erTeulebSi
(dini/sm2) SedarebisaTvis.
rogorc

xedavT,

or

bgeras,

romelic

20

decibaliT

gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan, aqvT bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT. aRsaniSnavia,

rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios smenis dakargva.
es damokidebulia maTi eqspoziciis xangrZlivobaze.

tembri
bgeris tembri asaxavs rTuli bgeris talRis komponentebs. tembri aris is,
rac ganasxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis xmisagan. fizikuri
stimulebis mcire raodenoba, magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,
romelic Sedgeba erTi sinusoiduri talRisagan. sufTa tons aqvs mxolod
erTi sixSire da erTi amplituda. bgeraTa umetesoba realur cxovrebaSi ar
arian sufTa toni. isini arian kompleqsuri talRebi, romlebic Seicaven
sixSirisa da amplitudis garkveul kombinacias. suraTze 4.15

naCvenebia

rTuli talRebis formebi, romelic Seesatyviseba ramdenime nacnob bgeras.

sur. 4.14 nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibelebSi

naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decibalebSi, romelzedac reagirebs

adamianis smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan raketis gafrenis xmamde.
decibalebi gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT, romelic aris bgeriTi
talRis amplitudis donis maCvenebeli da zogadad Seesatyviseba imas, rasac
adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris xmamaRlobas..

bgeris wnevis done (dini/sm2)

164

decibalebis done (db)

180 raketis afrenis xma (daaxloebiT 45 metris
simaRleze)

160

2000. 140
reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis xma (24 metris
simaRleze)
tkivilis zRurbli

200. 120 xmamaRali Weqa-quxili, rok-jgufi

orZraviani TviTmfrinavi

20. 100 metros matareblis vagonSi

smenis dakargva xangrZlivi stimulaciis pirobebSi

2. 80 xmaurian manqanaSi

uxmauro manqanaSi

0.2 60 Cveulebrivi saubari

Cveulebrivi ofisi

0.02 40 uxmauro ofisi

wynari oTaxi

0.002
20 xmadabali CurCuli (1.5 metris manZilze)

0.0002. 0 smenis absoluturi zRurbli (1000 hercis tonisaTvis)

grafiki suraTze 4.15 gviCvenebs bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos nota sisaTvis (pirveli oqtava) yvela sixSires, romelic realurad warmodgenilia
am notSi da maT amplitudebs.

tembri (timbre) _ smeniTi

kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, nota

SegrZnebis Tviseba,

si, yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT 256 hc)

romelic asaxavs

pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven gesmiT.

bgeriTi talRis

mas

sirTules.

sixSiris tonebs ki harmonikebs, an obertonebs,

maTi

ZiriTad

uwodeben

sixSire

tons,

ramdenjerme

ufro

aRemateba

maRali

ZiriTad

rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven gesmiT, aris warmoqmnili

ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad, rogorc
naCvenebia

speqtrSi.

Tuki

am

sixSiris

sufTa

tonebi

da

intensivobebi

erTmaneTs daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT bgeras, romelic JRers

iseTnairad, rogorc nota si fortepianoze.
bgerebs, romelTac Tqven uwodebT xmaurs, ara aqvs ZiriTadi sixSireebisa
da harmonikebis naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs mraval sixSires,
romelic ar aris sistematikurad dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. magaliTad,
stacionaruli xmauri, romelic Tqven gesmiT radiosadgurebs Soris, Seicavs

165

yvela smenadi sixSiris energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar hqondes
simaRle, radgan mas ara aqvs ZiriTadi sixSire.
smenis fiziologia
axla

Tqven ukve

gancdebis

fizikuri

aRmocendeba

es

gaqvT

garkveuli

safuZvlebis

gancdebi

informacia

Sesaxeb.

smeniTi

axla

sistemis

bgeraTa

fsiqologiuri

ganvixiloT,

fiziologiuri

Tu

rogor

aqtivobisagan.

pirvel rigSi, vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT

zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da
bgerebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.

fleita

afeTqeba

nota si
klarneti

adamianis xma

dro
si-s bgeriTi speqtri

amplituda

nota

sixSire

1.0
0.5

166

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000
sur. 4.15

es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs

pianinos nota si-saTvis. ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi ZiriTadi
sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi, 256 herci, magram pianinos simebi, agreTve,
vibrirebs

ufro

maRal

sixSireebzec

(romelic

cnobilia,

rogorc

obertonebi anu harmonikebi). isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis nimuSze. es

damatebiTi sixSireebi aris identificirebuli bgeriT speqtrSi.
smenis sistema
sistema
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi axdens eqsternaluri energiis
formebis gardaqmnas nervul

impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom gaigonoT,

unda

moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi transformacia. ix. suraTi 4.16:

4.16 (1) haerSi
gavrcelebuli

talRebi

unda

gardaiqmnas

siTxis

talRebad,

romelic

moTavsebulia yuris lokokinaSi, (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven ZiriTadi

membranis meqanikur rxevas, (3) es rxevebi gardaiqmneba eleqtrul impulsebad
da (4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi. TiToeuli es transformacia
ganvixiloT ufro detalurad.
pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix.
suraTi 4.16). zogierTi bgera Sedis

pirdapir

zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu niJaridan

yuris gareTa sasmen milSi da

arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa

mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswriv gareTa yuris gavliT, sanam ar miaRwevs

milis bolos. aq is ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac uwodeben dafis apks.
bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs mohyavs dafis apki moZraobaSi. dafis apki
gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi, RruSi, romelic Seicavs sam
umciresi zomis Zvals adamianis sxeulSi: CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs. es
Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs, romelic gadascems rxevas da axdens mis
koncentrirebas dafis apkidan smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _ lokokinasaken,
romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
meore

transformaciisas,

romelic

xdeba

lokokinaSi,

haerSi

gavrcelebuli talRebi gadaiqceva zRvis talRebad. lokokina aris siTxiT

gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili, mas aqvs membrana, romelic cnobilia
ZiriTadi
sigrZis

membranis
gaswvriv.

saxeliT.
roca

is

irxeva

ganTavsebulia
uzangi,

mis

romelic

Sua

nawilSi

mdebareobs

mTeli
ovalur

sarkmelTan, lokokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare siTxe iwvevs

167

ZiriTadi

membranis

talRisebr

moZraobas

(rogorc

zemoT

iyo

naxsenebi,

zRvis talRebs).
energiis mesame

gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membranis talRisebri moZraoba

arxevs masTan dakavSirebul patara bewvian ujredebs. bewviani ujredebi aris

smeniTi sistemis receptoruli ujredebi. bewviani ujredebis rxeva iwvevs
nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas da axdens ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri
rxevebis gardaqmnas nervul aqtivobaSi.
sabolood,

energiis

meoTxe

gardaqmnisas,

boWkoebis

konaSi

gamavali

nervuli impulsebi toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen smenis nervs.

isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi mdebare lokokinas birTvebs. msgavsad
vizualur sistemaSi nervebis gadakveTisa, erTi yuridan momavali gaRizianeba
gadaecema

Tavis

tvinis

orive

nawils.

smeniTi

signalebi

gaivlian

sxva

birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven smeniT qerqs, romelic mdebareobs Tavis

tvinis naxevarsferoebis

safeTqlis wilSi. am

signalebis

maRali donis

gadamuSaveba iwyeba smeniT qerqSi. (rogorc Tqven momavalSi naxavT, yuris

sxva

nawilebi,

romelic

gamosaxulia

suraTze

4.16,

monawileoben

sxva

SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi).
sur. 4.16.
4.16. adamianis yuris agebuleba

bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareT yuris anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa

sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas. am rxevas moqmedebaSi
mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi. meqanikuri
rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT lokokinas. maT moZraobaSi
mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe. patara bewviani ujredebi ganlagebuli
arian

ZiriTadi

moZraobaze,

membranis

riTac

gaswvriv

axdenen

maTTan

lokokinaSi
uSualod

da

irxevian

dakavSirebuli

siTxis
nervuli

daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg meqanikuri energia gardaiqmneba

nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins smeniTi nervis saSualebiT.
es

oTxi

gardaqmna

xdeba

srulyofilad

momuSave

smeniT

sistemaSi.

milionobiT adamians aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs smeniTi

darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi,
an

meti

komponentis

TiToeuli gamowveulia smeniTi sistemis erTi

defeqtiT.

naklebad

seriozuli

dazianebaa

siyrue,

romelic dakavSirebulia haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan lokokinisaken. am

tipis

dazianebis

dros

xSirad

Sua

yuris

Zvlebi

ar

funqcionirebs

Sesabamisad. am defeqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia mikroqirurgiuli gziT

xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis CasmiT. ufro seriozuli tipis dazianebaa

168

nervuli siyrue, defeqti im nervul meqanizmebSi, romelic warmoqmnis nervul

impulsebs yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT qerqSi. smeniTi qerqis dazianeba,
agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul siyrues.

lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo; siTxiT gavsebuli spiralurad

daxveuli mili, romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.

ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) mdebareobs lokokinaSi, roca is modis

moZrobaSi, iwvevs bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas, (aRizinaebs maT)
romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRizianebis nervul efeqtebs.

smenis nervi (auditory nerve) atarebs impulss lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare

lokokinis birTvebSi.

smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis are, romelic iRebs da

amuSavebs smeniT informacias.

adgilis Teoria (place theory) amtkicebs, rom sxvadasxva sixSiris toni qmnis
aqtivaciis maqsimums ZiriTadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, amis Sedegad
bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos im adgilis mixedviT,
romlis aqtivaciac moxda.

sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) amtkicebs, rom toni warmoqmnis im siCqaris

rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi, romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, amis
Sedegad,

bgeriTi

tonis

simaRle

SeiZleba

kodirebuli

iyos

nervuli

reaqciis sixSiriT.
bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi
arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic xsnis Tu rogor xdeba
smeniT

sistemaSi

bgeriTi

talRis

gardaqmna

bgeriTi

tonis

SegrZnebad:

adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.

adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo fon herman helmholcis
(Hermann von Helmholtz) mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis (Georg von
Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli, gadamuSavebuli da Semowmebuli. man am
kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels aiRo nobelis premia. adgilis Teoria efuZneba im
faqts, rom ZiriTadi membrana moZraobs, roca bgeriTi talRa Semodis Sida
yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv garkveuli
adgilis

amoZravebas.

maRali

sixSiris

moZraobas

iwveven

lokokinis

sarkmelebi

arian

ganlagebulni.

fuZesTan,
dabali

tonebi

yvelaze

sadac
sixSiris

ovaluri
tonebi

did

talRur

da

mrgvali

yvelaze

did

169

talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi membranis mopirdapire boloSi. amrigad,

adgilis

Teoria

amtikicebs,

rom

bgeriTi

tonis

simaRlis

aRqma

damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis im garkveul adgilze, romelic yvelaze

metad Riziandeba.
meore Teoria, sixSiris Teoria,
Teoria bgeriTi tonis simaRles xsnis ZiriTadi
membranis rxevis siswrafiT. es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris
bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas 100-jer wamSi. sixSiris
Teoria,

agreTve,

neironebis

amtikicebs,

ganmuxtvas

imave

rom

ZiriTadi

siCqariT,

ase

membranis

rom,

rxevebi

ganmuxtvis

iwveven

siCqare

aris

bgeriTi tonis simaRlis nervuli kodi. erTi problema, romelic am dros

Cndeba,

isaa,

rom

individualur

neironebs

ar

SeuZliaT

im

siswrafiT

ganmuxtva, rom warmoadginon maRali bgerebi, radgan arc erT maTgans ar

SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre 1000-jer wamSi. amis gamo, erT
neirons ar SeuZlia ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris bgerebi, rasac
Cveni

smeniTi

sistema

sakmaod

kargad

axerxebs.

es

SezRudva

SeiZleba

daiZlios e.w. zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu ra xdeba maRal

sixSireebze.

rogorc

naCvenebia

suraTze

4.17,

ramdenime

neirons

kombinirebuli moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im sixSireze,

romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000hc da a.S. sixSiris tonebs. (Wever, 1949).

sur. 4.17.
4.17. zalpis principi

smeniTi
struqtura,

nervuli
rac

ujredebis

Semosul

jamur

bgeriT

koleqtiur

talRas,

maSinac

aqtivobas
ki,

roca

aqvs

igive

TiToeul

calkeul boWkos SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva, rom Tan

axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.

bgeriTi talRis signali

boWko a
boWko b
boWko c
boWko d
boWko e

170

koleqtiuri smeniTi reaqcia

rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da sawinaaRmdego procesebis

Teoriebi,

aseve,

warmatebiT

adgilisa

mxolod

da

sixSiris

bgeraTa

Teoriebic,

tonis

simaRlis

orive

sargeblobs

gancdis

sxvadasxva

aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze

ufro

dabali

sixSireebis

kodirebas.

ufro

maRali

sixSireebisaTvis

neironebs ar SeuZliaT ganimuxton ise swrafad da zustad, rom moaxerxon

signalis

kodireba

adeqvaturad,

zalpSic

ki.

adgilis

Teoria

ufro

warmatebulad xsnis bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000-hercze ufro maRali

sixSireebisaTvis.

1000

hercze

ufro

dabali

sixSireebisaTvis

ZiriTadi

membrana irxeva imdenad farTod, rom mas ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos signalis

gansxvaveba

nervuli

receptorebisaTvis,

romelTaTvis

ZiriTadi

membranis

rxeva aris bgeriTi tonis simaRlis gansxvavebis saSualeba. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli
amocana iyofa or sistemas Soris, isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro maRal
sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo, uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas.
Cven Semdeg davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or SeTanxmebul nervul
sistemas, romelic exmareba mas garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis
gadawyvetaSi.

zalpis

principi

(volley principle)

esaa

sixSiris

Teoriis

ganvrcoba,

romelic amtikicebs, rom roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im

sixSires,
neironi

romliTac
ganimuxteba

calkeul
erTad,

neirons

rogorc

SeuZlia

jgufi,

ganmuxtva,

Semosuli

ramdenime

bgeris

tonis

simaRlis Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.

bgeraTa lokalizacia
delfinebi

da

Ramurebi

ar

iyeneben

mxedvelobas

obieqtTa

adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi. amis

nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT _ isini agzavnian maRali sixSiris
bgerebs, romlebic aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian ukukavSirs da
iZlevian informacias obieqtebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis, zomebis,
teqsturis

da

eqolokaciis

moZraobis
saSualebiT

Sesaxeb.

erT-erTi

ganasxvavos

saxeobis

obieqtiebi,

Ramuras
romlebic

SeuZlia
arian

171

daSorebulni erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT (Simmons et al., 1998).

Tumca, adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari, is mainc iyenebs bgerebs
obieqtebis
maSin,

adgilmdebareobis

roca

gamoyenebiT:
misaRwevad

maTi
im

danaxva

drois

TiToeul

gansazRvrisaTvis
gaZnelebulia.

SedarebiTi
yurTan

da

sivrceSi,

gansakuTrebiT

es

xerxdeba

ori

SefasebiT,

romelic

saWiroa

im

bgerebis

intensivobis

meqanizmis
bgeris

SedarebiTi

SefasebiT, romlebic aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green, 1991; Phillips,

1993).
pirveli
erTmaneTs,
misaRwevad.

meqanizmi
rac

Seicavs

sWirdeba

magaliTad,

neironebs,

Semomaval

bgera,

romlebic

bgeriT

romelic

adareben

signals

im

droebs

TiToeul

yurTan

marjvena

mxares,

lokalizdeba

miaRwevs marjvena yurs ufro adre, vidre marcxenas (ix. wertili B suraTze
4.18).
4.18

smeniTi sistemis neironebi specializebulni arian am gansxvavebis

SemCnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi, raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi

bgeris SesaZlo lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.
meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom bgeras aqvs odnav ufro didi
intensivoba im yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan adamianis Tavi
TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils, romelic asustebs signals. intensivobis es
gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis talRis sigrZis SedarebiT
zomaze, romelic aRwevs adamianis Tavs. grZeli talRebi anu dabali sixSiris
tonebi, faqtiurad, intensivobis araviTar gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben maSin,
roca mokle talRebis, maRali sixSiris tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba
savsebiT

gazomvadia.

specializdebian

im

adamianis

signalebis

tvinSi

aris

intensivobebis

ujredebi,

romlebic

gansxvavebis

SemCnevaze,

romelic aRmocendeba or yurSi.

sur. 4.18.
4.18. droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris lokalizacia

bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs

gansxvavebas droSi, romelsac andomebs bgera TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad.
magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro Tanabrad aris daSorebuli
orive yuridan,

maSin xom

ar

SeiZleba

arsebobdes arc

droSi da arc

intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situaciaa gamosaxuli suraTze 4.18.

bgera, romelic vrceldeba A wertilidan, Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive
yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT SeuZlebeli iqneba misi lokalizaciis zusti
gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT Tavi da yurebis mdebareoba

172

SecvaloT ise, rom daarRvioT simetria, es SesaZlebels gaxdis miiRoT

bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebeli informacia.
Sejameba
bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis kombinacia dasabams aZlevs
bgeriTi tonis simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi informacia
ganicdis ramdenime transformacias yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval gzaze:
bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad, siTxis talRebi warmoqmnian
nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori meqanizmis
kombinaciiT: adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom sxvadasxva simaRlis mqone bgera
warmoSobs ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli adgilebis moZraobas; sixSiris
Teoria amtkicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi siCqariT rxevas. bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs,
sul cota, or gansxvavebul process: Tavis tvinSi aris ujredebi, romlebic
amCneven gansxvavebas droSi, rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad
da gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams TiToeuli yuri.
sxva SegrZnebebi
Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxedvelobisa da smeniTi procesebis
ganxilvas, radgan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili mecnierTa
mier.

magram

sxva

TviTgadarCenis

SegrZnebebic

da,

aseve,

mniSvnelovan

garemos

rols

dauflebis

asruleben

unarSi.

Cven

adamianis
mokled

ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.

ynosva
Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT situacia, roca bednieri iqnebodiT
ynosvis SegrZnebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli, romelsac waugia
skunsTan brZola? magram Tavidan rom aviciloT skunsis sunis gancda, Cven,
agreTve,

unda

davkargoT

vardis

surnelis,

cxeli

popkornis,

zRvidan

momavali sunis SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi Tu cudi _ pirvelad Tavis

arsebobas gvatyobinebs receptoris cilebTan urTierTqmedebisas, romelic
mdebareobs ynosvis bususebis membranaze. (ix. suraTi 4.19).
4.19 mas SeuZlia miiRos
nivTierebis

mxolod

rva

molekula,

raTa

dasabami

misces

erT-erTs

am

nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul cota, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos

stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT nivTierebis suni. es nervuli impulsebi
agzavnian sunis Sesaxeb informacias ynosvis bolqvSi,
bolqvSi romelic ganlagebulia

173

receptorebis zemoT da Sublis wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba

qimiuri nivTierebis SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur arxebSi, es ki,
rogorc naxsenebi iyo mesame TavSi, iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas
(Restrepo et al., 1990).
ynosvis SegrZneba aris erT-erTi im mcire funqciaTagani nervul sistemaSi,
romelic

aris

TviTganaxlebadi:

roca

Tqveni

ynosvis

receptorebi

daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT cvlis axali ujredebi, romelic ayalibebs

axal kavSirebs ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).
sur.
sur. 4.19.
4.19. ynosvis receptorebi

cxviris
garemoSi

RruSi

mdebare ynosvis receptoruli

arsebuli

qimiuri

nivTierebebiT.

isini

ujredebi Riziandebian
agzavnian

informacias

ynosvis bolqvisaken tvinSi.

ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac ynosvis receptorebi agzavnian

TavianT signalebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis tvinis qerqis
Sublis wilis qveviT.

feromenebi

(pheromones)

organizmebi

mocemuli

qimiuri

signalebi,

saxeobis

sxva

romelsac

wevrebTan

gamohyofen
urTierTobis

dasamyareblad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distanturi seqsualuri

mimzidvelebi.
ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc sistema, romelic emsaxureboda
sakvebis aRmoCenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras (Moncrieff, 1951). Zalian
bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva, agreTve, gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri
wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias kargad asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar
unda Sesuliyvnen pirdapir kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan, raTa daeynosaT
isini. garda amisa, ynosva SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma.
zogierTi
signalebis

saxeobis

cxovelebi

gamoyofiTa

da

erTmaneTTan

aRmoCeniT.

am

kontaqtSi

qimiur

Sedian

signalebs

qimiuri

feromenebs

uwodeben. feromenebi aris qimiuri nivTierebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi

saxeobis

farglebSi,

teritoriuli

rogorc

sazRvrebisa

da

seqsualuri
sakvebi

mgrZnobelobis,

wyaros

signalebi.

safrTxis,
magaliTad,

sxvadasxva saxeobis mwerTa mamri gamohyofs feromenebs, riTac atyobinebs

mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa SewyvilebisaTvis. (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).

174

ynosvis

SegrZnebis

virTxebs,

mwerebsa

mniSvneloba

da

sxva

icvleba

bevr

saxeobaTa

cocxal

Soris.

arsebas,

ZaRlebs,

visTvisac

ynosva

umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, aqvs gacilebiT maxvili ynosva, vidre

adamians.

maTi

Tavis

tvinis

SedarebiT

didi

nawili

emsaxureba

ynosvis

SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad, iyeneben gemosTan

kavSirSi, raTa ipovon da airCion sakvebi, magram arsebobs zogierTi faqtebi,
rom adamianebic gamoyofen da SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs
(Jacob&McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs, magaliTad, is faqti, rom droTa
ganmavlobaSi

axlo

megobrebis

menstrualuri

cikli

qalTa

saerTo

sacxovrebelSi iwyebs sinqronizacias (McClintock, 1971; Stern & McClintock, 1998).

es sinqronizacia aixsneba qimiuri signalebiT, romlis SegrZnebac xdeba
ynosvis saSualebiT (Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al., 1986). mecnierebi, agreTve,
amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes seqsualuri
aqtivobisadmi adamianis mzaobaSi.
albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvnelobam adamianis seqsualur
cxovrebaSi.
saidan viciT
asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols adamianis seqsualur aqtivobaSi?
kvlevaSi

monawileobas

iRebda

289

qali.

maT

unda

SeefasebinaT

androstenonis, kacis oflis ZiriTadi komponentis suni. qalebis umetesoba

suns afasebda, rogorc arasasiamovnos an aramimzidvels. gamonaklisi am
zogadi kanonzomierebidan iyvnen qalebi, visac hqondaT ovulacia. maTi
Sefasebebi

sunis

mimarT

iyo

ufro

neitraluri.

ra

daskvna

SeiZleba

gavakeToT? mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom qalebi, visac hqondaT ovulacia da

amitomac

dafexmZimebis

ufro

didi

Sansi

naklebad

savaraudoa,

rom

winaaRmdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur iniciativas, mxolod maTi

arasasiamovno bunebrivi sunis gamo. (Grammer, 1993)
gemos SegrZneba
sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion
odnavi gansxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca, maTi umetesoba amisaTvis iyenebs realurad
ynosvas

da

ara

gemos

SegrZnebas.

roca

Tqven

WamT,

ynosvisa

da

gemos

SegrZnebebi mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan. roca gaciebuli xarT,

sakvebi

ugemuri

geCvenebaT,

radgan

Tqveni

cxviris

Sesasvlelebi

175

blokirebulia
darwmundeT
erTnairi
magaliTad,

da

dakarguli

amaSi:

cxvirze

teqsturis,
vaSlisa

sacxovrebelSi

ynosva.

xelwaWerilma

magram
da

gaqvT

mcxovrebi

SeecadeT

gansxvavebuli

kartofilis

um

zogierTi

Tqven

sunis

Tavad

SegiZliaT

ipovoT

gansxvaveba

mqone

naWrebs

studentis

sakvebs

Soris.

im

azriT,

Soris,
saerTo

romelic

saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi sakvebiT, cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros

saWmels ukargavs gemos, ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi gemo aqvs, rac
bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maTi sakuTari gemo!
Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvrilebiT, romelic aniWebs mas
uswormasworo iers. am dvrilebis didi nawili Seicavs gemos receptoruli
ujredebis jgufebs, romelsac uwodeben gemos bolqvebs (ix. suraTi 4.20).
4.20
gemos receptoris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom individualuri
receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan
erT-erTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa da mlaSeze (Frank & Nowlis, 1989). gasul
wlebSi mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi Tvisebis receptorebi,
umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000). umami aris natriumis glutamati (MGS),
romelsac xSirad umateben aziur saWmelebs da bunebrivad gvxvdeba cilebiT
mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca,
am xuTi Tvisebis receptoruli ujredebi mcired reagireben sxva gemozec,
saukeTeso reaqcia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc Cans, gemos am
ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis sistemebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
arsebobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).
gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba daziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis
bolis, mJavis Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi icvleba
ramdenime dReSi erTxel _ ufro xSiradac, vidre ynosvis receptorebi.
marTlac,

gemos

winaaRmdegobis

SegrZnebis
unariaonobiT

sistema

dazianebis

gamoirCeva,

sxva

mimarT

yvelaze

SegrZnebebTan

didi

SedarebiT.

Zalian iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rom vinmem srulebiT, samudamod dakargos gemos

SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).
sur. 4.20.
4.20. gemos receptorebi
nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.

nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze isea gadidebuli, rom

Cans calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.
nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erTerT-erT gemos bolqvs.
Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi

176

kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa. garda

zedapiris

dazianebisagan,

gamoSrobisagan,

imisa, rom is

gexmarebaT

gicavT

temperaturis

regulaciaSi, is Seicavs nervul daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben wnevis,

siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs ewodebaT kanis SegrZnebebi.
SegrZnebebi
radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul informacias iRebT Tqveni
kanis

saSualebiT,

funqcionirebs
gamosaxuli

gansxvavebuli

sxeulis

TiToeuli

tipis

zedapirTan
tipis

mravali

axlos

receptori

(ix.

receptoruli

ujredi

suraTi

naxatze

reagirebs

4..21).

sxvadasxva

tipis

kontaqtze kanTan (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze kargad
reagireben maSin, roca raime exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze
metad arian aqtiurebi maSin, roca raime patara obieqti awveba kans. Tqven,
albaT,

gagikvirdebaT,

roca

gaigebT,

SegrZnebebisaTvis gansxvavebuli

rom

siTbosa

da

sicivis

receptorebi arsebobs. Tqven ar gaqvT erTi

receptori, romelic moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad, Tqveni Tavis tvini

axdens

siTbosa

da

sicivis

calkeuli

signalebis

integrirebas,

raTa

akontrolos garemos temperaturuli cvlilebebi.

sur. 4.21.
SegrZnebaTa receptorebi
4.21. kanis SegrZnebaTa

ramdenime

sxvadasxva

tipis

receptori

aris

pasuxismgebeli

kanis

SegrZnebaTa gancdaze, rogoricaa Sexebis, siTbosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi.

magaliTad, meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze kargad reagireben raime obieqtis
gaxaxunebaze kanis mimarT, merkelis diskebi yvelaze aqtiurni arian patara
obieqtebis kanze dawolis mimarT.
kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo diapazonSi icvleba sxeulis
sxvadasxva

ubanze.

magaliTad,

Tqven

10-jer

ufro

zustad

gansazRvravT

stimulis lokalizacias Tqveni TiTebis wverebze, vidre zurgze. sxeulis

sxvadasxva nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba ganpirobebulia nervuli
daboloebebis simWidroviT garkveul ubnebSi da, agreTve, sensoruli qerqis
didi farTobiT, romelic maT Seesatyviseba. mesame TavSi Tqven naxeT, rom
mgrZnobiaroba udidesia iq, sadac es yvelaze metad gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa
da

xelebze.

zusti

sensoruli

ukukavSiri

sxeulis

am

nawilebidan

uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da aRqmis procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas.

kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi aspeqti asrulebs centralur rols adamianur
urTierTobebSi: esaa

Sexeba.

Sexebis

saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT sxvebs

Tqvens survils, miiRoT an gasceT simSvide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba.

Sexebis adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an seqsualuri SegrZnebis

177

aRmocenebaSi.

am

TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebiT

mgrZnobiare

adgilebs

erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis

potenciali

interindividuluri

damokidebulia

daswavlil

gansxvavebulobiT

asociaciebze

da

xasiaTdeba.

sensoruli

is

receptorebis

koncentraciaze mocemul adgilze.

kanis SegrZnebebs (cutaneous senses) miekuTvneba wnevis, siTbosa da sicivis

SegrZnebebi.

erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous

zones)) _ ares kanis zedapiris adgilebi,
(
romlebic

gansakuTrebiT

mgrZnobiareni

arian

gaRizianebisadmi

da

warmoSoben erotiul da seqsualur

seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes TviTgadarCenis procesSi.
magaliTad,

naadrevad

dabadebuli

bavSvebi,

romelTac

saavadmyofoSi

utardebodaT yoveldRiuri masaJi 45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, gacilebiT

ufro

swrafad izrdebodnen da viTardebodnen

viTardebodnen gonebrivadac Tavis TanatolebTan
SedarebiT,

romelTac

virTxebze

Catarebuli

aTavisuflebs

zrdis

ar

utardebodaT

kvleva

masaJebi

gviCvenebs,

hormonebs

da

(Field & Schanberg, 1990).

).

rom

energiuli

aaqtiurebs

zrdis

stimulacia
ferments

dekarboqsilazas (ODC
- onithine decarboxylase) Tavis tvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo
(
organoebSi.
ayavdaT

is

xelSi,

sakontrolo

naSierebi,
ufro

jgufis

romlebic

janmrTelebi
cxovelebTan

sicocxlis
iyvnen

pirvel

mTeli

SedarebiT,

wlebSi

xSirad

cxovrebis

manZilze.

stimulirebuli

naSierebi

gamoirCeodnen
gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, isini
berdebodnen

ufro

nela,

maTi

Tavis

tvinis

ujredebi

ufro

didxans

inarCunebda sicocxlisunarianobas da hqondaT ukeTesi mexsiereba ((Meany et al.,

1998).
). aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli rekomendacia
rekomendacia aseTia: SeexeT xSirad
imaT, viszedac zrunavT da sxvebic waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon xSirad
es ara marto siamovnebas mogvgvriT, aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens,
agreTve, maT janmrTelobasac (Montague,
, 1986).
(
wonasworobis da kinesteTikuri SegrZnebebi
SegrZnebebi
wonasworobis da kinesteTikuri SegrZnebebi TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic
ki iyos, radganc maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva SeiZleba,
rogorc magaliTad, Tvalebis, yurebis an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba
gvaZlevs
SegrZnebas.

sivrceSi
am

Cveni

informacias

sxeulis,

gansakuTrebiT,

gvawodeben

receptorebi,

Tavis

orientaciis

patara

bususebi,

178

romelnic mdebareoben Sida yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi. es

bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin xdeba, roca
Tavs

swrafad

amoZravebT.

parkuWi

da

tiki

gatyobinebT

informacias

sworxazovani moZraobis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb (ix. suraTi 4.16).

4.16) sami
arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan arxebs uwodeben, erTmaneTis mimarT marTi
kuTxiTaa

ganlagebulni,

rac

saSualebas

gvaZlevs

miviRoT

informacia

nebismieri mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor moZraobs Tavi, roca

Cven vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT mas an gverdze gadavxriT.
adamianebi, vinc dakarga wonasworobis SegrZneba ubeduri SemTxvevebisa Tu
avadmyofobis

gamo,

arian

sakmod

dezorientirebulni,

xSirad

ecemian,

axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi adamianebis umravlesoba,

bolos da bolos, axerxebs am naklis kompensirebas imiT, rom ufro metad
eyrdnoba vizualur informacias. gulis reva moZraobisas aRmocendeba maSin,
roca

vizualuri

vestibularuli

sistemidan

aparatidan

momavali

wamosul

signalebi

signalebTan.

konfliqtSi
moZrav

Sedis

transportSi

kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCndebaT gulis revis SegrZneba. amis mizezi

isaa,

rom

vizualuri

signalebi

modis

uZravi

obieqtidan,

xolo

vestibularuli SegrZnebebi moZravi obieqtidan. mZRolebs iSviaTad emarTebaT

es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da grZnoben kidevac moZraobas.

wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) informacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis

orientaciis Sesaxeb sivrceSi.

kinesTetikuri

SegrZneba
SegrZneba

(kinesthetic

sense)

informacias

gvawvdis

Cveni

sxeulisa da misi nawilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT vertikalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT,
Tqvens tvins sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis poziciisa Tu misi
nawilebis

sivrciTi

mimarTebisa

da

moZraobis

Sesaxeb.

kinesTetikuri

SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul ukukavSirs sxeulis motoruli

aqtivobis Sesaxeb. amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri moZraobebis
didi nawilis koordinirebas.
Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic
mdebareoben saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben kunTebsa da
myesebSi.

saxsrebSi

romelic

Tan

cvlilebebze,

mdebare

axlavs
rasac

receptorebi

kidurebis

iwvevs

reagireben

sxvadasxva

saxsrebis

pozicias

moZraobebi.

im
da

kunTebsa

daWimulobaze,
daWimulobis
da

myesebSi

179

mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis cvlilebebze, romelic Tan

axlavs kunTebis SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.
Tavis

tvini

informaciis

xSirad

axdens

integrirebas

kinesTetikuri

Sexebis

SegrZnebidan

SegrZnebebidan
miRebul

miRebuli

informaciasTan.

Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad, im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba,

romelic modis TiToeuli TiTidan, Tuki mas ar ecodineba zustad TiTebis
mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT. warmoidgineT, rom agrovebT raRac sagnebs
daxuWuli TvalebiT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT saSualebas, mixvdeT, aris Tu
ara aRebuli obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri SegrZneba giqmniT warmodgenas
mis sidideze.
tkivili
zemoT Cven ganvixileT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi. Tqven iciT,
rom fizikuri kontaqtis garkveuli formebi iwveven tkivils. tkivili aris
organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiwvios qsovilis dazianeba an
Seuqmnas mas safrTxe. xarT Tu ara Tqven srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad
ganviTarebuli tkivilis SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba kic da
arac. kis SemTxvevaSi Tqveni tkivilis SegrZneba aris mniSvnelovani Tqveni
gadarCenisaTvis.

adamianebi,

visac

dabadebidan

dakarguli

aqvT

tkivilis

SegrZnebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva dazianebebs, romelTa

Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini SeZlebda maT
gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb (Larner et al., 1994). maTi magaliTi
gasagebs xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis signalis mniSvnelobas _
igi gafrTxilebT potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb.

aras upasuxebT, radgan

zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven bednieri iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT

tkivilis SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze meti adamiani aSS-Si itanjeba
mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT. samedicino xarjebi tkivilis

gasayuCeblad da

dakarguli samuSao dReebi Sefasebulia 70 miliard dolarad weliwadSi

(Turk, 1994). rogorc Cans, uwyveti, qronikuli tkivili xSirad iwvevs mwvave
depresias

da

mizezia

imisa,

rom

aseTi

tkivilebis

mqone

adamianebi

uaryofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks & Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom
mecnierebs ainteresebT tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis Seswavla,
raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis teqnikas.
tkivilis meqanizmebi

180

TiTqmis

yvela

cxoveli

ibadeba

ama

Tu

im

tipis

tkivilis

dacviTi

sistemiT, romelic iwvevs avtomaturad garkvuli stimulebisagan gaqcevis

refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba miaRwevs zeda zRurbls, organizmi
pasuxobs gaqceviT, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia. garda amisa, is swrafad
swavlobs

tkivilis

gamomwvevi

stimulebis

identificirebas

da

SeZlebisadagvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.

arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba: nocicefturi da nevropaTiuri.
nevropaTiuri
nocicefturi tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac iwvevs mavne
zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli. magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba, romelic
gagiCndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebis SemTxvevaSi. kanSi mdebare specialuri
nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tkivilis Setyobinebas Tqveni xelidan zeviT,
zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis ukan gamoweviT SegiZliaT am
tipis

tkivili

SewyvitoT.

nevropaTiuri

tkivili

gamowveulia

nervebis

aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcionirebiT. igi aRmocendeba dazianebuli

an daavadebuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa magaliTad, ubeduri SemTxveva an
kibo. medikamentebs da mkurnalobis sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awynareben
nervebs, SeuZliaT Seamsubuqon aseTi tipis tkivilebi.
mecnierebma daiwyes im specifikuri receptorebis gansazRvra, romlebic
reagireben tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines, rom zogierTi
receptorebi

reagireben

mxolod

temperaturaze,

zogierTi

qimiur

nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze. arseboben receptorebi,

romlebic reagireben tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze. tkivilis
boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades, romelic faravs mTel sxeuls.
periferiuli nervuli boWkoebi agzavnian tkivilis signalebs centralur
nervul sistemaSi ori gziT: swrafi gamtarunariaonobis nervuli boWkoebiT,
romlebic

dafarulni

arian

mieliniT

da

neli,

ufro

patara

nervuli

boWkoebiT, mielinis safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli impulsebi

gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg Tavis tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis
lokalizaciisa

da

intensivobis

gansazRvra,

dazianebis

mniSvnelovnebis

Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis formulireba.

tkivilis fsiqologia
emociuri

reaqciebi,

konteqstualuri

faqtorebi

da

situaciis

interpretacia SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tkivilis

gancdaSi,

rogorc

fsiqologiuri

realuri

procesebis

fizikuri

stimuli

mniSvnelobas

(Price, 2000; Turk,

tkivilis

gancdaSi

1994).

naTlad

181

gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi SemTxveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram
ar arsebobs misi
tkivili,

gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli

miuxedavad

didi

intensivobis

da meore, roca ar aris

tkivilis

gamomwvevi

stimulis

arsebobisa. magaliTad, im adamianTa 10 %-ze meti, visac amputirebuli aqvs

kidurebi, uCivian mwave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi, romelic maT
aRar aqvT _ fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (Melzack, 1992). amis sapirispirod,
zogierT individs, romelic monawileobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia
tkivilis SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamomwvevi intensiuri stimulaciis
pirobebSic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze siaruli an nemsiT
sxeulis gaxvreta.

tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone

gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze, romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa
gamoiwvios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safrTxe.

nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) gamowveulia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone

eqsternaluri stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli nervuli
daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis
tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinSi.

nevropatiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) gamowveulia nervebis aranormaluri

an zedmetad aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis an daavadebis
mizezia.

fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenomenon) mwvave da qronikuli

tkivilis SegrZneba im kidurSi, romelic amputirebulia.
saerTod,

tkivilis

SegrZnebaze

didi

gavlenas

axdens

konteqsti

da

reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi. radgan tkivili aris fsiqologiuri reaqciebis

erT-erTi saxe, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic
iyenebs

zemoqmedebas

fsiqikur

procesebze,

rogoricaa

hipnozi,

Rrma

relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana. magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe mSobiarobis

mosamzadebeli

lamazes

(Lamaze)

meTodi

cdilobs

Seamciros

samSobiaro

tkivilebi ramdenime aseTi meTodis kombinaciiT. lamazes sunTqviTi varjiSebi

exmareba

relaqsaciaSi

da

yuradReba

gadaaqvs

tkivilis

adgilidan.

yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno warmodgenebis, Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba

qmnis rbil, sasargeblo Semxvedr stimulacias da socialuri mxardaWera
meuRlisa Tu megobrisagan _ yvelaferi erTad aZlevs momaval dedas am
mtkivneul situaciaze kontrolis Zlier gancdas.

182

karibWis kontrolis

Teoria (gate-control theory) exeba tkivilis Semcirebas,

romelic xdeba maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi moqmedebs

rogorc

kari,

uSlis

xels

tkivilis

gavrcelebas

signalis blokirebas axdens da zogierTs

da

misi zogierTi

ki agzavnis Tavis tvinSi.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?

gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamocdileba? Tqven miirTmevT romelime Zalian
cxare kerZs Cinur an tailandur restoranSi da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze
cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is siamovneba, romelsac iRebT sakvebisagan,
gadaiqceva Zlier tkivilad. Tuki aseT ram odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven iciT,
rom gemos sferoSi arsebobs kavSiri mas Soris, rac ganiWebT siamovnebas
da rac ganiWebT tkivils. ganvixiloT es damokidebuleba.
fiziologiurad advilia avxsnaT, Tu ratom iwvevs cxare wiwaka tkivils.
Tqvens

enaze

arsebuli

gemos

bolqvebi

tkivilis boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk, 1993).

nivTierebam

SeiZleba

receptorebi,

aseve,

gaaRizianos

masTan

Zalian

dakavSirebulia

amrigad, erTi da

nocicefturi
igive

qimiurma
mdebare

rogorc

gemos

bolqvebSi

axlos

mdebare

tkivilis

boWkoebi

(Caterina et al., 2000). cxare wiwakis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTierebaa kafsacini. Tuki

Tqven gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakvebiT, Tqven unda SeecadoT sakvebSi
SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis saWiro koncentracia, ise, rom man ufro metad
gaaRizianos Tqveni gemos receptorebi, vidre tkivilis receptorebi.
Tqven,

albaT,

gainteresebT

ratom

gansxvavdebian

adamianebi

cxare

sakvebis mimarT damokidebulebis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan? maT ukvirT

xolme, roca maT megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar SeuZliaT cxare sakvebis Wama.
kvlav

mivmarToT

naCvenebia

ori

fiziologias,
adamianis

enis

raTa

avxsnaT

fotosuraTebi

es

gansxvaveba.

(Linda

naxatze

Bartoshuk).

Tqven

SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom erT-erT maTgans aqvs gacilebiT bevri gemos

bolqvebi, vidre meores. rac ufro metia gemos bolqvebi, miT ufro metia
tkivilis
adamianebi,

receptorebic.
visac

bevri

amitom
gemos

ufro

didia

bolqvebi

aqvs,

imis

albaToba,

ufro

Zlier

rom

is

tkivils

ganicdian kafsacinisagan. im individebs, romelTac bevri gemos bolqvebi

aqvT, daarqves superdegustatorebi (Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT, visac ufro
mcire raodenebiT aqvT es receptorebi _ nondegustatorebi. individTa es
ori jgufi ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan mravali gemos SegrZnebebis

183

mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc icodeT xarT Tqven superdegustatori,

nondegustatori
garkveuli

Tu

raRac

qimiuri

Sualeduri.

nivTierebebis,

gansxvaveba

magaliTad,

Cndeba

mxolod

kafsacinis

mimarT

mgrZnobiarobaSi.
gemos

bolqvebis

simWidrovis

mixedviT

interindividualuri

sxvaoba

aRmoCnda genetikuri (Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro xSirad arian super
degustatorebi,
mgrZnobiareni

vidre
arian

damaxasiaTebelia
yovelTvis

kacebi.
mware

qimiuri

sawamlavTa

ufro

meti

superdegustatorebi,

didi

saerTod,

nivTierebebis

mimarT,

umravlesobisaTvis.

pasuxismgebloba

ufro
es

radganac

ekisreboda

ki
qals

STamomavlobis

gazrdasa da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze, im qalebis bavSvebs, romlebsac

meti

gemos

hqondaT.

mgrZnobiareoba

radganac

axasiaTebda,

degustatoris

gadarCenis

statusi

ufro

genetikuria,

meti
am

Sansi

aspeqtSi

gansxvaveba ukve patara bavSvebSic SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991). xuTidan Svid
wlamde superdegustatori bavSvebi upiratesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan
SedarebiT da piriqiT _ nondegustatorebi _ yvels rZesTan SedarebiT.
ratom? superdegustatorebi rZes aRiqvamen, rogorc ufro tbils da yvels
_ rogorc ufro mwares vidre nondegustatorebi. amrigad, genetikuri
gansxvavebebi

gvexmareba

avxsnaT,

Tu

ratom

aqvs

zogierT

bavSvs

ase

gamoxatuli gemos Taviseburebani.

magram,

modiT

davubrundeT

restornis

kerZs,

romelmac

gamoiwvia

tkivilis SegrZneba. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom tkivilis SegrZneba

TandaTan

qreba.

am

mxriv,

pirSi

ganlagebuli

tkivilis

receptorebi

moqmedebs sxva sensoruli receptorebis msgavsad: droTa ganmavlobaSi

Tqven adaptirdebiT mudmivi stimulaciis mimarT. es, albaT, Zalian kargia,
rom sensoruli procesebs aqvT tkivilis Semsubuqebis funqciac da mas
gvTavazoben xolme saWiro momentSi.
rogor gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze fsiqologiuri konteqtsi?
erT-erTi

Teoria,

romelic

exeba

tkivilis

Semcirebis

gzebs,

cnobilia

karibWis kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT ( Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis

mixedviT, zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nevrologiuri kari,
romelic xels uSlis tkivilis zogierT signals, SeaRwios Tavis tvinSi da
mis

blokirebas

receptorebi

axdens,

agzavnian

zogierTs
signals

ki

zurgis

atarebs.
tvinisaken,

Tavis
raTa

tvini
man

da

kanis

gaaRos

an

daketos es kari. Tavis tvinidan swored daRmavali es signali uzrunvelyofs

184

fsiqologiur
melzakma

konteqsts,

(Melzack,

1999)

romelic

axlavs

warmoadgina

Tan

tkivils.

ganaxlebuli

gasul

Teoria

wlebSi
tkivilis

neiromatriculi Teoria, romelic xsnis im faqtebs, rom adamianebi xSirad

ganicdian

tkivils

Zalian

mcire

intensivobis

an

ararsebuli

fizikuri

gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am SemTxvevaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSi

aris aRmocenebuli.
Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, Tu ras eubnebiT mis Sesaxeb sxvebs, Tu
rogor reagirebT tkivilgamayuCeblebze, asaxavs ufro Tqven fsiqologiur
mdgomareobas, vidre tkivilis gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas. is,
rasac

Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba

iyos

sakmaod gansxvavebuli da

zogjer

srulebiTac damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT _ rogorc naxavT

amas mexuTe TavSi, romelic eZRvneba aRqmis fsiqologias.
Sejameba
ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca haerSi
arsebuli qimiuri nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis bususebTan. ynosva did
rols

asrulebs

seqsualuri qcevis

regulaciasa

da

sxva

mniSvnelovani

funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos sistemebi SeTanxmebulad

moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis umravlesobis SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens
Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis nazavs sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa
da simlaSeze.
Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi kanSi
moTavsebuli receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs komunikaciasa da gadarCenis procesSi. wonasworobis SegrZneba
uzrunvelyofs

Tqveni

kinesTetikuri

SegrZneba

Tavisa

da

sxeulis

pasuxismgebelia

orientacias

sxeulis

sxvadaxva

sivrceSi.
nawilebis

poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis koordinirebaSi.

Tqven

ganicdiT

SemTxvevaSi

da

nociceftur
nevropaTiur

tkivils

mavne

tkivils

stimulis
nervebis

zemoqmedebis
aranormaluri

funqcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti, nawilobriv, gansazRvravs

tkivilis gancdis intensivobas.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba

185

imis gamo, rom sensoruli procesebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben Cvens

mier samyaros SemecnebaSi, mecnierebi fsiqologiis ganviTarebis adreul
etapebzec swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.

fsiqofizika swavlobs fizikur gamRizianebelze fsiqologiur reaqcias.

mecnierebi zomaven absolutursa da sxvaobis zRurblebs.

signalis aRmoCena saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs gamoyon erTmaneTisagan

SegrZnebis simaxvile da pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma.

fsiqofizikis mkvlevarebma gansazRvres kavSiri gamRizianeblis fizikur

intensivobasa

da

fsiqologiur

efeqts

Soris

maTematikuri

funqciis

saSualebiT.

SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fizikur energias nervul kodad gardaqmnis.

mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswavlon informaciis dinebis procesi sensoruli

receptorebidan Tavis tvinis qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema

baduraze

mdebare

fotoreceptorebi,

romelTac

uwodeben

kolbebsa

da

Cxirebs, gardaqmnian sinaTlis energias nervul impulsSi.

baduris gangliozuri ujredebi axdenen receptorebidan da bipolaruli

ujredebidan momavali signalis integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi warmoqmnian
optikur nervebs, romlebic xvdebian erTmaneTs mxedvelobis jvaredinTan.

vizualuri informacia aris ganawilebuli tvinis sxvadasxva ubnebSi, sadac

muSavdeba vizualuri garemos sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogoricaa sagnebis
garegnuli saxe da maTi mdebareoba.

sinaTlis

talRis

sigrZe

warmoadgens

gamRizianebels

ferTa

SegrZnebisaTvis.

feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdeba toniT, simaZRriTa da sikaSkaSiT.

ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi aerTianebs sami feris SemgrZnebi receptoris

triqromatul Teorias da sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teorias, romelic
eyrdnoba

sawinaaRmdego elementebis kompozicias.

gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aRmoCena xdeba baduris ujredebisa da ufro

maRali donis vizualuri centrebis moqmedebiT.
smena

smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmneba bgeriTi talRiT, romelsac gaaCna sixSire,

amplituda da sirTule.

186

lokokinaSi

bgeriTi

talRebi

transformirdebian

siTxis

moZraobaSi,

romelic amoZravebs ZiriTad membranas. ZiriTadi membranis bewvebi nervul

impulsebs gadascemen smeniT qerqs.

adgilis Teoria saukeTesod xsnis maRali sixSireebis kodirebas, sixSiris

Teoria ki saukeTesod xsnis dabali sixSireebis kodirebas.

bgeris warmoSobis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisaTvis moqmedebs ori tipis

nervuli meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensivobisa da im drois SedarebisaTvis,
romelic dasWirdeba bgeriT signals TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad.
sxva SegrZnebebi

ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi reagireben nivTierebaTa qimiur Tvisebebze da

moqmedeben erTad, roca adamiani eZebs da irCevs sakvebs.

ynosva sruldeba sunisadmi mgrZnobiare ujredebiT, romlebic

ganlagebulni arian cxviris RruSi.

gemos receptorebi aris gemos bolqvebi, romlebic moTavsebuli arian gemos

dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad enaze.

Sexebis SegrZneba gulisxmobs dawolisa da temperaturul SegrZnebebs.

wonasworobis

SegrZneba

gaZlevT

informacias

sxeulis

moZraobis

informacias

sxeulis

nawilebis

mimarTulebisa da siswrafis Sesaxeb.

kinesTetikuri

SegrZneba

gaZlevT

mdebareobis Sesaxeb da gexmarebaT moZraobis koordinirebaSi.

tkivili aris organizmis dacviTi reaqcia potenciurad mavne zemoqmedebis

mqone gamRizianebelze.

tkivilis
gamomwvevi

fiziologiuri

reaqcia

gamRizianeblis

moicavs

mxareze

da

sensorul
nervul

reaqcias

impulsebs,

tkivilis
romlebic

moZraoben Tavis tvinsa da zurgis tvins Soris.

tkivili aris nawilobriv fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is SeiZleba Seicvalos

mkurnalobiT, romelic aqcents akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze da gadaaqvs
yuradReba.
ZiriTadi cnebebi

absoluturi zRurbli

sensoruli receptorebi

akomodacia

sensoruli fiziologia

amakrinuli ujredebi

sibnelisadmi adaptacia

187

adgilis Teoria
badura

signalis SemCnevis Teoria

sikaSkaSe

bgeris siZliere

feris toni

bgeris tonis simaRle

sixSiris Teoria

bipolaruli

smeniTi nervi

gangliozuri ujredebi

smeniTi

erogenuli zonebi

sxvaobis zRurbli

absoluturi zRurbli

tembri

veberis kanoni

tkivili

zalpis principi
kanis SegrZnebebi

transformacia
triqromatuli Teoria

karibWis kontrolis Teoria

kinesTetikuri SegrZneba

kolbebi
lokokina
mxedvelobis qerqi
nevropatiuri

ujredebi

tkivili

nocicefturi tkivili
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba

optikuri nervi
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma
receptoruli veli
sawinaaRmdego
procesebis
Teoria
sensoruli adaptacia

fantomuri kiduris fenomeni

feris simaZRre
feromonebi
fovea
fotoreceptorebi
fsiqometruli funqcia
fsiqofizika
ynosvis bolqvi

SegrZneba
Semavsebeli ferebi
Cxirebi
ZiriTadi membrana

wonasworobis SegrZneba

qerqi

Tavi 5. aRqma
SegrZneba, organizeba, identifikacia da cnoba
proqsimaluri da distaluri stimulebi
realoba, orazrovneba da iluziebi
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: - virtualuri realoba
yuradRebis procesebi
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
figura, foni da dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
perceptuli dajgufebis principebi
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
moZraobis aRqma
siRrmis aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: - rogor iWerT mfrinav burTs
identifikacia da cnoba
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebi
sagnebis cnoba
molodinis da konteqstis gavlena
bolo gakveTili
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi

ganvixiloT
kulturidan

kengis
iyo.

SemTxveva,

kengs

mTeli

romelic
cxovreba

ekvatoruli

xSir

afrikis

tropikul

tyeebSi

fijmis
hqonda

gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT

gaSlil velze anTropolog kolin tarbulTan (Colin Tutnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT
tarnbelma aRwera kengis reaqciebi.

kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac ramdenime milis moSorebiT

asiode bizoni Zovda. man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac vupasuxe, rom
isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro
didebi. kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es sisulele aRar meTqva da
kvlav igive kiTxva damisva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad ar mimiCnia,
TavisTvis laparakobda da cdilobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da
xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas manamde enaxa.
amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgilisaken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi
Zovdnen. kengi akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen isini da, Tumca,
yvela fijmelis msgavsad, Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos gadmojda
da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac jadoqroba iyo. . . . bolos, roca kengi mixvda,
rom cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav
afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen da uceb
gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv.305).
kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze.
radgan kengma cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar hqonda saTanado
codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moexdina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT
daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am
TavSi

SeiswavliT,

rogor

moqmedebs

codna

adamianis

SesaZleblobebsa

da

aRqmaze.
Mme-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven sinaTlis
talRas ki ar `xedavT, aramed _ plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar
`gesmiT,

aramed

musika

sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva,

iqve

arsebuli

radiodan.

SegrZnebiT

iwyeba

magram kidev meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom

stimuli azriani da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, saSualeba mogeceT,

efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic
sensorul

xatSi

awesrigeben

informacias

da

am

informaciis,

rogorc

garesinamdviliT
uzrunvelyofs

warmoqmnilis,
interpretaciis

gancdas
umaRles

uzrunvelyofen.
dones,

rac

es

procesebi

saSualebas

gvaZlevs,

warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.

SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv,
TvalsaCino magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZleba Sors. Semdeg is
nela miuaxloveT saxes. saxesTan miaxlovebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro met
vizualur vels faravs.

Sedegad, SeiZleba veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan,

kedelze. rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda Tu plakati dapataravda?

Tqveni pasuxi iqneba - `ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi

gviCvenebs SegrZnebebs

da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli imitom faravs plakats, radgan saxesTan

miaxloebisas

is

SedarebiT

did

gamosaxulebas

qmnis

baduraze.

es

aRqmis

procesebia, romlebic, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis

miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT, rom xelis da plakatis realuri
zomebi ar icvleba.
aRqma

(Perception)

awesrigebeninformacias

procesebi,
da

am

romlebic

imformaciis,

sensorul

rogorc

xatSi

samganzomilebiani

garesinamdviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs azrs. perceptuli procesebi
mniSvnelobas iReben mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali

sensoruli

informaciidan (input) da mas stabiluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis

saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri
an gancdiTi), aRqmis procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an receptorSi sagnis
xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad,
xelis

aRqma,

ucvleli

retinaluri

rCeba,

radgan

gamosaxulebis
interpretacia

zomebis
ucvleli

cvlilebis

miuxedavad,

perceptuli

aqtivobiT

mimdinarobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da

avtomaturad xdeba, rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT.

Cveni mizania, am

TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT

samyaro

aseTi

aSkara

ZaldautaneblobiT.

Tavdapirvelad

ganvixilavT

perceptul procesebs vizualur sferoSi.

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
termini

aRqma, misi

movlenebis

wvdomis

farTo
zogad

mniSvnelobiT,
process,

raTa

niSnavs

garemoSi

SevigrZnoT

sagnebis

isini,

da

gavigoT,

movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime kategorias da movemzadoT maTze

reagirebisaTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT maT sam safexurad

yofen - SegrZneba, perceptuli organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.
rogorc

me-4

TavSi

SegrZneba niSnavs nervul kodebSi fizikuri

vnaxeT,

energiis gardaqmnas, romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, SegrZnebiT viRebT

vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian
mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod
sustad

reagireben

ucvlel,

mudmiv

stimulirebaze

(gaRizianebaze).

tvinis

qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis Semavali informaciidan iReben.

perceptuli

organizacia

Semdegi

safexuria,

rodesac

sagnis

Sinagani

gamosaxuleba formirdeba da yalibdeba garegani stimulis aRqma; Sinagani

gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi
perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis savaraudo zomis, formis, moZraobis,
daSorebis da orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba goniT gaTvlas,
romelic adamianis warsul codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da stimulTan
aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) perceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba
sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da
kombinacia),

rogoricaa

sagnis

feri,

konturebi,

xazebi.

saganis

amocnoba

Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri aqtivobebi xdeba swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,

gacnobierebis gareSe.
Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT
doqtor

riCardsis

avadmyofobis

SemTxveva,

romlis

tvinis

dazianebam

perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja, Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.

perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _ procesebi, romlebic
sensorul informacias aerTianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe
vizualur velSi.
saidan viciT
SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis darRveva
doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.
samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda, romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla
gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas
SeeZlo

sakmaod

gamocdileba.

naTlad

mokled

rom

aRewera
vTqvaT,

Tavisi
tvinis

sakmaod
dazianebam

uCveulo

vizualuri

imoqmeda

sensoruli

monacemebis sworad gaerTianebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor riCardsi aRwerda,

rom Tu igi xedavda rTul (kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani da mis

vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer adamianis
nawilebs

gancalkevebulad

gamosaxulebaSi.

mas,

xedavda,

aseve,

uWirda

romlebic
erTi

da

ar

erTiandebodnen

imave

movlenis

erT

xmisa

da

gamosaxulebis gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas SeiZleba daenaxa piris

moZraoba da gaegona xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda araswori
CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi daenaxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda
raime Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~ msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad,
Tu danawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi mimarTulebiT imoZravebda,
roCardsi

nawilebs

aRiqvamda.

Tumca,

kvlav

gaerTianebulad,

perceptul

`webos~

dasrulebuli

zogjer

SeiZleba

adamianis
raime

saxiT

absurduli

konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac ki,
Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tansacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni.
doqtor

riCardsi

garemos

danawevrebulad,

frangmentulad

da

ucnaurad

ganicdida, rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda normaluri gancdisagan (Marcel,

1983).
problema

doqtor

riCardsis

TvalebSi

ar

iyo,

arc

stimulis

niSnebis

analizis unarSi igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvisebebs. misi

problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis
ise

gaerTianeba,

rom

mxedvelobis

velSi

calkeuli

movlena

erTianad,

TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da

SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is, aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli
analizi da perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs, miuxedavad imisa,
rom ver acnobierebT maT moqmedebas.
identifikacia

da

cnoba

am

klasifikaciaSi

mesame

safexuria,

rodesac

perceptul xats mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi `gadaiqceva~ burTebad,

monetebad,

saaTebad,

identificirdnen

forToxlebad

qalad

an

kacad,

an

mTvareebad.

megobrad

an

mtrad,

adamianebi
naTesavad

SeiZleba
an

rok-

varskvlavad. am etapze perceptuli SekiTxva - `ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba

identifikaciis SekiTxviT: - `ra aris sagani?~ dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: -`ra
aris sagnis funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia movaxdinoT, vicnoT
da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze, maRali
donis kognituri procesebia saWiro, romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens

Cveni Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi, obieqtTan dakavSirebuli

atitudebi.
amrigad,

mokled

mimovixileT

informaciis

gadamuSavebis

safexurebi,

romlebic perceptuli samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven. radgan

me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis
aspeqtebs

fizikuri

cxovrebaSi aRqma
dasawyisSi

energiis

sawyisi

transformaciis

Semdeg.

yoveldRiur

sruliad Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis

SevecdebiT,

dagarwmunoT,

rom

realurad

sakmaod

daxvewil

informaciis gadamuSavebas asrulebT, did gonebriv samuSaos, raTa sabolood

`siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.
proqsimaluri da distaluri stimulebi
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT sur.5.1.asur.5.1.a-ze gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic
oTaxs

akvirdeba

moxerxebuli

skamidan.

oTaxSi

moTavsebuli

sagnebidan

areklili sinaTlis nawili Tvalebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis

gamosaxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.b gviCvenebs, Tu ras davinaxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas
marcxena TvaliT (marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo kideze ki _ xeli
da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba retinaluri

gamosaxuleba

garemos, romelmac

igi Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom baduraze
miRebuli

gamosaxuleba

samganzomilebiania.
SevadaroT

sur.

am

organzomilebiania
gansxvavebas

5.1.a-ze

mocemuli

maSin,

bevri

roca

Sedegi

obieqtebis

Tavad

mohyveba.

formebi

garemo

magaliTTad,

baduraze

miRebuli

gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur.

sur. 5.1.g). magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur
samyaroSi yvelas marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram retinaluri gmosaxulebebidan
mxolod - fanjras. suraTis xati aris trapecia, magidis Tavis xati aris
arawesieri

oTxkuTxa

figura

da

xaliCis

xati,

faqtobrivad,

aris

sami

gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni

Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi: - rogor aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts,
rogorc erTian, standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
situacia aq cotaTi ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT, SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram,
rasac

oTaxSi

aRiqvamT,

ar

aris

mocemuli

retinalur

gamosaxulebebSi.

magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars or kedels Soris, romelic

mTels iataks mihyveba, magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis TavTan
wydeba. aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli,
Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc erTian, daunawevrebel

marTkuTxeds. faqtobrivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas garemos

obieqtebsa

da

baduraze

maT

Sesabamis

gamosaxulebebs

Soris,

SeiZleba

gagikvirdeT, rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT.

samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas Soris
gansxvaveba imdenad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi maT aRqmis or
gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven. rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea
mocemuli, garemoSi
5.2
mocemul

fizikur

sagans

ewodeba

distaluri

stimuli
stimuli

(damkvirveblidan

daSorebuli), xolo baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsimaluri

stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition)

_ perceptuli xatisaTvis

azris micemis gzebi.

distaluri stimuli (Distal
stimulus) _ proqsimaluri stimulisagan anu baduraze
(
optikuri

gamosaxulebisagan

gansxvavebiT,

aRqmis

procesSi

samyaroSi

mocemuli fizikuri sagani.

proqsimaluri

stimuli

(Proximal stimulus)

distaluri

stimulisagan

anu

samyaroSi fizikuri sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli optikuri

gamosaxuleba.
Cveni

msjelobis

ZiriTadi

azri

ufro

mkafiod

SeiZleba

Semdegnairad

CamovayaliboT: - risi aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli garemoSi

mocemuli `realuri ~ sagani, xolo stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda
miviRoT,

aris

proqsimaluri

stimuli

baduraze

miRebuli

sagnis

gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur

stimulSi mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis gansazRvra. es exeba
aRqmis sxvadasxva modalobas: - smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma moicavs
procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsimaluri stimulebis informacias, raTa
mogvawodon informacia

distaluri stimulis Tvisebebze.

rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis 3

safexurs,

ganvixiloT

dakidebuli

suraTi.

gamosaxulebaze

sur.

5.15.1-ze

sensorul

organzomilebian

gamosaxuli

safexurze
trapecias;

es

erT-erTi
suraTi

misi

zeda

obieqti,

kedelze

Seesabameba

baduris

da

qveda

kideebi

marjvniv erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi sxvadasxva

sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia. perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am
trapecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivrceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds.
mis zeda da qveda kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, romlebic marjvna
mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena da marcxena kideebs ki tolad. perceptuli

procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.

Semdeg ukve saWiroa stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am marTkuTxa
obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. suraTze 5.3 mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am
movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi, romelTac informacia erTi
safexuridan meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa gamosaxuli. am TavSi
ganvixilavT yvela interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.
sur. 5.1. retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia

vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan (sagnisagan

Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos distaluri stimulis (garemoSi
arsebuli realuri sagani) interpretacia da identifikacia.
sur. 5.2. Ddistaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi

distaluri

stimuli

proqsimaluri

ki

aris

sensoruli

garemoSi

arsebuli

aqtivobis

forma,

fizikuri
romelic

stimuli,
distaluri

stimuliTaa gansazRvruli. rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsimaluri stimuli

SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls, magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi
arian.
sur.

5.3.

SegrZnebis,

perceptuli

organizaciis

da

identifikacia/cnobis

safexurebi

diagrama

gviCvenebs

transformacias

procesebs,

axdenen

SegrZnebis,

romlebic

Semosuli

perceptuli

informaciis

organizaciis

da,

identifikacia/cnobis safexurebze. arqmis aRmavali procesebi (qvemodan zemoT)

maSin erTvebian, rodesac Semosuli sensoruli informaciidan perceptuli
gamosaxuleba yalibdeba. daRmavali procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im SemTxvevaSi
moqmedeben,

rodesac

perceptul

gamosaxulebaze

gavlenas

axdens

warsuli

codna, motivacia da fsiqikuri funqcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.

realoba, orazrovneba, iluziebi
aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri
stimulis

identifikacia.

am

funqciis

Sesabamisi

perceptuli

meqanizmebis

gacnobamde, ganvixiloT garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi, romlebic

aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia: _ orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.

orazrovneba

aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa samyaroze zusti warmodgenis Seqmna. swori reaqcia

garemoSi sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, xeze
moZravi arseba vefxvia? - es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar aris. daakvirdiT
TeTr da Sav laqebs sur. 5.45.4-ze.
ze ra figuraa

es? SeecadeT stimuli figura

gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia,

radgan is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar aris (SeniSvna: - ZaRli
naxatis

marjvniv

aris,

Tavi

centrisaken

aqvs

mimarTuli).

es

stimuli

orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa

ganlagebuli da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba aRqmis gagebisTvis
mniSvnelovani
calkeuli

cnebaa.

xati

is

gviCvenebs,

SeiZleba

rom

sensorul

mravalnairad

safexurze

interpretirdes

mocemuli

aRqmisa

da

identifikaciis safexurebze.
sur. 5.4. orazrovani suraTi
ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT dainaxoT mimavali dalmatineli.

sur.

5.55.5-ze

maTganis

mocemulia

ornairad

orazrovani

figurebis

interpretaciaa

sami

SesaZlebeli.

magaliTi.

TiToeuli

daakvirdiT

TiToeul

gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT,

rom mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT, orazrovani figuris yurebisas am
alternativebs

SenacvlebiT

(xan

erTs,

xan

meores)

aRiqvamT.

orazrovani

figurebis es perceptuli labiloba (arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia.
larnaki Tu profilebi
nekeris kubi: zemoT Tu qvemoT
ixvi Tu kurdReli
sur. 5.5. perceptuli orazrovneba

TiToeuli
erTdroulad

nimuSis
gancda

orgvari
ar

interpretaciaa

SegiZliaT.

SesaZlebeli,

amCnevT,

rogor

magram

orives

enacvlebian

es

SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?
larkani/profilebi
perceptuli

da

organizaciis

nekeris

kubi

safexurze.

am

orazrovani
erTi

da

figurebis
igive

nimuSebia

figurebs

Tqven

orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis

centrSi moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani maT Soris gamyofi

10

TeTri sivrciT. nekeris kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomilebiani

carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT
marjvniv

kuTxiT.

alternativebi

cxadia,

erTi

da

kubsa

imave

da

larnaki/profilebTan

stimuli

xatiT

arian

stimulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivrceSi

orazrovani

gamowveulni,

Tumca

figurebis specifikuri

wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura aris

orazrovnebis nimuSi cnobis etapze. orive

SemTxvevaSi is erTi da igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca,

vinaidan

figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs, SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa

da klasifikacia
orazrovani

mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.

gamosaxuleba

(Ambiguity)

perceptuli

obieqti,

romelsac

SeiZleba erTze meti interpretacia hqondes.

bevrma

gamoCenilma

mniSvnelovani
salvador

SemoqmedebiTi

dalis

kompleqsur

mxatvarma

gamoiyena
saSualeba

aRqmis
Tavis

orazrovneba,
namuSevrebSi.

rogorc

magaliTad,

mona marketi volteris uCinari biustiT. es namuSevari

orazrovnebas

gviCvenebs.

suraTis

mTeli

nawili

radikalurad

gansxavevebulad unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi filosofosis

volteris `dafaruli~ biusti. TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da
Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _ misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia.
rogorc ki dainaxavT volteris biusts s. dalis am suraTze, veRar SeZlebT
suraTs

SexedoT imis codnis gareSe, Tu sadaa frangi

filosofosis figura

damaluli.
normaluri
orazrovnebis

aRqmis
da

erT-erTi

yvelaze

gaurkvevlobis

naTeli

fundamenturi

Tvisebaa

interpretaciiT

garemos

Secvla,

raTa

Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvlilebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse

samyaroSi perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes mdgradobis da stabilobis
miRwevis moTxovnilebas.
sur. 5.6. orazrovneba xelovnebaSi
salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba mona marketi volteris uCinari biustiT.
xedavT volters? dali erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac
Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.

iluziebi

11

orazrovani
ramdenime

stimulebi

perceptul

SesaZleblobidan

sistemebs

amoicnon

erTi

rTul

unikaluri

stimulebis interpretaciis siswore an simcdare

amocanas
figura.

uyeneben

orazrovani

Ceveulebriv kontqstzea

damokidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema stimulis struqturas mkveTrad

amaxinjebs da cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
sityva `iluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seusabamo~-s, `uazro~-s, `sasacilo~-s
(ludicrous). orive warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac naSnavs dacinvas,
masxarad agdebas. erTnair iluziebs ganicdian

adamianTa umetesoba erTsa da

imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da

samyaroSi sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc VI TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi
gansxvavdeba
perceptuli

halucinaciebisagan:
damaxinjeba,

rac

halucinacia

adamianis

uCveulo

mdgomareobiTaa gamowveuli). ganvixiloT sur. 5.7-ze

aris

aragavrcelebuli

fizikuri

an

fsiqikuri

warmodgenili klasikuri

iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro advilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva;

iluziebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic, rogoricaa: - smena
(Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard & Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).
mas

Semdeg,

rac

1854-55

wels

j.opelma

(J.J.Oppel)

iluziebis

pirveli

mecnieruli analizi gamoaqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze bunebaSi,

SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi. opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis
SeswavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic ufro grZeli Canda, roca
segmentebad iyo dayofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod bolo xazebi
iyo mocemuli (varianti b).
|

| (a)

a. gamoiyeneT saxazavi,
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad

sur. 5.7. xuTi savarjiSo iluzia

b. romeli yuTia standartuli yuTis toli?

romeli ufro didia an patara? gazomeT, raTa
aRmoaCinoT iluzoruli efeqti

TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi

xSirad iyeneben iluziebs TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi
xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustad muSaoben,
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.
opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri iluziebis Seswavla uwoda.
iluziebi miuTiTebs perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gansxvavebaze. maT
SeiZleba

gviCvenon

abstraqtuli

konceptualuri

gansxvaveba

SegrZnebebs,

12

perceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris da dagvexmaron

aRqmis

garkveuli fundamenturi Tvisebebis gagebaSi.

mkvlevrebi

xSirad

igoneben

axal

iluziebs

an

iyeneben

Zvels,

raTa

perceptuli gadamuSavebis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvixiloT

miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva versia, romelic sur. 5.8-zea mocemuli.
versia

pirvelad

franc

miuler-laierma

(Muller-Lyer)

1889

wels

ganixila

naSromSi optikuri iluziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da misma

kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an b
versiaSi

kuTxeebis

wveroebs

Soris

manZili)

Tanabaria.

adamianebs

xSirad

ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miuxedavad,

rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer
scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi icvleba (Green & Nelson 1997).
misi simtkice, rac ufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi gamoixateba,
vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es
magaliTi

gviCvenebs,

fsiqologiuri
mkvlevrebs

rom

iluziebi

TeoriebisaTvis

mxolod

iluziebi

ubralod

mniSvnelovan
ki

ar

ucnauroba

monacemebs

ainteresebT,

ar

aris.

iZlevian.

aramed

im

isini

amrigad,

garemoebebis

Seswavlac, romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias iZleva.

iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planeta
dedamiwis

yoveldRiuri

gamocdileba.

`Casvlas~

Tumca,

rom

moTavsebuli.

iciT,

albaT

gasagebia,

mze

Tqven

xedavT

dasabamidan

ratom

iyo

mzis

udidesi

mzis `amosvlas~
sistemis
simamacis

da

centrSia
gamovlena

qristefore kolumbis da sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT dedamiwis

sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca
savse mTvare cazea, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT is Tan mogyvebaT,
Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven Tvalebsa da
mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme imaSia, rom mTvaridan
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi

Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad

paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara aqvs,

Tu sad

midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad.
arqiteqtorebi da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs iyeneben sivrceSi
sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an mcired
gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli

13

ferebiT SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara dabal taxtebs, skamebs

da magidebs kedlis gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed - oTaxis centrSi. a. S.
S. nasaSi (nasa), sivrciT programebSi momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos
gavlena gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida sivrce ise moewyoT, rom
sasiamovno

sensoruli

Tvisebebi

hqonoda.

dekoraciebisa

da

ganaTebis

reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmsa

da

scenaze.

am

iluziebidan

zogi

ufro

sasurvelia,

vidre

sxvebi.

Cven,

Cveulebriv, mogvwons kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored imitom

ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi
ki,

Tavis

mxriv,

gvarwmuneben,

srulyofilad ver miiReba

rom

perceptuli

sistemebiT

yovelTvis

proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.

iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda, romelic aSkarad mcdaria,

Tumca, igives ganicdian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul garemoSi.
sur. 5.8. miulermiuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi

miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna.

aRiqvamT sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma
iluziebis axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
virtualuri realoba
ai, saukunis dasawyisis teleSouebisa da filmebisTvis tipuri siuJeti: - qali
da mamakaci personaJebi xvdebian kimpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur samyaroSi,
rasac dramatuli Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad, `matricaSi, (Tu filmi ar
gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas) mTavari personaJi
aRmoaCens,

rom

superkompiuterebis

realobaa

da

es

yvelaferi,
mier

rac

Seqmnili

`realurad
detalurad

superkompiuterebi

miaCnia,

sinamdvileSi

damuSavebuli

akontroleben

planetas.

virtualuri
sabednierod,

CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi virtualuri realobis versiebi, jerjerobiT sakmaod

uwyinaria:

Cven

sakmaod

iolad

SegviZlia

virtualuri

garemosgan

Tavis

daRweva atraqcionebsa da gasarTob centrebSi. virtualuri realobis gancdis

xarisxis

gaumjobeseba

perceptuli
realobis
kvlevebidan

sistemis
Semqmnelebi
miRebuli

xSirad

damokidebulia

SecdomaSi

Sesayvani

cdiloben,
codna

axali

perceptuli

sruliad

mkvlevrebis

axali

unarze,

saSualebebi.
procesebis

samyaros

Seqmnan

virtualuri
mniSvnelovani

cxovel

gancdebSi

14

gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri realobis sistemis mizani monawileTaTvis virtualur

yofnis

samyaroSi

ganisazRvreba,
interaqciul

gancdis

maT Soris
ambavSi

virtualur

yofna

Seqmnaa.

aris

monawilis

CarTva

(Lombard & Ditton, 1997),

samyaroSi

yofnis

SegrZneba,

ramdenime

ganzomilebaze

socialurad

Tumca,

mdidar

an

aRqmis

TvalsazrisiT,

wesi,

damokidebulia

rogorc

virtualur samyaroSi CaZirvaze, rac perceptulad realurad aRiqmeba. bolo

wlebSi mkvlevrebma daiwyes im perceptuli informaciis sistematuri Seswavla,
romelic

saWiroa

virtualur

samyaroSi

TiTqmis

srulyofilad

yofnis

uzrunvelsayofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ramdenad

kargad

SeuZlia

adamians

amocanis

Sesruleba

sxvadasxva

perceptuli

konfiguraciis mqone virtualur samyaroSi (Nash et al. , 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT

proeqti,

romelSic

ikvlies

vizualuri

gamosaxulebis

zemoqmedeba simulatorSi manqanis marTvis unarze. am amocanas mkvlevrebma

uwodes

gzis

savali

nawilis

SenarCuneba

(lane keeping )

(Kappe et al., 1999).

monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen gzis saval nawils, rodesac ekrani perceptuli

gadamuSavebisaTvis
gavixsenoT,

rom

saintereso

realuri

samyaros

yuradRebis centridan, ise _

virtualur

samyaroSi?

realur

samyaroseul

gancdisas

monacemebs

informacias

iZleoda.

iRebT

rogorc

periferiidan. sainteresoa, rogor xdeba es

mkvlevrebma

aRmoaCines,

rom

monawileebi

ukeT

inarCunebdnen gzis saval nawils, rodesac ekrani periferiul informacias

iZleoda, Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es periferiuli informacia, realuri
samyaros gancdis analogiurad,

Zalze

detaluri yofiliyo. es

aRmoCenebi

vizualuri ekranebis dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva. am tipis

eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom mxolod vizualuri velis centri saWiroebs
Zlier

detalizacias.

periferiuli

informacia

mniSvnelovania,

magram

misi

Sevseba SeiZleba globaluri vizualuri struqturiT.

ueWvelia,

rom

ramdenime

weliwadSi

virtualuri

samyaro

kidev

ufro

mimzidveli gaxdeba: - mkvlevrebsa da gamomgoneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT, rogor

daarwmunon

Tqveni

perceptuli

sistemebi

kompiuteriT

Seqmnili

samyaros

gverdi,

romelic

`realurobaSi.
Web sites
WWW.hitl.washington.ed/projects/knowlege-base/onthenet.html,

virtualur realobaze moicavs

WWW.vrs.org.uk

(veb

monacemebs)

(virtualuri sazogadoebis veb gverdi)

15

aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi

midgomebi
Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT kiTxs: - rogor aRadgens
perceptuli sistema informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb? rogor xdeba
perceptuli orazrovnebis problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba

iluziebi? am

kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT gaverkveT im TeoriebiSi, romelTac

mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3
sadac

saubaria

Tandayolilis

(nativizmis)

da

SeZenilis

TavSi,

(empirizmis)

urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas: - ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis

matarebelia

Tqveni

genotipi.

rogorc

nativistma, SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom

samyaroSi garkveuli tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT SedixarT,

romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi gexmarebaT? an rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom
SeiswavloT perceptuli samyaro?. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis umravlesoba
Tanxmdeba imaze, rom
da

SeZenilis

samyaros

kombinacia,

gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania

Tumca,

vnaxavT,

rom

isini

Tandayolilisa

ver

Tanxmdebian

am

kombinaciis balansze.

helmholcis klasikuri Teoria

1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis
anu SeZenilis mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis mixedviT, nervul
sistemaze

moqmedi,

gansakuTrebuli

xSirad

mniSvneloba

orazrovani
fsiqikur

stimulebis

procesebs

warsulSi miRebuli codnis safuZvelze

eniWeba.

interpretaciisas
garemos

Sesaxeb

damkvirvebeli qmnis hipoTezebs, anu

varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad,

tyeSi moulodnelad

danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT, ZaRlad ufro

vidre _ mglad. amdenad, aRqma induqciuri

kerZo

xatidan

romelsac

daskvnis

SeiZleba

es

gakeTeba

sagnebis

konkretuli

xati

miiCnevT,

procesia konkretuli, savaraudo

an

movlenebis

miekuTvneba.

zogad

radgan

es

klasze,
procesi

cnobierebis monawileobis gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracnobieri

daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad
muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo
garemoeba erTi da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis saSualebas
iZleva, an rodesac axlis nacvlad Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.

16

helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs. pirvel, analitikur etapze

grZnobis

organoebi

analizs;

meore,

gaerTianeba

da

fundamenturi

sinTezis,

SegrZnebebis

safexurze

sinTezireba

xdeba

obieqtebis

da

doneze
am

axdenen

sensoruli

maTi

Tvisebebis

samyaros

elementebis
aRqmis

saxiT.

helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT, Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan

miRebuli

gamocdilebis

faqtobrivad,

safuZvelze

warmoadgens

Cveni

vaxdenT.

percepciis

Cveni

(aRqmis)

interpretaciebi,

Sesaxeb

informirebul

varaudebs.

geStaltmidgoma
geStaltfsiqologia,
geStaltfsiqologia

romelic

XX

saukunis

II

naxevarSi

germaniaSi

Camoyalibda, did yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi Tandayolili

struqturebis rols. geStaltfsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi: - kurt
kofka

(Kurt Koffka,

1935),

volfgang

keleri

(Wolfgang Kohler,

1947)

da

maqs

verThaimeri (Max Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri fenomenis

gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul

mTlianobad

miviCnevT

da

ar

davanawevrebT

primitiul,

martiv

perceptul

elementebad. germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT `formas~, `mTlians~,

`konfiguracias~

an

`arss~

niSnavs.

geStaltistebma

uaryves

fsiqologiaSi

arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtkicebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT

metia, vidre misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magaliTad, roca musikas
vusmenT,

mTlian

melodias

aRviqvamT,

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

is

calkeuli

bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis

Camoyalibeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis (korteqsi) funqcionirebis
TaviseburebiT.
informacias,
umartivesi

Cven
rom

da

CvenTvis
es

Cveuli

Semomavali

yvelaze

gziT

imitom

sensoruli

ekonomiuri

gzaa,

vawesrigebT

informaciis
tvinis

sensorul
organizebis

struqturidan

da

fiziologiidan gamomdinare (Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis mier

SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis magaliTebs).

gibsonis ekologiuri optika

jeims
jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da elinor

gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson)

aRqmis Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes. gibsoni aRqmas orgnizmis

struqturis Sedegad ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi ukeT gageba
uSualo garemos (anu misi ekologiis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi
avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo: - `ar ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens

17

TavSi, ikiTxeT _ ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis ekologiuri
optikis Teoria garegani stimulebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
vidre

im

meqanizmebs,

radikalurad

romliTac

am

stimulebis

aRqma

gansxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela

xdeba.

es

midgoma

Teoriisgan. gibsonis

koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia, rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac

damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs,
icvleba

drosa

da

sivrceSi.

baduraze

stimulaciis

ekologiuri

optikis

paterni mudmivad

Teoria

cdilobda,

ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda

moZravi

damkvirveblis

Tanxmdebian

imaze,

TvalisaTvis.

rom

perceptuli

gibsonis
sistemebi

mimdevari

Teoritikosebi

ganuviTardaT

organizmebs,

romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs,

wyals, mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno, 1994; Nakayama, 1994).
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helmholcis termini, romelic
gacnobierebis gareSe
geStaltfsiqologia
amtkicebs,

rom

mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.

(Gestalt psychology)

fsiqologiuri

fsiqologiuri

fenomenis

gageba

skola,

mxolod

romelic

maSin

aris

SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar

davanawevrebT promitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
Eekologiuri

optikis

Teoria

(Theory of ecological optics)

aRqmis

Teoria,

romelic xazs usvams sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da aRqmas

garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze - `rogor swavlob garemos? pasuxi sakmaod
advilia. Tqven garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias sensoruli informaciis

invariantuli anu stabiluri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa saWiro

perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna
_ aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli
TiToeuli sagnis retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvirveblidan sagnis
daSorebulobisa da xedvis kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar aris.
metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi
Tvisebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi
cvlilebis pirobebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili, rom amCnevs am
invariantulobas.

adamianebi

iseT

garemoSi

viTardebodnen,

invariantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniSvneloba.

sadac

swored

18

amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs, romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli

procesebis asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT, rogor
xdeba samyaroSi xelmisawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva da misTvis
yuradRebis mipyroba.
Sejameba
aRqmis

mTliani

procesi

perceptuli organizacia
amocanaa

distaluri

identifikacia

da

SeiZleba

sam

safexurad

daiyos:

SegrZneba,

da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri aRqmis ZiriTadi

stimulis

(garemoSi

interpretacia,

arsebuli

proqsimaluri

realuri

obieqtis)

stimulidan

(obieqtis

retinaluri gamosaxulebidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze. orazrovan

figurebs mxolod erTi interpretacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo
interpretacia

ki

organizaciis

da

identifikaciis

doneze.

iluziebi

SezRudvebs uqmnian perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.

aRqmis

Teoriebi,

Cveulebriv,

Tanxmdebian

imaze,

rom

perceptuli

unari

Tandayolili da SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tanxmdebian maT

Soris balansze. helmholci xazs usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da
varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili aracnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStaltmidgoma aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba ganxilul unda yofiliyo,
rogorc mTeli da aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda mxars; jeims
gibsoniseuli

midgoma

ki

xazs

usvamda

damkvirveblis,

rogorc

aqtiuri

subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda garemodan wamosul invariantul

informacias.

yuradRebis procesebi
SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi ram, romelic am momentamde ar
SegimCneviaT.

SeamCnieT

laqa

yuradRebiT

davakvirdebiT,

kedelze?
aRmovaCenT,

saaTis
rom

wikwiki?
aTasobiT

Tu

garemos

sagania

Zalze

irgvliv,

romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda. zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT

yuradRebas sagns Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT masze. amitom
aris yuradReba

aRmis Seswavlisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi

gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yvelaze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli

19

procesebisavis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu

garemodan momdinare ra tipis stimulebs eqceva Cveni yuradReba da ra wvlili
Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis gancdaSi. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor
funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad, raTa garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da
movlenebs meti mniSvnelovneba mianiWos.
yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli informaciis romelime
nawilze cnobierebis fokusireba.
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu
adamianebi ratom irCeven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac nawils
Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva adamianis miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba (Stimulus-driven capture) _
gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali
informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis; xdeba maSin, rodesac
stimulebis niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben yuradRebas,
adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damoukideblad.
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba
am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT, yuradReba migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis,
romlebic

manamde

ar

SegimCneviaT.

es

eqsperimenti

gviCvenebs

yuradRebis

mniSvnelovan funqcias, rac Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis

SerCevaSi gamoixateba; es nawili Semdeg gadamuSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT,
samyaros romel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da ra Sedegi mosdevs am
gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis iolad xelmisawvdomi informaciis TvalsazrisiT.
yuradRebis faqtorebi
rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic Cveni yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am
kiTxvaze pasuxs ori komponenti aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleqcias (goal-derected)
da stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture) uwodeben6
(Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevisas Tqveni miznebidan gamomdinare irCevT,
Tu romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom SegiZliaT eqspliciturad
airCioT calkeuli obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva maSin
xdeba, rodesac stimulis _ garemoSi arsebuli obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi
TavisTad,

avtomaturad

iqceven

yuradRebas

Tqveni,

rogorc

damkvirveblis,

miznebisagan damoukideblad. stimuliT gamowveul SerCeva iqneba, magaliTad, Tu

6

qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna)

20

saWesTan

mjdomi

moulodneli

SuqniSanze

cvlileba

gaCerdebiT
wiTeli

da

ocnebebSi

Suqidan

waxvalT;

mwvaneze

SuqniSnis

gansakuTrebuli

koncentraciis gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.

sainteresoa,

ra

kavSiria

am

or

process

Soris.

kvlevebi

aCvenebs,

rom

garkveul pirobebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba Warbobs mizniT

marTul seleqcias.
saidan viciT
procesebs Soris konkurencia, romlebic yuradRebis fokusirebasac

gansazRvraven

mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi, romlebic mizniT marTul SerCevasa

da

stimuliT

gamowveul

yuradRebas

konkurenciul

pirobebSi

ayenebdnen

(Theeuwes et al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis a nawilzea mocemuli, eqsperimentis

TiToeuli

sinjis

dasawyisSi

cdis

pirebs

uCvenebdnen

vizualur

ekrans,

romelzedac mocemuli iyo 6 nacrisferi wre SigniT Cawerili cifriT 8. erTi

wamis Semdeg ekrani icvleboda. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc b nawilzea
mocemuli, erTi wris garda yvela wre
amocana

iyo,

SeexedaT

darCenili

wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis pirebis

nacrisferi

wrisTvis

da

eTqvaT,

masSi

Cveulebrivi c ewera, Tu Sebrunebuli. cdis pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas

mizniT marTul SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax, mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT
yuradReba darCenil nacrisfer wreze.
axla ganvixiloT 5.9 suraTis g nawili. am SemTxvevaSi, romelic cdebis meore
naxevars warmoadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali elementi daemata _ wiTeli wre.
axali obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba, romlebic, Cveulebriv,
stimuliT gamowveul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv pirobebSi mosalodneli
iqneboda, rom cdis pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze gadaitandnen, Tumca, am
konkretul eqsperimentSi maT es ar moeTxovebodaT. maT isev sTxovdnen,
daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xdeboda? cdis
pirebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes SemTxvevaSi
axali obieqti avtomaturad iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad imisa,
rom is sruliad ar Seesabameboda

eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul

mizans.
es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is
aRmqmelis

miznebis

sapirispirod

moqmedebs.

cxadia,

monawileebi

ukeT

Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevdnen wiTel wres, magram maTi

ignorireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis

21

urCevniaT, rac SeiZleba kargad Seasrulon mkvlevris mier dasaxuli amocana).

mniSvnelovani

zogadi

daskvna

isaa,

rom

Cveni

perceptuli

sistema

isea

mowyobili, rom yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs

(Yantis & Jonides, 1996).
sur. 5.9. yuradRebis
yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi

am eqsperimentis TiToeuli seriis dasawyisSi, cdis pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans,

romelzec gamosaxuli iyo eqvsi nacrisfer wre (nawili a). rodesac ekrani
icvleboda, cdis pirebis amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil nacrisfer wreSi
rogori c iyo Cawerili. seriis naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi
(nawili b), meore naxevarSi ki _ iyo (nawili g). miuxedavad imisa, rom cdis
pirebis amocana iyo erTi nacrisferi wrisTvis yuradRebis miqceva, axali
obieqti gamoCenisTanave avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
Tu

Tqven

SerCeviTad

miaqcieT

yuradReba

perceptuli

ekranis

romelime

nawils, sakuTari miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, ra bedi

eweva

yuradRebis

miRma

darCenil

informacias?

warmoidgineT,

rom

usmenT

leqcias, Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben. rogor SeZlebT mihyveT

leqciis Sinaarss? ra gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba rame iseTs mokraT yuri
romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leqciidan Tqveni yuradRebis gadanacvlebas
gamoiwvevs?
am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald broudbenTi (Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda.
igi tvins sakomunikacio arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris kavSirebs _
adarebda,

romelic

aqtiurad

gadaamuSavebs

da

gadascems

informacias.

broudbenTis Teoriis mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sakomunikacio arxs, informaciis

sruli gadamuSavebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo saWiroa, rom
yuradRebam

mkacrad

cnobierebaSi

daareguliros

gadasvla.

informaciis

nakads,

yuradReba

filtravs

Semavali

aviwroebs

garkveul

sensoruli

kognitur

nawils

da

informaciis

sistemaSi

danarCen

Semavali

informacias

Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris Teoria (filter theory) amtkicebs,

rom

Semomavali informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis wvdomamde xdeba.

filtris
realuri
wyaro

Teoriis

Sesamowmeblad

cxovrebiseuli

gvaqvs.

eqsperimentSi

amisaTvis

situacia,
maT

monawileebs

mkvlevrebma

sadac

gamoiyenes

ukeTiaT

laboratoriaSi

Semomavali
dixotomiuri

yursasmenebi,

informaciis
mosmenis

romelSic

Seqmnes
mravali

meTodi.

am

erTdroulad

22

usmenen or Caweril informacias. TiToeul yurSi gansxvavebuli informacia

miewodebaT.
mxolod

monawileebs

erT-erTi

informacias.

am

eZlevaT

Setyobineba

instruqcia,

da

proceduras

ar

eqsperimentators

mousminon

uwodeben

meore

yurSi

yuradRebamiqceuli

gadascen
miwodebul

informaciis

daCrdilvas (shadowing the attended mesasge) (ix.

ix. suraTi 5.10).
5.10
filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga, rodesac aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi
msmeneli

ixsenebda

yuradRebas

iseT

mTlianad

momentebs,

rom

romelTa

gaefiltra

gaxsenebasac

ignorirebuli

ver

masala

SeZlebda,

(Cherry,

1953).

sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis magaliTi. adamianebi xSirad amboben,

rom yuri mokres sakuTar saxels xmaurian oTaxSi maSinac ki, roca isini sxva
saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni. amas koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail party
phenomenon) uwodeben.
diqotomiuri

mosmena

(Dichotic listening) - eqsperimentuli

meTodi,

rodesac

gansxvavebuli audialuri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.

yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive processing) - sensoruli informaciis
gadamuSaveba, romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze mimarTavs.
sur. 5.10.
5.10. diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana

cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs TiToeul yurSi: - 2

(marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena), 9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5 (marjvena). igi
mosmenils ambobs swor rigad 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac sTxoven, mousminos
mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas, cdis piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.
saidan viciT
gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari saxelis `gasagonad?
cdis

pirebi

erTmarcvliani

erTdroulad
sityvebis

ismendnen

mwkrivs

ori

kiTxulobdnen.

adamianis
maT

xmas,

romlebic

sTxovdnen,

yuradReba

mieqciaT mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebuli informaciisaTvis da sityvebi

maqsimalurad

zustad

gaemeorebinaT.

eqsperimentis

mimdinareobis

garkveul

momentSi TiToeul monawiles (sakontrolo jgufis garda) sxva sityvebTan

erTad

ekiTxeboda

Tavisi

saxeli

im

yurSi,

romelSi

mowodebuli

informaciisTvisac yuradReba ar unda mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu ar

maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac saxels
ukiTxavdnen, gaigona sakuTari saxeli. Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi sxva
saxeli iseve, rogorc sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs

23

ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrilavi qmedebis (shadowing perfomance) gamo,

monawileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gaigones (da mxolod es jgufi),
saxelis gagonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen (Wood & Cowan, 1995a).
es

Sedegebi

gviCvenebs,

rom

sakuTari

saxeli

aucileblobiT

ar

iqcevs

yuradRebas, vinaidan msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa, Sedegebi
naTlad

gviCvenebs,

rom

mainc

xdeba

ignorirebuli

arxis

garkveulwilad

gaazrebuli analizi sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3 verasodes miaqcevda

yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.
aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom yuradRebis
miRma

darCenili

imdenad

ara,

rom

informacia

garkveulwilad

cnobierebis

sazRvrebs

mainc

gadamuSavdeba,

miaRwios

magram

(Woods & Cowan

1995).

informacia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiqcevs yuradRebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma

darCenili

informaciis maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferencirebuli iqneba

magaliTad, Tu es iqneba msmenelis saxeli, (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas Soris

kavSirs me-6 TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT. amrigad, gasagebia,
ratoma aris saxifaTo yuradRebis gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi aqtualuri
amocanidan an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver miaqcevT garkveul informacias,
magaliTad,

profesoris

leqcias,

masala

TavisTvis

darCeba

da

Tqven

ver

moismenT mas!
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da
maT sworad identificirebaSi.
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi
yuradRebis
konkretuli

erT-erTi
obieqtebis

ZiriTadi
moZebna.

funqciaa
am

xmaurian

meqanizmis

vizualur

sanaxavad

sakmaod

garemoSi
martivi

eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT:

moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT rame alisferi;
moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT, ipovoT rame mrgvali;
moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipovoT rame, rac mrgvalic
iqneba da lurjic.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZneldaT? mkvlevrebi irwmunebian,
rom alisfris povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman & Gormican, 1988);
oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia, vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim & Cave, 195-) da rames erTi
niSniT gansazRvruls ufro advilia, vidre ori _ niSniT gansazRvrulis

24

(Treisman & Sato, 1990). rogor fiqrobT, ratoma aris ase? Tqven es-esaa gaecaniT

yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis (preattentive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac

gansxvavdeba gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, romlebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba da sagnebis cnoba yuradRebas
saWiroebs,

informaciis

sakmaod

rTuli

gadamuSaveba

yuradRebisa

da

cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999). gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps

yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval sensorul masalaze
yuradRebis

miqcevamde,

sensoruli

receptorebidan

tvinSi

SesvlisTanave,

moqmedebs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi
niSniT gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992). SexedeT 5.11 suraTis a
nawils. SegiZliaT, ipovoT TeTri `T? esa aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv, lurji
obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas
gaZlevT, pralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis
mixedviT. es niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gadasinjoT ekranis
mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli
niSani Tanabrad gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvadratis povna
ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT, imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi
gamokveTilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesoba ufro advilad poulobs
ZiriTadi

ferisgan

gansxvavedeba

gansxvavebul

wiTlisagan,

albaT,

fers,
imitom,

rogorc,
rom

magaliTad,

aseTi

feri

alisferi

gansxvavebulia

garemos normisagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ).

calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis miuxedavad, mainc gagiWirdebaT
maTi kombinaciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis b nawili. kidev erTxel
scadeT TeTri T-s povna. ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro Znelia? am SemTxvevaSi
yuradRebis

sistema

ar

aris

aRWurvili

imisaTvis,

rom

paraleluri

gadasinjvisas (Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan gamoyos. Tqven kvlav SegiZliaT

gamoiyenoT paraleluri gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT yvela Savi
T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT yvela TeTri simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad
gadasinjva. es gamocdileba gansxvavdeba garemoSi erTdroulad wiTeli da
wriuli

sagnis

povnis

gamocdilebisgan.

yuradRebamdeli

gadamuSaveba

saSualebas gaZlevT, swrafad ipovoT wiTeli feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi;

igi garemos marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe, 1994; Wolfe & Gancarz,
1996).

am

TvalsazrisiT,

Tqven

mainc

gWirdebaT

TiToeul

saganaze

25

individualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazRvroT, Seesabameba Tu ara is

ori niSnis kombinacias_ wiTelsa da mrgvals.
mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da seriul Zebnas imis gansazRvriT, Tu
ramdenad Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis gamfantvebis (distractors)
raodenobis funqcias warmoadgens. davuSvaT, gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze TeTr T
xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc 5.11 suraTis g nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s
garemocvaSi (rogorc a nawilSia). radgan Tqven am ori amocanis Sesruleba
paralelulad SegiZliaT, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daaxloebiT
erTnairi dro dasWirdeba. meore mxriv, rodesac am suraTze b nawilidan d
nawilze gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom d nawilSi ufro advilad poulobT TeTr Ts. Tqven TiToeuli TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis miqceva giwevT,
ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels
ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi
aspeqtebis

aRmosaCenad,

romlebic

SeiZleba

yuradRebamdel

gadamuSavebas

saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12 suraTis A nawili: - SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli da

Savi sagnebi. b nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT.
meore amocana ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis Sesrulebze
nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors),
rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am
saxis magaliTebi
sagnebis

sapovnelad

gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba garemoSi

SedarebiT

daxvewil

(kargad

damuSavebuli

meqanizmis

mqone) daxmarebas gvTavazobs.

axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamuSavebidan mTliani sagnebisa da
garemos aRqmis ganxilvaze gadavideT.
sur. 5.11. yuradReba da vizualuri Zebna
(a)

ipoveT

erTi

gamorCeuli

niSniT

gansxavvebuli

sagani,

SegiZliaT

gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zebna (gadasinjva);

(b) ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTobliobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT seriuli
Zebna.
(g) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro sWirdeba
yuradRebis gamfantvelebis raodenobis miuxedvad.
(d) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis gamfantavelebis raodenoba axdens gavlenas. d
nawilSi Zebna ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre _ b-Si.

26

Sejameba
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqciurad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT
marTuli seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan raRac iqcevs Tqvens
yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teoriis
mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informacia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas
gaZlevT, garemoSi ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamorCeuli niSniT
identificirdnen.
sur. 5.12. orferiani sagnis moZebna
(a)

moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.

(b)

moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT.

(g)

moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia, rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori

feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.

(d) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi
nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda
milioni

retinaluri

receptoridan

organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi

kaleidoskopi
aerTianebs

geqnebodaT.

miRebuli

informaciis

Tavmoyra

da

da mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis

procesebs,

Tanmimdevruli

samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda

aRqmis

romlebic

misaRebad,

sensorul

perceptuli

informacias
organizaciis

procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli
gadamuSavebis Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati) ewodeba.
magaliTad,

5.13

suraTze

mocemuli

organzomilebiani

geometriuli

kompoziciis perceptuli xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli

figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan Sedgeba, II isrebisgan da
rombebisgan.

amaSi

TiTqos

araferia

ucnauri,

Tumca,

rogorc

wina

III

TavSi

aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT, TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili,

natifi gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali organizaciuli procesi,
romelsac am qveTavSi ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres. isini
amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv
principebze,
aRviqvamT.

romelTa

saSualebiTac

sagnis

formebs

an

gamosaxulebebs

27

figura, foni da dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)

ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas
organazaciuli procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura Cans, rogorc
sagnismagvar win wamoweul are, xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec
figura devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad aRiqvamT, naTel
adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT figurisa
da

fonis

SenacvlebiT,

rogorc

amas

orazrovani

larnaki/profilebis

SemTxvevaSi akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri sivrce, rogorc

didi TeTri furceli,

romelzedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi

foni moCans.
sur. 5.13. organzomilebiani
organzomilebiani geometriuli figuris percepti
rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni percepti?
figuris

fonidan

win

wamoweulad

danaxvis

tendencia

Zalze

Zlieria.

faqtobrivad, es maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar arsebobs! 5.14

suraTis

pirvel

gamosaxulebaSi

Tqven,

albaT,

xedavT

naZvis

xes

fonze,

romelic TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres warmoadgens. Tumca,

SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi naZvis xe arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod 3
gancalkavebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan. Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win
wamoweul

TeTr

samkuTxeds,

radgan

Savi

gamosaxulebebis

kideebi

isea

ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri samkuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore

gamosaxuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis iluzias, romelic meores
adevs, Tumca, realurad arc erTi arsebobs.
am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis organizaciis sami donea: - TeTri
naZvis xe, Savi wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am yvelafris ukan.
aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul
regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT
iluzorul konturebs.
konturebs isini realurad arseboben ara distalur stimulSi,
aramed _ mxolod Tqvens subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli konturebi
pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris
amoxsnili (Lesher, 1995).
figura (Figure)- fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are
vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground)- sivrce vizualur velSi, romelzedac figura devs.

28

am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev erT mZlavr organizaciul

process

dasrulebulobas

(Sevsebuloba)

(Sevsebulobas)

daumTavrebel

figurebs

gviCvenebs.

dasrulebuloba

damTavrebulad,

dasrulebulad

(Sevsebulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom stimulSi mxolod kuTxeebia

mocemuli, Cveni perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris arsebul sivrces
(qmnis

konturebs),

rac

dasrulebulobis

figuras

procesis

dasrulebul

saSualebiT

naZvis

xed

SesaZlebelia

aqcevs.

stimulebis

dasrulebulad, balansirebulad da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac

saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.
sur. 5.14. subieqturi konturebi, romlebic
romlebic kuTxeebs avseben
xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul naZvis xes

da or

erTmaneTze dadebul

samkuTxeds? samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria amaSi darwmundebiT, Tu or kuTxes

cera TiTebiT dafaravT. subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT, perceptuli
organizebis procesebi stimulSi figurasa da fons gamoyofs.
perceptuli dajgufebis principebi
5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic
rigebadaa dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia diagonaluri xazebis
gaswvriv

ganlagebuli

identuri

gamosaxulebisagan.

rogor

ajgufebs

vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven mas?

dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma
(1923) Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda martivi geometriuli
figurebis

wyebas.

cvlida

ra

calkeul

faqtors

da

akvirdeboda,

rogor

moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze, verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis

wesebis Camoayalibeba. suraT 5.15-ze mocemulia ramdenime wesis ilustracia.A a
nawilSi

mocemulia

Tanabrad

daSorebuli

wreebis

mwkrivebi,

romlebic

SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT

dainaxoT am wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac intervali mcirediT
icvleba

ise,

intervalze

rom

wreebs

naklebia

erTmniSvnelovnad

Soris

horizontaluri

(rogorc

horizontalur

es

mwkrivebad

intervali

nawilzea

vertikalur

mocemuli),

organizebul

wreebs

Tqven
xedavT.

rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertikaluri intervali ufro naklebia

(rogorc

nawilzea

mocemuli),

Tqven

wreebs

vertikalur

svetebad

ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis

29

ilustracias

warmoadgens.

rodesac

sxva

danarCeni

pirobebi

ucvlelia,

erTmaneTTan yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi (yvelaze proqsimalurebi)

erTad jgufdeba. geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes, rom mTliani
stimulis paterni

garkveulad gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo

meqanikuri jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis d nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad, feri icvleboda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom wreebs Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema avtomaturad
ganalagebs

stimuls

ferebis

rigebad,

msgavsebis

gamo.

nawilSi

wreebs

svetebad ganlagebulad xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, v nawilSi ki _ rigebad

ganlagebulad, formisa da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es efeqtebi
SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis kanoniT,
kanoniT rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.
rodesac

vizualur

velSi

elementebi moZraoben,

erTnairi

mimarTulebiT

moZraoba elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis

bedis kanonis mixedviT, sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi, erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi elementebi
erTad jgufdeba. Tu z nawilSi yvela svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda,
gamosaxulebebs

Tqven

svetebad

daajgufebdiT,

moZraobis

mimarTulebis

msgavsebis gamo. igive efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime mocekvave

sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs. gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva: sagani mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda, rodesac igi moZraobda,
rogorc erTi mTliani. misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr
organizaciul gavlenas.
sur. 5.15. dajgufebis fenomeni
TiToeul mwkrivs, b nawilidan z-mde, garkveuli saxiT dajgufebulad
aRviqvamT, geStaltis dajgufebis sxvadasxva principebidan gamomdinare.
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde ganvixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom
aRqma, umeteswilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~ gaerTianebul nawilebs.,
Tumca, xSirad Tqven ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis erTi
SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul
momentSi

aRiqvamT,

xSirad

aris

yvela

mimarTulebiT

ganvrcobili,

Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli

STabeWdileba. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi

30

integraciaa saWiro, anu, Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxvadasxva adgilidan

fiqsirebuli informacia drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs)
TiToeuli momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul, integrirebul suraTs.
mkvlevrebi

irwmunebian,

rom

garemoze

TiToeuli

fiqsaciiT

vizualur

mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi detalebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995;

Irwin, 1991, Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi xandaxan ver afiqsireben,
rodis icvleba mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan meore fiqsaciaze.
saidan viciT
ra dainaxeT axlaxan
eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi
uyurebdnen suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs. daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg
isini uyurebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi meore mwkrivi pirvelis
identuri iyo. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16 suraTis a nawilzea
mocemuli, meore rigi pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi saxiT
gansxvavedeboda: - erTi sagani Tvisobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel
mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT), orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da
sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT,
rigebi iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli
amocanaa. rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom stepleri gasaxsneliT Seicvala?
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis b nawilze, aRmoCnda, rom

identurobisa da gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxevaSi amocnobis maCvenebeli

Zalze dabali iyo. cdis pirebi ver ` xedavdnen mTel rig Zalze aSkara
cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).
bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoudgenelia, rom Cven informaciis
gadamuSavebis imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis detalebis Sesanaxad,
rom

verc

ki

SevniSneT,

rogor

Seicvala

stepleri

gasaxsneliT.

pasuxi,

nawilobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad aris, zogadad, informaciis

mudmivi, stabiluri wyaro (O'Regan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro iseTi
informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mudmivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom
arc mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv, amis saSualebas mogvcemda.
erT-erTi

saintereso

informacias

SeiZleba

Sedegi,
mohyves,

romelic
iluziebia,

sxvadasxva
romelTac

fiqsaciidan
`SeuZlebel~

miRebul
sagnebs

uwodeben, (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieqtebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da

31

gverdebis TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxedis interpretacias

iwvevs (gamosaxuleba a),
gaerTianebas,

nawilebi

Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi

kargad

ver

ergeba

erTmaneTs

(gamosaxuleba

b).

gamosaxulebas ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar daakvirdebiT,

rogorRac

gadaiqceva

samkbilad;

gamosaxulebaze

perceptuli

kibe

dausruleblad adis da Camodis.

sur. 5.16. cvlilebis SeumCnevloba

(a) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis

msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. b) roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori
sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen cvlilebebs. isini
TiTqmis

yovelTvis

sworad

mxolod

maSin

miuTiTebdnen,

roca

mTliani

konfiguracia icvleboda.
moZraobis aRqma
aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad
cvalebadi STabeWdilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZraobis aRqmaa.
ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi
idga, sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze miRebuli misi
gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlovebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxulebis
zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma,
formisa

da

orientaciis

aRqmis

msgavsad,

xSirad

aTvlis

sistemazea

damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT

sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul, win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav
oTxkuTxedzea moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win da ukan moZrav
wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia, romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba
moZraoba (induced motion)
ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.
moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca
sakmaod mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom
wertili moZravad dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis umaRlesi done,
romelzec

wertili

da

misi

nagulisxmevi

moZraoba

oTxkuTxedis

aTvlis

sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc

Cans,

vizualur

sistemas

axasiaTebs

Zlieri

tendencia,

didi,

SemosazRvruli figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli SedarebiT

patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili

32

moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCveneba, rom mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia)

moZraobs RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrublebi moZraoben. mTvaris
irgvliv Tavmoyrili Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi moZraobis
iluzias,

rogorc

oTxkuTxedi

wertilis

moZraobisas

(Rock,

1983;

1986).

yofilxarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela iwyebs moZraobas? ar

mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT gaCerebuli
matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs?
moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZraobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis
organizaciuli

procesebis

CarTulobas

adasturebs,

aSkara/TvalsaCino

moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi

formaa

fenomeni

(phi phenomenon).

es

fenomeni

maSin

SeiniSneba,

rodesac

vizualuri velis sxvadasxva adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monacvloebiT

inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo
niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis Senacvlebis am SedarebiT
dabali tempis miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win da ukan moZraobs
or pozicias Soris. traeqtoria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aerTebs,
SeiZleba

mravalgvarad

warmovidginoT.

Tumca,

adamiani,

Cveulebriv,

xedavs

umartives traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs (Gutting& Proffitt, 1982;

Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos, rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,
rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva
gamosaxulebas; Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens adamianis normaluri
biologiuri moZraobis traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000).
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion)

_ iluzia, rodesac moZrav aTvliT

sistemaSi uZravi wertili moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _

uZravad.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _ moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi
an meti

wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav wertilad aRiqmeba.

aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa fenomeni

fenomeni

(Phi
phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi forma,
(

moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle, romelic uwyvetad

qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav sinaTled aRiqmeba.
sur. 5.17. SeuZlebeli figurebi

33

rodesac am obieqtebs uyurebT, TiToeuli calkeuli fiqsacia garwmunebT,

rom is samganzomilebiani figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva fiqsaciebis
gaerTianebas, maSin aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli sagnebia.
sur. 5.18. kaci, romelic gaixlovdebaT

stimulTan miaxloebasTan erTad izrdeba misi gamosaxulebis zoma Tqvens

baduraze.
siRrmis aRqma
aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzomilebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT,
yoveldRiuri

aRqma

ki

sagnebs

samganzomilebian

sivrceSi

moicavs.

samive

sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa

mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad, saintereso adamianebs an karg
sakvebs da Tavi avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT swrafad
siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias
rogorc siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _ mimarTulebaze. smena
gvexmareba mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansazRvraSi.
siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema
iyenebs retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod ori ganzomileba aqvs _
vertikaluri da horizontaluri. imis

saCveneblad, Tu ra problemas qmnis

organzomilebiani badura samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19 suraTi.

suraTi
rodesac sinaTle

aRizianebs baduras a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a1

poziciidan ecema, Tu a2-dan faqtobrivad is SeiZleba dacemuliyo A wrfeze

arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan, radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan
erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba. aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili
erTsa da imave retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeqcirdeba. metic,
monakveTi, romelic A wrfis nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertilTan
aerTebs

(magaliTad,

gamosaxulebas

Seqmnis.

monakveTi
Sedegad,

a1b2

an

baduraze

a2b1),

baduraze

miRebuli

erTi

gamosaxuleba

da

igive

siRrmis

TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT

daSorebuli nebismieri obieqtisgan.
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis
TvalsazrisiT, orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma pirobebma
SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamoiwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad
saWiroa Semomavali sensoruli masalis interpretacia da rom es interpretacia
zogjer SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc

34

mogiqneviaT Cogani burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixvedrebiaT). siRrmis

interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT
xSirad

siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), romelTa Sorisaa binokularul

maniSneblebi,

moZraobis

maniSneblebi

da

piqtoruli

(gamosaxulebis)

maniSneblebi.
sur. 5.19. siRrmis orazrovneba
A

wrfis

nebismieri

wertili

baduraze

erTi

da

igive

wertilze

proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A

da

B wrfeebis

SemaerTebeli

nebismieri

monakveTi

identur

gamosaxulebas

Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis

orazrovneba: - sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair retinalur
gamosaxulebebs qmnian.
binokularuli da moZraobis maniSneblebi
odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori Tvali da ara erTi? meore
Tvals

saTadarigoze

meti

funqcia

aqvs

is

siRrmis

Sesaxeb

saukeTeso,

fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokularuli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia

ori wyarodan miiReba: - retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da konvergencia.
vinaidan

Tvalebi

horizontalurad
iReben.

amaSi

daaxloebiT

daSorebuli,

dasarwmuneblad,

5-6

isini

santimetriT

samyaros

scadeT

odnav

Semdegi

aris

erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebul

eqsperimenti.

jer

suraTs
daxuWeT

marcxena Tvali da gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi patara

daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _
saxesTan daaxkloebiT 30 smis daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT marjvena Tvali da
gaaxileT marcxena, Tan ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra mouvida
TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze
gasworebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs iRebs.
Tvalebis

baduraze

miRebuli

gamosaxulebebis

horizontalur

poziciebs

Soris Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba. is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis

informacias, radgan Seusabamobis anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa da obieqts
Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix. sur. 5.20).

magaliTad,

rodesac

Tvali

daxuWeT, ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) _ Tvalebis baduraze gamosaxulebebis
horizontalur poziciebs Soris Seusabamoba.

35

konvergencia
onvergencia (Convergence)
_ saganze fiqsaciisas Tvalebi SigniT, erTmaneTisken
(
Sebruneba.
sur. 5.20. retinaluri disparati

retinaluri disparati or sagans Soris siRrmeSi daSorebasTan

erTad

izrdeba.
rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqvens mier danaxul saganTa umravlesoba
Tvalebis baduris sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive obieqtis
orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxulebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
vizualur sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu
Tvalebis gadakveTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,
realurad gaorebul gamosaxulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT,
rom

Cveni

vizualuri

gansxvavebul

sistema

retinalur

sruliad

gamosaxulebas,

gasaocar
adarebs

rames
maT

akeTes:

iRebs or

erTmaneTs

Sesabamisi

nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasadgenad (binokularuli disparati)

da qmnis sagnis erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad,

vizualuri sistema

or gamosaxulebas Soris Seusabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed

(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze

sxva

binokularul

informacias

konvergencia

iZleva.

obieqtze

fiqsaciisas Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix. sur. 5.22). rodesac

Zalian axlos _ saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ daSorebul sagans vuyurebT,
Tvalebi

erTmaneTisken

sakmaod

unda

Sebrundes,

raTa

orive

TvalSi

dafiqsirdes erTi da igive gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT Tvalebis

konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer
daSorebul saganze da Semdeg - ramdenime santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis
kunTebidan miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis gasakeTeblad iyenebs,
Tumca,

Tvalebis

kunTebidan

konvergenciaze

miRebuli

informacia

siRrmis

aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did

manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia,
radgan am dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomareobaSia.
sur. 5.21. siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSneblebi

rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad unda Sebrundes, vidre

Zalian daSorebuli sagnis SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis maniSneblad gamoiyenos.

36

imis

sailustraciod,

Tu

rogor

moZraoba (kidev erTi wyaro)

gvawvdis

siRrmeze informacias, vcadoT Semdegi: - wina

SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac

daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi gausworeT daSorebul sagans.

Semdeg Tavi gadawieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieqtze fiqsacia da
TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram
axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli
TiTi. fiqsirebuli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze informaciis am
wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZraobis
paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze informacias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis
fardobiTi daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis
odenoba da mimarTulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZliaT fanjaridan
moZraobis paralaqss daakvirdeT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi ufro
uZravad mogerCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT axlos myofni.

piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniSneblebi

davuSvaT,

xedavT

faqtobrivad,
piqtoruli

mxolod

siRrmeze
siRrmis

TvaliT.

informacia

(gamosaxulebis)

aRmoCenili

erTi

erTi

maniSneblebi

Sesaxeb

SeZlebdiT

TvaliTac
ewodebaT,

informaciis

siRrmis

miiReba.
radgan

matareblebi

aRqmas?

am

wyaroebs

isini

naxatebSi

arian.

mxatvrebi,

romlebic samganzomilebian gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian qaRaldze

an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
gadafarva

(interposition)

an

okluzia

(occlusion)

Tavs

iCens

maSin,

rodesac

gaumWvirvale obieqti faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gadafarviT

viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.
gadamfaravi
Crdilebs,

zedapiri,
rac

aseve,

siRrmeze

axdens

sinaTlis

informaciis

blokirebas

damatebiT

wyarod

da

warmoqmnis

SeiZleba

iqnes

gamoyenebuli.
piqtoruli

informaciis

damatebiTi

sami

wyaro

ukavSirdeba

meTodebs,

romliTac sinaTle samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani baduris

zedapirze

proecirdeba.

esenia:

teqsturis

gradientebi.

fardobiTi

ZiriTad

princips:

erTi

da

fardobiTi

sidide

igive

sidide,

eyrdnoba

zomis,

magram

wrfivi

perspeqtiva,

sinaTlis

proeqciis

sxvadasxva

manZiliT

daSorebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi

sagani qmnis yvelaze did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _ yvelaze
mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc

37

5.23 suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs uyurebT, yvelaze patara

obieqtebs yvelaze daSorebulad aRiqvamT.
fardobiTi
motion parallax)) _ siRrmeze informaciis
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative
(
wyaro, rodesac damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba gansazRvravs
Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.

wrfivi
manZilis

perspeqtivac

urTierTmimarTebazea

(gansazRvrebis
Tanabrad

siRrmis

arian

mixedviT,

maniSnebelia,

romelic,

aseve,

damokidebuli.

rodesac

paraleluri

ragind

daSorebuli

grZeli

xazebi,

erTmaneTisgan)

romlebic

siRrmisken

sididisa

mTel

midian,

da

xazebi

sigrZeze

retinalur

gamosaxulebaSi horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian (ix. sur. 5.24).

5.24
am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,
renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xelaxla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac
siRrmis srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). am aRmoCenamde isini
iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdilebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT
realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda
ganlagebuli.
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli xazebis interpretacia ponzos
iluzias qmnis (rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi ufro grZeli Cans,
vinaidan konvergirebuli gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi
gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (interpretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi
mimavali zeda xazi Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da Sesabamisad,
grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosaxulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu
SedarebiT daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneboda, vidre _ axlos
myofi.
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneblebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris
siRrmeSi ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis simkvrivec. 5.25 suraTze
gamosaxuli xorblis yana teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es
SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmimarTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad
miviCnioT. am magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas qmnian, miT ufro
mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am
Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi ufro daSorebulad
gvawvdis. gibsons (Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa da siRrmis
urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.
sur. 5.22. siRrmis maniSneblebi

38

ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT rom es qali gisosebis ukanaa?

TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis aRqmisaTvis informaciis
mravali wyaro arsebobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am wyaroebidan
miRebuli informacia garemos erT mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi
erTiandeba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis proqsimalur stimulSi
mocemul, sxvadasxva maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizualuri sistema
avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniSneblebs,
rogoricaa: - diferencialuri moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTibiTi sidide,
rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samganzomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas
uzrunvelyofs.
sur. 5.23. fardobiTi sidide, rogorc
rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli

axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas qmnian baduraze; amitom,

rodesac erTnairi sagnebis rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors
myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.
aRqmis konstantoba
vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT,
gamoiyenoT es saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magidaze da Tavi
ramdenime santimetris manZilze miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da
daubrundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom ver SeniSneT wignis zomis
cvlileba, miuxedavad imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduris ufro did
nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan? axla wigni vertikalurad
daiWireT da Tavi saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros baduraze
wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas
kvlav vertikalurad aRiqvamT.
zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimulaciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven
samyaros xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da stabilurs. fsiqologebi am
fenomens aRqmis (perceptul)
perceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, Tqven
aRiqvamT

distaluri

araproqsimaluri
moZraobisas
arsebuli

stimulebis,

stimulebis

mudmivad

obieqtebis

Tvisebebs,

icvleba.
mudmivi

Cveulebriv,

da

mdgrad

romlebic

sasicocxlo
stabiluri

Tvisebebs

Tavisa

mniSvneloba
Tvisebebis

da

da

Tvalebis

aqvs

samyaroSi

aRqmas,

sinaTlis

paternebis Tvisebebis im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic Tvalebis

stimulirebas

axdens.

aRqmis

umTavresi

amocanaa,

garemos

ucvleli

39

(invariantuli)

Tvisebebis

aRmoCena,

maTi

retinaluri

gamosaxulebebis

variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxvT, rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da

orientaciis SemTxvevaSi.

sididis da formis konstantoba

ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis realur sidides, nawilobriv
baduraze misi Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze aRviqvamT. Tumca,
wigniT Catarebuli eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis zoma
damokidebulia

rogorc

wignis

daSorebaze.

rogorc

iciT,

maniSnebliT

viRebT.

sagnis

informacias aerTianebs

realur

daSorebaze
sididis

xatis sididis

sidideze,

ise

informacias

aRsaqmelad
Sesaxeb

Tvalidan

siRrmis

vizualuri

retinalur

mis

sxvadasxva
sistema

am

informaciasTan.

sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv, distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis

konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis aRqmis unars, baduraze misi
gamosaxulebis cvlilebisda miuxedavad.
Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin
manZilze zusti informacia arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis damaxinjebulad
aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26 suraTzea
mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180
sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca,
uCveulod maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs
oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT, romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSorebuli ori
ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze
gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. realurad tania ar aris Tanabari
manZiliT daSorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur iluzias qmni; is
gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa
zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs
qmnian,
kuTxeSi

rogorc
myofi

es

fotos

nebismieri

Tanmxleb
adamianis

naxazzea
retinaluri

mocemuli.

oTaxis

gamosaxuleba

marjvena

ufro

didi

iqneba, radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvirvebelTan, vidre oTaxis
marcxena kuTxeSi myofi adamiani. (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT unda
SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven
oTaxis yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri sistema zust informacias
miiRebs oTaxis uCveulo struqturaze.)
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _ sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena,

40

retinaluri gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

kidev

erTi

saSualeba,

romliTac

perceptuli

sistema

sagnis

realur

sidideze gvawvdis informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis sididis Sesaxeb

warsuli

codnis

gamoyenebaa.

magaliTad,

saxlis,

xis,

an

ZaRlis

formis

aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba

arc ki icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac warsuli gamocdileba
Zalze

daSorebul

nacnob

obieqtebze

ver

gawvdiT

informacias,

sididis

konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs

caTambjenis saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad mogeCvenebaT.
swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs
kengis Sesaxeb. SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli cxovreba xSir tyeebSi
gaatara,

ver aRiqva

moSorebiT mobalaxe

bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.

ucnob

perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili

konteqstisTvis

moergo

da

ivarauda, rom

pawawina

daSorebuli wertilebi

mwerebi iyo. vinaidan mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis warsuli
gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad
moZravi

manqana

cxovelebs

uaxlovdeboda

da

retinaluri

gamosaxulebebi

TandaTan diddeboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias, rom cxovelebi

zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi kengi,
tarbulis

msgavsad,

SeZlebda

bizonebis

danaxvas.

miRebuli

codna

mas

sensoruli gamocdilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis SesaZleblobas

miscemda.
formis
sworad

konstantoba
aRiqvamT

mWidrod

obieqtis

ukavSirdeba

realur

formas

sididis

konstantobas.

maSinac

ki,

rodesac

Tqven
sagani

Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur

gamosaxulebas

qmnis.

magaliTad, daxrili

oTxkuTxedi

baduraze

trapeciis

formis gamosaxulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis gamosaxulebas (ix.

sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa, Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi
daxril

wres

xelmisawvdomi,

an

oTxkuTxeds.

vizualur

sistemas

rodesac
obieqtis

siRrmeze
realuri

swori
formis

informaciaa
gansazRvra

Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSorebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.

sididis konstantoba (Size constancy)_ sagnis realuri sididis aRqma, misi

retinaluri gamosaxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

sur. 5.26. eimsis oTaxi

41

eimsis

oTaxi

isea

agebuli,

rom

erTi

TvaliT

saWvretidan

xdeba

misi

dakvirveba; fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi

agebulia aramarTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian
siRrmesa da simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas
Cveulebriv oTaxad aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis
uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
rogor iWerT mfrinav burTs
odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamocdileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors marcxena mindorze,
gesmiT Cognis dartymis xma da xedavT beisbolis burTs, romelic Tqvenken
mofrinavs? saidan iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad
arasodes giTamaSiaT autfildze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba, gaocdeT
romelime moTamaSis STambeWdavi TamaSiT. sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi saWiro
adgilas saWiro dros?
agdebuli

burTis

daWeris

situacias

aRqmis

mkvlevrebi,

sruliad

samarTlianad, rTul percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben: - `burTis moaxloebis

paterni moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivrciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis maniSnebels,
romlis gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis bolo monakveTamde (McBeath et al.,
1995, gv.569).

amis

mkvlevrebis

amocana

daakavSirebda

miuxedavad,
iyo

gamoTvlebiT

adamianebi

iseTi

sakmaod

Teoriis

miRebul

kargad

Seqmna,

sirTulesa

iWeren

romelic

da

burTebs.

erTmaneTTan

praqtikul

siadviles

(gavixsenoT, rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor qmnis

perceptuli procesebi siadvilis iluzias).
ra tipis vizualuri maniSneblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT gzas burTisaken?
mkvlevrebma gamoyves invariantuli maniSneblebis 2 tipi, romelsac moZravi
burTi

warmoqmnis

(ix.

zemoT:

invariantobis

ganxilva

gibsonis

midgomaSi).

mkvlevarTa erT jgufi irwmuneba, rom moTamaSeebi sirbilis dros im gzas

irCeven, romelzec vertikalur ganzomilebaSi burTis moZraobis vizualuri
aRqma konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemiller et al, 1996). mkvlevarTa meore jgufis
mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis dros im kuTxis
SenarCunebis

saSualebas

aZlevs,

romliTac

burTi

fonTan

mimarTebSi

konsistenturad moZraobs (McBeath et al, 1995, 1996). rogor xdeba am Teoriebis

Semowmeba?

rogorc

wesi,

mkvlevrebi

videokameriT

iweren,

rogor

iWeren

moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia moTamaSeebis

42

moqmedebisTvis maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba, raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis

vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeqtebis konsatantobis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen isini
(Tqven,

albaT

axla

gixariaT,

rom

realur

cxovrebaSi

am

amocanis

gadasaWrelad ar gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli problemis maTematikis gageba).

mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis daWeras or fazad
yofs (Jacobs et al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I faza axlaxans ganvixileT _ swrafad
gaqceva saWiro adgilas mosaxvedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebi aneleben moZraobas
da SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen kidec. TamaSis II fazaSi adgilmdebareobisa da
siRrmis maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba xelTaTmans.
rodesac moTamaSes burTi ukve xelTaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSirad jer kidev
ar aris damTavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba swrafad unda Seagdos burTi ukan
infildze, rom mowinaaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,
moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben burTis daWeris kompleqsur moqmedebas da, amave
dros, yuradRebas aqceven garemos mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowydeT swavlas da burTiT iTamaSoT? es aRqmis am
specifikuri
dagexmarebaT.

problemis

Sesaxeb

sakuTari

Sexedulebebis

CamoyalibebaSi

43

orientaciis konstantoba
Tu

wignis

mogeCvenebaT.
orientaciiis
orientaciis
miRebul

yurebisas

Tavs

orientaciis
aRqma,

gverdze

konstantoba

baduraze

konstantoba

informacias

gadaxriT,

maTi

eyrdnoba

aris

sayaroSi

orientaciis

Sida

(ganxilulia

garemoc

yuris

meoTxe

gadaxrilad

sagnebis

cvlilebis

Tavis

realuri
miuxedavad.

vestibularuli

TavSi)

ar

sistemidan

daxrilobaze.

vestibularuli sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da retinaluri orientaciis

kombinirebiT, Cveni vizualuri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli obieqtis
zust aRqmas ayalibebs.
nacnob

garemoSi

informacias
figurebis

warsuli

iZleva.

amocnoba,

Tumca,
Tu

gamocdileba
Tqven

isini

realur

SeiZleba

uCveulo

orientaciaze

gagiWirdeT

orientaciiTaa

rTuli

damatebiT
da

mocemuli.

ucnobi
rodesac

figura rTulia da sxvadasxva nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad

TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase
rom, sanam erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT, danarCen nawilebs jer
kidev

moubruneblad

aRiqvamT.

SexedeT

popvarskvlavis

madonas

or

Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT, amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav

aris Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi sakmaod gavs erTmaneTs.
axla wigni SemoabruneT da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive fotosuraTebi
absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _
amazrzeni

monstria,

romelic

sakuTar

dedasac

ar

eyvareboda!

Tqven

ver

SeniSneT es aSkara gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa imitom rom ver

SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli samyaros
sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze
perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.
sur. 5.27. formis konstantoba
monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba- gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad gadaiqceva
da dasasrul - wred. am cvlilebebisdamiuxedavad, igi yovelTvis mrgval
monetad aRiqmeba.

feris konstantoba
ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29.

rodesac suraTze gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT,

zog agurs ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar aRiqvamT, aramed

44

aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi maTgani

CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa feris konstantobis magaliTi: - feris
konstantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris,
siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
adre

ganxiluli

sakmaod

xSirad

yvela

sxva

ganvicdiT

konstantobis

yoveldRiur

msgavsad,

cxovrebaSi.

feris

konstantobac

magaliTad,

davuSvaT,

gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli oTaxidan naTel mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT meti sinaTle airekleba Tqven
Tvalebze, vidre _ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is TiTqmis erTnairad
naTlad

geCvenebaT.

aq,

faqtobrivad,

feris

konstantoba

moqmedebs,

radgan

sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procentuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba,

sinaTlis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli TeTri maisuri ireklavs
arsebuli sinaTlis 80-90%-s, Savi jinsi daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom, rodesac maT
erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT, maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre
jinsi.
amrigad,

am

qveTavSi

ganvixileT

mTeli

rigi

organizaciuli

procesebi,

romlebic aRqmis procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT

identifikaciisa da cnobis procesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _

sagnebis realuri formis aRqmis unari

retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

orientaciis/mimarTulebis
sagnebis

realuri

konstantoba

mimarTulebis

aRqmis

(Orientation constancy)
unari,

retinaluri

samyaroSi

gamosaxulebis

mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

feris

konstantoba

pirobebSi

(Lightness constancy)

obieqtebis

siTeTris,

siruxis

ganaTebis
an

xarisxis

siSavis

cvalebad

ucvlelad

aRqmis

tendencia.
sur. 5.28. 90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrikis kontinenti
cnobT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents? xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad
nacnobi figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.
Sejameba
figuris
konturebis

fonis
aRqmas

win

aRqmis

iwvevs.

tendencia

imdenad

geStaltfisqologebma

Zlieria,

rom

perceptuli

iluzorul
dajgufebis

45

ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi

bedis principebi.
perceptuli

procesebi

samyarodan

axal

informacias

yoveli

calkeuli

fiqsaciiT iReben. baduris stimulaciis paterni moZraobis maniSneblebs iZleva.

siRrmis

aRqma

informaciis

mravali

konvergenciuli

wyarodan

yalibdeba.

binokularuli disparati da konvergencia siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia,

romelTac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi sagnebis fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias. mxatvrebi
iyeneben

iseT

perspeqtiva

piqtorul

da

maniSneblebs,

teqsturis

rogoricaa:

gradientebi,

raTa

gadafarva,

organzomilebian

wrfivi

naxatebze

samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba Seqmnan.

zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis
sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis konstantobas xels uwyobs
siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba vestibularul
SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris
konstantobas imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze
dacemuli

sinaTlis

met-naklebad

erTi

da

igive

procentul

raodenobas

ireklaven.
sur. 5.29. feris konstantoba
feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTanairi
agurebiT agebuls.
identifikacia da cnoba
aqamde

aRwerili

Tvisebebis

perceptuli

samganzomilebian

procesebi
sivrceSi

distaluri

sagnebis

stimulis

poziciis,

zomis,

fizikuri
formis,

teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba

miviCnioT.

miuxedavad

amisa,

mxolod

am

imformaciis

safuZvelze

mainc

ar

gecodinebodaT, ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara isini odesme;

garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad, rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da
identifikacia.

ase

rom

ar

iyos,

Tqveni

gamocdileba

daemsgavseboda

ucxo

planetaze mogzaurobas, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda: - ar gecodinebodaT, ra

geWamaT,

ra

dagexuraT

Tavze,

ras

gasclodiT

an

rogor

ageTvalaT

identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.

aRmavali da daRmavali procesebi

dro.

46

sagnis identifikaciisas, amJamad nanaxi unda SeadaroT warsulSi miRebul,

Senaxul

codnas.

gadagzavnas

sensoruli

amorCevisa

monacemebis

(extraction)

da

garemodan

analizisaTvis

miRebas

da

aRmavali

tvinSi

gadamuSaveba

(`qvemodanqvemodan-zemoT) ewodeba. aRmavali gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba

da

informaciis

mcire

nawilebs Seexeba;

is

stimulis

konkretul

fizikur

niSnebs abstraqtul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas monacemebiT

aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis

sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi warmoadgens.
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia
ukve xelT arsebuli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zooparkSi namdvilad
icnobT zogierTi saxeobis cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis molodini,
vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi. rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,
fenomens

daRmavali

gadamuSaveba

(`
(`zemodanzemodan-qvemoT)

ewodeba.

daRmaval

gadamuSavebas samyaros aRqmaSi Semoaqvs warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi

da

kulturuli

foni.

daRmaval

gadamuSavebisas

umaRlesi

fsiqikuri

funqcionireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis gagebaze. daRmavali

procesebs

konceptualurad

(anu

cnebebis

doneze,

an

hipoTeziT)

aRZrul

gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens

sensoruli monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali procesebis mniSvnelovnebis
Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT, romelTac `drudlebi (droodles) ewodeba (Price, 1953,
1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca,
rogorc ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul
azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT garCevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas
mivubrundeT. Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac gicdiaT saubris
gagrZeleba

Zalian

xmaurian

wveulebaze.

aseT

situaciaSi

Tqvens

mier

warmoTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver aRwevs mosaubris yuramde.

Tqveni naTqvamis nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani musika da sicili.
miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi iSviTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur signalebs
xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970).
rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris minimaluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli
enaSi.

fonemuri

gadamuSavebas

rekonstruqcia

iyeneben

xdeba

gamotovili

maSin,

fonemebis

rodesac
Sesavsebad.

adamianebi

daRmaval

msmenelebs

xSirad

uWirT gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafaruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu

47

sityvebi esmiT xmaurTan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals, Tumca, ar
faravs mas.
sur. 5.30. `drudlebi (Droodles)
(

es ra cxovelebia? xedavT a gamosaxulebaSi Cits, romelmac mozrdili Wiayela

daiWera, b-Si ki _ Jirafis kisers? es orive suraTi SeiZleba TqvenTvis raRac
Zalian nacnobis gamosaxulebad miviCnioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc wesi, ver cnobT
saidentifikacio informaciis arqonis gamo, Tumca sakmarisia am informaciis
mowodeba, rom iolad amoicnoT isini.
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ garemoSi xelmisawvdom sensorul
informaciaze dafuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Sedegebi aRmavali
gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul reprezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing)

_ perceptuli procesebi, rodesac

adamianis warsuli gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da konteqsti

gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megobris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven
yuramde

mxolod

aRwevs:

`saxlSi

unda

wavide

(xmauri)aRli

myavs

gasaseirnebeli~ Tu xmauri faravs bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom

marTlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sainteresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs
calkeuli bgerebi, romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi. roca bgerebi /a/,
/R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze,
gvawvdian
SeiZleboda
konteqsti

informacias.
eTqva

amis

megobars.

gexmarebaT,

safuZvelze

gviyalibdeba

Semdeg

daRmavali

arsebuli

ukve

versiebidan

`ZaRli~

versiebi,

procesebi
SearCioT,

Tu

erTveba
rogorc

ra

am

frazisTvis yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yvelaferi sakmaod swrafad

xdeba _ savaraudo sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze albaTuri
swori

variantis

daRmavali

SerCeva

Tqven

veRar

igebT,

rom

bgera

`Z~

gamotovebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom sityva dasrulebuli iyo

(Samuel, 1997). Semdgom, xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqnebiT, rom
perceptuli

procesebi ase efeqturad avseben bgerebs!

informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali procesebis bolo magaliTad ganvixiloT

5.32 suraTze gamosaxuli adamianebi. Tu maTi

popularoba xanmokle ar iyo,

Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas. magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? - albaT, ara,
ukidures SemTxvevebSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc. am karikaturebis identifikaciis
unari mowmobs, rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli receptorebidan Semosul

48

aRmaval

informaciaze

ar

aris

damokidebuli.

Tqveni

codnis

daRmavali

informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali informaciis gaerTianebis unari am

karikaturebSi edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSualebas gaZlevT.
faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs, rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,
vidre

cnobili

adamianebis

ufro

`zusti~

gamoxatulebebisa,

radgan

karikaturebSi is maxasiaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians gamorCeuls

xdis (Mauro & Kubovy,

1992; Rhodes et al., 1997).

sur. 5.32. rogor cnobT am cnobil adamianebs

cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis safuZvelze
daRmavali gadamuSaveba- am karikaturebSi `realuri~adamianebs amoicnobT.
sagnebis cnoba
metyvelebis

aRqmis

magaliTidan

SeiZleba

gadavideT

zogad

midgomaze,

romelic mkvlevrebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoitanes. maT gamoyves

safexurebi,

romelTac

cnobisaTvis

iyeneben.

perceptuli
enis

sistemebi

SemTxvevaSi,

mTliani

metyvelebisas

perceptuli
aRqmis

xatis

procesebi,

calkeuli sityvebis amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdevrobebis Sesaxeb

garemodan miRebul informacias. ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri
formis, saSualo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa? savaraudod, Tqven
gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati. identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi
mocemuli

informaciis

xorcieldeba

es

Sedarebas

Sedareba?

katis

erT-erTi

mexsierebiT
variantia,

xatTan,

rom

magram

sxvadasxva

mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis Semadgenel komponentebs da

rogor
sagnebis

informacias am

komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara, 1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT

(Irvin Biederman, 1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti SeiZleba Sedgebodes

geometriuli ionebis anu geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an

SemTxveviTi

erToblioba.

bidermani

irwmuneboda,

rom

yoveli

36

geonis

erTianoba Semdegi wesiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros: - TiToeuli samganzomilebiani

geoni

qmnis

unikalurobis

organzomilebiani
wesi

saSualebas

baduris
unda

stimulaciis
gvaZlevdes,

unikalur

sensoruli

paterns.

es

stimulaciis

paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania garemoSi mocemuli. 5.33 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu

rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawilebisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis
cnobisaTvis. amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen danawevrebuli sagnebis

49

suraTebs,

sadac

srulad

iyo,

an

ar

iyo

mocemuli

Semadgeneli

nawilebi

(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.34 suraTis pirvel svetSi mocemulia
Cveulebrivi sagnebis konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi xarvezebiT aris
mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi xels gviSlis komponentebisa da
maT

Soris

monaxazis

kavSiris
saxiT

gvarwmunebs,

rom

aRmoCenaSi.

mocemuli

gveTanxmebiT,

obieqtebis

obieqtis

cnoba

rom

cnoba

SezRuduli

mesame

yvelaze

svetSi

Znelia?

informaciiTac

mxolod

kontrasti

SesaZlebelia

(fonemebis aRdgenis msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informacia

aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad

amisa,

mxolod

komponentebis

amocnoba

yovelTvis

ver

iqneba

sakmarisi obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr, 1994). erT-erTi siZnele,
rogorc es 5.35 suraTzea mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba
sruliad

gansxvavebulad

Candes

sxvadasxva

perspeqtividan.

am

siZnelis

dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli

mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT
(Tarr & Pinker, 1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi
perceptis transformireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad Seesabameba Tu ara
is romelime am xats. amrigad, nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis
bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli
rakursiT mocemuli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia.
sur. 5.33. cnoba komponentebis
komponentebis safuZvelze
suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis Semadgeneli nawilebi da
maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi. figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime
sxvadasxva nawilis gaerTianebiT, nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.
sur. 5.34. nawilebis gavlena obieqtis cnobaze
Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena
svetSi

ki - azianebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia obieqtebis

cnoba?
sur. 5.35.
5.35. erTi d aigive obieqti sxvadasxva perspeqtividan

50

sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva nawilebs xedavT.Mam

sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.
molodinis da konteqstis gavlena
nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis bewvian arsebas ufro advilad
icnobT, Tu mas Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis daRmavali
aspeqtia: - molodinebma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis
interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT,

ginaxavT nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel

adgilze, magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur jgufSi? gacilebiT meti

droa

saWiro

maT

sacnobad

am

situaciaSi

da

xandaxan

arc

ki

xarT

darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian. saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini

gansxvavebulad gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven ar eliT maT am
situaciaSi.

sivrciTi

da

droiTi

konteqsti,

romelSic

sagnebi

amoicnoba,

mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens. konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven

geqmnebaT molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalodneli, an moulodneli
irgvliv.
sur. 5.36a. axalgazrda lamazi qali
perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis
xilvad Tvisebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli interpretaciis procesi: identifikacia SeiZleba Seicvalos

imis mixedviT, rac ukve iciT, Tu sad xarT

da ras xedavT irgvliv. waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:

THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso
zustad erTnairia, Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores, rogorc A-s,
ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.
konteqsti, romelsac

qmnis

T_E,

metad

SesaZlebels

xdis

H-s da

naklebad

SesaZlebels _ A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmdegoa swori.

mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena
setis SeswavliT. seti (set)
( ) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT aRqmis da masze
reagirebis

droebiTi

fsiqologiuri
gasacemad

da

mzaoba.

mzaoba.

arsebobs

perceptuli.
morbenali

sami

motoruli

varjiSobs

tipis

seti

aris

motoruli

seti:
mza,

setis

motoruli,

swrafi

pasuxis

daxvewaze,

raTa

sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad gamovides sastarto blokidan.

fsiqologiuri

seti

aris

mzaoba,

ganixiloT

iseTi

situacia,

rogoricaa

amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, daswavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis, an

51

Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis

gadawyveta, roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias. amas me-9 TavSi
vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris
mocemul

konteqstSi

garkveuli

stimulis

SeniSvnisTvis

mzaoba.

magaliTad,

axalbeda dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis gageba iyos.

xSirad

seti

gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT

orazrovani

stimulis interpretacia.

SexedeT sityvaTa am or rigs:

bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a
ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a
waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
`ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas? Tu Tqven `mama~ da `maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom moxda,
rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas
garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.
saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, romelic orazrovani figurisTvis
perceptul sets iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli `dudlebi~ (doodle)s
rogor gadaiqca azrian obieqtebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas
5.36.a suraTis wina gverdze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven) naxos suraTi 5.36b
am gverdze. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.36g suraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani?
iqonia Tu ara raime gavlena wina gverdebze mocemuli saxeldebuli orazrovani
gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamosaxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperimenti
sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu ara igive Sedegebs.
imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos gavlena, saWiroa: - mexsiereba ise
iyos organizebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakavSirebuli informacia
saWiro dros xdebodes xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an arasaTanado)
molodinebis Camosayalibeblad Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer `mexsierebiTac iseve xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8
TavSi ganvixilavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis aRqmaze
konteqstis gavlenas.
sur. 5.36b. xandazmuli qalbatoni
bolo gakveTilebi
am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve
gaqvT

mTeli

sqemis

gasagebad

saWiro

codna.

5.3

suraTis

ganxilva,

aseve,

dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna, romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda

52

miiRoT, isaa, rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo perceptuli gamocdileba

pirovnebis, rogorc mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli receptorebis
gaRizianebiT miRebuli informaciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia imaze,
Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT, ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi
gaqvT. aRmqmeli xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols, romelic SeiZleba
SevadaroT
moTamaSe,

azartul
aRmqmeli

sensorul

TamaSsa

da

interieris

mowadinebulia,

masalas

warsuli

niZlavi

dizains.

dados,

gamocdilebisa

da

rom

rogorc

azartuli

mocemul

personaluri

Semaval

Teoriebis

terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare, sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris

dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini
ukeT moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSirebulad gamoiyurebodnen.
araTavsebadi

da

mouwesrigebeli

xatebi

ukuigdeba

da

naTeli,

sufTa

da

Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.

aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad
mocemul

konkretul

realobas

iqnebodiT

mijaWvuli.SegeZlebodaT

Tqveni

gancdebis fiqsireba, magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc samyaros

dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva situaciaSi, perceptuli gadamuSaveba
mxolod

daRmavali

procesi

rom

yofiliyo,

Tqven

daikargebodiT

sakuTari

molodinebisa da imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukiduresobas Soris

saTanado balansiT miiRweva aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis, rogorc biologiuri da socialuri
arsebis

(romelic

moZraobs

da

egueba

socialur

da

fizikur

garemos)

moTxovnilebebs.
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli saxiT reagirebis droebiTi
mzaoba.
sur. 5.36g. axla ras xedavT?
Sejameba
identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da daRmaval procesebs, romlebic
erToblivi

moqmedebiT

samyaros

naTel,

TvalsaCino

gagebas

sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis Semadgenel nawilebad, anu

uzrunvelyofen.

geonebad dayofiT.

obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis

codnasac

saWiroebs.

sivrciTi

da

droiTi

konteqsti,

romelSic

sagania

53

mocemuli, ayalibebs

molodins;

is gavlenas

axdens sagnis

cnobis unarze.

mkvlevrebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

perceptuli sistemebi ubralod ki ar iReben gare samyaroze informacias,

aramed aqtiurad axdenen mis intepretaciasa da organizacias.

aRqma

samsafexuriani

procesia.

is

Sedgeba

SegrZnebis,

perceptuli

organizaciisa da identifikacia-cnobis safexurebisgan.

gadamuSavebis sensorul safexurze fizikuri energia gardaiqmneba nervul

energiad da sensorul gancdad.

organizaciis

safexurze

perceptuli

procesebi

SegrZnebebs

TvalsaCino

xatebad aerTianebs da sagnebis da paternebis aRqmas ganapirobebs.

identifikaciisa

da

cnobis

safexurze

sagnebis

perceptebi

dardeba

mexsierebiT xatebs, raTa isini amovicnoT rogorc nacnobi da azriani sagnebi.

aRqmis

amocanaa

distaluri

(eqsternaluri)

stimulis

gansazRvra

proqsimaluri (sensoruli) stimuliT mowodebuli informaciidan.

orazrovneba iqmneba maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia erTi da igive sensoruli

informaciis sxvadasxva perceptebSi (xatebSi) organizeba.

perceptuli iluziebis Sesaxeb codnam SeiZleba SezRudos Cveulebrivi

perceptuli procesebi.
yuradRebis procesebi

yuradReba

aris

Semavali

sensoruli

informaciis

nawilis

SerCevisa

da

danarCenis ignorirebis unari.

pirovnuli miznebi da garemoSi arsebuli sagnebis Tvisebebi gansazRvraven

Cveni yuradRebis mimarTulebas.

yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia Zalze mcired moqmedebs mimdinare

gamocdilebaze.

yuradRebamdeli

gadamuSaveba

vizualuri

garemos

efeqturad

gadasinjvis

saSualebas iZleva.
organizaciuli procesebi aRqmaSi
organizaciuli

procesebi sensoruli monacemebis Sesabamis

aRqmis xatebs

qmnian.
es

procesebi perceptebs fonidan win wamoweul figurebad aerTianebs.

54
TqvenTvis

damaxasiaTebelia

dausrulebeli

figurebis

dasrulebulad

danaxvisa da calkeuli obieqtebis msgavsebis mixedviT dajgufebis tendencia.

TqvenTvis

damaxasiaTebelia tendencia _ aq da amJamad mocemuli sivrciTi da

droiTi konteqstidan gamomdinare moaxdinoT sagnis nawilebis organizeba da

interpretireba.
Tqven,

aseve, gaxasiaTebT realuri sensoruli stimulis miuxedavad, aTvlis

sistemis uZravad da masSi mocemuli nawilebis moZravad aRqmis tendencia

baduris

organzomilebiani informaciis samganzomilebiani siRrmis aRqmad

gardasaqmnelad vizualuri sistema iyenebs iseT informacias, rogoricaa: obieqtis zoma da obieqtamde manZili.
Tqven

gaxasiaTebT obieqtebis zomis, formis, orientaciisa da feris mixedviT

ucvlelad aRqmis tendenciiT.

identifikacia da cnoba
perceptuli

gadamuSavebis

bolo

safexurze,

rodesac

xdeba

obieqtis

identifikacia da cnoba, percepti mniSvnelobas iZens aRmavali da daRmavali

gadamuSavebis erToblivi moqmedebiT.
konteqstma,

molodinebma,

perceptulma

masalam

SeiZleba

gansazRvros

dausrulebeli orazrovani monacemebis erTi mimarTulebiT amocnoba, meore,

Tanabrad SesaZleblis, nacvlad.
amgvarad,

aRqma eyrdnoba rogorc warsul codnas da molodins, aseve _

sensorul stimuls.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna.

figura

aRmavali gadamuSaveba

foni

aRqma

formis konstantoba

aRqmis konstantoba

ganaTebis konstantoba

aSkara moZraoba

geStalt-fsiqologia

konvergencia

identifikacia da cnoba

daRmavali gadamuSaveba

iluzia

dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)

iluzoruli konturebi

distaluri stimuli

marTuli gadasinjva

diqotomiuri mosmena

mizanmimarTuli SerCeva

ekologiuri optikis Teoria

moCvenebiTi moZraoba

fenomeni

msgavsebis kanoni

55

msgavsi bedis kanoni

orazrovneba
orientaciis konstantoba
perceptuli organizeba
proqsimaluri stimuli
retinaluri disparati
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi
seti
siaxlovis kanoni
stimuliT aRZruli seleqcia
yuradReba
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
sididis konstantoba

Tavi 6. goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

cnobierebis Sinaarsi

gacnobiereba da cnobiereba

cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba

cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva

cnobierebis funqciebi

cnobierebis gamoyeneba

cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva

fsiqologia

Cvens

cxovrebaSi:

rodis

uyalibdebaT

cnobiereba?

Zili da sizmari

cirkaduli riTmebi

Zilis cikli

ratom Zili?

Zilis darRvevebi

sizmari: gonebis Teatri

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili

cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi

hipnozi

meditacia

halucinaciebi

religiuri eqstazi

cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

bavSvebs

ganvixiloT N. N-is SemTxveva _ axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci, romelsac

avtokatastrofis Sedegad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsiqolog endel tulvingis
(Endel Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmis Sedegad mravali iseTi
gamocdilebis miRebis unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT aRvwerT da cnobierebas
vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom N. N-ma mcire ram icis Tavisi
warsulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels gadavida misi ojaxi amJamindel sacxovrebel
adgilas; im skolebis saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad atarebda
zafxuls skolis periodSi, mas ar SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli
movlena Tavisi warsulidan. (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:
N.N-s

ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur drosTan dakavSirebiT. is

kargad erkveoda drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul mimarTebebSi.

zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qronologiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,
drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad sapirispirod, ukiduresad
darRveuli

hqonda

saqmianobis

Sesaxeb

subieqturi

drois

ekiTxebodnen,

is

cnobiereba.
pasuxobda,

rodesac
rom

ar

wina
icoda.

dRis
Tu

hkiTxavdnen, ras apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval, misi pasuxi

igive iyo _ man ar icoda...
rodesac

sxvadasxva

SemTxvevebSi

sTxovdnen

NN.

N-s,

aRewera

is

sicariele, romelic mis gonebaSi isadgurebda xvalis Sesaxeb fiqrisas,

is ambobda, rom es Zilismagvari mdgomareobaa anda didi sicarielea. Tu

sTxovdnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es mdgomareoba, igi ambobda, rom
es hgavs situacias, rodesac cariel oTaxSi moxvedril adamians oTaxSi
ararsebuli skamis povnas sTxoven. sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom es tbis
SuagulSi curvas hgavs, sadac araferia irgvliv xelCasaWidi. rodesac
guSindeli saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis
aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda, rom raRacnairi sicarielea. N.N amas
mSvidad da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis gareSe. mxolod
maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen ratom ar ukvirs, rom iq araferia, rodesac is

fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze is amJRavnebda

mcireodeni, xanmokle

aJitacias da sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis SeZaxili.

SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N -is adgilze, rodesac sakuTari
warsulisa an momavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod sicarieles
awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenaze
Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes xval an zeg?
saidan modis warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi momavlis Sesaxeb?
miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

Cvens

tvinSi

didi

informacia

inaxeba,

naklebad

albaTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes gonebaSi, TiTqosda visxdeT da

teqsts vkiTxulobdeT. metic, Tavs ukeTesad vigrZnobT, Tu vityviT, rom azrebi
Cveni cnobierebidan da tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic manamde
ar iyo cnobieri. magram mainc ibadeba kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli
azrebi TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad sxvadasxva mogonebebs an
momavlis

variantebs?

sxvagvarad

rom

vTqvaT,

cnobierad

vaxorcielebT

arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri operaciebis meSveobiT rogorRac

Cndebian Cvens cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia Cven, romelic N.N-ma
ase tragikulad dakarga?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoadgens normaluri individisaTvis
azrebis Camoyalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve Segveqmneba warmodgena am
meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi Temebis Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT Semdeg
kiTxvebs:

ra

aris

Cveulebrivi

gacnobiereba?

ra

ganapirobebs

Cveni

cnobierebis Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba? SeuZliaT Tu

ara

realuri zegavlenis moxdena aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,

emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da
rogor SegviZlia mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni cnobierebis mdgomareoba?
imedis momcemi fsiqologi, aseve, dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
gonebis

aspeqtebis

mecnieruli

Seswavla,

rogor

xdeba

Sinaganis

gareT

gamotana da, piriqiT, sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (internalizacia) da

rogor aris SesaZlebeli subieqturi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?
Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da funqciebis ganxilviT daviwyebT,
amasTan, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze. SevecdebiT dagexmaroT
filosofosTa, fsiqologTa da neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis
gagebaSi: _ ra damokidebuleba arsebobs Tavis tvinsa da gonebas Soris. Semdeg
gadavinacvlebT im regularul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT ocnebis,
fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros. dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba

cnobiereba hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri

ritualebisa

da narkotikebis

zemoqmedebis Sedegad
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini cnobiereba orazrovania. is
SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT

specifikuri

rogorc

Sinaarsebis

gonebis

aRsaniSnad:

zogadi

zogjer

mdgomareobis,
vambobT,

ise

rom

misi

cnobier

mdgomareobaSi viyaviT aracnobieris sapirispirod (magaliTad, anesTeziis an

Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom cnobier mdgomareobaSi varT

anu

vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an moqmedebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli

Tanmimdevroba _ imisaTvis, rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkretul informacias,
cnobier mdgomareobaSi unda vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT
cnobierebis

Sinaarsebze,

mxedvelobaSi

gveqneba

is

informacia,

romelsac

vacnobierebT, romlis Sesaxebac viciT.

gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cnobierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqologia filosofias,
is Camoyalibda, rogorc cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti da
titCeneri
sakvlevad,

introspeqciis
uiliam

jemsi

meTods
ki

iyenebdnen

sakuTari

cnobieri

cnobierebis

fsiqikis
nakadis

Sinaarsebis
kvleviT

iyo

dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad, misi klasikuri naSromis _ fsiqologia

(1892w.) pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs, rogorc mecnierebas

cnobierebis, rogorc aseTis, mdgomareobebis aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.

Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs, grZnobebs,
warmodgenebsa da survilebs mocemul momentSi anu mTel mentalur aqtivobas,
razec vaxdenT yuradRebis koncentracias. Cven vacnobierebT Tavad moqmedebas,
romelsac

vaxorcielebT

da

im

faqtsac,

rom

vaxorcielebT

am

qmedebas.

xandaxan imasac vacnobierebT, rom sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben da reagireben

Cvens

mier

ganxorcielebul

qcevebze.

sakuTari

Tavis

SegrZneba

modis

gamocdilebidan, romelsac privilegirebuli Sinagani poziciidan sakuTar

Tavze dakvirvebiT viRebT. es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi, erTad
aRebuli, qmnian cnobierebis Sinaarss _ yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad
aRviqvamT drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).
axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva
done. isini pirobiTad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani da garegani

samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done _ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT
da (3) mesame, umaRlesi done _ sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri, moazrovne
individis,

gacnobiereba.

bazisur

doneze

cnobiereba

warmoadgens

imis

gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da vreagirebT xelmisawvdom perceptul

informaciaze. am doneze Cven vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da SimSilis odnav
SesamCnev SegrZnebas. meore doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba,
romelic

gvanTavisuflebs

realur

obieqtebsa

da

mimdinare

movlenebze

mijaWvulobisgan. am doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT manipulireba

obieqtebiT

maTi

aryofnis

pirobebSi,

warmovisaxoT

axali

formebi

da

gamoviyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi, davgegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi.

cnobierebis umaRlesi donea TviTcnobiereba,
TviTcnobiereba Semecneba, (gacnobiereba) imisa,
rom

pirovnulad

gancdil

avtobiografiuli

movlenebs

xasiaTi

aqvs.

TviTcnobiereba gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis SegrZnebas.

cnobierebis am doneze, Tu Cvens gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc
naTeli,

Tanmimdevruli

gviyalibdeba
awmyoSi

amis

da

prognozirebadi

Sesatyvisi

saukeTeso

gavixsenoT

N.N-is

dazianebis

Sedegad

molodinebi,

mimdinare

SemTxveva,

qmedebiT
riTac

TiTqmis

ram,

da

es

da

TandaTanobiT

molodinebi

momavlis

daviwyeT

mTlianad

maSin

aRgvWuravs

dagegmvas

saubari,

axdens.

romelic

Tavis

gareSe

darCa

TviTcnobierebis

(tulvingi, 1985). mas ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois perspeqtiva, ise _

droSi ganfenili sakuTari avtobiografiis cnobiereba.
cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
Cven

ganvsazRvreT

informaciis

zogadi

tipebi,

SesaZloa

romelic

gancobierdes garkveul adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra ganapirobebs

imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am momentSi? magaliTad, am wuTSi acnobierebT
Tu

ara

Tqvens

sunTqvas?

albaT,

ara.

sunTqvis

kontroli

aracnobieri

procesebis nawilia. fiqrobT Tu ara Tqvens bolo Svebulebaze an hamletis

avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi azrebis kontroli winarecnobieri mexsierebis
nawilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur xmaurebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki,
transportis moZraobis xma an naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod rTuli iqneba am
yvelafris gacnobiereba (aRqma) da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am
Tavis Sinaarsze. yvela es stimuli yuradRebis miRma darCenili informaciis
nawilia.

dabolos,

xelmisawvdomia
magaliTad,

arsebobs

cnobieri

gramatikuli

aracnobieri

aRqmisaTvis,
wesebi,

romelic

informacia,
aseT

romelic

informacias

SesaZlebels

xdis

Znelad

miekuTvneba,
winadadebis

mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla cal-calke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli

tipi.

aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze
iSviaTad Tu iWreba cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis magaliTia
sisxlis

wnevis

regulacia.

nervuli

fiziologiur informacias, uwyvetad

Sesabamisad

reagirebs

maTze

sistema

adevnebs

ra

Tvalyurs

afiqsirebs mimdinare cvlilebebs da

yovelgvari

gacnobierebis

gareSe.

garkveul

SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri aqtivoba SeiZleba cnobieri

gaxdes.

magaliTad,

gakontroleba.

SeiZleba

miuxedavad

miznad

amisa,

davisaxoT

nervuli

sistema

sunTqvis
mraval

cnobieri

mniSvnelovan

funqcias uzrunvelyofs cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis gareSe.

winarecnobieri mexsiereba
mogonebebi,

romlebic

mxolod

mas

Semdeg

xdeba

cnobierebisaTvis

xelmisawvdomi, rac raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze, winarecnobieri

mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili. mogonebebi uzarmazari moculobis mqone
informaciasTan

erTad

inaxeba,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

enebis,

sportis

an

geografiis zogadi codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad gancdili movlenebis

Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba SeumCnevlad arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam,
sanam ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad arsebobis saWiroebis situacia (rogorc
maSin, rodesac mniSvnelovani warsuli movlenis mogoneba gTxoveT). mexsierebis
Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT visaubrebT VIII TavSi.

cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa da garemos pirobebis

cnobierad aRqmis mdgomareoba (gacnobiereba)

TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis umaRlesi done, pirovnulad

gancdili movlenebis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, romelic, Cveulebriv,
xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories) _ mexsiereba, romelic
mocemul momentSi ar aris cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi.

yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia

nebismier

mocemul

momentSi

uricxvi

raodenobis

stimuliT

varT

garSemortymulni. rogorc V TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire nawilze

SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze movaxdenT fokusirebas da, amasTanave,
romeli mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu
ra

gvaqvs

cnobierebaSi.

aracnobieri

Tumca,

reprezentacia,

xandaxan

romelic

SeiniSneba

ar

xvdeba

iseTi

informaciis

yuradRebis

fokusSi.

gavixsenoT magaliTi V Tavidan: xmaurian wveulebaze cdilobT yuradRebis

koncentrirebas

TqvenTvis

mimzidvel

TariRze

da

am

dros

uyuradRebod

stovebT iqve mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar mohkravT yurs.
moulodnelad

aRmoaCenT,

rom

rogorRac,

gaucnobiereblad

usmendiT

am

saubars da xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli konkretuli signali (Wood &

Cowan, 1995a).

aracnobieri
Cven,

Cveulebisamebr,

aracnobieri

vafiqsirebT

informaciis

arsebobas,

rodesac ver vxsniT zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT qcevis

mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund
froids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
_

travmuli

mogonebebi

da

tabuirebuli

momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri

survilebi

imdenad

SiSis

procesebi (romelTac XIV TavSi

ganvixilavT), permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan. froidis mixedviT,

rodesac

originaluri,

miuRebeli

ideebi

cnobierebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan

inarCuneben

TavianT

Zalas

da

da

motivebi

gandevnilia

anu

asocirebuli Zlieri gancdebi isev

zegavlenas

axdenen

qcevaze.

aracnobieris

froidiseuli aRmoCena ewinaaRmdegeba dasavluri azris xangrZliv tradicias.

ingliseli filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb dawerili klasikuri
naSromis

esse

moazrovneTa

adamianis

Semecnebis

umravlesoba

damaxasiaTebelia

Sesaxeb

miiCnevda,

sakuTari

gonebis

rom

yvela

gamoqveynebis

racionaluri
aqtivobaze

Semdeg,
arsebebis

xelmisawvdomoba.

froidis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri mentaluri procesebis arsebobis

Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad da aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis TanamedroveTa
Soris (Dennett, 1987). (Cven kvlav davubrundebiT froidis ideebs XIV TavSi,
rodesac visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb.)
dResdReobiT
informaciisa

da

mravali

fsiqologi

procesebis

iyenebs

aRsaniSnad,

termins

romelic

ufro

aracnobieri

im

sasurveli

da

misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis Tanaxmad, gandevnas eqvemdebareba.

magaliTad,

mravali

enobrivi

procesi

aracnobier

procesebs

eyrdnoba.

ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000): She investigated bark. rogor movaxdenT am
winadadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals, romelic ZaRls akvirdeba
Tu qals, romelic xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark orazrovania da
winadadebis

konteqsti

didad

ver

gvexmareba,

Cven

mxolod

SegviZlia

vivaraudoT, Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla ganvixiloT igive winadadeba

ufro farTo konteqstSi: The botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated bark.8 amCnevT,
rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es
imitom, rom Cvenma aracnobierma enobrivma procesebma gamoiyena damatebiTi
konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas
Soris.
am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis miRma moqmedi procesebi
xSirad axdenen gavlenas Cvens qcevaze _ am SemTxvevaSi, amis ilustraciaa is
simsubuqe,

romliTac

mivediT

winadadebis

swor

gagebamde.

amgvarad,

Cven

TandaTanobiT gadavinacvleT cnobierebis Sinaarsis ganxilvidan cnobierebis

funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam detalurad

ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled

aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.

xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) _ angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad
cdis pirTa mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da strategiebs, romelTac
isini mimarTaven davalebis Sesrulebisas
gamocdilebidan
gamocdilebidan
eqsperimentuli
Sinaarsebis

nimuSebis

meTodi,

aRweraSi;

SerCevis

romelic
cdis

meTodi

exmareba

pirebs

(Experience-sampling

mkvlevrebs

method)

cnobierebis

evalebaT

signalis

mkvlevrebs

unda

tipuri

miRebisTanave

daafiqsiron TavianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.

cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis

Seswavlis

meTodologia,

romlis

mizniT

saSualebiTac

SesaZlebeli

xdeba

SeemuSavebinaT
Rrma

piraduli

gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa da titCeneris introspeqciis

meTodis

axali

versiaa:

eqsperimentis

monawileebs

eZlevaT

mTeli

rigi

davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla msjeloba da laparaki am davalebaTa

Sesrulebis

procesSi.

isini

SesaZleblobis

farglebSi

maqsimalurad

7
bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am
sityvas ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom
mizanSewonilad miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.

botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda xis merqans.

detalurad

aRweren

davalebis

Sesrulebisas

TavSi

mosuli

azrebis

Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w. xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi,

oqmebi gamoiyeneba
mentaluri strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis dokumentirebisaTvis,
romelTac

monawileebi

davalebis Sesrulebisas

davalebis

aRqmasa

masTan

da

gamklavebas

iyeneben.

Soris

es

oqmebi, aseve,

arsebuli

ganxsvavebebis

dafiqsirebis saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs (Ericsson & Simon, 1993).

gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi monawileebi aRWurvilni arian
mowyobilobiT, romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis unda daiwyon
angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi

cdis

pirebs

sxvadasxva

SemTxveviT

eleqtronul
SerCeuli

peijerebs

drois

aZleven.

SualedebSi

radiogadamcemi

axdens

peijeris

aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an ufro xSirad. rodesac modis peijeris signali,

cdis pirebs, evalebaT iseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogoricaa, magaliTad, _
ramdenad axerxebdiT koncentrirebas? am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis
pirTa azrebis, cnobirebisa da yuradRebis koncentrirebis mimarTulebebis
yoveldRiuri, Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas (Csikszentmihalyi,
1990).

10

saidan viciT
ras fiqroben mozardebi?
gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi. ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens
cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle
eleqtronuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic SemTxveviT signalebs iZleoda
azrebisa da grZnoebebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneblad (Richard et al., 1998).
moswavleTa gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa oTxi wlis manZilze.
pirveli periodi iyo V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-dan XII klasis
CaTvliT.

eqsperimentis

cnobierebis

Sinaarsis

aseTi

gegma

asakis

cvlilebebis

matebasTan

dafiqsirebis

erTad

mozardTa

saSualebas

iZleoda.

mkvlevrebs gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi urTierTobebi mozardobis

periodSi,

amitom

megobrebis

detalurad

Sesaxeb.

kvlevis

ikvlevdnen,Tu

Sedegebis

ras

Tanaxmad,

fiqrobdnen

asakis

mozardebi

matebasTan

erTad

azrebi, ZiriTadad, sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu 5-6 klaselebis mxolod

1% fiqrobs sapirispiro sqesze, merve klasSi es ricxvi 5.8%-mde izrdeba.
kvlevaSi,

aseve,

saintereso

gansxvavebebi

dafiqsirda

gogonebsa

da

vaJebs

Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis

wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti iyo orive sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba,
vidre vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi
miuTiTebs da prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi mozrdil asakSi mets iReben
interpersonaluri urTierTobebidan.
am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs gamocdilebiT
SerCevis

meTodis

gamoyeneba

cnobierebis

calkeuli

tipuri

Sinaarsebis

gasaerTianeblad.
Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros: Sinagani da garegani samyaros
gacnobiereba, imis gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT (aRviqvamT) da
sakuTari

Tavis,

rogorc

sxeulebrivi

procesi,

aracnobieria.

Cven

mexsierebaSi;

es

cnobieri,

moazrovne

rogoricaa,

vflobT
ukanaskneli

magaliTad,

uzarmazar
ki

arsebis

sunTqva,

informacias,

winarecnobiers

gancda.

mravali

Cveulebriv,

romelic

warmoadgens,

inaxeba
saidanac

moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides saWiro informacia cnobierSi. yuradRebis

miRma darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul stimulTa didi raodenoba,
romelsac

cnobierad

ar

vaqcevT

yuradRebas.

Tu

froidi

aracnobiers

11

gandevnil

mogonebebTan

akavSirebda,

Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebi

afarToeben

aracnobieris cnebas da masSi informaciisa da procesebis mraval saxeobas

moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT
teqnikebs, rogoricaa xmamaRali fiqris oqmebi da gamocdilebiT SerCevis
meTodi.
cnobierebis funqciebi
rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis funqciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT gavigoT,
Tu

gvWirdeba

risTvis

cnobiereba

ras

matebs

is

Cvens

adamianur

gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxiluli N.N-is SemTxveva ramdenime

mniSvnelovan
warsulisa
aspeqtebi

miniSnebas

da

iZleva

momavlis

ubralod

dasmuli

gancdis

kiTxvis

gareSe

sicarieliT

N.N-is

icvleba.

am

pasuxis

mimarTulebiT.

cxovrebis
qveTavSi

mniSvnelovani

ufro

srulad

ganvixilavT cnobierebis mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs adamianis gadarCenisa da

socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.

cnobierebis gamoyeneba
adamianis

mtrulad

ganwyobil

ZalasTan _ sxva adamianebTan Widilsa da SejibrSi gamoiwrTo.

adamianis

goneba,

cnobiereba

SesaZloa,

evoluciur

ganviTarda,

garemoSi

rogorc

yvelaze

adamianTa

winaprebis

ukiduresi

sociobilurobis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod, mtaceblebisgan jgufuri Tavdacvisa

da resursebis ufro efeqturad mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgenda.
Tumca,

mWidro

jgufuri

cxovreba

axal

moTxovnebs

qmnis

rogorc

TanamSromlobis, ise konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva swyalobda maT,

vinc azrovnebda, gegmavda da warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac
naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamarjvebis winapirobas qmnida. isini,
visac ufro adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna sametyvelo ena da
Sromis

iaraRebi,

gamarjvebulni

gamovidnen

gadarCenisaTvis

brZolaSi

da

moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen, SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod,

is Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald, 1995; Mcphail, 1998).
vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom is
uzrunvelyofs saxeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig funqciebs (Baars, 1997;
Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991). cnobiereba, aseve,

12

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da saerTo kulturuli realobebis

SeqmnaSi.

gadarCenaSi daxmareba
biologiuri
isaxavda

TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod, cnobierebis ganviTareba

individisaTvis

garemodan

momdinare

informaciis

miznad

miRebasa

da

am

informaciaze dayrdnobiT moqmedebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi

gegmis SedgenaSi daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven informaciuli gadatvirTvis
safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis did raodenobas,
romelic SegrZnebis receptorebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan momdinare
mozuzune,

mzardi

qaosi.

gvarkvevs

ra

stimulTa

mravalferovnebaSi,

cnobiereba garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba. amas is sami sxvadasxva gziT

axorcielebs:
pirveli.

cnobiereba

yuradRebis

centrSi

cnobierebis

es

amcirebs

Semaval

moxvedrili

SemzRudavi

stimulTa

stimulebis

funqcia

nakads

SemCneuli

raodenobis

gamoricxavs

imwuTieri

da

SezRudviT.
miznebisa

da

amocanebisaTvis Seusabamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac fasdeba,

rogorc Seusabamo, gadaiqceva fonur xmaurad da ignorirdeba, cnobieri
aRqma

ki

relevantur

gamRizianeblebze

anu

im

signalebze

fokusirdeba,

romelTac viRebT da vpasuxobT.

meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias.
mas Semdeg, rac mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamuSavdeba perceptul
doneze

da

gardaiqmneba

ufro

mcire

raodenobis

kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs

stimulebi,

romelTa

analizi,

interpretacia

cnobad

paternebad

da

SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is
da

maTze

reagireba

gvsurs

momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da pirovnuli saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da

araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi
maTganis arCeviTa da zogierTis ignorirebiT.
mesame.
ganxilva

cnobierebis
da

mesame

sxvadasxva

funqciaa

SesaZlo

SeCereba,

Sedegebis

alternativebis

warmosaxva

warsul

gaazreba,
codnaze

dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasrulebeli makontrolirebeli funqcia

Zlieri

survilebis

daTrgunvis

SesaZleblobas

gvaZlevs,

rodesac

isini

ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur an praqtikul miznebs.

am saxis cnobierebis

gareSe

pirvelive

SimSilis

SegrZnebis

gaCenisTanave,

SesaZloa,

danaxuli

sakvebi, magaliTad, vaSli moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo droiT

perspeqtivas, romelSic unda ganxorcieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia

13

warsulisa

da

momavlis

gadawyvetilebebze

abstraqtuli

gavlenis

reprezentaciebis

mosaxdenad.

yovelive

moxmoba
zemoT

mimdinare
Tqmulidan

gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi moTxovnebis sapasuxod moqnili,

adekvaturi reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas iZleva.

realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli konstruqtebi

ar

arsebobs

ori

adamiani,

romelic

situaciis

sruliad

erTnair

interpretacias mogvcemda. realobis personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens

mimdinare

situaciebis

Cveneul

unikalur

interpretacias,

romelic

zogad

codnas, warsuli gamocdilebis mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs, Rirebulebebs,

rwmenebsa

da

momdinare

momavlis

stimulTa

miznebs

garkveul,

eyrdnoba.
sxvebisgan

TiToeuli

pirovneba

gansxvavebul

garemodan

maxasiaTeblebs

uTmobs yuradRebas, radganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti unikaluri,

Semosuli masalis SeCevis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili.
pirovnuli

konstruqti

SedarebiT

stabiluria,

Cveni

rodesac realobis
me-s

gancda droSi

uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris individualuri gansxvavebebi ufro
didia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gansxvavebul kulturebSi,
cxovroben erTi kulturis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an gansxvavebuli
amocanebi dgas maT winaSe; da, piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi
mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad realobis amsaxveli msgavsi
konstruqtebi uyalibdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi warmoadgens
samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa erTobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli
jgufis

wevrTa

umravlesoba.

rodesac

sazogadoebis

wevri

kulturuli

konstruqtis Sesatyvis realobis pirovnul konstruqts aviTarebs, mas iRebs

kultura da, amave dros, is Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti. realobis
cnobieri konstruqtebis urTierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwodeben.

konceptualuri

mtkicebuleba

(Consensual validation)

realobaze

cnobieri

Sexedulebebis urTierT miRebaa.

saidan viciT
SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia
germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi, an uSualod damkrZalavi biuros
win, an misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze. mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom

14

damkrZalavi biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna adamianebSi maTi sasrulobis

(mokvdaobis) gancdas gaamZafrebda da Sedegad ufro metad aiZulebda maT
SeTanxmebul

mtkicebulebaSi

eZebnaT

komforti.

rodesac

adamianebi

imyofebian mdgomareobaSi, romelsac mkvlevrebi egzistencialur terors

uwodeben, Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kulturuli
rwmenebi da ganwyobebi aerTianebT. am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali
biuros

xedvis

pirobebi

individebs

maTi

ganwyobebis

kulturuli

normebisadmi ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda. am kvlevaSi cdis

pirebs sTxovdnen SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva
gaiziarebdnen

maT

mosazrebebs

germaneli moqalaqeebi ramdenad

saemigracio

politikis

Secvlis

Sesaxeb.

umciresobaSi myofi individebi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas 10%-ze metiT

zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win imyofebodnen,
vidre am dawesebulebidan 100 metrze daSorebulni (Pyszczynski et al., 1996).

kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas, rom individebs SeTanxmebuli

mtkicebuleba maT cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari sasrulobis grZnobebis
SeWris

pirobebSi

ufro

metad

esaWiroebaT.

kulturul

rwmenebTan

da

ganwyobebTan cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba amsubuqebs am grZnobebs.

cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva
cnobierebis

mravali

funqcia

moicavs

implicitur

Sedarebebs,

romelic

aracnobieri rCeba. amitom mravali cnobieri procesi xSirad zemoqmedebs an

Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier
qcevaze ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxvavebebi. maT mravali meTodi
Seqmnes

imis

saCveneblad,

Tu

rogor

zemoqmedeben

aracnobieri

procesebi

cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).

magaliTad,

mkvlevrebi

iyeneben

laboratoriulad

gamowveuli

predispoziciis Sedegad bgeraTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP (Spoonerisms of

Laboratory-Induced Predisposition-laboratoriulad
spunerizmi _
metyvelebaSi

winaswari

mzaobis

imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor moqmedebs aracnobieri Zalebi

wamocdenebis

eqsperimentators
garkveuli

gamowveuli

albaTobaze

wamocdenebis

paternebis

(Baars et al., 1992).

gamowvevis

molodinebis

saSualebas

SemuSavebiT.

amgvarad,

SLIP

procedura

aZlevs

bgeraTa

iseTi

sityvaTa

wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa ball doze, bell dark da bean deck,

15

cdis pirma SesaZloa darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door warmoTqvas.
eqsperimenti
Sedegad

amocanisgan

bgeris

damoukidebeli

garkveuli

saxiT

situaciuri

cvlilebis

cvladebis

albaTobaze

Secvlis

cnobieri

an

aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, cdis

pirebSi ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock (shad bock-is nacvlad),
rodesac maT sjerodaT, rom eqsperimentis dros xandaxan mtkivneul eleqtrul
Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979). aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo
SecdomiT good lags-is (lood gegs-is nacvlad) warmoTqmis albaToba, rodesac
maTTan mimzidveli garegnobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es Sedegebi
wamocdenebis formirebaSi aracnobieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.
cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi meore
gzaa maTi dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic iqmneba
aseTi dapirispireba.
esmiT _ 6 5 19 28 11 17 41 12 . . .
sur. 6.1.

faza 1:
cdis pirebi xmamaRla

aracnobieri

kiTxuloben kompiuterze

mogonebebis

warmodgenil ucnob

zegavlena

saxelTa sias; amave dros

adrian mari

cdiloben mosmenil

cnobilad aRqmaze

ricxvTa siaSi sami

wyvili ricxvi
aRmoaCinon.
faza 2:
cdis pirebs moeTxovebaT saxelTa CamonaTvali miakuTvnon
cnobil an ucnob saxelebs.

maT eubnebian, rom manamde wakiTxuli yvela saxeli

ucnobia.
amrigad, Tu maT axsovT,
rom saxeli iyo
CamonaTvalSi, ityvian,
rom is ucnobia: Tu maT

saxelis

saxeli adrian mari

CamonaTvalidan maxsovs; is
ucnobi saxelia.

16

cnobierad axsovT
saxeli, maT ecodinebaT,
rom is ver iqneba
cnobili.
rodesac isini cnobilad
miiCneven siaSi arsebul

saxeli adrian mari mecnoba,

saxels es imitom xdeba,

Tumca, ar maxsovs

rom aracnobieri

CamonaTvalidan. is nacnobi

mexsiereba mas nacnobs

saxeli unda iyos.

xdis.
cdis pirebs xSirad surT Tqvan, rom saxeli cnobilia da
amiT met
yvelebs aracnobieri mogonebebis gavlenaze.

saidan viciT
cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganvixiloT naxatze warmodgenili eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis
pirebs moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli adrian mari cnobilTa an ucnobTa
kategorias.

arCevanis

gakeTebamde isini

xmamaRla

kiTxuloben

saxelTa

grZel sias (sadac adrian maric aris naxsenebi) situaciaSi, romelSic ar

eZlevaT
pirebi

saxelebze
waradgenen

srulad
Tavian

koncentrirebis

daskvnebs,

maT

saSualeba.

afrTxileben,

rodesac

cdis

rom

mier

maT

wakiTxuli siidan aravin iyo cnobili pirovneba. amgvarad, Tu saxeli

siidan nacnobi aRmoCndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is ucnobad
CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT, rom cdis pirebi miadgnen saxels adrian
mari. Tu maT SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb cnobieri mogonebis povna, maT
ecodinebaT, rom is warmodgenil siaSi imyofeboda da, amgvarad, ityvian,
rom adrian mari ar aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen cnobier
mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT zogadi grZnoba imisa, rom sadRac
gaugoniaT es saxeli adre da ityvian, rom adrian mari cnobili saxelia.
es fenomeni cnobiers (Tqvi ara!) da aracnobier (Tqvi diax!) procesebs
Soris dapirispirebaa. faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi metad midrekilni arian
Tqvan, rom adrian mari cnobili personaa da amiT naTels xdian, rom

17

aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas axdens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al., 1989).

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs cnobiereba?

didad albaTuria, rom cxovrebis garkveul etapze axalSobilisaTvis, an
Zalian patara bavSvisaTvis SegexedaT da dainteresebuliyaviT: netav, ra xdeba
mis TavSi? xSirad es kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobierebis Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis
iwyebs

bavSvi

sakuTari

Tavis,

rogorc

aseTis,

gacnobierebas?

mkvlevrebi

fiqroben, rom bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen subieqtur me-s da mxolod amis

Semdeg _ obieqtur me-s (Lewis, 1991; 1999).

bavSvebi maSin iZenen subieqtur me-s anu subieqtur TviTcnobierebas,

rodesac

maTTvis

sxvebisgan.

bavSvs

naTeli
aqvs

xdeba,

rom

SesaZlebloba

isini
imisa,

gamocalkevebulni

rom

gare

samyaro

arian
aqcios

cnobieri dakvirvebis obieqtad.

bavSvebi maSin iZenen obieqtur me-s anu obieqtur TviTcnobierebas,

rodesac maT eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom TavianTi cnobiereba mimarTon

sakuTar Tavze anu rodesac SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis cnobieri analizis

obieqtad qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT gaiazron, rom ician, rom ician an

axsovT, rom axsovT.
bavSvebis mier obieqturi TviTcnobierebis SeZenis Sesaxeb klasikuri kvleva
eyrdnoba sarkesTan qcevas. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs bavSvi
mixvedras,

rom

sarkeSi

asaxuli

gamosaxuleba

TviTon

aris?

am

kiTxvaze

pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dedebs, rom TavianTi SvilebisaTvis

cxvirze waesvaT pomada ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT amis Sesaxeb; es iyo

laqiani cxviris testi (nose dot test). bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi amCneven
sarkis zogierT Tvisebas. magaliTad, eqvs Tvemde bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen
da Seexen sarkeSi asaxuli gamosaxulebis nawilebs, Tumca, mxolod 18 Tvis
Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze laqa aqvT (Bertenthal &
Fischer, 1978). naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?
maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi warmatebiT asruleben laqiani cxviris tests,

18

mainc ar aqvT bolomde me-s Camoyalibebuli gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT
Camoyalibebuli drois komponentis mqone obieqturi me-s Sesaxeb idea anu
sakuTar Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, awmyosa da momavalSi uwyvetad arsebulze
fiqris unari. laqiani cxviris procedurasTan adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
me-s droSi ganfenilobis kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs (Povinelli et al., 1996). am
kvlevaSi videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperimentatori
Cumad awepebda Tmebze webovan qaRalds. zogierT bavSvs pirdapir eTerSi
aCvenebdnen

TavianT

Tavebs

webovanaTi:

maT

SeeZloT

daenaxaT

TavianTi

webovanqaRaldiani Tma im saqmianobis procesSi, riTic iyvnen dakavebulni.

danarCenebi

ki

sam

wuTiani

Sualedis

Semdeg

uyurebdnen

Canawers:

isini

naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs Tmaze webovani qaRaldiT uaxloesi warsulidan.

pirvel jgufSi bavSvebis orma mesamedma moikida Tavze xeli maSin, rodesac
meore jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxolod 4
wlis asakis Semdeg bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri
da daiWiron kavSiri Tmis webovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans, bavSvebisTvis
sakmaod

rTulia

awmyoSi

mimdinare

movlenis

Sesaxeb

daskvnebis

gakeTeba

warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi warsulis, reprezentaciebze dayrdnobiT.

gagakvirvaT

am

Sedegebma?

Tu

yofilxarT

2-3

wlis

bavSvTan

erTad,

gecodinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs. kvlevis
Sedegebi

aCvenebs,

Tu

ramdenad

realuria

bavSvebisTvis

daswavla

da,

Sesabamisad, ramdenad marTlac rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis cnobiereba.

Sejameba
cnobiereba

gadarCenaSi

gvexmareba

imiT,

rom:

amcirebs

Semomavali

stimulebis nakads; gansazRvravs, Tu romeli stimuli unda iqnes Senaxuli da

SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas.
cnobiereba, aseve, adamianis realobis pirovnul da kulturul konstruqtebs
Soris amyarebs mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs, mkvlevrebi
xSirad

qmnian

paradigmebs

cnobier

da

aracnobier

procesebs

Soris

urTierTobebis Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.

Zili da sizmrebi
TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cnobierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: _ rodesac
gadawyvetT, rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT ZilisaTvis da sanam
gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT sizmrebs.

cxovrebis mesameds ZilSi vatarebT,

19

rodesac

kunTebi

paralizebulia,

tvini

ki

sxvadasxva

aqtivobebiT

aris

dakavebuli. am nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi biologiuri ritmis ganxilviT

daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro detalurad visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos
ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul ZiriTad gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da
SevecdebiT

gavarkvioT,

Tu

ra

rols

asrulebs

sizmari

adamianis

fsiqologiaSi.
cirkaduli ritmebi
yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas.
Cveni

sxeuli sinqronizdeba

drois ciklTan, romelic cirkaduli ritmis

saxeliT aris cnobili: _ sisxlis wneva, metaboluri procesebi, gulis cemis

sixSire,

sxeulis

mixedviT

icvleba (Moore-Ede et al., 1982).

ganmavlobaSi,

temperatura

Cveulebisamebr,

da

hormonaluri

aqtivoba

Sinagani

saaTis

es aqtivobebi, umeteswilad, dRis

SuadRisiT

aRweven

cxovelqmedebis

piks

da

maqsimalurad mcirdebian RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom organizmSi

arsebuli

saaTi

yovelgvari

zustad

miniSnebebis

ar

emTxveva

gareSe,

saaTs

adamianis

kedelze:
Sinaganma

garegani
tempis

saaTis

momcemma

daamkvidra 24.18- saaTiani cikli (Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad
gvexmareba 24- saaTian

ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis sinaTlis Sesaxeb informacias

TvaliT viRebT, magram cirkaduli ritmis maregulirebeli receptori ar aris

igive,

romelic

samyaros

danaxvis

SesaZleblobas

gvaZlevs:

cxovelebi

Cxirebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix. Tavi 4) grZnoben sinaTles, rac maT

cirkaduli ritmis SenarCunebis saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis aqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT
determinirebuli mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24 an 25 saaTs
grZeldeba.
biologiur

da

garemos

saaTebs

Soris

gansvlis

gamomwvevi

cvlilebebi

moqmedebs imaze, Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT (Moore-Ede,

1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yvelaze dramatuli magaliTebi xangrZlivi
mogzaurobebis dros xdeba.

rodesac

adamianebi

gadafrindebian

sxvadasxva

drois sartyelSi, maT SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag anu daerRveT dReRamuri
ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romelsac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli
Zilianoba

da

Sedegad

Zil-RviZilis

uCveulo

ganrigi.

Jet lag

Tavs

iCens,

9 dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis
Sedegad.

20

radganac Sinagani cirkaduli ritmi vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan

(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs, rom Ramis 2 saaTia da,
Sesabamisad,
yvelaze

mravali

pasiuri

fsiqologiuri

parametris

rodesac

periodia,

mixedviT

adgilobrivi

dro

funqcionirebis
Cvengan

SuadRis

Sesabamis aqtivobas moiTxovs. Jet lag, pilotTa gansakuTrebuli problemaa,

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pilotTa mier daSvebul SecdomebSi, romelic
ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman, 1986).
ra

cvladebi

mogzaurobis

zemoqmedeben

mimarTuleba

Jet

da

lag-ze?

yvelaze

gadakveTil

mniSvnelovani

droiT

sartyelTa

cvladia
raodenoba.

aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lag-s qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken, radganac

Cveni

biologiuri

Semcirdes,

saaTi

rogorc

mdgomareobaSi

amas

ufro

iolad

SeiZleba

aRmosavleTisken

xangrZlivad

yofna

ufro

gaxangrZlivdes,

mogzauroba
advilia,

iTxovs

vidre

adre

vidre

(RviZilis
daZineba).

rodesac janmrTeli moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si da ukan, Cveuli

qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis mimarTulebiT mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx
dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca aRmosavleTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg
amas 9 dRe dasWirda (Klein & Wegmann, 1974).
Zilis cikli
cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT uZraobas eTmoba, romelsac Zils
vuwodebT. bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili, tvinis eleqtrul
aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa 1937 wels
moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic mZinare adamianis Tavis tvinis
eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg) saxiT Caweris saSualebas
iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs Zilisa da RviZilis periodebSi adamianis Tavis
tvinis

aqtivobis

cvlilebebis

obieqtur

da

mimdinare

gazomvas.

eeg-s

saSualebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba Zilis

ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur, Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs
atarebs (Loomis et al., 1937). Zilis sferoSi Semdegi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo
Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis (REM rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba, romelic
garkveuli intervalebiT periodulad iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky
& Kleitman, 1953).
Tvalebis

swrafi

mogvianebiT

periods, rodesac
moZraobis

vnaxavT,

rom

gareSe

REM

da

mZinare
Zils
NREM

adamians

ar aReniSneba

(non-REM anu
Zili

NREM)

mniSvnelovan

REM-i,

uwodeben.
funqciebs

asruleben Ramis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aqtivobisaTvis _ sizmrisaTvis.

21

axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi.

rogorc ki dasaZineblad mzadebas daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs, rom Tavis
tvinis talRebis sixSirea daaxloebiT 14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac
komfortulad movewyobiT sawolSi da movdundebiT, Tavis tvinis talRebi
Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12 cw/herci -mde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis cikli,
romlis TiToeuli faza gansxvavebul eeg-s paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg
3-dan 7 cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs. meore fazis manZilze
miRebuli eeg-s Zilis RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba wuTSi 1216

cw/hercia.

Zilis

Semdeg

or

fazaze

(faza

da

4)

gadavdivarT

relaqsirebuli Zilis Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad gvZinavs.

Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/hercamde, mcirdeba, aseve, sunTqvisa da
guliscemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs Tavis tvinis eleqtruli
aqtivoba da eeg-s Canaweri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers emsgavseba. swored am fazaze
aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT sizmars (ix. suraTi 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis
dros Cawerili eeg mRviZari adamiani Canawers hgavs, REM Zils paradoqsalur

Zilsac uwodeben).
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement REM) _ im fazis qceviTi
gamovlineba, romlis drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv
aqtivobas axorcielebs.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi,
rodesac mZinare adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba;
xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.
Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis,
daaxloebiT 90 wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s grZeldeba. Ramis
Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100 wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. suraTi 6.3).
TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 fazebisTvis) gankuTvnili dro
mcirdeba, xolo REM Zilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi ukve
TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlianobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils
eTmoba, 20-25% ki _ REM Zils.
yvelas

ar

sZinavs

erTnairi

xangrZlivobiT.

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

adamianebisaTvis arsebobs Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba, Zilis

realuri raodenoba, romelsac iRebs TiToeuli individi, cnobieri qmedebebis
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aqtiurad akontroleben Zilis
xangrZlivobas

sxvadasxva

saSualebebiT,

rogoricaa

gvian

daZineba

an

22

maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xangrZlivobas, aseve, akontrolebs cirkaduli

ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu rodis viZinebT) gavlenas axdens
Zilis xangrZlivobaze. NREM da REM Zilis adekvaturi, sakmarisi raodenobis
miReba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs
daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis
CaTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi metia albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi gatarebuli dro
uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli ritmis Zilis fazas.
Cveni

interesis

Semdgomi

sagania

Zilis

paternis

is

TvalSi

sacemi

cvlilebebi, romelsac adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix. suraTi

6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 sT-iani ZiliT viwyebT, romlis TiTqmis
naxevars REM ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxolod 6 sT eZinos
adamians da mTeli am drois mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM Zils. axalgazrdebs,
Cveulebriv, 7-8 sT sZinavs, romelSic 20% REM Zils ukavia.
ratom Zili?
adamianebsa

da

cxovelebSi

Zilis

fazebis

Tanmimdevruli

ganviTareba

gvafiqrebinebs, rom arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da biologiuri

saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 sT sZinavT
Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996). ratom sZinavT adamianebs amdeni da ra
funqciebs emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis saxeobebi?
NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba iyos Senaxva (konservacia) da

aRdgena. Zili cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi energiis dazogvis,

Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, rodesac ar aris sakvebis mopovebis, wyvilis
povnis an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti, 1976; Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974).
meore mxriv, Zili ramdenime gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs sxeuls.
Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa
da

neiromodulatorebis

saWiro

raodenoba, postsinafsur

receptorebs

ki

mgrZnobelobis optimalur doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva (Porkka-Heiskanen

et al., 1997; Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis tvinis
energiis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros (Benington & Heller, 1995).
Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis deprivacias, Semdeg Rames
CveulebrivTan SedarebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba, vinaidan REM Zilic
emsaxureba

garkveul

aucilebel

funqciebs.

mTel

rig

saintereso,

Tumca,

jerjerobiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM Zils miakuTvneben (Moffitt

et al., 1993). magaliTad, rogorc Cans, Cvilobis periodSi REM Zili pasuxs agebs

23

nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs Soris Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad

saWiro

kavSiris

funqcionalur

Camoyalibebaze.

struqturebs,

daswavlisaTvis.

Zilma,

REM

Zili

REM

romlebic
aseve,

qmnis

Tavis

aucilebelia

SeiZleba

tvinis

motoruli

garkveuli

roli

iseT

Cvevebis

Seasrulos

ganwyobilebisa da emociebis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba saWiro

iyos

mogonebebis

Senaxvisa

da

mimdinare

gamocdilebis

ukve

arsebul

mogonebebTan da ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright, 1978; Dement,

1976).

fsiqologiuri

TvalsazrisiT,

mkvlevrebi

fiqroben,

rom

REM

Zili

aucilebelia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis aRdgenisaTvis: NREM

ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma SeiZleba
Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom aucilebeli gaxdes normasTan
dabruneba REM Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994)
Zilis darRvevebi
mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia RamiT kargad daZineba. samwuxarod,
mravali adamiani itanjeba Zilis darRvevebiT, rac seriozulad moqmedebs maT
pirad cxovrebasa da samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils socialuri
Sedegebic

SeiZleba

hqondes.

adamianebi,

romelTa

samuSao

ganrigi

RamiT

gadaadgilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi erTxel mainc Tvlemen

samuSao adgilze. msoflioSi zogierTi
ubeduri

SemTxveva

yvelaze seriozuli industriuli

Cernobili,

Three Mile Island,

Bhopal-i

da

Exxon Valdez

gansacdeli _ gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda. ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi

imitom

moxda,

optimalurad

rom
ver

Zilis
Seasrula

ukmarisobis
Tavisi

gamo

funqcia.

pasuxismgebelma

personalma

vinaidan

darRvevebi

Zilis

mniSvelovania mravali studentis cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec visaubrebT. teqstis

kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mixedviT;
Sesabamisad, darRvevebis mizezic varirebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs
Soris.

insomnia
rodesac
xarisxiT,

adamianebi
isini

ukmayofiloni

insomniisgan

arian

itanjebian.

TavianTi

saTanadod

Zilis

odenobiT

daZinebaSi

an

qronikuli

warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad ver daZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi xSiri

adgomebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel gamokiTxvaSi 18 da meti wlis
mozrdilebis

58%

aRniSnavs,

rom

bolo

wlis

manZilze

yoveli

kviris

ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro xSirad ganucdia insomnia (National Sleep

24

insomnia

Foundation, 2000).

kompleqsuri

darRvevaa,

romelsac

fsiqologiuri,

garemo pirobebis da mravali biologiuri faqtori ganapirobebs (Spielman &

Glovinsky,

laboratoriul

1997).

Seswavlisas

maTi

realuri

pirobebSi

Zilis

insomniis

xarisxi

da

mqone

raodenoba

individebis
mniSvnelovnad

icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom

insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic uZilobas uCioda, realurad Zilis
sruliad normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda, Tumca, es mdgomareoba
subieqturad insomniad aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda. aseve, kuriozulia aRmoCena,
rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988).
amgvari gansvla imisa Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen
fxizeli

Zilis

interpretirebas,

magaliTad,

SeiZleba

mocemul

adamians

fxizeli Zili adrindelTan SedarebiT ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes

da ar axsovdes Rrmad rom eZina.

narkolefsia
narkolefsia

Zilis

darRvevaa,

romelic

dRis

ganmavlobaSi

perioduli

ZiliT xasiaTdeba (Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan10 kombinaciaSi iCens

Tavs,

ris

TiTqmis

Sedegadac

adamiani

daZinebisTanave

moulodnelad

gadadian REM

Zirs

ZilSi.

REM

ecema.
ZilSi

narkoleptikebi
aseTi

swrafi

gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel, mkafio

xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs. narkolefsia 2000-dan mxolod
erT

adamianTan

gvxvdeba.

vinaidan

narkolefsia

gavrcelebulia

ojaxebSi,

mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas genetikuri safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998).

surT ra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo uxerxulobisaTvis Tavis arideba,
narkolefsia xSirad uaryofiT socialur da fsiqologiur gavlenas axdens
daavadebul

individebze

(Broughton

&

Broughton,

1994).

narkoleptikisTvis

gamosavals warmoadgens Tavisi daavadebis bunebis garkveva da socialuri

mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.

Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva,
rodesac adamiani Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba, sisxlSi
mcirdeba

Jangbadis

raodenoba

da

gamomuSavdeba

damxmare

(sasignalo)

hormonebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos

sunTqva. miuxedavad imisa, rom umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba apnoes aseTi
10 katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (rogoricaa:
_ sicili, risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.

25

Ramis epizodebi, Zilis apnoeTi daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi

cikli meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi. apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs
mZinare adamians, Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea, rom igi ver
akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997). magaliTisaTvis
ganvixiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romelsac gamouvleneli Zilis
apnoes Sedegad ar SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo leqciebisa da
mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. rodesac mas meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli
qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis darRvevebis klinikas, sadac warmatebiT
imkurnala

da

gadairCina

kariera

(Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991).

sxva

analogiur SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer

meuRleebsac ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze darRveulia
Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.
Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad dabadebul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic,
romlebic

xandaxan

sunTqvis

ganaxlebisaTvis

fizikur

stimulirebas

saWiroeben. srulad Camoyalibebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT

Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi monitorze aerTeben imdeni xniT,
ramden xansac grZeldeba problemebi.

dRis Zilianoba
aSS-s Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul pacientTa umravlesoba dRis
ganmavlobaSi moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154 mozrdilidan 43%
miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,
imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom
dRis Zilianoba ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri movlenaa maTi
dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba
iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois gazrdas da motoruli da
insomnia (Insomnia) _ normalurad daZinebis qronikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi
Sedis

sirTuleebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis Semdeg CaZinebis

unaris arqona, diliT adre gaRviZeba.

narkolefsia

(Narcolepsy)

Zilis

darRveva,

romelic

xasiaTdeba

dRis

dakavSirebuli

Zilis

ganmavlobaSi daZinebis dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.

Zilis

apnoe

(Sleep apnea)

zeda

sasunTq

gzebTan

darRveva, rac aiZulebs adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.

dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) _ moWarbebuli Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis
dros; Zilis darRvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi Civili.

26

kognituri amocanebis Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul kvlevebSi

moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa TiTqmis naxevari aRniSnavda, rom
xvdebodnen avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze mets samuSaoze hqonda
ubeduri SemTxveva, zog SemTxvevaSi seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).
Zilis

deprivaciis

darRvevis

Sesaxeb

dokumenturi

filmis

Sleep Alert-is

momzadebisas fsiqologi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom arseboben adamianebi,

romlebic

zombebis

romlebic

msgavsad

aRniSnavdnen,

periodebiT.
erTxel

maasis

mainc

mosalodnelia,
Taviseburebani
Zilianobas

dadian

rom

(Maas, 1998).

muSaobis

man

periodSi

ikvlia

pilotebi,

Tvlemdnen

xanmokle

mixedviT, damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleTa

iZinebs

gakveTilze.

rodesac

individebis

xels

uSlis

xSirad

sakmaris

fiziologiuri

garkveuli

xarisxis

cxovrebis
Ramis

stili

Zils.

safuZveli

Zilianoba

an

Tumca,

aqvs

da

30%-mde
samuSaos

moWarbebul

aseT

pacientebs

samedicino daxmareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).

sizmari: gonebis Teatri
Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis rTul
samyaroSi vxvdebiT.

Tu

fizikosebisa

da

dResdReobiT

mecnieruli

sizmris

kvlevaTa

sizmrebi

erT dros

fsiqoanalitikosebis
kvlevebis

umravlesoba

interesis

erT-erTi

Zilis

mxolod

winaswarmetyvelebis,

sferos

warmoadgenda,

mniSvnelovani

laboratoriebSi

mimarTulebaa.
daiwyo,

sadac

eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis

REM da NREM Zilis periodebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom individebi ufro met
sizmrebs yvebodnen, Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa 80%-Si
NREM

Zilis

drosac

aqvs adgili

sizmrebs

- amas

mowmobs

am

periodSi

gaRviZebulTa 54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli sizmrebi

naklebad xasiaTdeba emociuri CarTulobis mqone SinaarsebiT. maTSi Warbobs
sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvirTuli dRis azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis
sizmrebis

raodenoba izrdeba/matulobs Zilis darRvevebis

SemTxvevaSi

da

janmrTel mZinare adamianTan gviani dilis saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).

imis

gamo,

rom

sizmari

aseT

mniSvnelovan

adgils

ikavebs

adamianebis

fsiqikur cxovrebaSi, faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT kiTxvamde: _

aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniSvneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi pasuxia
diax, aqvs. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs rwmena, rom ase Tu

27

ise sizmrebs mniSvnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvneloba aqvs. axla

ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebis zogierT gzas.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili
aTi an oci wlis win mcire ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda gekeTebina SuaRamis
Semdeg. saSiano davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg moswavleebsa da studentebs
unda amoerCiaT: _ televizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod,
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulma moitana intenretis arseboba da masTan erTad
24/7-iani stimulaciis uzrunvelyofa. dRisa da Ramis nebismier momentSi Cven
SegviZlia vimogzauroT an visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) internetis saSualebiT.
Cven SegviZlia vasrulebdeT Ramis vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi (aSS) da
vesaubrebodeT vinmes, vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes berlinSi, germaniaSi.
internetis

gafarToeba

SeiZleba

davaxasiaToT,

rogorc

Zilisadmi

adamianebis ambivalenturi (ormagi) _ siyvaruli-siZulvilis _ damokidebuleba.

adamianebs uyvarT Zili, radganac dasvenebulebi kargad grZnoben Tavs (xolo
roca eZinebaT _ saSinlad). rogorc vnaxavT am TavSi, Cvens sxeuls efeqturad
funqcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba. TumcaRa, adamianebs sZulT Zili, radganac
uamravi sasiamovno ram arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT dakavdnen RviZilis
mdgomareobaSi.

interneti

mniSvnelovnad

zrdis

sasiamovno

saqmianobebis

raodenobas. wignis avtorebi mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi mogzaurobis

Sewyvetas mizanimimarTulad erCiaT uZilod yofna.
mravali

mkvlevris

azriT,

internetis

qseli

24/7

arsebobas

mxolod

auaresebs. isini wlebis manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo, rom mozardebsa da

kolejis studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi drois manZilze (Dement & Vaughan, 1999;
Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998). miuxedavad imisa, rom eqspertebis Tanaxmad, nebismier
admaians esaWiroeba 8 saaTiani Zili, Zilis nacionaluri sazogadoebis mier
2000 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde
asakis adamianebSi saSualo maCvenebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am standarts.
kviris dReebis manZilze am asakis individTa Zilis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8
saaTi; dasvenebis dReebSi, kviris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8 saaTamde izrdeba.
ueWvelia,

rom

kolejis

studentTa

umravlesoba

gamocdebTan da

sakurso

naSormebis dawerasTan dakavSirebuli stresis gamo kargavs Zils (Mutphy &

Archer, 1996). Tumca, gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29 wlis asakis adamianTa 55%
daeTanxma

debulebas:

xSirad

mRviZavs

gvianobamde,

televizors, an var internetSi. Tqvenc eTanxmebiT amas?

radganac

vuyureb

28

Cven ar vcdilobT, uari gaTqmevinoT internetis moxmarebaze. Cven mxolod

gTavazobT

dakvirvebis

Sedegebs,

romlis

Tanaxmadac,

axal

teqnologiebs

xSirad uZilobis axali mizezebi sdevs Tan. uZilobas mravali seriozuli

Sedegi mohyveba: _ zogierTi maTgania dabali niSnebi, problemebi samsaxurSi da
avtosagzao
romelic

SemTxvevebi.

Zilisgan

metic,

Tavis

mecnierebs

Sekavebis

SeuZliaT

saSualebas

iseTi

mogvcems,

abebis

Tumca,

Seqmna,

veraferi

gaaqrobs Zilis saWiroebas. Tqven unda gansazRvroT, Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi

unda gadadgaT, rom XXI saukune TqvenTvisac ar iqces uZilobis saukuned.
veb gverdebi:

www.sleepfoundation.org, Zilis nacionaluri sazogadoebis gverdi.

www.stanford.edu/~dement, es gverdi Seqmnilia Zilis kvlevis pioneris uiliam

dementis mier, romelic gvTavazobs didi raodenobiT Zilis Sesaxeb ZiriTad

informaciasa da kavSirebs.

sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi

Tanamedrove

dasavlur

kulturaSi

yvelaze

cnobili

Teoria

sizmrebis

Sesaxeb zigmund froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs warmaval fsiqozsa da

yovelRameul sigiJes uwodebda. aseve is sizmrebs aracnobierisken mimaval
samefo gzad miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi fsiqoanalizis qvakuTxedad aris
warmodgenili
froidis

mis

klasikur

mixedviT,

survilebis

sizmris

simboluri

naSromSi
Sinaarsi

gamoxatulebaa.

dafaruli saxiT gveZleva, radganac

sizmrebis
Zlieri,
es

interpretacia

aracnobieri,

survilebi

sizmarSi

(1900).

gandevnili
SeniRbuli,

maT ukan iseTi akrZaluli survilebi

imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqesis mSoblisadmi seqsualuri

ltolva. sizmarSi ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs; esenia survili da cenzura
anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis anu
latenturi
latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas sizmris manifestirebul (xilul)
Sinaarsad;
Sinaarsad es ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis Sedegad im saxis sizmrad
yalibdeba,
process

romelsac

froidi

xedavs

sizmris

mZinare

muSaobas

adamiani.
uwodebs.

Sinaarsis
xiluli

damaxinjebis

Sinaarsi

am

realuri

istoriis misaRebi versiaa; faruli Sinaarsi ki socialurad an pirovnulad

miuRebeli

variantia,

Tumca,

ufro

realisturia

yovelgvari

damaxinjebis

gareSe.
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris

29

dafaruli azri.
xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis
analizSi sizmris Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic mowodebulia
sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis SesaniRbad.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi procesi,
romliTac Sinagani cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Sinaarsad
gardaqmnis.
froidis

mixedviT,

sizmris

interpretacia

ukumimarTulebiT

muSaobas

moiTxovs xiluli Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoanalitikosisaTvis,

romelic

sizmrebis

mkurnalobisaTvis
survilebs,

am

iyenebs,

romelTac

fsiqikur

pacientis

sizmrebi

survilebTan

Taviseburebebs,
warmoqmnil

analizs

naTels

SeWidul
iyenebs

problemebis

SiSebsa

pacienti

konfliqtTan

xdis
da

garkvevisa

maTi

pacientis

aracnobier

dacviTi

meqanizmebis

im

survilebsa

gasamklaveblad.

da

da

SiSebs

froids

Soris

miaCnda,

rom

sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _

calkeuli individebisTvis specifikur _ da universalur _ mravali maTgani
seqsualuri xasiaTis mqone _ mniSvnelobas atarebs:

yuTebi,

CanTebi,

skivrebi,

karadebi

da

Rumelebi,

aseve,

carieli,

CaRrmavebuli sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis transporti ganasaxierebs

saSvilosnos. sizmarSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis simboloa; Tu sizmarSi
maTSi Semavali da gamavali sxvadasxva gzac aris warmodgenili, maSin
interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs... sizamarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs
gavivliT,

bordeli

an

haremia

warmodgenili...

didad

albaTuria,

rom

yoelgvari rTuli manqanuri danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi genitaliebis

simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis)... (Freud, 1900/1965,
pp.389-391)
sizmrebis
adamianis

interpretaciis

fsiqologiis

zogad

froidiseuli
Teorias

Teoria

ukavSirebs.

sizmris
miuxedavad

simbolikas
imisa,

rom

mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am

Teoriis

damadasturebeli

empiriuli

monacemebi,

sizmrebis

fsiqologiuri

mniSvnelovnebis xazgasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis Tanamedrove

kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher & Greenberg, 1987).

sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi aradasavluri midgoma

30

dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad

sizmrebis

Sesaxeb

dawyebamde;

fsiqologiis

mraval

interpretacia

fakultetze

aradasavlur

kulturis

moxvedramde

kulturaSi

ganuyofeli

ki,

nawilia

an

Terapiis

piriqiT,

(Lewis,

1995;

sizmrebis

Tedlock,

1987).

ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba (Schlitz,

1997, p.2):

sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad, (soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi

sxdebian... isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTmaneTs. sizmrebis gaziarebis
es yoveldRiuri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis cxovrebisaTvis. maT
swamT, rom TiToeuli sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxvelisaTvis, aramed
mTeli

tomisTvis

aris

mniSvnelovani.

individualuri

gamocdileba

koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.

aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi Tavis sizmars hyveba, danarCenebi
ki TavianT interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom miaRweven SeTanxmebas,
konsensuss sizmris mniSvnelobis gagebaSi. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom individi
sizmars

mTeli

tomisTvis

xedavs,

ewinaaRmdegeba

froidis

mier

SemoTavazebul mosazrebas, rom sizmari individis aracnobierisken mimavali

samefo gzaa.
bevr

kulturaSi

miRebulia,

rom

adamianTa

garkveuli

jgufi

sizmrebis

interpretaciis gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. magaliTisTvis maias

indielebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa da
gondurasis

sxvadasxva

nawilebSi

cxovroben.

maias

Samanebis

kulturaSi

funqciaa sizmrebis interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT sub-jgufSi

Samanebs

am

romelic

rolisaTvis

SamanTa

maSin

mowodebas

irCeven,

amcnobs

rodesac

maT.

am

maT

axlad

esizmrebaT
arCeuli

RvTaeba,

Samanebidan

momdinareobs religiuri ritualebis Sesaxeb instruqciebic, romlebic maT,

Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben. miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva
religiuri figurebi floben sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis saWiro codnas,
Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebic hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris
mnaxvelebs, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi
diliT

ekiTxebian

adamianebi

Svilebs

samoqalaqo

omis

sizmrebis

Sesaxeb.

msxverplad

iqcnen

Cvens

droSi

sakuTar

maias

miwaze;

tomis

mravali

adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog barbara Tedlokis mixedviT,

sizmrebisa da xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam SeaZlebina maT, rom

31

SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winaprebTan da wminda miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen

(Tedlock,1992, p.471).
mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jgufSi, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian
sizmrebs, droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad moiazreba. froidis
Teoria

sizmris

interpretaciisas

warsulze,

bavSvobis

gamocdilebasa

da

gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari

momavlis winaswarmetyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad, eTiopiisa da
sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis (Ingessana Hills)
xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva sizmriseuli xilvebis safuZvelze
xdeba.

religiuri

adgilebis

mflobelebs

maTi

mamebi

da

sxva

winaprebi

ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da amcnoben, rom dResaswaulis gamocxadebis droa. sxva

jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad
ganpirobebul sistemebs floben. ganvixiloT centraluri braziliis kapolos
tomis indielTa interpretaciebi (Jedrej, 1995, p.104):
Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT, mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba
gvikbens, magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri.

rodesac sizmarSi qalebTan gvaqvs seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad

viTevzavebT.
rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs, an
meores esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans icocxleben. es aseve marTali
iqneba

maSinac

rodesac

gvesizmreba,

rom

tyeSi

farTo

mdinareze

gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpretaciaTagani momavlisken iyureba.
sizmris interpretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari kulturuli
tradiciis mniSvnelovani komponentia.

sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri Teoriebi

sizmrebis

interpretaciisadmi

dasavluri

Tu

aradasavluri

midgomis

amosaval wertils warmoadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs informacias,

romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri
jgufisaTvis.

es

mosazreba

eWvqveS

dgeba

biologiuri

safuZvlis

mqone

TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs REM

Zilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis tvini Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas
daubrundes NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg (Benington & heller,
1994). aris Tu ara sizmari mxolod Tavis tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi
movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan
hobsonisa da robert makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley, 1977; Hobson, 1988)

32

mier SemoTavazebuli aqtivacia-sinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT, nervuli

signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens Tavis tvinis qerqis ubnebis
stimulirebas.

es

eleqtruli

ganmuxtva

avtomaturad

xorcieldeba

daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da 30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs

aqtivobas, riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis monacvleoba. es
ganmuxtvebi

aaqtiurebs

winatvinsa

da

qerqis

mimdebare

ubnebs

da,

aqedan

gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da individis warsul gamocdilebasTan

asocirebul faqtebs. hobsonisa da makqarlis TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs
araviTari

logikuri

kavSirebi,

Sinagani

mniSvnelobebi

da

koherentuli

paternebi am eleqtruli signalebis SemTxveviT amofrqvevebs Soris.

mosazreba

imis

ewinaaRmdegeba

Sesaxeb,

sizmrebis

rom

sizmrebi

Sinaarsis

SemTxveviTi

kvlevebs

signalebis

(Domhoff, 1999).

am

Sedegia
kvlevebis

mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT moicavs mZinare

adamianis

dRis

problemebs.

magaliTisTvis

ganixsenoT

zemoT

ganxiluli

kvleva, romelSic naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro sqesis megobrebis Sesaxeb

vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs Soris ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina 9-15 wlis mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac
(Strauch & Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS daayena mosazreba
sizmrebis,
mozrdil

rogorc
asakSi

mxolod

individis

SemTxveviTi
sizmrebis

signalebis

Sinaarsebi

Sedegebis,

TiTqmis

Sesaxeb:

ucvleli

rCeba.

sizmrebis eqsperti uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, p. 207) fiqrobs, rom
mozrdilebSi

wlebisa

da

aTwleulebis

manZilze

sizmrebis

Sinaarsebis

ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic sizmars Tavis tvinis qerqis

saukeTeso reaqciad miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs tvinis Rerodan momdinare
SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier periodul dabombvas. Cven, albaT, Tavad unda
vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _ SevecadoT gaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad
CaviweroT sizmrebi da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba isini dRis sazrunavs
da ramdenad icvleba Tu ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti: drodadro mravali adamianisgan
gvsmenia, rom bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu saintereso axali
ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT mxolod ramdenime
magaliTs: _ frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom benzinis qimiuri struqtura
sizmarSi

naxa:

gvelismagvarma

molukulurma

jaWvma

uecrad

piri

Caavlo

sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma,
romelTac wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom

33

daesrulebina sakeravi manqanis gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, rogorebic

iyvnen mocarti da Sumani, aRniSnavdnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi
sizmrebSi mosdiodaT.

Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols
aRar

eqvemdebareba,

umravlesobisaTvis
Semdgar

maSin
Ramis

SerCevaSi,

Tqven

Ramis

koSmarebi

romlebic

koSmari

SedarebiT

iwerdnen

dagsizmrebiaT.

iSviaTia.

sizmrebs,

220

adamianTa

studentisgan

yoveldRiurad

Ramis

koSmarebis saSualo sixSire (orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daaxloebiT

24

erTi

wlis

manZilze

(Wood & Bootzin, 1990).

Tumca,

zogierTi

adamiani

gacilebiT xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi,
magaliTad,

ufro

metia

Ramis

koSmarebis

gamovlenis

albaToba,

vidre

mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa, adamianebs, romelTac iseTi travmuli

gamocdileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an omi, SesaZloa ganmeorebadi
koSmarebi hqondeT, rac maT gadatanili travmuli movlenis zogierTi aspeqtis
gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi
miwisZvra hqondaT gadatanili, orjer meti iyo Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis
albaToba, vidre sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac ar hqondaT
aseTi gamocdileba. amasTan, cxadia, rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris
damangrevel Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).
Ramis

koSmarebi

SeiZleba

ganvixiloT

Zilis,

rogorc

cnobierebis

yoveldRiuri cvililebis, zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im garemoebebze,

romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs yoveldRiuri gamocidilebis
farglebis miRma gasvlas.
Sejameba
cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri saaTis muSaobas. Tavis tvinis
aqtivobis paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis manZilze, rasac Tan
axlavs dilasTan miaxloebul yovel axal ciklSi REM Zilis procentuli
momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis klebis sapirispirod). adamianisTvis sakmarisi
Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis
mixedviT

icvleba.

milionobiT

Zili

adamiani

emsaxureba

itanjeba

Zilis

Senaxvisa
iseTi

da

aRdgenis

darRvevebisgan,

funqciebs.
rogorebicaa

insomnia, narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da dRis Zilianoba. mraval kulturaSi

swamT sizmris Sinaarsis mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis yvelaze
cnobili

dasavluri

Teoria

zigmund

froids

ekuTvnis.

sizmrebis

34

interpretacia
miRebulia,

Zalze

rom

informaciis

gavrcelebulia

sizmris

matarebelia.

aradasavlur

simboloebi
zogierTi

misi

kulturebSi,

mnaxvelis

fiziologi

momavlis

mkvlevari

sadac
Sesaxeb

fiqrobs,

rom

sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram

am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis
koSmarebs gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.
cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi
nebismier

kulturaSi

Cveulebrivi

adamianebs

cvlilebebi.

SesaZlebeli

xdeba

cnobierebis

nacnobi

mdgomareobebSi

rogoricaa,

akmayofilebT

ganaviTares

cnobierebis

Secvlil

individualuria,

maT

ar

garkveuli

cnobierebis

teqnikebi,

mdgomareobebis

gadasvla.

magaliTad,

fxizeli

miRma

zogierTi

rekreaciuli

romliTac
gasvla

aseTi

da

praqtika

preparatebis

miReba;

zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens cnobieri

gamocdilebis

Cveuli

sazRvrebidan

gasvlis

jgufur

mcdelobas.

Cven

mimovixilavT iseT sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis Secvlili

mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedurebiT miiRweva.
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
aris

Tu

rodesac

ara

SesaZlebeli,

vxedavT

sizmars?

rom

vacnobierebdeT,

dakvirvebadi

rom

sizmrebis

sizmars

Teoriis

vxedavT,
momxreebi

gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris xedvis procesSi swavlebadi

da regularuli praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria, romelic mZinare adamians
sizmris mimarTulebis kontrolis saSualebas aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge, 1988;
LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).
saidan viciT
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli realoba
stefan labergma da misma kolegebma ganaviTares meTodologia, romelic
dakvirvebadi

sizmrebis

realobis

gadamowmebis

saSualebas

iZleva.

demonstracia eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac aCvena, rom REM Zilis

zogierTi Tvalebis moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare adamianis mzeris moxsenebul
mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi sizmrebis
gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs, rom ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri
(gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini

35

gaacnobierebdnen,
signalebi

rom

Cndeboda

demonstrireba

sizmars
Zilis

REM

imisa,

xedavdnen.

rom

dagegmili

deteqtoris

eqsperimentis

Tvalebis

CanawerebSi

monawileni

da

moZraobis

amiT

marTlac

xdeboda

dakvirvebad

sizmrebs xedavdnen REM Zilis periodSi (LaBerge et al., 1981).

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali meTodi arsebobs. magaliTad,

dakvirvebadi

sizmrebis

zogierT

kvlevaSi

mZinare

adamianebs

ukeTeben

specialur saTvales, romelSic REM Zilis dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle

inTeba.

cdis

dawyebamde

monawileebma

iswavles,

rom

wiTeli

sinaTlis

gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron, rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).
acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave, isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT TavianTi
sizmrebis

gakontroleba,

maTi

Sinaarsebis

warmarTva

pirovnuli

miznebis

Sesabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis Sesabamisad sizmris dasruleba.

dakvirvebadi sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu mZinare adamians
sjera,

rom

gamomwvev

SesaZlebelia

teqnikas

aseTi

sizmrebi

da

(LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990).

regularulad

iseTi

mkvlevari,

iyenebs

maT

rogoricaa,

magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs, rom sizmrebis arakontrolirebad

movlenebze

kontrolis

TviTdarwmunebulobis

ganmtkiceba
xarisxs

jansaRi

da

qcevaa,

axdens

radganac

es

individisaTvis

zrdis

dadebiTi

gamocdilebis generirebas. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti, romelic sizmrebis

analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT gagebis mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba
aseT

procedurebs,

radgan

es

procedurebi

arRvevs

sizmris

bunebriv

mimdinareobas.
hipnozi
sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs
mis

nebayoflobiT

mosazreba

Tu

hipnozis

uneblie

Sesaxeb?

ra

monawileebze.
aris

hipnozi,

ramdenad
ra

marTebulia

mniSvnelovani

es

niSnebiT

xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba?

termini hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi Zilis RmerTis saxelidan,
momdinareobs.

Tumca,

Zili

aranairad

ar

monawileobs

hipnozSi,

Tu

ar

CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaqsirebuli adamianebi garegnulad

Zilis magvar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. (Tu adamians marTlac sZinavs, maSin is

36

ar

reagirebs

hipnozze).

ufro

zustad

Tu

ganvsazRvravT,

hipnozi

aris

cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis

gansakuTrebuli unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba, rasac Tan axlavs
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi (Orne,
1980).

imyofebian

ra

hipnotur

mdgomareobaSi,

monawileebi

momatebuli

STagonebadobiT xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT _ isini xSirad

grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovelgvari ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis
gareSe xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968).
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris
xedvis procesis cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic iZleva sizmris
mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis kontrolis saSualebas.
hipnozi (Hypnosis) _ cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba
Rrma

modunebiT

(relaqsaciiT),

STagonebisadmi

mimReblobiT

da

aRqmis,

mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviT-kontrolis cvlilebebiT.

mkvlevrebi

xSirad

ver

aRweven

Tanxmobas

hipnozis

dros

moqmedi

fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998). zogierTi adreuli
Teoriis

mixedviT,

hipnozis

zemoqmedebis

qveS

myofi

individebi

transis

mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis

mdgomareobisgan. sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva araferia, Tu ara
momatebuli motivacia. arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi socialuri
roluri

TamaSis

nairsaxeoba,

placebo

reaqciis

saxeobaa

hipnotizioris

mowonebis dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma gamoricxes

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar cvlilebebs
iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vinaidan individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec
SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi paternebis
ganxorcieleba, naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an placebo procesebis
garda

sxva

damatebiTi

efeqtebic

gaaCnia.

hipnoturi

stimulaciisa

da

hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis zogierT efeqts.

hipnoturi stimulacia da hipnobiluroba

hipnozi

hipnoturi

stimulaciiT

(hypnotic

induction)

iwyeba.

es

aris

mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs garegani

gamRizianeblebi

da

monawileebs

amaxvilebinebs

yuradRebas

gansakuTrebul

mdgomareobaSi

da

mxolod
STaagonebs,

gadasasvlelad

SeTavazebul

stimulebze

rom

cnobierebis

isini

emzadebian.

mosamzadebeli

37

aqtivobebi gulisxmobs garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an movlenebisa

da

reaqciebis

vizualizacias.

ganmeorebadi

praqtikis

SemTxvevaSi

mosamzadebeli procedurebi daswavlili signalis funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad,

monawileebi swrafad gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis tipuri
procedurebi
zogierTi

moicavs

Rrma

adamiani iseTi

relaqsaciis

mdgomareobis

aqtiuri, qmediTi

SeTavazebas,

stimulaciiTac

Tumca

hipnotizirdeba,

rogoricaa velosipediT siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).

hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) _ aCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT eqvemdebareba
mocemuli individi standartul hipnotur STagonebas.
hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala
hipnotiziorisgan momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTaderTi umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria

monawilis

unari

Tu

niWi

imisa,

rom

hipnozs

daeqvemdebaros.

hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi

reaqciebis

gancdis

gansxvavebaTa

farTo

standartul
speqtri,

instruqciebs.

STagonebadobis

arsebobs

sruli

individualur

arqonidan

totalur

STagonebadobamde.
suraTi

6.5

gviCvenebs

kolejis

studentTa

procentul

ganawilebas

hipnobilurobis xarisxis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares hipnoturi

stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am skalaze maRali an Zalian maRali
maCvenebeli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori iZleoda posthipnotur
instruqciaTa serias, romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda. rodesac
hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda,
Zalze hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi
instruqciis SemTxvevaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli mwerisaTvis.
aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul individebs ar SeeZloT ara-s niSnad Tavis
gaqneva, Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar SeeZloT amis gakeTeba.
hipnobilurobis dabali maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar avlendnen
msgavs reaqciebs.
hipnobiluroba

SedarebiT

stabiluri

maxasiaTebelia.

mozrdilebSi

es

maCvenebeli, faqtobrivad, ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva

dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros (Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis
testirebaSi
Cautarda

ganmeorebiTi

korelirebda
bavSvebi

monawile

50

cdis

pirs

testireba

(qalebi

da

da

miRebuli

kacebi)

25

Sedegebi

wlis

Semdeg

mniSvnelovnad

(koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989).

ufro

STagonebadni

arian,

vidre

mozrdilebi;

hipnoturi

38

STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozardobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba.

arsebobs garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis genetikuri determinantebis
Sesaxeb., kerZod, identuri tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs,
vidre

araidenturi

hipnobiluroba

tyupebis

SedarebiT

(Morgan et al., 1970).

stabiluria,

is

ar

miuxedavad

korelirebs

imisa,

rom

erT

iseT

arc

pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mimndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm &

metic,

Shor, 1979; Kirch & Lynn, 1995).

mdgomareobaSi

hipnobiluroba

moiazrebs

hipnotur

mTlianad CarTvis unikalur kognitur unars.

hipnozis efeqtebi
hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris aRwerisas saubari gvqonda
zogierT

standartul

efeqtze:

hipnoturi

zemoqmedebis

qveS

hipnozis
individebi

reagireben motoruli SesaZleblobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen)

da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb
miTiTebebze.

Tumca,

gansakuTrebuli

rogor

unda

SesaZleblobebidan

davrwmundeT,
momdinareobs

rom
da

es

qcevebi

ar

aris

hipnozis
monawilis

Zlieri survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mowoneba? am mniSvnelovan

kiTxvaze

pasuxis

gasacemad

mkvlevrebi

xSirad

atareben

eqsperimentebs,

romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben namdvilad hipnotizirebul

individebsa da simuliantebs.

39

saidan viciT
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna
hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli
eqsperimentatoris

instruqciis

Tanaxmad,

maT

unda

moetyuebinaT

meore

eqsperimentatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom marTlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis

Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis
Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romelSic
cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).

isini, visac erT jerze metad waredgina toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur
mdgomareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris
intensivobas.

Tqven,

dabrundebiT

da

albaT,

amitom

am

Zalze

bolo
mcire

cdaze
bgeras

isev

hipnotur

gaigonebT.

mdgomareobaSi

savaraudoa,

rom

is

saerTodac ver gaigonoT.

Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimentatoris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad individis
moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simulianti
monawileebi msgavsad unda asrulebdnen moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar xdeba.
namdvilad hipnotizirebuli individebi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRweren: isini
TavianT realur gamocdilebasTan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian, vidre imas,
Tu risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996)
am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT,
realuri

hipnozi

konkretulad

iyo.

ra

aseTi

tipis

damoukidebeli

eqsperimentebidan
wvlili

Seaqvs

naTeli

xdeba,

hipnozs

Tu

adamianis

gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis
unaria (hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari ganWvretiTa da SiSiT
aZlierebs tkivilis stimulebs; am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba hipnoziT
aris

SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999).

STagonebiT

miiRweva:

plastikatisgan

sxeulis

gakeTebulad)

tkivilis

kontroli sxvadasxva

mtkivneuli
an

mTliani

nawilis

hipnoturi

araorganulad

sxeulisgan

(xis

an

gancalkevebulad

warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad

damaxinjeba. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac
yvela azri da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan (Hargadon et al., 1995).
hipnozi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, romelTanac

40

SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miRweva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis

dros

da

simsivniani

pacientebisTvis,

romlebic

daavadebasTan

da

mis

mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebul tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviT-hipnozi

(autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients
tkivilis gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba. erT-erT kvlevaSi
ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT
akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili orjer naklebi iyo, vidre
sakontrolo jgufSi (Spiegel et al., 1989).
mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi
scildeba

monawileTa

eqsperimentatoris

an

Tavad

maTi

molodinebis

Sesabamisad moqcevis survils. Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan

tkivilis

Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqturad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis

Semamcirebeli sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993).

saidan viciT
hipnozi amcirebs tkivils
moxaliseebs
tkivilis

Camouyalibes

amtanoba

kunTebis

eqsperimentTa

autaneli
sam

tkivili.

seriaSi

individebis

izomeboda:

(1)

mier
Zalze

mamotivirebeli instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis gamowveviT da (3)

placebo kafsulis gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZleodaT, rogorc
tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da (2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im efeqtis
Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda, romelic cdis piris mier

instruqciaTa

kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damoukideblad miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs

Soris

gansxvaveba

imis

demonstrirebis

saSualebas

iZleoda,

rom

hipnozi

placebo efeqtze metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda testirebas, ar

icoda

Tu

romel

cdis

pirebs

hqondaT

miRebuli

placebo

kafsula

da

arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24
cdis piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed

hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen

naxevars ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilurobis skalaze.

placebo abebi mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebda tkivils yvela monawilesTan,
miuxedavad motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxisagan damoukideblad. amasTan,
hipnozis

molodini

tkivilis

Sesamcireblad,

aseve,

yvela

monawilesTan

41

iZleoda mniSvnelovan efeqts placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca, Zalze

hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis
periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre naklebad hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva
nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan
et al., 1978).
dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb: _ hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs
hipnotizioris gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan; es mxolod im
pirovnebis

an

pirovnebaTa

hipnobilurobis

Sedegia,

romelic

hipnoturi

zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis

dakargvas; faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba individs kontrolis
gavarjiSebis
SeiZleba

axali

gzebis daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _

mwvrTnels

SevadaroT,

romelic

wvrTnis

hipnotiziori

subieqts,

romelic

axorcielebs qcevas. es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac vuyurebT

scenaze

gaTamaSebul

sanaxaobas,

sadac

adamianebi

ucnaur

qmedebebs

axorcieleben hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipnotiziori imiT qmnis

cocxal sanaxaobas, rom egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebs
sxvebis

TandaswrebiT

umravlesoba
hipnozi

arasodes

warmoadgens

iseT
ar

qcevebs

gaakeTebda.

teqnikas,

axorcielebinebs,

rasac

mkvlevrebisa

TerapevtebisaTvis

romliTac

da

SesaZlebelia

adamianTa
cnobierebis

SesaZleblobebis gamokvleva da modificireba.

meditacia
aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradiciuli fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba
muSaobs

cnobierebis

gamocalkevebaze

yoveldRiuri,

aqtualuri

safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben mentalur da spiritualur me-ze Sinagani

fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens cnobierebis Secvlis formas,
romelic

mowodebulia

Rrma

simSvidis

mdgomareobis

miRwevis

saSualebiT

sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis

gaRrmavebisTvis.

meditaciis

dros

pirovneba

SeiZleba

fokusirdebodes

da

iwesrigebdes sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas pozebi), minimumamde

dahyavdes

garegani

stimulacia,

axdendes

specifikuri

mentaluri

xatebis

generirebas an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari azrisagan.

meditacia (Meditation) _ cnobierebis Secvlis forma, romelic mowodebulia
TviTcnobierebis Semcirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da

42

TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
halucinacia

(Hallucinations)

mcdari

aRqma,

romelic

Cndeba

obieqturi

gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi.

garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa
TvalsazrisiT,

TiTqmis

TvaldaxuWul

ar

modunebul

arsebobs

fsiqologiuri

mdgomareobasa

da

sxvaoba

meditaciis

normalur
konkretul

procedurebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom

meditaciis

realuri

sifxizle

anu

fiziologia

minimaluri

SeiZleba

sxeulebrivi

daxasiaTdes,

aRgznebis,

rogorc

magram

mSvidi

maqsimaluri

cnobierebis mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell, 1986). amrigad,

meditacia,

sul

mcire,

Seamcirebs

SfoTvas,

gansakuTrebiT

maTTan,

visac

stresul garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al., 1999; Shapiro et al., 1998).
Tumca, meditaciuri praqtikis mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis droebiTi
daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT
praqtikas regularuli xasiaTi aqvs,

meditaciis zogierT formas xelewifeba

cnobierebis gaZliereba, gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT, rom

individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs
aRqmisa da azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas avtomaturi, kargad
daswavlili

paternebis

akrZalvebisgan.

zogierTi

mkvlevari

fiqrobs,

rom

meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs gonebis farglebs dasavluri

fsiqologiis mier aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad SesaZlebelia
gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix. Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al., 1991)
maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh)
(1991) gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva, ubralod davakvirdeT Cvens
irgvliv

arsebul

garemos

da

davgegmoT

yoveldRiuri

moqmedebebi,

rac

fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval gzaze dagvayenebs.

halucinaciebi
uCveulo

pirobebSi

SesaZloa

adgili

hqondes

cnobierebis

damaxinjebas,

rodesac individi xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/obieqturad ar

aris mocemuli. halucinacia aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris individis Secvlili realobis
mentaluri konstruqcia. halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba iluziebisgan, romelic
realuri

stimulis

perceptuli

damaxinjebaa.

ganvixiloT

suraTi

6.6.

am

naxatze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs, Tumca, is realurad ar

43

aris gamosaxuli, Tumca, am faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,

rogorc

avxseniT

mexuTe

TavSi,

samkuTxedi

Cvens

mier

samyaros

aRqmis

normaluri procesebis Sedegad Cndeba. Cven ver gavaqrobT am iluzorul

samkuTxeds

imiT,

gansxvavebiT,

Tu

gavixsenebT,

halucinaciebi

rom

is

ar

individualuri

aris

realuri.

gamocdilebaa,

iluziisgan

romelsac

ar

iziareben igive situaciaSi moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halucinacia

xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis
swrafad

dafiqsirebas

halucinaciuli
individebi

gancda

ver

SeZlebs
savaraudod

axerxeben

realobasTan
dasruldeba.

halucinaciebis

misi
Tumca,

realurobis

dapirispirebiT,
zog

SemTxvevebSi

daZlevas

da

es

halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992).

halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis
mdgomareoba an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba. isini maSinac Cndeba,
rodesac

tvini

uCveulo,

iSviaTi

gamRizianeblis

zemoqmedebas

ganicdis,

magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime

gonebrivi aSlilobis mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben Sinagan
mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos.
xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa
LSD da peioti, da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze uaris Tqmas mwvave
alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi (aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben, DTs).
am

qimiurad

gamowveuli

halucinaciebis

arsebobas

tvinze

nivTierebaTa

pirdapiri zemoqmedeba uwyobs xels.

zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi halucinaciebi sasurveli da
mniSvnelovani

movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi mistikur

xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss

aniWebs. amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara
kontaqtis

erTi

da

igive

mkafio

aRqma

SeiZleba

ganixilebodes,

rogorc

sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad

aseTi gonebrivi

statusis

Sefaseba Tanabrad

aris damokidebuli

rogorc

damkvirveblis Sefasebaze, ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze.

religiuri eqstazi
meditacia,
gamocdilebis
(1902)

locva,

marxva

da

spiritualuri

komunikacia

gaZlierebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba.

religiuri

gamocdileba

warmoadgens

religiuri

uiliam jemsisaTvis

unikalur

fsiqologiur

44

gamocdilebas,

romelic

xasiaTdeba

movlenebis

erTaderTobisa

da

dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realurobisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, da

komunikaciis
gamocdilebis

unaris

arqoniT,

xasiaTiT.

sxva

mravali

sityvebiT

adamianisaTvis

rom

vTqvaT,

religiuri

mTliani

gamocdileba

namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawils.

TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis
religiur gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamocdileba. maTi rwmenebi
da qcevebi cnobierebis unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT ganakuTrebuli
qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani
gvelebi da cecli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis
mosamzadeblad

usmenen

yuradRebis mimzidvel

grZel

qadagebebs

da

monawileoben

xmamaRal,

simRerebsa da velur trialsa da cekvebSi:

enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben

da irxevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Sinaarss moklebuli xelovnurad
Seqmnili ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur axal enaze metyvelebaze gadadian...
maTi xelebi erTmniSvnelovnad civia, ceclis xelSi daWeris Semdegac ki. es

situacia SesaZloa Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi arsebuli

transuli mdgomareobebis kvlevebis monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT,
TiTqmis

sensoruli

mkvlevrebs

amneziiTac

gvelebisa

da

SeiZleba

cecxlis

aixsnas,

xelSi

mWerTa

ris

sailustraciod

magaliTebi

mohyavT

(Watterlond, 1983, pp.53, 55)

gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam
aCvena, rom isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli adamianebi arian,
romelebic jgufSi yofniT Zlier fsiqologiur da socialuri mxardaWeras
iReben. sulis momaswaveblebis ritualSi monawileoba maTTvis personaluri
jildos

tolfasia,

romelsac

maTi

cxovrebis

verc

erTi

aspeqti

ver

gautoldeba (Watterlond, 1983).

cnobierebis
cnobierebis cvlilebis gamomwvevi nivTierebebi
adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis
aRqmis Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri monacemebi, rom

aSS-is samxreT-

dasavleTsa da meqsikaSi 10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen Rrma Zilis

marcvlebs (sophora seed) anu meskalis11 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi
azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da

11

erTgvari narkotiki.

45

samxreT amerikis mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda Teonanaqtalis,

fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva, romelic RmerTebis sxeulis saxeliTac aris
cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel halucinaciebs iwvevs.
dasavlur

kulturebSi

asocirdeba,

vidre

narkotikebi

jgufur

garTobasTan,

sakralur

dasvenebasTan

ritualebTan.

adamianebi

ufro
mTel

msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen, gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi

aaridon

arsebuli

realobis

usiamovnebebs,

komfortulad

igrZnon

Tavi

socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as

welze

meti

xnis

win

uiliam

jemsi

romlis

citirebac

Cven

ukve

ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis

aRwerda

cnobierebis

Semcvlel

nivTierebebze

mis

mier

Catarebul

eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom am

mdgomareobis

umniSvnelovanesi

momentia

Zlieri

metafizikuri

iluminaciis

moWarbebuli aRmagznebeli SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis uxilavi movlenebis

siRrmeSia

da

amavdroulad

Riaa

dakvirvebisaTvis.

goneba

myisierad

da

TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis

analogi

ar

normaluri
cnobierebis

moiZebneba
cnobierebis

normalur

cnobierebaSi;

funqcionirebasTan

Seswavlisadmi

jemsis

interesi

ver

(James,

gavavlebT
1882,

cnobierebis

p.186).

paralels
amgvarad,

TviT-gamowveuli

Secvlili mdgomareobis kvlevamde gafarTovda.

cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos
haqslis (Aldos Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ aRqmis karibWis gamoqveynebis Semdeg
daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobierebaze meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis
gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis
Sedegebis mixedviT, romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxloebiT 25 500
moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is moqalaqeTa 6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli
erTi wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti akrZaluli nivTiereba
(Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration _ SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire
gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi: 16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4%
da

18-20

wlis

mozardebis

19,9%

aRniSnavda

narkotikebis

romelime

tipis

moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7% gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

xandaxan iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki _ eweoda sigarets. es monacemebi xsnis
imas, Tu ratom dgas aucileblobiT mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotikebis
gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.

damokidebuleba da miCveva

46

fsiqoaqtiuri
fsiqoaqtiuri
droebiTi

nivTierebebi

SecvliT

qimiuri

zegavlenas

naerTebia,

axdens

romelic

mentalur

cnobieri

procesebsa

da

aRqmis
qcevaze.

xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis

blokirebas

an

stimulirebas

sakomunikacio

sistemas,

ganwyobilebasa

da

axdenen.

amiT

zemoqmedeben

qcevaze.

safuZvlianad

aRqmaze,

mocemuli

cvlian

mexsierebaze,

nivTierebebis

tvinis
guneba-

gaxangrZlivebuli

gamoyenebis Sedegad viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis misaRwevad

ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur
safuZvelze VII TavSi visaubrebT). tolerantobas Tan sdevs fiziologiuri
damokidebuleba,
damokidebuleba procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da damokidebuli
xdeba

mocemul

nivTierebaze,

nawilobriv

imitom,

rom

narkotikis

xSiri

arsebobiT, SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotransmiterebi. tolerantobisa da

damokidebulobis

tragikuli

Sedegia

miCveva.
miCveva

adamians,

romelic

miCveulia

mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar

aris damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali, oflianoba, gulisreva da
alkoholis ar arsebobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itanjeba.

fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) _ qimiuri naerTebi, romelic

cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa
da qcevaze.

tolerantoba
tolerantoba

(Tolerance)

situacia,

romelic

nivTierebis

xangrZlivi

gamoyenebis Sedegad iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs ufro

da ufri meti doza sWirdeba.

fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological dependence) _ procesi, rodesac

organizmi eCveva da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze

miCveva (Addiction) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi iTxovs narkotiks, raTa

funqcionireba SeZlos, mis aryofnaze yovelgvari fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas.

fsiqologiuri

damokidebuleba

(Psychological

dependence)

narkotikis

fsiqologiuri saWiroeba an survili.

Tu

individi

mocemuli

nivTierebis

gamoyenebas

imdenad

sasurvelad

da

sasiamovnod miiCnevs, rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis an

miCvevis

gareSe),

fsiqologiuri

mdgomareobas

damokidebuleba

fsiqologiur
SeiZleba

damokidebulebas

nebismieri

uwodeben.

nivTierebis

mimarT

ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebulebis Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili

47

imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis irgvliv, rom izRudeba an mcirdeba

misi funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, narkotikis miRebis yovedRiuri
Cvevis

SesanarCuneblad

nivTierebaze

da

danaxarjebis

damokidebul

prostituciisken

an

individs

narkotikebiT

dasafarad

xSirad

qurdobisken,

vaWrobisken.

ubiZgebs

yaCaRobisken,

dResdReobiT

narkotikebze

miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze momakvdinebeli safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis

Tanaziari

moxmarebis

narkotikebis

Sedegad

momxmareblebma

SidsiT
sruliad

daavadebis

saSiSroeba;

gauazreblad

intravenuri

SeiZleba

gauziaron

organizmis siTxeebi imaTac visac es momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT.

mozardebi

emociuri

stresorebTan

stresebisgan

Tavis

daRwevisa

gasamklaveblad akrZaluli nivTierebebis

da

yoveldRiur

gamoyenebis

Semdeg

xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itanjebian.

fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa
nivTierebaTa saxeebi
gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me16-e

TavSi

sxva

tipis

fsiqoaqtiur

nivTierebebze

visaubrebT,

romlebic

fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu

rogor aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi maTTvis damaxasiaTebel
fiziologiur da fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT nivTierebebis
borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul da socialur Sedegebs.
saidan viciT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegebi
mozardebis

mier

narkotikebis

moxmarebis

rvawliani

kvleva

1976

wels

daiwyo. gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavrebeli klasis 1634 moswavle los

anjelesidan. sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi

Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT

Soris 10%-ze naklebi regularulad an qronikulad moixmarda narkotikebs,

10%-ze naklebs ki saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi Sexeba. miRebuli
Sedegebis dayofa oTx jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb & Bentler, 1988; Stacy et
al., 1991):

narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da

socialur
potencials,

adaptaciaze,
zrdida

arRvevda

kriminals

urTierTobebs,

Zaladobis

gareSe

amcirebda

swavlis

da

uwyobda

xels

dezorganizebul azrovnebas.

Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida

48

suiciduri da TviT-damangreveli azrebis sixSires da amcirebda socialur

mxardaWeras, riTac xels uwyobda martoobas.

nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis

Sesatyvisad. ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida konfrontacias da asustebda

axlo urTierTobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri janmrTelobisaTvis
yvelaze damangrevel efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis kombinacia
iZleoda.

moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan, romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols

da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRiniSneboda momatebuli socialuri

integracia da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT
ukeTesad adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen.
cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic

halucinogenebis an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris cnobili. es nivTierebebi

cvlis rogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas. rogorc
dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da me-sa da
arame-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia

meskalini (miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba sokosgan) da LSD da PCP

(sinTezirdeba

laboratoriebSi).

PCP,

angelozis

anu

mtveri,

iwvevs

gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians

ekargeba

tkivilis

gamocalkevebulad
tvinSi

specifikur

SegrZneba,
grZnobs

ibneva
Tavs.

da

garSemo

arsebuli

halucinogenuri

receptorul

ubnebze,

qimiur

sinamdvilisgan

nivTierebebi

moqmedeben

neirotransmiterze

serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek, 1993).

kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea. misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC,

romelic

napovnia

rogorc

haSiSsa

(mcenaris

dafxvnili

fisi)

da,

aseve,

marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT

gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs
msubuq, sasiamovno gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv halucinogenur
reaqciebs. regularuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad
yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan
gasvlis

gancdebi.

Tumca,

konteqstidan

gamomdinare,

SesaZloa

negatiur

efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis

manZilze icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri qimiuri naerTebi,
Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri

49

receptorebi hipokampSi anu mexsierebaze pasuxismgebel Tavis tvinis ubnebSia

ganlagebuli. mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad aRmoCenili

anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri, romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive

receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). amitomac aRweven kanafinoidebi
cnobierebis Semcvlel efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli
nivTierebisadmi)

mgrZnobiare

tvinis

ubnebze.

garda

amisa,

aRmoaCines, rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic

tvinis

mier

anandamidis

moxmarebaze

mecnierebma

gavlenas axdens

(di Tomaso et al., 1996)!

Sokoladis

molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri receptorebi an zemoqmedeba

moaxdinos nervuli reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aRmoCenili
TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro
xSirad undebaT rZis Sokoladi da Savi Sokoladi.

opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini, Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa

da

gamRizianeblebze

Tavdapirveli
sxeulebrivi

efeqtia

sapasuxo

reaqciebs.

siamovnebaSi

moTxovnebis

heroinis

gadaSveba

gacnobierebis

intravenuri

yvela

adgils eiforiis

miRebis

safiqralisa
grZnoba

da

ikavebs.

heroinis moxmareba xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. III TavSi aRvniSneT, rom tvini
Seicavs

endorfinebs

(endogenur

morfinebs),

romelic

mZlavr

zegavlenas

axdens guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis gancdaze. opiumisa da

morfinis msgavsi narkotikebi tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs akavebs (Harrison
et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad, opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna)
imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs, rom isini Seicaven iseT
aqtiur
msgavsi

komponentebs,
qimiuri

xelovnulad

romelic

TvisebebiT

stimulirdeba

tvinSi

bunebrivad

xasiaTdeba.
cnobierebis

arsebuli

nivTierebebis

nervuli

receptorebi

rodesac
Semcvleli

nivTierebebiT,

tvins

kargavs faqiz balanss.

cxrili 6.1.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da damokidebuleba

dasaxeleba

samedicino
gamoyeneba

efeqtis
xangrZlivoba
(saaTebSi)

damokidebuleba
fsiqologiuri fiziologiuri

opiatebi
(narkotikebi)
morfini

tkivilgamayuCabeli

3-6

maRali

maRali

heroini

kvlevis procesSi

3-6

maRali

maRali

50

kodeini

tkivilgamayuCebeli,
xvelis aRmkveTi

3-6

zomieri

zomieri

ara

8-12

ara

ar aris

haluciogeni
LSD

cnobili

PCP
(penciklidini)
meskalini

veterinaruli

varirebs

anesTetiki
ara

ar aris
cnobili

8-12

ara

(peioti)
fsilocibini
kanafi
(marixuana)

maRali

ar aris
cnobili

ara

4-6

ar aris

ar aris

cnobili

cnobili

msubuqad

ar aris

zomieri

cnobili

zomierad

zomierad

maRali

maRali

msubuqad

msubuqad

zomieri

zomieri

zomieri

zomieri

qimioTerapiis
Tanmxlebi
gulisrevis
aRmkveTi

2-4

sedatiuri, Zilis
wamali,
anesTetiki,
antikonvulsanti

1-16

SfoTvis
Semamcirebeli,
sedatiuri, Zilis
wamali,
antikonvulsanti
antiseptiki

4-8

hiperkinezia,
narkolefsia, wonis
kontroli
ara

2-4

maRali

maRali

1-2

maRali

maRali

nikotinis saReWi
rezini
mowevisTvis Tavis
dasanebeblad

varirebs

msubuqad

zomierad

maRali

maRali

ar aris

zomieri

depresantebi
barbituratebi
(magaliTad,
seqonali)
benzodiazepini
(magaliTad,
vali
umi)
alkoholi

1-5

stimulatorebi
amfetamini

kokaini

nikotini

kofeini

wonis kontroli,
stimulanti mwvave

4-5

51

respiratoruli
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki

depresantebSi

barbituratebi

Sedis

alkoholi.

am

daTrgunva

(Seneleba)

cnobili

nivTierebebs

da,

axasiaTebT

centralur

gansakuTrebiT

gonebrivi

nervul

da

sistemaSi

AaRsaniSnavia,

fizikuri

aqtivobis

nervuli

impulsebis

gadacemis Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresantebis moqmedebis efeqti,

nawilobriv, miiRweva sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis SewyobiT,
sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotrasmiteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995).
GABA xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis funqcias asrulebs, riTac
aixsneba depresantebis Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze saxifaTo
SeiZleba

iyos.

15-wlian

kvlevaSi

gamovlinda,

rom

narkotikebis

dozis

gadametebis SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbituratebze modioda (Howard,

1984). yvelaze xSirad daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi,
mniSvnelovanwilad

xasiaTdeba

miCvevis

ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobiT

(Miller,

1999).
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod
gamoiyeneboda

uxsovari

droidan.

misi

gavlenis

qveS

myofi

adamianebi

sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megobrulebi da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi maTgani

agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi
iZireba. mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad rogor moqmedebs
alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic
zemoqmedebs

GABA-s

alkoholma

SeiZleba

aqtivobaze

(De Witte, 1996).

gamoiwvios

relaqsacia

mcire
da

dozis

SemTxvevaSi

mozrdilTa

reaqciebis

siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca, organizms mxolod mcire odenobis

alkoholTan

SeuZlia

gamklaveba.

didi

raodenobiT

alkoholi

xanmokle

periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da

ubeduri SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan, romelTa sisxlSic 0,10%
alkoholis Semcveloba, vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli 2-jer naklebia.
alkoholuri intoqsikaciis meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur
SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis
problemebi. rodesac sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba

0,15% aRwevs, adgili

aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis

unarze,

rasac

Tan

koordinaciis rRveva.

axlavs

emociuri

arastabiluroba

da

motoruli

52

alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan

dakavSirebuli avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikvdilianobis wamyvani
mizezia. rodesac smis raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze, auaresebs
socialur

da

ojaxur

urTierTobebs

da

seriozul

problemebs

uqmnis

janmrTelobas. aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alkoholizmi. fizikuri

damokidebuloba,

tolerantoba

da

miCveva

es

yvelaferi

xangrZlivi

intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze

uaris Tqmis unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis ki, alkoholizmi
gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998 wels
Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s
aReniSneboda

intensiuri

sma,

anu

isini

svamdnen

da

met

Wiqas

erT

jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi

(SAMHSA,

1999),

Tumca,

yvela

asakis

respodentTa

saSualo

maCvenebeli

mamakacebTan (9,7%) gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%).

stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis

mdgomareobis gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi
neirotrasmiterebis donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini, serotonini da
dopamini.

magaliTad,

stimulatorebi

akaveben

tvinSi

im

molekulebis

moqmedebas, romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs sinafsebidan (Giros et al.,

1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamovnebis
gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin, 1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam
sxvadasxva efeqts iwvevs: _ momatebuli TviT-darwmunebuloba, moWarbebuli
energia da hiperaqtiuroba da eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba.
intensiuri

momxmareblebi

ganicdian

SemaSinebel

halucinaciebs

da

uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben. am

rwmenebs

paranoidalur

gansakuTrebul

iluziebs ewodeben. kokainis

safrTxes

eiforiul

aRmafrenasa

moxmarebis

da

Zalze

Tanmxleb
depresiul

Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis

momxmareblebs,
moxmarebis

rom

sixSire

yovelgvari

kontrolis

da

kokainis

dozebi.

gareSe

yvelaze

gazardon
sufTa

narkotikis

formaa

crack-i,

gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki, romelic swrafad abruebs da

swrafadve kargavs moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da iafad iyideba,
es nivTiereba yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis;
crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs.

53

ori

stimulatori,

nivTierebebad,

romelTac

kofeini

aris

da

xSirad

ar

nikotini.

aRviqvamT

rogorc

fsiqoaqtiur

SeiZleba

sakuTari

gamocdilebidan vicodeT, ori finjani magari yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis

kofeins Seicavs imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze, sisxlsa da
cirkularul funqciebze da daZinebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas.
TambaqoSi

aRmoCenili

stimulatoria,

qimiuri

romelsac

naerTi

nikotini

adgilobrivi

sakmarisad

Zlieri

Samanebi

maRali

amerikeli

koncentraciiT iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa da transis gamosawvevad;

Tumca, zogierTi Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT icodnen, rom
nikotini

miCvevas

iwvevs

da

did

sifrTxiles

iCendnen,

Tu

rodis

unda

yofiliyvnen misi gavlenis qveS. miCvevis gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad,

nikotini tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT
dadgenilia tvinis moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia nikotinsa
da kokainze miCvevis ganviTarebaze (Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri
naerTebi

im

receptorebis

stimulirebas

axdens,

romelic

Tavs

kargad

gvagrZnobinebs raime kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg, rac gvagrZnobinebs, rom

yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni, romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod,
nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs, romelic gvatyobinebs, rom
yvelaferi kargadaa, roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris. nikotinis
mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba
yvela sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas erTad, heroinis, kokainisa
da alkoholis CaTvliT. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris monacemebis
Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000 sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is
legalizebulia
reklamirebaze.

da
60

yovelwliurad

mln

amerikeli

milionebi

jer

kidev

ixarjeba

mwevelia,

sigaretis

Tumca,

mowevis

sawinaaRmdego kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba mwevelTa saerTo

raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995). yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs mowevas da
maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli
sareklamo

kampaniis

axalgazrdobazea

Sedegi

mimarTuli:

SeiZleba

iyos,

mozardTa

romelic

Soris

xSirad

mwevelTa

swored

raodenobis

mniSvnelovani momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis Sedegad moxda (Pierce

& Gilpin, 1995).
es

Tavi

N.N-is

SemTxvevis

ganxilviT

daviwyeT

da

SevecadeT

mis

gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis

54

Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs

Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqtivobebi cnobierebis
Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso SekiTxvas: _ saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor
Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve viciT zogierTi Teoria,
romelic pasuxs gascems am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am
TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas
gvaZlevs, rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa, rac adamianad gvaqcevs.
aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis
SemTxvevebi.

Cven

davsviT

kiTxva:

ratom

arian

adamianebi

ukmayofiloni

yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobierebiT da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mravalferovan

gzebs?

Cveulebriv,

ZiriTadi

fokusi

arsebuli

amocanebis

mimdinare

moTxovnebsa da situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis realobidan

gamomdinare SezRudvebsac vacnobierebT; aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia
Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac arsebuli potencialis srulad
gamovlenis SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT, sevda Segvipyrobs
Cveuli realobis farglebs miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli
usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis ganusazRvrelobas varCevT.
Sejameba
nebismieri
kulturis

warmomadgenlebi

eZieben

cnobierebis

Secvlis

saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom sZinavT

da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kontrolireba. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian imiT, rom Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hipnozis zemoqmedebas.
mkvlevrebi adareben namdvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simuliantebis
reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis
mosagebad ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi gansakuTrebuli mZlavri
teqnikaa

tkivilis

damkvirveblis

Sasamcireblad.

gamocdileba,

rac

adamianebs

gulisxmobs

xSirad
hipnozis

aqvT

faruli

zemoqmedebis

qveS

yofnisas movlenebis farul, aracnobier aRqmas.

meditaciiT

SesaZlebelia

kognituri

winsvlis

perceptul

gamocdilebas

zogierTi

adamiani

cnobierebis

ganxorcieleba.
garegani

flobs

cvlilebebisa

halucinaciebi

gamRizianeblis

religiur

da

sxva

warmoadgens

ararsebobis

gamocdilebas,

romelic

tipis
mkafio

pirobebSi.
ar

aris

Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili. cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis,

rogorc

eqstraordinaluri

saSualebebis,

gamoyeneba

xSirad

saxifaToa,

radganac arsebobs albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer sikvdilisac ki.

55

narkotikebi centralur nervul sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT,

daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
cnobierebis Sinaarsi

cnobiereba

gonebis

Sinaarsebis

gacnobierebas,

maT

Sesaxeb

codnas

warmoadgens;

arsebobs

cnobierebis

sami

done:

(1)

samyaros

bazisuri

cnobiereba,

(2)

gaazreba imisa, Tu ras vacnobierebT da (3) TviTcnobiereba;

RviZili

periodis

cnobierebis

Sinaarsi

gansxvavdeba

aracnobieri

procesebisgan, winarecnobieri mexsierebisgan, yuradRebis miRma darCenili

informaciisgan, aracnobierisgan da cnobieri aRqmisgan;

sakvlevi teqnikebi, rogoricaa xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi da eqsperimentis

SerCeva cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba.
cnobierebis funqciebi

cnobiereba gvexmareba gadarCenaSi da gvaZlevs realobis pirovnuli da

kulturuli konstruqtebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas;

mkvlevrebi swavloben cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris arsebul

urTierTmimarTebas.
Zili da sizmari

cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs biologiuri saaTis moqmedebas;

Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi icvleba Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi. REM

Zili xasiaTdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraobiT da Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmrebis
periods. mTliani Zilis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM Zilia 4-5 calkeuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi;

Zilis raodenoba da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba asakTan erTad

icvleba;

REM da NREM Zili sxvadasxva funqciebs emsaxureba, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis

CaTvliT;

Zilis

darRvevebi,

rogoricaa

insomnia,

narkolefsia

da

Zilis

apnoe

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens dRis manZilze adamianis funqcionirebis unarze.

dRis Zilianoba, aseve, farTod gavrcelebuli seriozuli problemaa;

froidi Tvlida, rom sizmrebis Sinaarsi aracnobieri masalaa, romelmac

gaiara sizmris cenzura;

56

sxva kulturebSi sizmrebis interpretacia regularulad xdeba da amas

gansakuTrebuli

kulturuli

rolis

mqone

adamianebi

axorcieleben.

interpretacia momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis funqcias emsaxureba.

sizmris

zogierTi

Teoria

maTi

wyaroebis

biologiur

warmomavlobaze

amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tumca, es Teoriebi srulad ar Tanxvdeba sizmris

Sinaarsebs.
cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi
mdgomareobebi

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi aris gacnobiereba imisa, rom sizmars vxedavT da

mimarTulia sizmris kontrolze.

hipnozi

cnobierebis

Secvlili

mgdomareobaa,

romelic

xasiaTdeba

STagonebaze reaqciis saxiT hipnotizirebuli adamianebis aRqmis, mexsierebis,

motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis SecvliT.

meditacia cvlis cnobier funqcionirebas ritualuri praqtikis saSualebiT,

romelic

garegani

sazrunavebidan

Sinagan

gamocdilebaze

gadaanacvlebs

yuradRebas.

halucinaciebi naTeli aRqmaa, romelic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblebis

ararsebobis pirobebSi.

zogierT kulturul jgufSi adamianebi intensiur religiur gamocdilebas

ganicdian.

fsiqoaqtiuri

nivTierebebi,

cvlian

ra

nervuli

sistemis

aqtivobas,

zemoqmedeben mentalur procesebze cnobierebis droebiTi SecvliT.

cnobierebis cvlilebebis gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis:

_ halucinogenebi, opiatebi, depresantebi da stimulatorebi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi

aracnobieri

faruli Sinaarsi

gamocdilebis SerCevis meTodi

fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi

fsiqologiuri
damokidebu
leba

dRis Zilianoba

SeTanxmebuli validizacia

Tvalebis

Zili

cirkaduli ritmi

Tvalebis swrafi
Zili (NREM)

gareSe

cnobiereba

TviTcnobiereba

winarecnobieri mexsiereba

insomnia

Zili apnoe

swrafi

moZraobiT
(REM)
moZraobis

57

meditacia

xiluli Sinaarsi

midrekileba

xmamaRla fiqris oqmi

narkolefsia

halucinaciebi

sizmris muSaoba

hipnobiluroba

tolerantoba

hipnozi

Tavi 7. daswavla da qceviTi analizi

daswavlis unaris kvleva

ra aris daswavla?

biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri analizi

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba: daswavlis winaswarganmwyobi faqtorebi

pavlovis sakvirveli dakvirvebebi

ganpirobebulobis procesi

SeZenaze fokiusireba

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb

efeqtis kanoni

qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi

ganpirobebulobis ganmtkiceba

ganmamtkiceblis maxasiaTeblebi

ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi

Seipingi

fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi:

biologia da daswavla

instinqtTa kompleqti

gemos aversiiT daswavla

kognituri sferos gavlena daswavlaze

cxovelTa kognicia

dakvirvebiT swavla

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

58

Tavis wignSi jadoqari lorenco mwerali robert franklin lesli aRwers

Tavgadasavals daSavebuli cisferi Cxikvisa, lorencosi, romelic leslis
ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. am epizodSi lorenco swavlobs iseT rames, rac
SeiZleba bevri TqvenganisaTvis nacnobi iyos:

rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks, romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT,

movawyveT didi dResaswauli da moviwvieT misi adamiani megobrebi, rasac erTma
Cemma megobarma Cxikvis bari micva (Bar Mitzvah) uwoda.sufra savse iyo lorencos
sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT sakramentuli Rvino, fFunTuSa da
Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco
samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze
yvela stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi, raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa
danis saxelurze mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli
CanaweriviT JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, igi TaviT Cavarda samzareulos niJaraSi,
romelic naxevrad savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac onkanis qveS
meWira, man raRac amoiluRluRa da fexebis rtyma daiwyo.
me igi linoliumis iatakze gadmovsvi, vinaidan ver mivcemdi mas imis
uflebas, rom sveli frTebiT ecada gadmofrena. leam mas gzaze sarke daudo,
raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli
sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma
damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli
quTuToebidan, waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs daemxo. mas Semdeg,
rac saswrafod galiaSi moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyureboda.
meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. kidev erTxel, Cvenma TavgadasavlebiT
aRsavse Citma, praqtikuli gamocdileba SeiZina. veterinaris gamoZaxebisa
Semrcxva, vinaidan me da lea vuvlidiT nabaxusev frinvels.
mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad
dResaswaulebisa. man im sakvebzec ki uari Tqva, romelic RviniT mzaddeboda.
misi TavSekaveba ar iyo absurduli.
ratom erideba lorenco am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg Rvinos? pasuxi,
romelic savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali asociacia daiswavla
leslis sityvebiT, man praqtikuli codna SeiZina - romelic man SeiZleba
kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze. dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia,
rogor iswavla lorencom Wkua da dainteresdebiT kidec, ra meqanizmiT moxda
es: rogor aiTvisa lorencom es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive

59

warmatebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs dausvaT SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal

asociaciebs?
fsiqologebi didi xania, dainteresebulebi arian ganpirobebulobiT anu im
meqanizmebiT, romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena dakavSirebulni arian
erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori ZiriTadi
tipi: klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirobebuloba. TiToeuli
maTgani wamoadgens organizmis gansxvavebul reaqciasa da informaciis
gadamuSavebis formas. ganpirobebulobis TiToeuli formisaTvis aRvwerT ara
marto ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas marTaven laboratoriis pirobebSi,
aramed mis gamoyenebis magaliTebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic.
magram sanam ganvixilavT ganpirobebulobis am formebs, ganvixiloT
daswavlis fenomeni evoluciuri perspeqtividan. daswavla, umetesad,
genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc Cveni gamocdilebis sxva mravli
aspeqti. adamianebi, iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi, memkvidreobiT iReben
daswavlis unars. daswavlis unarebi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT.
iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa qvewarmavlebi da amifibiebi, daswavlis unari
garemosTan urTierTobiT unmtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas.
maTi gadarCena damokidebulia SedarebiT ucvlel garemoSi cxovrebaze,
sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT, upasuxon garemos ama Tu im movlenas, isini
an iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT an ganeridebian arasasurvels.. sxva cxovelebSi,
adamianebis CaTvliT, genebs gacilebiT ufro mcire roli aqvT garemo-qcevis
urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da gacilebiT elastiuri da vareabiluria
daswavlasTan mimarTebaSi. am cxovelebs SeswevT unari daiswavlon imis
mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba garemo maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad . ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom genetikurad mxolod daswavlis unars viRebT. rogor
moxdeba am unaris realizacia, es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli.

ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) gzebi, romliTac movlenebi, stimulebi

da qceva asocirdeba erTmaneTTan

daswavlis unaris kvleva

am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad, ganvsazRvroT daswavlis cneba.
ra aris daswavla?
daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac viRebT SedarebiT stabilur,
mudmiv cvlilebas qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da damyarebulia
gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvebaSi gamoiyofa sami kritikuli nawili.

60

cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT potencialSi

potencialSi
aSkaraa, rom daswavlis procesi maSin SeiZleba ganxorcielebulad
CaiTvalos, rodesac Sedegi gvaqvs saxeze magaliTad, SegiZliaT manqanis
marTva an mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamoyeneba. SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT
uSualod daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am procesiT gamowveuli
cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans, magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara xdeba
qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, xSirad qcevaSi ar vlindeba, rac
naswavlia. xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi ganwyobebi magaliTad,
damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi an aRmosavluri filosofiis
codna, rac ar vlindeba gazomvad moqmedebebSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia
potencia qceviTi cvlilebisaTvis, radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba da
Rirebulebebi, rac gavlenas axdens im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani
kiTxulobs, agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis formaze. esaa saxecvlili
daswavlis magaliTi sxvaoba imas, rac naswavlia da imas Soris, rac
gamoixateba qcevaSi.

SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba

imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc naswavli, daswavlili, qceva an qceviTi
potenciali unda iyos stabiluri, mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad,
Tu erTxel viswavleT curva, yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT am codnis
gamoyenebas, viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze. aRsaniSnavia, rom stabiluri
cvlileba araa yovelTvis mudmivi cvlileba. magaliTad, SeiZleba gavxdeT
sakmaod kargi badros mtyorcneli mocemuli droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs
davanebebT am sports, gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniSnavT, rom ise kargad
veRar vflobT mas, Tumca, xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvile,
romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli
gamocdilebis Sedegad. am konteqstSi, cvlileba SeiZleba iyos mudmivi.

gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi

daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT SeiZleba. gamocdileba gulisxmobs
informaciis miRebas (Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas, rac
gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba mexsierebis gakveTilebis Sedegad
aRmocenebuli sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar gulisxmobs cvlilebas
fizikuri momwifebis, an tvinis ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis

61

matebasTan erTad, agreTve, avadmyofobis an tvinis dazianebis dros. zogierT

xangrZliv cvlilebas qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis,
mzadyofnis kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT skala, romelzec asaxulia,
ra asakSi iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoyenebas. yovelgvari cda
am Cvevis daswavlisa im asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am unaris SemuSaveba,
amao iqneba, sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar ganviTardeba. fsiqologebi
gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu qcevis ra aspeqtebi SeiZleba
Seicvalos da ra meqanizmebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi.

daswavla

(Learning)
_
(

gamocdilebaze

damyarebuli

procesi,

romlis

drosac SedarebiT mudmivad icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.

daswavladaswavla-gamovlenis

gansxvaveba
gansxvaveba

(Learning-Performance
(

distinction)

gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.

bioheviorizmi da bihevioraluri analizi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teoriebis didi nawili saTaves jon
uotsonis (John Watson 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma daaarsa
fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cnobilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT
50 wlis manZilze, amerikul fsiqologiaSi dominirebda bihevioristuli
tradiciebi, romlebic gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis 1919 wels gamosul wignSi
fsiqologia bihevioristis gadmosaxedidan. uotsoni amtkicebda, rom
introspeqcia adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi gancdebis, xatebisa da
SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis Sesaswavlad, radgan es
zedmetad subieqturi meTodi iyo. rogor unda ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi
TviTdakvirvebebis sizuste? magram Tuki introspeqcia uaryofilia, raRa
rCeboda fsiqologiis sagani? uotsonis pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi

qceva. uotsonis sityvebiT, cnobierebis mdgomareobebi, egreT wodebuli

spiritualizmis fenomeni, araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT
verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis (Watson, 1919, p.1). uotsonma, aseve,
gansazRvra fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc qcevis kontroli da
prognozi (Watson, 1913, p.158).
skinerma (B.F. Skinner 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco uotsonis ideebi. misi pozicia
cnobilia, rogorc radikaluri biheviorizmi. skinerma aRiara, rom evoluciis
Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT. Tavis
yvelaze popularul wignSi Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis miRma (1972) igi

62

amtkicebs, rom am paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva ganxilul unda
iqnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi formebi.
skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda mas am poziciis
formulirebamde. 1924 wels gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ biheviorizmis _
wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs harvardSi. skineri eTanxmeba
uotsons Sinagani mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ararsebobaSi.
Tumca, skinerma aqcenti ufro metad gaakeTa ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis,
gamoyenebis SeuZleblobaze, aramed maTi, rogorc qcevis gamomwvevi mizezebis
ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990). sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri movlenebi,
rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva, ar iwveven qcevas. metic, isini, Tavis
mxriv, ganixileba, agreTve, rogorc qcevis forma, romelic garemo stimuliTaa
ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi,
movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia, niskartis patara diskze
dakakunebiT moipovos sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom igi swored ase akTebs. skineri am
SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtedis qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT
SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. SimSilis
subieqturi gancda, romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar SeiZleba, ar aris
am qcevis mizezi, es qceva mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris
mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mterdma SimSilis an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT
daiwyo diskze kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi mtredi,
ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva saWiroa,
ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv principebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
mtreds, asociacia daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris. esaa skineris
biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili (Delprato & Midgley, 1992)
swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad bihevioralur analizs,
fsiqologiis im sferos, romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garmeo
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans, 1994) sazogadod, bihevioraluri
analizi cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri buneba SeiZleba
SeviswavloT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis meTodebisa da sferos
gafarToebiT. amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri kanonzomierebebi,
romlebic saerToa cxovelTa yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT.
mkvlevarebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma
unda, sxvadasxva formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT.
amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. daswavlis
kompleqsuri formebi warmoadgens martivi procesebis kombinacias da ara

63

raRac gansxvavebul fenomens. bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, aRmoaCinos is

ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa mixedviT adamianis qceva icvleba gamocdilebaze
pasuxad. ZiriTadi aqcenti ki keTdeba qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris da
ara qcevasa da fsisikur movlenebs Soris.

bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Anayisis) _ fsiqologiis ganxra, romelic

yuradRebas daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs.

Sejameba
daswavla aris procesi, romelic momdinareobs SedarebiT mdgradi qcevis an
qceviTi potencialis cvlilebidan da emyareba gamocdilebas. qceviTi analizi
amodis votsonisa da skineris Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs
daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
warmoidgineT, rom xarT kinoSi da uyurebT saSinelebaTa films. filmis
gmiri daxurul kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giCndebaT survili,
iyviroT ar Sexvide! amasobaSi aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT,
SeZleba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacnairad Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla
fiziologiuri reaqciis wamoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi garemo movlena
dakavSirebulia meoresTan (daZabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am
tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis
ZiriTadi froma, romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs,
winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs
axal asociacias or stimuls Soris stimuls, romelic adre ar iwvevda
reaqcias da meores Soris, romelmac gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven
gaqvT Tandayolili unari sxartad daawyviloT movlenebi garemoSi asociaciis
principiT da es qceviTI midrekilebaa.
pavlovis
pavlovis sakvirveli dakvirvebebi
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radikalur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba
ewodos fsiqologiis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs, ivan
pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva
fiziologuri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobebulobas igi SemTxveviT
waawyda, rodesac ikvlevda saWmlis momnelebel sistemas, risTvisac 1904 wels
nobelis premia miiRo.

64

Ppavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, ekvlia gadamuSavebis procesi ZaRlebSi, maT

jirkvlebsa da saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT. am teqnikiT
igi SeZlebda gamoyofili sekretis raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas.
sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asistenti ZaRls pirSi damuSavebul xorcs
udebda. es prcedura meordeboda gansazRruli raodenobiT, ris Semdegac
pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom ZaRls nerwyvi gamoeyofoda manamde, sanam mis pirSi
xorci moxvdeboda, ubraod saWmlis danaxvaze da asistentis danaxvazec ki.
metic, ZaRlma nerwyvis gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec daiwyo. aRmoCnda,
rom nebismieri stimuli, romelic win uswrebda saWmlis miRebas sistematurad,
iwveva nerwyvis gamoyofas. sruliad SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom
daswavla Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori stimulisa.
sabednierod, pavlovi mecnieri iyo, amitom gaaCnda mecnieruli
cnobismoyvareoba am fenomenis Sesaswavlad. man arafrad CaTvala im drisaTvis
udidesi fiziologis, ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, rom Tavi daenebebina am
suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb
da amiT samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis mimarTuleba (Pavlov,
1928) mTeli darCenili sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvladebis
Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen klasikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, agreTve, iwodeba pavloviseul ganpirobebulobad,
radgan ganpirobebulobis fenomeni swored mis aRmoCenad iTvleba.
pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamocdilebam saSualeba misca mas,
martivi strategiuli gegma aerCia, raTa ganepirobebina ZaRlebSi nerwyvis
gamoyofa. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli moTavsebuli iyo sagangebo mowyobilobaSi,
sadac regularuli intervalebiT is iRebda stimuls zaris saxiT, ris
Semdegac ZaRls eZleoda garkveuli raodenobis sakvebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa da sakvebs Soris.
erTaderTi reaqcia zaris pirvel gagebaze saorientacio refleqsi iyo
ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis wyaros dasadgenad. Tumca,
zarisa da sakvebis miwodebis ganmeorebiTma dawyvilebam gamoiwvia
saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis gamoyofa.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical
Conditioning) daswavlis tipi,
(
romelSic

qceva

(ganpirobebuli

(ganpirobebuli
stimuli),

reaqcia)

romelic,

Tavis

gamowveulia
mxriv,

stimuliT

ganmtkicebulia

biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli

stimuli).

65

rasac pavlovi akvirdeboda Tavis adrindel kvlevebSi, ar iyo SemTxveviTi:

es fenomeni SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo gamowveuli. imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi efeqti iyo, pavlovma zaris garda gamoiyena
mravalnairi stimuli, iseTi, rogoricaa naTura, eJvani, metronomi.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad refleqsebi unda CaiTvalos.
refleqsi aris dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia magaliTad, nerwyvis gamoyofa,
Tvalebis xamxami da misT. es yvelaferi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli
specifikuri stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria organizmisaTvis.
nebismier stimuls, romelic bunebrivad iwevvs refleqsur qcevas, ewodeba
ganupirobebeli stimuli, radgan swavla araa stimulis kontrolisaTvis
aucilebeli piroba. qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli stimuliT,
aris ganupirobebeli qceva.
tipiur klasikur ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentSi neitraluri stimuli,
magaliTad, sinaTle, zari da a.S. romelsac, Cveulebriv, aranairi mniSvneloba
ara aqvs refleqsuri qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi ganupirobebel stimulTan,
ise rom ganupirobebeli stimuli mohyveba neitralur stimuls. neitralur
stimuls, magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls ganupirobebel stimulTan, ewodeba
ganpirobebuli stimuli, radgan misi Zala, gamoiwvios qceva, damokideblia
ganupirobebel stimulTan asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul
stimuls mohyveba reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba ganpirobebuli reaqcia.
reaqcia Zalian
xSirad, ganpirobebuli reqcia msgavsia ganupirobebeli reaqciisa. magaliTad,
pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis, orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia bevrad gansxvavdeba ganupirobebeli
reaqciisagan: ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens nebismier pasuxs, rac, Tavis
mxriv, faqtiurad, aris daswavlis Sedegi.
amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupirobebeli stimuli-reaqciiT, magram
daswavla klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT qmnis ganpirobebuli
stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs.

refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri

stimuliT

gamowveuli

dauswavleli

pasuxi, romelsac biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.

ganupirobebeli

stimuli

(Unconditioned

stimulus)

klasikur

ganpirobebulobaSi, stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias,

pasuxs.

ganupirobebeli

reaqcia

(Unconditioned

response)

klasikur

66

ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebli stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia

winaswari varjiSisa an daswavlis gareSe.

ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi,

aqamde neitraluri stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.

ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi,

reaqcia, romelic aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze.
es

xdeba

imis

Sedegad,

rom

neitraluri

stimuli

Sewyvilebulia

ganupirobebel stimulTan.

SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentis stadia,

romlis

drosac

ganpirobebuli

reaqcia

pirvlad

aris

gamowveuli

ganpirobebuli stimuliT.
ganpirobebulobis procesi
rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpirobvebuli stimulebis damTxveviT
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea daswavla? ramdenad
myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba
cxovelTa saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevebis Sedegad.

SeZena da Caqroba
saerTod, ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi ramdenjermeE unda
dawyvildes, sanam ganpirobebuli stimuli gamoiwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri dawyvilebiT,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocendeba mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia,
vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli reaqcia.
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogroc kargi anegdotis moyolis
dros, dro Zalian mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli
stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom
organizmma isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas. (am wesis gamonakliss aRvwerT
mogvianebiT sxva TavSi gemos aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT) mkvlevrebma
SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or stimuls Soris. yvelaze farTod
gavrcelebuli tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic jer Cndeba da
narCundeba ganpirobebuli stimuli manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba
ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli stimuli
Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba
is gavlena, Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organizmze daetovebina ganpirobebul

67

stimuls. Tanxvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli gamovlenilia

erTdroulad. xolo droSi gadaweul ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli
stimuli gamovlenilia ganupirobebelis Semdeg.
ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeqturia Seferxebuli
ganpirobebulobis paradigmaSi anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls Soris.
Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis,
damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze magaliTad, ganpirobebuli stimulis
intensivobasa da ganpirobebul reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul reaqciaze.
kunTuri reaqciebisaTvis, iseTebisaTvis, rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami,
magaliTad, erTiwamiani an naklebi intrvalia saukeTeso. visceraluri
reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali
SeiZleba gaizardos 10-15 wamamde. ganpirobebuli SiSis aRmocenebisaTvis ki
saWiroa kidev ufro didi intervali, wamebi da zogjer wuTebic ki.
ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli
procesebis dros. droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba SeiZleba
SevityoT ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis Semdeg. magram igi maleve qreba,
radgan cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls mohyveba ganupirobebeli
stimuli. orive SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia, radgan ganpirobebuli
stimuli ar niSnavs ganupirobeblis aRmocenebas. (winaswarmetyvelebisa da
SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi davubrundebiT)
magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls, (magaliTad, xma) romelic aRar
winaswarmetyvelebs ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis fxvnili). aseT
garemoebaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa ganmavlobaSi
sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba. rodesac ganpirobebuli reaqcia
saerTod aRar vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an ganupirobebeli stimulis
Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis process (ix. suraTi 7.3, nawili 2) ganpirobebuli
reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis qceviTi repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti.
Tumca, ganpiroebulma reaqciam SeiZleba susti formiT Tavi Segvaxsenos, Tuki
ganpirobebuli stimuli marto aRmocenda. (ix. suraTi 7.3, nawili 3) pavlovi am
movlenas swavlobda gansazRvruli drois Semdeg, ganupirobebeli stimulis
eqpoziciis gareSe da mas spontanuri droebiTi aRmoceneba uwoda.
rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia, Caqrobis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli
stimuli sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla dakavSirebulia im
maragTan, romelic pirvelad daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad naklebi
droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad. ase rom, zogierTma

68

eqsperimentulma asociaciam SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos organizms

Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta daswavluli asociaciis
gamovlena da ara saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored amitom unda
gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis xarisxi daswavlis sawyis ganmartebaSi.

Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimulis an

ganmamtkiceblis

ar

arsebobis

Sedegad

ganpirobebuli

asociaciis

Sesusteba

spontanuri

aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _

Camqvrali

ganpirobebuli

reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena garkveuli periodis Semdeg.

stimulis generalizeba
generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ ganpirobebuli stimulis
avtomaturi ganvrcoba yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.

stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia)

davuSvaT, rom ZaRlma iswavla: garkveuli sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs
sakvebis miRebas. specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod am stimulis
mimarT? araa gasakviri, rom am kiTxvis pasuxia ara. zogadad, radgan erTxel
gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamoiwvia gansazRvruli
ganpirobebuli reaqcia, msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave warmatebiT
gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo
maRali sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali sixSirec gamoiwvevda ganpirobebul
reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac ukbens didi ZaRli, am SemTvevis Semdeg patara
ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am avtomatur dawyvilebas iseTi stimulisa, romelic
arasdros yofila dakavSirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, ewodeba
stimulis ganzogadeba.
ganzogadeba rac ufro mimsgavsebulia mocemuli stimuli sawyis
ganpirobebul stimulTan, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. rodesac reaqciis
siZliere izomeba mocemul ganzomilebaSi yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cxadi xdeba
generalizaciis gradienti. (suraTi 7.5)
sur. 7.5 stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi

saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs

msgavsi Tvisebis mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis a nawilSi, sust
generalizaciaSi. magram rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo
speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri
sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian Zlieri, rogorc es

69

sqemisBb nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis

gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis dikrimnaciuli wrTvnis Catarebis Semdeg.
aseT SemTxvevaSi saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel
stimulTan.
generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan mniSvnelovani
stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad vlindeba zustad erTi da imave formiT, stimulis
ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswavlis speqtrs sawyisi gamocidlebis
miRmac. amgavrad, axali movlena SieZleba aRqmuli iqnas, rogorc imave
Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis mqone, miuxedavad aSkara gansxvavebebisa.

stimulis diskriminacia
zogierT garmeoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire
raodenobaze aRmocendes. magaliTad, organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos
sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisagan garbodes, romelic namdvil
mtacebels waagavs. stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis drosac
organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis
gansxvavebul stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba wyalsa da zeTs Soris) .
organizmis mier stimulis diskrimnaciis daswavla SeiZleba eqsperimentuli
procesiT, romlis drosac sxvadasxva intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi, mxolod,
magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo
sxvebi, meordebian amis gareSe. ganpirobebulobis pirvel etapze ganpirobebuli
stimulis msgavsi stimuli warmoSobs msgavss reaqcias, Tumca, arc ise Zliers.
diskrimaniciis treningis gagrZelebasTan erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs
stimulebze klebulobs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli stimuli
moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls da romeli _ ara.
organizmisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom man qceva optimalurad, saWiro drosa da
adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da
ganzogadebas Soris.
ar aris saWiro, rom bevri dro daeTmos stimulis diskriminacias, amasobaSi,
SesaZloa mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti reaqciaa saWiro,
raTa yvela Crdili ar gvaSinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms
uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas aZlevs am ukanasknels,
Sesabamisad reagirebdes garemos struqturebze. (Garcia, 1990)

stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _ ganpirobebulobis procesi,

70

romlis drosac organizmi swavlobs imas, rom gansxvavebulad upasuxos

gamRizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli stimulisagan raime
ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba.
SeZena
am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im pirobebs, romlebic saWiroa
klasikuri ganpirobebulobisaTvis: aqamde Cven aRvwereT klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena, Tumca ar agvicsnia es fenomeni. pavlovi
Tvlida, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba Sedegia ganpirobebuli da
ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebisa. misi azriT, Tu reaqcia
klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi
droSi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda gamovlindnen anu adgili hqondes droSi
Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma erTgvarad Secvales es Sexeduleba.

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960 wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo.
1960 wels robert reskolam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob mravlismTqmeli
eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas
eqsperimentSi zari (ganpiroebuli stimuli) emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli
stimuli), rac, Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi iqneboda klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis.
saidan viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mniSvneloba
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla wrTvnida ZaRlebs _
gadamxtariyvnen barierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval eleqtroSoks.
Tu ZaRli ver SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks. Tu gadaxtomas
moaxerxebda, eleqtro Soks airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires
reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis gasazomad.
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze xtoma, reskorlam isini or
jgufad dayo da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT SerCevas
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) eZleoda spontanurad da ganpirobebuli
stimulisagan (zarisgan) damoukideblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlindebodnen droSi
erTmaneTTan axlos an erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen

71

Tanxvedrilni - ganupirobebeli stimuli SeiZleba imave warmatebiT

ganpirobebuli stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo. xolo sakontrolo
jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpirobebul
stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis zari sando momaswavebeli iyo
eleqtroSokisa.
wrTvnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari,
romelic Soks moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda. ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi
SerCevidan (ganpirobebuli-ganupirobebeli kavSiri) xtebodnen meti
sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore SerCevidan.
amgvarad, imis garda, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda
iyos ganupirobebelTan, is, agreTve, sandod unda moaswavebdes ganupirobebel
stimuls es ori piroba aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili hqondes
klasikur ganpirobebulobas

(Rescola, 1988) es aRmoCena sakmaod

mniSvnelovania cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, sadac daswavla exmareba adamians

adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difuzuria, vidre laboratoriaSi.

informatiuloba
informatiuloba
reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobs klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin, 1969) aCvena,
rom ganpirobebuli stimuli SeiZleba iyos informatiuli.
saidan viciT
informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba
kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis 2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi
pirvelad iwrTvneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWeraSi zaris rekvis dros
(ganpirobebuli stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ganupirobebeli
stimuli). amis Semdeg eqsperiments daemata kidev erTi ganpirobebuli
stimuli sinaTle. amjerad ganupirobebel stimuls ukve ori
ganpirobebuli stimuli moaswavebda zari da sinaTle. sakontrolo
jgufSi vlindeboda mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra. anu am jgufSi
zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis
ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod zarze. Tu pirobiTi
ganmtkiceba sakmarisia klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad, maSin
virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad unda epauxa zarsa da Suqze, magram
eqsperimentuli virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod zarze da ara _ sinaTleze,

72

roca sakontrolo jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia hqondaT sinaTlesa

da zarze. (Kamin, 1969)
kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpirobebuli stimulis informatiulobis
konteqstSi axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan dakavSirebulma
gamocdilebam aqtualoba daukarga zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli_stimulis
momaswavebels. virTxebisaTvis sinaTle SeiZleboda arc arsebuliyo, radgan is
aranair damatebiT informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpirobebuli stimulis
unars, Seamciros meores informatiuloba, ewodeba blokireba. virTxebis
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT
ar hqondaT warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime maTganTan, amitom
erTma ar Seamcira meores informatiuloba.
informatiuloba xsnis, ratom vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad
maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upirsipirdeba garemoSi arsebul sxva
mraval stimuls. rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli, miT ufro
didia misi SemCnevis albaToba.

Tu gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba

miiRoT, unda warmoadginoT an Zlieri, ucxo stimuli ucnob garemoSi, an

Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).
cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba bevrad ufro rTuli
meqanizmia, vidre amas pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli efeqtur
ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod maSin, Tu is erTdroulad
Tanxvedirli da, amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba im
cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, romelSic klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
did rols asrulebs.

blokireba

(Blocking)
)
(

fenomeni,

romlis

drosac

organizmi

ar

daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve

arsebul efeqtur signalTan erTad.

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis TvalsaCinoebebi

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvexmareba, gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva.
magaliTad, ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa miniWebaSi,
sxvadasxva nivTierebebze dmaokidebulebaSi, dabolos, rogor SeiZleba
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri funqciis
gasamdidreblad.

emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba

73

gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi

aracnobierad daviswavleT asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpirobebeuli
stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli
movlenebi, romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu kargad CavuRrmavdebiT,
aRmoCndeba, rom bevr movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris mizezsac
xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara, es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi
iyos?
ganvixiloT situaciebi: (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin at all 1986)
-

SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romelsac ubralod ZaRlis

sasqeso organos forma aqvs?

-

dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars, tuki Saqari Cayares im

yuTidan romelsac SecdomiT ewera Sxami?

-

dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic sterilizebuli tarakani

tivtivebs?
Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT araviTar SemTxvevaSi, es imas niSnavs, rom
klasikurma ganpirobebulobam iTamaSa Tavisi roli. klasikurad ganpirobebuli
reaqcia: es sazizRrobaa an saxifaToa, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli codnisa Tu
gamocdilebisa. radgan klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad
gaCenili azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia igi cnobieri mizez-SedegobriobiT
CavaqroT.
erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti klasikuri
ganpirobebulobisa aris SiSis ganpirobebuloba. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze
jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rainerma daadastures, rom SiSis
reaqciebis umetesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri stimulis dawyvileba
raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti
patara albertze.
saidan viciT
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi
uotsonma da rainerma (1920) patara alberti daaSines patara TeTri
virTxiT, romelic Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri virTxis gamoCena
daawyviles aversiul ganupirobebel stimulTan bavSvis uknidan
momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis
dartymiT. SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da emociuri distresi gaxda
mizezi daswavlisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri virTxis danaxvaze

74

ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emociuri ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT

ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma iswavla virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba,
misgan gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda saerTod bewvian
sagnebze baWiaze, ZaRlze da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis dedam,
romelic meddad muSaobda imave hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda,
manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra
bedi ewia mas (Harris, 1962)
axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan
erTad adamians SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba reaqcia.
ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebobdes wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki, roca
sawyisi ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmocenebula gamocdilebaSi.
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma daadastures, rom meore msoflio omidan 15 wlis
gasvlis Semdeg veteran mezRvaurebs jer kidev hqondaT reaqcia safrTxis
niSanze omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad uxmobda gongi wuTSi 100-jer
darekili zari. es gansakuTrebuli smeniTi paterni, romelic Tavis droze
sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas
veteranebSi (Edwards & Acker, 1962)
sainteresoa, rom Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli, ganpirobebulobas SeiZleba
adgili hqondes neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis mxolod
erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes
fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs es SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba
gagrZeldes. magaliTad, erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva Weqa-quxilis
dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac is saWesTan zis da wvimdeba, mas ewyeba
panikuri SiSi, im donemde, rom zogjer manqanasac aCerebs da elodeba, sanam
wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi gadacocda manqanis ukana nawilSi da daemxo Zirs,
pirisaxiT qveviT, sanam wvima Sewydeboda. me-16 TavSi Cven vnaxavT, rom
Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis gzebi aseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis, romlebic
TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqturobas.
magram yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom mxolod uaryofiT
reaqciebia klasikurad ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da aRfrTovanebis
reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc klasikurad ganpirobebuli. cxadia,
rom reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meqanizms
eyrdnobian, rogorc dadebiT Zalas. magaliTad, isini amyareben asociaciebs
TavianT produqtsa da vnebas Soris (jinsebi, sunamoebi da misT). isini
imedovneben, rom maTi reklamebis verbaluri elementebi, magaliTad,

75

seqsualuri, adamianebisa Tu situaciebis aRsawerad, imoqmedeben,

ganupirobebli stimulisa da reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT gaTvlili aqvT, rom
produqti TavisTavad iqceva ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis
procesi ganpirobebul reaqciad. imisaTvis, rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis
met magaliTebi, sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze, rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi
gancdebisa da emociebis mozRvaveba magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi
mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT.

nivTierebebze damokidebuleba
ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves kacis cxedari, romelsac
mklavSi CarCenili hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis zedmeti doza
daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT
ufro did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am SemTxvevam aaforiaqa
mkvlevarebi rogor SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi, romelsac
sakmaod didi mimRebloba hqonda am nivTierebis mimarT?
pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom
mimRebloba narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes, rodesac adamiani
elodeba wamlis farmakologiur moqmedebas. Tanmedrove mkvlevarma Sefard
sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi. igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic
gamoiyeneba wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul stimulad im situaciisaTvis,
romelSic organizmi ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis miRebisas
wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli) iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs,
razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod homeostazis damyarebis mizniT.
(ixileT Tavi 3) swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli reaqcia. droTa
ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli reaqciac xdeba ganpirobebuli reaqcia. es
niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic Cveulebriv, asocirebulia wamlis
gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobebuli stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad amzadebs
Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba
Cndeba imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali metia kompensatorul
reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba raime saxis dadebiTi efeqti. mzardi doza niSnavs,
rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac.
sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi, gamoumuSava ra virTxebs
mimRebloba heroinis mimarT.
saidan viciT
narkotikul nivTierebebze damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis aspeqtebi

76

erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma kolegebma gamoiwvies virTxebSi

heroinis ineqciis molodini erT SemTxvevaSi (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1)
da deqstrozis (tkbili Saqari) meoreSi (ganpirobebuli stimuli 2) (Siegel
et al., 1982) wrTvnis pirvel fazaSi yvela virTxas ganuviTarda mimRebloba
heroinis mimarT. sakontrolo dRes yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis
Cveulebrivze didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis naxevars heroini
ukve miRebuli hqonda, xolo meore naxevars ganpirobebulobisaTvis
eZleoda deqstrozi. ukanaskneli jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa,
vidre pirvelidan (32).
savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen heroins, ufro momzadebulebi
iyvnen am potenciurad saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan konteqstma
(ganpirobebuli stimuli-1) gamoiwvia iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia
(ganpirobebuli reaqcia-1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis tipiuri
efeqti (Poulos & Cappell, 1991
imis gamosakvlevad, igive process SeiZleba Tu ara adgili hqondes
adamianebSi, sigelma da misma kolegebma gamoikiTxes heroinze damokidebulni,
romlebic araerTxel sikvdili piras iyvnen misulni zedmeti dozis gamo.
aTidan Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal da ucxo garemoSi. (Siegel,
1984) miuxedavad imisa, rom es aranair monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi xdeba, rom
doza, romlis mimarTac individs SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba
zedmet, momakvidenebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es analizi gveubneba, rom
manhetenze napovn kacs arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas, sadac
igi ipoves.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva exeboda heroins, klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis mimarT
mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel, 1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). ase
rom, igive sawyisebi, romelsac pavlovi swavlobda ZaRlebis, zarebis da
nerwyvis gamoyofasTan dakavSirebiT, gvexmareba avxsnaT zogierTi meqanizmi
adamianis narkotikul nivTierebebze damokidebulebisa.

klasikuri
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
adreul 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes aRmoCena, rom daswavlis
procesebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios organizmis imunur sistemaze.
istoriulad dadasturebuli iyo, rom imunulogiuri reaqciebi __
antisxeulebis swrafi gamomuSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs,

77

romlebic organizms vneben __ iyo. avtomaturi, biologiuri procesebi,

romlebSic ar monawileobda centraluri nervuli sistema. eqsperimentebma
ganpirobebulobaze daaadastura, rom es daskvnebi mcdaria.
saidan viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da imunologiuri funqcia
robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981)
virTxebs aswavles saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli) asocireba
ciklofosfamidTan (ganupirobebeli stimuli), wamalTan, romelic asustebs
imunur sistemas. sakontrolo jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins. mogvianebiT,
roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic
saxarini ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvevda, warmoiSva metad naklebi
antisxeulebi ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre sakontrolo jgufis
virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi ufro mowyvladi gaexada
sxvadasxva daavadebebis mimarT. daswavlis efeqti imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom
zogierTi virTxa mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis Semdeg.
aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis SesanarCuneblad.
kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiroimunulogiam,
fsiqoneiroimunulogiam Seiswavla aseTi tipis
Sedegebi da am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri nervuli sistema da
imunuri sistema (Ader & Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999).
am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali teqnika, romelic saSualebas
miscems ganpirobebulobas, Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi, romlebsac
xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi movlenebi aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam antoni
suxmanma, magaliTad, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone pacientebs,
romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram mkurnalobdnen placeboTi, wneva ufro
didxans SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre maT, romlebic ar iRebdnen
placebo abebs (Suchman & Ader, 1989) rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs moesna
maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi viciT winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda
narkotikuli nivTierebis mimarT mimReblobas. warmoidgineT rutina, romelic
viTardeba wamlis regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis es rituali
SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc ganpirobebuli stimuli, romelic moaswavebs
ganupirobebel stimuls wamlis miRebas mxolod Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba

78

Seamciros sisxlis wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod qmnis rituals,

iwvevs sasargeblo organul reaqcias.
fsiqoneiroimunulogia (Psychoneuroimmunology)
kvlevis dargi, romelic
swavlobs interaqcias iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogoricaa
reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis funqcionireba.
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo meTodad iqces, mkvlevarebi unda
darwmundnen, rom wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlindeba
ganpirobebulobis Sedegad.
mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da
gazrdis imunur reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT.
saidan viciT^
imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli gaumjobeseba
mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebulobis situacia, romelSic
saxarinis gemo dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan, romelic iwevevs
reaqcias virTxis imunur sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asrulebda
ganpirobebuli stimulis rols, xolo lisozimi ganupirobebeli
stimulisas. dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac
virTxebis erT jgufs misces wayali, gazavebuli saxariniT, magram
lisozimis gareSe, maT organizmebs hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri
reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac mxolod lizosimi miewoda
(Alvarez-Borda et al., 1995)
es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom mxolod erTi epizodi, sadac
ganpirobebuli stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel stimulTan, sakmarisi
aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul stimulze
warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba klasikuri ganpirobebulobis potencia
imunuri sistemis gasaZliereblad.
vidre fsiqologia da cxovreba-s waikiTxavdiT, albaT Zalian cota ram
icodiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT bundovan
warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze. vimedovnebT, rom ukve sakmaod kargad
gaecaniT daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi mniSvneloba Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Semdegi Cveni gansjis sagani iqneba daswavlis iseTi
saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod, meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis
kursis Seswavlas daiwyebdiT. Tu Tqven odesme mainc gifiqriaT imaze, Tu

79

rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoveba da dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT
operantuli ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.
Sejameba
mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
ZiriTadi principebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im specipikur cvladebs
dauTmo, romlebic ganpirobebulobaze gavlenas axdenen. klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimuli iwvevs refleqsur qcevas,
romelsac ganupirobebeli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba. (unconditioned response).
manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli stimulis ganupirobebl stimulTan
Sewyvilebis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZanisaTvis.
stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi gamRizianebeli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias. cxovelebis gawrTvna
SesaZlebelia ise, rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SesZlon Sesatyvisi da
Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli stimulis garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia ganpirobebul da
ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris kontingentursa da informatiul
damokidebulebaze. cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri ganpirobebulobisa
gvxvdeba emociebis, narkotikul nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da
fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavla Sedegebis mixedviT
davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi damTavrda da Tqven
gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni adgilidan. megobari, romelTan erTadac uyureT
films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven pasuxobT: me viswavle, rom
saSinelebaTa filmze aRar unda wamovide. albaT, marTali xarT, magram ra
saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel gadavyavarT meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi.
efeqtis kanoni
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi muSaobda ZaRlebTan klasikur
ganpirobebulobaze, eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898) akvirdeboda
katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan. Torndaikma
male gamoqveyna kidec misi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad
katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg, magram radgan erTxel maTma

80

romeliRac impulsurma moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba, yvela warumatebeli

da gamousadegari impulsebi CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini, romelsac
SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde (Thorndike, 1898, p.13).
ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis analizis mixedviT, daswavla
iyo asociacia situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, romelic iswavla
cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi
reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an kvanZze kawrva) romelic
gansazvruli stimulis pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans maT
sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisufleba). gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R
kavSiris daswavla TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da Secdomis
meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi, romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqonda, gaxSirda,
isini TandaTan iqca dominantur reaqciebad, rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda
labirinTSi. Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs Soris efeqtis kanoni
uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofilebeli SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis
miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasurvel Sedegs iwvevs.
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi
Zlier efeqts axdens qcevaze. skinerma SeimuSava kvlevis programa, romlis
mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebulobis sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im
meqanizmisa, romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli qcevis did albaTobas
sxvadsaxva garemo pirobebSi.

bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnierebaSi isaa, rom gansazRvruli qceva

gamovlindeba gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli analizi ikvlevs albaTobas
sixSiris an reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT... eqsperimentuli analizis amocanaa,
aRmoaCinos yvela is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia reaqciis sixSire
(Skinner, 1966, pp. 213-214)
skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo, vidre Teoriuli
Teoretikosebi xelmZRvaneloben derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT
sakuTari Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi, rogoric skineri iyo,
eyrdnobian mxolod realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben eqperimentis
konteqtSi monacemebis SegrovebiT da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime Teorias.
imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeanalizebina, skinerma ganaviTara
operantuli ganpirobebulobis procedura. igi manipulirebda organizmis
Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom enaxa, ra efeqts miiRebda. operantulia

81

nebismieri qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier da SeiZleba

daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi, konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens garemoze.
sityva-sityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze gavlenas, misiT operirebas
(Skinner, 1938) operantuli qceva ar aRmocendeba gansazRvruli stimuliT,
rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia. mtredebi kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben
sakvebs, bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani laparakisas xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena
ebmis. am qcevaTa albaToba momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes im
Sedegebis mixedviT, rac maT mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT
aCqarebs sasurvel kontaqts mSoblebTan, samomavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva operantuli qcevis
albaTobas imdenad, ramdenadac isini, faqtiurad, gvevlinebian garemo
Sedegebis funqciebad.
Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis gasagrZeleblad, skinerma Seqmna
aparati, romlis meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs. mis mier
Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxulia suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia, agreTve,
rogor funqcionirebs igi/is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs qcevis im meqanizms,
romelic eqperimentators aqvs gansazrvruli, virTxa aWers Rilaks da
sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is
cvladebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen daswavlaze an dauswavlelobaze.
magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis daWeriT virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs
sakvebs, Tuki kabinas Semouvlis (Seipingis procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT
SevexebiT), virTxa swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde kabinas unda
Semouaros.
bevr operantul eqsperimentSi did interess iwevevs is periodi, romlis
manZilzec cxovels SeiZleba axsovdes gansazRvruli qcevis paterni.
mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis manZilze.
es meTologia saSualebas miscemda skiners, gaerkvia pirobiTi ganmtkicebis
efeqti cxovelis qcevaze.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas
Soris, romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ aris daswavlis ZiriTadi kanoni, romelis
mixedviTac stimulis Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac
reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac mas ar mohyveba jildo.

82

operanruli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning) _ aris daswavlis forma,

romelSic reaqciis albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ aris organizmis gamovlena, romelic
xasiaTdeba dakvirvebadobiT im gavlenis mixedviT, rasac igi garemoze
axdens.
pirobiTi

ganmtkiceba

(Reinforcement contingency)

aris

myari

kavSiri

reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.

magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti, romelSic mtredis mier firfitis
kenkvas (reaqcia) moyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Sesabamisi cvlileba garemoSi).
es myari kavSiri anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs kenkvis
intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis
sixSire, marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis Semdeg. miwodeba unda
moxdes mkacrad kenkvis gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara Tavis
mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg. skineris Sromaze dayrdnobiT
Tanamedrove bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas pirobiTi
gantkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra iqna
aRmoCenili am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT.
ganmamtkicebeli (reinforcer) _ SeiZleba iyos nebismieri stimuli, romelic
zrdis mocemuli reaqciis sixSiris albaTobas.
dadebiTi
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) qcevas mohyveba sasargeblo
stimuli, rac zrdis qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Ngative reinforcement) qcevas mohyveba aversiuli
stimulis Camocileba, rac zrdis am qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
operantulobis
operantulobis Caqroba (Operant extinction) rodesac qceva aRar moaswavebs
aranair Sedegs, igi brundeba gamovlenis im sixSireze, romelzec iyo
operantul ganpirobebulobamde.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba

davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa galiaSi wreze arbeninoT.
aseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad saWiro gaxdeboda ganmamtkiceblis
gamoyeneba. ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli, romelic myaradaa
qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da zrdis am qcevis gamovlenis sixSires droTa
ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba garkveul reaqciaze.
ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa gansazRvruli im efeqtis
mixedviT, romelsac is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu gadaxedavT

83

samyaros Tqvens irgvliv, aRmoaCenT stimulTa sam klass: 1. stimuli, romlis

mimarTac neitralurad xarT ganwyobili, 2. stimuli, romelic gizidavT da 3.
stimuli, romelic aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT maT. cxadia, rom am
stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba gansxvavebuli iqneba TiToeuli
individisaTvis. is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli, individualuri
organizmis qceviT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, marwyvi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis.
Tu aseT adamians SesTavazebT marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad miiRebT
principulad gansxvavebul Sedegs, vidre maSin, marwyvis moyvaruls rom
SesTavazoT.
rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo stimulis miwodeba, am movlenas ewodeba
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.
ganmtkiceba virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis Sedegi iqneba
sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi kvlavac moyvebian anegdotebs, Tuki amis Sedegad
miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT siamovnebas
aniWebs. rodesac qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimulis CamoSoreba, am movlenas
ewodeba uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba.
ganmtkiceba magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi ar
uyvars, ganaxorcielebs qcevas, romelic mas aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis
gamoyeneba wvimis dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri magaliTia
uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis efeqtisa. am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia
dasveleba. qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT aversiul stimuls.
manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, erTgvarad, uaryofiTi
ganmamtkiceblis funqcias asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli xmis
gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds gadaiWers.
imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmaneTisgan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
ganmtkiceba, davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win uswrebs
maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis albaTobas sasargeblo stimulis
miwodebiT, xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves, oRond sapirispiro
meqanizmiT, aversiuli stimulis CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an SeferxebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli
aRar mogvewodeba, ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive kanonzomiereba
ZalaSia operantuli ganpirobebulobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu ganmamtkicebeli
mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili aqvs operantul Caqrobas.
Caqrobas
amgvarad, Tuki qceva aRar iwvevs mosalodnel efeqtsa da Sedegs, is brundeba
im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavzec

84

dakvirvebisas araa Zneli, aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic erTi periodi

ganmtkicebuli iyo da Semdeg Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis
aparatSi fulis Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila, ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT
avtomatisTvis? Tuki am dros fuli Cavarda avtomatSi, Tqven sxva drosac
gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man erTxel Sedegi moitana. magram momavalSi,
Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, maSin es qceva Caqreba.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja

albaT, icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac dasjas. damsjelia
nebismieri stimuli, romelic droTan ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu im
reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba, rasac moyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli, movlenas
ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (SegiZlia dadebiTi daimaxsovro, rogorc raRac, rac
situacias emateba) magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba iwvevs tkivils, rac
sjis masze adre aRmocenebul qcevas, amitom momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa,
rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo,
sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, movlenas vuwodebT uaryofiT dasjas.
dasjas
(uaryofiTi SegiZlia daimaxsovro, rogorc raime, rac akldeba situacias).
amgvarad, rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs imisTvis, rom man daartya patara Zmas,
bavSvi swavlobs, rom meored Zmas aRar unda daaryas. romeli dasja xsnis,
ratom aRar gindaT saSinelebaTa filmis naxva?
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba Zalian axlos mdgomi cnebebia,
isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze, pirvel rigSi, is
migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva terminebiT aRvniSnavT. gansazRvrebis
mixedviT, dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba ki yovelTvis zrdis
mas. magaliTad, zogierT adamians awuxebs Tavis mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo
kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris stimuli, romelic dadebiTad
sjis yavis dalevis qcevas. Tumca, Tavis tkivilis dros xalxi xSirad
mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad. wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic
uaryofiTad ganamtkicebs wamlis miRebas.
7.12 suraTze mocemulia, rogor gamoviyenoT qcevis Secvlis es oTxi
meqanizmi cxovrebaSi.

diskriminaciuli stimuli da ganzogadeba

nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla yovelTvis gvindodes an
gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul

85

konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda, gavzardoT imis albaToba, rom bavSvi

wynarad ijdeba saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi. konkretuli
asociaciebiT dasjis an ganmtkicebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli stimuli,
romelic win uswrebs reaqcias diskriminaciul stimuls qmnis am qcevis
konteqsts. organizmi swavlobs, rom raime stimulis TandaswrebiT maT qcevas
gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze. magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas
ganmtkicebulia quCis gadakveTa; magram rodesac anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva
SeiZleba daisajos amas SeiZleba Sedegad moyves jarima an ubeduri
SemTxveva. skinerma SeimuSava stimuli-qceva-Sedegi formula, rogorc
sampirobiani albaToba (contigency) da Tvlida, rom swored es formula xsnida
adamianis qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrili 7.1 aRwers, rogor
SeiZleba sampirobianma albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis qceva.
laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT manipulirebiT, diskriminaciuli
stimulis miwodebiT, SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva. magaliTad, mtreds
SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi, diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da ara
wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi am SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli
stimulia, romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma unda akenkos, xolo
wiTeli Suqi aris diskriminaciuli stimuli, romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas,
roca mtredma ar unda akenkos. organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis
garCevas, reagirebs regularulad mxolod erTi stimulze da ar reagirebs
meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva
konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT.
organizmi,

agreTve,

diskriminatiuli

anzogadebs

stimulis

reaqcias

msgavsia.

Tuki

sxva

stimulzec,

erTxel

reaqcia

romelic
ganmkicda

diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskrimnaciul

stimulad

da

igive

reaqcia

gamoiwvios.

magaliTad,

mterdebi,

romlebic

gawrTvnes, rom diski mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT, mainc
akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven
vanzogadebT mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze.

cxrili 7.1. sampirobiani

sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul
stimuls, qcevasa da Sedegs Soris

1 dadebiTi ganmtkiceba:

diskrimi
naciuli
stimuli
sasmeleb

reaqcia
monetis

Sedegi
sasmelis

86

efeqturi signalis TandaswrebiT

is
iwvevs sasurvel Sedegs _ reaqcia
avtomati
izrdeba
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba: aversiuli
situaciidan gamosvla operantuli
sicxe
reaqciiT. reaqcia izrdeba.
Caqroba:
jambazu
operantuli reaqcia araa ganmtkicebuli. ri
reaqcia mcirdeba.
qceva
dadebiTi dasja: reaqcias mohyva aversiuli
asanTis
lamazi
stimuli. reaqcia mcirdeba, ganidevneba
yuTi
uaryofiTi dasja: reaqcias mohyva
sasurveli stimulis Camocileba.
sadili
reaqcia ganidevna.

damsjeli

Cagdeba

miReba

maraoTi
ganiaveba

sicxis
arideba

aravin
amCnevs

sixSire
kleb.

asanTiT
TamaSi

dawva

Wamaze
uari

aranairi
deserti

(Punisher) nebismieri stimuli, romelic amcirebs reaqciis

sixSires.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punisment) qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli,
romelic amcirebs qcevis albaTobas.
uaryofiT

damsjeli

(Negative Punishment)

qcevas

moyveba

sasurveli

stimulis Camocileba, riTac mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.

diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Punishment) stimuli, romelic
moaswavebs

ganmtkicebas,

radgan

konkretuli

qceva

dadebiTad

iyo

ganmtkicebuli.
sampirobiani

albaToba

(Three Term Coningency)

meqanizmi,

romliTac

organizmi swavlobs, rom konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva

gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.

ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba

Tu mzad xarT, Tqveni codna ukve samuSaod gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT
Semdegi rCevebi:
-

an

rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT

CaaqroT?

amisaTvis

mizanSi

amoiReT

specifikuri

qceva,

romlis

sixSiris Secvlac gindaT. rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar aris pirobiTi,

maSin mas naklebi efeqti aqvs qcevaze. magaliTad, Tuki mSobeli kargi
saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc cudi saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar
iswavlis kargad moqcevas Tumca, dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gamo SeZleba
gaizardos sxva qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos es?)

87

rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti, romelSic qceva adekvaturi an

araadekvaturia? gvaxsovdes, rom iSviaTad gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa

da gamovlenis Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, romelSic mSobels undoda
bavSvis

sasurveli

qcevis

gazrda

klasSi.

am

SemTxvevaSi

unda

ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli stimuli da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod

iqneba

sasurveli

reaqcia

ganzogadebuli

msgavs

stimulze.

Tu,

magaliTad, bavSvma iswavla klasSi wynarad jdoma, ganzogaddeba Tu ara

es qceva sxva seriozul situaciebSic?
-

gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva SemTxveviT? davuSvaT, gsurT

romelime qcevis Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis meqanizms, rogorc

qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas (ufro dawvrilebiT fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi-s seqciaSi), unda SeamowmoT, SegiZliaT Tu ara moZebnoT
ganmamtkiceblebi

am

qcevisTvis.

Tu

SesZlebT,

moaxerxebT,

rom

am

ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT, mocemuli qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT,

magaliTad, rom axalgazrda ymawvili avlens didi raodenobiT tantrums.
hkiTxeT sakuTars Tavs: me xom ar ganvamtkice es tantrumebi, rodesac
zedmet yuradRebas vaqcevdi mis kivils? Tu asea, tantrumis Semcireba
ganmtkicebis

SemcirebiT

SegiZliaT.

ukeTesia,

Caqrobis

kombinireba

dadebiT ganmtkicebasTan.
qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebismieri qceva, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas, jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri qceva,
amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an sascilo qcevac unda iyos, SeiZleba
avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT. magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi zogjer
imitom narCuneba, rom adamiani iRebs yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da
Tavisufldeba Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtkicebaa da meti
araferi. es meoradi sargebeli ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer,
TviTdestruqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis
qceva, miuxedavad imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda, iyos morcxvi. ra
Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovelTvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs
garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac qceva xdeba metad an naklebad
albaTuri, SegiZliaT scadoT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Catareba.
rekomendirebulia, rom rac SeiZleba met SemTxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad
unda gamoviyenoT dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba avamoqmedoT
sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi, rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi.
ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi

88

ganmamtkiceblebi

operantuli

ganpirobebulobis

energiis

brokerebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas. ganmamtkiceblebs

bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri Tviseba aqvT. isini SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen
gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologiurad ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa,
mogvevlinon aqtivobebad

da ara

raime

sagnebad.

zog SemTxvevaSi, Cveuli

Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZloa, ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa

dominanturi qceva Seicvalos (aseT SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi
ar yofila realuri ganmamtkiceblebi).
pirveladi

ganmamtkicebeli
ganmamtkicebeli

(Primary

reinforcer)

biologiurad

gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebela, rogoricaa saWmeli da wyali.

pirobiTi

ganmamtkicebeli

(Conditioned

reinforcer)

klasikuri

ganpirobebulobis mixedviT aris yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic

ganmamtkiceblad iqca.

pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
roca am qveyanas moevlineT auracxeli pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT,
magaliTad,

wyali

da

saWmeli,

romelTa

ganmamtkicebluri

Taviseburebani

bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli. droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocirda

pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli,
ganmamtkicebeli ise
gvevlineba operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtiurad, adamianis qcevis umetes
wilze gavlenas xSirad sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli axdens da
iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi, mxardaWeris
gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi da bevri sxva simbolo im
pirobiT ganmamtkicebelTa ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens qcevas gansazRvravs.
faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba iqces pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad
Tu is

pirvelad stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT eqsperimentSi gamoyenebuli iyo

martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa swavlebis dros.

maswavleblebma

da

eqsperimentatorebma

daadgines,

rom

pirobiTi

ganmamtkicebeli ufro martivi gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa,

vidre

pirveladi

ganmamtkicebeli

ganmamtkicebeli.

yovelTvisaa

klasSi

vinaidan
maSin,

(1)
roca

ramodenime
nebismieri

pirveladi
stimulis

gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontrolebs, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas

pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi gacema; (3) isini advilad
gadasatania;

(4)

maTi

ganmtkicebis

efeqti

ufro

swrafia,

radgan

is

89

damokidebulia

ganmamtkiceblis

miRebaze

da

ara

biologiur

ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis drosaa.

zogierT

dawesebulebaSi,

narkologiur

dispanserSi,

magaliTad,

Jetonebis

fsiqiatriul

ekonomika

am

saavadmyofoSi
principebs

an

emyareba.

sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis miReba) kargad ganimarteba da roca

es qceva gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri gaicema momsaxure personalis
mier. mogvianebiT, es Jetonebi pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva tipis
jildoze

an

rame

sxva
es

Pear,1999).ganmamtkicebelTa

privilegiaze
sistema

(Kazdin,

gansakuTrebiT

1994;

efeqturia

Martin&
pacientis

qcevis modificirebisTvis, Tavis movlis qcevis TvalsazrisiT. gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania

maTi

pozitiuri

socialuri

urTierTobebis

gazrdis

TvalsazrisiT.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
dausjeloba afuWebs bavSvs?
gjeraT

Tu

ara,

rom

,,gauwkeplaoba

bavSvs

afuWebs

anu

bavSvebi,

romlebic zogjer mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabolood gafuWdebian? Tu

Tqven

am

gamonaTqvamis

umetesobisa. 991

gjeraT,

amerikeli

Tqven

mSoblidan

emsgavsebiT
35%-ma

amerikel

mSobelTa

aRiara fizikuri

dasjis

(magaliTad, mityepva, Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2 wlis SvilebTan da

94% iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis 3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Straus &
Stewart;1999). mSobelTa

sxva 449Kkacian jgufSi,

93%

mSoblebisa

TviTon

isjebodnen bavSvobaSi fizikurad, 87% eTanxmeboda dasjis am formas

(Buntain-Ricklefs at al;1994). Tven xedavT, rom mityepva sakmaod xSiri dasjis
meTodia da adamianebi, ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc dasjis formas,
magram ra aris dasjis am formis Sedegi?
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze pasuxis gacema im SeasZlo kavSiris ZiebiT,
rac mSoblebis mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebasa da bavSvis agresiul
qcevas Soris iyo. xalxuri sibrZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri Teoritikosis
azriT, Tu mSoblebi iyeneben fizikur agresias Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im
SemTvevaSic

ki,

Tu

is

gamoiyeneba

araSesatyvisi

qcevis

Sesacvlelad,

agresia gvevlineba bavSvebisaTvis qcevis modelad, rac situaciurad sxva

individebis qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi
sakuTari
ufro

mSoblebisgan

mets

vityviT

swavloben

modelirebiT

fizikuri
swavlis

agresiis
Sesaxeb

gamoyenebas

mogvianebiT,

(Cven
TavSi

90

,,dakvirvebiT swavla). rogor gamovikvlioT es hipoTeza?

erT-erT

kvlevaSi,

aRsazrdeli

sadac

indianisa

monawileobda,

mSoblebs

da

tenesis

sTxoves

273

SeevsoT

sabavSvo

baRis

kiTxvari

imis

Sesaxeb, Tu fizikuri dasjis ra formebs iyenebdnen sakuTari bavSvebTan

mimarTebaSi (Strassberg et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis dedebze iyo gakeTebuli.
bavSvebis

6%-s

hyavda

dedebi,

romlebic

arasodes

iyenebdnen

fizikur

dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipebodnen dedebis mier. danarCeni 26% ki ufro

intensiurad isjeboda fizikurad, maTi dedebi maT an muStebiT urtyamdnen
an mujlugunebs wakravdnen xolme.
dedebis

gamokiTxvidan

urTierTobas TanatolebTan.

Tvis

Semdeg,

mkvlevrebma

dakvirdnen

am

bavSvebis

daafiqsires bavSvebis

agresia

Tanatolebis mimarT, magaliTad, roca isini brazdebodnen, dascinodnen da

scemdnen

Tanatolebs.

TiToeuli

bavSvi

saaTobrivad

iRebda

qulas

agresiuli qcevisaTvis. grafikze es kargad Cans. rogorc xedavT, rac ufro

intensiur dasjas axorcielebdnen mSoblebi, miT ufro agresiulebi iyvnen
maTi Svilebi. es monacemebi gvarwmunebs, rom bavSvebi agresiul qcevas
TavianTi

mSoblebisgan

daiswavlian.

Tqven

SeiZleba

ifiqroT,

rom

es

bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvleva gviCvenebs,

rom es ase ar aris (Chess & Thomas; 1984). savaraudod, simarTlis marcvali,
SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom ,,cudi bavSvebi ufro xSirad imsaxureben
fizikur dasjas. es kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri dasja ar gvaZlevs
sasurvel Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen
ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000).
Tu Cven jer kidev ver dagarwmuneT, rom fizikuri dasja araswori
strategiaa mSoblebis mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT kidev erTi kvlevis
Sedegebi.

analizi

dafuZnebulia

monacemebze, romelic

erT-erTi

mizanmimarTuli

proeqtis

ikvlevda 6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa SeeswavlaT

maTi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi mecnierebi dainteresebuli

iyvnen gardatexis asakis bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri dasjis
gavleniT maT momaval cxovrebaze (Straus & Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli gamodga. mokled rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom maT fizikurad
sjidnen Tineijerobisas (58% _ biWi, 44% _ gogo). maT, visac sjidnen,
mogvianebiT hqondaT problemebi. isini xvdebodnen Semdeg risk jgufebSi:
depresia,

suicidi,

Seuracxyofa,

alkoholizmi,

(kacebTan)

colebis

sakuTari

bavSvebis

cema.

mkvlevrebma

mimarT

fizikuri

daaskvnes,

rom

91

nebismieri fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvnelovan faqtorad

gvevlineba

bavSvTa

fizikuri

Seuracxyofis,

depresiis,

suicidis

da

alkoholizmis pirvelad prevenciaSi. (gv. 558)

Cven

gvjera,

konkretuli

magaliTebiT

dagarwmuneT,

rom

bavSvebis

gatyepva ar aris Sesatyvisi an efeqturi aRzrdis strategia. aRsaniSnavia,

rom Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa, arsebobdes
situaciebi,

sadac

bavSvis

arasasurveli

qcevis

SemaCereblad

mxolod

dasja gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom dasja unda iTvaliswinebdes

Semdeg pirobebs (Walters & Grusec; 1977).
dasja unda iyos:
swrafi da xanmokle;
unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve, rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs adgili;
intensivoba unda iyos limitirebuli;
es unda iyos pasuxi specifikur arasasurvel qcevaze da arasodes _
pirovnul maxasiaTebelze;
limitirebuli unda iyos im situaciis Sesatyvisad, sadac reaqcias
aqvs adgili;
Sedgebodes dasjisagan da ara _ fizikuri tkivilisagan.
ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSirad, mizezi, ris gamoc bevri mSobeli dasjas
iyenebs, aris is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba bavSvis arasasurveli qceva.
mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis xanmokle mizans, imavdroulad, bavSvis myiseuli
reaqcia ganamtkicebs mSoblis damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant & Evans; 1994),
magram Sedegi aseTia: ,,xanmokle sargebeli, xangrZlivi tkivili. mSoblebma
moTmineba unda gamoiCinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmokle ganmtkicebisagan
sakuTari Svilebis Soreuli interesebis gamo.
saidan viciT
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli SimpanzeebisTvis
Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gadawyveta, qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi JetonebiT Caanacvles. rogorc
ki Jetonebi gamoCnda, maimunebma moTminebiT daiwyes muSaoba sakuTari
,,fulis mosapoveblad. maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT, gadaecvalaT Jetonebi
qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937)

savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi

92

davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac gaakeTebinoT. Tqven ar gindaT, mas
gadauxadoT an misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT garigebas: ,,roca
saSinao davalebas daasruleb, SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo. Tqvns
mier

gamoyenebuli

,,kompiuteruli

TamaSi

mocemul

situaciaSi

premakis

principad gvevlineba, romelic david premakma (David Premak) 1995 wels aRmoaCina.
premakis mixedviT, ufro metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul
garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs), SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad
albaTuri qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi premakma aRmoaCina,
rom wyliT deprivirebulma virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis mizniT
sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqtivobas wylis daleva mohyveboda da,
piriqiT, savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen wylis smis qcevas.
premakis mixedviT, ganmamtkiceblad organizmisTvis mniSvenelovani nebismieri
qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos. premakis princips xSirad gamoiyeneba,
gansakuTrebiT instituciebis bavSvTa iseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad,
rogoricaa mSvidad jdoma da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia erTi
klasikuri SemTxveva:
saidan viciT
bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom iTamaSon
Caatares

kvleva,

romlis

drosac

klasSi

gamoyofili

iyo

droiTi

intervalebi, roca bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen dafas da zogjer esmodaT

zaris

xma.

zaris

xmas

mohyveboda

instruqcia:

gaiqeciT

da

iyvireT.Mmoswavleebi dauyovnebliv wamoxtebodnen da darbodnen klasSi,

yvirodnen da erTobodnen. ramodenime wuTSi Semdegi signali afrTxilebda
maT,

rom

aZlevdnen

dabrunebuliyvnen
Jetonebs

TavianT

dabali

adgilebze.

sixSiris

mogvianebiT

qcevis

bavSvebs

maTemetikis

mecadineobisTvis. bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas aZlevda, rom CarTuliyvnen

SedarebiT maRali aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSoebiT TamaSi. am
tipis proceduriT kontroli SesaniSnavad ganxorcielda ramodenime dReSi.
(homme et al,1963).
sxva

tipis

saklaso

programa,

sadac

maswavleblebis

mier

xSirad

gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema da yvirili, Cavarda.

axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT premakis principi dabali
sixSiris

qcevaSi

bavSvebis

CasarTavad.

socialurad

aqtiuri

bavSvisaTvis

amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad sasiamovno

93

qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT

sxva bavSvebTan TamaSis qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri aqtivoba SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas ganmamtkiceblad da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miRweul
iqneba

im

qcevis

sixSiris

mateba,

rac

konkretul

SemTxvevaSi

naklebad

albaTuria.

ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom Tqvens Sinaur cxovels
ganumtkicoT raime konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia Tavis
laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise rom, ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi
ganmamtkicebeli Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomis akeTebda da
virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu
ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met sakvebs veRar iRebdnen.
aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur

ganmamtkicebelTa formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed ganmtkicebaze. da, rogor

fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxovelebs, roca isini qcevis Caqrobis safrTxis winaSe
aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo? is virTxebi, romelTa qcevac ufro
iSviaTad ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad aWerdnen GTaTs Rilaks,
vidre isini, romlebsac ganmamtkicebeli yovel jerze eZleodaT. skineri,
raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuaxlovda.
am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam migviyvana kvlevamde
ganmamtkicebelTa gansxvavebuli intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb. (ixileT
suraTi 7.13) Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtkiceblis gansxvavebuli efeqtis
roli sakuTar cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT klasSi, maswavlebeli xan
giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur cxovrebaSi an laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli
SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc proporciuli ganmamtkiceblis forma
ramdenime konkretuli reaqciis Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli intervalebiT
roca ganmtkiceba drois raRac intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeuli
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes fiqsirebul an variabilur ganmtkicebas.
axla Cven viciT parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda,
rom parcialurad ganmtkicebuli qceva metad gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre
Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modiT vnaxoT, sxva ra
saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevarebma ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva
cxrilebTan dakavSirebiT.

94

fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis) cxrilebi

fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebSi ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas
Semdeg, rac organizmi gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul odenobas. roca
ganmtkicebas moyveba erTi reaqcia, cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1
(fp-1). (es aris namdvili Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili) roca
ganmamtkicebeli mosdevs yovel 25-e reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25.
fiqsirebuli proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal xarisxs, radgan
reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris pirdapiri korelaciaa. __ mtreds SeuZlia,
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi miiRos ramdenic unda, Tu
sakmarisad xSirad akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT metia pauza
TiTouli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg. ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad meti sapasuxo
reaqciebis miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semcirebam, im SemTxvevaSi, roca
cxoveli gawrTvnili da momzadebuli ar aris amisaTvis, SeiZleba migviyvanos
Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani gayidvebis industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT
manamde unda gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba, vidre jamagirs
aiRebdnen.

variabiluri proporciis cxrili

variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar gansazRvrulia reaqciaTa
odenoba ganmamtkicebelTa Soris. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom saSualod yovel
10 reaqcias moyveba ganmamtkicebeli., magram ganmtkicebas SeiZleba adgili
hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis Semdeg. am tipis ganmtkicebiT
ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod rezistentulia Caqrobis mimarT. DdavuSvaT, Tqven
mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi
akenkavs 12000 marcvals saaTSi da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis manZilze,
ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki. azartuli TamaSebic SegviZli miviCnioT vp
cxrilebis kontrols daqvemdebarebulad. am princips emyareba saTamaSo
manqanebis principi _ masSi monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT
Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili
gtovebT gamocanis winaSe rodis mova jildo Tqven gjeraT, rom is
Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba da ara ufro gvian (Rachlin, 1990)

fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili

roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrilTan,
cxrilTan ganmamtkicebeli
miewodeba pirveli reaqciis Semdeg, raRac fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis Semdeg.

95

fi-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti iRebs gantmkicebas, unda daicados

10 wami, sanam meore reaqcia ganmtkicdeba __ reaqciaTa raodenobisda
miuxedavad. reaqciaTa koeficienti fi cxrilis qveS gamoisaxeba, rogorc
(scalloped pattern). nebismieri ganmtkicebuli pasuxis Semdeg, cxoveli iZleva
Zalian umniSvnelo reaqcias. rodesac dajildovebis dro axlovdeba, cxoveli
sul ufro da ufro aqtiurdeba. yovelTviuri gadasaxadebis qviTari adamianebs
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrilis gavlenis qveS aqcevs.

cvalebadi intervalis cxrili

cvalebaDintervalis
cvalebaDintervalis cxrilSi saSualo intervali winaswar aris
gansazRvruli. magaliTad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba,
saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT, magram
Zalian stabiluri qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am dros etapobrivi
da Zalian nelia. erT SemTxvevaSi mtredma 18000-jer akenka pirveli 4 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba Sewyda da 168 saaTi dasWirda am
qcevis srul gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). SegiZliaT CaTvaloT, rom ci-20
cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT gamocdili, Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic
araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT koloqviumebs. yoveldRe
emzadebodiT momavali gakveTilisaTvis?

fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval schedule) ganmamtkicebelTa

cxrili,

romelSic

ganmamtkicebeli

miewodeba

fiqsirebuli

drois

gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.

cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval schedule) ganmamtkicebelTa

cxrili,

romelSic

ganmamtkicebeli

miewodeba

pirvelive

pasuxisas

cvaldi

periodis

gavlis

Semdeg,

romlis

saSualoc

winaswar

mixedviT

Seipingi

(shaiping

successive

gansazRvrulia.

warmatebuli
approximations)

miaxloebebis

qceviTi

meTodi,

romelic

ganamtkicebs

by
im

reaqciebs

romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da maqsimalurad axlos arian

sasurvel reaqciasTan.
qcevis formireba
formireba (Seipingi)
erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT virTxebze, romlebic Rilaks
aWerdnen saWmlis misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa. Tu mas
operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT, ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs

96

spontanurad. virTxas naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT gamoyeneba,

magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes Camouwevia. rogor vaswavloT virTxas
qcevebi, romlebic, savaraudod iSviaTad vlindebian? Tqven moifiqreT
ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri sakvebi, ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1),
rogor moviqceT axla? imisaTvis, rom Tqven aswavloT axali rTuli qceva,
unda gamoiyenoT Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT. am dros Tqven
ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas, romelic warmatebulia da Tanac miaxloebuli
saboloo mizanTan.
es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis saWmliT deprivireba erTi
dRis ganmavlobaSi. deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imuSaos, rogorc
ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven sistematurad aTavsebT sakvebs kabinis erT
kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi
imiT, rom sakvebis miwodebis sixSire daukavSiroT virTxis specifikur qceviT
reaqcias, magaliTad, karis saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba
mxolod maSin, roca is ufro axlos midis karis saxelurTan. male
ganmamtkicebeli gaicema im SemTxvevaSi, Tu virTxa exeba saxelurs. sabolood
ki man saWmlis misaRebad unda daaWiros saxelurs. am dros virTxa swavlobs,
rom saxeluris Camoweva misTvis sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis Tqven
unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qcevis Sesatyvisad da gamoiyenoT
diferencirebuli ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis formirebisaTvis.
axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipingi gamoyenebul iqna patara
autisti bavSvis cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
saidan viciT
qcevis formireba autisti bavSvTan
pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac dausves autizmis diagnozi. mas
hqonda normaluri socialuri da verbaluri qcevis deficiti. xSirad
axorcielebda tantumebs da sakuTari Tavis damazianebel qcevebs.
kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man uari Tqva saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac
Zlier mniSvenelovani iyo misi mxedvelobisaTvis. pirvelad mas eZleoda
kanfeti saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom, saWmelTan asociaciis fonze
es xma pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gaxda. Semdeg treningi gagrZelda uSuSo
saTvalis CarCoTi. Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara saTvalis
CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es xma ismoda mas Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi
yovndeboda. da bolos, roca bavSvs ekeTa saTvale. nelnela biWi
jildovdebida maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos miqonda CarCo. ramodenime

97

kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad moirgo

Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze bavSvma iswavla saTvalis tareba dReSi
12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. (Wolf at all 1964).
axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven mogindaT aswavloT virTxas
galiaSi wreze sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am SemTxvevaSi? ra
SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven
dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven Tavidan ganamtkicoT saWiro
mimarTulebiT Tavis mibrunebis qcevac ki. SemdegSi Tqven virTxas saWmeli im
SemTxvevaSi unda misceT Tu is mTel tans miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT.
ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg?
daswavlis ori

forma ganvixileT klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da

operantuli ganpirobebuloba romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben

daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze,
katebze, virTxebze, mtredebze da aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic msgavs qcevas
axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi, mkvlevarebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom daswavla
bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri
SesaZleblobebiT. exla Cven gadavalT im procesebis ganxilvaze, romlebic
daswavlis zogad kanonebs SemosazRvraven.
Sejameba
Torndaikisa da skineri mier aRmoCenili operantuli ganpirobebulobis
meTodika marTavs organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos Zireul
qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis qcevis gamovlenis
albaTobas. ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs generalizacias samizne
qcevis miRma. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas axdens
adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. premakis principi
gvamcnobs, rom metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli naklebad
albaTi aqtivobis gansamtkiceblad. ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi
reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven. Seipingi moiTxovs, rom
samizne qcevasTan

warmatebulad miaxloveba diferencialurad iqnes

ganmtkicebuli.
daswavla da biologia
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTad principTa CamonaTvali msgavsia
adamianebTan da cxovelebTan, pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma

98

(David Hume) wamoayena 1748 wels. humma Tqva, rom nebismieri Teoria, romliTac
Cven gagebis operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT mniSvnelobas
SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen
cxovelTanac (Hume, 1748/1951, p.104).
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960ian wlebSi fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadsxva kanonzomierebebi da
SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey,
1993; Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993) mesame Tavidan Tqven ukve icnobT im
ideas, rom cxovelebis ganviTareba iyo pasuxi, reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze.
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris SeiZleba avxsnaT swored adaptaciiT. zustad
aseTive evoluciuri perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis unars (Leger, 1992.
daswavlis biologiuri
biologiuri iZuleba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba gamoenebuli iqnas cxovelTa
sensorul, qceviT da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT kvlevis or
sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
ganpirobebuli: instinqturi swrafva da gemos aversiiT swavla.
instinqturi swrafva
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben cirksa da
televiziaSi. zogierTi cxoveli TamaSobs beisbols, ping-pongs, zogi _ atarebs
manqanas. wlebis manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi iyenebdnen
operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs, rom gamoewrTvnaT aTasobiT sxvdasxva
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom zogadi principebi, romlebic
laboratoriuli kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac imuSavebda da
nebismieri reaqcia an jildo niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis
gareT.
Tumca, wrTvnis raRac etapze zogierTi cxoveli iwyebda cudad moqcevas.
magaliTad, enoti iwrTvneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo yulabaSi da amiT
gamoemuSavebina sakvebi. magram enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis
aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod wydeboda anu enoti saerTod aRar
iRebda monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela monetas erTad, tenida
yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad
axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben
niJarebidan. amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wrTvnidnen imisTvis, rom
gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT, isini Zirs yridnen am
monetebs, jer dingiT ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen.

isev ismis kiTxva,

99

unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi

zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan qcevis es repertuari maT
memkvidreobiT aqvT miRebuli.
aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom
raRac etapamde cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi, daswavluli
qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT
instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland, 1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar
aixsneba operantuli principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tuki am
qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli memkvidruli qcevis paternebis
konteqtsSi ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic SemuSavebulia
operantuli ganpirobebulobiT.
cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad
misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze SerCeul
reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela
aspeqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba met-naklebad advilad Sesacvleli
iyos, rogorc cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli reaqcia
garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin iqneba efeqtiani, rodesac samizne reaqcia
biologiurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad, ra cvlilebaa saWiro
imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebuli iyo
wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am
rutinas.

daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints on learning) nebismieri

limiti organizmis daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia
erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.

instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili qcevis tendenci, droTa

ganmavlobaSi instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.
gemos aversiiT swavla
am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans

dResac szaravs Roris xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo meores

zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze. orive SemTxvevaSi, Cven mZimed avad
gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. Tumca, nakleb savaraudoa,
rom Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, aseTi reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa.
imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs.

100

davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia ucnobi nivTierebebis

degustaciisaTvis. Tqven rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli paterni, am
dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT. rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an
surnels, isini Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raodenobas iReben
gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da
miirTmeven. magram Tuki eqsperimentSi CavrTavT iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad
xdis virTxebs, maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian. am
fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT swavla. am genetikur unars, sakvebis gasinjvas
da swavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da romelia toqsikuri, didi
Rirebuleba aqvs. gaixsneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis Rvinis gemo
aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man simTvraleSi gamoscada.
gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla mxolod
erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali
sakvebi/surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis elementis,
romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs avadmyofobas Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti
rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12 saaTi da meti, dro, romlis
SualedSi virTxa iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood, gansxvavebiT
klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan, romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos
aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdilebis Semdegac. kidev erTxel,
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa darRvevebi, unda
gaiTvaliswinoT, is, Tu raoden dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi
gadarCenas.
jon garsiam,
garsiam fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad daafiqsira gemos aversiiT
daswavla laboratoriaSi, da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es fenomeni
gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna
konkretuli asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuli-ganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi
SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul saxeobebSi.
saidan viciT
stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvedra
garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi virTxebi jer
ecnobodnen situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda sam ganpirobebul
stimuls: saxariniT Sezavebul wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles. meore
fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod

101

tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals.

Semdeg orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis erTi naxevari moxvda
eleqtruli Sokis zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda da meore
naxevari ki radiaciuli dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa da
gulisrevas.
wylis is raodenoba, romelic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies,
Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis raodenobas. raodenoba
sagrZnoblad mcirdeboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali asocirdeboda
avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia) da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle
asocirdeboda tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod patara cvlileba
SeiniSneboda ori sxva pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli moaswavebda
tkivils, an rodesac Zlieri sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda
avadmyofobas (ix. suraTi 7.14)
miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari,
asociacia daamyaron konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs Soris (Garcia
& Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare,
damokidebulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris kavSirze, aramed imazec,
Tu rogor dispozicias avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis mimarT
mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978). cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia
im stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes safrTxes da romeli jildos.
amitom eqperimentatorebi, romelbic ecdebian am paternebis darRvevas, bevrs
verafers miaRweven.
mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqanizmis praqtikaSi gadmotanac
scades. imisaTvis, rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon garsiam da misma
kolegebma daawyves bekekis toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris
tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavadnen da ganuviTardaT zizRi bekekis
xorcis mimarT. amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis magivrad ukan
ixevdnen.
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning) daswavlis biologiuri
kanonzomiereba, romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis gamomwvevi
sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi
daavadebul pacientebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv sakvebs
qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli gulisrevis gamo.

102

saidan viciT
mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi gemos arideba
22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos
diagnozi, gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi prioritetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis
rva kursis ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi sami kvira iyo.
qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi, rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze
Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da
sasmels 1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian mowoneba). mkvlevarebi
aversiis gamovlenas maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba 4 quliT
daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis 46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire,
erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi, romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis
pirveli ori kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi gaxda, rom
virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT, pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva Terapiis
Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, romlis Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli
aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993).
imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli,
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Berstein, 1991).
magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes.
amasTan, miwodebuli kanfetebi an nayini iyo sruliad specifikuri surneliT
anu aversia swored am surnelis mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs
SeeZloT, kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti an nayini.
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa
ganpirobebli. bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis seansis
dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romelSic isini mkurnalobdnen,
ganpirobebul stimulad iqca. (Tomoyasu at all 1996) amgvari efeqtebis safuZvlebis
gaanalizeba mkvlevarebs mkurnalobis meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas
aZlevs. kidec erTxel, ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis efeqtebis
safuZvlebis codna mkvlevarebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis
sawinaaRmdego mkurnaloba.
axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamedrove qceviTi analitikosebi
yuradRebiT reaqciis im tipebis mimarT, romelic ama Tu im saxeobisaTvis ufro
Sesaferisia dasaswavlad. (Todd and Morris 1992) Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls
aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT
potencials. Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdenadac jer ar

103

SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs, romlebic umaRles kognitur procesebs

moiTxovs. axla SevexoT, swored aseTi saxis daswavlas.
Sejameba
instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs, rom organizmebi
limitirebulni arian im TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan
gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia imdenad Zlieria zogierT
cxovelTTan, rom is permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli stimulisa da
ganupirobebeli stimulis erTxelobrivi SewyvilebiTac ki. qimioTerapiaze
myof adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul gemos aversias. mkvlevarebi
cdiloben gamoigonon klasikur ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili meTodebi,
raTa Tavidan aicilon, an gaauqmon es aversiebi.
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze
rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc
daswavlis martivi procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara daswavlis
iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi sWirdebaT?

kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtioba, romelic CarTulia codnis

gadamuSavebisa da warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogoricaa azrovneba,
mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom axla ganvixilavT daswavlis iseT
formebs, romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod klasikuri an operantuli
ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qceva, nawilobriv,
kognituri procesebis Sedegia.

cxovelTa kognicia
am TavSi ganvixileT sakiTxebi, romlis mixedviTac saxeobebisaTvis
specifikuri SezRudvebis garda, daswavlis kanonebi, virTxebze da mtredebze
Catarebuli kvlevebidan gamomdinare, kargad udgeba ZaRlebs, maimuneba da
adamianebs. cxovelTa kogniciis mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod
klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobis ganzogadeba SeiZleba sxvadasxva
sxeobebze (Wasserman 1993-1994).Tavis evoluciis TeoriaSi Carlz darvinma
ganacxada, rom kognituri unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fizikur
formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixilavT cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob
STambeWdav tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kognitur unarebze.

kognituri rukebi

104

edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman 1886-1959) iyo pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri
procesebis kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situaciebis
gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri, erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida
cxovelis qcevas. daakvirdiT syraTs 7.15. tolmenma da misma studentebma
aCvenes, rom rodesac labirinTSi blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki,
virTxebi labirinTSi adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven umokles gzas
gamosvlisaTvis miuxedavad imisa, rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman
& Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise, TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen
gansazRvrl kognitur rukas labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad imisa, rom brmad
daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman 1948).
tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets,
vidre ubralod asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas da Semdeg am
daswavlili masalis warmoCenas qceviT konteqstSi.
tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam gamoavlina sivrcobrivi
mexsierebis gasaocari unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxovelebsa
da adamianebSic. (Tolman, 1948). kognituri rukis gasagebad yuraReba unda
mivaqcioT im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxurebian:
- cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis
amosacnobad.
- maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqtebis misagnebad.
- garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad.
Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri ruqebis sxvadasxva funqcia
frinvelTa sxvadasxva saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels farTo
arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon saWmels, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.

klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es

frinveli marxavs 6.000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreT dasavleT nawilis
mTebSi. isni marcvals momaval gazafxulze eZeben, maSin, rodesac damaluli
sakvebi sWirdebaT bartyebisaTvis. (Shettleworth, 1993, p.180).
cxovelTa

kognicia

SesaZleblobebi;

(Animal

mkvlevarebi

cognition)
eZeben

cxovelebis

kognituri

unarebis

kognituri
ganviTarebas

sxvadsxva saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT adamianamde.

kognituri

ruka

reprezentacia

(Cognitive

map)

fizikuri

sivrcis

gonebrivi

105

Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansazRvrul garemoSi da

TuUgaumarTlaT, marcvlebs ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven am marcvlebis
nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg 84% sizustiT brundebian am adgilze
(Kamil & Balda, 1990). isini kargad arCeven im adgilebsac, sadac adre hqondaT
marcvlebi, magram isini ukve carielia. Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic didad
arian damokidebulni gadamalul sakvebze, qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze
axlo mdgom saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxaveba qcevis warmatebulobas
Soris araa am saxeobisTvis, rodesac samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi
sivrcobriv eqperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom
am Citebis qceva samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa ganmtkicebuli. isini
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miagneben gadamalul sakvebs, Tuki maTi kognituri ruka
SenarCundeba.

konceptualuri qceva
kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxovelebs garemoSi orientaciaSi,
magram sxva ra kognitur procesebi unda hqondes cxovelebs, raTa TavianT,
gansxvavebuli stimulebiT aRsavse garemocvaSi moaxerxon, sakuTari
gamocdilebis sworad gamoyeneba
da raSi unda iyenebdnen isini am procesebs? me-11 TavSi Cven aRvniSnavT, rom
metyvelebis dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amocanad iTvleba axali

cnebebisa da kategoriebis daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi ar arian

erTaderTi arsebebi, romlebsac am amocanis daZleva SeuZliaT. mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines, rom mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari, gamoiyenon konceptualuri
gansxvavebebi.
saidan viciT
mtredebi gansjian (gadawyvetilebebs iReben) kategorizaciis struqturaze dayrdnobiT
edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma (1992) warmoudgines mtredebs
adamianebis, yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis fotoebi. yoveli
mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili iyo or ufro did kategoriad (suraTi
7.16) magaliTad, erTi mtredi miiRebda sakvebs, Tuki niskarts daartyamda
narinjisfer Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis Semdeg da wiTel
Rilaks _ yvavilis an skamis Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles
adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% swori feris Rilaks urtyamda
niskarts. wrTvnis meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia unda SeemuSavebina
ufro mcire kategoriis TiToeuli suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds unda

106

daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze

skamis fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis 80%-ma Tavi gaarTva
amocanas.
magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis an manqanis suraTi da
uwevT, airCion mwvane, an TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis aranairi
gamocdileba, raTa SeakavSiron erTmaneTTan es stimuli da reaqcia. ase
rom, aseT martiv daswavlis procesebze dayrdnobiT, Cven ar SegviZlia
viwinaswarmetyveloT mosalodneli qceva.
Tqven rogor moiqceodiT aseT situaciaSi? eqspeimentis pirvel nawilSi
Tven iswavlidiT, rom, magaliTad, skamebi da yvavilebi erTad unda iyvnen.
meore nawilSi Tqven iswavlidiT, rom, rodesac ganaxeben yvavilis suraTs,
Tqven masze oridan erT-erTi reaqciiT unda upasuxoT. rodesac
warmogidgendnen sakms, savaraudod, im pasuxebis SerCevas ecdebodiT,
romlebic kvavilis SemTxvevaSi gamodga. es swored is aris, rasac
mtredebi akeTebdnen. eqsperimentirebis 60-ida 70%-mde, mtredebis swored
kategoriul (category information) informacias iyenebdnen, raTa
gamoericxaT manamde ganumtkicebeli qceva
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom generalizebas adgili aqvs klasikursa da
operantul ganpirobebulobaSi da damyarebulia stimulTa perceptul

msgavsebaze. am eqsperimentSi, romelsac atarebdnen vasermani (Wasserman) da misi

kolegebi, generalizeba ar moicavda perceptul msgavsebas; magaliTad, skamebi
da yvavilebi arc Tu ise gvanan erTmaneTs. samagierod, generalizebis Ziri iyo

kognituri msgavseba. momdevno kvlevebma SemogvTavazes azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

mtredebs aqvT unari, abstraqtul doneze amoicnon msgavsi da gansxvavebuli;
maT aqvT unari, mogvcen diferencialuri pasuxebi, rodesac testis erT,
identuri elementTa jgufs (magaliTad, matareblis Zravis 16 msgavsi suraTi),
vupirispirebT meore, sruliad gansxvavebul elementebs (magaliTad, 16
gansxvavebuli suraTi). (Wassernan et al., 1995; Young et al., 1997).
me-8 da me-9 Tavebi daeTmoba adamianTa kognituri procesebis analizs.
eqsperimentebma, romlebic am TavSi aRvwereT, albaT dagarwmunaT. rom
impresiuli da gamosadegi koginituri procesebis mflobelemi ara marto
adamianebi arian. vidre am Tavs SevajamebdeT, gadavideT momdevno saxis
daswavlaze, romelic agreTve kognituri procesebis monawileobas moiTxovs.

dakvirvebiT daswavla

107

imisaTvis, rom gavecnoT am saxis daswavlas, gavixsenoT virTxebisa da

adamianebis saWmlis gasinjvis meTodebi, gzebi. virTxebi, danamdvilebiT,
gacilebiT dakvirvebulni arian, vidre Tqven, Tumca es iqidan momdinareobs,
rom isini moklebulni arian sxva virTxebisagan daufasebeli informaciis
miRebas. rodesac Tqven unda gasinjoT axali saWmeli, es TiTqmis yovelTvis
gulisxmobs, rom Tqven amisaTvis sakmao safuZveli gaqvT, vinaidan iciT, rom
adamianTa umravlesobam isiamovna am saWmlis miRebiT. Tqveni saWmlis miRebis
qcevis albaTobaze gavlenas axdens sxva individebisaTvis ganmtkicebis
paternebis codna. es magaliTi asaxavs Tqvens SesaZleblobas, daiswavloT

sxvaTa ganmtkicebisa da sxvaTa dajildoebis mixedviT. Sen Seni kognituri

SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba SegiZlia, raTa daimaxsovro da gansajo sxvaTa
gamocdileba Seni qcevis Camosayalibeblad.
rogorc wesi, socialur daswavlas umetesad adgili aqvs iseT situaciebSi,
sadac es daswavla ver iqneboda nakarnaxevi tradiciuli ganpirobebulobis
Teoriis principebiT; es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom individs, romelic
swavlobs, arc aqtiuri reaqci hqonia da arc aSkara ganmtkiceba miuRia.
ubralod, mas Semdeg, rac individi dainaxavs sxvis mier warmoebul qcevas,
romelic an ganmtkicda an ara, momavalSi amis Sesabamisad moiqceva. es aris
dakvirvebiT daswavla. dakvirvebiT daswavlaSi kognicia umetesad molodinebis
saxiT erTveba. realurad, raime modelze, magaliTze dakvirvebis Semdeg Tqven
fiqrobT: Tu zustad ise moviqcevi, rogorc igi, me analogiur ganmtkicebas
davimsaxureb, an avirideb dasjas. umcrosi bavSvi SesaZloa ukeT iqceodes,
vidre misi ufrosi da, vinaidan bavSvi dis magaliTebze swavlobs. es
SesaZlebloba, rom dakvirvebis safuZvelze viswavloT, uaRresad
gamosadegaria. es forma daswavlisa saSualebas gaZlevT, rom SeimecnoT
qcevaTa farTo, integrirebuli paternebi ise, rom Tavad ar mogiwioT cdisa da
Secdomis xangrZlivi procesis gavla, manam, sanam gamoadiferencirebT
mocemuli situaciisaTvis swor da araswor pasuxebs, reaqciebs. Tqven
daubrkoleblad sargeblobT sxvaTa SecdomebiTa da warmatebebiT.
mkvlevarebma gviCvenes, rom dakvirvebiT daswavla mxolod adamianTa xvedri ar
aris. sxva saxeobebis warmomadgenlebs, mtredebs (Zentall et al., 1996), zebra Tevzs
(Hall & Suboski, 1995) da rvafexac ki (Fiorito & Scotto, 1992) SeswevT unari Secvalon
TavianTi qceva Tavisi saxeobis sxva warmomadgenlebis magaliTis mixedviT.
adamianis dakvirvebiT daswavlis klasikuri magaliTi demonstrirebuli iyo
albert banduras (Albert Bandura) laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac naxes,

108

mozardebi rogor Cqmeten da urtyaven did plastikatis Tojinas, eqsperimentis

monawile bavSvebi ufor midrekilni aRmoCndnen igive qcevebis momvalSi
gameorebisaken, vidre sakontrolo jgufis bavSvebi, romelTac es agresiuli
qceva ar unaxavT. (Bandura et al., 1963). am fenomenis mogvianebiT Seswavlam
gviCvena, rom bavSvebi baZavdnen iseT qcevebsac, romlebsac gadaRebuli
kadrebis seriis saxiT awvdidnen, Tundac gmirebi multifikaciuri yofiliyo.
didad kiTxvas aRar badebs is, rom prosocialuri (daxmareba) da
antisocialuri (dazianeba) qcevebis umetesobas vswavlobT dakvirvebiT
daswavlis meSveobiT; magram garemoSi arsebobs dakvirvebis uamravi modeli. ra
cvladebi mniSvnelovani imisaTvis, rom gadavwyvitoT, Tu romeli modeli
iqneba yvelaze gavleniani CvenTvis. gamokvlevam Semdegi ZiriTadi daskvnebi
gamoitana (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1973; Bandura, 1977). modelis dakvirvebadi qceva
gansakuTrebiT gavleniania, rodesac:

igi gvevlineba, rogorc ganmamtkicebeli Sedegis matarebeli

modeli aRqmulia dadebiTad, imsaxurebs mowonebasa da pativiscemas

arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveblis Tvisebebs Soris.

damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis.

modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva

modelebs soris.

damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba.

aRmoCenaTa am siis gagebisaTvis, warmoidgineT sakuTari Tavi modelis

situciaSi da naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am siidan. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs. an
gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna
mxolod sxvaTa dakvirvebiT.
radgan xalxi ase efeqtianad swavlobs modelisagan, advili gasagebia
televiziis didi nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze: axdens Tu
ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is, rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da
dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca mozardTa da bavSvTa qcevasa
da televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis iseT faqtebs Soris kavSirs rogorebicaa
__ mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi da TviTmkvleloba . xels
uwyobs Tu ara Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis imitacias? fsiqologiuri
kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi (Comstock & Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime
aTwleulis Semdeg gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac televizia uaryofiT

109

gavlenas axdens mayureblis cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel rigSi,
Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas. es asociacia gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania bavSvebisaTvis: agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena, Zaladobis adreul
asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba gadaizardos antisocialur qcevaSi ufro gviandel
asakSi. meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori
raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar
gaxdes Zaladobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi. mesame, Zaladobis yurebam SeiZleba
migviyvanos desensitizaciamde emociur aSlilobasa da distersamde.
ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laboratoriuli magaliTi:
saidan viciT
media Zaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis mimarT tolerantulobas ayalibebs
meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan TiToeuli Seiyvanes
eqsperimentul oTaxSi, sadac unda eyurebinaT ori videokasetidan erTerTisaTvis: Zaladobis scenebiani filmi karates Svili da araagresiuli
sportuli sanaxaoba 1984 wlis zafxulis

olimpiadidan. am kasetebis

yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres, rom axla isini naxavdnen namdvil

ambebs, rac Cumad gadaRebuli iyo videoze da maxlobel oTaxSi
paralelurad xdeboda. sinamdvileSi es iyo videoCanaweri, romelSic ori
bavSvi (6 wlis) jer TamaSobs oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba
erTamneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs instruqciaSi neba darTes,
moeZebnaT eqsperimentatori, Tuki SeSfoTdebodnen imiT, rasac videoze
uyurebdnen. studentebma, romlebsac karates Svili hqondaT nanaxi,
orjer ufro met xans uyures Canawers, sanam eqsperimentators
dauZaxebdnen, vidre maT, vinc olimpiur TamaSebs uyura. amgvarad,
mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom Zaladobis scenebis yurebam gamoiwvia meti
tolerantoba namdvili agresiis mimarT (Molitor & Hirsch, 1994).
Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laboratoriuli kvlevis mcire efeqti,
magram warmoidgineT mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis saSualebac
bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom bavSvebma SeiZleba, agreTve,
iswavlon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki amis magaliTs televiziiT
uyureben (Rosenkoetter, 1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). seriozulad unda mivudgeT im
azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben televiziidan imas, rasac uyureben. amitom
mSobeli an momvleli unda zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis programebis SerCevaze.

110

dakvirvebiT swavlis analizi avlens or kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did

gavlenas axdens ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri SesaZleblobebi,
romlebsac isini iyeneben qcevis Sesacvlelad. es midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi
yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986). me-16 TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul
Terapiirs programebs, romlebic kognituri modifikaciidan gafarTovda da
moicva naklebad Sesatyvisi (maladaptive) qceviTi paternebi.
modiT, es Tavi SevajamoT imiT, rom davubrundeT saSinelebaTa filmis
naxvas. rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni gamocdileba? Tu
Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo waxvediT, Tqven uneblie ganmtkicebas
daemirCileT. Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es Tqveni Cveuli rutinaa,
aq kognituri rukis gavlenis efeqti SeimCneva. Tu SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven
SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis bedze, es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
efeqtia. magram Tu Tqveni mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT, damTavrda imiT, rom
aRarasodes mogindebaT saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia.
mzad xarT kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad?
Sejameba
mkvlevarebma daswavlis kognituri formebi aRmoaCines, romlebic klasikuri
da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi cxovelebs
moqmedebisa da gdarCenis saSualebas aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs
SuZliaT, daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze dayrdnobiT gansxvavebis
gakeTeba, rac perceptualur ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris damokidebuli. qceviTi
daswavlis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, adamianebi da cxovelebi swavloben axal
qcevebs cxovrebiseul sibrZneze dayrdnobiT. adamianebi prosocialur da
antisocialur qcevebs modelirebiT daiswavlian.

aseT SemTxvevaSi saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel

stimulTan.
sur. 7.4 ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi

mkvlevarebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT ganawilebas ganpirobebul da

ganupirobebel

stimulebs

Soris..

ganpirobebuloba

yvelaze

efeqturia

Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs

Soris mcire intervaliT.
sur. 7.7. reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis

111

SemTxveveTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT,
spontanurad

iyo

miwodebuli.

pirobiTi

ganmtkicebis

jgufis

ZaRlebma

gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli iyo zaris

Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da
ganpirobebul stimulebs Soris.
sur. 7.7. reskorlas procedura albaTobis
albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis

SemTxveveTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT,
spontanurad

iyo

miwodebuli.

pirobiTi

ganmtkicebis

jgufis

ZaRlebma

gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli iyo zaris

Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da
ganpirobebul stimulebs Soris.
sur. 7.8. pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi

reskorlam

aCvena,

rom

ZaRlebi,

romlebic

pirobiTi

ganmamtkicebeli-

upirobo ganmamtkicebelis pirobebSi iwvrTnebodben anu pirobiTi ganmtkicebis

kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen (SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre is
ZaRlebi, romlebsac upirobo ganmamtkiceblis kavSiri qondaT.
sur. 7.9. kaminis procedura
procedura dablokvis efeqtisaTvis

eqsperimentuli jgufis virTxebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze (ganp.st1). Semdeg

maT unda epasuxaT zarsa (ganp.st.1) da sinaTleze (ganp.st2). virTxebs
sakontrolo jgufSi unda epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa da zarze. roca
Semowmda ganpirobebuloba mxolod zarze da mxolod sinaTleze, marto
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs hqondaT reaqcia orive stimulze. kaminis
mixedviT, eqsperimentulma virTxebma imitom ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is
aranair axal informacias ar Seicavda ganupirobebeFli stimulis gamovlenis
Sesaxeb; zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaTlis efeqti.
sur. 7.10 Torndaikis problemuri yuTi

imisTvis, rom gamoaRwios yuTidan da moipovos sakvebi, Torndaikis katam

unda Camoagdos simZime, ris Semdegac kari gaiReba.
sur. 7.11 operantuli kabina

sagangebo apartSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis mowodebas virTxisTvis.

sur. 7.12. operantuli ganpirobebuloba Tqvens cxovrebaSi

112

gvinda mogceT SesaZlebloba, SeimuSaoT uaryofiTi da dadebiTi

ganmtkicebis gamoyenebiT sqema, iseve rogorc dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasjisa.
airCieT qceva:
qceva (sakuTari an sxvisi), romlis sixSiris gazrdac gsurT, an qceva
romlis sixSiris Semcirebac gsurT.
Tqveni moqmedebis gegma CawereT TiToeul ujredSi. mag, davuSvaT
Sesamcirebeli qcevaa Tqveni OoTaxis mezoblis gauTavebeli laparaki
telefonze. I cariel ujredSi SegiZliaT CaweroT `yoveli saubrisTvis,
romelic 2 wuTze naklebs gagrZeldeba, mezobels kanfets mivcem.~ xolo IV
cariel ujredSi _ telefonze ar-saubris qcevis gazrda, magram
gaiTvaliswineT, rom realurad SeiZleba ver SesZloT imis ganxorcieleba,
rasac cariel ujredebSi CawerT.
sasargeblo stimuli aversiuli stimuli
miwodeba

dadebiTi ganmtkiceba

dadebiTi dasja (2)

(1)
Camocileba

uaryofiTi dasja

uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (4)

(3)
sur. 7.14. Tandayolili unarebi

garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili

unari, gansazRvruli stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan. virTxebi
eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avadmyofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks. da
piriqiT ferad wyals eridebodnen, radgan Soks moaswavebda da ar
eridebodnen, rodesac mas avadmyofoba mohyveboda.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
daswavlis unaris kvleva
daswavla
damyarebul

aris

procesi,

SedarebiT

romlis

stabilur,

Sedegadac

mudmiv

viRebT

cvlilebas

gamocdilebaze

qcevaSi

an

qcevis

potencialSi .
bihevioristebs sjeraT, rom Zalian bevri qceva SeiZleba axsnili iqnas
martivi daswavlis procedurebiT.

113

maT, aseve, sjeraT, rom daswavlis erTidaigive principebi amarTlebs yvela

cocxal organizmTan mimarTebaSi.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba: daswavlis winaswarganmwyobi faqtorebi
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis axsnaSi pirveli wvlili pavlovma Seitana,
romelmac Tqva, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli (gs) iwvevs ganupirobebel
reaqcias (gr). neitraluri stimuli romelic Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel
stimulTan gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad, romelic TavisTavad iwvevs
ganpirobebul reaqcias.
Caqrobas

aqvs

adgili,

rodesac

ganupirobebel

stimuls

ar

moyveba

ganpirobebuli stimuli.
stimulis generalizacia fenomenia, romlis drosac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
diskriminaciuli

daswavla

aviwroebs

im

ganpirobebuli

stimulebis

diapazons, romelzec organizmi reaqcias iZleva.

imisaTvis,

rom

arsebobdes

ganjxorcieldes

mudmivi

kavSiri

klasikuri

ganpirobebul

ganpirobebuloba

stimulsa

da

unda

ganupirobebel

stimuls Soris.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba xsnis mraval emociur reaqcias da narkotikebis
mimarT

tolerantulobas.

is

aseve

gamoyenebul

iqna

imunuri

funqciis

Sesacvlelad.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb
Torndaikma

aCvena,

rom

qcevebi

romlebic

damakmayofilebel

Sedegebs

iZlevian, midrekili arian gameorebisken.

skineris

qceviTi

analizis

midgoma

fokusirebulia

ganmamtkiceblis

ganpirobebulobis manipulaciiT miRebuli qcevis Sedegebis dakvirvebaze.

qcevebi ZiriTadad yalibdeba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebiT. naklebad
albaTia maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasjiT Camoyalibeba.
konteqstualurad

gamarTlebuli

qceva

aixsneba

samterminiani

ganpirobebulobiT ganmasxvavebeli stimuli-qceva-qcevis Sedegi.

pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli aris stimuli, romelic funqcionirebs rogorc
stimuli

maSinac

ganpirobebuli

ki,

roca

organizms

ganmamtkiceblebi

SeZenilia

wina

gamocdileba

pirvelad

ar

qonia.

ganmamtkiceblebTan

asocirebis Sedegad.
SesaZlo aqtiobebi funqcionirebs rogorc dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli.

114

is qceva, romelzec gavlena moaxdina ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebma, SeiZleba

SenarCundes an Seicvalos da aseve gamovlindes intervalebiT an porciaporciobiT.
kompleqsuri reaqciebi SesaZloa daiswavlos Seipingis saSualebiT.
biologia da daswavla
mkvlevrebi

varaudoben,

rom

daswavlas

SeiZleba

xeli

SeuSalos

gansxvavebuli saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelma Taviseburebebma.

instinqtiT

gamowveulma

midrekilebam

SeiZleba

gadafaros

Sedegi-

ganmamtkicebliT daswavla.
gamos aversiiT swavla gvamcnobs, rom saxeobebi genetikurad mzad arin
sxvadasxva saxis asociaciebisTvis.
kognituri sferos gavlena daswavlaze
daswavlis zogierTi forma gacilebiT kompleqsur procedurebs moiazrebs,
vidre klasikuri an operantuli ganpirobebuloba.
cxovelebs

gaaCniaT

kognituri

ruqebi,

romlebic

maT

rTul

garemoSi

funqcionirebis saSualebas aZlevs.

konceptualuri qceva cxovelebs saSualebas aZlevs garemos struqturebis
Sesaxeb informaciis ganzogadeba moaxdinon.
qcevaTa waxaliseba da dasja SesaZlebelia. adamianebs da sxva cxovelebs
SeuZliaT dakvirvebidan gamomdinare swavla.
ZiriTadi cnebebi

bihevioraluri analizi
refleqsi
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
ganpirobebuloba
ganupirobebeli stimuli
ganupirobebeli reaqcia
ganpirobebuli stimuli
ganpirobebuli reaqcia
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba
daswavla
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba
SeZena
Caqroba
spontanuri aRdgena
stimulis generalizeba

operantuli qceva
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
ganmamtkicebeli
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
operantulobis Caqroba
damsjeli
dadebiTi damsjeli
uaryofiT damsjeli
diskriminaciuli stimuli
sampirobiani albaToba
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili

115

stimulis diskriminacia

blokireba
fsiqoneiroimunulogia
efeqtis kanoni
operanruli ganpirobebuloba

warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT

Seipingi
instinqturi swrafva
gemos aversiiT daswavla
cxovelTa kognicia
kognituri ruka

Tavi 8. mexsiereba

ra aris mexsiereba

ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas

mexsierebis tipebi

mexsierebis procesebis mimoxilva

sensoruli mexsiereba

xatiseburi mexsiereba

eqo mexsiereba

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba

xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis SezRuduloba

muSa mexsiereba

xangrZlivi mexsiereba

kodireba da aRdgena

konteqsti da kodireba

mogonebis mimniSneblebi

kodirebis da mogonebis procesebi

daulagebeli (arastruqturirebuli) informaciis daxsomebis

saSualebebi

metamexsiereba

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi. rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis

gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

mexsierebis struqturebi

mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba

mogoneba, rogorc rekonstruqciuli procesi

116

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: adamianis mexsiereba da kompiuteris

mexsiereba

mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi

engramis ZiebaSi

tvinis suraTi (skanireba)

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

117

Tavis avtobiografias marlon brando iwyebs Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze

adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT: rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis ganvlil
wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli naTlad araferi magondeba. Dda mainc,
Cemi pirveli mogoneba im dros ukavSirdeba, rodesac sul pawawina viyavi, im
asakSi, rodesac Tavis asaks bavSvebi verc

acnobiereben. maxsovs, erTxel

diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi,

rom ermis (brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac Cavicvi da nabijnabij daviwye saxlis win kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs
vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie
karis zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis safexurze da daviwye
lodini. rogorc Cans, gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom maRal
xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi, bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo,
bumbuli haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.
me

kisermoRrecili

vadevnebdi

Tvals da

da

pirdaRebuli

xeli mqonda

maT

moZraobas

miwaze

gawvdili, raTa erTi

daSvebamde

bumbuli mainc

dameWira. magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi
yovel bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis molodinSi zeviT
mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras. Mmze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi
cxovrebis 65 wlis manZilze.
mexsierebis

Sesaxeb

gaixsenebT raime

am

Tavis

kiTxvis

dawyebis

win

kargi

iqneba,

Tu

movlenas Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan.

rodis moxda igi? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es movlena, rogorc marlon brandos?
Tqvens mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis
monaTxrobma?
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulodnelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom
dakargeT mexsiereba da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan _ arc xalxi, romelTac
icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic Tavs gadagxdaT. ar gaxsovT, rogor
gamoiyureba dedaTqveni, dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens dabadebis dReze,
rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT. Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis
pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin
xarT, ras warmoadgenT. an davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis
dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris
gagrZelebasac ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis azrs gaigebT.
yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT

118

da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT,

SesaZlebelia nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis gareSe?
Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqriaT, es imas niSnavs, rom,
rogorc Cans, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs da rom
Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT, rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv
procesebs, magaliTad, sunTqvis an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romelTa moqmedebac,
normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cnobieri Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac,
iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas
maSin aqcevT yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba, magaliTad, gaviwydebaT
manqanis gasaRebi, mniSvnelovani TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis SekiTxvaze,
romelic namdvilad iswavleT da icodiT. ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian
usiamovnod ganicdeba, magram isic unda gaacnobieroT, rom adamianis tvini
saSualod informaciis 100 triolion bits itevs. mexsierebidan garkveuli
informaciis amosatanad ki jer am uzarmazari moculobis gadaxedva unda
moxdes. amitomac, ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis saWiroebisamebr
swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba.
Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor ixsomebT amdens da ratom
iviwyebT zogjer imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis
sxvadasxava formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vimedovnebT, rom
mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven
darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram aris mexsiereba.
dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba
Tavidanve CavrToT saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi 37.
gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis 37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es
iqneba testi.
ra aris mexsiereba?
mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da aRdgenis unari. am TavSi
mexsierebas ganvixilavT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erT-erTi formas.
mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor
aRibeWdeba informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvaviwydeba igi, (sxva
sityvebiT, rogor Semodis informacia mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis
am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWvdisa da aRdgenis procesebis ganxilva
SesaZleblobas mogcemT, daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba.. Cven daviwyebT 1885

119

wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb.

Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier gamoyofil mexsierebis
gansxvavebul formebs.
ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas
ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: masala swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu igi
gaazrebuli da mimarTebaSi ar aris moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo Semdeg
ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli. sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad
daiswavli masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi nawili dagaviwydeba. es
mniSvnelovani da uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba ekuTvnis germanel
fsiqologs herman ebinghauss,
ebinghauss romelmac daadgina amgvar kanonzomierebaTa
mTeli seria, ramac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba

mis mier mexsierebis axali

mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna. ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi

iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvlevebis upiratesobis saCveneblad.
magram amisTvis aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia, da ebinghausmac
brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas. Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi
iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tanxmovnisa da SuaSi erTi
xmovnisgan Sedgeboda, magaliTad, ceg an das. igi azrian marcvlebTan SedarebiT,
magaliTad, ZaR upiratesobas uazro marcvlebs aZlevda/aniWebda, radgan
Tvlida, rom amiT sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SesZlebda, Tavisufals
pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi
ara mxolod mkvlevari iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqsperimentebSi. igi
Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda).
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis masalis daswavlaSi
mdgomareobda. ebingausi ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo damokidebuli.
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro marcvlebisgan Sedgenili
mwkrivis kiTxviT pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToeuli marcvlis
kiTxva zustad dadgenili periodulobiT xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda
manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aRdgenas SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli

daswavlis kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi drois manZilze igi

pirveli mwkrivisgan gansxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel mwkrivs ubrundeboda da
zomavda ganmeorebebis im raodenobas, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkrivis
uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgenisaTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi
ganmeoreba sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo saWiro, iTvleboda,

120

rom informacia Senaxuli iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored

daswavlas naklebi dro.
saidan viciT
ebingausis daviwyebis mrudi
Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad,
xolo 9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xelmeored dasaswavlad,
ekonomiis koeficienti 25% iqneboda. (12 ganmeorebas gamoklebuli 9 = 3 anu
25%). am proceduris gamoyenebiT ebinghausi zomavda gansxvavebul droiT
SualedSi mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, romelic
man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf
daviwyebas adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel dReebSi, xolo Semdeg
daviwyebis tempi TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi tipuria uSualo
mexsierebaze Catarebuli yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.
sur. 8.1. ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi

mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis raodenoba individTa

mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad
eSveba qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.

mexsiereba

(Memory)

informaciis

kodirebis,

Senaxvisa

da

aRdgenis

fsiqikuri unari.
ebingausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze
Seiswavlidnen uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis Seswavlisas mkvlevrebi
imedovnebdnen, rom ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, romelTa
daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli procesebis axsna iqneboda
SesaZlebeli.

mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis dadgenas,

Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis daxsomebazea gadatanili _

informaciis im saxeobaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs adgili.
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses of memoty) _ cnobieri
Zalisxmeva

mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenisa.

mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses of memory) _ kodirebis da

aRdgenis procesebis gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da aRdgena.
mexsierebis tipebi

121

rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs, pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris
is situaciebi, romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _ igonebT Tqvens
sayvarel films, meore msoflio omis dawyebis TariRs da sxv. faqtobrivad,
mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia aris is, rom Sens
individualur Tu sazogadoebriv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes
saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba. magram mexsierebis mniSvneloba
gacilebiT ufro metia. masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac
quCaSi manqanis saWes uzixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive mxares nacnobi,
Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, romelic
cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mexsierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT,
Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad, xSirad
aracnobier donezec.

implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsiereba

ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSvebuli am suraTze? pirveli, ramac
gagakvirvaT, aris cocxali kurdRlis yofna samzareuloSi. magram saidan
modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT:
es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an es kabinetSi unda iyos?
es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas mexsierebis gamoyenebis
implicitur da eqsplicitur unarebs Soris. Tqvens mier kurdRlis SemCneva
implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo, radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma
samzareulos Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias yovelgvari
gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe daukavSira. magram axla Tu dagisvamT
kiTxvas, ra aklia samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
dagWirdebaT eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi:
rogoria tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT onkanze an gazis quraze?).
amrigad, rodesac saWiro xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamoyeneba,
es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer, impliciturad _ informacia amodis cnobieri
Zalisxmevis gareSe, zogjer ki eqspliciturad _ informaciis amosatanad
cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro.
aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod warsulis aRdgenis, aramed
axali informaciis miRebis, anu aRbeWvdis (kodirebis) procesSic. saidan iciT,
ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes
samzareuloSi an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara. ufro
savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven aracnobierad SeiZineT. da piriqiT,

122

samzareuloSi arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspliciturad daixsomeT.

rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss
Soris bavSvobaSi xdeba, eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebze dayrdnobiT.
Tqven daimaxsovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac viRacam migaqcevinaT
yuradReba am sityvaze, rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze.
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur mexsierebas Soris Zalian
afarTovebs mexsierebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons. (Buchner,
&Wipich2000, Roediger,1990). tradiciulad, ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba Seiswavlida eqsplicitur mexsierebas. eqsperimentatorebi,
Cveulebriv, informaciis daxsomebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis
Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi
da kanonzomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis gacnobisas

vnaxavT,

Seiqmna meTodebi implicituri mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla ufro

ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis saWiroebis da gamoyenebis
mravalferovneba. axla ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWvdis da aRdgenis
procesebSi monawileobs rogorc eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba.
(Toth. et al. 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis safuZvelze gamoyofili
mexsierebis formebi.

deklaraciuli da proceduruli mexsiereba

SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT. Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin
TiTebi daatkacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxismgebeli am
moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am
moqmedebebs, magram axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe akeTebT. zemoT
moyvanili eqsplicituri da implicituri mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi exeba

faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas, romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba

ewodeba. magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac, Tu rogor unda

vimoqmedoT an gavakeToT raime. es ki proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa.

ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da movlenebis daxsomebas da
mogonebas exeba, saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes gakeTebis, an
raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars.

proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic

ganapirobebs

raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas an raimes gakeTebas. is safuZvlad

udevs perceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli

123

mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis droSi mimdinareobaze

amaxvileben yuradRebas. (Anderson,1996, Anderson etal., 1999): rogor xdeba gadasvla
garkveuli aqtiobis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive
aqtiobis aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis
gamomuSavebis Semdeg xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis procesis metnaklebad detaluri gaxseneba da deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic,
Tavis droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.
am fenomenis TvalsaCinoebisTvis gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba _
telefonze nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze darekvas cdilobdiT,
gixdebodaT yoveli cifris akrefis win dafiqreba - Tqven moqmedebdiT
deklaraciuli faqtebiT:
Tavidan unda avkrifo 2
Semdeg unda avkrifo 3,
Semdeg _ 3
da a.S.
magram Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT
telefonis nomers cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed erTianad,
uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers. am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba
(Anderson, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT sxvadasxva moqmedebebis
TanmimdevrobiT Sedgenili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis Carevis
gareSe SeasruloT. magram, amave dros, Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am
moqmedebis calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis magaliTs davubrundebiT,
arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver
gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis
kompilacia is maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli mexsiereba sxva
formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas)
ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba, SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec
yuradReba, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba Zalian kargi
mZRolebic iyvnen, magram ver SeZlon kargad da sworad gadmogcen manqanis
marTvisTvis aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba.
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _ mimarTulia faqtebisa da
movlenebis daxsomebaze.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _ mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor
unda Sesruldes moqmedeba, rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes perceptuli,

124

kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZena da gamoyeneba.

Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yuradReba, rom codnis kompilacia,
zogjer Secdomebis mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven xSirad gixdebaT
kompiuterze inglisurad beWvda da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi
xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas.
proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan
TiToeuli moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij mogviwevda. da
miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis, rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT
am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri Secdoma.
mexsierebis procesebi
procesebi
mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami saxis mnemur moqmedebas:
aRbeWvdas (kodirebas), Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis
gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic informaciis mexsierebis sistemaSi
Semosvlas emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkveuli drois manZilze.
aRdgena ki Senaxuli informaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis gamoyenebas
warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT, kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi
(Senaxva), akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo aRdgenas amoaqvs igi.
axla ufro vrclad ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi gare samyaroSi arsebuli

sagnebisa

da movlenebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis warmodgena,

Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analogiuria: vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is

saukeTeso saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis dReze miiReT.
(igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven
agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT,
rogor iyenebT. yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis mxolod
warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris originalis
identuri, TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvawvdis am saCuqris
yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve
moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
niSnebi, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovidginoT warsuli
gamocdileba.
Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi Senaxva moxdeba drois
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Senaxvis procesSi xdeba Tavis tvinis
struqturis xanmokle da

xangrZlivi cvlilebebi. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu

125

rogor cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis is adgilebi, Tu sad

xdeba axali da Zveli informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra xdeba
amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac individebi kargaven axali
informaciis Senaxvis unars.

kodireba

(Encoding)

procesi,

romlis

saSualebiTac

mexsierebaSi

formirdeba mentaluri reprezentaciebi.

Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba garkveuli drois

manZilze.

aRdgena

(Retrieval)

Senaxuli

informaciis

aRdgena,

amotana

mexsierebidan.

aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis

process SeuZlia wamebSi uzrunvelhyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis migneba
da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra uswrebs win Senaxvas: kodireba Tu
dekodireba? axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve swrafad
gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT
Tqveni pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana
mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis informaciidan, udides
interess iwvevs im fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis garkveva, Tu
rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba.
marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis, rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri
procesebis, daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam process Soris
urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTulia. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens
mexsierebaSi vefxvis aRbeWvda moxdes, saWiroa, rom vefxvis cneba gqondeT.
aseve, imisaTvis, rom mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: is iseTive
patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi, saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis
mniSvneloba gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis wesebi, romlebic
sityvebs winadadebebad kravs, da bolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul
informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu rogori patiosani iyo benediqt
arnoldi, es cnobili revoluciuri omis moRalate.
axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis,
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. SemdgomSi Cven ganvixilavT xanmokle
mexsierebis formebs, daviwyebT sensoruli mexsierebiT da gadavalT xangrZliv
mexsierebis formebze (sur. 8.3). agixsniT, rogor vixsomebT da ratom

126

gvaviwydeba. Cveni mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad rogor iyenebT

Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT, rom es dagexmarebaT Tqveni mexsierebis
zogierTi aspeqtis gamosworebaSi.
sensoruli

muSa mexsiereba

xangrZlivi

mexsiereba

moicavs xanmokle mexsierebas

mexsiereba

sur. 8.3. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi aRdgena

mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrliv

mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWvda miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas, xolo
informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas.
Sejameba
mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis process.
fsiqologebi Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis Sesvlasa da
gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mexsierebis pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna
kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis siswrafis fundamenturi
kanonzomierebani. arsebobs mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri formebi.
mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs deklaraciul mexsierebas - faqtebis
Sesaxeb codnas. zogierTi forma ki - procedurul informacias - codnas,
rogor Sesruldes esa Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben da gvexmarebian axali
gamocdilebis SeZenasa da gamoyenebaSi.

sensoruli mexsiereba
daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis sisustis demonstraciiT. 8.4 naxatze
sakmaod rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT, momentalurad
(daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT.
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT suraTTan dakavSirebiT:
1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis qveda nawilSi?
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis SuaSi?
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals qolga marjvena Tu marcxena
xelSi uWiravs?

127

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, suraTze xelmeored daxedva

mogindebodaT, kidev erTxel rom SegexedaT suraTisTvis, ara?
sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeore gadaxedvis SesaZlebloba Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Cadebulia.
fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli mexsiereba gaaCnia yovel
sensorul modalobas. TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba inaxavs gamRizianeblis
fizikur Tvisebas wamis an wamze naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi. es mexsiereba
kidev ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas. am
azris ufro detalurad naTelsayofad moviyvanT ramdenime gamokvlevas
mxedvelobiT da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze.
xatiseburi mexsiereba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas sensorul sferoSi
xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes (Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informaciis Zalian did raodenobas.
xatiseburi mexsiereba anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars grZeldeba.
pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs evalebodaT,
aRedginaT ekranze wamis mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informacia.
saidan viciT
xatiseburi mexsiereba
jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs awvdida 9 asosa da cifrisgan
Sedgenil

sam mwkrivs
7

cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvavebuli amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis

mTlianad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs unda aRedginaT maqsimaluri

raodenoba, rasac SeZlebdnen. Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT oTxi
wevris aRdgena xdeboda. cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawilobriv

aRdgenas sTxovdnen. am dros cdis pirebs mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda

aRedginaT. masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda dabali, saSualo an maRali
bgeriTi signali, romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli mwkrivi unda
aRedginaT. sperlingma daadgina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkrivis

128

aRdgenas moTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.

imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis
Sesabamisi nebismieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli miwodebuli
informacia gadadis

xatisebur mexsierebaSi. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did

moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT

gansxvavebuli raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom informaciis swrafi
daviwyeba xdeba: masalis sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs
ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad
mogoneba. es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac bgeriTi signalis
miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze
Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis
raodenobas amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes is dro, romelic
sWirdeba xatiseburi mexsierebidan informaciis waSlas (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,
1993; Loftus at al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad cota ram daikargos Cveni
mxedvelobiTi samyarodan, mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad unda
gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba ar aris fotografiuli
mexsierebis sinonimi, rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fotografiuli
mexsierebis teqnikuri cneba aris eideturi warmodgena: xalxs, romelsac
gaaCnia eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre
xatisebur mexsierebas, detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams da
aRwers mas. xalxi realurad bavSvebia, radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa
Soris 8%, xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi. (Neath, 1998). ar arsebobs
metnaklebad damakmayofilebeli Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba
asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder, 1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven,
am wignis mkiTxveli, xarT damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle an kolejis
studenti, Tqven namdvilad ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.
sur. 8.5
eqo mexsiereba
bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo mexsiereba ewodeba.. eqo mexsiereba, iseve
rogorc xatiseburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met informacias, vidre
daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unaric gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin
et al., 1967). magram eqo mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT

129

met xans grZeldeba. eqo mexsierebis aseTi xangrZlioba SeiZleba davukavSiroT

droSi bgeraTa Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs. magaliTad, rodesac
vusmenT winadadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla xdeba Cvens yurSi.
eqo mexsiereba gvexmareba, rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras.
eqo mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gamoavlina sensoruli
mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani Tviseba; axlad Semosuli informacia advilad
gandevnis winas. Tu vinme gikiTxavT sityvaTa mwkrivs, yoveli axali sityva
gadaaadgilebs winas eqo mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavidanve darwmunebulni
iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgavseba gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqo
mexsierebidan. (Crowder, 1976). magram axla ukve viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis
mier smeniTi gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo (Ayres et al., 1979).
garedan smeniTi informaciis Semosvlisas, Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis
nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, romeli bgerebi erTiandeba
mTlianobebad. eqo mexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ajgufebT
smeniTi modalobiT Semosul

gamocdilebas (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).

saidan viciT
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo mexsierebaze
studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqsperimenti, sadac ekiTxebodaT asoTa
mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda. sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da
eqsperimentis erT seriaSi
JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini - mee. magram
m
monawile cdis pirebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom es xma namdvilad cxvars
ekuTvnoda, xolo mere seriaSi ki darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom am xmas adamiani
gamoscemda, (rac marTlac, ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod im
SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo mexsierebaSi, Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma
adamianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993).
miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom moqmedi fizikuri gamRizianebeli erTi da
igive iyo. magram mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo mexsiereba, rodesac cdis pirebi
mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis
xmiT wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis da Senaxvis ukve uadres
safexurze mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas, ratom aqvs sensorul mexsierebas ori
ZiriTadi niSani wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva. saqme is
aris, rom es niSnebi asaxavs garemosTan Cvens urTierTobas. Cvenze mudmivad

130

moqmedebs axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeblebi. es axali

informacia gadamuSavebas moiTxovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlioba
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba asaxos, magram arc imdenad
Zlieria, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdilebebs. Cven
SemdgomSi ganvixilavT mexsierebis gadamuSavebis im saxeebs, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas.
Sejameba
sensoruli mexsiereba uzrunvelhyofs garemodan informaciis Semosvlas.
xatiseburi mexsiereba aris mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis forma, romelic
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis informacia umciresi drois
manZilze SevinaxoT. eqo-mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs. Tumca, igi ufro
didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro
advilad arRvevs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven, SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom
gqondaT xatiseburi da eqo-mexsiereba, magram SeiZleba icodiT kidec, rom
gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma, romelic mxolod xanmokle droiT
informaciis Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian Cveulebrivi SemTxveva,
rodesac satelefono wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri. Tu es
nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es
magaliTi gasagebs xdis, Tu ratom gamohyves mkvlevrebma mexsierebis calke
forma, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba uwodes.
Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle mexsiereba aris specialuri
adgili, sadac Sedis daxsomebuli masala. is ufros meqanizmia, romelic
SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmodgenaTa momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan,
1999, Shiffrin, 1993). magram xanmokle mexsierebis resursebi Zalian cvalebadi da
aramyaria. Tu gavixsenebT telefonis nomris magaliTs, imisTvis, rom ar
dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo
zomebi unda miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven ufro farTod
xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic
eqsplicituri mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. amas imitom vusvamT
xazs, rom implicituri mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlevrebma
mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes, 1999). winaswari monacemebiT,

131

implicitur mexsierebasac SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, saidanac

informacia implicituri mexsierebis xangrZliv formaSi gadava.
amave qveTavSi Cven SevexebiT informaciis mexsierebaSi gadamuSavebis kidev
erT formas, romelic gansazRvravs azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da
yovelwuTier mimdinareobas. es aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT,, muSa
mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa metyveleba
da msjeloba (Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daixsomoT telefonis
nomeri da iwyebT fanqris da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni
xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri
Tqvens mexsierebaSi, muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur
operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas.
daviwyoT ganxilva xanmokle mexsierebis ganxilviT.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis SezRuduloba
xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris erTjeradi aRqmiT informaciis
uSualo aRbeWvda cnobierebaSi. me-5-e TavSi Cven aRvniSneT, rom yuradRebis
funqcia aris gare samyarodan garkveul obieqtTa da movlenaTa seleqcia.
ramdenadac Tqveni yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, aseve, SezRuduli iqneba
xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosuli informaciis raodenobac. xanmokle
mexsierebis SezRudul moculobas ganapirobebs yuradRebis SezRuduloba.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad mkvlevrebma uSualo

mexsierebis testi gamoiyenes. SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT msgavsi

amocana:
waikiTxeT erTxel Semdegi cifrebi, xolo Semdeg CamowereT igive
TanmimdevrobiT, ramdensac SeZlebT:
8 1

7 3 4

4 2

8 5

ramdeni aRdgineT sworad?

axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT,
aRadgineT igive TanmimdevrobiT.
I M R S O F L P T Z B
ramdeni aRadgineT sworad?
Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT, daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra
erTeuls aRadgenT. jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, adamiani
saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plius an minus or) erTeuls. mas igi magiur cifr

132

Svids uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT ganlagebuli cifrebis,

asoebis, marcvlebis, sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob masalaze.
uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsierebis SesaZleblobebi
gadafasebulia, radganac cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis
Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rom eqomexsiereba SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masalidan ukeT
daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri (Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs
faqtorebi, romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis moculobas oridan
oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976). magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac
iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris, rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni
mexsierebis aseT SezRudulobas?
ACCOMMODATING TO STM CAPACITY
miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia,
xanmokle mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori mizezis
gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs SesaZlebloba informaciis ganmtkicebisa ganmeorebebisa
da dajgufebis gziT da meore, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotana
Zalian swrafad xdeba.

ganmeoreba
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel
amokiTxuli telefonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi gonebaSi (an
xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba.
ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias, kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier
eqsperimentSi.
saidan viciT
xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba
cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans, mag. F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi
unda aRadginon gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg, romlis xangrZlioba
meryeobs 3-dan 18 wamamde. ganmeorebis Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli amocana (distraqtori): cdis
pirebs aZleven samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma daiTvalos samis
gamoklebiT manam, sanam im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans miscemen.
eqsperimenti Catarebuli iyo sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis da gansxvavebuli droiTi
intervalebis

gamoyenebiT mravalricxovan cdispirebze.

133

rogorc 8.6 suraTze naCvenebi, aRdgenili masalis raodenoba sul ufro

iklebs aRbeWvdasa da mogonebas Soris, drois zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis
Semdeg ukve hqonda adgili daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg ki cdis pirebs
aRaraferi axsovdaT. ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
aRdgenili masalis raodenoba mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Paterson &
Paterson, 1959).
Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom informaciis ganmeoreba ar
moxda. aradamakmayofilebelia imitomac, rom moxda am informaciis
distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia. (interferenciaze Cven Semdgom
vimsjelebT). Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac wveulebaze pirovnebas
gacnoben, is Tavis saxels da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve
gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa aris is, rom droa saWiro am
saxelisa da gvaris ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagacnoben adamians,
manam sanam saubars gaagrZelebdeT, gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da
gvari.
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba dagexmarebaT, raTa
SevinarCunoT informacia xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram davuSvaT, es
informacia sakmaod rTulia an didia gasameoreblad, maSin mis SenarCunebaSi
dajgufebis strategia dagexmarebaT.

dajgufeba (Chunking)
jgufi (Chank) aris azris matarebeli informaciis erTeuli (Anderson, 1996).
es erTeuli SeiZleba erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan Semdgari
jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos. magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba
1 9 8 4 oTxi erTeuligan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobaSi. magram Tu Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads (1984
weli), an jorj orvelis wignis 1984 saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba
da Tqvens xanmokle mexsierebaSi dagrCebaT adgili sxva masalisTvisac.
dajgufeba (Chunking) aris dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad
rekonfiguraciis procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis
safuZvelze, an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT
ufro didi jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesi (Baddeley, 1994).
ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis es mwkrivi? 19411917186518121776.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi
iqneba 20, xolo Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis SeerTebul

134

Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba 5. Tu Tqven

bolo strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac Zalian gagiadvilebT
igive TnmimdevrobiT am mwkrivis aRdgena. maSin, rodesac Tu am mwkrivs,
rogorc 20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars, ganixilavT, ara Tu misi
TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven
monaxavT didi moculobis masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis gzas.
cnobil pirovnebas S. F.-s (igi gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) SeeZlo 84 cifris
daxsomeba maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT dajgufebis safuZvelze.
saidan viciT
dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba
F.S-s oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvilobas. ramdenadac is grZ.el
distanciebze darboda, man SeamCnia, rom bevri mwkrivis cifrebi

SeiZleba

dajgufebuliyo, rogorc garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. magaliTad,

man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: 3:49,2 aris
sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distanciaze garbenis dro; 9,35
sWirdeba 2 milis garbenas. SemdgomSi dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis
dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks, RirSesaniSnav TariRebs,
specialur cifrobriv kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi xangrZlivi
mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli
wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina. magram, amave dros, S.F.-s asoebze
saSualo mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamomuSavebuli asoTa
mwkrivis dajgufebis araviTari strategia. (Chase & Ericsson, 1981; Ericsson &
Chase, 1982).
SF.-s msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad Semosuli informaciis
gadastruqtureba moaxdinoT Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,
(magaliTad, daukavSiroT igi megobrebis an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT
axali masala Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs. maSinac ki,
rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT, Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebi,
mniSvnelobebi Tu kodebi gamogeyenebiaT, am strategiiT sargebloba mainc
SesaZlebelia. SegiZliaT daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis an droiTi intervalebis
mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460-dan miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460).
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom aseTi dajgufebis principi
mSvenivrad muSaobs telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas.

135

muSa

mexsiereba

gamoiyeneba,

(Working

rogorc

memory)

iseTi

mexsierebis

amocanebis

unari,

Tanmxlebi,

romelic
rogoricaa

mizezobrioba da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis, sivrciTvizualuri matricisa da centraluri aRmasruleblisagan.

dajgufeba

(Chunking)

informaciis

calkeul

wevrTa

dajgufebis

procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.

xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis

informaciis aRdgena
ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba
informacia, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos misi Senaxva. magram am strategiuli
midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena
Zalian efeqtiania. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamokvlevaTa seriaSi (Saul
Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoyenebuli iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im did
siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi afasebdnen xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosul
informacias.
saidan viciT
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis efeqturi aRdgena
cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catarebuli cdebis TiToeul jerze
eZleodaT dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan eqvs erTeuls moicavda,
magaliTad, cifrebs 5294 da 6. cdidan cdamde es masala icvleboda imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli da ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli saxis
masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel
tests cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu
ara es cifri uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi. damokidebuli cvladi
cnobis siswrafe iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs daeWira xeli
Rilakze, romelzec aRniSnuli iyo diax, raTa daedasturebina, rom
axsovs, rom es cifri iyo dasaxsomebel masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze
aRniSvniT ara, raTa eCvenebina, rom darwmunebuli iyo, rom es cifri
miwodebul cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiTvala es dro da
aRmoCnda, rom testuri masalis aRbeWvdasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWirdeboda
400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami sWirdeboda am gamRizianeblis (cifris)
mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi wami sWirdeba 30
aseT Sedarebas. rogorc vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis
aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqtiani aRmoCnda.

136

Tumca, Stenbergis

Sedegebis asaxsnelad wamoyenebuli iyo gansxvavaebuli

Teoriebi (Ratcliff, 1978, Townsend, 1971, 1990), yvela Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom xanmokle
mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba. modiT, gavakeToT
garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmoCenidan da gavavloT analogia did samecniero
biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wignebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel
STabeWdilebaTa didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod, yovel jerze
mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis
SezRuduli moculoba). magram, davuSvaT, yoveli msurveli wigns Zalian
swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).
aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT biblioTekiT da iSviTad
gaacnobierebT biblioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis Sesaxeb.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa
da efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.

muSa mexsiereba
Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba xanmokle mexsierebaze da im
rolze, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba TamaSobs axali informaciis
eqspliciturad aRbeWvdis procesSi. magram, rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, Tqven
gWirdebaT kidev iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia da nebismier
momentSi, nebismieri Tqveni moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT,
gansxvavebiT mexsierebis im formebisgan, romelic faqtebis aRbeWvdas udevs
safuZvlad. magram aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino Sedegis gamovlenamde
mimdinare procesebic. gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT
dagemaxsovrebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi
mogoneba, maSasadame, Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli ricxvi es
mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli,
magaliTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan meoreSi da paralelurad
ukuRma iTvaloT samis gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mexsierebas
ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlevrebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is

funqciebi, romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT da Seqmnes Teoria

muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb, sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis
formad ganixiles. (Healy & McNamara, 1996). alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan

137

Baddeley, 1986, 1992, Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi sami komponenti
gamoyves:

fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze (metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli

informaciis

Semosvla

nawilobriv emTxveva

da

misi

gamoyeneba.

fonologiuri

sacavi

xanmokle mexsierebas. rodesac imeorebiT am wuTSi

mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers daxsomebis mizniT, am dros

fonologiur sacavis moqmedebas eyrdnobiT.

mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi

sqema:

is

fonologiuri

sacavis

msgavs

funqcias asrulebs, oRond sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis

mimarT.

Tu,

magaliTad,

vinme

gkiTxavT,

ramdeni

merxia

Tqvens

auditoriaSi, Tqven iyenebT mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqemis SesaZleblobebs

auditoriis warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT merxebis raodenobas.

centraluri aRmasrulebeli: aq xdeba yuradRebaze kontroli da

fonologiuri

sacavidan

da

sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi

sqemidan

miRebuli

informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis, rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic

fsiqikur procesTa koordinacias moiTxovs, warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
rom gaixsenoT da aRweroT raRac suraTi. Tqven eyrdnobiT centraluri
aRmasruleblis

funqcias,

romelic

warmarTavs

Tqvens

fsiqikur

SesaZleblobebs amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasawyvetad. (am sakiTxs

me-9-e TavSi davubrundebiT).
xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis ufro farTo konteqstSi
Seyvana amtkicebs im mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia da ara _
lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmianoba, magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu
problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kognituri aqtioba, bevri
gansxvavebuli elementis swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas
moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba Tqven SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc aucilebeli
elementebis sagangebo da xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daakvirdeT
romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT ufro metad gamokveToT igi; muSa
mexsierebas Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis warmodgenebis naTlad
asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am obieqtebTan
dakavSirebul aqtivobebs.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis mixedviT adamianebi
individualurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. (Daneman, Merikle, 1956; Jenkins et. al.,
1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi amis dasadgenad aris muSa mexsierebis

moculoba. am mizniT, mkvlevrebi sTxoven cdis pirebs winadadebaTa seriis

138

xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli winadadebis bolo sityvebis

aRdgenas. 8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime aseT winadadebas. Aam
amocanis Sesruleba arc ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom vinc saSualod 4 an met
erTeuls ixsomebs, aqvs kargi mexsierebis moculoba, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an
naklebs ixsomebs _ mcire moculoba. magram es aris saSualo monacemi,
gamoyvanili gansxvavebuli amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli mravali cdidan.
ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
verafers SeityobT. imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba aris imis
sazomi, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri procesebis gamoyenebis ra
SesaZleblobebi aqvs individs, mecnierebi iyeneben mas gansxvavebul amocanebze
SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis.
saidan viciT
muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas axdens teqstis daxsomebaze
mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls,
Sesabamisad, hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mexsierebis moculoba.
TiToeul cdis pirs sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba mSvenieri Zveli
saxlis Sesaxeb, erTis mxriv, myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis
poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi
iyo, rogorc erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad. magaliTad, saxlis
moZvelebul saxuravs upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleqcia.
mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is
pozicia, romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqondaT. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, orjer aRedginaT moTxroba erTxel Tavdapirveli poziciis
mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli) da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze.
(axla warmoidgine, rom xar. . .). cdis pirebs, romelTac mexsierebis didi
moculoba hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao masalis aRdgena SeeZloT.
es ver sSeZles sxva cdis pirebma.

(Lee-Sammons & Whitney, 1991).

mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo moculobis mexsierebis mqone

cdis pirebi Tavidanve irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba, ZiriTadad,
moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba. maRali/didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki
SeuZliaT orive poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamuSaveba.
eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsierebis moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs
imis garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis
individualur gansxvavebebs.

139

da bolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni fsiqologiuri awmyos

SeCereba. swored muSa mexsierebaa, romlis saSualebiTac Semodis konteqstSi
axali informacia, damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da
erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. igi gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis
Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni STabeWdilebebi Tu
warmodgenebi da gamokveToT arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi
simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris rols TamaSobs Semosul
informaciasa da xangrZliv mexsierebas Soris.
axla gadavideT droSi ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxilvaze.

Sejameba
xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia aris eqsplicituri saxiT informaciis
pirveladi aRbeWvda. xanmokle mexsiereba itevs oridan oTxamde erTeuls.
ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xanmokle mexsierebaSi. moculoba
izrdeba, Tu informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba. informaciis amotana
xanmokle mexsierebidan swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis cneba
Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami
komponenti asaxavs adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv process.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ daxsomebis procesi, romelic
uzrunvelhyofs informaciis Senaxvas da SemdgomSi, nebismier dros mis
aRdgenas.
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ es principi gulisxmobs, rom
aRdgenili

informaciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da aRdgenis

procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi moqmedeben.

xangrZlivi mexsiereba. aRbeWvda (kodireba) da Senaxva
ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi? ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis
mexsiereba , romelsac TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels momxdari
miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras
ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad mirboda yuresTan didi
brezentis tomrebis wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel tomrebs da
asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom saxls xanZrisgan

gadaarCenda. veraviTarma

Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi da SfoTva, romelic am patara

140

gogonam ganicada, rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor iyo misi qalaqi miwasTan

gasworebuli. (rogor ingreoda qalaqi).
rodesac fsiqologebi saubroben xangrZlivi mexsierebis Sesaxeb, isini
gulisxmoben, rom daxsomebuli Sinaarsi, STabeWdileba, xSirad, SeiZleba
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam
unda axsnas ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia didi xniT, aramed
isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia mexsierebas misi aRdgenagamoyenebac. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba aris SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis gziT miRebuli
nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis sacavi. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia,
emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba inaxavs pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb.
fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT
daxsomeba, Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs. es winaswari
informacia gexmarebaT, erTgvari sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis
ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda
giTxraT: Tqveni mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is pirobebi,
romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda, daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba
im pirobebs, romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. Tavis Semdgom nawilebSi
vnaxavT, Tu ras niSnavs damTxveva.
konteqsti da kodireba
manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda
ganvixiloT fenomeni, romelsac konteqstis Soks uwodeben. xalxiT gavsebul
oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba, romelsac, grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT, magram
ver mogigonebiaT vin aris, xolod met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani
dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba, magram imasac acnobierebT, rom
imitom gagiWirdaT misi mogoneba, rom mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT. ras
akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso
megobris wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi aseTi SemTxveva,
mixvdebiT ra moiazreba kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: mexsiereba
yvelaze efeqtianad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac aRdgenis procesis konteqsti
kodirebis konteqsts emTxveva. axla vnaxoT, rogor moaxdines mecnierebma am
principis demonstrireba.

kodirebis specifikuroba

141

ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi informaciis swavlas? pirvelad

endel tulvingma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines kodirebis
specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demonstrireba, rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas
Soris Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego Sedegi miiRes.
saidan viciT
kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze
cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon sityvaTa mwkrivebi, mag. vagoni-Savi,
magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod
meore sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze cdis pirebs sTxoven sityvaze

TeTri oTx Tavisufal asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris SerCeuli

imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg
cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaciebSi is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac
maT eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma
mxolod 54%-is mogoneba SesZles. xolo maSin, rodesac wyvilis pirveli
wevri dausaxeles, 61 % aRadgines.
ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba? tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT,
amis mizezi konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, romlebmac sityva Savi
daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi, Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva

TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan cvlilebas konteqstis es

minimaluri cvlileba iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arsebuli
rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs.
mecnierebma SeZles konteqstis mexsierebaze sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis
eqsperimentuli gamowveva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi swavlobdnen
sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa
Semowmeba am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS xdeboda. aRmoCnda, rom
daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT meti iyo, rodesac

kodireba da aRdgena

erTnair pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT masalas araferi

saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan da arc yvinTvasTan. (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975).
seve, daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis ardgenisas Tanmxlebi musika igivea rac
daxsomebisas. (Balch & Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi ki daxsomebis efeqturoba
ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da
aRdgena (Schab, 1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris urTierTkavSirze
Catarebulma eqsperimentebma gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens konteqstis efeqtze.

142

saidan viciT
mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols asrulebs
romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis?
ramdenime eqsperimenti iyo am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli sxvadasxva
sunelebis gamoyenebiT. erT SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis sruliad
ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareulkenkrovani; Herz, 1997, p. 375), Cveulebrivi, nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo
kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da laboratoriisTvis Cveuli
(fiWvis) suni. hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni gamoiwvevda
yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliT da uCveulobiT da CaerTveboda kodirebis
procesSi. hipoTeza dadasturda. Tumca, kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris 48
saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvnelovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20
sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac
aRbeWvdisas. magram es exeboda mxolod osmantuss da vanils. (Herz, 1996).
am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara yovelgvari suni monawileobs
konteqstis efeqtSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva konteqstSi
icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRaziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc
konteqstis elementma, dakargos.

rigSi adgilmdebareobis
adgilmdebareobis efeqti
konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mexsierebis erT-erT
klasikuri kanonzomierebis rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad.
davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT
TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romelsac Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi
iqneba 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli Sedegisa: Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT mwkrivis
dasawyisidan ramdenime (dasawyisis
dasawyisis efeqti)
efeqti da bolodan ramdenime sityvas
(daboloebis
daboloebis efeqti).
efeqti mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTiori sityva
gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanonzomiereba zogadia mexsierebis,
rogorc Tavisufali wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaixseneT, ramdeni
sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT) ise, igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis
SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT)
da, agreTve, sxvadasxva raodenobis 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis daxsomebis

143

dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daadgines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti

bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder, 1976, Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes?
daijerebT, rom erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze kviris
dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi? (Koriat & Fischoff, 1974).
mrudis aseTi forma aixsneba mwkrivis wevrebis gansxvavebuli
konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
Sinaarsebis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxv. (Knoedler et al 1999, Marks &
Crowder, 1997, Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxvavebis gasagebad
SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: ramdenad gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti),
romelSic me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romelSic me unda aRvadgino
igi? SevCerdeT daboloebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizualuri
gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom suraTze Tqven matareblis
liandags xedavT. Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis ukana
nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi
TiTqos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian sivrceSi daSorebulni.
Cven ki SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi gvecema
TvalSi da is Tqveni, (liandagis bolo) konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla
warmoidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT aTi bolos nanaxi kinosuraTi. am
SemTxvevaSic liandagis msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac Tqven gamohyofT erTmaneTSi areul
suraTebidan imas, romelic ufro axloa, axlo warsuls miekuTvneba. am
logikas Tu gavyvebiT, Sua informacia ukeT daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas
ufro gamovkveTavT (erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea
gaTvaliswinebulia 8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad
arian daSorebulni.

rigSi

adgilmdebareobis

informaciis

aRdgenis

efeqti
procesis

(Serial position effect)

maxasiaTebeli,

mexsierebidan

rodesac

mwkrivis

dasawyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba, vidre mwkrivis Sua

wevrebisa.

dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli wevrebis ukeTesad

daxsomeba.

daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo wevrebis ukeTesad

daxsomeba.

konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctiveness) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis

144

mixedviTac

mwkrivis

adgilmdebareobis

efeqtze

SeiZleba

gavlena

moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma gamocdilebam.

sur. 8.7. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti

mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas.

studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva)
mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi igive TanmimdevrobiT,
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixsenebT,
ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia
dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).
saidan viciT
mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa
imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT,
saWiroa, liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT erTmaneTs. samagierod,
naklebs davinaxavT. mecnierebma es logika gamoiyenes mexsierebis
eqsperimentSi, gaatares ra analogia sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi, magram gansxvavebuli droiTi
intervalis pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdegnairad xorcieldeboda:
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkveuli
raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda.
Cveulebriv pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze or wyvils Sua ori
cifri Cndeboda. proporciul pirobebSi ki (B nawilis nsgavsad) pirvel
wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo bolo wyvilebs Soris arc erTi. amas
unda gamoewvia is, rom wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili unda yofiliyo
iseve, rogorc liandagis SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli ufro Sors Canda.
marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomebdnen Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT iyvnen gamokveTilni. (Neath & Crowder,
1990).
es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom

standartuli daboloebis efeqts

adgili aqvs imitom, rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtomaturad

gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: yovel
jerze Tqven raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am axal konteqstSi
pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da
daboloebis efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc
mimarT ori

pozicia- TiToeuli TiTo bolodan.

erTi da igive liandagis

145

mogonebis mimniSneblebi.
mimniSneblebi.
ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWvdasa da mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni
mexsierebac CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT klasikuri eqsperimenti
mexsierebaze da amitom gTxovT daimaxsovroT ramdenime sityvaTa wyvili.
gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam, sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod
zepirad ar ityviT:
vaSli navi
qudi Zvali
velosipedi _ saaTi
Tagvi _ xe
burTi saxli
yuri sabani
axla, rodesac Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa mwkrivebi, am tests kidev
ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali dro, romlis
ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis
mizniT, visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac Tqveni mexsierebis
Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT. Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT an ar
gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTodiTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair
Sedegs miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT, rom implicituri da
eqsplicituri mexsierebis testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZleven,
magram jer-jerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri mexsierebis ori meTodi:
mogoneba da cnoba.
mogonebis dros xdeba adre mowodebuli informaciis reproduqcia. ra aris
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti? es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa. cnobis dros ki
xdeba imis gacnobiereba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven adre
aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). ra ewodeba mxedvelobiT sensorul
mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2) engrama; (3)xati; Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi? es ki cnobis
kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac
ukavSirdeba. kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad policia iyenebs mogonebis
meTods, rodesac dazarelebuls sTxovs, aRweros, moigonos borotmoqmedis
specifikuri niSnebi: rame ucnauri xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis
garegnobaSi? xolo rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmitanilTa fotoebs

146

da ramdenimes Soris unda amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon

borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofilebaSi, maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac individs moeTxoveba

adre mowodebuli informaciis reproduqcia.

cnoba

(Recognition)

aRdgenis

meTodi,

romlis

drosac

individs

moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic

Tqven adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT).
axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa SevamowmoT, Tu rogor
daimaxsovreT sityvaTa mwkrivebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT sityvaTa
mwkrivebi:
qudi _ ?

velosipedi _

yuri _

SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic daiswavleT?

vaSli _ bavSvi

Tagvi _ xe

burTi _ saxli

vaSli _ navi

Tagvi _ ena

burTi _ mTa

vaSli _

Tagvi _ karavi

burTi _ rqa

boTli
cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis? asec unda iyos. axla vcadoT am
Sedegis axsna mogonebis mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs
mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSualebebs, romlebic gexmarebaT
mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZebnaSi. es mimniSnebeli SeiZleba
modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT, provokaciuli kiTxvebi (mexsierebis
romel principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da Stenbergis kvlevebs?), an
Tqven TviTon SeqmnaT (sad minaxavs igi adre?). Tqven yoveTlTvis cdilobT,
eqspliciturad gaixsenoT. amas akeTebT garkveuli mizniT da am mizans xSirad
mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili
iqneba gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniSnebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari
gkiTxavT, vin aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb? Tqven unda gamoicnoT vis
gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs:
vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?, am kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT
neroni.

147

davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas. mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs

mimniSneblebs, magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT ufro Sedegiania.
mogonebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqven mxolod mimniSnebels unda miendoT, rom igi
migiTiTebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxevari saqme gakeTebulia.
rodesac uyurebT sityvaTa wyvils Tagvi-xe, Tqven mxolod unda ki an ara
upasuxoT kiTxvas: es aris, adre rac vnaxe? (Tu viswavle?) vidre maSin,
rodesac pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; ra vnaxe (ra viswavle?). rogorc xedavT, cnobis
testi mniSvnelovnad gagiadvileT. magram axla warmoidgineT, rom amis
nacvlad gaZlevT adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad. romelia amaTgan swori?
qudi _

yuri _ navi

saaTi
qudi _

yuri _

Zvali

sabani

axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva, romelic adre naxeT, aramed
misi Sesabamisi konteqstic. (Cven isev gavixseneT konteqstis ideas). Tu Tqven
xSirad SegivsiaT mravlobiTi arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri
SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia. magram umravles SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis
Sedegebi ukeTesi iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis mimniSneblebi
cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanmimarTulia. axla gavecnoT mogonebis
mimniSneblebis zogierT sxva aspeqtsac.

mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan an garedan momdinare

stimulebi,

romelic

gvexmareba

mexsierebaSi

garkveuli

informaciis

moZebnaSi.

epizoduri

mexsiereba

(Episodic

memories)

xangrZlivi

mexiereba

avtobiografiuli xasiaTis movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac

es movlenebi xdeba.

semantikuri

mexsiereba
mexsiereba

(Semantic memories)

genetikuri,

kategoriuli

mexsiereba, rogoricaa sityvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.

epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom arsebobs mexsierebis gansxvavebuli formebi. Tqven
gaqvT implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsiereba da, agreTve, deklaraciuli da
proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT,
romlis mixedviTac deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamoiyofa im
mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZvelze, romlebic aucilebelia informaciis

148

amosatanad mexsierebidan. kanadelma fsiqologma endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving)

1972 wels pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis epizodur da

semantikur formaze.
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad inaxavs pirovnebis mier gancdil
movlenebs. magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis dRe, an pirveli
kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsierebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT esa
Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniSneblebi, romlebic gizusteben am
movlenis dros _ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas adgili.
informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im
movlenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT meaTed Tqvens mier
kbilebis gamoxexvis stili riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis
gamoxexvisgan?
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul konteqstTan erTad Semodis.
magram aris informaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac uceb poulobT
sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi. am saxis informaciebi amodis mexsierebaSi
maTi Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da mimarTebis gareSe. es
semantikuri
semantikuri mexsiereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa, rogorc, magaliTad,
sityvebis Tu cnebebis mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis iseTi
faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2 an pasuxi kiTxvaze romelia safrangeTis
dedaqalaqi? specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis an ra situaciaSi SeiZina man es
codna, ar moiTxovs.
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni semantikuri mexsiereba
yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba dagaviwydeT
bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba im situacias, romelSic igi aRiqviT
Tu daiswavleT. saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver igonebT
semantikuri mexsierebidan informacias, aris is, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs,
ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: vici, rom romaeli imperatorebis
saxelebi dasavleTis civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle, es dagexmarebaT
gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic Segivseben mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas.
interferencia
rodesac adre gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani asociaciebi, faqtobrivad,
es iyo epizoduri mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla Cven gTxovT sxva saxis epizoduri
mexsierebis amoqmedebas. kidev erTxel scadeT daiswavloT es sityvaTa
wyvilebi ise, rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer misi ganmeoreba.

149

vaSli qurdi
qudi wre
Tagvi Jurnali
velosipedi saxuravi
burTi bavSvi
yuri kapiki
rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva
axal sityvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ufro Zneli iyo am axali wyvilebis
daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswavlilis mogoneba axla ufro
gagiWirdebaT? (aba, scadeT). orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia: Znelia. es patara
savarjiSo miuTiTebs mimniSnebelis axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze.
interferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimniSnebeli ver moqmedebs
efeqturad da ver aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia am
specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi
swori pasuxis aRdgena. (Bower et al., 1994, Chandler & Gargano, 1995)
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT,
gagesxvavebinaT kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi erTmaneTSi airia,
moxda interferencia. proaqtiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli
niSnavs
(
Semdgomze moqmeds) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic warsulSi SeiZineT,
aZnelebs axali informaciis aRbeWvdas. retroaqtiuli interferencia
(retroaqtiuli niSnavs winaze moqmeds) ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom axali
informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi,
romlebic Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias moicavs. aseve, orive
saxis interferenciasTan geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis nomers.
Tavidan Tqven giWirT axali telefonis nomris daxsomeba _ Zveli amoxteba
xolme. (proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac bolos da bolos kargad
daimaxsovrebT axal nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT Zveli,
Tumca, wlebis manZilze mas iyenebdiT (retroaqtiuli interfrencia).
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac,
pirvelad

daiwyo ebinghausma, romelic TviTon swavlobda uazro marcvalTa

mwkrivebs. man aRmoaCina, rom daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac

aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis
eqsperimentebi gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is mwkrivebi, romelTac

150

studentebi ufro adre swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeorebdnen,

aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948,
1949).
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia
kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. Tavis Semdgomi ori nawilis
gacnobisas Tqven naxavT, rogor ukavSirdeba nawilebi erTmaneTs, rom mogoneba
ganxorcieldes: konteqsti, romelSic Tqven cdilobT, aRadginoT warsuli
movlena, TviTon gamodis, rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo
rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mogonebis konteqsts, aRdgenisas
Semotanil mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac uSlis mexsierebaSi saZiebeli
movlenis povnas.

interferencia (Interference) _ mesierebis fenomeni, romelic maSin xdeba,

rodesac

mogonebis

mimniSneblebi

ver

miuTiTeben

efeqturad

erT

konkretul movlenaze.
kodierebis da aRdgenis procesebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstsa da aRdgenis konteqstebis
urTierTdamTxveva

gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla

davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT, romelsac emyareba xangrZliv

mexsierebaSi informaciis miReba da aRdgena. Cven vnaxavT, rom am SemTxvevaSi
saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, rodesac kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebic
erTmaneTs emTxveva.

gadamuSavebis doneebi
daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba yuradRebis forma,
romelsac Tqven informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT gavlenas axdens
Tqvens mier informaciis daxsomebaze. gadamuSavebis
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT
daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972, Lockhart & Craik, 1990). Tu
gadamuSaveba moicavs masalis analizs, Sedarebebs, interpretacias da sxva
saxis gadamuSavebebs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba, rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi
dasaxsomebeli eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT sityva GyurZeni. Cven
SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur doneze warmarToT msjeloba: ra feris melniT
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT yuradReba: eriTmeba igi sityva

berZens? an mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magaliTad, rom igi xilia.

151

albaT, SeamCnieT, rom yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro Rrma
gadamuSavebas moiTxovs, met sityvebTan dakavSireba

gWirdebaT. (Lockhart & Craik,

1990).
magram gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs yovelTvis ar
SeuZliaT daazuston, Tu ratom vakuTvnebT zogierT gadamuSavebis process

zedapiruls da zogierTs ki Rrmas. magram am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic

ki Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT informaciis
kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze, SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas.
axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebs Soris damTxveva
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs implicitur mexsierebaSi.

gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria

(Levels-of-processing theory) _ am Teoriis

mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT

ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.

gadatanis

Sesabamisi

Tvalsazrisi,

romlis

gadamuSaveba
mixedviTac

(Transfer-approptiate
mogoneba

processing)

saukeTesoa,

rodesac

implicituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva

xdeba.

gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqsplicitur da implicitur mexsierebas
Soris kodirebis da aRdgenis gansxvevaSi mdgomareobs. (Roediger, 1990, Schacter et
al, 1993). sxva pirobebTan erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven
impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala, romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad
gqondaT aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac Tqven saxeliT mimarTavT Tqvens
saukeTeso megobars da saxelis gaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar
gWirdebaT. zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis yvelaze aSkara
gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri
aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba
(Transfer-appropriate pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti yvelaze maRalia, rodesac
kodirebis procesSi warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba aRdgenis
procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad efeqturi saSualebaa igi, vnaxavT
ramdenime meTodis aRweris safuZvelze, romelic implicitur mexsierebaSi
gamoiyeneba. Semdeg ki giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da aRdgenis
procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba.

152

axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti:

mkvlevrebi studentebs aZlevdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs da sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze
naklebad sasiamovno) 5-de (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze
SefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniSvneloba hqonda TiToeul maTgans
(Rajaram & Roediger, 1993). Aeqsperimentis am pirveli fazis Semdeg cdis pirTa
mexsiereba mowmdeboda erT-erTi Semdegi oTxidan implicituri mexsierebis
amocaniT (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris sityva martorqa):

fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs eZleva fragmentuli sityva --rt-

rq-, romelic man unda Seavsos pirveli TavSi mosuli sityviT.

sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad,

mar-------, pirveli TavSi mosuli sityviT.

sityvis identifikacia. kompiuteris ekranze cdis pirebs eZlevaT sityvaTa
rigi iseTi siswrafiT, rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon. maT
unda

gamoicnon

TiToeuli,

kompiuterze

miwodebuli,

sityva.

am

SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi sityva iqneba martorqa.

anagrama.

cdis

pirebs

eZlevaT

igive

sityva,

magram

areuli

asoebiT,

magaliTad, qatorarma da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva,

romelic TavSi mouvaT.
zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi, swor pasuxs TiToeul
amocanaze gansazRvravs adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros,
yvelaze sayuradRebo is aris, rom eqsperimentatori cdis piris yuradRebas
specialurad ar warmarTavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul sityvebsa
da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris swored amitom aris mexsiereba
implicituri.
implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs,
romlebmac gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da Seafases sityvebi
sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udarebdnen
im cdis pirTa monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9
gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze: procenti
gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan,
romlebic pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan SedarebiT, romelic am
mwkrivebSi ar iyo. sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sxvadasxva sityvaTa mwkrivebi
miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven xedavT, rom upiratesoba
adre nanax sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirebs moeTxovebaT

153

mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT maTi Sefaseba. am

upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan winaswar sityvis aRqma
TiTqos amzadebs da xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas. mexsierebis
zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi praimingis efeqti kviraze meti grZeldeba
(Sloman et al., 1988).
axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedris sakiTxs.
implicituri mexsierebis oTxive testi gulisxmobs testSi mocemuli
informaciis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras. sxva sityvebiT, ra
procesebic moqmedebs martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi
ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar--------s Sevsebas. magram arsebobs sxva testi _

kategoriuli asociaciis, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas efuZneba da ara _

fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT miTologiuri
qmnilebebis gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT, daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni
Semadgeneli, ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi, magram Tu Tqven
mogindebaT TqvaT martorqa imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa
mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoikiTxeT, saqme gveqneba
implicitur mexsierebasTan.
Tu gamoviyenebT fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelobis praimingze
damyarebul implicituri mexsierebis or gansxvavebul tests, vnaxavT kavSirs
kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris.
saidan viciT
praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvedra xdeba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqsperimenti, raTa eCvenebinaT, rom
implicituri mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxvavebuli tipis
gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili. cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi
instruqciiT an mniSvnelobis mixedviT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu
usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans
Seicavs sityva?) daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom kategoriis
asociaciis testi efuZneba mniSvnelobas. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa hipoTeza
is iyo, rom kategoriis asociaciis testSi praimings adgili eqneboda, Tu
Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve, fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
masalis damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod im testebSi, romelic
masalis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs. (Srinivas &
Roediger, 1990).

154

am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb

Tvalsazriss: Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis iyenebT gadamuSavebis
garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs, maSin am
informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqtiani iqneba, Tu am dros analizis igive tips
gamoiyenebT (Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al., 1995). adre Cven aseTi
azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi,
romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva im pirobebs, romelSic unda
moxdes aRdgena. am TavSi Cven warmogidgineT am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi.
axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodirebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi
gamoyeneba.

praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis Sefasebisas, upiratesoba,

romelic adre gagonil sityvas an nanax situacias eniWeba.
arastruqtururebuli informaciis daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis

Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mexsiereba meti

daimaxsovroT da naklebi daiviwyoT. monakveTi fsiqologia Tqvens
cxovrebaSi dagexmarebaT, rogor gamoiyenoT es codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi.
Tqven ukve iciT, rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba, Tu igive
konteqstSi igonebT, an igive gadamuSavebis tips iyenebT, rac masalis
Tavpirvelad aRbeWvdis dros. magram aq erTgvarad gansxvavebul
mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT. saqme exeba
arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT informacias.
warmoidgineT, rom muSaobT maRaziaSi gamyidvelad. Tqven unda daimaxsovroT
uamravi ram, rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: mwvane maisurSi qals unda
baRSi samuSao Sarvali da fexsacmelebi. mamakacs cisfer SarvalSi _ 2 cali
brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da saRebavis safxeki. es situacia
Zalian hgavs eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven wyvilovani asociaciebi unda
dagemaxsovrebinaT. rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic wina
TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT ,cota rTuli iyo, radgan wyvilebi
TqvenTvis gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. xolo mniSvnelobas moklebuli
informaciis daxsomeba Znelia. imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels
ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba, rom SemTxveviToba
maqsimalurad gamoiricxos.

gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba

155

aRbeWvdis gansamtkiceblad ZiriTad strategias ewodeba gadamamuSavebeli

ganmeoreba.
ganmeoreba am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea is aris, rom rodesac informaciis
aRbeWvdisas Tqven imeorebT masalas, amiT izrdeba misi gadamuSavebis
SesaZleblobac. erT-erTi gza gadamuSavebisa aris araSemTxveviTi, azriani
asociaciebis damyareba sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu Tqven gindaT,
daimaxsovroT sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi xe, unda warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali
Tagvi, romelic eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu informaciis calkeul
nawilebs patara moTxrobis saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis
SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac TiToeul myidvels Tavisi
moTxovnebiT adgils miuCendiT? (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven, albaT,
mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis
mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebi Zalian
efeqturia mogonebisTvis, radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva _ verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis (Paivio, 1972).
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZlebelobas iZleva, dagicvaT

mwkrivis Semdgomi efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis rigi an

dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs, ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma.
Tu odesme gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erTdroulad ramdenime
adamians gacnoben, advilad gasagebi iqneb,a ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra erqva
Tqvens pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis mizezi aris yuradRebis gadatana
sakuTari saxelis an sakuTari SeniSvnis Tqmaze (Bond et al., 1991). amis Tavidan
asacileblad saWiroa gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba
mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT liza, TqviT: icinis, rogorc
mona liza.

gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal) _ mexsierebis gazrdis

meTodi, romliTac xdeba dasamaxsovrebeli informaiis gamdidreba.

mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi an saSualebebi, romelic

xels

uwyobs

faqtebis

grZeli

mwkrivis

aRbeWvdas

nacnob

da

adre

aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT.

mnemonika
mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualeba aris specialuri strategiebis
Seqmna, romelTac mnemonikuri
mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba. (berZnuli sityvidan moigone).
mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romelic xels uwyobs faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis
aRbeWvdas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT. bevri

156

mnemonikuri xerxi mza mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelsac wesrigSi mohyavs

SemTxveviTi informacia.
ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pirvelad berZenma oratorma
gamoiyena. lokusi niSnavs adgils. lokusis meTodi niSnavs sityvis Tu
movlenis adgilis mixedviT daxsomebas da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis
xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas.
imisaTvis, rom daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermarketidan, gonebaSi
isini saTiTaod unda ganalagoT im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midixarT.
Semdeg, mogonebisas CamouvliT maT da gaixsenebT (ix. suraTi .8.10).

mimniSnebeli-sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis meTods, im gansxvavebiT, rom

mwkrivis wevrebs ukavSirebT mimniSneblebs da ara adgilebs. tipuri
mimniSneblebi am meTodisTvis aris gariTmuli strofebi, sadac sityvebi
cifrebs eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-RmerTi; ori-lori, sami-skami da sxv.
SemTxveviTi informaciis daxsomebis gasaRebi aris informaciis iseTi saxiT
dalageba, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon aRdgena.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi
yvelaze xSirad studentebi mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebis wakiTxvis
Semdeg svamen kiTxvas: rogor gamoviyeno miRebuli informacia swrafad?
rogor momexmareba es gamokvlevebi momavali gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi?
vnaxoT, ra tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT am gamokvlevebidan.

kodirebis

specifikurobis

specifikuroba.
principi

rogorc

gulisxmobs,

rom

gaxsovT,
mogonebis

kodirebis

konteqsti

anu

pirobebi, romelSic mogoneba xdeba, unda daemTxves kodirebis konteqsts.

swavlis procesSi konteqsti xSirad niSnavs

informaciis gansxvavebul

konteqstsac. Tu Tqven yovelTvis erTsa da imave konteqstSi swavlobT,

gagiWirdebaT sxva konteqstSi misi aRdgena, ase magaliTad, Tu profesori
cota sxvagvarad dagisvamT kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT da ver upasuxoT.
amitom Tqven swavlis procesSi konteqstebi unda cvaloT. gadaawyveT
masala, dausviT Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva kiTxvebi, scadeT masalaSi axali
kombinaciebis Seqmna, magram Tu mainc SeferxdebiT gamocdaze, scadeT
gamoiyenoT, rac SeiZleba meti mimniSnebeli, raTa pirveladi konteqsti
aRadginoT: es xom igivea, rac xanmokle mexsierebis leqciaze movismine.

mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti. adgilmdebareobis efeqtis mruds

157

Tu

gavixsenebT,

yvelaze cudad

vnaxavT,

rom

masalis

SuaSi

ganlagebuli

informacia

gvamaxsovrdeba. faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro kargad

axsovT leqciis dasawyisi da bolo, vidre Sua nawili. (Holen & Oaster, 1976,
Jensen, 1962). rodesac leqciaze xarT, ecadeT, swored leqciis Sua nawils
DmiaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. rodesac swavlis dro mova, Tqven
ganskuTrebuli Zalisxmeva unda gamoiyenoT am masalis daswavlisaTvis da
ecadeT, rom masala yovelTvis erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar iswavloT.
imasac miaqcieT yuradReba, rom es Tavi mexsierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin mis swavlas
meti Zalisxmeva unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasawyis an bolo Tavebs.

gadamamuSavebeli

gamocdisTvis

mzadebis

daulagebel,

ganmeoreba
procesSi,

arastruqturirebul

da

mnemonikuri

iseTi

gancda

masalas

xerxebi.

zogjer,

giCndebaT,

TiTqos

swavlobT.

vTqvaT,

Tqven

swvlobT tvinis gansxvavebuli nawilebis funqciebs. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven

TviTon

unda

mxedvelobiTi

ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis

warmodgenebi

daixmareT,

an

efeqturi gza.
winadadebebSi

magaliTad,
CarTeT,

an

TiToeul cnebas patara istoria daukavSireT. am wignis erT-erT avtors

dRemde axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri xerxi, romelic gamoiyena fsiqologiis
SesavalSi

ventramedialuri

hipoTalamusis,

romlis

abreviaturac

laTinurad aris VMH, dasamaxsovreblad. es iyo Very Much Hungry,

magram

rogorc me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemonikuri xerxi mas Semdeg gasul 20

weliwadSi aRar aris iseTi zusti). gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba ki xels
SegiwyobT naswavli kidev ufro ganamtkicoT.

metamexsiereba. gamokvlevebma am sferoSi gviCvena, rom adamianebi

kargad grZnoben, Tu ra ician da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven gamocdaze xarT,

sadac dro SezRudulia, Tqven unda miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da andoT mas
drois ganawileba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT mTeli bileTis kiTxvebi uceb
gadaikiTxoT da naxoT, rogor grZnobT, romeli kiTxva iciT ukeT. aris
iseTi gamocdebic, sadac yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi savaldebulo ki ara,
SerCeviTia, magram pasuxi siswrafes moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intuicias unda
endoT da im kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT, romelSic darwmunebuli xarT, rom
iciT.
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla met-naklebad gasagebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba
mexsierebaSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis
warmatebiT momzadebaSi.

158

metamexsiereba
davuSvaT, Tqven xarT iseT situaciaSi, rom gWirdebaT raRacis mogoneba.
Tqven akeTebT yvelafers, rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic kodirebis
situacias asaxaven, magram mainc verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi,
rom aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, aris Tqveni darwmunebuloba, rom am
informacias Tqven flobT, magram, aseve, gacnobierebuli gaqvT, ras
warmoadgens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs Tqveni mexsiereba? an
saidan iciT, rom am informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxvebia.
metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: rodis da ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda

imisa, rom vici.

pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo j. T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac
kvleva daiwyo imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi ganaTlebidan.
magaliTad, Cven gekiTxebiT: mzis sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?
iciT am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiqceodiT (romel pasuxs
airCevdiT) am situaciaSi: Tumca, me axla ar maxsovs pasuxi, me vici, rom
ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris avirCevdi swors. es iyo kiTxvebi, romelTac
harti Tavis cdis pirebs aZlevda. pasuxebSi darwmunebulobis mixedviT, cdis
pirebs unda SeefasebinaT 1-dan, (sakmaod darwmunebulivar, rom ver avirCev
sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan), 6-de qulebiT, (savsebiT darwmunebuli, var
rom sworad avirCev). Tqven rogor gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es
alternativebi:
a. plutoni
b. venera
g. dedamiwa
d. iupiteri
Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT Tqvens darwmunebulobis vgrZnob, rom
vici gancdas, maSin swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT, d-s, Tu
Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSvnas naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba
iqneba 1. (sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda, kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa
saWiro). Hhartis mixedviT, visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba
Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian
warmatebas uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom vgrZnob, rom vici
gancda SeiZleba zusti indikatori iyos.

159

metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimarTulia rogorc im procesebze,

romlebic vgrZnob, rom vici gancdas iwveven, aseve, imaze, Tu rogor miiRweva
Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat & Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000).

rom

mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamianebi Tavisi vgrZnob,

vici

gancdis

dros

emyarebian

mimniSneblis

nacnobobas.

magaliTad,

rodesac gekiTxebian: ra erqva beThovens?, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis Sesaxeb,

SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime alternatividan icnobT mis saxels anu
swor pasuxs. (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz & Metcalfe, 1992).

misawvdomobis

informaciidan

hipoTezis

swori

pasuxis

mixedviT,
wvdomas.

adamiani
amrigad,

cdilobs
Tu

kiTxva

arasruli
ra

erqva

beThovens?, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs informacias, romelic, Tqveni azriT, am

kiTxvaze swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven gagiCndebaT gancda, rom
swor pasuxs advilad gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995).
orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom
Tqven SegiZliaT endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli xarT, rom
iciT raRac. (mogvianebiT Cven SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul
gamokvlevebs, romelic am zogadi wesdan gamonaklisebze miuTiTebs).
Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da
rogor aRdgeba informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT, Tu ras niSnavs
aRbeWvdisa da aRdgenis situaciebis kargi Tanxvedra. Semdeg TavSi Cven
mexsierebis procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsierebis Sinaarsebze anu imaze, Tu
ra xdeba mexsierebaSi.
metamexsiereba
metamexsiereba
mexsierebis

(Metamemory)

unarebis

da

implicituri

mexsierebis

an

efeqturi

eqsplicituri
strategiebis

codna
Sesaxeb.

mexsierebis Semecneba.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnas, Tu rogor xdeba codnis
SeZena da Senaxva mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodirebis
specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informaciis yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba
maSin, rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba, emTxveva aRdgenis
pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeWdilebis
(sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.

160

Tqven eZebT daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT. cnoba xSirad ufro advilia,

vidre mogoneba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met informacias Seicaven.
epizodur mexsierebaSi daxsomeba aRbeWvdis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi xdeba.
semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis aRbeWvdis garkveul epizodTan
mimarTeba dakargulia. interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqtiuli, rodesac
Zveli informacia ereva da xels uSlis axlis aRbeWvdas, an retroaqtiuli,
rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels.
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT, informaciis ufro Rrma
gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWvdis da mogonebis procesebis damTxveva
iwvavs praimings. Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis
specifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb tipuri da zustia.
struqturebi xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
aqamde Cvens mier motanil yvela magaliTSi Cven gTxovdiT, rom
dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, iyo

organizebuli codnis nawilebi. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rodesac Cven gTxoveT

gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni xili. Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi
pasuxi. magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze? am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT,
Tu am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi rogoraa dakavSirebuli mexsierebaSi
informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan da gzebTan. vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli codna ama Tu im
informaciis swrafad gaxsenebaSi.
mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris msgavsi STabeWdilebebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba, raTa garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi gamoyeneba.
(gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5-e TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven
cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi individualuri
STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT, romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi
informaciis iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana gWirdebT, romlis
marTvasac SeZlebT. amave dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli
struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobierebis CarTva. rogorc implicituri
mexsierebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel wuTs, nebismieri

161

sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas, ambobdeT TqvenTvis: es is aris, rac

samzareulos nivTebs miekuTvneba. garemosTan urTierTobis Cveulebrivi
gamocdilebiT Tqvens mexsierebis struqturaSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba.
ganvixiloT mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic Camoyalibda Tqveni
garemosTan yoveldRiuri urTierTobis procesSi.

kategorizacia da cnebebi
daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT,
romelic saWiroa, raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva ZaRlis
mniSvneloba.. imisaTvis, rom es sityva mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos
bavSvisTvis, bavSvs unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is situacia,
romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da, agreTve, informacia

konteqstis Sesaxeb. am

gziT bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi
fexi aqvs, niSnavs ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli ewodeba ara erT
konkretul cxovels, aramed amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis unari erTi da igive qcevis
ganxorcieleba mis mimarT an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva _ aris moazrovne
organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazisuri da mniSvnelovani unari (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
Tqvens mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi reprezentacias cnebebi
ewodeba. cneba ZaRli, magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan dakavSirebuli
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas. (rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs dazustebuli ZaRlis
mniSvneloba, es cneba SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili
gaqvT uamravi cneba. Tqven gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, magaliTad,

sakuWnao da beizboli. cnebebi SeiZleba asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad,

wiTeli an didi; abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an siyvaruli;
mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani, vidre; TiToeuli cneba Tqvens mier
samyarosTan urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyalibebuli
gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.

prototipebi
im ZaRlebs Soris, romelic Tqven Tqvens sicocxleSi ginaxavT, romels
warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT winadadebas: ZaRli xravs Zvals. SegiZliaT
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT,

162

romelic yvela nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos prototips warmoadgens?

ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.

cnebebi

(concepts)

sagnebis

an

ideebis

saxeobebis

an

kategoriebis

mentaluri reprezentaciebi.

prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze reprezentaciuli magaliTi.

saidan viciT
prototipebis Camoyalibeba
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli adamianis saxeebis suraTebs,

romlebic sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan (suraTi. 8.11).

Semdeg maT aCvenebdnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi suraTi adrec iyo
miwodebuli, zogierTi axali iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo,
agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic gansxvavdeboda pirvelad
miwodebuli prototipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoecnoT, Tu
romeli suraTi hqondaT maT adre miwodebisas nanaxi.
kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis
pirebi cnobdnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre hqondaT nanaxi., maSinac
ki, rodesac mas prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda msgavseba. axal
suraTebze miuTiTebdnen, rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi prototipTan
mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. da bolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni cdis
pirebi iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi. (Solso & McCarthy, 1981).
am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen, TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela
saxe, romelic ki unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.
kategoriebis Tavisi TvisebebiTurT prototipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni
gamocdilebidan. amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba icvlebodes da
mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis prototipis reprezentacia
gonebaSi SeiZleba ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi TviTon
calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc saSualo raRac moqmedebs. (Hintzman, 1986,
Nosofsly et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki am momentisTvis
ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipuli ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu
Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi an ori ZaRli, Tqveni
prototipi SeiZleba odnav Seicvalos kidec.
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias, rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia,
mounaxoT prototipi, gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis met-naklebad

163

tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis

calkeul wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipiurni arian isini. es kargad Cans
magaliTad frinvelis kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi tipiur
frinvelad, xolo siraqlema am pingvini atipiurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im
xarisxiT is xarisxi, riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi frinvelis kategoriaSi
aerTianebT. kategoriis wevrTa tipiuroba ki _ Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac
Tqvens prototips _ yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma
gamoavlina, rom xalxi ufro swrafad pasuxobs kategoriis tipiur
warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu
ara yvavi frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom siraqlema frinvelia
(Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens
gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT. Tqvens gamocdilebaSi ufro
advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc frinvelisTvis adgilis povna, vidre
siraqlemasTvis( Tu ra Tqma unda, Tu Tqveni cxovrebis manZilze xSirad ar
gicxovriT siraqlemebis garemocvaSi).

ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi

cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad ar aRmocendeba. rogorc nax.
8.12 gviCvenebs, cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaerTiandenen. iseT did
kategorias, rogoricaa cxoveli gaaCnia qvekategoriebi, rogoricaa frinveli
da Tevzi, romlebic Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs, iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni
da oraguli. Tavis mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria ufro didi
kategoriisa - cocxali arsebebi.
arsebebi cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis
informaciasTanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis Sesaxeb, rom
zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi arsebobs is garkveuli done/safexuri,
romelzec adamianebi

ukeT moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT

kategorizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben. (Rosch, 1973, 1978). magaliTad,

rodesac Tqven bazarSi yidulobT vaSls, Tqven SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,
rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an
rogorc Safranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa. bazisuri done
aris vaSli.
vaSli Tqven rom gaCvenon am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon ra aris es,
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es aris vaSli (da ara xilis saxeoba).
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis

meti Zala aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan

meti Sexeba da gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur jiSebTan. Tqven rom

164

vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT, Tqveni bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali

iqneboda.

bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done, romelic yvelaze

swrafad

SeiZleba amovitanoT

mexsierebidan da

gamoviyenoT

yvelaze

efeqturad.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
adamianis da kompiuteris mexsierebis SesaZleblobebi
rodesac xdeba kompiuterisa da adamianis SesaZleblobebis Sedareba,
xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom kompiuteri sjobnis adamians.
kompiuteris mexsierebas bevrad meti aTasobiT da milionobiT meti biti
informaciis Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens mexsierebas. magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tviseba aqvs, romelic Cvens mexsierebas ufro
maRla ayenebs. procesebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, movigonoT
specifikuri informacia, xSirad bevrad ufro efeqturia, vidre
kompiuterSi Zebnis procedura.
davuSvaT, Tqvens megobars Tqveni gamocda unda am Tavis mixedviT da
gekiTxebaT: romelma mkvlevrebma Semoitanes kodirebis specifikurobis
cneba? Tqven SegiZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi (tulvingi da tomsoni);
mcdari pasuxi (soerlingi) an, TqvaT, rom ar iciT. Tqven Zalian ar gindaT,
gasceT iseTi pasuxi, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan.
rogor ggoniT, ra xdeba, rodesac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis davalebas
aZlevT manqanas? pirveli veb saiti, romelsac gvTavazobs Google.com aris
Semdegi: aris Tu ara HIV-is izolacia miRweuli?. meore mcdeloba
AskJeeves.com-s ukavSirdeba. is gvTavazobs cneba ra aris, davukavSirdeT
Britanica.com-s. ratom aris kompiuteris mexsierebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli? Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mogonebis) or
Taviseburebas gamovyofT, romelic kompiuterTan SedarebiT mis
upiratesobas warmoadgens.
pirveli: rogorc ukve am TavSi adrec gaecaniT, adamianis mexsiereba
efeqtianad iyenebs Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs, mimarTuls saZiebel
informaciaze. is uzrunvelyofs imas, rom aRdgenili informaciis Sinaarsi
Seesabamebodes kiTxvis Sinaarss. kompiuteri ki piriqiT, konteqsts ar
iTvaliswinebs da ufro sityvis viwro mniSvnelobazea orientirebuli.
magaliTad, Tu Cven kodirebis specifikurobas veZebT Google.com_Si an

165

ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds, romelzec iqneba

pasuxi pirvel kiTxvaze. kompiuterze maZieblisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs,
romlebic konteqstis dasazusteblad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis
efeqturobaze. kompiuterze bevri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian Znelia CarTo
konteqsti ise, rom kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT ar gagagzavnos.
meorec, adamianis mexsierebas marTaven cnebebi da ara sityvebi. rodesac
Tqvens mexsierebaSi eZebT pasuxs kodirebis specifikurobis Sesaxeb, ara
aqvs mniSvneloba ras ityviT, mkvlevars Tu eqspermentators, aRmomCens
Tu Semqmnels. cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme aqvs mxolod sityvebTan. magaliTad, rodesac Cven
Google.com-s veubnebiT, Secvalos aRmomCeni SemqmneliT, igi gvaZlevs
links mexsierebis TeoriaSi garkveuli gverdis miTiTebiT. magram
mkvlevaris Secvla eqsperimentatoriT gvaZlevs, rogorc pirveli
linkis SemTxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT: talRebi, pulsi, neironuli masis
Teoria. es patara eqsperimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu kompiuteri, adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogoraa damokidebuli ufro sityvebze, vidre
cnebebze.
axla mainc Tu grZnobT odnav upiratesobas kompiuterTan SedarebiT?
SegiZliaT, ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT imaze fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvisebebi gadasceT kompiutersac.
veb gverdebi: WWW.Google.com
WWW. ASKJeeves.com

sqemebi

(Schemas)

obieqtebis,

xalxis

an

situaciis

Sesaxeb

konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis klasterebi. codnis erTeulebi,

romelic moicavs garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebs.

sqemebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierarqiaSi agurebis rols TamaSoben.
isini agurebis rols ufro rTul kompleqsebSic TamaSoben. gaixseneT suraTi
8.2. instinqturad saidan xvdebiT, rom baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi?
Cven adre ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur mexsierebas emyareba,
magram Cven ar gviTqvams, Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis

166

gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is, rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi
saxis reprezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos individualur cnebas
_ macivris, WurWlis sarecxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa
klasteri sagnebis, adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris codnaTa
Sekvrebi, romlebSic garemos struqturis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia
aRbeWdili. Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis sqema, sareiso
avtobusis mZRolis da profesoris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra da rogor aris am kategoriebSi
ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, aris is, rom Tqveni sqema ar moicavs Tqveni
cvalebadi gamocdilebis yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi aris
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis saSualo, sqemaSi warmodgenilia
garemoSi situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis saSualo. iseve, rogorc
prototipebi, Tqveni sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movlenebTan erTad
icvleba. (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni sqemac mxolod im detalebs Seicavs,
romelsac Tqven gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad, rodesac
ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra xatia Tu weria amerikuli monetis Tavze,
studentebi arasodes weren sityva Tavisuflebas, Tumca, yvela monetazea igi
gamosaxuli. (Rubin & Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni sqema inaxavs
zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi. axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza,
romelSic cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.
mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba
modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsierebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqven
ukve naxeT, rom Tqvenma sqemam SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT
mimxvdariyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar aris. axla gaixseneT me-2-e
Tavi, sadac Cven ganvixileT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna
orazrovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es figura? suraTi. 8.13. ras
xedavT: ixvs Tu baWias? davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis, rom
dinaxavdiT ixvs. Tu Tqven SeusabamebT naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur
molodinebs am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba baWiis mimarTac,
Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini. Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.

167

Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

Tqvens aRqmasa da mogonebaze. (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999). magaliTad,
Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis
da maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirovnebaze getyvian, rom is
erT_erTi am profesiis warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmodgena
miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs.
socialuri fsiqologebis mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da sityvebsac
SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moaxdinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur
gamoyenebaze. es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struqturebs SeuZlia,
gavlena moaxdinos samyaros Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: Tqvenis awmyo
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis
Tqvens molodinebs momavlis mimarT. Tqven male naxavT, rom xSirad erTi da
igive mizeziT, cnebebi da sqemebi SeiZleba xelsac uSlides zust mogonebas.
gamotovebulia "saidan viciT". originalSi gv. 244.
mogoneba, rogorc rekonstruqcia
rekonstruqcia
axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSualeba, romelSic gamoiyeneba
mexsierebis struqtura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tqven gTxoven, moigonoT
garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver igonebT zustad am informacias. amis
nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT informacias ufro zogadi saxiT
Senaxuli codnidan. rekonstruqtuli mexsierebis naTelsayofad ganvixiloT
Semdegi sami kiTxva:
me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva da?
1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?
sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 sa da 2.10 wuTs Soris?
qven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis
gareSe, magram, ra Tqma unda, konkretuli epizoduri mexsiereba am movlenebis
ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, rogorc, magaliTad, Tu vinme 7
ivliss ar aris dabadebuli da misTvis gansakuTrebuli dRea). am kiTxvebze
pasuxis gasacemad Tqven unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekonstruqcia
gaukeToT mas da miuyenoT, ra SeiZleba momxdariyo. gavarCioT rekonstruqciis
es procesi ufro detalurad.

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste

168

Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen

zusti monacemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia, aRmovaCinoT
SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstruirebuli mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebuli
iqneba realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs eqneba adgili. erT-erTi
yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia mexsierebis Secdomisa sakmaod Zvelia.
klasikur naSromSi mogoneba: eqsperimentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis
gamokvlevebi (1932) ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda sakiTxs, Tu rogor
moqmedebs warsuli gamocdileba axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze.
bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT gansxvavebuli kulturis
Tqmulebebi da legendebi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala sulebis brZola.

rekonstruqciuli

mexsiereba

(Reconstructive

memory)

mexsierebis

konkretuli reprezentaciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, Senaxuli codnis

zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis erTad ganlagebis procesi.
bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi
gansxvavdeboda originalisgan anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamaxsovreblad.
Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis rekonstruqciul process moicavda:
donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamartiveba.
gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuTrebuli gaSuqeba.
asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi
mosuliyvnen sakuTar codnasTan.
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs
Tavisi kulturisTvis Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: navi kanoes nacvlad,

Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad. bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve,

xSirad cvlidnen moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT zebunebrivi
Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
miyvnen ra bertletis kvals, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma Seiswavles
mexsierebis darRvevebis mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT mogonebis
konstruqtuli procesebis gamoyenebis dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999).
magaliTad, mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzomiereba, romelsac
sapnis operis efeqti uwoda (Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis
masalidan:

nensi mivida kokteilis wveulebaze. man mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni

SeeTvalierebina. igi miuaxlovda Tavis profesors sasaubrod. man icoda
rac unda eTqva misTvis, magram nerviulobda imaze, rac unda eTqva.

169

stumarTa erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo. nensi zeviT avida cota
mosamagreblad. koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar ainteresebda, Tu ras
saubrobda iq stumrebis nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao, gadawyviya
man da datova wveuleba.
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven
cdis pirTa meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar es Sesavali
waakiTxes:

nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed

iyo Tu ara. rogo unda uTxras profesors, rac dainaxa?
axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis
pirebisaTvis am winaityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis. rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi an
icnon nawyvetebi, cdis pirebi, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT Sesavalic da, aqedan
gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT arasasurveli fexmZimobis sqema, ufro metad imas
aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier
sqemis gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosalodnel damaxinjebas.
magram unda gvaxsovdes da es mniSvnelovania, rom rogorc me-5-e TavSi,
rodesac aRqmis iluziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis normaluri
operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT,
romlebic Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis iluziebi ar iwveven imas,
rom kedelSi gaiaroT. aseve, mexsierebis iluziebi Zalian iSviaTad Tu
SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi.
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv,
Zalian kargad momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtobrivad, Tqven
umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki
gWirdebaT. movlenaTa arsis aRdgena ki rekonstruqciiTac mSvenivrad xerxdeba.
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac, detalebis
aRdgena yovelTvis ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia
rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam imisaTvis, rom moergos mogonebis sagans
Tu mizans, gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arc Tu iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca
gindaT Tqveni sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamonaTqvamiT. Tqven,
magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: gaixseneT, Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom
gveubneboda: korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso. rodesac Tqven vinmes
sityvidan citata mogyavT, Tqven arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba

170

rekonstruqcias ukeTebs. (Clark & Gerrig, 1990). Tqven SegiZliaT sityva sityviT
moiyvanoT is an misi dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven Tqveni
sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba
am miznebis cvlasTan erTad icvleba.
saidan viciT
miznebi gavlenas axdens mexsierebaze
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari xangrZliobis scenas videfilmidan
da sTxovdnen daemaxsiovrebinaT dialogi am filmidan. cdis pirebs 45 wuTi
eZleodaT, rac sakmarisi iyo, rom yvela cdis pirs sakmaod zustad
aRedgina dialogis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves. TiToeul
students dialogis Sinaarsi sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram erT
jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan
axlos), xolo meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba saintereso
yofiliyo maTi monaTxrobi. is cdis pirebi, romlebsac hqondaT
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruqcia, 99%-is sizustiT, sityvasityviT aRadgendnen dialogs, maSin rodesac meore jgufis cdis pirebma
dialogis mxolod 62% aRadgines. ramdenadac orive jgufis wevrebma
daimaxsovres dialogis teqsti Zalian kargad, meore jgufma, ubralod,
airCia, rom ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni Zalisxmeva, rom zustad aRvadginoT,
damokidebulia garemoebebze. Tu Sen Tvli, rom pasuxismgebeli xar imaze
(valdebuli xar), rom zustad moigono, ra moxda, Sen amas gaakeTeb _ obieqtur
monacems waradgen an aRiareb da ityvi, rom ar gaxsovs. zogierT cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi, marTlac, sakmarisia rac moxda, imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, metnaklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero,
sadac Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT ra moxda, imis sizusteze.
ganvixiloT mowmis mexsiereba.

mowmis mexsiereba
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics Tqvas simarTle da mxolod simarTle.
magram am TavSi Cven vnaxavT, rom maxsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu
ara aRdgenis pirobebi aRbeWvdis pirobebs. ramdenadac fsiqologebma ician, rom
adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan simarTle, maSinac, rodesac es Zalian undaT,

171

maT yuradReba gaamaxviles mowmis mexsierebaze da daiwyes Seswavla. mizani

mizania gamoZiebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebna, romelic
uzrunvelyofs mowmis Cvenebis sizustes.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi iyo Catarebuli elizabet
loftusis da misi kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992). misi
gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian
advilad icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT. magaliTad, cdis pirebs
uCvenebdnen films, sadac avtokatastrofa xdeboda _ ori manqana erTmaneTs
ejaxeboda. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis siCqare (Loftus &
Palmer, 1974). magram cdis pirTa erT nawils kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: ra
siCqare eqnebodaT manqanebs, rodesac Seejaxnen erTmaneTs? xolo cdis pirTa
meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: ra siCqariT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac
erTmaneTs Seexnen? pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT
iyo, xolo meore kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg ki cdis pirebs
ekiTxebodnen: dainaxeT Camsxvreuli SuSebi? sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi
filmSi ar iyo. miuxedavad amisa pirveli jgufis cdis pirTa mesamedma aRniSna,
rom dainaxa Camsxvreuli SiSis naWrebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod 14 %
-ma aRniSna, rom SuSebi dainaxa. amrigad movlenis Semdgom informacias
arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba
maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom eqsperimentatori
SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas. cdis piri ver axerxebs gaarCios
Tavisi mexsierebis namdvili wyaro romelia; veRar xedavs gansxvavebas
movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al.,
1995). rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians ramdenjerme warudgenen
mcdar informaciaa, igi swored am mcdar informacias ufro namdvilad
miiCnevs (Mitchell & Zaragoza, 1996). Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs am
movlenis axssniTi meqanizmebis dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
Sergent, 1998), tendencia mowmis Cvenebis Secvlisa Semdgomi informaciis
gavleniT dadgenilad iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs, rom
Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis
sxvadasxva elementebis gavleniT.
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWvdis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani
Tavisebureba. bolos Cven ganvixilavT mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur
safuZvlebs.

172

Sejameba
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris msgavsi gamocdilebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT
kategoriis wevrebis CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris aRqmasTan
erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis
daxmarebiTac adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT gaiazreben
movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur CarCoebSi ukeT Cans gamocdilebis
mozrdili monakveTebis kanonzomierebebi, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia
xdeba. rekonstruqciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviCvenes, rom
mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba.
mowmis Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas, magram gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom igi mowyvladia damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi informaciis
gavleniT.
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
axla droa, rom gTxovoT, gaixsenoT is ricxvi, romelic Tqven mexsierebis
Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,
ra mizniT

CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT im unaris biologiur

safuZvlebze, romelic SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia monaxoT

da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas? aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi niSnavs Tqvens tvinSi
garkveul cvlilebebs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom es informacia, sul cota, am
Tavis bolomde dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli xasiaTi unda
hqondes.. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es
SesaZlebeli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT nebismieri ricxvi,
swored es iyo, anu gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs biologias
mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.

engramis ZiebaSi
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi TqvenTvis mowdebuli testi, ufro
zustad, SevamowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia, romlis
damaxsovrebac gTxoveT rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda
igi? karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac Seqmna pirveli wigni

173

mexsierebis anatomiis Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis

fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira. leSli virTagvebs aswavlida
labirinTSi gavlas, Semdeg maTi tvinis calkeul nawilebs amokveTda xolme da
amowmebda maT labirinTSi naswavl qcevas. leSlim daadgina, rom tvinis
dazianebiT gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili qsovilis zomis
proporciuli iyo. darRveva miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi
nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsierebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu
tvinis ra nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT, engrama tvinis erT
konkretul ubanSi ki ar Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
leSlim ver SeZlo engramis lokalizacia imitom, rom martiv situaciaSi
mexsierebis sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs. labirinTis swavla
moicavs sivrciT, mxedvelobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiromecnierebis
mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri informaciis daxsomeba ganawilebulia mraval
neironul sistemaSi maSin, rodesac diskretuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _
tvinis mxolod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizirdeba. (Markowitsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000).
mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul struqturas:
naTxemi

mniSvnelovan

mexsierebisTvis,

mexsierebisTvis,

rols
romelic

TamaSobs

proceduruli

ganmeorebas

saWiroebs

da

klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis.
zoliani sxeuli wina tvinis kompleqsuri struqtura. savaraudo
safuZvelia Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da stimul-reaqcia kavSirebis.
didi

tvinis

qerqi

pasuxismgebelia

sensoruli

mexsierebis

da

SegrZnebebs Soris asociaciebis

nuSisebri
saxelebis

kompleqsi

deklaraciul

pasuxismgebelia
mexsierebaze,

faqtebis,

TariRebis,

agreTve

emociuri

STabeWdilebebis daxsomebaze.
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa Talamusi, bazaluri winatvini da
prefrontaluri korteqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis sxvadasxva
tipis formirebisTvis.

engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali tvinSi.

gamotovebulia bolo abzaci.
amnezia

174

1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axalgazrda teqnikosi niki. a.

saSineli dazianebis msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi cxovreba.
niki ijda magidasTan, xolo misi mezobeli TamaSobda miniaturuli
safarikao daSniT. Semdeg, moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia xmali. xmali moxvda nikis
marjvena nestos da ganagrZo moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT. am
SemTxvevam seriozulad daaziana niki. yvelaze mZime problema amnezia,
xangrZlivi droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo niks yvelaferi
aRqmisTanave aviwydeba. wignSi ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli
winadadebebi aRar axsovs. satelevizio gadacemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam
reklamis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gaimeorebs oriode wuTis
win nanaxs.
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacientebiT, radgan bunebriv
eqsperimentad Tvlian aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis
adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs
daedginaT mexsierebis sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul
ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs moqmedebebi anu proceduruli
mexsiereba ar aqvs darRveuli, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsiereba aRar
funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva
masala, magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi. eqsplicituri mexsierebis
darRvevis es faqtebi naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da
implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli ubnebia CarTuli.
axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa, romelic SeiZleba dakavSirebuli
iyos gansxvavebul anatomiur struqturasTan. gamokvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda,
romhipokampis dazianebis dros irRveva eqsplicituri mexsiereba da ara
implicituri (Squire, 1992)
saidan viciT
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba daculia
gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileobdnen cdis pirebi, romelTac

korsakovis sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi) Sedegad dazianebuli

hqondaT hipokampusi. rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise janmrTelebis
jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emociuri
TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva moswondaT da romeli ara. maTi
mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests. erT SemTxvevaSi cdis

175

pirebs eZleodaT sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic unda SeevsoT TavSi

mosuli pirvelive sityviT. (Sevsebis testi). meore testSi ki marcvali
mimniSneblis rols TamaSobda, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT unda
moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wakiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT
mogonebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis mqone pacientebi naklebs
igonebdnen, vidre janmrTeli cdis pirebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis testSi
pacientebis da janmrTelebis mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf et al.,
1984).
es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis
dazianeba gavlenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo implicitur
mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs. mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba
sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992). gamokvlevebiT implicituri
mexsiereba 7 dRis Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani dazianebis
SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba ar irRveva.
is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi forma azianebs eqsplicitur da
ara implicitur mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs, amtkicon,
rom mexsierebis es ori forma gansxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, is gzebi, riTac
adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa medicina

arCens enabluobas. Cven ukve viciT zemoT moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom

amneziis mqone individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobierebis gareSe,
magram, aseve, SeuZliaT codnis SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis
Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic ukavSirdeba im individis monacemebs (Rajaram,
Coslett, 2000), romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac gamowveulia
Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod, medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT,
aris ara. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. avlenda perceptualur implicitur
mexsierebas, mas ar hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba. es Sedegi
miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis
asociaciebis SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi SesaZleblobas aZleven
mecnierebs, ukeT Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs da mexsierebis
procesebis organizacias.
tvinis suraTi
fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris
kavSiris Sesaxeb, amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT, magram tvinis

176

gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis

procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-3-e Tavs,
sadac saubaria gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, Pozitron Emission Tomografis (PET) saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996;
Tulving et al., 1994) daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodirebisa da aRdgenis
dros tvinis ori naxevarsfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es
gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis standartuli gamokvlevebi, im
gansxvavebiT, rom kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa sisxlis
mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri
aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi (ixileT suraTi 8.14) epizoduri
informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis
gaZlierebul aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri informaciis aRdgenis dros.
amrigad, anatomiuri sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvaobebis garda,
romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma aRmoaCines.
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI) warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac
gamoavlina mexsierebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvnelovani detalebi
(Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).
saidan viciT
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis
eqsperimentebi utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT ekranze miewodebodaT
sityvebi, romlebsac xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi. cdis pirebs
evalebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb Tavisi azri gamoeTqvaT, kerZod,

semantikuri xasiaTis: es sityva, (magaliTad, skami an siyvaruli)

abstaraqtulia, Tu konkretuli? an perceptuli xasiaTis:: es sityva,
(magaliTad, ndoba an wigni) fanqriT aris dawerili, Tu melniT?
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom marcxena
prefrontaluri qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis aramotoruli ubani)
ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili semantikuri kodirebis, vidre
perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi (Gabrieli et al., 1996).
mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis aqtivacias semantikuri
kodireba iwvevs, marcxena naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo. (ix.
Tavi 3)

177

ramdenime axali gamokvleva mieZRvna tvinis specifikuri regionebis

Seswavlas, romelTa aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros xdeba.
(Brewe et al., 1998, Wagner et al.,1998). am gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda
SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi). (magaliTad, eTqvaT, abstraqtulia
Tu konkretuli esa Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros cdis pirebs
skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT

tvinis

aqtivobis ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: prefrontaluri qerqis da

parahipokampuli (hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi iyo ukeT
ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefaseba cdis pirebma
ukeT SeZles. am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis SemuSavebis pirveli
periodis biologiuri safuZvlebi.
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom sxvadasxva disciplinis mecnierebma
erTad unda imuSaon, raTa bolomde kargad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis
kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs
moipoveben, rac Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa Sesabamisi tvinis
struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros, fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias
ukeTeben fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
Sesaxeb. am sferoSi momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT uzrunvelyofen
did warmatebebs mexsierebis procesebis kvlevaSi.
Sejameba
karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc engramebis Zieba daiwyo,
aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa
CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi. amniziis mqone pacientebze
gamokvlevebma daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri procesebis
ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis
teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis
procesTa biologiuri safuZvlebi.

sur. 8.1. ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi

mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis raodenoba individTa

mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad
eSveba qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba
sur. .8.2

178

Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magididan da Tqven gaifiqrebT ra unda baWias

samzareuloSi? amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis procesebis mier samzareulos
situaciis aracnobieri gadamuSavebaa, romelic baWiassamzareulosTvis zedmet
elementad miiCnevs.
sur. 8.5. mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT
uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli
masalis saSualo raodenobas, rogorc uSualod miwodebis Semdeg, aseve
mogvianebiT. SedarebisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masalis mogoneba
sruli aRdgenis meTodiT. (sperlingi. 1960)
gv. 221 suraTi

sensoruli
mexsiereba

muSa mexsiereba

moicavs xanmokle mexsierebas

xangrZlivi
mexsiereba

sur. 8.3. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi aRdgena

aRdgena

mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrliv

mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWvda miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi-Senaxvas, xolo
informaciis gadmosvla ukan - muSa mexsierebaSi-aRdgenas.
sur. 8.4. ramdens daixsomebT am scenidan?

aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT da

ecadeT upasuxoT teqstSi dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv, xatiseburi
mexsiereba mxedvelobiTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod wamier xats inaxavs.
sur. 8.6. xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis gareSe

rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da aRdgenas Soris sxva amocanit

aris Sevsebuli (distraqtoriT) mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba, ramdenadac
intervali izrdeba.
gv. 227, sur.
ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi
wignis monaxvis analogiuri?
gv. 229, sur.

179

rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wesebis darRvevis semdeg SexvdebiT am kacs,

ratom ver cnobT, rom mas xom wveulebaze SexvdiT.
sur. 8.7. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti

am naxatze naCvenebia adgilmdebareobis efeqtis ganzogadebuli suraTi

studentebs Txoven moigonon sityvaTa sxvadasxva sigrZis _ 6, 10 da 15
sityvisgan Semdgari mwkrivebi an igive TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc iyo
miwodebuli, an Tavisufali mogonebis wesiT (aRadgineT, ramdeni sityvac
SegiZliaT ). TiToeuli mrudi gviCvenebs, rom rogorc dasawyisis(daswyisis
efeqti) ise bolo nawilis daxsomeba (daboloebis efeqti)ukeT xdeba.
sur. 8.8 konteqstis mixedviT gansxvaveba
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mexsierebaSi informacia matareblis liandagis
msgavsad warmoidginoT. A nawilis analogiurad, SegiZliaT ifiqroT, rom didi
xnis win Tqvens mexsierebaSi Semosuli informacia erTmaneTzea mWidrod
miwyobili, rogorc moSorebiT ganlagebuli liandagis Spalebi. B nawilSi ki
vxedavT, rom am efeqtis acilebis erT-erTi gza aris adre miRebuli es
Spalebi erTmaneTisgan dacilebulad ganvalagoT, ise, rom proporciulad
iyvnen erTmaneTisgan daSorebulni. aseve, SegiZliaT Zveli informacia
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis miniWebis gziT.
gv. 233, sur.
pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, magaliTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav
megobartan Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnilebaa. semantikuri
mexsierebidan romeli informacia seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?
sur. 8.9. implicituri mexsierebis testze praimingi
praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amocanebiT sakontrolo sityvebze
manipulaciebis dros gavlenis.

zogierTi implicituri testiT SesaZlebelia

praimingis kviraze meti xnis Semdeg

gamovlena.

sur. 8.10. lokusis meTodi

lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad

sayidlebis siidan) nacnob adgilebTan (magaliTad institutidan saxlisken
mimaval gzaze.
sur. .8.11

180

A.

prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi

B.

prototipebis,

Zveli

saxeebis

da

axali

saxeebis

prototipuli

Sefaseba,
(A)

saxis 75 % emTxveva prototips, 50% aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da

Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs saerTo, dabolos, 0 % aqvs saerTo

prototipTan. cdis pirebs Txoven Seafason, aqfT Tu ara nanaxi adre es
saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT,
romelic adre arasodes unaxavT. daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis
xarisxi adre mamaxi saxeebis mimarT. axali saxeebis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa
darwmunebulobis

xarisxi

klebulobda

prototipisgan

misi

msgavsebis

semcirebasTan ertad.

sur. 8.12. cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura

kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos Semdgom qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa
frinveli da Tevzi,
Tevzi TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi
informacia(aqvs kani gaaCnia iererqiis yvela dones. sxva informacia,
magaliTad, (SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs SeiZleba hqondes
(magaliTad, iadons).
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ra aris mexsiereba
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi ganixilaven mexsierebas, rogorc
informaciis gadamuSavebis process.
mexsiereba, romelic moiTxovs cnobier Zalisxmevas, aris eqsplicituri.
aracnobieri mexsiereba implicituria.
deklaraciuli mexsiereba uzrunvelyofs faqtebis daxsomebas. proceduruli
mexsiereba ki uzrunvelhyofs unarebis SemuSavebas.
mexsierebas xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc kodirebis, Senaxvis da aRdgenis
samsafexurian process.
sensoruli mexsiereba
sensoruli

mexsierebis

sistema

didi

moculobis,

magram

Zalian

xangrZliobisaa.
xatiseburi mexsiereba wamebis ganmavlobaSi aCerebs mxedvelobiT vels.
eqo-mexsiereba inaxavs smeniT gamRizianeblebs.

mcire

181

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba

xanmokle

mexsierebas

SezRuduli

moculoba

aqvs

da

swrafadve

qreba

ganmeorebis SesaZlebelobis ararsebobis pirobebSi.

ganmeoreba aCerebs masalas xanmokle mexsierebaSi.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SeiZleba gaizardos dasaxsomebeli wevrebis
azrian jgufebad dalagebis Sedegad.
aRdgenis procesi xanmokle mexsierebidan efeqturad xorcieldeba.
muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba xanmokle mexsierebas moicavs.
muSa

mexsierebis

sami

komponenti

xels

uwyobs

gare

samyarodan

gamocdilebis yovelwuTier asaxvas.

xangrZlivi mexsiereba. kodireba da aRdgena.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba moicavs Tqvens srul codnas samyarosa da Tqveni
Tavis Sesaxeb. igi TiTqmis ganusaRvreli
Tqveni

gaxsenebis

unaris

pirobaa

moculobisaa.

kodirebisa

da

aRdgenis

pirobebis

damTxveva.
swavlisa da aRdgenis konteqstebs Soris damTxveva ganapirobebs aRdgenas.
adgilmdeareobis

mrudis

Tavisebureba

aixsneba

konteqstebs

Soris

gansxvavebiT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi xels uwyoben xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis
moZebnas.
epizodur mexsierebas iseTi movlenebis daxsomebasTan aqvs saqme, romlebic
pirovnebis subieqtur gamocdilebaSi monawileobdnen. semantikuri mexsiereba
sityvebisa da cnebebis arsebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb mexsierebaa.
interferencias

adgili

aqvs,

rodesac

mimniSneblebs

mxolod

Sesabamis

informaciasTan (mexsierebasTan) ar mivyavarT.

rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamuSavebuli informacia, miT ukeTesia daxsomeba.
implicituri mexsierebisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebi msgavsi iyos.
mexsiereba

SeiZleba

gaviumjobesoT

gadamamuSavebeli

ganmeorebiT

da

mnemonikuri xerxebiT.
Cveulebriv,

darwmunebulobis

gancdas

informaciis arsebobis winaswarmetyveleba.

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

zustad

SeuZlia

mexsierebaSi

182

cnebebi

aris

azrovnebisTvis

mexsierebis

saSeni

agurebi

(masala).

maTi

Camoyalibeba xdeba, rodesac mexsierebaSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo niSnebis

mqone obieqtebis an azrTa jgufebi.
prototipi warmoadgens cnebis saSualo ekzempliars.
cnebebi xSirad ierarqiulad arian dalagebulni zogadidan kerZosaken.
sqema ufro zogadi kognituri klasteria.
mexsierebis yvela es zogadi struqtura gamoiyeneba axali informaciis
molodinebisa da interpretaciis konteqstisTvis.
mogoneba mxolod angariSi ar aris, igi rekonstruqciuli da seleqciuri
procesia.
wina gamocdileba da miznebi gavlenas axdens mogonebaze.
axalma informaciam SeiZleba Secvalos mogoneba da amiT mowmis Cveneba
arasando gaxados, Tu mas axali movlenis Semdgomi informacia Seereva.
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
tvinis gansxvavebuli struqturebi (hipokampis, amigdalas, cerebelumis da
cerebruli korteqsis CarTviT) monawileoben sxvadasva tipis mexsierebaSi.
eqsperimentebi

amneziis

mqone

pacientebze

daexmara

mkvlevrebs

imis

garkvevaSi, Tu rogor xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis mexsierebis Camoyalibeba

da tvinSi maTi ganawileba.
tvinis skanirebis teqnikam udidesi roli Seasrula mexsierebis kodirebis
da aRdgenis procesebSi tvinis monawileobis Sesaxeb codnis mopovebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
amnezia
bazisuri done
dajgufeba
cnebebi
konteqstis mixedviT gansxvaveba
deklaraciuli mexsiereba eqo mexsiereba gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
kodireba kodirebis specifikuroba
engrama epizoduri mexsiereba mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba
xatiseburi mexsiereba mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba
interferencia
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria xangrZlivi mexsiereba

183

mexsiereba metamexsiereba
mnemonika
dasawyisis efeqti
praimingi
procedurulki mexsiereba
prototipi
mogoneba
mwkrivis daboloebiis efeqti
cnoba rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba
aRdgena mimniSneblebi sqemebi
semantikuri mexsiereba
sensoruli mexsiereba adgilmdebareobis efeqti
xanmokle mexsiereba
sacavi
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba
muSa mexsiereba

Tavi 9. kognituri procesebi

kognituri procesebis Seswavla

fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena

fsiqikuri procesebi da fsiqikuri resursebi

metyveleba

eqspresiuli metyveleba

impresiuli metyveleba

metyveleba, azrovneba da kultura

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla?

vizualuri Semecneba

vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba

verbaluri da vizualuri reprezentaciebis kombinireba

problemis gadaWra da azrovneba

problemis gadaWra

deduqciuri azrovneba

induqciuri azrovneba

184

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: eqspert-sistemebi da medicina

gadawyvetilebis miReba

evristika da msjeloba

gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologia

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

185

rodesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma [elen keleris maswavlebeli]

xelze damawera sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis am TamaSma da
Sevecade gamemeorebina... me ar vicodi, rom vambobdi sityvas, saerTod ar
vicodi, rom sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTamaSobdi.
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma aiRo Cemi
Zveli Tojina, Camisva kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da Seecada
mivexvedrebine,

rom

orive

`T-o-j-i-n-a~

iyo.

manamde,

cota

xniT

adre,

veWidavebodiT sityvebs `t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdilobda,

mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram
me kvlav mereoda es ori . . .
Cven mivuyvebodiT biliks saxlis garSemo da vtkbebodiT mcenaris
mcenaris
surneliT, romelic saxlis kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.

Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi
wylis nakadi Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer
nela,

Semdeg

ufro

swrafad.

me

wynarad

vijeqi

da

mTeli

gulisyuriT

SevigrZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad dameufla bundovani

amaRelvebeli gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda; da rogorRac
enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri
grili raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi
suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZneleebi
amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi ukve advilad gvardeboda.
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda
Tavisi saxeli da TiToeuli axal azrs Sobda. saxlSi dabrunebisas yvela
sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi, sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,
gv.15-16).
elen keleris avtobiografiis `Cemi cxovrebis ambavi~ am nawyvetSi avtori
aRwers enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan detalebs. erTi wlis asakSi
elenma

gadaitana

gaurkveveli

daavadeba,

romlis

Sedegadac

man

dakarga

mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis
cxovrebaSi

gaCnda

ana

salivani

misi

maswavlebeli.

salivanma

SesZlo

SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca

gamoecada `azris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli mRelvareba.~
kognituri

procesebi

(Cognitive

processes)

iseTi

umaRlesi

fsiqikuri

procesebi, rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta da

186

abstraqtuli azrovneba.
Semecneba (Cognition) codnis SeZenis procesi, romelic moicavs yuradRebis
miqcevas, gaxsenebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs

procesebis

Sinaarss:

cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia
fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis
umaRles

fsiqikur

procesebs

yuradRebas,

enis

gamoyenebas,

aRqmas,

problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.

kognituri

mecniereba

(Cognitive

science)

informaciis

gadamuSavebis

procesebisa da sistemebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero.

Tqven,

albaT,

arasdros

dagWirvebiaT

ase

cxadad

aRgeqvaT

sakuTari

kognituri procesebi.
procesebi es procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamianisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad
amisa, metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars xSirad ganixilaven,
rogorc

adamianuri

Camoyalibebuli
istoriaSi

yofis

moxseneba

gamomZiebeli

arss

(arsebiT

ipyrobs

Tqvens

ramodenime

niSans).
guls,

samxilze

Tumca,

an

awyobs

roca

rodesac

kargad

deteqtiur

danaSaulis

gaxsnis

virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT SemecnebiTi aqtiobis inteleqtualur

triumfs.
termini Semecneba aerTianebs SemecnebiTi procesebis yvela formas. rogorc
9.1 suraTzea naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla gulisxmobs adamianis
fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas (me-5-e TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze aRwerili
zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semecneba) aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise
procesebs. SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi,
mogonebebi: `ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~, "wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs `sdeq~-s~, `saxlidan
wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kognituri procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipulirebT
im

fsiqikuri

SinaarsebiT,

cxovrebiseuli

dilemebis

romlebic
dros

gare

samyaros

racionaluri

interpretaciisa

gadawyvetilebis

da

miRebis

saSualebas gaZlevT.
fsiqologiaSi

Semecnebas

kognituri

fsiqologiis

specialistebi

Seiswavlian. bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqologiasTan

erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _
kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic. (ix. sur. 9.2). kognituri mecniereba
fokusirebulia
garSemo

sxvadasxva

arsebul

momijnave

codnaze.

sferoebSi

TiToeuli

am

erTi
sferos

da

igive

sakiTxis

warmomadgenlebs

SesaZlebloba aqvT, gauziaron erTmaneTs monacemebi da aRmoCenebi. me-8-e TavSi

187

Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsierebis biologiuri safuZvlebis

Sesaxeb

sxvadasxva

kvlevebis

gamoyenebiT,

mexsierebis

Teoriebis

daxvewa:

kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis

umravlesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT, Seqmnilia sxvadasxva
momijnave specialistebis urTieTTanamSromlobis Sedegad.
Semecnebis

Seswavlas

daviwyebT

kognituri

procesebis

kvlevis

mokle

aRweriT _ rogor cdiloben mkvlevarebi gazomon kogniuri funqcionirebis

Sinagani procesebi. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis
ZiriTad

sakiTxebs,

vizualuri

romlebsac

Semecneba,

praqtikuli

problemis

gadaWra,

gamoyeneba

aqvT:

azrovneba,

metyveleba,

msjeloba

da

gadawyvetilebis miReba.
sur. 9.1. kognituri fsiqologiis sfero

kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg

sakiTxebs: rogor xdeba adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba
garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.
sur. 9.2. kognituri mecnierebis sfero

kognituri

mecniereba

warmoadgens

lingvistikis,

kognituri

fsiqologiis

filosofiis,
da

neiromecnierebis,

kompiuteruli

mecnierebis

(xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.

kognituri procesebis Seswavla
rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirveli, rac TavSi mogivaT, aris is,
rom kognituri procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven SegiZliaT
dainaxoT Sesuli informacia, mag. fraza: `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs _
darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT im moqmedebebis identifikacia,
romlebic akavSirebs frazas Tqvens reaqciasTan? rogor SegiZliaT gaigoT, ra
moxda

am

SualedSi

romeli

kognituri

procesebisa

da

fsiqikuri

reprezentaciebis aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am TavSi aRwerilia

logikuri

analizis

is

tipebi,

romelTa

safuZvelzec

SesaZlebeli

gaxda

kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla.

fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena
fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna
1868 wels holandieli fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders) mier. `fsiqikuri
procesebis siswrafis~ Seswavlis mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli

188

davalebebi, romlTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda

gonebrivi safexurebis gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi 9.1 mocemulia
eqsperimenti,

romelSic

daculia

dondersis

logika.

sanam

kiTxvas

gaagrZelebdeT, gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba.

cxrili 9.1. dondersis fsiqikuri
fsiqikuri procesebis analizi (qarTuli varianti)
CainiSneT

TiToeul

davalebaze

daxarjuli

dro

(wamebSi).

davalebebi

SeasruleT mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad.

davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos daawereT Tavze s

iyo
o arabeTs
ostevan,
ar beTs rost
ost an, mefe
me e RmrTisaga
RmrT agan
aga sviani,
s ani,
maRali,
vi, mdaba
Sqaravali ymiani
ma ali, uxvi,
md bali,
ba i, laSqa
Sqa -mravali
ym ni

Ddro:

davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs daawereT Tavze v, xolo didad

daweril Tanxmovnebs s
iyo
o arabeTs
ostevan,
ar beTs rost
ost an, mefe
me e RmrTisaga
RmrT agan
aga sviani,
s ani,
maRali,
vi, mdaba
Sqa
avali ymiani
ma ali, uxvi,
md bali,
ba i, laSq
Sqar--mravali
ym ni

Ddro:

davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos daawereT Tavze v

iyo
o arabeTs
ostevan,
ar beTs rost
ost an, mefe
me e RmrTisaga
RmrT agan
aga sviani,
s ani,
maRali,
vi, mdaba
Sqaravali ymiani
ma ali, uxvi,
md bali,
ba i, laSqa
Sqa -mravali
ym ni D

dro:

ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT,

rom

Tqven

unda

CamoTvaloT

safexurebi,

romlebic

gaiareT

davalebis

Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba:

a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara.

b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze s.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos
Sesasruleblad studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti an kidev ufro
meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs
CamovTvliT:

a. gansazRvreT niSani _ didia Tu patara;

b. gansazRvreT didi aso _ xmovania Tu Tanxmovani
g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze s, Tu xmovania, daawereT v;
amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori
gonebrivi safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc stimulTa

kategorizacia (xmovani Tu Tanxmovani?) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s dawera Tu s-s

189

dawera?). pirveli davaleba moiTxovs stimulTa kategorizaciis erT safexurs,

meore davaleba ki
pasuxs

Soris

_ aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve, or

arCevanis

gakeTebas.

radganac

meore

davalebaSi

yvelafris

gakeTeba giwevT, rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis, amitomac

meore

davalebis

mosazrebis

SesrulebisaTvis

ZiriTadi

arsi:

meti

droa

damatebiTi

saWiro.

gonebrivi

es

iyo

dondersis

safexuri

(operacia)

yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom

SemovitaneT

mesame

proceduraa.

Cven

davaleba.

unda

es

eqsperimentis

davrwmundeT,

rom

Catarebis

pirveli

da

aucilebeli

meore

davalebis

Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT,

rom vs daweras sWirdeba meti dro, vidre ss daweras. mesame davalebas ufro
naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes, vidre meores. (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo?
ara?)
Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom Tavis proceduras gamoiyenebda
sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis. misi
meTodis

gamoyenebiT

Tqven

SegeZloT,

gamogekloT

pirveli

davalebis

SesrulebisaTvis daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze daxarjuli droisaTvis da

gangesazRvraT stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevisTvis saWiro dro.
Tu

Tqven

SeqmniT

davalebas,

romelic

saWiroebs

mxolod

stimulis

kategorizacias (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro, rogorc es dondersma

gaakeTa), maSin Tqven SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ drois xangrZlivoba _
calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, stimulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes
100 milisekundi (wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150 miliwami.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi aRar iyeneben gamoklebis
meTods,

radganac

davalebis
logikas.
romelic

nebismieri

detalebze.
isini
cdis

procesisaTvis

Tumca,

mkvlevarebi

xSirad

iyeneben

pirs

sWirdeba

reaqciis

saWiro

dro

mihyvebian

dros

konkretuli

damokidebulia

dondersis

drois

davalebis

ZiriTad

xangrZlivobas,
Sesasruleblad.

dondersis ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri procesi saWiroebs

damatebiT

dros,

kvlav

fundamentur

wanamZRvars

warmoadgens

kognituri

fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi. vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es

mosazreba ukanaskneli 130 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
sur. 9.3 umaRlesi kognituri procesebis analizi

190

kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben gansazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis

identuroba

da

organizacia,

romlebic

umaRlesi

kognituri

procesebis

(maRali donis kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas warmoadgenen.

A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3

procesi Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes.

B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs seriulad anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi

ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad.

C)

davalebis

Sesrulebaze

daxarjuli

dro

yovelTvis

ar

aZlevs

mkvlevarebs saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli

mimdinareoba.
A) dondersis davaleba
didi aso?

Tanxmovani Tu xmovani?

s Tu v?

______________________________dro_____________________________
B) seriuli da paraleluri procesebi
procesi A

procesi B

procesi C

procesi A

procesi B

procesi C

___________________________dro________________________________
C. seriuli da paraleluri procesebis droSi Tanxvedra.
procesi
X

procesi Y

191

procesi X

procesi Y

_____________________________dro__________________________
_____

fsiqikuri procesebi da resursebi

kognitur

fsiqologiaSi

momuSave

specialistebis

mier

iseTi

umaRlesi

kognituri procesebis Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul procesebad) daSla,

rogoricaa metyveleba da problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs. TiToeuli
kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac
unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da
kubebi ise moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi ganxorcieldes. dondersis
davalebebSi Tqven naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi (ix. sur. 9.3.
nawili

erT

A).

gamoyeneba

safexurs

saSualebas

pirdapir

gvaZlevs,

mohyveba

davinaxoT,

meore.
rom

kubebis

metaforuli

SesaZlebelia

ramdenime

procesis erTdrouli mimdinareoba (nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoagens me-5-e

TavSi

aRweril

seriul

da

paralelur

procesebs

Soris

gansxvavebis

ilustracias. Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

warimarTos

paralelurad

SesaZlbelia

erTdroulad,

rigSi
xolo

mocemuli
sxva

tipis

yvela

elementis

Zieba

moiTxovs

Semowmeba
TiToeuli

elementis seriul gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke, erTi meoris

miyolebiT.
procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareobis identifikaciis mizniT
fsiqologebi xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros. Tumca 9. 3 suraTis me-3-e nawilSi
mocemuli magaliTi dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar amarTlebs.
warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba, romelic, savaraudod, moicavs or process.
Tu Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis mimdinareobis
ganvsazRvravT

maTi

mimdinareobis

specifikas

zustad

dro, verasodes

anu

ar

viqnebiT

darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad.

kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens
davalebis

iseTi

eqsperimentators,

pirobebis
gansazRvros

Seqmna,
uamravi

romlebic
SesaZlo

saSualebas

miscemen

konfiguraciidan

blokebis

swori varinti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (romelic Tqven axlaxans gaakeTeT)

Cven SegviZlia darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia, radgan erTi
aqtivoba

Tanmimdevrulad

moiTxovs

Semdeg

aqtivobas.

magaliTad,

Tqven

ar

193

SegiZliaT moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s dasawerad), sanam ar

gansazRvravT, Tu rogori unda iyos pasuxi.
Teoretikosebi procesebis seriul da paralelur mimdinareobis gansazRvras
xSirad aqtiobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxovnis xarisxis SefasebiT
cdiloben.

warmoidgineT,

rom

megobarTan

erTad

midixarT

saswavlebelSi.

Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir da Tan isaubroT _ am dros

gadaadgilebisa da metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs. magram ra
moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis
gasakvlevad,
procesi

SesaZlebelia,

moTxovs

Tqven

damatebiT

SewyvitoT

resursebs

saubari.

gegmis

axla

gadaadgilebis

SesamuSaveblad;

metyvelebis

procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba.

am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli
resursebi aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes sxvadasxva davalebebze
(Kahneman, 1973; Navon & Gopher, 1979).

yuradRebaa

pasuxismgebeli.

me-5-e

am

resursebis

TavSi

yuradReba

gadanawilebaze
ganxilulia,

Tqveni
rogorc

procesebis erToblioba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situaciaSi

amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini

yuradReba gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia, romeli fsiqikuri procesi

unda iqnes amorCeuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule: yvela procesi ar saWiroebs
erTnair

resurss.

faqtobrivad,

procesi Tu saWiroebs

Cven

SegviZlia

ganvsazRvroT,

avtomaturia

kontrols (Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi

procesebi saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi procesebi ki, rogorc wesi _ ara.

erTdroulad

erTze

meti

kontrolirebadi

procesis

ganxorcieleba

Zalian

rTulia, radganac isini ufro met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis

Sesruleba

ki

SesaZlebelia

sxva

davalebis

paralelurad,

masSi

cnobieri

CarTulobis gareSe.
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT,
SeasruloT cxril 9..2-Si moyvanili davaleba. rTuli iyo Tu ara A sia, B siasTan
SedarebiT?
seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic
Tanmimdevrulad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.

194

paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi,

romelic erTdroulad mimdinareobs.
cxrili 9.2 ricxvebis
ricxvebis gadamuSaveba
dasviT

raime

niSani

fizikurad

gansxvavebuli

wyvilebis

Tavze,

iqneba

es

ricxvebis Tu sityvebis wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi). SeecadeT,

gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia.
sia 1.
8-8

cxra-rva

1-2

rva-rva

2-1

8-9

9-9

2-2

ori-ori

erTi-ori

cxra-cxra

rva-cxra

erTi-erTi

1-1

ori-erTi

9-8

1-1

cxra-ori

erTi-erTi

cxra-cxra

2-9

rva-ori

8-9

1-9

cxra-erTi

8-8

rva-rva

cxra-erTi

2-2

1-8

2-8

ori-ori

sia 2.

saidan viciT
Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis `mniSvneloba~
cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9. 2 cxrilSi cifrebs Soris gansxvaveba.
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs bevrad ufro uWirT, roca cifrebi
erTmaneTTan axlosaa (mag., 1-2). vidre maSin, roca maT Soris didi intervalia
(mag., rva-erTi), miuxedavad imisa, ra formiTaa ricxvebi mocemuli, arabuli
cifrebiT Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom pirvel siaSi mocemulia
gansxvavebuli wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac patara intervalebia, xolo meore
siaSi mocemul wyvilebs Soris intervali didia. amitom pirveli sia ufro
Zneli unda yofiliyo. magram ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis siaxloves gavlena
maTi

fizikuri

msgavsebis

gansazRvraze?

erTi-ori

da

erTi-cxra

fizikuri

gansxvavebulobis xarisxis mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevarebi varaudoben,

rom rodesac xedavT 2-1 an ori,
ori Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis raodenobaze,
maSinac ki, rodesac es xels uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. xdeba ricxvis

195

mniSvnelobis avtomaturi Sefaseba miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar gvWirdeba an ar

gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein, 1995).
bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor euflebodiT raodenobas da ricxvis
cnebebs. axla kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad avtomaturi gaxda,
rom misgan Tavis daRweva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili davalebidan
Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli mexsierebis
efeqtian gamoyenebaze (Logan 1988,1992). iqneba obieqti 2 Tu ori aRqmulis
mexsierebaSi gadamuSaveba uzrunelyofs informacias raodenobis Sesaxeb.
axla es informacia, kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb,
gamoviyenoT erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis ganasaxilvelad. swor
gzaze siarulis dros ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac imaze
miuiTiTebs,

rom

swor

gzaze

siaruli

da

laparaki

SedarebiT

avtomaturi

aqtivobebia. Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia icvleba _ es gaiZulebT

gzis mravali variantidan airCioT erT-erTi. axla Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, saiT
waxvideT da ra TqvaT.
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqmedebis erTdroulad Sesruleba,
Tqveni yuradReba CixSi eqceva (Pashler, 1992,4).
es

magaliTi

naTelyofs,

ratom

xdeba

kontrilirebadi

da

avtomaturi

procesebis xarisxis da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra. pirobebis

garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac avtomaturi iyo, ukve moiTxovs yuradRebis
kontrols. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare, esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba
saWiroebdes met-nakleb yuradRebas.
axla

Tqven

xvdebiT

fsiqikuri

procesebis

logikas.

rTuli

saazrovno

amocanebis gadaWris mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi gvTavazoben

modelebs, romlebSic kombinirebulia rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise
kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi. kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa
umravlesobis

mizania

iseTi

eqsperimentuli

situaciis

Seqmna,

romelic

daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiToeuli komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac

ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis logika fsiqikuri procesebis
Seswavlisas, droa, gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven saSualeba
gveqneba,

ganvixiloT

konkretuli

daviwyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.

kognituri

procesebi

muSaobis

procesSi.

196

Sejameba
kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnierebaSi momuSave specialistebi
Seiswavlian fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
adamians, mag., gamoiyenos ena, gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
dondersma

pirvelma

Seqmna

kognituri

davalebis

calkeul

Semadgenel

procesebad gaanalizebis meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi fsiqikuri aqtiobis

komponentebis

gansazRvris

mizniT

Seiswavlian

seriuli

da

paraleluri

procesebis komponentebs; aseve, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da kontrolirebad

procesebs.
kontrolirebadi
moiTxoven

procesebi

yuradRebas;

(Controlled

xSirad

processes)

rTulia

procesebi,

erTdroulad

romlebic

erTze

meti

kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.

avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven
yuradRebas, maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis paralelurad.
metyveleba
SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT da iq aravin aris; ucbad
SeamCnieT, rom Zirs konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romelzec weria:
kata xaliCazea. ras geubnebaT es Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es
Setyobineba

gasagebi

gaxdes

TqvenTvis?

am

SemTxvevaSi

yvelaze

advilia,

mogawodoT Sesabamisi konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven saaidumlo agenti

xarT da instruqciebs yovelTvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven
gecodinebaT, rom kata aris Tqveni kontaqti. xolo xaliCaze yofna sabrZolo
adgils niSnavs. e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT.
magram imisaTvis, rom fraza kata xaliCazea gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris
aucilebeli,

iyoT

saidumlo

agenti.

mas

SeiZleba

sxvadasxva

mniSvneloba

hqondes.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze karis win mxolod maSin wveba da
gelodebaT, roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni ojaxis romelime
wevrs eubnebiT kata xaliCazea, Tqven gulisxmobT: SegiZlia, kata gareT
gauSva? ("katas kari gauRo").

197

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven megobars surs manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da

SiSobs, radgan ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT: kata xaliCazea
da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT, rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia
manqana gamoiyvanos.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gsurT, SeajibroT Tqveni kata da Tqveni megobris
ZaRli. am dros Tqven ambobT: kata xaliCazea, riTac miuTiTebT, rom kata
isvenebs da ar surs sirbili.
aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba winadadebis azrsa da

mosaubris

mier nagulisxmev azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis gamoyenebis

Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents akeTeben rogorc produqciaze (eqspresiuli
metyveleba),

ise

mosaubris

mier

nagulisxmevi

azris

gagebaze

(impresiuli

metyveleba):
nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad rogor iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs?
rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs?
eqspresiuli metyveleba
SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecedeT, ramodenime sityviT aRweroT igi. ris Tqmas
apirebT? axla warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT brma adamians.
ras

SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu ara meore SemTxvevaSi

daZabva?

eqspresiuli

metyvelebis

Seswavlisas

aqcenti

gonebis

ufro

keTdeba

meti

rogorc

metyvelebis produqciaze (ras irCeven adamianebi mocemul momentSi saTqmelad),

aseve, im procesebze, romlebic Setyobinebebs, gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad.
metyveleba ar gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyvellebaa, agreTve,
wera da JestebiT saubari. simartivis mizniT saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia
sityvebi: mosaubre is vinc metyvelebs anu wers an laparakobs (igulisxmeba
JestebiT laparakic) da msmeneli is vinc ismens (igebs).
sur. 9.4. eqspresiuli metyveleba

SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars? ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni

megobari
rom brma iyos?
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba

198

Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi normaluri mxedvelobis mqone da

brma

adamianisaTvis

msmenelis

im

mizniT,

gaTvaliswinebiT.

gaiTvaliswinoT,

vin

aris

rom

gamonaTqvami

nebismier

Tqveni

dagegegmaT

SemTxvevaSi

msmeneli

da

konkretuli

saubrisas

informacia,

unda

romelic

unda

miawodoT auditoriis wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, TavSi
azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom kata xaliCazea, Tu man ar icis, rom kata
xaliCaze

mxolod

maSin

wveba,

rodesac

gareT

gasvla

surs.

msmenelis

gaTvaliswinebis wesi, romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, pirvelad

Semoitana filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul Grice). graisi TanamSromlobis
princips

ganixilavs,

rogorc

mosaubris

instruqcias,

gamonaTqvami

aagos

mimdinare saubris pirobebisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT. am instruqciis arsis

gasagebad

graisma

yuradRebiani

Camoayaliba

oTxi

aqsioma,

romelsac

gulisxmieri

da

mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9. 3. cxrilSi warmodgenilia TiToeuli

aqsioma da SeTxzuli dialogi, sadac naCvenebia metyvelebis dros aRwerili

aqsiomebis

gavlena

pasuxebis

SerCevaze.

rogorc

9.3

cxrilidan

Cans,

karg

mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma

msmenelma. amgvarad, Tqven ar etyviT Tqvens megobars: dRes aleqsisTan erTad
vsadilob, Tu darwmunebuli ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob yvela aleqss Soris mxolod
erTs axsenebT am konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar waxvalT). anu saerTo

codnaSi arsebobs vinme aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis, ise _

Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark, Kethrine
Marshal, 1981) miaCniaT, rom saerTo codna eyrdnoba informaciis sam wyaros:
jgufis wevroba sxvadasxva sididis jgufis wevrebi iyeneben Semoklebul
msjelobebs, roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo gamocdilebas da
gasagebia misi wevrebisaTvis.
lingvisturi

Tanaarseboba

saubrisas

admianebi

ukve

ganxilul

informacias (wina saubrebis dros) miiCneven saerTo codnis nawilad.

fizikuri Tanaarseboba

fizikur

TanaarsebobasTan gavqvs

saqme, roca

mosaubre da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofebian da Sexeba aqvT

erTsa da imave obieqtebTan. es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris garemos (sivrces,
romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise maT garSemomyof adamianebs.

199

amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis me dRes aleqsisTan erTad

vsadilob, SesaZloa, gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni megobari mcire
jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac

aleqsic miekuTvneba (jgufis wevroba), an

SesaZloa, imitom, rom adre, saubarSi Tqven ukve aRniSneT aleqsis arseboba
(lingvisturi Tanaarseboba), an sulac imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi
(fizikuri Tanaarseboba).
modiT, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom
vinmes

pirvelad

xvdebiT.

Tu

Tqven

gsurT,

rom

iyoT

yuradRebiani

da

gulisxmieri mosaubre, pirvel rigSi unda gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas (jgufs)

ekuTvnis igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvaliwinebs Tavis molodins
msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi). adamianebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis
zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba icodnen sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca,
tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom sxvebisTvisac cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician
(Fussel&Kraus, 1992).

msmenelis

codnis

zusti

gansazRvra

SesaZlebels

xdis

eqspresiuli metyvelebis adekvatur regulacias.Y

daakvirdiT,

Tu

ramdenad

detaluri

informacia

unda

miawodoT

quCaSi

adamians, romelic gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara konkretul kiTxvebs

(mag.:

iciT,

metyvelebidan

sad

aris

meria?),

gamomdinare,

cdilobT

gansazRvroT,

Tu

ara

saidan

misi
aris

Cacmulobidan
igi

da

da

ramdenad

dawvrilebiT unda auRweroT gza.

Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc vnaxeT,
gamonaTqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze, romelsac esaubrebiT. axla
ganvixiloT fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoTqvaT
azri.
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) is, rasac adamianebi amboben,
aniSneben an weren; am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
msmenelis

gaTvaliswineba

(Audience

design)

konkretul

gaTvlili Sinaarsiis formirebis procesi.

cxrili 9.3. graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb

auditoriaze

200

1. raodenoba:

Setyobineba

unda

iyos

imdenad

informaciuli,

ramdenis

moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT.

rCeva

mosaubrisaTvis:

Tqven

unda

ecadoT,

gansazRvroT,

realurad

ra

raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro

gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma.
2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari
ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli faqtebic ar gaqvT.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqvens

mier miwodebuli informaciis dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmis
dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli faqtebi.
3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom

msmenelisaTvis

gasagebia

kavSiri

Tqvens

mier

miwodebul

Setyobinebasa

da

manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Temas anu Tqvens mier
Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven
unda auxsnaT, ris Sesaxeb saubrobT.
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis
gamoyenebas. teqsti agebuli unda iyos mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad

garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da
gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad gaiges, risi
Tqmac gsurdaT.
Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis
aqsiomebs?
ras amboben?

ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom?

giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi?

ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom,

daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels.

albaT, ufro meti unda vuTxra,

vidre, bralod ho.

giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram

meSinia ar gamZarcvon.

ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi

aqvs, mainc ar damijerebs. ra SeiZleba

201

daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo

adgilia.

vuTxra iseTi, rac simarTles hgavs da

Tanac daamSvidebs?

giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo?

Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar

daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT.

gavCerebulvar, SeiZleba ifiqros, rom

sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi ram unda
vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom
ar SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.

giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT?

wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda

daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad

uaris Tqma uxeSad gamomivides.

SevZleb wamosvlas.

mixvdeba
giorgi, rom Tavs varideb? (Tavis
daZvrenas vcdilob)

giorgi: aa . . .
daTo: hm

gaeba maxeSi.

saidan viciT
eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens jgufis wevroba
eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevarebi studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT
Sedarebis davaleba, ise, rom winaswar arafers eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators
win ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT
da mas ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom c.p.-s swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebina
isini. eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT
hqondaT saubris SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad SeeZlo ganesazRvra,
icnobda

Tu

esaubrobdnen

ara

c.p.

baraTebis

niu-iorks.

rodesac

aRsawerad,

isini

isini
ufro

niu-iorkis
metad

macxovreblebs

iyenebdnen

sakuTar

saxelebs: es aris sitikorpis Senoba, vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: es aris

202

maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT (Clark, 1987).

metyveleba da Secdomebi
gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v. a. spuneri

(Reverend W.A. Spooner),

oqsfordis universitetidan, romlis saxelis mixedviTac, ori an meti sityvis

pirveli marcvlebis gadanacvlebas spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma es
saxeli

samarTlianad

daimsaxura;

zarmac

students

semestris

gacdenis

SemTxvevaSi frazis You have wasted the whole term ("Sen mTeli semestri gaacdine")
nacvlad eubneboda: You have tasted the whole worm, ("Sen mTeli matli SeWame") (waste
gacdena; taste-gemos gasinjva, term-semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis
erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis
azris gamoTqmis dagegmis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan Cans, gamonaTqvamis
dagegmva ramodenime erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan
TiToeulze

SeiZleba

gamovlindes

metyvelebis

Secdomebi

(Bock&levet, 1994;

Rapp&Goldrick, 2000). gasaocaria, magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc Cans, ar unda

iyos SemTxveviTi isini gasagebi xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis
struqturas. mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos styvebis pirveli asoebi tips of
the slung nacvlad slips of the sung-sa, magram arasodes ityvis tlips of the sung,
radganac am SemTxvevaSi irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris wesi, romlis
mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes gvxvdeba tl(Fromkin, 1980).
cxrili 9.4. Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi
dagegmvis doneebi

mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic saukeTesod gamoxataven mis

203

azrs. Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, mag: `movifiqre da `movigone,

SeiZleba Tqvas `movifone.

mosaubrem

arCeuli

sityvebi

sworad

unda

daalagos

da

gaaerTianos

winadadebaSi. radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian erTeuls,

SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba.
cxviridan sisxli wamskda sisxlidan cxviri wamskda.
lamazi gogos kaba gogos lamazi kaba .

mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi, romelTa Tqmasac apirebs.

radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven, SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa

gadanacvleba.
cali xeli xali celi.
metyvelebis
metyvelebis

Teoriuli

Secdomebs.

modelebis

amitom

agebisas

mkvlevarebi

ar

didi

mniSvneloba

Semoifarglebian

eniWeba

aRniSnuli

Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi dakvirvebiT da maTi aRnusxviT. maT

Seiswavles

eqsperimentul

pirobebSi

metyvelebis

Secdomebis

xelovnurad

gamowvevis sxvadasxva xerxebi (Bock, 1996).

am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda moqnili eqspresiuli metyvelebis
safuZvlad mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezentaciebis met-naklebi gageba.

procesebi.

gaixseneT

me-6-e

TavSi

ganxiluli

xelovnurad

Seqmnili

predispoziciuli spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs, laparakis dros

dauSvan spunerizmis magvari Secdomebi (baars, 1992). c. p.-ebs Txoven waikiTxon
dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac msgavsi fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L
buzi-fuli
baRi-fari
boli-foni
bedi-fexi
Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan feri-beri. rig SemTxvevebSi zogierTi c.p.
manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs beri-feri
am

teqnikebis

mosaubris

mier

gamoyenebiT
Secdomebis

mkvlevarebs
daSvebis

saSualeba

albaTobaze

eZlevaT,

moqmedi

Seiswavlon

faqtorebi.

mag:

204

spunerizmis

msgavsi

Secdomebis

albaToba

izrdeba,

rodesac

bgerebis

gadaadgileba realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al., 1975; Stemberger, 1992) amgvrad,
feri-beri-is magivrad beri-feri-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia, vidre mag;
coli-qmari-is
savaraudos

magivrad

qmoli-cari-s

Tqmis

albaToba.

msgavsi

xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli zogierTi kognituri

Sedegebi
procesi

uzrunvelyofs kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da gasworebas. es procesebi ar

gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis daSvebis uflebas, romlebic konkretuli enisaTvis
miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis gamoTqmas gulisxmobs.

reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis dros c.p.-ebs sTxovdnen wyvilwyvilad waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi mag.: shoot the breeze raise the roof (bevri
laparaki aurzauris atevxa); ori wamis Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba
swrafad gaexsenebinaT erT-erTi. droSi SezRudvis pirobebSi c.p.-ebi zogierT
SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof. Secdomis
daSvebis

albaToba

SemTxvevaSi,

radgan

am

SemTxvevaSi

bolo

or

ufro

gamonaTqvams

didia,

vidre

erTnairi

zemoT

mniSvneloba

aRweril
aqvs.

es

Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi

erTmaneTTan aris mexsierebaSi dakavSirebuli: rodesac adamiani apirebs Tqvas
erTi idioma, msgavsi mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma kavSirma
SeiZleba ganapirobos kombinirebuli Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock, 1977).
Cven

ganvixileT

zogierTi

faqtori,

romlic

ganapirobebs

ama

Tu

im

gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs maT

aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs, romlebic igeben mosaubris mier
nagulisxmev azrs.
impresiuli metyveleba
warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs `kata xaliCazea. Tqven ukve iciT, rom
konteqstidan gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli

azris

gamosaxatad.

Tqven,

rogorc

msmeneli,

rogor

airCevT

mxolod erT azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze saubars Cven daviwyebT orazrovani

mniSvnelobis problemis ufro detaluri ganxilviT.

orazrovnebis daZleva
daZleva

205

ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT:
erTi,

romelic

dakavSirebulia

miwaTmoqmedebasTan

(sasoflo-sameurneo

saqmianobasTan) da meore, romelic dakavSirebulia kafesTan. warmoidgineT, rom

vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari, rogor xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi?

Tqven

unda

SesZloT

am

or

mniSvnelobas

Soris

arsebuli

leqsikuri orazrovnebis daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoCenT, rom zogierTi

kognituri procesis gamoyenebiT, konteqstidan gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis
orazrovnebis daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde: sauSao iaraRebze Tu
gasarTob

adgilebze.

es

farTo

konteqsti

unda

dagexmaroT

sityvis

ori

mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi. magram rogor?

sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT orazrovnebis kidev erT tips.
ras niSnavs es winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba? Tqven
SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod erTi mniSvneloba, magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs

struqturul

lingvistebi

orazrovnebasTan.

winadadebis

(Akmajian et al., 1990) ix.

struqturis

sailustraciod

9.5.

xSirad

suraTi.
iyeneben

diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winadadebis `kata xaliCazea analizi. am

winadadebis struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III nawilSi ki warmodgenilia
winadadebis `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba ori gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis
mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis exeba dedas, erT adamians _ ori bavSvis
dedas

gadasces

daxmareba.

III

nawilSi

warmodgenili

analizis

mixedviT,

winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvemdebare `ninos da `giorgis dedas e.i. or

adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelobiT igebT winadadebas, rodesac
mas pirvelad kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic winadadebas ori
mniSvneloba

aqvs

da

Cven

vubrundebiT

igive

kiTxvas,

romelic

leqsikuri

orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis

amorCevas ori an meti SesaZlo variantidan?
sur. 9.5. winadadebis sruqtura

winadadebis

gramatikuli

struqturis

TvalsaCino

ilustraciis

mizniT,

lingvistebi xSirad iyeneben diagramebs. I srtuqtura warmoadgens winadadebis

kata xaliCazea struqturul analizs. II da III struqtura ki gviCvenebs, rom
winadadeba ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba ori erTmaneTisagan

206

gansxvavebuli

struqturuli

analiziT

SeiZleba

iyos

warmodgenili.

vis

gadasces daxmareba? or adamians Tu erTs?

davubrundeT
Semdegi

leqsikur

winadadeba:

"anas

orazrovnebas
yvavili

(sityvis

aqvs".

ra

orazrovnebas),

aris

am

ganvixiloT

SemTxvevaSi

yvavili?

warmoidgineT, rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvneloba, albaT, aseTi

iqneba:
gansazRvreba 1: mcenare.
gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba.
am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo
ori mniSvnelobidan avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs,
aseTi tipis winadadebis wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi xdeba
sityvis

orive

mniSvneloba

(Vu et al., 1998).

konkretul

situaciaSi

sityvis

mniSvnelobis gansazvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, magram rogor

gvexmareba konteqsti mniSvnelobis arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime (tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al.,
1998, 2000). ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
1. ana avadaa yvaviliT.
2. ana krefda yvavilebs.
3. ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs.
pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis `avadaa mixedviT, SesaZloa, ganvsazRvroT, ra
mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli yvavili iseve, rogorc meore winadadebaSi. mesame
winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwerilia situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts
meore

winadadebisTvis

iTvaliswinebT

`yvavili

miniSnebis

aqvs.

sxvadasxva

es

magaliTebi

tips.

gviCvenebs,

konteqstis

mixedviT

rom

Tqven

msmeneli

momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris,

1995; Sereno, 1995). struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis mixedviT xdeba
(MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993; Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT
gramatikul

struqturebs

Soris

swrafi

arCevis

SesaZleblobas

konteqsti

iZleva.
modiT,

davubrundeT

Cvens

magaliTs,

romelic

pirvelad

ganvixileT

da

romelic sakmaod orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea. am SemTxvevaSi orazrovneba

ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis

207

struqturiT.

mkvlevarebma

aRmoaCines,

rom

konteqstis

mixedviT

gadawyobis

kanoni am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994).

SegviZlia
dasaZlevad
naTqvamsa

efeqturad

da

ganxilvisas
romelTa

davaskvnaT,

msmenelis
Cven

rom

metyvelebis

iyenebs
mier

saSualebiTac

adamiani

e.w.

azrs

msmenelis

mosaubre

irCevs

Soris.

metyvelebis

gaTvaliswineba
mimdinare

aqvs

msmenelisaTvis

molodini,

rom

mizanSewonilia,

mosaubre
naTqvami

sworad
fraza

procesis

procesebi,

situaciis

Sesatyvis

gamonaTqvams. impresiuli metyvelebis analizis safuZvelze

msmenels

orazrovnebis

konteqsts. am dros sruli SeTanxmebulobaa

gagebul

gamovyaviT

procesSi

dadginda, rom

metyvelebs.

gaiazros

amrigad,

konteqstidan

gamomdinare.
cxrili

9.5.

orazrovani

gamonaTqvamis

pirdapiri

da

sarkastuli

interpretacia

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami

marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da marta Zalian bednieri
iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man uTxra das: Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra
mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila.
sarkastuli moTxovna
tonis amxanagi, romelTan erTadac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis Rias tovebs
misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi
Txovna daeketa fanjara uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria iyo, tonis ar
sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scoida. man uTxra amxanags: ra mSvenieria aq da
rogor Tbila.
saidan viciT
konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri mniSvnelobis gagebaSi
ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: aq mSvenieria da Tbila. ras niSnavs es? rogorc
9.5 cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia, am tipis martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxavdasxva
azri mivaniWoT sxavdasaxva istoriis SeTxzviT. Cven vnaxeT, rom sityva-sityviT
versia axlo kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvnelobasTan. igive gamonaTqvamis
arapirdapiri versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT
zemoT aRniSnuli modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis ilustraciis mizniT. Tu

208

mkiTxveli

informacias

sityva-sityviT

amuSavebs

konstanturi

rigis

(Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad igi Seecdeba

gamonaTqvamis

pirdapiri

mniSvnelobis

gagebas.

Tu

es

gza

warumatebeli

aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975;

1978; Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis
gagebas ufro meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamonaTqvamis. konteqstis
mixedviT

gadawyobis

modelis

mixedviT

ki

ufro

advilia

sarkastuli

gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom

mkiTxvelebi

ufro

swarafad

igeben

sarkastul

moTxovnas,

vidre

igive

gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs, 1986).

ra gvesmis
orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas Cven aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu
ras vigebT. axla yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze, Sesabamisad,
kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu
mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? mag.: ra inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven
gaigebT ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom mniSvnelobis mqone reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri erTeulebiT,
romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben (Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia
gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis `kata xaliCazea ZiriTadi azri isaa,
rom raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas Tqven gamoyofT propozicias

ze da cdilobT, gaigoT katasa da xaliCas Soris arsebuli mimarTeba, romelic

gamoxatulia am propoziciiT. propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze (kata,

xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met propozicias Seicavs. ganvixiloT

Semdegi winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra taxtis qveS. aq
pirveli Semadgeneli propoziciaa qveS (Tagvi, taxti). aqedan vawyobT: SeZvra
[(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))]. sabolood ki miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi,
qveS (Tagvi, taxti))].
qveS (Tagvi, taxti)
SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]
uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))]

209

rogor

SegviZlia

SevamowmoT,

rom

mniSvnelobis

fsiqikuri

propoziciebi

marTlac ase muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi Catarebuli zogierTi

kvleva

miznad

isaxavda,

eCvenebina

propoziciuli

reprezentaciebis

roli

metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu

frazaSi ori sityva ekuTvnis erTi da igive propozicias, mexsierebaSi maTi
warmodgena xdeba erTdroulad, maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan
winadadebaSi.

saidan viciT
propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis struqturas
ganvixiloT

winadadeba

mavzoleumi,

sadac

mefe

ganisvenebda,

moedans

gadahyurebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am winadadebaSi mavzoleumi da moedani

erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini
mexsierebaSi

erTad

unda

Seikribos

propoziciaSi

gadahyurebda

(mavzoleumi,

moedani). am analizis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebma cdis pirebs warudgines

sityvebis CamonaTvali da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu ara TiToeuli sityva
winadadebaSi. zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod moednis
Semdeg miewoda, zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli sityvis Semdeg.
pasuxi diax, iyo mavzoleumi gacilebiT swrafad modioda im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg iyo mocemuli,
vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRvoda win. es
Sedegi cxadyofs, rom cnebebi mavzoleumi da moedani erTad iyo warmodgenili
mexsierebaSi (Ratclif & McKoon, 1978).
rodisme

SegimCneviaT,

rom

damaxsovreba?

SesaZloa,

gicdiaT

raime

filmidan

fraza

da

Zalian
zustad

saxlSi

Znelia

vinmes

(sityva-sityviT)

dabrunebuls

zustad

naTqvamis

dagemaxsovrebinaT

aRmogiCeniaT,

rom

aqedan

mxolod zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi miuTiTebs, Tu ratom ar aris

srulyofili

sityva-sityviT

damaxsovreba.

imitom,

rom

erT-erTi

ZiriTadi

operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba axorcielebs, gulixmobs propoziciebis

gamoyofas, xolo propoziciebis zusti Tanmimdevroba swrafad ikargeba Cvens
mexierebaSi (mag.: "kata misdevs Tagvs" _ "Tagvi gaurbis katas").

210

mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar aRmocendeba zustad miRebuli

informaciis safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas daskvniT axerxeben,
logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciis
safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori winadadeba:
me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad.
igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars.
imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa, sul cota, ori daskvnis
gakeTeba. Tqven unda gaarkvioT, vin aris `igi meore winadadebaSi da rogor
aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli dapirebasTan, rom giyidian namcxvars.
megobari,

vinc

es

winadadeba

giTxraT,

vTqvaT,

darwmunebulia,

rom

Tqven

SegiZliaT am ori momentis gaTvaliswineba. Tqven arasodes getyvian: `me mivdivar

sakonditroSi TeasTan Sesaxvedrad. igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom
miyidis namcxvars da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac gemrieli namcxvrebi
iyideba. mosaubre yovelTvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT akeTebs
daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan.
uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas, Tu ra saxis daskvnebs akeTeben
msmenelebi regularulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon & Ratcliff, 1992),
romlebsac
gamonaTqvamis

msmenelebi,
SemTxvevaSi

Cveulebriv,
potenciuri

akeTeben.

aRmoCnda,

daskvnebis

rom

raodenoba

nebismieri
SeuzRudavia.

magaliTad, radganac Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZliaT,
gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli, filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es
TavSi azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT: `me sakonditroSi
mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom
sakmao

sifrTxiliT

ekidebian

daskvnebis

gakeTebas.

msmenelebi

ganvixiloT

Semdegi

winadadeba:
`arqiteqtorma daWra kaci.
rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi,
umravlesobam aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT
dadginda, rom am da msgavsi tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi
adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana (Dosher & Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi
Sedegebi adasturebs, rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar xdeba
avtomaturad. mag.: viRaca daWres daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven

211

akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic

gulisxmobs mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa da nacvalsaxels `igi~ Soris da
`sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~ Soris. aseTi daskvnebi saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia, romelsac mosaubre gadmogcemT.
metyvelebis

ganxilvam

gviCvena,

ramdeni

ram

esaWiroeba

mosaubres,

raTa

warmoTqvas swori winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa swored gaigos

mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT.
rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni kognituri procesebis muSaobis
meqanizmebi?
daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis
an rwmenis da Teoriis safuZvelze.
metyveleba, kultura da azrovneba
Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea, rogor ggoniaT, am or enaze Tqven
gansxvavebulad fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena azrovnebaze? es is kiTxvaa,
romelsac mkvlevarebi ara erTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro konkretuli
iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa,
rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi inglisurenovania, ityoda: Daddy threw the
ball mamam isrola burTi, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqulenovania, maSin ityoda Topu
babam atti.. rogor fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria mocemuli da
mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli? es mTlad ase ar aris: -ti sufiqsi Turquli
winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca
mosaubre gagonils hyveba, maSin winadadeba mis sufiqsiT mTavrdeba anu iqneboda
atmis. inglisur enaze mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im movlenebis
mixedviT, romlebic sakuTari TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa
cnobili (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom ori enis
gansxvavebulma gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos azrovnebis stilze?
Turquli da inglisuri enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ucnobia. xom ar
gsurT

CaataroT

kvleva?

es

gansxvaveba

gasagebs

xdis

azrovnebaze

enis

potenciuri zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebas.

am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla daiwyo edvard sepirma (Edward Sapir) da misma
studentma benjamen lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort). kros-longvisturi kvlevebis

212

safuZvelze miRebuli SedegebiT avtorebma daaskvnes, rom gansxvavebebi enaSi

azrSi gansxvavebebs ganapirobebs. sepiri aRniSnavs:

Cven

vxedavT

sazogadoebis

da

gansxvavebulad

enobrivi

Cvevebi

ganvicdiT

interpretaciis

movlenebs,

radganac

gansazRvruli

Cveni

arCevanisadmi

gangvawyobs (Sapin, 1941/1964, p.64)

sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis
safuZvelze gaakeTes. uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic sepir-uorfis

hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix. Brown, 1976).

lingvisturi

gansxvavebebi

fardobiToba

aisaxeba

am

enebs

enebze

Soris

molaparake

arsebuli

struqturuli

individebis

gansxvavebul

aralingvistur kognitur unarebze.

lingvisturi determinizmi enis

struqtura Zlier gavlenas axdens da,

SesaZloa, mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake individebis mier

samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas.
am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi determinizmi SedarebiT ufro Zlieria,
radgan

igi

amtkicebs,

Tanamedrove

mecnierebma

araerTgzis

scades

rom

ena,

faqtobrivad,

fsiqologebma,

kvlevis

zusti

gansazRvravs

lingvistebma
meTodebis

da

azrovnebas.

anTropologebma

Seqmna

am

hipoTezis

aspeqti.

SesaZloa,

gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996 ).

ganvixiloT
gagikvirdeT,

azrovnebaze
rom

enis

sxvadasxva

gavlenis

enebSi

erT-erTi

ferTa

dasaxelebis

gansxvavebuli

raodenobaa. linvisturi analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi

ferTa 11 dasaxelebaa (Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane, lurji, yavisferi,
mewamuli,

vardisferi,

stafilosferi,

nacrisferi).

xolo

zogierT

enaSi,

mag.aliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi, romelsac dani ewodeba,

ferTa ori dasaxeleba arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da Ria) (Berlin & Kay, 1969).
uorfi

miiCnevs,

rom

adamiani

`samyaros

mSobliuri

enis

safuZvelze

adiferencirebs~ (1956 p. 213): mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom ferTa dasaxelbis

raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre
adamianebis mier ferebis klasifikaciis unarebze.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

213

SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis swavla?

Tqven, ra Tqma unda, ginaxavT filmi, an satelevizio Sou, sadac cxovelebi
Cveulebriv saubroben adamianebTan. gaxsovT mister edi _ molaparake cxeni?
SesaZlebelia es realur cxovrebaSi? am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli saukunis 20iani wlebidan daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebinaT
laparaki.

radganac

Simpanzeebs

ar

gaaCniaT

laparakisaTvis

Sesaferisi

sametyvelo aparati, mkvlevarebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, komunikaciis damyarebis

sxva

meTodebi

amerikuli

moeZebnaT.

niSnebis

enis

magaliTad,

Simpanzes,

gamartivebuli

saxelad

varianti

vaSos

aswavles

(Gardner & Gardner, 1969);

Simpanzes, saxelad saras ki daaswavles simboloebiT manipulacia (simboloebi

aRniSnavdnen iseT cnenebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, vaSli, micema) (Premark, 1971).
am eqperimentebis Sedegebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba warmoSva (Seidenberg & Pebitto,
1979).

kritikosebi

dainteresdnen

Semdegi

sakiTxebiT:

Simpanzeebis

mier

simboloebis an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombinaciebis (magaliTad, vaSo bodiSi,

Sen meti daleva) gamoyeneba aris Tu ara metyvelebis azriani gamoyeneba. aseve,
mniSvnelobaTa umetesoba, rac miewereba maimaunis gamonaTqvams, xom ar Cndeba
adamianis da ara maimunis TavSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi siu sevijsevij-rumbaum (Sue Savage-Rumbaugh 1998)
da misma kolegebma Caatares kvleva, romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa ufro zusti
monacemebi Simpanzeebis metyvelebis unaris Sesaxeb. sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad,
muSaobda bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze, romlebic, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT,
ufro axlos arian adamianTan, vidre Simpanzeebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom bonobos
jiSis orma maimunma, kinzim da mulikam kvlevis procesSi spontanurad aiTvises
plastmasisagan damzadebuli siboloebis mniSvneloba; maT ar dasWirvebiaT
rTuli treningi. isini simboloebis mniSvnelobebs avtomaturad daeuflnen
adamianebsa

da

dakvirvebis

dros.

mniSvneloba,

bonobos
garda

magaliTad,

jiSis

maimunebs

amisa,

maT

kanzas

Soris

esmiT

SeuZlia

komunikaciis

zogierTi

sityvis

inglisuri

gagonebaze

procesze
sityvis

dados

misi

Sesabamisi simbolo an foto. mkvlevarebma bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis ori

maimunisaTvis

Seqmnes

pirobebi,

sadac

maimunebi

Rebulobdnen/iRebdnen

metyvelebis iseT gamocdilebas, rogorc adamiani enis adreuli aTvisebis

214

periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom Simpanze-panpanzeesac

ki SeuZliaT zogierTi inglisuri sityvis mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca,
bonobos jiSis maimuns panbaniSas bevrad ufro

meti sityvis daswavlis

unari aqvs (Brake & Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995).

bonobos jiSis maimunebze miRebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria, Tumca, metyvelebis
unarisa da sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavixsenoT

msmenelTa

e.w.

gaTvaliswineba.

SuZliaT

cxovelebs

informaciis

Secvla

auditoriaze morgebis mizniT? mkvlevarebma gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am

kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da robert seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney, Robert Seyfarth, 1990)
Caatares

didi

kvleva.

isini

Seiswavlidnen

vervetis

jiSis

maimunebis

komunikaciur unarebs. sxvadasxva tipis saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leopardis,

arwivis an gvelis moaxloebis dros es maimunebi gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen.
maT

auditoriidan

saSiSroebis

dros

gamomdinare
ufro

SuZliaT

maRali

xmis

sixSiris

Secvla:

xmebs

mdedri

gamoscemen,

maimunebi

roca

Tavis

STamomaval maimunebTan erTad arian, vidre sxva maimunebTan. Tumca, vervetis

jiSis maimunebs ar SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan
gamomdinare,

xmis

Secvla:

eqsperimentul

pirobebSi

Seqmnili

saSiSroebis

SemTxvevaSi deda vervetebi erTsa da igive xmebs gamoscemen marto yofnis

drosac da maSinac, roca maTi STamomavali safrTxis momaswavlebeli movlenis
TviTmxilvelia.
arsebaa,

mkvlevarebma

romelsac

SeuZlia,

daadgines,

rom

gaiTvaliswinos

adamiani
sxvisi

erTaderTi

codna

da

cocxali

Sesabamisad

Secvalos qceva (Povinelli & Prince, 1998).

rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa da bonobos jiSis maimunebs gaaCniaT adamianis
msgavsi metyvelebisaTvis aucilebeli zogierTi, magram ara yvela unari.
Tumca, Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom
sxvadaxsva

enaze

molaparake

adamianebi

erTnairad

asruleben

ferebis

klasifikaciis davalebebs. es monacemebi eWv qveS ayenebs mtkicebas lingvisturi

determinizmis Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevarebi mainc iziareben azrs SedarebiT susti
gavlenis Sesaxeb metyvelebaSi gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi sdevs Tan.
saidan viciT
metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis klasifikaciaze

215

mkvlevarebma c.p.-ebs sTxoves, SeemowmebinaT sami feris wiri. ferebi aRebuli

iyo

lurjidan

mwvanemde

speqtralur

diapazonSi.

c.p.-ebs

evalebodaT,

ganesazRvraT, sami elferidan yvelaze metad romeli gansxvavdeboda danarCeni

orisagan. c.p.-Ta erTi jgufi warmodgenili iyo inglisurenovani individebiT
(inglisur

enaSi arsebobs

erTeulebi),

xolo

meore

mwvanisa

da

CrdiloeT

lurjis

leqsikurad

meqsikaSi

mcxovrebi

gansxvavebuli
individebiT,

romlebic tarahumaras enaze laparakoben. am enaSi lurjisa da mwvane elferis

aRsaniSnavad

arsebobs

mxolod

erTi

sityva

Siyoname.

mkvlevarebi

varaudobdnen, rom Tu sepir-uorfis hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani

individebi SesZlebdnen lurjisa da mwvanis zRvarTan axlo myofi elferis
garCevas, radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityvebi mwvane (green) da lurji
(blue); xolo imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi gansxavebuli erTeulebi ar
arsebobs, am enaze molaparake c.p.-ebi ver SesZlebdnen mosazRvre elferebis
garCevas (Key & Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi adasturebs sepir-uorfis
hipoTezas: ferTa triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros inglisurenovani c.p.-ebi
arCeven sxvadasxva elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake individebi ki _
vera.
msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa,
rogorc es Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze giCveneT. Sesabamisad,
arsebobs umaravi sakiTxi (hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs (gerrig
&Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996). savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba
enebs Soris arsebuli bevri leqsikuri da gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa,
gansxvaveba sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, radganac Cven
aRvwereT kulturuli gansxvavebebi "fsiqologia da cxovreba"-Si, mizanSewonili
iqneba,

gaviTvaliswinoT

lingvisturi

fardobiTobisa

da

determinizmis

sakiTxebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gansxvavebuli kulturis

warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul

enebze laparakoben, SegviZlia

davsvaT sakiTxi metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb kulturul gansxvavebze.

axla

sityvebis

saSualebiT

azris

gadacemis

sakiTxidan

gadavideT

pirobebis ganxilvaze, sadac mniSvneloba xatzec aris damokidebuli.

Sejameba

im

216

saubrisas
Sesabamisi

admianebi

msmenelis

cdiloben,
arseboba

iyvnen

moiTxovs

gulisxmierebi
saerTo

da

codnis

yuradRebianebi.
gaTvaliswinebas.

spunerizmi da metyvelebis sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori frazebisa

da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas.
orazrovani

sityvebis,

struqturebisa

da

gamonaTqvamebis

gasagebad,

mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad msmenelebi

iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalibdeba.
miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis
gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis
Tanaxmad, enebi, romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRvraven adamianis mier
samyaros aRqmasa da gaazrebas. am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli faqti
gamovlinda ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi. mkvlevarebis winaSe kvlav dgas
enebs

Soris

arsebuli

uamravi

gansxvavebis

Seswavlis

sakiTxi,

romelic,

SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes azrovnebaze.

vizualuri Semecneba
9.6. suraTze mocemulia winadadebis kata xaliCazea reprezentaciis ori
nimuSi.

romelia

TqvenTvis

ufro

misaRebi?

Tu

winadadebas

lingvistur

propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiazrebT, orive sworia orive suraTze kata

xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT, ufro misaRebi A variantia,,
radgan am winadadebis gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am suraTis Sesabamisi
scena warmogidgebaT (Searle, 1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb? cota
ucnauria, ara? ase ggonia, kata sadac aris daecema. es SfoTva Cndeba imitom,
rom

Tqven

SegiZliaT

SegiZliaT
zustad

situacia

warmoidginoT,

gaiazroT
ra

suraTebze

SeiZleba

moxdes.

dayrdnobiT.
am

nawilSi

Tqven
Cven

ganvixilavT vizualuri xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas azrovnebaze.

sur. 9.6. vizualuri reprezentaciebi

aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze?

vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba
kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan
aRmoCenas (Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi ukve vaxseneT me-6-e

217

TavSi), romelmac benzolis qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros, kekule

xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT
jaWvSi erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi aRmoaCina, roca gvelis
magvarma molekulaTa jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra. maikl
faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda
maTematikaSi, magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc amboben, albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis terminebiT
azrovnebda da mxolod vizualur xatebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis
Semdeg gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da sityvebis saSualebiT.
es magaliTebi movitaneT imisaTvis, rom Tqvenc scadoT vizualuri xatebiT
azrovneba,

Tumca,

vizualuri

xatebiT

manipulaciis

unars

yovelgvari

mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT. ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti,

sadac

c.p.-ebs

sTxovdnen,

moexdinaT

vizualuri

xatebis

warmodgenaSi

datrialeba.
suraTi 9.7. sxvadaxsva kuTxiT daxrili R,
, romelic warmodgenis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes

cdis

pirebs

SemeTxveviTi

TanmimdevrobiT

miewodebodaT

figurebi

da

moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli - R

Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. rac ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili vertikaluri
mdgomareobidan, miT ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.
saidan viciT
gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis msgavsia
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso R-sa
da

misi

sarkiseburi

aslis

(rusuli

nimuSebi

(ix.

sur

9.7).

asos

miwodebisTanave c.p.-s evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi R iyo, Tu

misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli
dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapirproporciul kavSirSia rac
ufro metad aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti dro sWirdeba mis
identifikacias.
warmoidginon
garkveuli

miRebuli
figura

fiqsirebuli

Sedegebi

da

mowmobs,

moatrialon

siCqariT,

ris

igi

rom

cdis

pirebi

vertikalur

Semdegac

iReben

cdiloben,

mdgomareobamde
gadawyvetilebas.

218

rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneblebi miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia

fizikuri rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard&Cooper, 1982).
adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5-e
TavSi

naxeT,

xSirad

sagnebis

aRqma

TqvenTvis

ucnobi

kuTxidan

gixdebaT.

gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da

moargoT xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba (Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994;
Tarr&Rinker, 1989). mag., 9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven, albaT,
daatrialeT

figura,

raTa

amogecnoT

igi,

rogorc

kata

(an

iqneb

Tavi

moatrialeT?).
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian: golfis saTamaSo burTi
ufro didia Tu ping-pongis? Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT erTdroulad
warmoidginoT

maTi

vizualuri

xatebi.

sagnis

xatis

aseTi

gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul saganTan.

saidan viciT
vizualuri xatebis skanireba
erT-erTi kvlevis dros c.p.-ebs sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli figura,
kerZod,

motoriani

navi

(ix.

sur

9.8),

Semdeg

ki

sTxovdnen,

warmoegdinaT

TvalsaCinod da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze.

Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi detali, magaliTad, saqare
mina an Ruza. aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis dasanaxad (warmosadgenad) c.p.-ebs ufro
meti dro sWirdebodaT, vidre saqare minis, romelic ufro axlosaa ZravasTan,
vidre Ruza. reaqciis droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom adamianebi
iseve aTvaliereben vizualur xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn, 1980).
sur. 9.8. warmodgenis vizualuri skanireba

navis figuris Seswavlis Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, SeexedaT maT mier
warmodgenili navis ZravisaTvis; Semdeg ki ekiTxebodnen: ra hqonda navs saqare
mina Tu Ruza. saqare minis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi reaqiis dro naklebi iyo,
vidre

maSin,

roca

c.p.-ebi

xedavdnen

Ruzas,

romelic

Zravisagan

ufro

daSorebulia. miRebuli Sedegebi mowmobs, rom c.p.-ebi aTvalierebdnen maT mier

warmodgenil sagnebs.

219

xatebiT operireba SezRudulia. ganvixiloT Semdegi problema:

warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze

(miiRebT or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase,
sanam 50-jer ar gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi?
(Adams, 1986).
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili (250 x 0.028 diumi qaRaldis
sisqe), daaxloebiT dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven, albaT, ufro
naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT.
verbaluri da vizualuri reprezantaciebis kombinireba
Cven,

ZiriTadad,

yuradReba

gavamaxvileT

vizualuri

reprezentaciebis

im

tipebze, romelTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli vizualuri stimulis

mexsierebaSi

xatis

saxiT

gadataniT,

an

misi

warmodgenis

SemTxvevaSi

mexsierebidan amotaniT. Tumca, vizualur xatebs Tqven xSirad qmniT verbaluri

infirmaciis
ginaxavT,

safuZvelze,

Tqven

mag.:

SegiZliaT

miuxedavad

warmoidginoT

imisa,
kata,

rom

realurad

romelsac

sami

arasodes
kudi

aqvs.

verbaluri informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizualuri reprezentacia.

gansakuTrebiT
unari

mniSvnelovania

mxatvruli

verbaluri

literaturis

kiTxvis

informaciis
dros,

xatovani

romelic

warmodgenis

sivrciT

detalebs

Seicavs. ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan "From a View to a Kill:

mdelo sididiT ori CogburTis kortis zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis
qveS ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli
vardebis ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara goraki esazRvreboda. bondi gars
uvlida goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs Soris, magram iq araferi Canda,
garda gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959 PP.19-20).
scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmarebodiT bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is
mas ipovis). kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis mizniT, SegiZliaT
SeqmnaT

sivrciTi

araerTxel

fsiqikuri

dainteresdnen,

Tu

modeli

(Zwaan

rogor

asaxavs

&

Radvansky,1998).

fsiqikuri

mkvlevarebi

sivrciTi

realuri sivrciTi gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).

warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso nawyvets moTxrobidan.

modeli

220

sxedxarT operaSi megobrebTan erTad. Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da

esaubroT maRali wris warmomdagenlebs da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic gadahyurebs parters. zustad Tqvens
ukan, Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze CuqurTmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi,
romelic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990,
p.65).
seriul

eqsperimentebSi

cdis

pirebi

(mkiTxvelebi)

swavlobdnen

am tipis teqstebs, romlebSic detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo

arsebuli

sagnebis

ganlageba

(Franklin & Tvresky, 1990).

mkvlevarebs

surdaT

eCvenebinaT, rom gonebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis sivrceSi ganlageba

gansazRvravs am sivrcis Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis siswrafes.
mag., c.p.-ebi ufro swrafad pasuxoben kiTxvaze: ra aris Tqvens win, vidre
kiTxvaze: ra aris Tqvens

ukan, miuxedavad

imisa, rom TiToeuli obieqti

erTnairi sizustiT iyo aRwerili.

am

Sedegebis

gageba

Zalian

advilia

Tu

dauSvebT,

rom

kiTxvis

dros

aRmocenebuli reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlveT, moxvdeT scenaze, Tqven

SegiZliaT

verbaluri

gamocdileba

gardaqmnaT

vizualur

sivrciT

gamocdilebad.
zogadad, Tqvens garSemo arsebul samyaroze fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis
gixdebaT informaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis Sejereba. Tu
gindaT darwmundeT amaSi, scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT amis
gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobilia vizualuri gamocdilebiT; mag.,
Tqven daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazuloba, radganac is nanaxi
gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias eyrdnoba; mag.,
SeiZleba

gaxsovdeT,

SeiZleba

ar

rom

icodeT,

sad

iaponia
unda

ramodenime
daxatoT

is.

kunZulisagan
erT-erTi

Sedgeba,

gamokvlevis

Tumca,
dros,

romelic 49 qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000 students sTxoves,

daexataT msoflio ruka (Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena, rogoria
kulturaTa Soris sxvoba msoflios TvalsaCino warmodgenis, vizualizaciis
mixedviT; igi miznad isaxavda, agreTve, mSvidobis xelSewyobas.
kvlevis

safuZvelze

dadginda,

rom

umravles

SemTxvevaSi

warmosaxuli

msoflio fokusirebulia evropaze evropa mocemulia naxatis centrSi, xolo

221

mis garSemo ganlagebulia sxvadaxsva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpirobebuli

iyos

imiT,

rom

saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi

geografiis

saxelmZRvaneloebSi

warmodgenil rukebze evropa warmodgenilia rukis centrSi. Tumca, dafiqsirda

kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.11 suraTze warmodgenilia avstraliaSi
mcxovrebi studentis mier daxatuli ruka. es ruka gviCvenebs, Tu ra xdeba, roca
verbaluri perspeqtiva Cemi saxli unda iyos centrSi gavlenas axdens
vizualur reprezentaciaze.
am

nawilSi

Seavsebs

vnaxeT, rom

Cveni

verbalur unarebs.

vizualuri

informaciis

procesebi

miRebis

es

da

ori

reprezentaciebi

tipi

warmoadgens

yveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT

saSualebebs. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi, sadac xdeba vizualuri da
verbaluri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis daZlevis dros.
es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra da azrovneba.
suraTi: 9.11.
yuradReba miaqcieT msoflos am avtraliaze koncentrirebul warmodgenas,
axla vin aris qvemoT?
Sejameba
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi
rotaciisaTvis.

adamianebi

warmodgenil

xatebs

aTvaliereben

ise,

rogorc

realur sagnebs. vizualuri da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs

SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis Seqmna.
problemebis gadaWra da azrovneba
warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT
CageketaT Tqveni saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da darCiT gareT. rogor
moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT, Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs gadadgamdiT am
problemis
kognitur

dasaZlevad.
procesebs,

es

,,gonebrivi

romlebic

nabijebi

ganapirobeben

aucileblad

problemis

gulisxmobs

gadwyvetasa

da

azrovnebas.
azrovnebas dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli
axali

informaciis

dakavSirebas

mexsierebaSi arsebul

informaciasTan. Cven

222

ganvixilavT

problemis

gadawyvetis

sxvadasxva

aspeqtsa

da

azrovnebis

or

formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs.

problemis gadawyveta
,,ra aris is arseba, romelic diliT oTx fexze dadis, SuadRisas _ orze,
xolo mzis Casvlis Semdeg _ samze? berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, borotma
arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am amocanis amoxsna ubrZana; xolo sanam vinme
mis amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmarTvelobis qveS icxovrebda.
oidiposma gamocanis elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe da mwuxri
adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis
dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo
moxucebulobaSi adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis, siarulisas
yavarjensac iyenebs. e.i. sam fexze dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo ,,adamiani.
Tumca, Cveni

yoveldRiuri

problemebi

ar

aris

oidiposis

gamocanasaviT

rTuli, magram problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawilia.

Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT: rogor
movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis Sesruleba drois gansazRvul periodSi,
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze; rogor gavwyvitoT urTierTioba
arasasurvel pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakavSirebulia realur
codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro informacias Soris gansvlasTan. roca problemas
wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro informaciis mopovebiT. problemis
daZlevis arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12 suraTze mocemuli
problemebi.

fsiqologiuri

kvlevis

Sedegebis

gacnoba

saSualebas

mogcemT,

naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gadawyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda,

SesaZloa,

TqvenTvis

saintereso

rCevebic

miiRoT,

romlebic

dagexmarebaT

davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi.

problemis

gadawyveta

mimarTulia
momentidan

(Problem solving)

konkretuli
miznis

problemis

miRwevamde

azrovnebis

gadawyvetaze,

mimdinareobs

procesi,

romelic

romelic

mTeli

rigi

sawyisi
fsiqikuri

operaciebis saSualebiT.

msjeloba

(Reasoning)

erTobliobaze

azorvnebis

dayrdnobiT;

procesi,

mocemul

rodesac

mizanze

an

vaskvniT

obieqtze

faqtebis

mimarTuli

223

azrovnebis procesi.

problemuri situacia
rogor

gansazRvravT

problemas

realur

cxovrebiseul

pirobebSi?

Cveulebriv, Tqven acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgomareobasa da

sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad, Tqven ganicdiT materialur gaWirvebas da
gsurT, iSovoT fuli; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZliaT (an gindaT)
gaakeToT problemis dasaZlevad. magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT raime
samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis qurdobas. problemis formaluri
gansazRvra aerTianebs am sam elements. problemis gansazRvra sam elements
moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972). problema ganisazRvreba:

Tavdapirveli

mdgomareobiT

arasruli

informacia

an

aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
1. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi TqvenTvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;
2. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is savaraudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT
mocemuli mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
am

sami

elementis

erTobliobiT

ganisazRvreba

problemuri

situacia.
situacia

ilustraciis mizniT problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT labirinTSi

gzis povnas (problemuri situacia), romelic gulisxmobs sawyisi wertilidan
(Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgilebas (mizani). am
dros Tqven gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba.
problemebis

gadaWrisas

sawyisi

siZneleebis

umravlesoba

im

SemTxvevaSi

Cndeba, Tu am sami elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad gansazRvruli

(Simon,

1973).

problemas

kargad

hgavs,

gansazRvruli

romelSic

problema

garkveviTaa

saxelmZRvaneloSi

warmodgenili

sawyisi

mocemul

mdgomareoba,

mizani da operaciebi, romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni amocanaa,

mixvdeT,

Tu

rogor

gamoiyenoT

operaciebi

pasuxis

misaRebad.

cudad

gansazRvruli problema ki hgavs saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis daweras an

Sidsis mkunalobis meTodis aRmoCenas, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi,
saWiroa

problemis

arsis

zusti

gansazRvra

misi

sawyisi

mdgomareobis,

idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena.

224

rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac ki, roca sawyisi mdgomareoba

da saboloo mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis)
moZebna miznis misaRwevad mainc Znelia. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT
maTematikis

gakveTils,

maswavlebelma
mniSvneloba.

darwmundebiT,

mogcaT
ras

formula

akeTebT

rom

es

marTlac

x2+x_12=0@da

amisaTvis?

gTxovaT,

asea.

magaliTad,

gansazRvroT

am algebruli amocanis

x-is

gadasawyvetad

SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT algoriTmi:

algoriTmi Tanmimdevruli, safexureobrivi procedura,
romelic yovelTvis gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis problemebis
gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT
x-is swor mniSvnelobas (e. i. 3 da _4). algoriTmi saketis kodis daviwyebis
SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT. Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva variantebs
(mag.: 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4), gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis, SesaZloa,
Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis gamoyeneba ufro efeqtiania kargad
gansazRvruli
sawyisi

problemis

mdgomareoba

da

gadasaWrelad,
mizani,

radgan

vidre

naTlad

cudad

aris

gamoyofili

gansazRvruli

problemis

SemTxvevaSi. rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, adamianebi xSirad

iyeneben evristikul meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba praqtikul
saqmianobasa
saidumlo

da

gamocdilebas.

mkvlelobis

Sesaxeb

warmoidgineT,
da

gsurT,

rom

kiTxulobT

gaarkvioT

vin

deteqtivs

mokla

mdidari

komersanti. Tqven, SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma mokla,

radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT, rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis
aseT banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT, evristika warmoadgens

msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.

problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi, romlebic qmnian problemas:
sawyisi

mdgomareoba

aradamakmayofilebeli

arasruli

pirobebi;

mizani

informacia
_

an

informacia

pirovnebisaTvis
an

mdgomareoba,

romelsac eswrafvis adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis mier

sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli safexureobrivi procedura, romlis
saSualebiTac
gadasaWrelad.

vpoulobT

swor

pasuxs

konkretuli

tipis

problemis

225

evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an ,,praqtikuli meTodi, romelic

xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis gadasaWrelad.

sur. 9.10. SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)

scadeT am amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze (9.11). nu naxavT
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis mogvarebas..
A. SegiZliaT, daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis

gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT.

B. 6

futis simaRlis milSi, romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea

mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs

milidan.
C. Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa 62
ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs. scadeT
mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT.
D. Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokideuli, ise, rom Tu xels

erTi

Tokis

bolos

mokidebT,

meores

veRar

miwvdebiT.

Tqven

gevalebaT

miswvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs.

E. Tqven

gaqvT

sanTeli,

Wikartebi

da

asanTis

Rerebi

asanTis

yuTSi.

daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.

F. gadasawyveti gaqvT ,,wylis qilis 3 problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3 qilis

gamoyenebiT

(wylis

raodenoba

gansazRvruli

ar

aris)

miiRoT

yovel

konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?

mkvlevrebi

dainteresdnen

problemur

situaciaSi

adamianebis

mier

algoriTmisa da evristikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis Sesaswavlad

isini xSirad
fiqris

mimarTavdnen xmamaRali fiqris meTods,

meTods romelic

verbalizacias

(Ericson

&

Simon,

1993).

magaliTad,

gulisxmobs
mkvlevarebi

dainteresdnen, SeeswavlaT is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac cdis

pirebi wyvetdnen

Wadrakis dafis problemas (suraTi 9.10 nawili C) (Kaplan &

Simon, 1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris xmamaRali fiqris oqmis
Canaweri, sadac igi akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis gadaWra

226

SeuZlebelia,

Tu

igi

koWebs

mxolod

vertikalurad

an

horizontalurad

daalagebs (dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda).

,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es moklea _ ramdeni rCeba _ uhhh... vardisferi

ufro

metia,

vidre

Savi,

imisaTvis,

rom

Sevavso,

saWiroa,

SevaerTo

ori

vardisferi, magram amas ver vizamT, imitom rom isini diagonalzea... es ixureba?
.... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).
cdis

piri

mixvda,

rom

mizans

ver

miaRwevda,

Tu

dominoebs

sul

horizontalurad an vertikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevarebi cdis pirTa

azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben
(Simon, 1979, 1989).

problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba

gaumjobeseba
ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur
gamocdilebas,

SeiZleba

mixvideT

erTdroulad

gasaTvaliswinebeli.

daskvnamde,

rom

problemis

,,uamravi

ram

gadawyvetis

aris

procesebze

dakvirvebas zustad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad problemis gadawyvetas

aZnelebs

is,

rom

mocemuli

problemis

gadawyvetis

gonebrivi

moTxovnebi

aRemateba gadamuSavebis arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky & Simon,
1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis
dagegmva.

Tu

moqmedebaTa

es

rigi

an TviTon

gegmaSi mocemuli

TiToeuli

moqmdeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa, verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan

saboloo miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT am SesaZlo problemis
gadawyveta?
problemis

gadawyvetis

gaumjobesebisaTvis

didi

mniSvneloba

aqvs

Tqveni

resursebis Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis SemuSavebas.

Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis problemebis gadaWra, maSin
mizanSewonili iqneba daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul komponentebs,
rac ganapirobebs procesis avtomatizacias da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al.,
1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niu-iorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT
manqanebiT gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba. SesaZloa, qalaqis
sxadasxva monakveTSi gamoimuSavoT gansxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi. ase, rom
Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi geqnebaT gadwyvetilebis mza komponentebi, Tqven mTel

227

yuradRebas

gzas

miapyrobT.

magaliTad,

mgzavrs

misi

ayvanis

adgilzeve

gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni yuradReba

moZraobaze gadaitanoT.
gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso
magaliTs.
wamgebiani

msoflio

Cempions,

ganlagebis

gari

poziciebis

kasparovs

SeuZlia

gansazRvra

da

Wadrakis

TiToeul

figurebis
SemTxvevaSi

gamocdili strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs erTdroulad

ramodenime oponenti daamarcxos (Gobet & Simon, 1996).
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis povna problemis sruliad axal
WrilSi gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi mocemuli amocana.
rogor apirebT am amocanis amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT.
Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT,
warmatebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri,
romelTagan erTi mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams, 1986). isini xom
erT wertilSi Sexvdebian erTmaneTs? (ix. sur. 9.12). axla ori beri SecvaleT
erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT
gamartivebas uzrunvelyofs swored swori vizualuri da ara verbaluri an
maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamoyeneba.
Tu 9.10 suraTze mocemul amocanebs gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel, darwmundebiT
problemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda
mixvdeT, rom milidan ping-pongis burTebis
SeRweva.

erTamaneTisagan

moSorebiT

amosaRebad ar aris saWiro milSi

Camokidebuli

Tokis

boloebis

SesaerTeblad ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS, iatakze myof erT-erT

sagans

da

gamoiyenoT

igi,

rogorc

simZime.

anTebuli

sanTlis

karze

dasamagreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali,

xolo sanTeli unda gamoiyenoT, erTis mxriv, rogorc iaraRi, xolo, meores
mxriv,

sagani,

funqcionaluri

romelic

unda

miamagroT

rigidobis

fenomenis

karze.

ilustraciaa

bolo

ori

problema

(Duncker, 1945; Maier,

1931).

funqcionaluri rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad miRebuli Tvisebebis

ugulvebelyofas
uaryofiT

da

gavlenas

misi

axali

axdens

Tvisebebis

problemis

Tu

funqciis

gadaWraze.

danaxvas,

rodesac

riTac

problemur

situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT, pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT mas; xom

228

ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu

sityvebi ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT
Tqveni variantebi. naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli axali
kombinaciis misaRebad.
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT, rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT
anu

azrovnebT.

qvemoT

ganvixilavT

azrovnebis

erT-erT

formas,

romelsac

deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.

funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) sagnis tradiciuli xedvis
Secvlis da axali funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqtianad gamoyenebis uunaroba.

cxrili 9.6. gamocana ,,beri

erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti beri iwyebs asvlas maRal
mTaze.

mTis

biliki

viwroa,

daaxloebiT

erTi

Tu

ori

nabijis

siganis.

spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwvervalisaken miemarTeba. beri sxvadasxva

siCqariT midis, xSirad Cerdeba dasasveneblad, Wams gamxmar xils (Cirs) da
taZarSi mzis Casvlamde

cota xniT adre midis. ramodenime dRis marxvisa da

meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amosvlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT
eSveba, igi sxvadasxva siCqariT modis; xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT
Camosvlisas, misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad aRemateba qvemodan zemoT
asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT, rom bilikze aris wertili sadac beri zustad
erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvlisasac da Camosvlisasac (pasuxi ix. sur.
9.12).
suraTi 9.12.
9.12 A suraTze naCvenebia ori beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan zeviT,

meore - zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze warmodgenilia maTi Sexvedris adgili dRis

erTi da igive momentSi. axla SecvaleT ori beri erTiT; amocana damtkicebulia.
deduqciuri azrovneba
warmoidgineT,

rom

midixarT

restoranSi

da

fulis

gadaxdas

Tqveni

erTaderTi sakredito baraTiT American Express-iT apirebT. rekavT restoranSi

da ekiTxebiT: SeiZleba Tqvens restoranSi sakredito baraTiT, American ExpressiT, sargebloba? restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT: Cven viRebT yvela ZiriTad
sakredito baraTs. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT, rom isini miiReben

229

Tqvens sakredito baraTsac. ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT

silogizmiT

(ori

winadadebidan

gakeTebuli

logikuri

daskvna),

romelic

berZenma filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:

wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs.

wanamZRvari 2. American Express-i aris ZiriTadi sakredito baraTi.
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs American Express.
aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimarTeba arsebobda winadadebebs
Soris,

romlebic

realur

daskvnamde

migviyvanda.

deduqciuri

azrovneba

gulisxmobs logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas. Cven moviyvaneT sakredito

baraTis magaliTi, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis
unari,

romelsac

logikuri,

deduqciuri

mtkicebulebis

forma

gaaCnia.

miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven, gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis

formaluri wesebi. (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom,
SesaZloa, marTlac gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari, magram realur
samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros
Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebuli reprezentaciuli resursebi.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) azrovnebis forma, romelic ori
an meti wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unars gulisxmobs.
modiT, ganvavrcoT msjeloba Semdeg daskvnebze da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT Semdegi silogizmi:

wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava, sWirdeba benzini.

wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT benzini.
daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava.
rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis wesebis Tanaxmad ara, radgan
pirveli wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT sagans, romelsac ara
aqvs Zrava, agreTve, sWirdeba benzini. siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is, rac
arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris aucilebeli mcdari iyos realur
cxovrebaSic. e. i. Tu Tqven flobT mxolod pirvel da meore wanamZRvarSi
mocemul informacias da Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc formaluri
logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, roca c.p-ebi

230

msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna logikurad ori wanamZRvridan, isini

ufro dadebiTi pasuxisken ixrebian, rodesac daskvna avtomobils Seexeba, vidre
maSin, rodesac uazro termini oppobines gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).
aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. rwmenis efeqti
gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac
SeuZliaT realuri samyaros misaRebi modelis konstruireba (ageba), xolo
mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al.,
1983; Janis & Frick, 1943; Newstead et al., 1992).
rwmenis

efeqti

(elief-bias effect)

situacia,

romelsac

ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic

cvlis

pirovnebis

codna,

azrovnebis process,

aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari argumentebi.

suraTi: ZaRli (gv 276)

wanamZRvari 1. yvela katas 4 fexi aqvs.

wanamZRvari 2. me 4 fexi maqvs.
daskvna: me kata var.
Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna, romelic Seesabameba adamianis
gonebaSi problemis reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad miiCneva. avtomobilis
SemTxvevaSi,
SemTxvevaSi, codna avtomobilebis Sesaxeb aZnelebs
aZnelebs am daskvnis uaryofas. Tumca,
roca monawileebs misces zustad es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT
daskvna,

daaxloebiT

naxevarma

SesZlo

sworad

ganesazRvra,

rom

am

forfor-

mulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoitanda. amrigad,

amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro
naklebi gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis procesebze, vidre Tqvens
mier sxvisi daskvnebis Sefasebaze (Rips,
1990).
).
(
logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri instruqciebi, romlebic aq aris
aRwerili, amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et al., 1994).
azrovnebis
SeadareT,

Tu

unars

gamocdilebac

rogor

asrulebT

aumjobesebs.

erTsa

da

imave

amaSi

dasarwmuneblad,

davalebas

abstraqtuli

azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codnis gamoyenebiT.

warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia 4 baraTi, romelTagan TiToeulze
weria a, d, 4, 7, ise, rogorc es 9.13 suraTzea warmodgenili. romeli

231

baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT, rom SeamowmoT wesi: Tu baraTis erT mxareze

xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi (Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras
izamdiT? umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi a rac
sworia

da

baraTi

dasamtkiceblad

4,

rac

araviTari

ar

aris

mniSvneloba

swori.
ara

mocemuli

aqvs

wesis

baraTs

4.

mcdarobis
amitom

mis

gadmobrunebas azri ara aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?). Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi
7 da Tu naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani, gamodis, rom wesi ar
aris swori.
sur. 9.13. abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba

Tqven

gevalebaT

gadmoabrunoT

zeda

rigSi

mocemuli

baraTebidan

is

baraTebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: Tu baraTis erT mxareze

mocmulia xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi.
qveda

rigSi

mocemuli

baraTebidan

unda

gadmoabrunoT

is

baraTebi,

romlebic saSualebas mogcemT, SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: Tu momxmarebeli

apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos. rogorc
wesi, c.p.-ebi meore davalebas ukeTesad asruleben. am dros SesaZlebeli,
realuri cxovrebiseuli strategiebis gamoyeneba.
am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas (Wason selection task) uwodeben,
romelic eWvs qveS ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars. es negatiuri
azri SemdgomSi modificirebul iqna ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevarebma
gamoTqves varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, c.p.-ebi baraTebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben
aradeduqciur strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben, vidre uaryofen
wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am strategias
mcdar

deduqciur

azrovnebamde

mivyavarT,

realur

situaciaSi

igi

mizanSewonilia mimarTebebis Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad (Oaksford,

Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997).
meorec, deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia, rodesac c.p.-ebs
saSualeba

aqvT,

veisonis

davalebis

Sesrulebis

dros

gamoiyenon

samyaros

Sesaxeb realuri codna (Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoidgineT, Tqven gTxoves 9.13
suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda

232

SeamowmoT wesi: Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18

wlis mainc unda iyos (CHeng & Holyoak 1985).
am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT:
17 da ludis daleva. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis dros SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema. rogorc me-8-e TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis
Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba
gaqvT gaixseneT is dro, roca geubnebodnen: televizors ver uyureb, sanam
saSinao davalebas ar Seasruleb. aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi Tqven
imuSavebT

gonivrul

dakavSirebulia

asaki

sqemas.

realur

da

xdeba

sma,

cxovrebiseul
am

sqemis

situaciaSi,

aqtivacia;

xolo

sadac
pirobiT

situaciaSi, romelic luw ricxvebsa da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia ar

xdeba.

amitom

aseTi

pirobiTi

tipis

davalebebi

ar

iZleva

deduqciuri

azrovnebis unaris saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Sedegad gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi
sqemebis SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea.
zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli
variantis Catarebis dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT wesis gageba - Tu
ra aris nebadarTuli da ra akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom
akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tandayolili iyos (Cummins, 1996).
radganac

igi

warmoadgendes

ar

aris

genetikuri

damokidebuli
informaciis

socialur
nawils,

normebze,

romelic

SesaZloa,

memkvidreobiT

gadaecema adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999).

am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia, saidanac Tqven akeTebdiT swor
deduqciur

daskvnas

sakredito

baraTis

gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb.

samwuxarod,

cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis

gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki. axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis
axal versias, romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis azrovnebas moiTxovs.
induqciuri azrovneba
warmoidgineT

aseTi

situacia:

mixvediT

restoranSi

da

mxolod

maSin

gagaxsendaT, SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi fuli. aRmoaCineT,

rom mogiwevT Tqveni sakredito baraTis American Express-is gamoyeneba, magram

233

restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba imis Taobaze, SegiZliaT Tu ara am

restoranSi

sakredito baraTiT sargebloba.

restornis

fanjrebidan

moCans

kargad Cacmuli momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi sakmaod maRalia.

mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas,
mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT, rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens
sakredito baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac igi emyareba Tqvens
varauds da ara _ logikur wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna induqciuri azrovnebis
nimuSia.

induqciuri

azrovneba

gulisxmobs

savaraudo

daskvnis

gamotanas

mocemul situaciaze dayrdnobiT, magram igi ar gvTavazobs sando daskvnebs.

induqciuri

azrovneba

(Inductive reasoning)

azrovnebis

forma,

romelic

misawvdom mtkicebulebaze da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT garkveuli

albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas gulisxmobs.
Tumca, saxeli, SesaZloa, axalia, magram Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri
azrovnebis ramdenime nimuSi. me-5-e da me-8-e TavebSi vnaxeT, rom adamianebi
warsulSi dagrovil informacias iyeneben awmyosa da momavlis gansazRvris
mizniT.

Tqven

induqciur

azrovnebas

iyenebT

Semdeg

SemTxvevebSi:

haerSi

popkornis surnelis safuZvelze askvniT, rom viRac popkorns akeTebs. induqciur

azrovnebas iyenebT, Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze uecrad ar
gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros).
da

bolos,

am

TavSi

ganvixileT

daskvnis

tipebi,

romlebic

adamianis

saubridan gamomdinareoben. Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad maRali wris

warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis
nimuSs warmoadgens.
realur

cxovrebaSi

problemis

gadaWris

unari

xSirad

damokidebulia

induqciur azrovnebaze. davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven SemTxveviT

CageketaT kari da darCiT gareT. ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi
aseT dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia.
am process problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam dros Tqven iwyebT
awmyo da warsul situaciebs Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988; Holyoak &
Thagard, 1997).
safuZvelze

`karis
SeiZleba

Caketvis

da

gagaxsendeT

gareT
zogadi

darCenis
wesi:

warsuli

`iseTi

gamocdilebis

adamianebis

moZebna,

romelTac aqvT gasaRebi. am zogadi wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am

234

adamianebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, rogor ipovoT isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990). am
problemis gadasaWrelad SeiZleba dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic
Tqveni

megobrebis

geadvilebaT,

mosaZebnad

rom

Tqven

SeimuSaveT.

ukve

mieCvieT

am

problemis

warsuli

gadaWra

gamocdilebis

imitom

gamoyenebas:

induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da

swrafad gadaWraT axali problemebi.
problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo
mniSvneloba

aqvT

(Kolodnery,

sabunebismetyvelo
Tavisi

mecnierebis

amonaxsniT.

magaliTad,

1977),

maswavleblebi

amocanebi

ukve

Tqveni

gacnoben

damuSavebuli

maTematikisa

ramodenime
pasuxebiT

da

amocanas
mocemulia

saxelmZRvaneloebSic. SemdgomSi ki, Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis

amoxsna,

romlebsac,

savaraudod,

dasZlevT.

aseTi

midgoma

emyareba

im

mosazrebas, rom Tqven gamoiyenebT induqciur azrovnebas da SesZlebT Zveli

meTodebis gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad. mkvlevarebi Seecadnen,
ganesazRvraT

is

pirobebi,

romlebSic

moswavleebi

warsuli

gamocdilebis

maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett & Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991).
zogadi

daskvna,

romelic

maT

gamoitanes,

gulisxmobs,

rom

moswavleebs

analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem

SeZlos

axal

problemaSi

Zveli

problemis

mniSvnelobis

danaxva,

xSirad

saWiroa damatebiTi waxaliseba miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis micema (Ross &

Kennedy, 1990). modiT, ganvixiloT magaliTi:
saidan viciT
msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT
daakvirdiT 9.14 suraTis I nawilSi mocemul figuras. warmoidgineT, rom
viRacam milis zeda bolodan Caasxa wyali. ra mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi
milis qveda bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT meore nawilSi
mocemuli

nimuSebi.

ganvixiloT

kiTxvis

odnav

Secvlili

varianti.

warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis TavSi daamagra Slangi. cvlis es rames? c.p.ebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac, maTi
azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamosvlis Semdeg. amis Semdgom ki sTxovdnen,
amoerCiaT is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda maT naxats. erT-erT

235

eqsperimentSi, sadac pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, c.p-Ta mxolod 30%-ma

gasca swori pasuxi (f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis Semdeg es ricxvi
75%-mde gaizarda. ra ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc Cans, warsuli
gamocdilebis

eqsplicituri

Sexsenebisas

(magaliTad,

gaixseneT,

rogor

gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan), c.p-ebi iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas,

Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini fiqroben, rom miamituri fizikis kanonidan
gamomdinare, milidan gamosvlis Semdeg wylis nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul
moZraobas (Catrambone et al., 1995).
am

eqsperimentSi

kargad

Cans,

rom

adamianebis

umravlesobas

problemis

gadaWrisas sWirdeba Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon induqciuri azrovneba.

Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sexseneba xSirad aucilebelia
maswavleblebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT miniSnebebs. ra
unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven TviTon, SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli
analogia; SeecadeT, gansazRvroT problemis struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi
struqturis mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis daZlevis meTodi.
rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli Zveli problemis komponentebi
da struqtura, miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs Soris msgavsebis
danaxva da gadawyvetilebis meTodis morgeba. manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT
fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs

da

maT

mier

miRebuli

Sedegebi

gauziaroT

maswavleblebs da saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs.

sur. 9.14. ra mimarTulebiT wava wyali?

warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pirvel nawilSi daxatuli mowyobilobidan

gamodis wylis nakadi. rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT wava wyali? daxateT.
Semdeg ki, meore nawilSi warmodgenili nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi, romelic
yvelaze metad hgavs Tqvens naxats.
induqciur

azrovnebasTan

dakavSirebiT

kidev

erTi

ram

unda

aRvniSnoT.

xSirad SesaZlebelia efeqturi gadawyvetilebis xelmeore gamoyeneba. magram rig

SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa,
warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas.
9.12

suraTze

warmoadgens.

aRwerili
am

wylis

SemTxvevaSi

qilebis

warsul

amocana

amis

gamocdilebaze

klasikur

magaliTs

damokidebulebis

gamo

236

SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins, 1942).

pirveli ori amocanis e

nawilSi Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs zogadi formula B-A2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame amocanis amoxsnisas iseve SeecdebiT mis gamoyenebas
da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda
gaavsoT a qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom Seivsos g qila, ris Semdegac
dagrCebaT wylis saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es rogor unda
gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amosaxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas
niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba,
romelmac

warmateba

mogitanaT.

ganwyoba

es

aris

fsiqikuri

aqtivobis,

azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis

zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis
gazrda. Tumca, maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli xerxebi axal
situaciaSi ar aris produqtuli, maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da
damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT
ukan da hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: warsuli warmateba xom ar ganapirobebs Tqveni
xedvis SezRudvas?
problemis
daZlevis

gadaWrisas

rac

SeiZleba

gaiTvaliswineT problemuri situaciebisa da maTi

farTo

speqtri,

rac

ufro

SemoqmedebiTs

gaxdis

daZlevis process.
am nawilSi Cven ganvixileT problemis gadawyvetisa da azrovnebis sxvadasxva
tipebi da konkretuli etapebi, romlebic unda gaiaroT realur pirobebSi
moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias
mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSvnelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebTan. Cven, agreTve,
SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan
situaciaSi.
Sejameba
problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig
operaciebs,
aRwevs

romelTa

mizans.

gadawyvetilebis

saSualebiTac

problemis

daZleva

komponentebs

Tavdapirveli
ufro

gamocdian

mdgomareobidan

efeqturia,
da

roca

pouloben

individi
adamianebi

sasargeblo

237

reprezenataciebs. deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyenebiT viRebT sando daskvnebs.

kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian
Tanmimdevrulni
rwmenis

deduqciuri

gavleniT,

Tumca,

azrovnebis

dros.

deduqciuri

magaliTad,

azrovnebis

isini

tyuvdebian

efeqturoba

matulobs

akrZalvebis situaciaSi.
induqciuri

azrovneba

moiTxovs

warsuli

gamocdilebis

generalizacias.

induqcias didi gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris dros: axali

problemis gadasaWrelad adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon misi analogiuri Zveli
problema, romlis daZlevis gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia.
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis dasaZlevad wina problemis
daZlevis stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
Tu odesme gqoniaT seriozuli samedicino konsultacia eqimTan, Tavad
yofilxarT im situaciis monawile, roca individis msjelobasa da problemis
gadaWris

unars

udidesi

mniSvneloba

aqvs.

Tqvens

janmrTelobaze

pasuxismgebelma pirma unda moaxdinos Tqvens mier CamoTvlili simptomebis

erTobliobis (paternis) identifikacia da daadginos daavadebis gamomwvevi
mizezi.

miRebuli

daskvnis

safuZvelze

individma

samoqmedo

gegma

unda

SeimuSavos. am procesSi mocemuli sirTuleebidan gamomdinare, warmoidgineT,

Tu raoden Znelia, zustad Tqveni daavadebis simptomebis aRwera ise, rom
sxvebisaTvis gasagebi iyos. amis mere, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, roca gaigebT,
rom kognitur mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ramdenime welia muSaoben kompiuterul
programebze,

romlebic

mniSvnelovan

daxmarebas

uwevs

eqimebsa

da

janmrTelobis dacvis personals diagnostikasa da mkuranlobis dagegmvaSi.

am

programebs

kompiuteruli

,,eqspert

programa,

sistemebs
romelic

uwodeben.
realurad

eqspert_sistema

aris

profesionalTa

mier

problemebis gadaWris simulaciaa, arsebuli codnis gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema

MYCIN,

romelic

mecnierul

SemuSavebul

kvlevaTa

did

iqna

nawils

am

1970-ian
sferoSi.

wlebSi,
MYCIN

safuZvlad
Seiqmna,

daedo
rogorc

infeqciur daavadebaTa diagnostikisa da mkurnalobis damxmare saSualeba

238

(Shortliffe, 1976). am programis muSaoba eyrdnoba ,,Tu - maSin wesebs, romelTa

saSualebiTac xdeba wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi momuSave specialistebis
evristikul

codnaze

(magaliTad,

dakavSireba.

realuri

samedicino

saSualebiT

SesaZlebelia

analizis

pasuxis)

da

praqtikaze)
diagnozis

wanamZRvrebisa

konkretuli

damyarebuli
msgavsad,

(magaliTad,

daskvnis

daskvnebis

MYCIN

sistemis

pacientis

sisxlis

(magaliTad,

diagnozis

an

mkurnalobis rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba. programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviCvenos

(moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi), Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo daskvnamde. miuxedavad
imisa, rom MYCIN sistema arasodes gamouyenebiaT praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebis mier Seqmnili msgavsi programebi inarCuneben igive princips
rekomendaciebis

garda

momxmarebels

miawodon

informacia

azrovnebis

procesebis Sesaxeb (Chae, 1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000).

faqtia,
gamomwvevi

rom

am

programebis

mizezebi,

SesaZlebloba

mkuranlobis

komponentia. warmoidgineT,

procesis

daadginos

warmatebis

magaliTad, eqimi, romelic

daavadebis

mniSvnelovani

iyenebs

samedicino

eqspert_sistemas. rogorc eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar aRiaroT, rom romelime

kompiuterul programas SeuZlia Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros daavadeba da
Secvalos Tqveni codna da mravlwliani gamocdileba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eqspert_sistemebi erTad uyris Tavs ama Tu im
sferoSi dagrovil codnas. aseTi tipis sistemebSi mocemulia ara mxolod
faqtebi,

aramed

maT

am

faqtebze

dayrdnobiT

SeuZliaT

azrovneba.

mecnierebi cdiloben iseTi sistemebis Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen imis

ufro

sistematur

axsnas,

Tu

ratom

unda

daakavSiros

momxmarebelma

(janmrTelobis dacvis muSakma) faqtebis garkveuli erToblioba konkretul

daskvnebTan. (Chandrasckaran& Mittal, 1999).
axla pacientis TvaliT SevxedoT am yvelafers. ramdenadac 21-e saukuneSi
eqspert_sistemebis

mniSvnelovni gaumjobeseba xdeba, Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT

eqims, romelic Seitans Tqvens konkretul monacemebs kompiuterSi. Tqven

kmayofili iqnebiT, Tu eqimi gamonaxavs dros da sakuTari codnis garda
eqspert_sistemaSi mocemul codnasac gaiTvaliswinebs.
veb gverdebi:

239

www-camis. stanford.edu
es

aris

stenfordis

ganTavsebulia

samedicino

informacia

informatikis

mkvlevarTa

jgufis

veb

gverdi,

Sesaxeb,

sadac

romelmac

ganaxorciela mTeli rigi proeqtebi medicinasa da eqspertul sistemebTan

dakavSirebiT.
www.cis. upenn. edu/~traumaid
TraumAID aris programa, romelic Seiqmna kritikul situaciaSi eqimTa
dasaxmareblad. veb gverdze ganTavsebulia eqspert-sistemebis demo versiebi.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
Tavs

msjelobisa

yoveldRiuri

da

gadawyvetilebis

gamocdilebis

erT-erTi

miRebis
yvelaze

Sesaxeb,
didi

daviwyebT

Tqveni

WeSmaritebiT:

Tqven

savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT Tu ara

cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic

dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba an mogewonoT an ara? gamocdis

win

Tqveni

Canawerebis

gadakiTxvas?

mzad

xarT

swavlas
Tu

ara

amjobinebT
CaebaT

Tu

saxelmZRvanelos

xangrZliv

xelaxla

urTierTobebSi?

radgan

momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SegiZliaT da radgan TiTqmis arasodes

gagaCniaT sruli codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad SeiZleba iyoT
darwmunebuli, rom swored imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT. amgvarad,
msjelobisa

da

gadawyvetilebis

miRebis

procesebi

unda

uzrunvelyofdnen

ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli

herbert saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan SedarebiT, romelSic
adamians uxdeba cxovreba, misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia. is unda
dakmayofildes

problemebis

,,sakmaod

kargi

gadawyvetiTa

da

moqmedebebis

,,sakmod kargi gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare, saimoni varaudobs, rom
azrovnebis procesebi imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT.. SesaZloa, Tqveni
msjeloba
a

da

racionaluri;

gadawyvetileba
Tqven

unda

ar

iyos

SeZloT

yovelTvis

imis

danaxva,

maqsimalurad
rom

es

kargi

da

ganpirobebulia

SezRuduli resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT, romelic moiTxovs swraf

moqmedebas.
sanam

SezRuduli

racionalurobis

Sedegebis

ufro

detalur

analizze

gadavidodeT, ganvixiloT gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis

240

procesebs Soris. msjelobis procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamogaqvT

daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad
Tqven msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe. gadawyvetilebis miReba ki
gulisxmobs ramdenime alternatividan erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo variantebis
seleqciasa da uaryofas. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba warmoadgens or
urTierTdakavSirebul

process.

magaliTad:

SeiZleba

viRacas

SexvdeT

wveulebaze da xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani CaTvaloT

saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg Tqven SeiZleba
gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze gaataroT masTan erTad da daTqvaT
Sexvedra momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
qceviT moqmedebas. davubrundeT azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas.
evristika da msjeloba
romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT
cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT, Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo
meore mxares ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti gamogivaT ufro
grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda
awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul mxares. maTi mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani iyos (meti
wona hqondes) ,,msaxiobis Sesrulebas plusebis mxareze, vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis
efeqtebs minusebis mxareze). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven SegiZliaT
darwmunebuli

iyoT

msjelobaSi,

magram

es

mxolod

savarjiSoa,

romelsac

iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi ki ufro xSirad da swrafad giwevT

msjeloba. Tqven ar gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari formaluri
procedurisaTvis.
pirvelad
Kahneman).

ras

akeTebT

amis

nacvalad?

am

kiTxvaze

amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma

kanemanma scades
isini

evristikul,

amtkicebdnen,

vidre

formalur

rom

msjeloba

meTodebs.

gacema

(Amos Tversky & Daniel

eyrdnoba

rogorc

pasuxis

zemoT

analizis
iyo

ufro

aRniSnuli,

evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul, praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs

msjelobis (gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules.
ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praqtikul, gamocdilebaze damyarebul
meTodebs? rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevarebi upiratesobas aniWeben im garemo

241

pirobebis aRweras, sadac aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Secdomis

daSvebas. am eqsperimentebis logika aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT
SeiZleba

aRqmis

bunebis

gageba

da

mexsierebis

Seswavla

mexsierebis

darRvevebis SeswavliT, aseve, SesaZlebeblia msjelobis procesebis Seswavla

mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT (Kahneman, 1991). rogorc mexsierebis, aRqmisa da
sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am drosac erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT
meTodi da daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqma ar aris srulyofili da
fsiqologebs SeuZliaT dagarwmunon Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver
ivliT; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad Secdomebisa, romlebic evristikuli msjelobebis
gamo aRmocendeba, Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri SezRudvis barierebs.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad komfortulad grZnobT Tavs,
roca

aseTi

tipis

Secdomebs

uSvebT?

am

SemTxvevaSi

aRqmasTan

Sedareba

garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis iluziebis umravlesoba ar aris codnaze

damokidebuli.

Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT miuler-laieris iluziis

(ix. Tavi 5) xazebis sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom iciT, rom
isini

erTi

sigrZisani

arian.

xolo,

Tu

iciT,

rom

Tqvens

gamocdilebaze

damyarebuli msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs, SegiZliaT Tavidan aiciloT

zogierTi

tipis

Secdoma.

Tumca, inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapirobes Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas

(zogierT

SemTxvevebSi

Zalian

Wkviani

adamianebic

ki

uSveben

Secdomebs),

specifikuri treningebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia msjelobis gaumjobeseba. am

nawilSi

Cven

saSualebas.

ganvixilavT
davubrundeT

am

unarebis
evristikis

efeqturobis
sam

tips:

zrdis

ramodenime

misawvdomobas,

reprezentatulobas da Ruzis evristikas.

misawvdomobis evristika
gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv kiTxvaze (Cvenis azriT, naklebad
mosalodnelia swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul amocanas, raTa
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT moTxrobis
patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba
ufro meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k-Ti (magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva,
sadac aso ,,k mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven tverskisa da
kanemanis c.p.-ebis msgavsad fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin

242

Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k ufro metad gvxvdeba sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi.
realurad ki ,,k orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi (inglisur enaSi).
ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom ,,k aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba
sityvis TavSi? es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli xelmisawvdomi
informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic iwyeba ,,k-Ti,
vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k mesame adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens
daskvnaze, rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis evristika:: Tqveni daskvna
emyareba im informacias, romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebisaTvis. imis gamo,
rom mexsierebisaTvis xelmiswavdom informacias umravles SemTxvevaSi swor
daskvnamde mivyarvarT, es daskvnac ganixileba, rogorc swori. Tu, magaliTad,
Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni
daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas. problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis aqtivacia xdeba; (2)
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am SesaZlo
problemebis magaliTi.
amocana,

romelSic

c.p.-ebs

asos

gansazRvra

evalebaT,

misawvdomobaze

Semcveli

sityvebis

raodenobis

dafuZnebuli

araswori

msjelobis

(daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens. mexsierebaSi sityvebis organizaciidan

gamomdinare, bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba, roca gansazRvrulia
maTi pirveli aso. ganvixiloT yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kidev erTi msjeloba.
msjeloba

mosazrebebs,

procesi,

akeTeben

romlis

daskvnebs

saSualebiTac

da

axdenen

adamianebi

adamianebis

an

ayalibeben

movlenebis

kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis

Sedegi.
gadawyvetilebis miReba _ alternativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo
variantebis seleqcia da uaryofa.
xelmisawvdomobis

evristika

daskvna,

romelic

efuZneba

Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.

saidan viciT
guneb-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze

mexsierebaSi

243

mkvlevarebs surdaT, eCvenebinaT, Tu ra zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos gunebaganwyobilebam adamianis msjelobaze. c.p.-ebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno
da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapirobebda Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis
Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad,
sasiamovno

saRamos

movlenebis

da

ganmeorebis

mtkivneuli

Wrilobis

albaTobis

gaxsenebas

gansazRvras

da,

aseve,

uaxloesi

msgavsi

eqvsi

Tvis

ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom warsuli

movlenebis

gaxsenebaze

gavlenas

axdens

guneba-ganwyobileba,

xolo

am

ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogonebebi gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb msjelobas.

karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze myofi c.p.-ebi ixsenebdnen sasiamovno movlenebs da
fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi ufro meti sasiamovno da naklebi usiamovno movlena
moxdeboda (MacLeod & Campbell, 1992).
am

eqsperimentSi

naCvenebia,

Tu

ra

gavlenas

axdens

msjelobaze

mexsierebisaTvis nebismierad xelmisawvdomi

xelmisawvdomi informaciis tipi. es saintereso
informaciaa

Tqveni

yiveldRiuri

sakiTxebze msjelobisas

cxovrebisaTvis.

mniSvnelovan

samomavlo

unda gaiTvaliswinoT gunebaguneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena

TqvenTvis misawvdom informaciaze. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros

hkiTxeT

sakuTar

Tavs:

,,aris

Tu

ara

raime

specifikuri

Cems

gunebaguneba-

ganwyobilebaSi, rac gavlenas moaxdens mexsierebidan amotanil informaciaze?

misawvdomobasTan, rogorc msjelobis evristikasTan, dakavSirebuli meore
sirTule Tavs iCens im SemTvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens mexsierebaSi
arsebuli

informacia.

televizoris

yurebasa

erT-erTi
da

kvlevis

SeerTebuli

dros
Statebis

Seiswavlidnen
mosaxleobis

kavSirs
saSualo

keTildReobis Sefasebas Soris (OGuinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ufro
xSirad uyureben "dinastiisa" da "dalasis" tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr
amerikel diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsaxureebi. mkvlevarebis
azriT,

es

korelacia

imiT

aixsneba,

rom

satelevizio

programebi

qmnis

keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic advilad misawvdomia mudmivi

mayureblisaTvis. ganvixiloT meore magaliTi:

adamianis msjeloba sxvadasxva

qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown & Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es
oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT mciredan didisken:

244

a. SvedeTi
b. indonezia
c. israeli
d. nigeria
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom rac ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis
Sesaxeb, miT ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis Sefaseba. garda
amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu
ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims-is statiebSi mimdinare wels.
(sxvaTa Soris, swori pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia. SegiyvanaT
Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam?)
rogorc Cans, Znelia, endoT Tqvens kognitur procesebs, radgan masmedia
uzrunvelyofs TqvenTvis
TqvenTvis xarveziani monacemebis mowodebas. miuxedavad amisa,
mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT, Tqven
SegiZliaT, Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas. darwmunebuli xarT, rom
rasac fiqrobT, TqvenTvis cnobilia?

reprezentaciuli
reprezentaciuli evristika
rodesac

msjeloba

reprezentaciul

evristikas

eyrdnoba,

Tqven

iTvaliswinebT kategoriis arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an movlena

xasiaTdeba am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSniT, xdeba misi am
kategoriisadmi mikuTvneba. evristikis es tipi nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. igi
gulisxmobs warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze msjelobis agebas mocemul,
msgavs pirobebSi, rac induqciuri daskvnis arss warmoadgens.
urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da kategoriebis Sesaxeb informaciis
arsebobis dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgavsebis mixedviT. amrigad,
gadawyvetilebis

miRebisas,

SeudgeT

Tu

ara

varjiSs

sportis

iseT

axal

saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma, mizanSewonili iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu

ramdenad

hgavs

igi

gizidavdaT.

Tumca,

SegiyvanoT,

Tu

misi

sportul
rogorc

saxeobaTa

qvemoT

gavleniT

naxavT,

yuradRebas

informacias (Kahnemean & Tversky, 1973).

im

kategorias,

msgavsebam
ar

miaqcevT

romelic

SeiZleba
sxva

adre

SecdomaSi

mniSvnelovan

245

ganvixiloT,

magaliTad,

9.15.

suraTze

mocemuli

warmatebuli

iuristis

daxasiaTeba.
suraTi 9.15. reprezentaciuli evristikis gamoyeneba

warmatebuli ierusalimeli iuristi. kolegebis azriT, mas axirebuli xasiaTi

aqvs, ris gamoc ar SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras isini mis
konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo
simaRlis adamiania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da aris amayi. kviraSi
ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli
saxeobiTaa igi dakavebuli?
a. swrafi siaruliT
b. burTiT TamaSebiT
c. CogburTiT
d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT
CogburTi

savaraodod yvelaze
sworia ufro metis
momcveli kategoria

burTiT TamaSebi

reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom advokatis

naCvenebi,
enebi, ufro sworia
sayvareli sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea naCv
burTiT TamaSebis dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs.
saidan viciT
reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens msjelobaze
erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs miewodebodaT 9.15 suraTze mocemuli
pasuxebis CamonaTvali da eZleodaT 45 dolaris _ naRdi fulis _ mogebis
SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT ricxvi `1.

246

Tqven

romel

variants

amoirCevdiT?

Tu

Tqvenc

iseve

fiqrobT,

rogorc

monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT 45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi

iqneba `CogburTi da ara `burTiT TamaSebi 9.15 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans,
Tu ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni. is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis
kategoriaSi. cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs
sportuli TamaSis yvela is Tviseba, romlsac iuristi iTamaSebda (upiratesobas
mianiWebda).
ubiZgebs,

reprezentatulobaze

ugulvebelyon

sxva

dafuZnebuli

tipis

es

informacia,

msjeloba
kerZod

ki

monawileebs
-

kategoriis

struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxvevaSi mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (BarHille & Neter, 1993).
gaiTvaliswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqvens yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoekidebiT yvelaze tipiur reprezentatiul arCevans, sanam
ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alternativis struqturas.
ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore magaliTi, romelsac,
romelsac, agreTve, SeuZlia
gavlena iqonios Tqvens mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoidgineT, SesaZlebloba
geZlevaT, monawileoba miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad Tqven
unda

SearCioT

sam

mocemul

ricxvSi

cifrTa

swori

Tanmimdevroba.

am

cifrebidan romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis dadeba?

859

101

333

574

948

772

kiTxva aseTia: am ricxvebidan romeli ipyrobs Tqvens yuradRebas, rogorc im

ricxvebis

msgavsi,

romlebic

igeben

aseT

latareebSi.

(Tqveni

azriT,

am

ricxvebidan romeli hgavs im ricxvebs, romlebic igeben latareebSi?)

Tu Tqven hgavxarT moTamaSeebis umravlesobas, Tavs aaridebT im ricxvebs,
romlebSic cifrebi meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es ricxvebi
SemTxeviTi

Tanmimdevrobis

reprezentatuli

iyos.

sinamdvileSi

samcifiani

ricxvebis 27%-s, sadac TiTeuli cifri aRebulia SemTxeviTad diapazonidan 0dan 9-is CaTvliT, eqneba ganmorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa, gaTamaSebaSi
Indiana pick-3 15 dRis ganmalobaSi monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi
ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992). imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis
situaciebis umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia, maT sifrTxiliT

247

moekidoT. umeteswilad, adamianebs imedi aqvT, rom reprezentatulobis mixedviT

da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans.
reprezentaciuli evristika kognituri strategia, romelic miakuTvnebs

obieqts garkveul kategorias, am kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime

niSnis safuZvelze.
Ruza amoRebulia!
evristikis

mesame

formis

gasacnobad,

scadeT

azrovnebis

eqsperimentis

Catareba. daiwyeT qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis Semdeg dawereT

miaxloebiTi pasuxi.
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____
5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramodenime moqmedebis Sesrulebas da miiRebT
arasrul pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24s. Semdeg ki aqedan gamoiyvanT saboloo pasuxs.
axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna:
8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____
im SemTxexaSic ki, Tu Tqven SeamCnevT, rom es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT
dalagebuli igive ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod gansxavebuli
iqneba. albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT - 8 X
7 da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg ki, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze gamravlebas; es ukve sakmaod
did ricxvs gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT Tqven isev nawilobriv
pasuxs miiRebT da ganargZobT magaliTis amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani

(Amos

Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis monawileebs aZlevdnen identuri

problemis

or

variants.

pirveli

variantis

SemTxvevaSi

Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore variatis SemTxvevaSi _ 2250-s

rogoc

Cans,

nawilobrivi

Sefaseba

(5

wamis

pauxebis

mediana

(swori pasuxia 40320).

ganmavlobaSi

Sesrulebuli

moqmedebebis pasuxi) gavlenas axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro didia

nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi, miT ufro didia saboloo Sefaseba. A
am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT Cven davasabuTeT Ruzis efeqtis arseboba.
raime

movlenis

an

Sedegis

Sesaxeb

msjeloba,

romelic

emyareba

Ruzis
Ruzis

evristikas,
evristikas sakmarisi ar aris. misi gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri
mniSvnelobis

gadafasebas

an

ver

Sefasebas.

Ruzis

evristikis

gamoyeneba

248

mizanSewonili
msjelobisaTvis

ar

aris,

roca

WeSmaritad

Tavdapirveli

relevantur

Sefaseba

informacias.

Seicavs

mocemuli

miuxedavad

amisa,

im

SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad mniSvnelovani an

saerTod usargebloa, adamianebi Ruzis efeqtis Zlier zegavlenas ganicdian.
saidan viciT
SemTxveviTi Ruza cvlis Sefasebas
erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mianiWes pirobiTi saidentifikacio nomrebi
(1,928-dan

1,935-mde),

romlebic

instruqciis

mixedviT

unda

gadaeweraT

Tavis

kiTxvarebze. (sakontrolo jgufis studentebi ar iRebdnen nomrebs.) am ricxvze

studentebis yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad mimarTavdenen sxvadasxava saSualebas
(magaliTad,

sTxovdnen

aReniSnaT,

iyo

Tu

ara

is

1,940-ze

meti),

magram

saidentifikacio nomeri naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc sxva nebismieri

pasuxisTvis

irelevanturi.

mogvianebiT,

studentebs

sTxovdnen,

SeefasebinaT

adgilobriv sainformacio broSuraSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze aSkara

gavlena moaxdina absoliturad

irelevanturma, pirobiTma Ruzam. studentebi,

romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiqroben,

rom broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis raodenoba didia 631, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis studentebis 219. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca studentebs specialurad
afrTxilebdnen, rom saidentifikacio nomerma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos maT
Sefasebaze,

maTi Sefaseba gacilebiT

maRali

iyo

(539),

vidre

sakontrolo

jgufiSi gaerTianebul studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219) (Wilson et al., 1996.).
es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxurebs yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki
ar aRmoCnda
aRmoCnda sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben Ruzis efeqts,
roca cdiloben dagarwmunon, iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT
axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZleba giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1
000 an 2 000 dolaris gadaxdas, ara? mas
mas Semdeg, rac maRal fasze ganewyobiT,
realuri fasi (magaliTad 599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT.
vfiqrobT, rom am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT, Tavidan aiciloT Ruzis
uaryofiTi

gavlena.

rac

mTavaria,

Tqven

gafrTxilebuli

xarT,

rom

windaxeduleba
windaxeduleba unda gamoiCinoT.
msjelobisas

Tqven

iyenebT

evristikis

iseT

saxeebs,

rogoricaa

xelmisawvdomoba, reprezentaciuloba da Ruza, radgan, umravles SemTxvevaSi

249

isini

efeqturi

gaurkvevlobidan
garkveulwilad,
migiyvanoT
gamoiyenoT

da

misaRebi

da

Tqveni

maqsimums

Secdomamde.
es

msjelobis
SezRuduli

akeTebT.

Cven

mniSvnelovani

codna

da

SesaZleblobas
resursebidan
giCveneT,

daskvnis

SeamowmoT

rom

gaZlevT.

gamomdinare,
evristikam

gakeTebis

sakuTari

situaciis
SeiZleba

dros,

azrovnebis

Tqven,

SeecadeT
procesebi..

gansakuTrebiT kritikulad miudegiT sxvebis SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari

ganzraxviT

zegavlena

moaxdinon

Tqvens

msjelobaze.

axla

ganvixiloT

gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad swored am msjelobis safuZvelze xdeba.

Ruzis

evristika

(Anchor

Heuristics)

zogierTi

movlenis

an

Sedegis

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba an ver

Sefaseba.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologia
warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis
TvalsaCino magaliTs. ganvixiloT problema, romelic mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis
cxrili
pirvel nawilSi. waikiTxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti. axla am
problemis meore naSilSi warmodgenil variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT
arCevans?
eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxulobdnen am problemis erT-erT
versias (Shafir, 1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen, Tu romel variants
amjobinebdnen, studentebis 67% irCveda B variants. xolo roca studentebs
sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es maCvenebeli 52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B
variants).

ratom

aris

es

cvlileba

ucnauri?

Tu

yuradRebiT

gadaxedavT

problemis orive versias, naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris.
erTi

SexedviT,

Tqven

SeiZleba

ifiqroT,

rom

msgavsma

informaciam

igive

gadawyvetilbamde unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase ar iqcevian. rogorc

Cans

,,upiratesobis

miniWebis

SemTxvevaSi

adamianTa

yuradReba

koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur Tvisebebze _ Tqven agrovebT aSkara

damamtkicebel sabuTebs raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca ,,gauqmebis moTxovnis
SemTxvevaSi, yuradRebis koncentrireba arCevanis negatiur Tvisebebze xdeba _
Tqven

agrovebT

informacias

gadawyvetileba Seicvalos.

raRacis

winaaRmdeg.

amitom,

SesaZloa,

Tqveni

250

aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze did

gavlenas axdens kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995).
swored amitom saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis
codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT,
eqvemdebareba Tu ara igi detalur analizs. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT
hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: ,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu im variantis
uaryofis da ara arCevis SemTxvevaSi? Tu romelime konkretul arCevans erT
SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT, es imas
niSnavs, rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. bolos dasviT
kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs warmoadgens.
cxrili 9.7. fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba
1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros apirebT erTi kviriT
sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.
turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod
mwiria.

mocemul

informaciaze

dayrdnobiT,

romel

dasasveneblad?
adgili A

saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba

adgili B

bevri mzis sxivebi

brwyinvale sanapiroebi da marjnis
rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba

nawili meore: uaryofa

adgils

amoirCevdiT

251

2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros apirebT erTi kviriT

sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.
Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi unda gaauqmoT. turistul
broSuraSi

am

ori

adgilis

Sesaxeb

mocemuli

informacia

sakmaod

mwiria.

mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgilis javSans gaauqmebdiT?

adgili A

saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba

adgili B

bevri mzis sxivebi

brwyinvale sanapiroebi da marjnis
rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba

arCevanis forma
gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze bunebriv gzas warmoadgens imis
gansazRvra,

Tu

romeli

arCevani

mogvitans

udides

sargebels,

an

umcires

danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben 5 dolars an 10 dolars, yovelgvari

yoymanis gareSe mixvdebiT, rom ukeTesia, Tu 10 dolars airCevT. situacias
arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da danakargis aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ra formiTaa arCevani mocemuli. forma
forma
forma warmoadgens arCevanis detalur
aRweras.

warmoidgineT,

rom

gekiTxebian:

`ramdenad

gagaxarebdaT

xelfasis

gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es didi

miRweva iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT. magram warmoidgineT, rom manamde
ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000 dolariT gazrdas. am SemTxvevaSi
rogor xasiaTze dadgebiT? uecrad SeiZleba iseTi gancda dageufloT, TiTqos
fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000 dolari gacilebiT naklebia, vidre Tqven elodiT.
Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi, Tqven 1 000 dolariT mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _

252

obieqturad,

Tqven

zustad

erTnair

mdgomareobaSi

iqnebodiT,

magram

fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian gansxvavebulia. ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani

orientirebi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras ganvixilavT mogebad

da ras danakargad, nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT _ 1 000 dolaris an
10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec orientirebulia adamiani (am SemTxvevaSi
gadawyvetileba SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi darCenas).
axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli magaliTi, romelSic `formireba ufro
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. cxrilSi 9.8 Tqven
gevalebaT

filtvis

simsivnis

mkurnalobis

meTodis

arCeva:

operacia

an

radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT `gadarCenis formiT warmodegnili problema

da

airCieT

gadmocemuli

mkurnalobis
igive

strategia;

problema

da

Semdeg

naxeT,

ki

SecvliT

`sikvdilianobis
Tu

ara

Tqvens

formiT
arCevans.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi obieqturad erTi da igivea. gansxvaveba aris

mxolod statistikuri monacemebis aRweraSi, romelic mkurnalobis TiToeuli
meTodisaTvis warmodgenilia gadarCenis an sikvdilianobis terminebiT. cdis
pirebis

mier

mkurnalobis

meTodis

arCevaze

mniSvnelovan

gavlenas

axdens

mogebaze da danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis formiT miwodebis

SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias cdis pirTa 18% irCevs, `sikvdilianobis kuTxiT
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki 44%. `formirebis es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze klinikuri pacientebis, statistikis mcodne biznes
studentebisa da gamocdili eqimebis jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982).
es

magaliTi

mniSvnelovania

imdenad,

ramdenadac

masSi

asaxulia

Tqveni

realuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba.

forma (Form) arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera. gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da
arCevanis gakeTebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba, misi ama Tu im
kuTxiT warmodgena.

cxrili 9.8
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti
gadarCena

operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi jer kidev cocxalia 90,

erTi wlis Semdeg 68, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg ki - mxolod 34.

253

radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 100 admianidan yvela

cocxali rCeba, erTi wlis Semdeg cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis
Semdeg 22.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu radioTerapias?
sikvdilianoba

operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Semdgom periodSi iRupeba 10

adamiani, operaciidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 32, xuTi wlis ganamvlobaSi ki
66.

radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 100 adamianidan arc

erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani,
5 wlis ganmavlobaSi ki 78.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu radioTerapias?
saidan viciT
msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb
warmoidgineT,

rom

Tqven

gTxoven,

monawileoba

miiRoT

disciplinarul

komisiaSi, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra TanxiT daajarimos kompania,

romelic reklamis saSualebiT mcdar informacias avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara
gavlenas

sakiTxis

miwodebis

kompaniis

saqmianoba

forma

warmodgenili

Tqvens
iyo

erT

gadawyvetilebaze?
SemTxvevaSi

eqsperimentSi

dadebiTi

kuTxiT

(magaliTad, ,,20%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar icoda reklamaSi mcdari

informaciis Sesaxeb), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - negatiuri kuTxiT

(magaliTad:

`80%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis

Sesaxeb). xedavT, rom orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da igive informacias
gvawodebs?
cdis

pirebi,

gancxadebas,

romlebic

iZleodnen

kiTxulobdnen

daaxloebiT

40,153

pozitiuri
dolaris

kuTxiT

miwodebul

odenobis

jarimis

rekomendacias maSin, roca negatiuri formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis wakiTxvis

Semdeg cdis pirebis rekomendacia iyo daaxloebiT 78,968 dolaris odenobis
jarima (Dunegenm 1996). rogorc xedavT, ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze.

254

rogor SegviZlia msgavsi Sedegebis sakuTar cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba? realur

samyaroSi gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, rac eyrdnoba momavlis Sesaxeb
Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis mosazrebas (varauds). aseT SemTxvevebSi, scadeT
problemis

rogorc

mogebis,

magaliTad,

rom

yvelaferi

warmogidginoT

Tqven

ise

apirebT

wagebis

kuTxiT

iyidoT axali

mogebis

kuTxiT:

ganxilva.

manqana.

warmoidgineT,

gamyidveli

`qsenoni-s

78%-s

Seecdeba,

SekeTeba

ar

sWirdeba pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi! Tqven SegiZliaT mis mier mowodebuli

informaciis perefrazireba: ,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvelive wels! cvlis
Tu ara axali formulireba Tqvens mier situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa,
romelic realur cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT.
manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens,
rodesac

viRac

cdilobs

informaciis

iseTi

formiT

mowodebas,

romelic

saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze.

aseTi

ram

sistematurad

xdeba

Cvens

cxovrebaSi.

magaliTad,

yovelTvis,

arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori mowinaaRmdege kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa

da

sxavdasxva

sakiTxebis

Sesaxeb

informacia

warmoadginos

ise,

rom

amomrCevelTa simpaTia daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas: ,,vTvli,

rom

unda

gavagrZelo

im

politikis

gatareba,

romelsac

dRemde

warmateba

moaqvs, oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegoT Tqvas, rom ,,mas eSinia axali
ideebis. erTi kandidati SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika migviyvans ekonomiur
aRmavlobamde. misi oponenti SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa
garemosaTvis.

xSir

SemTxvevaSi

orive

marTals

ambobs

erTi

da

igive

politika SeiZleba ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram garemosTvis saziano.

aseT

dros

formis

damajereblobas

mniSvnelovnad

gansazRvravs

adamianis

biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert, 1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze

gamonaTqvamis

formulirebis

gavlenis

codna

dagexmarebaT

imis

gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad

gansxvavebuli
gagebis

gadawyvetilebebis

survili

gaqvT,

SeecadeT

miRebas.

Tu

ifiqroT

adamianebma gadawyvetilebis formireba.

gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia)

Tqven
imaze,

sxva
Tu

adamianebis

rogor

qcevis

moaxdines

am

255

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeafaseT

alternativebi.

ra

moxdeba

Semdeg?

SeiZleba

aRmoaCinoT,

rom

ar

gindaT

gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi aRwerilia iseTi pirobebi, romlebmac

SeiZleba gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis survilis dakargva. ganvixiloT A
nawilSi

mocemuli

situacia, ras

airCevdiT?

mkvlevarebma

aRmoaCines,

rom

mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar
miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992) axla ganvixiloT B nawilSi aRwerili odnav
Secvlili situacia. gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinamdvileSi, cdis
pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT
informacias ar miiRebs. raSia saqme? (rogor ggoniaT, ratom?) Cvulebriv, Tqven
eliT, rom axali alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alternativis xvedriT
wils. Tu magaliTad, politikur arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, savaraudoa,
rom

igi

xmebis

SemTxvevaSi

mesame

garkveul

raodenobas

SesaZleblobis

gaCena

waarTmevs
12%-iT

pirvel
zrdis

ors.

Tumca,

erT-erTi

am

pirveli

arCevanis xvedriT wils. ra xdeba?

am efeqtis miReba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, roca Znelia gadawyvetilebis
miReba. rodesac c.p.-ebs miewodebodaT problemis iseTi varianti, sadac maT
damatebiT,

dabalxarisxiani

`sidipleeris

arCevis

SesaZlebloba

aqvT,

monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom daicdian, sanam axal informacias ar

miiReben. am maCveneblis Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba, rom

`sonis

arCeva advilia. Tumca, arCevanis gakeTeba `sonis SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa

da umaRlesi xarisxis `aivas Soris rTulia. ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT
gadawyvetilebis miReba da davelodoT axal informacias.
miuxedavad

individualuri

gansxvavebebisa,

adamianTa

umravlesobisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan acilebis sakmaod Zlieri

tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT
(Bettie et al., 1994):

adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romlis Sedegadac

zogs eqneba meti sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki naklebi.

adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton, rogor inaneben, Tu maT mier

gakeTebuli arCevani ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT ar gaakeTes.

256

adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen im gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac

SeiZleba cudi Sedegi hqondes.

adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvebis magivrad.

im

pirobebis

gansazRvris

gadawyvetilebas,

SegviZlia

mizniT,
am

romlebSic

ukanaskneli

adamianebi

debulebis

eZeben

sapirispiros

formulireba. ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT gadawyvetilebis miReba, isini

ukeT grZnoben Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva gaakeTebs. es yovelTvis unda
gaiTvaliswinoT.

SeecadeT,

TviTon

gadawyvitoT

TqvenTvis

mniSvnelovani

problemebi. nu daarwmunebT sakuTar Tavs imaSi, rom Zalian rTuli problemis

winaSe dgaxarT da ar SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. ZiriTadad, SegiZliaT,
gqondeT Tqvens kognitur procesebze damyarebuli msjelobis imedi. gamoiyeneT
Tqveni msjelobebi Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad!
Tavis dasawyisSi, Cven movitaneT citata elen keleris publikaciidan ,,azris
dabrunebiT

gancdili

mRelvareba;

Semdeg

ki

Cven

ganvixileT

sxvadaxsva

kognituri procesi _ metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis gadaWra,

azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis miReba _ Cven vimedovnebT, rom Tqven
dafiqrdebiT

im

sixarulze,

romelsac

es

unarebi

ganiWebT.

SeecadeT,

isargebloT elen keleris gamocdilebiT da ar moepyraT Tqvens SemecnebiT

procesebs, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls; ifiqreT Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb,
daasabuTeT Tqveni argumentebi da a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri yofis arss.
Sejameba
msjelobaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad
eyrdnobian evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evristikis xelmisawvdomoba
gulisxmobs,

rom

adamianebi

akeTeben

daskvnas

im

informaciis

safuZvelze,

romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia mexsierebaSi. evristikis reprezentatulobis

mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im sagnis an movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis
arsebiTi

niSnebis

gansazRvras.

Ruzis

evristikis

mixedviT,

adamianebis

msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba xdeba sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare. kiTxvis

forma

gavlenas axdens

gadawyvetilebis
damokidebulebas.

gadawyvetilebis

sirTule

miRebaze. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom

ganapirobebs

gadawyvetilebisadmi

antipatiur

257

gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan

Tavis aridebis tendencia. rac ufro rTulia gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia
misgan ganridebis albaToba.
sur. 9.9. gadawyvetilebis aversia
A. warmoidgineT,

rom

Tqven

`sidipleeris

yidvas

apirebT.

magram

gadawyvetili ara gaqvT, Tu romeli modeli iyidoT. Tqven gaiareT maRaziasTan,

sadac gamocxadebulia erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popularuli
firmis SONY `sidipleers, sul raRac 99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis
Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers.
2. daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
B. warmoidgineT,

rom

Tqven

`sidipleeris

yidvas

apirebT,

magram

gadawyvetili ara gaqvT, romeli modeli iyidoT. Tqven gaiareT maRaziasTan,

sadac gamocxadebulia erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popularul
firmis SONY `sidipleers sul raRac 99 dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA
sidipleers, 159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro dabalia maT
Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers.
2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers.
3. daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
Kkogniciis Seswavla
kognitur
procesebs

fsiqologiaSi
da

momuSave

struqturebs,

specialistebi

romlebic

safuZvlad

Seiswavlian
udevs

fsiqikur

adamianis

aRqmis,

metyvelebis, azrovnebis, problemis gadaWris, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis

miRebis unarebs.
im

fsiqikuri

procesebis

gamoyofis

mizniT,

romlebic

rTuli

amocanis

Sesrulebas udevs safuZvlad, mkvlevarebi mimarTaven reaqciis drois gazomvas.

metyveleba

258

adamianebs SeuZliaT azris gamoTqma da naTqvamis gageba.

gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis gansazRvra xdeba auditoriis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Mmetyvelebis Secdomebi naTels hfens metyvelebis dagegmvis bevr process.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis gageba orazrovnebis daZleva xdeba konteqstis
mixedviT.
mniSvnelobis mexsierebaSi Senaxuli reprezentaciebi efuZneba propoziciebs,
xolo maTi Sevseba xdeba daskvniT (varaudiT).
ena,

romelzec

adamianebi

laparakoben,

SesaZloa,

gavlenas

axdendes

maT

azrovnebaze.
vizualuri kognicia
vizualuri

reprezentaciebi,

SesaZloa,

gamoyenebul

iqnas

propoziciuli

reprezentaciebis Sesavsebad.
vizualuri

reprezentaciebi

garemos

vizualuri

aspeqtebis

gaazrebis

saSualebas gvaZlevs.
adamianebi

qmnian

vizualur

reprezentaciebs,

romlebSic

gaerTianebulia

rogorc verbaluri, ise vizualuri informacia.

problemis
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
adamianebma unda gansazRvron sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da is operaciebi,
romlebic saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi mdgomareobidan miaRwion mizans.
logikur wesebze damyarebuli wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvna
deduqciuri azrovnebaa.
induqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs daskvnis gakeTebas xdomilebis albaTobis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZneba evristikas, romelic
adamians gadawyvetilebis swrafad miRebis saSualebas aZlevs.
misawvdomobis, reprezentatulobisa da Ruzis efeqtis arasworma gamoyenebam
SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. gadawyvetilebis miRebaze gavlenas axdens
arCevanis SesaZlo variantebis formireba.

259

fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis gamo adamianebi avlenen rTuli gadawyvetilebis

miRebis ganridebis tendencias.
ZiriTadi cnebebi

avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
gadawyvetilebis aversia
gadawyvetilebis miReba
deduqciuri azrovneba
evristika
eqspresiuli metyveleba
varaudi
induqciuri azrovneba
kognituri procesebi
kognituri fsiqologia
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi

kognituri mecnierebebi
kontrolirebadi procesebi
misawvdomobis evristika
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
msjeloba
paraleluri procesebi
problemis gadaWra
problemuri situacia
reprezentaciuli evristika
seriuli procesebi
forma
funqcionaluri rigidoba
fsiqikuri ganwyoba
Ruzis evristika
Semecneba

Tavi 10. inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

ra aris Sefaseba?
Sefasebis istoriuli mimoxilva
formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi

inteleqtis Sefaseba
inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi
IQ testebi

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: Sefaseba internetiT

inteleqtis Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometriuli Teoriebi
stembergis inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoriebi
gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da emociuri inteleqti

inteleqtis politika (an politikuri foni)

jgufebs Soris Sedarebis istoriuli mimoxilva
memkvidreobiToba da IQ

260

garemo pirobebi da IQ
kultura da IQ testebis validoba

SemoqmedebiToba
SemoqmedebiTobis Sefaseba da kavSiri inteleqtTan
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiToba da SeSliloba

Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi

261

adre, naklebad rTul droSi, imisaTvis, rom SegeZinaT xeloba da dagewyoT

saqmianoba, unda gagevloT ucvleli gza Segirdidan ostatamde. Tqven bunebrivi
procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando xelosani bunebrivi procesis Sedegad da
amisaTvis

ar

dagWirdebodaT

nerviuloba

imis

gamo,

rom

gamxdariyaviT

"serTificirebuli" da nomeri ori fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi "WeSmaritia" an

"mcdaria" fsiqologiuri testis punqtze" me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal qalebs".
ara, mWedeli iyo mWedeli imitom, rom mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda da
Tvlebis

ostati

Tvlebs

postindustrialur

Wedavda.

samyaroSi,

Cven

dRevandel,
ricxvebs

superracionalur
ufro

vendobiT,

da
vidre

gamocdilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es

iuristi Tu interieris dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba dagavalon testis Sesruleba.
imis

dadgenis

mizniT,

Tu

zustad

ras

moiTxoven

damqiraveblebi

da

profesiuli organizaciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan da, sxvaTa

Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad.
gaviare

ocdaTerTmeti

samsaxurebrivi

Tu

praqtikuli

testi.

testebis

klasifikacia iyo metad mravalferovani - testebi barmenebisaTvis, safosto

manqanis meqanikosebisaTvis, radio diqtorebisaTvis, samogzauro agentisaTvis,
geologebisaTvis, sagareo uwyebaTa moxelisaTvis da FBI agentebisaTvis.
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli. me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam
tests.
kompoziciaSi saxelwodebiT "Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT ZaRlebs am qalaqSi",
eseisti henri alfordi
gamocdas,

romelic

(Henry Alford, 1993) aRwers

man

gaiara

Semosavliani

zogierTs

im testsa

samsaxuris

nebismierisaTvis, visac didi gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis

nacnobi

iqneba

Alford-is

iumoristuli

SemTxvevebi.

damqiravebelebi

da

Zebnisas.
kargad
iyeneben

sxadasxva tests TiToeuli kandidatis "SesaZleblobis" gansasazRvrad. zogjer

Zalian Znelia testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva, Tumca, TiTqmis
yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi, romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi
zomavs relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris.
Tu Tqven gaizardeT aSS-Si, savaraudoa, rom Tqveni "SesaZleblobebi"
gazomili iyo bevrad ufro adre, vidre daiwyeT samsaxuri: umravlesoba
skolebSi, maswavleblebi da administratorebi cdiloben, Tqveni cxovrebis

262

adreul periodSi, gazomon Tqveni inteleqti. yvelaze xSirad, mizani aris imis
gansazRvra, Tu saklaso davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis
inteleqtualur SesaZloblebebs, rac maT garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs.. Tumca,
rogorc Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze inteleqtis
testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis farglebs scildeba.
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa da gamoyenebas.
mimovixilavT

im

wvlils,

romelic

fsiqologebma

inteleqtis

sferoSi

individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT im azrTa

sxvasxvaobaze, romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba, rodesac adamianebi iwyeben am
gansxvavebebis axsnas.

Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu rogor muSaobs

inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom isini
yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes, romlisTvisac iyvnen gankuTvnili. da bolos,
davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis
rols sazogadoebaSi.
Cven

daviwyebT

fsiqologiuri

Sefasebis

zogadi

gamoyenebis

mokle

mimoxilviT.
ra aris Sefaseba?
Sefaseba?
fsiqologiuri
pirovnuli

Sefaseba

maxasiaTeblebis

gulisxmobs

individTa

Sesafaseblad

zustad

unarebis,
dadgenili

qcevebisa

da

procedurebis

gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc individualuri

gansxvavebebis

gazomva,

radgan

SefasebaTa

umravlesoba

adgens,

Tu

riTi

gansxvavdeba an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemul

fsiqologiuri testirebis

ZiriTadi

ganxilvamde,

niSnebis

(an

maxasiaTeblebis)

detalur

mimovixiloT

Sefasebis istoria. es istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT Sefasebis

rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi. aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis
garSemo arsebuli zogierTi dava.
Sefasebis istoria
Sefasebis formaluri testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT axali
saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic farTo asparezze gamovida mxolod
1990-iani

wlebis

dasawyisSi.

Tumca,

didi

xniT

adre,

vidre

dasavluri

fsiqologia daiwyebda adamianTa Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis

263

meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi. faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win
gamoiyeneboda sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxuris
(civil service) testirebisaTvis.- saxelmwifo moxeleebs moeTxovebodaT TavianTi
kompetenturobis gamovlena zepir gamocdaze yovel mesame wels. ori aTasi wlis
Semdeg,

Han-is

saxelmwifo

dinastiis

(Han Dynasty)

dros,

samsaxuris

kompetenturobis

samoqalaqo

weriTi

testebi

gamoiyeneboda

gamosavlenad

iseT

sferoebSi, rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme, agronomia (an sasoflosameurneo saqme) da geografia. Ming dinastiis periodSi (C.w.aR.-iT 1368-1664)
saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva xdeboda sam safexuriani obieqturi SerCevis
proceduraSi

miRebuli

Sdegebis

safuZvelze.

pirvel

etapze

gamocdebi

tardeboda adgilobriv doneze. 4%-i im adamianebidan, vinc gamocdebi Caabara

agrZelebda gamocdas meore etapze: cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi werdnen
narkvevebs

klasikur

nawarmoebebze.

mxolod

5%-s

imaTgan,

vinc

Caabara

es

gamocda, ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo etapze, romelic

tardeboda qveynis dedaqalaqSi.
1800-iani

wlebis

dasawyisSi

CineTSi

arsebuli

SerCevis

proceduras

akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen britaneli diplomatebi da misionererebi. Zalian

male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki amerikaSi, saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris
personalis SerCevisaTvis danergili iyo

Cinuri sistemis modificirebuli

versiebi (Wiggins,1973).
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili
uWiravs inglisel aristokrats, frensis galtons (Sir Francis Galton). misi wigni
"geniosobis memekvidreobiToba" gamoqveynda 1869 wels, romelmac mniSvnelovani
gavlena

moaxdina

testirebis

meTodebis,

Teoriebisa

da

praqtikis

Semdgom

ganviTarebaze. galtoni (Galton), romelic gaxldaT Carlz darvinis naTesavi,

cdilobda
Teoria.

mas

adamianis

qcevis

ainteresebda,

Seswavlisas
Tu

rogor

da

gamoeyenebina
ratom

darvinis

gansxvavdebian

evoluciis
adamianebi

erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT. mas akvirvebda is,

rom zogierTi adamiani iyo niWieri da warmatebuli, rogorc TviTon, xolo
Zalian bevri ki _ ara.
galtoni

iyo

pirveli,

romelmac

wamoayena

oTxi

mniSvnelovani

idea

inteleqtis Sefasebis Sesaxeb. pirveli, inteleqtis xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba

264

raodenobrivad izomeboda inteleqtis xarisxis terminebiT anu raodenobrivi

mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieweros sxvadasxva adamianis inteleqtis doneebs Soris
gansxvaveba mocemulia zaris

gansxvavebas. Mmeore, adamianebs Soris

formis

mrudze, anu es aris normaluri ganawileba. zaris formis mrudze mocemuli

ganawilebis

mixedviT,

umravlesobis

maCvenebeli

grovdeba

SuaSi,

xolo

ukiduresi wertilebisaken ki es raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcirdeba. ukiduresi

wertilebi gamoxatavs

geniosobas an gonebrivi deficitis arsebobas (zaris

formis mruds Cven mogvianebiT davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqti anu gonebrivi

unari SesaZlebelia gaizomos obieqturi testebis saSualebiT. am testebSi
arsebul kiTxvebs gaaCnia mxolod erTaderTi swori pasuxi. meoTxe, testis ori
seriis

maCveneblebs

Soris

arsebuli

urTierTmimarTeba

SesaZlebelia

ganisazRvros statistikuri proceduris saSualebiT, anu gaizomos ko-relacia,

dRes cnobili, rogorc korelacia.
samwuxarod,

galtonis

mravali

idea

mniSvnelovani

kamaTis

sagnad

iqca.

magaliTad, mas miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. misi azriT,

talanti an "sidiade" (eminece) modis ojaxidan, xolo aRzrdas ki minimaluri
gavlena

aqvs

darviniseul

inteleqtze.
saxeobaTa

RirebulebebTan.

galtoni

igi

Tvlis,

SeguebasTan
cdilobda

rom
da,

inteleqti

dakavSirebulia

garkveulwilad,

sazogadoebrivi

politika

moralur
daefuZnebina

koncefciaze, romelic gulisxmobda genetikurad `uaresi~ (inferioruli) da

`saukeTeso~ (superioruli) monacemebis arsebobas. Mman pirvelma Camoayaliba
memkvidreobiTobis

Teoriis

(evgenika)

principebi,

romelic

xels

uwyobs

biologiurad `saukeTeso~ da `uaresi~ monacemebis mqone adamianebis SeerTebas,

xolo dabali monacemebis mqone adamianebis gamravlebis SezRudvas momavali
Taobis gaumjobesebis mizniT. igi adamianebze avrcelebda evoluciis Teoriis
principebs. galtoni werda: "arsebobs Sexeduleba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod
usafuZvlo, romelic gulisxmobs, rom TiTqos inferioruli rasa TandaTanobiT
gadaSendeba" (Galton,1883/1907, p.200).
es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiTac iqna wamoyenebuli. isini Tvlidnen,
rom inteleqtiT dajildoebuli rasa (superioruli) unda gamravldes dabali
inteleqtis

(inferioruli) mqone rasis xarjze. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris

iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard) da termeni (Terman), romelTa

265

Teoriebsac

mogvianebiT

ganvixilavT

da,

rasakvirvelia,

aseve

vilaparakebT

nacisti diqtatoris adolf hitleris Teoriis Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi

vnaxavT, rom es elitaruli ideebi dResac ganixileba.
ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas.
axla ganvixiloT formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi.
foto 1

inteleqtis

testirebis

Sesaxeb

romeli

mniSvnelovani

mosazrebebi

ekuTvnis frensis galtons (Sir Francis Galtun) (1822-1911)?

formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi
formaluri

Sefasebis

procedura,
procedura

romelic

gulisxmobs

individebis

klasifikaciasa an maT SeerCevas, unda akmayofilebdes sam moTxovnas. Sefasebis

instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2) validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu
Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs, maSin miRebuli Sedegebi
sando

ar

formaluri

iqneba.

Tumca,

Sefasebis

winamdebare

procedura

Tavi

inteleqtis

gamoiyeneba

yvela

Sefasebas

saxis

Seexeba,

fsiqologiuri

testirebis dros. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo gamoyeneba gasagebi

gaxdes, Cven magaliTebs ganvixilavT rogorc inteleqtis, aseve fsiqologiis
sxva sferoebSi

testirebidan, ise fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidanac

sandooba
sandooba, rogorc sazomi, iZleva SesaZleblobas imis dadgenisa, Tu romeli
Sefasebis instrumenti iZleva myar anu sando monacemebs Sedegebs. Tu diliT
abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva maCvenebels iZleva,
maSin

kargad ar muSaobs, Sen SegiZlia Tqva, rom ar aris sando imitom, rom ver

iReb myar maCvenebels. Tu awonvebs Soris kargad miirTmevT, maSin, bunebrivia,

aRar geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTidaigi wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis
meTodebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos sandod an arasandod, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
ucvleli darCeba is, rac unda gaizomos.
testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia - testtest-retestuli sandoobis
sandoobisobisgansazRvra.. es aris korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs KerTi da igive cdis
pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul

266

maCveneblebs Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis koeficientia +1.00. es

niSnavs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi viRebT erTnair maCveneblebs. Tu cdis pirebma
pirveli testirebisas miiRes yvelaze maRali an dabali qulebi, maSin igives
miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad arasando testis maCveneblebs
Soris

korelaciis

koeficienti

0.00-is

tolia.

es

niSnavs,

rom

aranairi

urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs pirveli da meore seriis maCveneblebs Soris. AaseT

SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirvelad cdis pirma miiRo umaRlesi qulebi, meored SeiZleba
sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos. korelaciis koeficientis (idealuri
+1.00) zrdasTan erTad izrdeba testis sandoobac.
sandoobis Sesafaseblad kidev ori xerxi arsebobs. pirveli, erTi da igive
testis

magivrad

c.p.-s

monacvleobiT

aZleven

testis

paralelur

formebs.
formebs

paraleluri formebis gamoyeneba amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis

SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, gamoavlinos erTi testidan meoreze
gadasvlisas

Tanamimdevruloba.

SeTanxmbulobaa,
Sesabamisoba.

romelic

sandoobis

gulisxmobs

magaliTad,

SegviZlia

meore

erTi

erTmaneTs

da

sazomia

Sinagani

testis

pasuxebis

igive

SevadaroT

luwi

da

kenti

davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli

nawilsaTvis erTnairi qulebi miiReba. es aris maRali Sesabamisoba), romelis
miiRweva

xdeba

saSualebiT.am

SuaSi
dros

gaxleCvis
SeiZleba

sandoobis
iTqvas,

rom

(split-half

reliability)

meTodis

testi

maRali

Sinagani

SeTanxmebulobiT xasiaTdeba, rac misi Suaze gaxleCviT miiRweva.

umetes

SemTxvevaSi

sando

unda

iyos

aramarto

sazomi

instrumenti

TavisdaTavad, aramed am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. vTqvaT, mkvlevarebi

saklaso oTaxSi akvirdebodnen bavSvebs imisaTvis, rom SeefasebinaT agresiuli
TamaSis

sxvadasxva

done.

am

miznisaTvis

mkvlevarebs

SeiZleba

SeeqmnaT

kodirebuli sqema, romelic maT saTanado gansxvavebis dadgenis saSualebas

miscemda. es sqema, maSin iqneboda sando Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi awarmoebdnen
dakvirvebas da imave Sefasebas miscemdnen. es kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom
fsiqologiuri SefasebisaTvis saWiroa sakmaod seriozuli momzadeba. maT unda
iswavlos

gansxvavebis sistemebis gamoyeneba ise, rom es sando iyos.

validoba

267

testis validoba
validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac
surs

eqsperts.

inteleqtis

validuri

testi

zomavs

am

maxasiaTebels

da

saSualebas iZleva Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebisa im situaciebSi, romelSic

mniSvnelovan

wamyvan

rols

asrulebs

inteleqti.

kreatulobis

validuri

sazomiT miRebuli qulebi gviCvenebs realur kreatulobas da ara xatvis unars

an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, validoba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa an
Sedegebis

zusti

prognozirebis

SesaZleblobas,

romelic

dakavSirebulia

testis mizanTan an mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:

TvalsaCino

validoba

(face

validity),

validoba

kriteriumis

mixedviT

da

konstruqtuli (konstruqciuli) validoba.

validobis pirveli tipi eyrdnoba testis Sinaarss. Tu testis amocanebi
uSualod

ukavSirdeba

interesis

sagans,

maSin

tests

gaaCnia

TvalsaCino

validoba (face
validity).
). TvalsaCino validobis mqone testebSi Zalian pirdapir da
(
martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi, rac ainteresebT testis Semqmnelebs.
magaliTad: ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT Tu ara kreatuli? Aadamiani,
romelic

testirebaSi

monawileobs,

Zalian

zustad

da

patiosnad

unda

asrulebdes mas. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba xSirad ar aris sakmarisi

zusti gazomvisTvis. pirveli rigSi, sakuTari Tavis aRqma adamianebis mier
SesaZlebelia ar iyos zusti, an SeiZleba ar icodnen, sxvebTan Sedarebisas
rogor Seafason sakuTari Tavi. meore, testi, romelic sakmaod zustad zomavs
zogierT

maxasiaTebels,

testi

Semsruleblebs

aZlevs

maTTvis

sasurveli

STabeWdilebis moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT garkveul pirobebSi

myofi (hospitalizirebuli) fsiqikuri problemebis mqone pacientis klasikuri
SemTxveva, rodesac fsiqiatriuli klinikis pacienebs ar surT klinikis nacnobi,
struqturirebuli garemodan wasvla.
saidan viciT
pacientebi
klinikis

manipulireben

personali

fsiqiatrebis

SizofreniiT

didi

SefasebebiT

xnis

fsiqiatriuli

ganmavlobaSi

daavadebul

pacientebs ekiTxeboda, Tu ramdenad darRveulia maTi sulieri mdgomareoba..

rodesac

interviuSi

pacientebs

sTxovdnen,

SeefasebinaT,

TavianTi

mdgomareoba (grZnobdnen Tu ar Tavs kargad), romelic iZleoda Tu ara

268

maTi palataSi gadayvanis SesaZleblobas.

Pacientebi, ZiriTadad, pozitiur

afasebdnen TavianT mdgomareobas. Tumca, rodesac intervius mizani iyo

SeefasebinaT pacientebs TavianTi
gaweris

saSualebas,

maSin

mdgomareoba, romelic iZleoda Tu ara

isini

sakuTar

mdgomareobas

uaryofiTad

afasebdnen., radgan maT ar surdaT, gaweriliyvnen. fsiqiatrebi, romlebic

afasebdnen intervius monacemebs ise, rom ar icodnen intervius miznis
eqsperimentuli variaciis Sesaxeb, askvnidnen, rom im pacientebs, romlebic
pasuxobdnen uaryofiTi TviTdaxasiaTebiT, hqondaT ufro mZime darRvevebi
da

iZleodnen

pacientebma

maTi

miiRes

gaweris

Sefasebis

sawinaaRmdego
sasurveli

rekomendaciebs.

Sedegi. fsiqiatris

ase

rom,

Sefasebaze,

aseve, SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Sexedulebam, rom nebismiers, visac surs

fsiqiatriul klinikaSi darCena, unda hqondes Zalian Zlieri darRvevebi
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967)
am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnelebi ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod
TvalsaCino validobis mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT validobis sxva tipebi,
romelic SesaZlebels xdis zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas.
testis

kriteriumis

prognozirebadi

mixedviT

validoba,

validobis

predictive validity))

(aseve
misaRwevad

cnobilia,

rogorc

fsiqologebi

cdis

pirebis qulebs adareben maTsave qulebs, romelic miRebulia sxva standartebis

an kriteriumis dros, romelic dakavSirebulia imasTan, rasac testi zomavs.
MmagaliTad, Tu testis mizania kolejSi warmatebis gansazRvra, maSin kolejis
miRebuli niSnebi iqneba Sesabamisi kriteriumi. Tu testis qulebi korelirebs
kolejis

niSnebTan,

maSin

testi

validuria

kriteriumis

mixedviT.

testis

avtorebis mTavari amocanaa Sesabamisi gazomvadi kriteriumis povna Tu erTxel

ukve naCvenebia Sefasebis instrumentis am saxis validoba, maSin mkvlevarebi
sandod

miiCneven

am

instruments

da

kidev

gamoiyeneben

Semdgomi

prognozirebisaTvis. es aris is, rasac logikis kolejSi mimRebi komisiis wevri

iyenebs, rodesac gekiTxebaT iseT rames, rogoric aris SAT-is (saskolo SiSebis
qvalitaturi Seswavlis proeqciuli meTodi) qulebi. warsulSi SAT-is qulebi
dadebiT

korelaciaSi

iyo

kolejSi

moRvaweobis

zogierT

aspeqtTan.

amaze

dayrdnobiT kolejis administracias SeeZlo gaekeTebina daskvnebi kolejSi

Tqveni karieris Sesaxeb.

269

testis

validobis

pirobebi

SeiZleba

iyos

Zalian

specifiuri,

amitom

yovelTvis mniSvnelovania davadginoT, "ra miznisaTvis aris is validuri?". imis

codnam, Tu sxva ra sazomebTan aris an ar aris testi korelaciaSi, SeiZleba
aRmoaCinos raime axali sazomebis, konstruqtebisa da adamianis qcevis sirTulis
Sesaxeb.. magaliTad, tests qmniT imisaTvis, rom gazomoT samedicino fakultetis
studentebis stresTan gamklavebis unari. Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom am testis
qulebi maRal korelaciaSia studentebis mier auditoriaSi gancdili stresis
daZlevis unarTan. Tqven varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve, korelaciaSi iqneboda
studentebis stresul klinikur SemTxvevebTan gamklavebis unarTan, rac ar
dadasturda. imis gamo, rom Tqven garkveuli validoba daadgineT, Tqven amiT
gaigeT rogorc Tqveni testis, Tu ra pirobebSia is validuri, aseve kostruqtis
Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors sxvadasxva Sedegi aqvs. SemdgomSi
SeZlebdiT

testis

modificirebas

ise,

rom

gaTvaliswinebuli

yofiliyo

klinikur SemTxvevebSi gamovlenili gansakuTrebuli stresorebis tipebi.

ganvixiloT

sandoobisa

da

validobis

urTierTmimarTeba.

Tu

sandooba

izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros

an

SemTxvevaSi

gamoyenebisas),

validoba

izomeba

imiT,

Tu

ra

xarisxiT

korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan (sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an

eqspertis Sefaseba).

Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando, is arc validuria,

radgan Tu testi ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs sakuTar Tavis Sesaxeb, maSin is ver

iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magaliTad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes
agresiulobis testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCnda korelaciaSi
meore dRes Catarebuli paraleluri formis qulebTan (arasandoobas magaliTi),
Nnaklebad

savaraudoa,

rom

romelime

dRes

miRebulma

Sedegebma

winaswar

gansazRvros, Tu yvelaze xSirad romel students SeiZleba hqonoda SexlaSemoxla momavali erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi. Aamis Semdeg SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
testis qulebis or testis ki ar SeuZlia erTi da igive prognozis gakeTeba.
meores mxriv, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos Zalze sando, magram _
aravaliduri. magaliTad, Cven gadavwyviteT, gavzomoT inteleqti zrdasruli
adamianis simaRlis mixedviT. AalbaT xvdebiT ratom SeiZleba es sazomi iyos
sando, magram aravaliduri?

normebi da standartizacia

270

Cven gvaqvs sando da validuri testi, magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis

interpretaciisaTvis kidev saWiroa normebi. magaliTad testSi, romelic zomavs
depresias, miiReT 18 qula. ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _
msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis
mniSvnelobis gasadebad, is unda SeadaroT sxva studentebis tipiur qulebs anu
statistikur normebs.
normebs testis normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom naxoT, Tqveni
asakisa da sqesis studentebi Cveulebriv rogor ganawilebas iZlevian, ra aris
maTi saSualo. es SesaZlebels gaxdis Tqveni Sedegebis interpretacias.
maSin, rodesac Tqven asrulebdiT unarebis tests, rogoric aris SAT, albaT
ginaxavT testis normebi. testis normebi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba
Cveni qulebi sxvebis qulebs da gvexmareba imis dadgenaSi, Tu ramdenad axlosaa
Cveni Sesruleba normatiuli populaciis SesrulebsTan.. individis qulebis
interptetaciisaTvis
Sesadarebeli

jgufi

yvelaze

gamosadegia

testirebuli

jgufis

individebis

normebis
iseTi

codna,

ZiriTadi

rodesac

TvisebebiT

xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa asaki, socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba.

normebisaTvis mniSvnelovania yvelam airCios erTi standartizirebuli testi
_ standartizacia. standartizacia aris yvela individTan erTi da igive formiT,
erTsadaimave pirobebSi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. gasagebia standartizaciis
aucilebloba, magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar xerxdeba. zogs eZleva
meti dro, zogierTs ki - ufro naTeli da detaluri instruqcia, zogs aqvs
SekiTxvis

dasmis

ufleba

an

ufro

motivirebulebi

arian,

rom

ukeTesad

Seasrulon. ganvixiloT erT-erTi avtoris gamocdileba:

me, rogorc ielis bakalavris xarisxis mqone studenti, saSualo skolis

klasebSi SfoTis donis gasazomad viyenebdi skalas. dawyebamde erT-erTma
masawavlebelma Tavis klass uTxra: "Tqven es mSvenieri mamakaci geTamaSebaT
axal

TamaSs,

romelic

gagvamxiarulebs."

meore

kiTxvebis

dasmas

masawavlebelma

ki

gulisxmobs.
Tavis

klass

es

TamaSi

ase

mimarTa:

Cven
"es

fsiqologi, romelic gaxlavT ielis universitetidan, apirebs CagitaroT testi

imisaTvis, rom gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad SeasrulebT da
aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad kargia Cveni klasi. (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1958.,
SegiZliaT pirdapir SeadaroT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebi, romelic
miRebuli
uaryofiTi,

iqna

erTi

radgan

testis
testi

Catarebis
ar

Sedegad?

gamoyenes

am

kiTxvaze

standartizirebuli

pasuxi
formiT.

aris
am

SemTxvevaSi, meore klasis bavSvebis qulebi SfoTvis testSi ufro maRali iyo.
(albaT, es TqvenTvis gasakviri ar aris). Tu testis instruqcia Sesrulebis

271

Sesaxeb an Sedegebis daTvlis xerxi ar aris zusti, maSin Zalian rTuli iqneba
mocemuli

testis

Sedegebis

interpretacia

an

imis

dadgena,

Tu

ramdenad

Seesabameba Sesadarebel jgufs

Cven axla ganvixileT zogierTi sakiTxi, romelic aRelvebT mkvlevarebs,
rodesac isini qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinamdvileSi zomavs Tu
ara testi imas, risi gazomvac undaT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen testis
sandoobasa

da

standartuli

validobaSi.

pirobebi,

MmaT,

mxolod

aseve,

amis

unda

Sedegad

daadginon

miRebul

normebs

testirebis
aqvs

azri.

nebismieri testis qulebi unda Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT.

aseve,

unda

Sefasdes

Sesrulebis

normebi

da

standartizaciis

pirobebi,

romelSic testi Catarda.

Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleqtis gazomvas.
Sejameba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia individualur gansxvavebebze, aseve
imis

Seswavlaze,

Sefasebis

Tu

formebi

riTi

Seiqmna

gansxvavdeba
antikur

na

CineTSi.

gavs

individi

dasavlur

sxva

adamianebs.

samyaroSi

frensis

galtonma pirvelma Seqmna Teoria inteleqtis testirebis Sesaxeb da pirvelma

gamoiyena kidec is. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis miTi biologiurad "saukeTeso"
(superioruli) da "uaresi" (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb.
vargisiani testebi aris validuri anu erTi da igive adamians aZlevs erTi da
igive qulebs, da sando - iZleva zust informacias im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris
gasazomadac Seiqmna. aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis procedura iyos
standartizirebuli da miRebuli qulebi Sedardes relevanturi populaciis
normas.

inteleqtis Sefaseba
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad inteleqtis gansazRvrebiT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana ar aris,
magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52 kaciani jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad
gansazRvrebaze:

inteleqti

aris

Zalze

zogadi

gonebrivi

SesaZlebloba,

romelic, sxva komponentebTan erTad moiicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagemvis,

272

problemaTa
swrafad

gadaWris,

daswavlisa

SesaZleblobebis

am

abstraqtuli
da

azrovnebis,

gamocdilebis

farTo

speqtrs

miRebis

Tu

rTuli

ideebis

wvdomis,

unars" (Gottfredson,1997a, p.13).

gaviTvaliswinebT,

maSinve

naTeli

gaxdeba, Tu ratom aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is,' Tu rogor

axdenen

Teoretikosebi

konceptualizebas,

inteleqtis

mniSvnelovnad

da

umaRlesi

gansazRvravs

im

gonebrivi

xerxs,

riTac

funqciebis
isini

mis

gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg, 1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis

inteleqti

SeiZleba

raodenobrivad

ganisazRvros

da

dayvanil

iqnas

erT

garkveul qulaze. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali komponentisgan

Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke unda gaizomos. arian iseTebic, vinc ambobs, rom
sinamdvileSi

arsebobs

inteleqtis

ramdenime

gansxvavebuli

saxe,

rac

gamocdilebis sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba.

am

TavSi

inteleqtis

aRvwerT,
am

Tu

sxvadasxva

rogor

aris

koncefciasTan.

dakavSirebuli
daviwyoT

inteleqtis

istoriuli

testebi

konteqstis

ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi da inteleqtis gazomvisadmi

interesi.
inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi
1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred
bine (Alfred Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris
mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeqturi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi
Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega Teofil simoni (Theophil
Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli iyo
bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva. binem scada, SeemuSavebina inteleqtis
obieqturi testi, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone
bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan maT gamosarCevad.
igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas,
naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da
xSirad tendenciur Sefasebebs.
inteleqtualuri Sesrulebis raodenobis gansasazRvrad _ gasazomad _ binem
Seadgina asakis Sesatyvisi amocanebi anu testis punqtebi, riTac mravali bavSvis
pasuxebs erTmaneTs Seadarebdnen. testisaTvis davalebebi SearCies ise, rom

273

SesaZlebeli yofiliyo maTi obieqturi daTvla rogorc sworis an arasworis,

aseve maTi Sinaarsis varireba, punqtebi naklebad yofiliyo ganpirobebuli
bavSvebis garemo pirobebis gansxvavebulobiT, SeefasebinaT msjeloba, azrovneba
da ara _ meqanikuri mexsiereba (Binet, 1911).
testireba CautardaT sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs da dadgenili iqna yoveli
asakis normaluri bavSvisTvis saSualo qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli
bavSvis Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis saSualos. testis Sedegebi
gamoisaxa saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normaluri bavSvebi konkretul
qulas iReben. am sazoms ewoda gonebrivi asaki.
asaki magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier
miRebuli qula utoldeba xuTwlian bavSvTa jgufis saSualo qulas, am bavSvis
gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5, imis miuxedavad, Tu rogoria misi qronologiuri asaki,
asaki
dabadebidan gasuli wlebi raodenoba.
bines midgoma 4 mniSvnelovani niSan-TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am
testis qulebi gaiazra, rogorc mimdinare Sesrulebis Sefaseba da ara rogorc

Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi. meore, mas surda, testis qulebi gamoeyenebinaT im

bavSvebis gamosavlenad, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiroeben da ara maTi

stigmatizirebisaTvis. mesame, igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSs da SesaZleblobebis

uzrunvelyofas SeuZlia gavlena iqonios inteleqtze da cdilobda daedgina
Sesrulebis sferoebi, sadac specialuri ganaTleba

daexmareboda

araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi myof am bavSvebs. dabolos, man Tavisi testi aago

empiriuli gziT _ Seagrova monacemebi, rom enaxa maTi validoba da ar ucdia
misi dakavSireba inteleqtis romelime TeoriasTan.
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam didi gavlena moaxdina
SeerTebul StatebSi. istoriuli movlenebisa da socialur-politikuri Zalebis
unikalurma kombinaciam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi
unarebis gazomvisadmi. me-20-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis SeerTebuli StatebSi
xalxi qaotur mdgomareobaSi iyo. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri da
politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. axalma
sayovelTao ganaTlebis kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT aavso. emigranti
zrdasruli adamianebisa da skolis moswavleebis identificirebis,
dokumentirebis da klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro iyo garkveuli formiT Sefaseba
(Chapman,1988). rodesac pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo, milionobiT moxalise

274

gamwvevi punqtebisaken gaemarTa. axalwveulebs unda gansazRvraT am uamravi

adamianidan, Tu vis hqonda sagangebo treningebis saSualebiT swrafad
daswavlisa da codnis ganoyenebis unari. axali, araverbaluri, jgufurad
miwodebuli gonebrivi unaris testebi Cautarda 1.7 milionze met axalwveuls.
gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic Sediodnen liuis termani (Lewis Terman),
eduard Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen
omis wlebis sagangebo viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT TveSi Seqmnes
(Lennon,1985).
am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo is, rom
amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs
SeuZlia adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa da sxva socialurad
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. am garemoebam xeli Seuwyo testebis
farTo gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba ganixileboda rogorc
qaotur sazogadoebaSi wesrigis Setanis saSualeba, aseve, es iyo sakmaod iafi,
demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodiferencirebisa, visac ganaTlebidan da
samxedro meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba SeeZlo. inteleqtis
farTomasStabiani testirebis gamoyenebis gasaadvileblad mkvlevarebi Zalas ar
iSurebdnen. isini qmnidnen farTo gamoyenebis mqone testur procedurebs.
IQ testebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis standartizebuli gazomva
safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul male wamyvani poziciebi aSS-s fsiqologebma daikaves.
maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, IQ anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ iyo inteleqtis
ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomi. amJamad farTod gamoiyeneba
individualuri daniSnulebis IQ testis ori jgufi: stenford-binesa (StanfordBinet) da veqsleris skalebi (Wechsler).

stenfordstenford-bines inteleqtis
inteleqtis skala
liuis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis universitetis sajaro skolis
yofilma administratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis gazomvis bines
meTodis mniSvneloba. aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT man moaxdina
bines testis adaptireba aSS-s skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gaukeTa
testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna

275

bines testis stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti, romelic, Cveulebriv,

moixsenieba, rogorc stenford-bines inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916).
am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada iseTi konceptisaTvis,
rogoric aris inteleqtis koeficienti anu IQ (termini, romelic SemoiRo
Sternma, 1914 wels). IQ iyo Sefardeba gonebrivi asakisa qronologiur asakTan,
gamravlebuli 100-ze:
IQ = gonebrivi asaki

X 100

qronologiur asakze
bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki aris 8 weli da romlis testis qulebma
gamoavlina gonebrivi asaki 10 weli, IQ eqneba 125, (10 : 8 X 100 =125), xolo igive
qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac testi Seasrula 6 wlis bavSvis doneze,
IQ eqneba 75 (6 : 8 X100= 75); individebs, romlebmac Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis
Sesabamisi gonebrivi asakis mixedviT, IQ eqnebaT 100. amrigad, 100 qula saSualo
IQ-d iqna miCneuli.Q
axali stenford-bines testi male gadaiqca klinikuri fsiqologiis,
fsiqoTerapiis da saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad.
stenford-bines testi Seicavs subtestebis serias, romelic konkretul gonebriv
asakzea morgebuli. am subtestebs mcire reviziaTa seria Cautarda 1937, 1960 da
1972 wlebSi, raTa miRweuliyo 3 mizani: (1) mcirewlovani bavSvebisa da Zalze
gonieri zrdasrulebis IQ-s gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni; (2)
ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi, romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi
momxdar cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxlebuliyo normebisa da
asakis Sesabamisi saSualo qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenford-bines
testis ukanaskneli, me-4-e gamocema (Torndike et al.,1986) testis validobis
gaumjobesebis mizans emsaxureba. stenford-bines es uaxlesi testi
uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis mqone
individebisaTvis, aseve, fsiqikuri funqcionirebis problemebis mqone an
niWieri individebisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992).
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar miiReba gonebrivi asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi
Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa

276

qulebTan. 100-is toli IQ aris saSualo da aCvenebs, rom Tqveni asakis

adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris
moTavsebuli qulebi aris norma, xolo maTze meti (120 da zemoT) _umaRlesi.
rodesac 18 wlamde asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs 70-dan 75-mde
an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums
Seesabamebian. magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi, gonebrivad CamorCenilebad
rom CaiTvalon, individebma, aseve, unda gamoamJRavnon cxovrebiseul amocanebTan
dakavSirebuli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRuduli unari (American Association
on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). ufro adre IQ qulebi gamoiyeneboda msubuqi,
zomieri, Zlieri da Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasifikaciisaTvis (ix. sur.
10.1.). magram, adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam ukarnaxa eqspertebs
am terminologiis uaryofa iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod, rogoric
aris gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur
mxardaWeras saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari Tavis marTvis
sferoebSi an gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic
komunikaciasa da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras saWiroebs (American
Association on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992.p.34)
]suraTi
suraTi 10.1
IQ qulebis ganawileba did SerCevaSi

qulebi isea normirebuli, rom 100

qula populaciis saSualos warmoadgens

(imdenive adamiani iRebs 100-ze nakleb qulas, ramdenic 100-ze mets). 90 da 110-s
Soris qulebi iTvleba normalurad. 120-ze maRali qulebi ganixileba, rogorc
saukeTeso an friad saukeTeso; 70-ze dabali qulebi ki gulisxmobs gonebrivi
uunarobis mzard doneebs.
cxrili 10.1

277

gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozi

gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali
dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2 an meti saadaptacio unaris
sferoSi. es sferoebia:

komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis

gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan
dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;

Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis

Cvevebi;

saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo

meurneobis gaZRola da yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;

socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;

278

komunaluri resursebis sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis

unari, rogoric aris sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da
sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;

sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan

dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;

janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis

SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;

funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan

dakavSirebuli unarebi (rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili
Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxorcielebaSi.

Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis

interesebTan dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;

samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli

unarebi;

CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.

wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41.

veqsleris inteleqtis skala

david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu-iorkis belviu hospitalSi
muSaobda, Tvlida, rom zrdasrulTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura naklebad
unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna
veqsler-belvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verbaluri subtestebi
kombinirebuli iyo araverbalur anu Sesrulebis subtestebTan. amrigad, garda
mTliani IQ qulebisa, adamianebs damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da
araverbaluri IQ-s damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg
tests Seecvala saxelwodeba _ veqsleris inteleqtis skala zrdasrulTaTvis_
WAIS 1955 wels da gadasinjuli versia -WAIS-R dReisaTvis (Wechsler, 1981).
WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: informirebuloba, leqsikuri maragi,
gageba, ariTmetikuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom aris ori sagani
msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi (eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa seriis
gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc werilobiTi, ise zepiri formis. Sesrulebis
xuTi subtesti Seicavs masaliT manipulirebas da mcire an araviTari verbaluri

279

Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. magaliTad, kuburebis nimuSis testSi individi cdilobs

gaimeoros baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSi, risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad
mxareebs usadagebs erTmaneTs. ricxobrivi simbolos testSi mocemulia gasaRebi,
romelic 9 simbolos 9 cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze moTavsebuli
simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi ricxvebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. Sesrulebis
danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis
ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s unda SeasruloT 11-ve subtesti da miiRoT 3 saxis
qula _ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani anu sruli skalis IQ. 10.2
cxxrili gvTavazobs magaliTebs, Tu ra tipis kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si.
WAIS-R gankuTvnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram msgavsi testebi
SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac. veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSvebisaTvis _

mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da

veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _
gadasinjulia (WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bavSvebisaTvis. orive testis
bolo reviziebma masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bavSvebisaTvis
sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms
warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis testebis ojaxs, romelic
gvaZlevs verbalur IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel asakobriv
doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac
saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro specifikuri
inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi ganviTarebas. amis gamo, veqsleris skalebi
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da igive individi testirebas
gansxvavebul asakSi gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli
saswavlo_saganmanaTleblo programebis Sedegad bavSvis warmatebis
monitoringi.
cxrili 10.2 WAIS-R testis
testis analogiuri sakiTxebi da problemebi
verbaluri subtesti
subtesti
informirebuloba
gageba

vin dawera didi geTsbi?

ras niSnavs, roca adamianebi amboben:feri fersa _

280

madli RmerTsa?
ariTmetika

Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5 dolari gadaixade da batibutSi _

2.5 dolari, maSin ocdolarianidan xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?

msgavseba
ricxvTa rigi
leqsikur maragi

riTi hgavs erTmaneTs TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa navi?

gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi : 3 2 7 5 9
ras niSnavs paeqroba?

Sesrulebis subtestebi
subtestebi
ricxobrivi
simbolo

eqsperimentatori cdis pirs awvdis gasaRebs, romelic

ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3) simboloebs (magaliTad, , ,
) uTanadebs. cdis piri sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs gasaRebs,
romelzec mxolod ricxvebi an simboloebia mocemuli.

suraTis
dasruleba
kuburebis nimuSi

cdis piri aTvalierebs suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia mas

(magaliTad, cxeni fafaris gareSe)
cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs, rom gamomcdelis mier
mowodebuli nimuSi gaimeoros.

suraTebis

cdis piri alagebs muyaos suraTebis serias iseTi

dalageba

TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos moTxrobas hyveba.

obieqtis ageba

eqsperimentatori awvdis cdis pirs muyaos firfitebis

nawilebs. cdis pirma ise unda daalagos nawilebi, rom
nacnobi sagnis suraTi miiRos.
Sejameba

inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan

gamoevlina moswavleebi, romlebic skolaSi damatebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen.
binem wamoayena winadadeba, rom yoveli bavSvi klasificirebuli yofiliyo misi
gonebrivi asakis mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc funqcia _ gonebrivi
asaki gayofili qronologiur asakze. liuis termenma da david veqslerma IQ-s
axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves.

281

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

Sefaseba internetiT
inteleqtis Tavis wakiTxvis Semdeg, studentebs xSirad uCndebaT interesi,
IQ testebs Tavad rogor gaarTmeven Tavs. Cvens droSi sakamaod advilia
ewvioT romelime veb gverds, amoirCioT testi da miiRoT gansazRvruli
qulebi. niSnavs Tu ara rames miRebuli qulebi? am kiTxvas pasuxs gavcemT im
zogierTi cnebis mimoxilviT, /romelsac gaecaniT am TavSi.
analizisaTvis gvWirdeboda garkveuli monacemebi, amitom Cven vTxoveT
megobars, romelsac pirobiTad vuwodebT poindeqsters (Poindexter), ramdenime
testi gaekeTebina internetiT. pirvel saits, romelsac is ewvia, hqonda oTxi
sxvadasxva testi, ramac mogvca sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba. gavisenoT,
rom sandooba konsistenturobas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara TiTqmis erTnair
qulebs is testebi, romlebic iTvleba rom erTi da igive rames zomavs
faqtobrivad, poindeqsteris qulebi iyo 116, 117, 129 da 130. Tu davubrundebiT
10.1 suraTs, vnaxavT, rom misi qulebi saSualoze maRalia (ra kargia
poindeqsterisaTis!), magram miRebuli qulebidan ori aTavsebs mas "sakmaod
normaluri"-s kategoriaSi, ori ki _

"superiorulis" sazRvris marjvniv.

aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom testis Sedegebi ar aris gansakuTrebiT

sando.
Tu testebi ar aris sando, isini ar SeiZleba iyos validuri. magram
davuSvaT,

rom

Cven

SemTxvevaSi ratom

SemTxvevaSi

testebi

sando

iyo.

ganvixiloT,

daveWvdebodiT maT validobaSi: poindeqsteris

yvela
qulebi

daTvlili iyo misi Sesrulebis (20 kiTxvaze miRebuli swori pasuxebis

raodenoba) SedarebiT im individebis SesrulebasTan, vinc masze adre iyo am
saitze

da

Seasrula

is

testebi.

10.1

suraTze

mocemuli

zaris

formis

ganawilebaze dayrdnobiT, saiti afasebs IQ-s. ra problemasTan gvaqvs aq saqme?

pirveli, Cven araviTari safuZveli ar gvaqvs gvjerodes, rom im adamianebis
saSualo IQ (gazomili tradiciuli, sando arainternetuli testiT), rogorc
wesi, SeiZleba iyos 100. iqneb adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im adamianebis
mxridan, vinc Seasrula testi veb gverdze. meore, Cven aravTari safuZveli ar
gvaqs vivaraudoT, rom testi yvelam erTnair standartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.

282

magaliTad, testi moicavs kiTxvebs, romlebic saWiroebs leqsikur marags.

rogor SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis gazrdis
mizniT leqsikoniT ar isargebla ("Sexede dediko, yovelTvis vambobdi, rom
geniosi var!").
interneti TqvenTvis uzrunvelyofs rogorc IQ-s, aseve sxva Sesrulebisa
da pirovnuli konstruqtis Sefasebis uamrav SesaZleblobebs. Tqven unda
gamoiyenoT am TavSi miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom frTxilad SeafasoT
internetiT miRebuli qulebis sandooba da validoba.
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri internetis IQ testebis daJinebul momxmareblad
gadaiqca.

"evropul

IQ

testebze"

misma

saukeTesma

qulam

159-s

miaRwia.

poindeqsteri irwmuneba, rom 159 qula misi IQ-s validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?
veb gverdebi:
www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml
saiti, sadac Tavmoyrilia testebis didi raodenoba
www.majon.com/iq.html
mravalricxovani testebi erT saitze
cech.cesnet.cz/IQ/index.php
evropuli IQ testebi

283

inteleqtis Teoriebi
Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogierTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve
SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi yovelive imas,
rasac sityva inteleqti gulisxmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im
unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi,
rom dagexmaroT, ganvixilavT inteleqtis Teoriebs. TiToeuli Teoriis
gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi
momxreebi, Tu inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s gamoiyenebdnen.
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, ZiriTadad, imave filosofiur
atmosferoSi warmoiSva, romelmac IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria aris
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic fsiqikuri funqciebis testirebas emsaxureba. mis
mraval aspeqts Soris aris pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba, inteleqtis
Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva. amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro
kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi ikvlevs

statistikur mimarTebebs

unaris gansxvavebul parametrebs Soris, rogoric aris WAIS-R-is 11 subtesti da

Semdeg am mimarTebaTa safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb daskvnebi
gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi
ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura, romelic aRmoaCens parametrebis,
klasterebisa da faqtorebis ufro mcire raodenobas damoukidebel cvladTa
ufro didi erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis mizania sakvlevi cnebis
ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri parametrebis dadgena. cxadia, statistikuri procedura
mxolod adgens statistikur mudmivebs; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi damtkiceba
ukve fsiqologebis saqmea.
Carlz spirmenma (Charles
Spearman)) pirvelma gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi
(
inteleqtis kvlevi sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. spirmenma aRmoaCina,
rom individTa mier inteleqtis sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesruleba maRal
korelaciaSia erTmaneTTan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom arsebobs

zogadi inteleqtis faqtori anu faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis

ganxorcielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli calkeuli sfero, aseve,
dakavSirebulia Tavis specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma uwoda s. magaliTad,

284

Sesruleba leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi damokidebulia rogorc zogad

inteleqtze, aseve am sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur unarebze.
raimond
Cattel) (1963) faqtoruli analizis ufro mowinave
raimond ketelma (Raymond
(
teqnikis gamoyenebiT daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba daiyos or
SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad, romelsac man kristalizebuli da
fluiduri inteleqti (cristallized and fluid intelligence) uwoda. kristalizebuli
inteleqti moiicavs codnas, romelic individma ukve aiTvisa da am codnis
gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi
informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inteleqti aris rTuli mimarTebebis
xedvis da problemebis gadaWris unari; is izomeba kuburebis nimuSis da
sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis testebiT, romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad
saWiro fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba an TvalsaCinoa kristalizebuli
inteleqti saSualebas gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis mimdinare,
konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri inteleqti gexmarebaT ieriSi miitanoT axal,
abstraqtul problemebze.
gilfordma (J.P.Guilford)
(1961) faqtoruli analizi inteleqtTan
(
dakavSirebuli mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamoiyena. inteleqtis

struqturis miseul modelSi gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami

niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi anu informaciis tipi; produqti anu forma, romliTac
informacia aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli gonebrivi
moqmedebebis tipi.
suraTi 10.3
inteleqtis struqtura

285

operaciebi
produqtebi

Sinaarsi

operaciebi

Sinaarsi

produqtebi

Sefaseba
vizualuri
erTeulebi
kognituri pruduqcia

audituri

klasebi

divergentuli produqcia

simboluri

mimarTebebi

mexsiereba

semantikuri

kognocia

qceviTi

sistemebi
transformaciebi
implikaciebi

inteleqtis struqturis am modelSi j. p. gilfordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs

inteleqtualuri amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss anu informaciis tips;
produqts anu formas, romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da operacias anu
ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi aqtiobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis
da operaciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri
Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars.
rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi:
mxedvelobiTi, smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi; eqvsi saxis produqti:
erTeulebi, klasebi, mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da implikaciebi;

286

xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba, konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli

produqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli
amocana SeiZleba ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da
operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa, gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia
Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv
unars warmoadgens. magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.3 suraTze, leqsikuri testi
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo sacekvao
nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis mexsierebas saWiroebs.
es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perioduli sistemis analogiuria.
amgvari sistematuri sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi, qimiuri
elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT aRmoCenamde iqnan postulirebuli. 1961
wels, rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina, cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40
inteleqtualuri unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevarebma 100-ze meti unari aRweres, rac
gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford,
1985).
gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia
imisaTvis, rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre tradiciuli IQ
testebis mixedviT Sesrulebaa. amJamad ganvixilavT Teoriis or tips, romelic
scildeba IQ-s farglebs.
sternbergis inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoria
robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988) xazs usvams problemebis
gadaWraSi kognituri procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro zogadi
inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _
Teorias.Dmis mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli
da konteqstualuri _ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis gansxvavebul xerxebs
warmoadgens.

komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba komponentebis anu gonebrivi

procesebis meSveobiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas da problemebis
gadawyvetas. sternbergi asaxelebs sami tipis komponents, romelsac centraluri
mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi,
axali faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponentebi, problemis gadaWris

287

strategiebisa da teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi, strategiebis

SerCevisa da warmatebisaken momavali procesis monitoringisaTvis. Tqveni
komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad axla gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3
cxrilSi mocemuli savarjiSos Sesruleba.
cxrili 10.3
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis unari
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia. rac SeiZleba swrafad
moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis amoxsna (Sternberg,1986)

1.

H-U-L-A-G

__________

2.

P-T-T-M-E

__________

3.

T-R-H-O-S

__________

4.

T-N-K-H-G-I

5.

T-E-W-I-R

__________

6.

L-L-A-O-W

__________

7.

R-I-D-E-V

__________

8.

O-C-C-H-U

__________

9.

T-E-N-R-E

__________

10.

C-I-B-A-S

__________

__________

gadaSaleT gv??, romelzec mocemulia swori amoxsna

rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad,
dagWirdebaT Sesrulebis komponentebis da metakognituri komponentebis
gamoyeneba. Sesrulebis komponentebi is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiT
SegiZliaT gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba moaxdinoT; metakognituri
komponentebi gadawyvetilebis mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas
iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad?
dasawyisisaTvis saukeTeso strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTanxmebebis mosinjva,
romlebic xSiria inglisur enaSi, rogoric aris S-H da T-H. strategiebis
SerCeva saWiroebs metakognitur komponentebs, maT ganxorcielebas ki
Sesrulebis komponentebi sWirdeba. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom kargi strategia

288

zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama T-N-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians am

anagramis amoxsna uWirs, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia, romliTac
inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba, xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans
cdilobdiT am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas, romelic T-H -iT iwyeba?
sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad daSliT mkvlevarebs SeuZliaT,
zustad gansazRvron procesebi, romlic gansxvavebuli IQ-s mqone individebis
Sesrulebis Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. magaliTad, mkvlevarebma
SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom maRali IQ-s mqone moswavleTa metakognituri
komponenti karnaxobs maT garkveuli tipis problemis gadasaWrelad
gansxvavebuli strategiebis SerCevas, dabali IQ-s mqone Tanatolebisgan
gansxvavebiT. strategiebis SerCevaSi gansxvavebiT aixsneba maRali IQ-s mqone
moswavleTa 2-problemaTa gacilebiT meti warmateba gadaWra.

empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis unars, gaumklavdes or

ukiduresobas _ axal da rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT
jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze swrafad SeZlebs

gzis moZebnas

Sinisaken. sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiCnioT im adamianis qceva,

romelsac rutinuli amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu, magaliTad,
adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTi da igive amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze
yvelaze did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, romelic amocanebis
warmatebiT Sesrulebas axali ideebis umciresi raodenobiT moaxerxebs.

konteqstualuri inteleqti yovelgvari saqmeebis praqtikul mogvarebaSi

vlindeba. is moicavs unars, adaptacia moaxdinoT axal da gansxvavebul
viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan), SearCioT Sesatyvisi situaciebi da efeqturad
SeqmnaT garemo, romelic Tqvens moTxovnilebebs Seesabameba. konteqstualuri
inteleqti aris is, rasac adamianebi gaqeqilobas da saqmis alRos uwodeben.
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT maRali konteqstualuri
inteleqti maRali IQ-s gareSe.
saidan viciT
konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze
mkvlevarebma airCies ipodromis mudmivi klientebi, rom daedginaT mimarTeba

289

IQ-sa da

winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis warmatebas Soris. 30 kaciani jgufi

daiyo eqspertebad da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswarmetyvelebis safuZvelze,

Tu romel cxenebs eqneba gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi. Tumca, orive jgufis
IQ saSualo, 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis araviTari korelacia ar
arsebobda

IQ -sa da eqpertobas Soris, eqspertebma SemTxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad

daasaxeles pirvel adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma _ SemTxvevaTa 33%Si mkvlevarebma isic aCvenes, rom rom eqspertebi Tavis zust Sefasebebs im
xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavs (Ceci
& Liker, 1986).
radgan yoveli cxeni mTeli rigi parametrebis mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe,
miRebuli prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris unarianoba da a.S.),
warmoadgens cvladebis axlebur kombinacias, eqspertebis warmateba msgavsi
situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver miewereba. ufro savaraudoa, rom maT
ganuviTardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT garemos specifikurad
esadageba.
sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiarebulia, rom IQ qulebi
inteleqtualur qcevas sruli moculobiT ver asaxavs da nacadia imaze metis
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da dabali IQ-s iarliyebis
miniWeba.YwarmovidginoT, rom mkvlevarebma gaiges, rom aragonier (unintelligent)
adamianebs garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom ver axerxeben mTeli
relevanturi informaciis kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben gonivruli
Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. sternbergs, agreTve miaCnia,
rom adamianebs SeuZliaT empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare
komponentur process, mkvlevarebi SeZleben iseTi Seqmnas teqnikebis, romelTa
meSveobiTac yoveli adamianis Sesruleba gonivrulad gamoiyurebodes.
gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da emociuri inteleqti
hovard gardnerma (Howard
Gardnner 1983,1999)) SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic
(
inteleqtis cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTvaliswinebul unarebs.

290

gardneri gamoyofs inteleqtis mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis

gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul am unars gansxvavebuli
Rirebuleba eniWeba adamianTa sazogadoebebSi, imis mixedviT, Tu ras miiCnevs
saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4
cxrilSia naCvenebi, gardneri adgens inteleqtis rva saxes.
gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba wina planze ayenebs pirveli
ori saxis inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi xSirad sxva saxeebia
Rirebuli. magaliTad, mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs unda
SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi
inteleqtisa da sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT. es unarebi
am sazogadoebaSi ufro fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena. balis
kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia,
musikaluri inteleqti da talantebi, romelic monawileobs rTuli sacekvao
ileTebis koordinirebaSi, gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur
inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili ukavia koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi,
rogoric aris iaponia, sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba da komunaluri
cxovreba, vidre iseT individualistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoric aris aSS
(Triandis,1990).
inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRaldisa da fanqris testebi,
martivi raodenobrivi sazomebi ar aris sakmarisi. inteleqtis gardneriseuli
Teoria moiTxovs, rom individs dakvirdnen da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul
situaciebSi da aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi, romlic inteleqtis
tradiciul testebSia mocemuli.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevarebma inteleqtis iseTi tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoric
aris emociuri inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interpersonalur da
intrapersonalur inteleqtis cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri
inteleqti ganisazRvreba rogorc oTxi ZiriTadi komponentis mqone inteleqti
(Mayer & Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). esenia:
emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis, Sefasebis da gamoxatvis
unari
azrovnebis gasaadvileblad emociebis gamoyenebis unari

291

emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve, emociuri codnis efeqtianad

gamoyenebis unari
emociuri

da

inteleqtualuri

zrdis

xelSesawyobad

sakuTari

emociebis regulirebis unari

am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsazrisi emociebis pozitiuri rolis
Sesaxeb inteleqtis funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emociebs SeuZlia
azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxados, adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron
sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi.
cxrili 10.4
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe
inteleqti

saboloo statusi
ZiriTadi komponentebi

LlogikurmaTematikuri

mecnieri
maTematikosi

logikuri da ricxobrivi
paternebisadmi mgrZnobeloba
da maTi garCevis unari,
msjelobis grZeli jaWvis
agebis unari

Llingvisturi

poeti
Jurnalisti

sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da

mniSvnelobebisadmi mgrZnobeloba;
enis gansxvavebuli
funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.

sabunebismetyvelo

biologi

mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa

bunebrivi garemos

saxeobaTa Siris

mkvlevari

gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal
arsebebTan saTuTad mopyrobis
unari.

musikaluri

kompozitori
mevioline

ritmis, simaRlis da tembris

Seqmnisa da dafasebis unari;
musikaluri gamomsaxvelobebis
formebis codna

sivrcobrivi

navigatori

vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros

292

moqandake

zustad aRqmis da sakuTari

sawyisi aRqmebis transformirebis
unari.

sxeulebrivkinesTetikuri

mocekvave
aTleti

sakuTari sxeulebrivi
moZraobebis marTvis da
obieqtebTan marjved
urTierTobis unari.

pirovnebaTSorisi

fsiqoTerapevti

sxva adamianTa guneba-

saqonlis gasaRebis

ganwyobilebis, temperamentis,

muSaki

motivebis da survilebis
garCevisa da maTze Sesatyvisi
reagirebis unarebi.

Sidapirovnuli

sakuTari Tavis

sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba

detalurad mcodne

da maT Soris sxvaobis povnis

pirovneba

unari da maT Sesatyvisad qcevis

warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da
susti mxareebis, survilebisa da
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
codna.

293

ganvixiloT viTareba, rodesac maswavlebeli Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas:

ra erqva stambuls Zvelad? miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs, rom pamelam
xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs pasuxs _ konstantinopoli. Tqven gesmiT,
rom pamela gabrazebulia, rom tomma mas dideba waarTva. Tqven SeiZleba
TvlideT, rom toms aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-s emociuri oreuli
(Goleman,1995). Cvens mier pamelas grZnobebis gageba _ EQ-s erT-erTi magaliTia.
mkvlevarebi Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas, romlebic, maTi rwmeniT,
EQ-s sando da validuri sazomebi iqneba.
saidan viciT
EQ -s
s gazomva
503 zrdasrulisa da 229 mozardisagan Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso
mravalfaqtoriani emociuri inteleqtis skala. es skala individebisagan
moiTxovs warmoadginon emociur problemaTa seriis gadaWris iseTi
variantebi, rogoric aris mocemuli situaciiT aRZruli emociebis dadgena.
monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela im
adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses.
EQ-s qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi iyo IQ-s qulebTan, rogorc
zrdasrulebTan, ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ zomavs IQ-s
tradiciuli sazomebisgan gansxvavebul unarebs. zrdasrulebi asrulebdnen
ufro maRal doneze, vidre mozardebi, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ
mniSvnelovani garemoseuli komponentia. da bolos, emociuri inteleqtis am
axal skalaze qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT didi upiratesoba
hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs (Mayer et al., 1999)
Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom
ar fiqrobT, rom amas ganagebs buneba _ qalis evoluciuri momzadeba garkveuli
rolebisaTvis, an aRzrda _ qalTa socializacia metad emociur arsebebad
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?
inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teoriebis mimoxilvam safuZveli
moamzada im sazogadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac inteleqtis Temas
esoden sadaos xdis.
Sejameba
Sejameba

294

Carlz spirmens (Charles Spearman) miaCnda, rom inteleqti Sedgeba zogadi

unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda g da sxvadsxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri
unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva fsiqometrikosma mkvlevarebma

scades

inteleqtis sxva Semadgeneli nawilebis kvleva.

sternbergma wamoayena varaudi, rom adamianebs aqvT sami saxis inteleqti:
komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaafarTova inteleqtis
gansazRvreba da masSi rva tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romelic scildeba IQ-s
tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs
individis unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos emociebi.

inteleqtis politika
Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-s
testSi miRebuli qulebisa da pirovnebis inteleqts arsebul Soris mWodro
kavSirs. magram dasavlur sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inteleqtis
yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis
xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva jgufebis Sedareba maTi saSualo
IQ-s mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad
gamoiyeneboda, rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis TanSobili genetikuri
arasrulfasovnebis damadasturebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT IQ
testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi
arasrulfasovnebis maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxis buneba Tu
aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleqtis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT
moniWebuli da ra aRzrdis Sedegad. Tqven naxavT, rom fsiqologiaSi es aris
politikurad yvelaze cvalebadi sakiTxi, radganac saemigracio kvotebis,
ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris
interpretirebuli jgufuri IQ-s monacemebi.
jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria
1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri godardi (Henry Goddard)
amtkicebda, rom yvela emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis testireba
da maT, visac fsiqikuri defeqti aRmoaCndeba, SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi

295

Semosvla. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis Setana SeeZlo qveyanaSi

emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri
damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975; McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924
wels kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis
awesebda inteleqtis testebis gavlas, niu-iorkis navsadgurSive, elisis
kunZulze moxvedrisTanave. ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva erovnebis emigrantTa
didi nawili IQ testebis safuZvelze klasificirebuli iyo, rogorc
Wkuasusti. zogierTma fsiqologma es statistikuri monacemebi imis sabuTad
miiCnia, rom emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan genetikurad ufro
dabal safexurze imyofebodnen, vidre CrdiloeT- da dasavleT evropuli
warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca, es arasrulfasovani jgufebi xom
yvelaze cudad icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas, romelsac eyrdnoba IQ
testebi, radganac axali Casulebi iyvnen. ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg IQ-s
testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria
inteleqtis sferoSi rasobri sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganagrZobda arsebobas).
godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-s eTnikur warmomavlobasTan ubralo
dakavSirebaze Sors wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT Tvisebebs
daumates moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri defeqturoba da amoraluri
socialuri qceva. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba momdinareobda cudi
reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _

jukis ojaxisa da kalikakis ojaxis _

klinikuri Seswavlidan. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis Seswavla TiTqosda

aCvenebda, rom ojaxur genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad defeqtur
STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri
Seswavlidanac. maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi kargi Teslis da

meore cudi

Teslis mxareebi (am gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva, rac

berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin kilikaks, revoluciuri omis jariskacs,
arakanonieri vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris Tanaxmad, gonebrivad
CamorCenili iyo. maTma kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca.
godardma aqedan 143 defeqturad miiCnia da mxolod 46 - normalurad. man
ojaxis danarCeni wevrebisaTvis aRmoaCina, rom/ Cveuli iyo danaSauli,
alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSlilobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis
sapirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored karg qalTan iqorwina, am

296

kavSirma mogvca 496 STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna defeqturad

aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa, rom am maRalxarisxiani kavSiris mravali
STamomavali gamoCenili adamiani gaxda (Godard, 1914). godardi mivida im
azramde, rom memkvidreobiTobam dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra inteleqti,
genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba,
alkoholizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki
(McPherson,1985).
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli argumenti SemdgomSi
ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamoyenebul
inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb
qulebs iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. liuis termenma, romelmac
didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si IQ testirebas, aseTi aramecnieruli komentari
gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT Segrovda aSS-Si mcxovrebi
rasobrivi umciresobebisgan:

maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans rasobrivia. . . amJamad ar Cans raime

SesaZlebloba, davarwmunoTsazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda mieceT reproduqciis
ufleba, Tumca, evgenikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveulebrivad swrafi
gamravlebis gamo, isini seriozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916,pp.91-92).
saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi
afro-amerikelebi da laTinebi standatizebul inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod,
ufro dabal qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da TeTrkanianebi. cxadia,
yvela jgufSi arian individebi, romelTa IQ skalis qulebi umaRles (da
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogor aris SesaZlebeli IQ-s qulebSi aseTi
jgufuri gansxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi da did britaneTSi
arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrulfasovnebas
(bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac vimsjelebT IQ-s maCveneblebSi genetikuri
gansxvavebebis realurobaze, ganvixilavT meore SesaZleblobas, romlis
mixedviT, garemo pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani
socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuti Sedegebi mohyveba.
saidan viciT

297

genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi

aRwerilia, rom mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis jukis sisxlis mqone
ojaxebis 2000-ze meti wevri, (dawyebuli 1875 wlidan), radganac am ojaxs
damyarebuli hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCenilobis, kanondarRvevisa
da

danaSaulis

samarcxvino

rekordi.

am

ojaxis

458

wevrs

aRmoaCnda

swavlaSi gonebrivi CamorCena, 171 aRmoCnda kriminali, xolo maTi sanaTesaos

aseulobiT wevri

iyo

glaxaki, TavaSvebuli da meZavi. daaskvnes, rom

memkvidreobiToba iyo am saSineli ojaxis wevrTa samarcxvino ganviTarebis

wamyvani faqtori.
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevarebs inteleqtis genetikuri gansazRvrulobis
xarisxis dadgena? am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi moiTxovs mkvlevarebisgan
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas. amrigad, sakiTxi mdgomareobs
ara imaSi, axdens Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas, aramed, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara IQ ojaxur xeTa SigniT. am konkretul kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevarebs sWirdebaT saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos
gavlenaTa erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amis erT-erTi meTodia identuri
(monozigoturi) tyupebis

da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis da sxvadasxva

donis genetikuri gadafarvis naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.4 suraTze

warmodgenilia individTa IQ-s qulaTa Soris korelaciebi maTi genetikuri
naTesaobis doneebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT, rac ufro
didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia IQ-s msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba
unda miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena aseve gamomJRavnda erTad gazrdilTa
IQ-s did msgavsebaSi).
suraTi 10.4 ar aris suraTis dasaxeleba (suraTi Sesaworebelis)
genetikuri naTesaoba

saerTo ojaxuri
naTesaoba

korelaciebi
erTad aRzrdili
identuri tyupebi

298

cal-calke aRzrdili
identuri tyupebi
erTad aRzrdili
araidenturi tyupebi
erTad aRzrdili da-Zma
erTad aRzrdili
mSobeli/bavSvi
cal-calke aRzrdili
araidenturi tyupebi
cal-calke aRzrdili
da-Zma
cal-calke aRzrdili
mSobeli/bavSvi
naSvilebi da-Zma
naSvilebi
mSobeli/bavSvi

am suraTze warmodgeniliaUkorelaciebi erTad gazrdili (igive ojaxur

garemoSi)

an calcalke gazrdili (sxvadasxva ojaxur garemoSi)

(monozigoturi)

da

araidenturi

(dizigoturi)

tyupebis

identuri

IQ-qulaTa

Soris.

Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da

biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi. monacemebi
aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria genetikuri
naTesaobis

qveS,

azusteben

genetikuri

masalis

gadafarvas)

da

garemos

(ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos qveS, aCveneben, rom garemo igive
iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), faqtoris mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri
tyupebi aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi
tyupebi anu saxezea genetikur gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro
maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian gazrdili anu saxezea garemos
gavlena.
mkvlevarebi amgvar Sedegebs iyeneben IQ-s memkvidreobiTobis Sesafaseblad.
romelime niSan-Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis, memkvidreobiT gadacemis

299

SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis testuri qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas

emyareba, rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros. es maCvenebeli miiReba
mocemuli populaciis (magaliTad, kolejis studentebi an fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg
imis dadgeniT, Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur anu
memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es keTdeba genetikuri gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis
mqone adamianTa SedarebiT. mkvlevarebi, romlebmac IQ-s memkvidreobiT gadacemis
Sesaxeb mravali gamokvleva ganixiles, askvnian, rom IQ qulebis variaciis
daaxloebiT 50% genetikuri nakrebiT aris gamowveuli (Grigorenko,2000;Neisser et al.,
1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997). magram yvelaze saintereso, albaT, is aris, rom
memkvidreoboToba izrdeba sicocxlis manZilze: memkvidruloba utoldeba
daaxloebiT 40%-s 4 da 6 wlianebTan, magram daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba
adreul mozardobaSi da aRwevs daaxloebiT 80%-s ufros zrdasrulebTan! bevrs
gaukvirda es Sedegi, radgan asakis matebasTan erTad garemos sul ufro meti da
ara naklebi gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo Sedegs mkvlevarebi
aseT axsnas aZleven: SesaZlebelia, genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben im
garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da
Sedegad sicocxlis manZilze gazrdil memkvidrulobas viRebT (Plomin &
Petrill,1997. p.51).A
kvlav davubrundeT im wertils, saidanac genetikuri analizi
winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba: testuri qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da
TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis
winaT sxvaoba IQ-s 15 punqts Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa qulebi
garkveuli drois Semdeg erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove
indikatorebis /mixeedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 intervals Soris Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995,
1998, Williams&Ceci, 1997). Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze miuTiTebs.
es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein&Murrey, 1994). magram, maSinac ki, Tu
IQ memkvidreobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian jgufSi Semaval
individTa genetikur arasrulfasovnebas (inferiorulobas)? pasuxi
erTmniSvnelovania: ara! memkvidreobiToba emyareba Sefasebas erT konkretul
jgufSi. is ar gamodgeba jgufTaSoris gansxvavebebis ganmartebisaTvis _

300

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad didia sxvaobebi/es gansxvavebebi obieqturi

testis monacemebSi. memkvidreobis maCvenebeli individTa mocemuli populaciis
saSualos ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT, rom simaRle, magaliTad, maRali
memkvidreobis maCvenebeliT xasiaTdeba (udris daaxloebiT 90%-s), ver
gansazRvravT, ramdenad aris Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli. igive
argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis; miuxedavad inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali
maCveneblebisa, ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli individis IQ-Si an jgufTaSoriso
saSualo IQ-Si genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi erTi rasobrivi Tu
eTnikuri jgufi nakleb qulebs iRebs, vidre meore jgufi, ar unda niSnavdes,
rom gansxvaveba am jgufebs Soris genetikuri warmoSobisaa, maSinac Tu
memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo dadgenili) IQ
qulebisaTvis maRalia.
meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba iyos genetikuri nakrebi srulad
pasuxismgebeli jgufTaSoris sxvaobaze, exeba am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT
sidides. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arsebobs mniSvnelovani damTxveva
TiToeuli jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba, TiToeul
jgufSi individebis qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea (Loehlin,
2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad, gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivis jgufis
genur nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis wevrebs Soris arsebul
genetikur gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic, aSS-Si
rasa xSirad /warmoadgens ufro socialur, vidre biologiur konstruqts.
ganvixiloT SesaniSnavi axalgazrda golfis moTamaSis taiger vudsis (Tiger
Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad moixsenieben afrikel amerikelad da amiT
ufro uares pirobebSi ayeneben, Tumca, misi realuri warmomavloba gacilebiT
rTulia (misi winaprebi iyvnen TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da
adgilobrivi amerikeli). vudsi warmoadgens SesaniSnav magaliTs, Tu ramdenad
ar Seesabameba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba biologiur realobas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi arsebobs seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis
gansxvavebebi IQ-s mixedviT ganxilul iqnas ise, TiTqos es gansxvavebebi
ganpirobebulia biologiuri faqtorebiT (Suzuki&Valencia,1997).
mkvlevarebma
kvlevebis

gamonaxes

saSualebiT,

gzebi,

romelSic

Tu

rogor

dadgenilia

SeemowmebinaT
Savkanianebs

es

Soris

Sexeduleba
TeTri

an

301

evropuli

warmomavlobis

xarisxi.

aSS-Si

"Savkaniani"

mosaxleobis

20-30%

Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis

Sedegia. qmnis Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ra ramdenad aris datvirTuli
evropuli geniT "Savkaniani" individi? genetikuri argumentaciis mixedviT, es
asea, Tumca, monacemebi amas ar adasturebs. arsebuli monacemebi mixedviT,
evropuli warmomavlobis xarisxis korelacia IQ-Tan Zalian dabalia (mraval
kvlevebSi mxolod .15). is, rom romelime, an kanis feri an sisxlis jgufi
gamoiyeneba rasobrivi narevis maCveneblad, aris simarTle. erTmaneTs Seadares
im germaneli bavSvebis IQ, visac hyavdaT afro-amerikeli GI mama da TeTrkaniani
GI mama. Sedarebam araviTari gansxvaveba ar gamoavlina. amasTanave, "SavkanianiTeTrkaniani" kavSiris bavSvebs, hqondaT rva quliT maRali Sedegi, rodesac maT
hyavdaT TeTrkaniani deda. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna aris is, rom mamasTan
SedarebiT

deda

ufro

metad

monawileobs

bavSivis

inteleqtualuri

socializaciis procesSi da, ra Tqma unda, es gansxvaveba ar SeiZleba mieweros

genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikur monacemebi ganpirobebulia orive
mSoblis genetikiT (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).
ra Tqma unda, genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis IQ - ze, iseve
rogorc

mis

bevr

sxva

maxasiaTebelsa

da

unarze.

miuxedavad

amisa,

Cven

vamtkicebT, rom gansxvavebebi IQ-Si rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris ar

SeiZleba axsnas memkvidereobiT. is asrulebs aucilebel, magram arasakmaris
rols, amgvari Sesrulebis Sedegebze. axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba
asrulebdes

garemo faqtorebi IQ xarvezebis SeqmnaSi.

garemo da IQ
vinaidan

memkvidreobiTobis

maCveneblebi

(heridity estimates)

1.0-ze

naklebia,

vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar

aris pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes gavlenas. magram rogor
SeiZleba

ganvsazRvroT,

garemos

romeli

aspeqtia

IQ-sTvis

mniSvnelovani?

garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ testSi maRali qulebis miRebis

SesaZleblobaze (Beiser&Gotowiec,2000; Ceci,1999;Rowe,1997; Suzuki&Valencia,1997)? garemo
warmoadgens stimulTa rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba mravali
ganzomilebiT mixedviT, rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da

302

SeiZleba gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom

erTi da igive ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone)
fsiqologiur

garemoSi

ojaxSi.

gyavT

Tu

imyofebodnen.

da-Zma,

gaixseneT,

aqcvdnen

Tu

ara

rogor
maT

izrdebodiT
erTnair

Tqvens

yuradRebas

mSoblebisagan? icvleboda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi?

Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finansuri SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala
Tqveni mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom garemo Sedgeba bevri
komponentisgan, romelic dinamiurad aris urTierTdakavSirebuli

da icvleba

droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis

imis gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi IQ-ze ra saxis garemo pirobebi _ zrunva,
stresi, siRaribe, janmrTeloba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas.
umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi iyo garemos ufro
globaluri sazomebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socioekonomikuri statusi.
erT-erT farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti bavSvi
Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-s saukeTeso winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis
socioekonomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done iyo, rac erTnairad
WeSmariti aRmoCnda afrikeli, amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis (Broman et
al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena
IQ-ze.
suraTi 10.5. memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ--s Soris arsebuli
urTierTdamokidebuleba
mamebis saSualo IQ

grafikze asaxulia

vaJebis saSualo IQ

memkvidreobisa da garemos
wvlili IQ qulebSi.

socialuri klasi

mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT

erTnairi IQ-ebi

(memkvidreobiTobis
gavlena), magram rogorc

mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ

dakavSirebuli iyo

75

80

85

90

95

100

IQ

105

110

115

120

303

socialur klasTan (garemos gavlena)

ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze? simdidres iseve rogorc siRatakes

SeuZlia
maTgan

inteleqtualur
yvelaze

aSkara

funqcionirebaze
aris

sxvadsxvagvari

janmrTelobis

da

gavlenis

ganaTlebis

moxdena,

uzrunvelyofis

pirobebi. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTelobam da dabadebisas mcire wonam

SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli inteleqti. Ratak
ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi
mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs davalebebze koncentracias. amasTanave,
Raribi ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis, kompiuterebis da sxva im
nivTebis naklebobas, romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv ganviTarebas.
"orientacia gadarCenaze" nakleb drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi
inteleqtualuri stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad moqmedebs
bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis Sesarulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ-s
testebi.
da bolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi garkveul daRs atareben Cvens
sazogadoebaSi iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi, rasobrivad iseT
homogenur

sazogadoebaSic

ki,

rogoric

iaponiaSia.

magaliTad,

burakaminis

(burakamin), am sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris, IQ, sxva iaponelebTan

SedarebiT,

15

quliT

romelsac

individi

dabalia

(Ogbu, 1987). im

miekuTvneba,

SeiZleba

jgufis

socialurma

uaryofiTad

daRma,

imoqmedos

mis

TviTdarwmunebulobaze da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos testis Sedegebsa

da

saskolo

miRwevebze.

amitom

bavSvebis

xelsayrel

pirobebSi

gazrdis

SemTxvevaSi unda vxedavdeT garemos uSualo gavlenas IQ-ze.

saidan viciT
garemos gavlena IQI -ze

mkvlevarebi swavlodnen bavSvebis or jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen

304

2 wlis asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSoblebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi
jgufis bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo
meore jgufis bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani
hyavdaT, meore ki _ TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi veqsleris
inteleqtis skalis saSualebiT afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.
im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT,
iyo 108.7, xolo Sereuli rasis bavSvebis IQ _ 107..2. rogorc naCvenebia 10.6
suraTze, es maCveneblebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli amerikelebisaTvis
(Lynn,1996).

suraTi 10.6 naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ

qulebi

18
16

saSualo

14

klasis

TeTrkaniani

IQ scores

12

ojaxebis

10
8

mier

Sereuli

naSvileb

rasis

Savkanian

bavSvebs

da

hqondaT

saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi

4
2

arian

yvela naSvilebi
bavSvi

adre naSvilebi
bavSvebi

im

jgufebis

romlebisaTvisac

wevrebi,

damaxasiaTebelia

saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli

monacemebi aCvenebs garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQ-ze.
unda

aRiniSnos, rom

individualur

gansxvavebas

qmnis

ara rasa, aramed

ekonomikuri, janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis resursebi, romelic

rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi, ise _ bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv
mikuTvnebulobasTan.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarebi cdiloben am
Sedegis ganzogadebas sazogadoebriv doneze. programa "Head Start" federalurma
mTavrobam

pirvelad

1965

wels

daafinansa.

is

gankuTvnili

iyo

"mcire

SesaZlobebis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis,

socialuri,

saganmanaTleblo

da

emociuri

mdgomareobis

gasaumjobeseblad;

garda amisa, specialuri mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida ojaxebis

SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar Svilebze" (Kassebaum, 1994, p. 123). Head Start

305

programis arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana priviligirebul pirobebSi, aramed im

pirobebis gaumjobeseba, romelSic isini daibadnen da izrdebodnen. aRniSnuli
programis

mixedviT,

bavSvebi

iReben

specialur

skolamdel

ganaTlebas,

yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi iReben janmrTelobasTan da

bavSvis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul rCevebs. "Head Start" programis efeqturobis
pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo mxolod inteleqtis testebis (IQ Tests) da
miRwevis

sxva

sazomebis

(achivement

measures)

gaumjobesebaze.

faqtobrivad,

programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT

gaizarda. samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebi isev
mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998; Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am modelidan
SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana: IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom,
magram xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xangrZlivi (sustained). nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, Head Start programis SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma gadalaxa
Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod IQ-s mimarT.

empiriuli literaturidan ... viRebT rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi aris is, rom arc H"Head Start"-s da arc nebismier sxva skolamdel
programas ar SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis damangreveli zemoqmedebisagan.
adreul intervencias ubralod ar SeuZlia, daZlios cxovrebis cudi pirobebi,
aradamakmayofolebeli kveba da jandacva, uaryofiTi roluri modelebi da
dabali donis skolebi. dadebiTi mxare ki aris is, rom programebs SeuZlia
bavSvebis momzadeba skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmareba maT daZlevisa
(coping) da adaptaciis unarebis ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems maT,
cxovrebaSi

miaRwion

saukeTesos

Tu

ara,

ukeTes

Sedegebs

mainc.

(Zigler&Styfco,1994,p.129).
Tu

Cven

gamoviyenebT

inteleqtis

ufro

farTo

gansazRvrebas,

romelic

scildeba ubralod verbalur da Sesrulebis davalebebs inteleqtis testebSi,

garemo faqtorebis gavlena ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri
garemo

mniSvnelovnad

gansazRvravs

miRwevebsa da situaciur adaptaciaSi.

kultura da IQ testebis validoba

warmatebebs

inteleqtualur,

saskolo

306

adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen

Semdeg sasargeblo prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma aCvena, rom IQ qulebs
sakmaod

validurad

SeuZliaT

iseTi

sakiTxebis

prognozireba,

rogoricaa

saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli statusi da Sesrulebis xarisxi bevr samuSaoze

(Brody, 1997b; Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ testebi validurad
zomavs inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs (unarebs, intellectual abilities), romelic
Zalian mniSvnelovania individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmatebebis misaRwevad;
es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ inteleqti,
gazomili IQ-s saSualebiT, uSualo gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma
IQ-Si, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur warmatebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis
xarisxze arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis motivebi da rwmenebi. isini,
visac maRali IQ aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warmatebulni iyvnen
skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRwevaze
da

optimisturad

uyureben

sakuTar

SesaZleblobebs,

rom

Tavs

gaarTmeven

yvelafers. aseve, bavSvebs, visac dabali IQ aqvT, SeiZleba "Tan sdevdes" dabali
donis skolebi da programebi, ramac SeiZleba, garkvuliwilad, imoqmedos maT
TviTdarwmunebulobaze (Self-competence) studentobis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-m
SeiZleba ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros, IQ-s, Tavis mxriv,
SeuZlia axali garemo pirobebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, aseve _ uaresis _ Seqmna.
amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros
misi bedi inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri unarebis wvlilis miuxedavad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis validoba maTi ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT gamoyenebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev eWvis qveS ayenebs
maT validobas sxvadasxva kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas.
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis da testirebis mravali forma
SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas an saTanado qcevas.
ganvixiloT klasSi uaryofiTi Sefasebis erTi magaliTi:

rodesac

laTino

amerikeli

warmoSobis

emigranti

mSoblebis

bavSvebi

wavidnen amerikul skolaSi, isini ufro metad orientirebulni iyvnen gagebaze

vidre _ laparakze, maswavleblis avtoritetis pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari
azrebis

gamoxatvaze,

rasac

maTi

uaryofiTi

akademiuri

Sefaseba

mohyva.

307

maSasadame, erT kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis forma _ pativiscemiT mosmena

_

gaxda

uaryofiTi

Sefasebis

safuZveli

iseTi

skolis

pirobebSi,

sadac

TviTdajerebuli, mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul formad aris miCneuli.

am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi
ise, rom daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavinT gonierebaSi.
. erT-erTi

standartis

mixedviT

testebTan

IQ

dakavSirebul

problemas

warmoadgens maTi tendenciuroba, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva kulturis

wevrebis winaaRmdeg an sasargeblod: kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris
ur gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematiuri mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi,
rac maT xdis aravalidursa da usamarTlos umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi. maSinac
ki, rodesac testebis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli faqtori, masSi
mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es sakiTxi
SeiZleba

dakavSirebuli

iyos

ufro

testis

konteqstTan,

vidre

testis

SinaarsTan. klaud stili (Claude Steel) (1997; Steel&Aronson, 1995, 1998) aRniSnavda, rom
adamianebis mier unarebis testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens stereotipuli
muqara

(cnobili, agreTve, stereotipuli

saxelwodebiT)

safrTxe

imisa,

rom

mowyvladobis -Stereotype vulnerabilitydadasturdes

negatiuri

stereotipi

garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. Steele-is (Steel) gamokvlevebma aCvena, imis rwmenam, rom
situaciaSi

moqmedebs

uaryofiTi

stereotipi,

SeiZleba

gamoiwvios

cudi

Sesruleba, romelsac gulisxmobda stereotipi.

saidan viciT
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba
dasalagebelia stilisturad
erT
rTul,

kvlevaSi

Savkaniani

damamTavrebeli

da

gamocdis

TeTri
tipis,

studentebi
zepir

pasuxobdnen

SekiTxvebs.

Zalian

studentebis

naxevarma icoda, rom pasuxi kiTxvebze iyo diagnostikuri da zomavda maT

inteleqtualur
eqsperimenti

unars.

exeboda

studentebis

fsiqologiur

gadawyvetilebis

miRebis

gvTavazobs,

SedarebiT

rom

procesSi.
dabali

meore
faqtorebs,

naxevarma
romelic

stereotipuri
Sedegebi

icoda,

monawileobs

muqaris

kiTxvebze

rom

Teoria

eqnebodaT

im

308

studentebs,

romlebsac

situaciam

Seuqmna

stereotipuri

muqara

anu

Savkanian studentebs diagnostikur pirobebSi. rogorc xedavT 10.7 suraTis

nawilze, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi daadastura. rodesac Savkanian
studentebs

sjerodaT,

rom

testis

Sedegebi

SeiZleba

gamoyenebuli

yofiliyo maTi inteleqtis gansasazRvrad, maTi Sesruleba uaresi iyo

(Steel&Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqaris logika vrceldeba yvela jgufze,
romlis

mimarT

arsebobs

cudi

Sesrulebis

stereotipi.

magaliTad,

stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis

naklebi unari aqvT. rogorc naCvenebia 10.7 suraTis nawilze, rTulma
maTematikurma

testma

aCvena

sqesis

mixedviT

gansxvavebuli

Sedegebi

mxolod maSin, rodesac studentebs eubnebodnen, rom aseTi gansxvavebebi

SeiZleba yofiliyo (Steel, 1997). es niSnavs, rom testze muSaobis dawyebamde,
sqesobrivi gansxvavebis pirobebSi, studentebs eubnebodnen, rom warsulSi
aseTma testma aCvena sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba da ase iqneba maTTvisac.
aRsaniSnavia,

rom

TiToeul

am

kvlevaSi

mniSvnelovania,

Tu

rogor

gansazRvravs situacias testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

adamianebs

sjeraT,

rom

situacia

exeba

stereotips,

magaliTad,

rodesac

miaCniaT, rom testi zomavs inteleqts maTi stereotipulad cudi Sesrulebis

gamosavlenad, Sesruleba uaresdeba. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli IQ-s gazomva
stereotipuli muqaris aRmocenebis gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevarebi
verasodes SeZleben realuri Sesrulebis gansazRvras.
axla ganvixiloT bolo sakiTxi inteleqtisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad,
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikuri axsnisas aSS-i amJRavnebs kulturul
mikerZoebas. harold

stivensonma

(Harold Stevenson)

da

misma

kolegebma

(1993)

ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri

miRwevebis kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZnoblad jobnidnen TavianT
amerikel Tanatolebs. 1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo: "Cineli
bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali
qulebi, rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs" (gv. 54). niSnavs Tu ara es imas,
rom azieli bavSvebi genetikuri upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobrivad, ufro
mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebden.
rodesac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen aziel da amerikel studentebs,

309

maswavleblebs
maTTvis

da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra

"bejiTad

respondentebi

mecadineoba"

aqcents

Tu

"

"bejiTad

ufro

Tandayolili

mecadineobaze"

mniSvnelovani iyo

goniereba",
akeTebdnen,

azieli
amerikeli

respondentebi ki - "Tandayolil gonierebaze". rogorc xedavT, am Sexedulebebma

amerikelebi

SeiZleba

miiyvanos

daskvnamde,

rom

azielebi

genetikuri

upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis aTvisebaSi. radgan aseTma rwmenam

SeiZleba asaxva hpovos sazogadoebriv politikaSi, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa saWiro
imisaTvis, rom amerikelebma daeuflon maTematikas, maSin rodesac ara aqvT am
sagnis

Seswavlis

unari.

Zalian

mniSvnelovania

gamokvlevebis

Seswavla

im

mizniT, rom ganisazRvros ra SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra ar SeiZleba Seicvalos

inteleqtualur SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT.

naxati 10.7. stereotipuri muqara

stereotipur muqaras adgili

amoxsnil davalebaTa saSualo (dadgenili

SAT qulebiT)

Savkaniani

aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi

TeTrkaniani

20
18

Tvlian, rom negatiuri stereotipi

16

marTebulia mimdinare testirebis

14

pirobebSi. (A) erTi kvlevaSi

12

swavlobdnen stereotips: afro-

10
8

amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT

inteleqtis testebSi. cdis

pirebisebis _ Savkaniani da TeTri

sudentebis _ naxevarma icoda, rom

0
diagnostikuri

aradiagnostikuri

testis daxasiaTeba
qalebi

swori davadebebis raodenoba

30

mamakacebi

testi diagnostikuri iyo da

zomavda maT inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobas cdis pirebis meore
naxevars ar hqonda es informacia.
jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom

20

testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi

Sesruleba uaresdeboda.
(mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve

10

arsebuli gansxvavebebis
0
genderuli gansxvaveba

aragenderuli gansxvaveba

testis daxasiaTeba

310

gamosaricxad gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi.). (B) meore kvlevaSi

swavlobdnen stereotips: qalebi dabal qulebs iReben maTematikis gamocdebze.
cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci studentebis _ naxevars eubnebodnen, rom
maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena genderuli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi.
cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi
fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.
Sejameba
godardma (Goddard)
genetikuri

Seuwyo

inferiulobis

zogierTi

aRiarebis

rasobrivi

warumatebeli

da

eTnikuri

tradiciis

jgufebis

damkvidrebas.

qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena.

Tumca,

gazomva

IQ-s

rasobrivi

xSirad

gansxvavebebis

iZens

gamo.

politikur

mkvlevarebma

datvirTvas,

daadgines

miRebuli

IQ-Si

garemos

faqtorebi,

romelic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa, rom IQ-s sakmaod
validurad SeuZlia iseTi cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogoricaa
warmatebebi skolaSi da samsaxurSi, misi gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos
sxvadasxva rasobriv da kulturul jgufebis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, zogierTi
jgufi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas ganicdis stereotipuri
muqaris zemoqmedebas.
sanam davasrulebT inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas, davubrundeT iseT
sakiTxs, rogoricaa kreatuloba. kreatuloba aris adamianis unari, mocemuli
pirobebis Sesabamisi axali ideebis generirebisa an axali produqtis Seqmnisa
(Sternbeg&Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis magaliTi. es meqanizmi
siaxle iyo, radgan ucnob gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs mbrunavi obieqtebis
gamoyeneba. is iyo pirobebis Sesatyvisi, radgan Zalze cxadi iyo am siaxlis
gamoyenebis

SesaZlebloba.

pirobebTan

Sesatyvisobis

gareSe,

axali

ideebi

xSirad ucnaurad da Seusabamod aRqmeba.

am

TavSi

ganixileba

kreatuloba

imitom,

rom

bevri

adamiani

aRiarebs

inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis

dasamtkiceblad,

upirveles

yovlisa,

unda

SegveZlos

SemoqmedebiTobis

testireba, xolo Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris kavSiris dadgena.

311

amrigad, jer ganvixilavT meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an produqtebi

ganixileba rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs,
Semdeg ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli(an uCveulo) kreatulobis pirobebs da maT
kavSirs

SeSlilobasTan.

vnaxavT,

ra

SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajildovebuli

SeiZleba

viswavloT

gansakuTrebuli

adamianebisagan.

kreatulobis Sefaseba da misi kavSiri inteleqtTan

rogor

SeiZleba

ganvsazRvroT

adamianebi

kreatulebi

arian,

Tu

arakreatulebi? bevri midgoma fokusirdeba divergentul azrovnebaze, romelic

gansazRvrulia, rogorc problemis sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari.
kiTxvebi, romelic zomavs divergentul azrovnebas, saSualebas aZlevs testis
Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos. sxarti da moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974;
Wallah&Kogan, 1965):
daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni azriT, aris oTxkuTxedi.
sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac SeiZleba meti TeTri feris,
saWmelad vargisi sagnebi.
daasaxeleT,

Tqveni

azriT,

aguris

gamoyenebis

yvela

SesaZlo

varianti.
pasuxebi jamdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixedviT, rogoricaa (1) sisxarte gansxvavebuli

ideebis

saerTo

raodenoba,

(2)

unikaluroba

im

ideebis

raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba _

im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze
naklebma (Runco,1991).
rodesac kreatuloba Sefaseba xdeba am gziT, testi gvaZlevs Sesrulebis
indeqss, romelic SeiZleba sxva sazomebTan korelirebdes. bevr SemTxvevaSi,
mkvlevarebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergentuli azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s
Soris. saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris arsebobs susti an saSualo
korelacia, rodesac IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT korelacia mcirdeba
(Sternberg&O'Hara, 1999). ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari varaudobs,
rom

"inteleqtis~

garkveuli

done

iZleva

SemoqmedebiTobis

amoqmedebis

SesaZleblobas., magram ar axdens mis stimulacias" (Perkins, 1998, p.319). sxva

312

sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansazRvruli done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas, iyos

kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoiyenos es SesaZlebloba.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevarebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli
azrovnebis testebi (divergent-thinking tests) Zalian mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
inteleqtis testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebTan (ramac SeiZleba
axsnas

maRali

korelacia

kreatuli-arakreatuli

120

IQ-s

farglebSi)

adamianTa

(Lubart,1994).

Sefasebis

kriteriumiT

gansxvavebul

midgomas

warmoadgens maT mier gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _ naxatis, leqsis

an patara moTxrobis Seqmna. eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli produqtis
kreatulobis

xarisxi.

gamokvlevebma

aCvena,

rom

eqspertebi

sakmaod

erTsulovanni arian, rodesac isini afaseben produqtis kreatulobas (Amabile,

1983). eqspertebma

SeiZleba sakmaod

zustad

Seafason adamianebi dabali an

maRali kreatulobis TvalsazrisiT.

gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba da SeSliloba
arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs
warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi
adamianis dasaxelebas? savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawilobriv,
damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze, romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens
prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxelon zigmund froidi. ferweriT,
musikiT an cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba daasaxelon pablo
pikaso, igor stravinski an marta grahami. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli aseTi
individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas mogvcems?
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardner) airCia is individebi, romelTa
eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cvens mier adre ganxilul inteleqtis rva tipis
relevanturi iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski da grahami.
gardneris analizma saSualeba misca mas, Seeqmna tipiuri Semoqmedis
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac uwoda E.C.:
E.C-i. aRebs problemuri sferosa da gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos

kars, romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo

momenti.

am

wuTidan

E.C.

izolirebulia

Tanatolebisgan

da,

ZiriTadad,

313

damoukideblad unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom /aris raRac aRmoCenis zRvarze,

romelic jer TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul momentSi E.C. miiltvis
rogorc kognituri, ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is axerxebs Tavisi
mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe man SeiZleba Zalisa da
energiisagan daicalos. (Gardner, 1993, p.361).
am pasaJis

dasasruls

gardneri

moixseniebs

yvelaze zogad stereotips _ maTi cxovreba

tipiur

SemoqmedTa

erT-erT

esazRvreba, zogjer ki gulisxmobs

- SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom Zlieri kreatuloba mWidrod ukavSirdeba

SeSlilobas,
(Kessel,1989).

didi

xnis

SedarebiT

istoria

aqvs

Tanamedrove

da

platonis

periodSi

saxels

krepelini

ukavSirdeba

(Kraeplin)

(1921)

aRniSnavda, rom "maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT" anu bipolaruli aSlilobis

mqone individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian Tavisufali azrovnebis procesis (free
flowing though processes) fons, rac xels uwyobs did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15e TavSi vnaxavT , mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis periodebiT. Aadamians
amaRlebeli ganwyobileba aqvs da iqceva eqspansiurad. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
xelovnebisa da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali gamoCenili moRvawe swored
guneba-ganwyobilebis aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993). magram rogor
unda

gansazRvron mkvlevarebma, imoqmeda

individebis realuri azrovnebis procesze?

saidan viciT

Tu

ara

fsiqikurma

daavadebam

am

314

kreatuloba da
da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert
veisbergma

(Robert

Weisberg)

Seiswavla

kompozitor

robert

Sumanis

Semoqmedebis nawarmoebi. Sumans hqonda bipolaruli aSlilobis diagnozi.

garkveuli monacemebi maniasa da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi
kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma gacilebiT meti kompozicia
Seqmna maniakaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3), vidre _ depresiul
fazaSi(saSualod 2.7). Tumca, es kavSiri sustdeboda, rodesac veisbergma
Seafasa

nawarmoebebis

nawarmoebebi

xarisxiT

xarisxi.
ar

iyo

maniakalur

ukeTesi

periodSi

depresiul

Seqmnili

periodSi

Semnil

nawarmoebebs.
veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeSliloba (gamovlenili maniis saxiT)
mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da
qmnis

bevr

namuSevars.

Tu

pirovnebas

gamoirCeva

garkveuli

talantiT,

am

periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara yvela nawarmoebi, iqneba brwyinvale,

Tumca, xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebze ukeTesi.
istoriuli SemTxvevebis yuradRebiT mimoxilvam, romelic SemoqmedebiTobasa da
SeSlilobas Soris arsebul garkveuli xarisxis

kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti

Albert Rothenberg-i miiyvana daskvnamde, rom "mcdari da romantiulia Sexeduleba,

romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos,

adamianebi TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon

sxvebis mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba" (Rothenberg,1990,p.164).

mas mere rac adaminma miiRo informacia gansakuTrebul kretulobis Sesaxeb,
ra SeiZleba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba mibaZoT riskis gawevis models.
uaRresad kreatuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen "gaukvalav gzaze". aseve
SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis modeli. gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTobiT
dajildoebuli adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi daxelovnebas, romelSic
saukeTesoni iqnebian (Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebeli gaiziaroT Sinagani motivaciis

modeli

(Pattern of intrinsic motivation).

SemoqmedebiTi

adamianebi

gulmodgined

asruleben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da kmayofilebas aniWebT is,

rasac isini qmnian (Collins&Amabile,1999). Tu Tqven Tqvens cxovrebaSi SeZlebT sami
modelebis gaTvaliswinebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTobis gazrdas.

315

axla Tqven iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSualebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da

xsnian

individualur

gansxvavebebs,

romelic

arsebobs

inteleqtsa

da

kreatulobas Soris. Tumca, ueWvelia iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gacilebiT

metia

saWiro,

xarisxis

vidre

Sesaxeb.

codna

Semdeg

misi

inteleqtualurobisa

nawilSi

ganvixilavT

da

im

SemoqmedebiTobis

xerxebs,

romliTac

fsiqologebi iReben informacias im pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb,

romelic gansazRvravs TiToeuli individis unikalurobas.
Sejameba
kreatuloba
zogierTi

izomeba

Sexedulebis

divergentuli

azrovnebis

sawinaaRmdegod,

ar

testebis

dadasturda

saSualebiT.

mWidro

kavSiri

SemoqmedebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris. Tumca, SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs

garkveuli riskis gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias.
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizania sworad Sefasos adamianebi, rac
eqspertTa

daskvnebSi

SesaZlebelia

Secdomebis

maswavleblebis,

gareSe

iqneba

asaxuli. am

damqiraveblebis

da

miznis

sxva

miRweva

Semfaseblebis

subieqturi daskvnebis ufro obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romelic sakmaod

frTxilad aris agebuli da Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am mizanma
misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom
testireba
sqesis,

xels

rasis,

Seuwyobda

erovnebis,

sazogadoebis

privilegiebis

an

demokratizacias
fizikuri

da

Seamcirebda

garegnobis

SemTxveviT

kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs. Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis

miuxedavad,
polemika

fsiqologiaSi
ZiriTad

sam

ar

arsebobs

eTikur

sakiTxs

gadawyvetilebebis

samarTlianoba,

vargisianoba

(3)

da

testis

Sefasebaze

(2)

qulebis

exeba:

(1)

ganaTlebis
gamoyeneba

ufro

sakamaTo

testze

sfero.

dafuZnebuli

Sesafasebeli

testebis

individebis

garkveul

kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT.

testirebis

procesis

kritikosebi

aRniSnaven,

rom

zogierTebisaTvis

testirebis sazRauri an uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre sxvebisaTvis

(Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec
umciresobaTa

jgufebma

miiRes

dabali

qulebi,

ar

aZlevs

maT

garkveul

316

samuSaoebze Sesrulebis uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi, saxelmwifo samoqalaqo

samsaxurSi

damlageblad

muSaobis

dasawyebad,

msurvelma

unda

gaiaros

verbaluri testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri unarebis testi. mkvlevari

uiliam benkis (William Banks) mixedviT, es aris strategia, romelis mizania
umciresobebis
warmomadgenlebi
fasdeboda

samuSaoebze
testSi

cud

arasaTanado

ardaSveba.

(1990).

Sedegebs

iZleodnen,

normebis

mixedviT.

zogjer

umciresobaTa

radgan

garda

maTi

amisa,

erTi

Sedegebi
jgufis

kandidatebisaTvis SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli qulebi (cutoff scores) SeiZleba

sxvebis mimarT gamoyenebuli iyos SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
maSin, rodesac realurad, ufro dabali gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani,
Sesabamisad samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba
swori iqneboda. aRsaninvaia isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli dayrdnoba
ganapirobebs kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas.Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZleba
ufro

mogebuli

darCes

Tu

samuSaos

aRwerilobebi

Seicvleba

adamianTa

moTxovnilebebisa da unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

meore

eTikur

sakiTxs

warmoadgens

is,

rom

testireba

ara

mxolod

studentebis Sefasebas axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic garkveul rols

asrulebs. saskolo sistemis xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad
msjeloben

imaze

dayrdnobiT,

Tu

ramdenad

warmatebiT

asruleben

maTi

moswavleebi standartizebul miRwevis testebs TviT maswavleblebis xelfasebic

ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos testebis Sedegebze. testebis Sedegebis aseTma
mniSvnelobam skolebSi xeli Seuwyo TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs.
magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi skolis direqtori gadadga,
rodesac

gamoaSkaravda

mtkicebulebebi imis

Sesaxeb, rom testis

Sedegebis

gaujobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTeklaselebma miiRes iseTi saxis daxmareba,

rogoricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored Sesruleba (Thomas&Wingert,
2000). es faqtebi TviTon moswavleebma gamoamJRavnes. 10 wlis moswavleebma
mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT sTxoves eTaRliTaT. bavSvebi gaocebulni
iyvnen

ufrosebis

qceviT

da

sTxovdnen

mSoblebs,

aexsnaT

maTi

saqcieli.

bavSvebis amgvari damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad saSiSi SeiZleba

iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.

317

mesame eTikuri problema aris is, rom testis Sedegebs SeiZleba mohyves
statusi Seucvleli iarliyiT.

adamianebi sakmod xSirad Tvlian, rom arian IQ

110 an B tipis B studentebi, TiTqos testis Sedegebma maT daRi daasva. amgvarma
iarliyebma SeiZleba maT winsvlas xeli SeuSalos, radgan adamianebi ijereben,
rom maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia;
rom

maT

ar

SeuZliaT

sakuTari

SesaZleblobebis

gaumjobeseba.

testSi

miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da

Seasustos

TviTefeqturobis

gancda.

garkveuli

jgufebis

arasrulfasovnad

miCneva IQ monacemebis mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi Sedegia. isini,

vinc ase sajarod arian "daRudasmulebi", ijereben imas, rasac "eqspertebi"
amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom, skola da ganaTleba ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis
gaumjobesebis saSualebad.
testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli statusis miniWebis aseTi tendencia
vrceldeba rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze. rodesac testis
Sedegebi individis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis,
konfliqtisa

da

paTologiis

iarliyad

iqceva,

araadaptirebulobis,

adamianebi

gansakuTrebuli

bavSvebis

"aranormalurobaze" iwyeben ufro fiqrs, vidre ganaTlebis sistemaze,

romelic

saWiroebs

moswavles.

programebis

iarliyebs

wina

modificirebas

planze

devianturi

ise,

rom

pirovnenebi

moergos
ufro

yvela

gamoaqvs,

vidremaTi garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. individualistur sazogadoebebSi,

rogorica,

magaliTad,

aSS,

adamianebis

umravlesoba

mzad

aris

adamianis

warmateba da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da, amave dros, saTanadod

ar

Seafasos

garemo

pirobebis

zegavlena.

Cven

vkicxavT

adamians

warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoeba gamogvyavs mdgomareobis vamsubuqebT.

Cven vaqebT pirovnebas warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT sxvadasxva
sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada

misi warmateba. Cven

unda vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad, rac imis Sedegi, Tu sad
imyofebodnen, sad Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens gavlenas maT
qcevaze.
es Tavi gvinda davasruloT fil zimbardos (Phil Zimbardo) piradi, romelsac
SeiZleba

hqondes

romelic

SeiZleba

STagonebis

wyarod

iqces

studentebisaTvis, romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur testebs:

im

318

miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa,

Cems

mier

mravali

wlis

win

gakeTebulma

testebma

sul

sxva

ram

iwinaswarmetyvela. miuxedavad imisa, rom viyavi warCinebuli kursdamTavrebuli,

romelmac daamTavra Summa Cum Laude, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani) C miviRe
fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis testiT
Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze., Semdeg
Camricxes rezervSi da bolos mimiRes uxalisod.. es, nawilobriv, gamowveuli
iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul
zRvarze

naklebi

iyo.

magram

mogvianebiT

aRmovaCine,

rom

es

nawilobriv

gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom profesor-maswavleblebma Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva

mtkicebulebebis

mixedviT,

romelic

naxes

Cems

gancxadebasa

da

testebSi,

ivaraudes rom zangi var. am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT daskvnebze Cemi
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, mimeRwia warmatwebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi. sabednierod,
zogierTi

maTgani

mzad

iyo

CemTvis

Sansis

mosacemad,

rodesac

maT

mier

dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi) sxvagan

wavida staJirebaze.
warmatebebi

karierasa da cxovrebaSi moiTxovs gacilebiT mets, vidre

mxolod standartizebuli

testebiT gazomili

unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da

maxasiaTeblebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu

saSualod

ramdenad

kargi

Sedegi

eqnebaT

adamianebs,

nebismieri

mocemuli

individis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas. adamianebma SeiZleba

uaryon

testis qulebis pesimisturi

warmosaxviT,

imediT,

pirovnuli

prognozi, rodesac mizandasaxulobiT,

siamayiT

da

intensiuri

ZalisxmeviT

gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs. albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT

sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.

Sejameba
miuxedavad
sasargebloa

imisa,

rom

individisaTvis,

fsiqologiuri
jer

kidev

testireba
aris

testebis

xSir

SemTxvevaSi

upasuxismgeblod

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis

Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba

319

saganmanaTleblo

praqtikis

Sesafaseblad

da

testebis

Sedegebis

gamoyeneba

adamianTa garkveul kategoriebad daxarixxebisaTvis.

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
ra aris Sefaseba?
Sefaseba?
fsiqologiur Sefasebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da dasababams antikuri
CineTidan

iRebs.

am

sferoSi

mniSvnelovani

wvlili

Seitana

ser

frensis

galtonma (Sir Francis Galton).

Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos sando, validuri da standartizebuli.
sando

sazomi

gvaZlevs

Sesabamis

Sedegebs.

validuri

sazomi

afasebs

im

Tvisebebs, romelTa gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.

standartizebuli testis Catareba da Sedegebis Sejameba yovelTvis xdeba
erTi da igive gziT. normebis arseboba saSualebas iZleva, SevadaroT pirovnebis
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis da kulturis individTa saSualo maCvenebels.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
XX

saukunis

safuZveli

Cauyara

oTxmocdaaTiani
inteleqtis

wlebis

obieqturi

dasawyisSi
testirebis

safrangeTSi
ganviTarebas.

binem
qulebi

mocemuli iyo gonebrivi asakis terminebiT da asaxavda bavSvebis funqcionirebis

arsebul dones.
aSS-Si termanma Seqmna stenford-bines inteleqtis skala da moaxdina IQ-s
cnebis popularizacia.
veqslerma Seqmna specialuri inteleqtis testebi mozrdili pirebisaTvis,
bavSvebisaTvis da skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisaTvis.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
IQ-s

fsiqometriulma

analizma

aCvena,

rom

zogierT

ZiriTad

unars,

rogoricaa inteleqtis fluiduri da kristaluri aspeqti, garkveuli wvlili

Seaqvs IQ qulebSi.
Tanamedrove Teoriebi ganixilavs da zomavs inteleqts Zalian farTod,
msjeloben

ra

im

unarebsa

da

insaitebze,

romelsac

adamianebi

iyeneben

sxvadasxva amocanis gadasaWrelad.

stenbergi (Sternberg)
konteqstualur aspeqtebs.

ganasxvavebs

inteleqtis

komponentur,

empiriul

da

320

gardnerma (Gardner)
scildeba kidec

daadgina

inteleqtis

standartuli IQ

rva

tipi,

romelic

sazomebiT gazomvad

moicavs

inteleqtis

da

formebs.

Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia emociur inteleqtze.

inteleqtis politika
Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis testebi gamoiyeneboda eTnikuri da rasobrivi
jgufebis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi gancxadebebis gasakeTeblad.
IQ-s

maRali

memkvidreobiTobis

gamo,

zogierTi

mkvlevari

garkveuli

rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis dabal Sedegebs miawers maT Tandayolil

inferiorulobas.
araxelsayreli garemo pirobebi da stereotipuri muqariT aixsneba zogierTi
jgufis dabali qulebi. gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri gansxvavebebi SeiZleba
ganpirobebuli iyos garemo faqtorebiT.
kreatuloba
xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulobis Sefaseba xdeba divergentuli azrovnebis
testebis saSualebiT.
gansakuTrebiT kreatuli adamianebi midian riskze, gadian momzadebas da
uaRresad motivirebulni arian.
ar dadasturda kavSiri kreatulobasa da SeSlilobas Soris.
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom testebi xSirad sasargeblod gamoiyeneba momavali
Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, testis Sedegebi ar unda ganapirobebdes
individis

ganviTarebisa

da

cvlilebebis

ganxorcielebis

SesaZleblobis

SezRudvas.
rodesac

Sefasebis

Sedegebi

momavalSi

gavlenas

axdens

individis

cxovrebaze, gamoyenebuli teqnikebi unda iyos sando da validuri rogorc am

individTan mimarTebaSi, ise _ gamoyenebis mizanTan mimarTebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
qronologiuri asaki (gv. 295)- chronological age
kreatuloba (gv. 311)- creativity
kriteriumis validoba (gv, 293)-criterion validity

321

kristalizebuli inteleqti (gv.300) crystallized intelligence

divergentuli azrovneba (gv. 312) divergent thinking
emociuri inteleqti (gv. 302) emotional intelligence (gv. 303) EQEQ
TvalsaCino validoba (gv. 293) face validity
fluiduri inteleqti (gv. 300) fluid intelligence
formaluri Sefaseba (gv. 292) formaluri Sefasebag faqtori (gv. 300)
memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli (gv. 305) heritability estimate
inteleqti (gv. 295) intelligence
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (gv. 296) intelligence quatient
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (gv. 292) internal consistency
gonebrivi asaki (gv. 295) mental age
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (gv. 296) mental retardation
normebi (gv. 294) norms
paraleluri formebi (gv. 292) parallel forms
prognozirebadi validuroba (gv. 293) predictive validity
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (gv. 290) psychological assessment
fsiqometria (gv. 299)- psychometric
sandooba (gv. 292) reliability
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (gv. 292)split-half reliability
standartizeba (gv. 294) standatization
stereotipuri muqara (gv. 310) stereotype threat
test-retestuli sandooba (gv. 292) test-retest reliability
validoba (gv. 292) validity
10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta
1. Laugh
2. Tempt
3. Short
4. Knight
5. Write
6. Allow

322

7. Drive
8. Cough
9. Enter
10. Basic
leqsikoni
fsiqologiuri

Sefaseba

individTa

unarebis,

qcevisa

da

pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansazRvruli procedurebi.

formaluri Sefaseba - sistematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba individebis funqcionirebis,
unarebis, qcevebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.
sandooba

xarisxi,

romelic

uzrunvelyofs

erTnair

qulebs

testis

nebismier dros gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis stabilurobas an

konsistenturobas.
testtest-retestuli sandooba - erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis
sxvadasxva

dros

Catarebis

Sedegad

miRebul

qulebs

Soris

arsebuli

korelaciis sazomi.
paraleluri
sandoobis

formebi

Sesafaseblad;

testis

formebis

sxvadasxva
Secvla

versiis

amcirebs

gamoyeneba

pirdapiri

testis

gamoyenebis,

damaxsovrebis efeqts an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsistenturoba erTi

da igive amocanis mimarT.
Sinagani Sebamisoba (konsistenturoba) - sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva
nawilebis, rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebis, gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli
msgavsebis xarisxi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis sandooba - cdis pirebis
mier Sesrulebuli testis sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis
sazomi. (kenti da luwi nomrebis mqone punqtebi..
validoba gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo
miwodebuli.

323

TvalsaCino validoba (face validity)

xarisxi,

Tu

ramdenad

aris

testis

amocanebi uSualod dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan.

validoba

kriteriumis

mixedviT

xarisxi,

Tu

ramdenad

Seesabameba

gansazRvruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis Sedegebi Sesafasebeli

maxasiaTeblis zogierT sxva kriteriums.
normebi

standartizirebulia

individebis

didi

jgufebis

gazomvis

safuZvelze. normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT individisa da ama Tu im

gansazRvruli jgufis normebi.
standartizacia testirebis erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli
cdis pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti Tu monacemebis registracia.
stereotipuri muqara - safrTxe, rom dadasturebuli
jgufis mimarT arsebuli negatiuri stereotipi.

iqneba

garkveuli

kreatuloba garemosTvis adekvaturi da axali ideebisa da produqtebis

generirebis unari.
divergentuli azrovneba kreatulobis gamovlineba, romelic xasiaTdeba
problemis uCveulo da, amave dros, saTanado gadawyvetiT.

324

inteleqti - gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb

mocemuli informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi unari.
gonebrivi asaki _ bines inteleqtis etalonis mixedviT aris asaki, rodesac
bavSvis inteleqtualuri aqtioba gamoxatulia im saSualo asakiT, romelSic
normaluri bavSvebi aRweven gansazRvrul qulas.
qronologiuri asaki _ individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis
raodenoba.
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)
_ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis
(
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi
asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze gamravlebiT; amJamad
pirdapir gamoiTvleba, rogorc IQ testis qula.
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba _ rodesac individebis IQ-s qulebi meryeobs 70-75mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve, rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli
amocanebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis unari.
fsiqometria _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
testirebaSi specializirdeba.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, romelic safuZvlad
udevs yovelgvar inteleqtualur aqtiobas.
kristalizebuli
kristalizebuli inteleqti _ inteleqtis aspeqti, romelSic Sedis
pirovnebis ukve SeZenili codna da am codnis gamoyeneba-gazrdis unari; izomeba
leqsikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi informirebulobis testebiT.
fluiduri inteleqti _ inteleqtis aspeqti, romelic moicavs rTuli
mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris unars.
emociuri inteleqti _ inteleqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da gamoxatva; azrovnebis
gasaadvileblad emociebis gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari emociebis regulireba rogorc
emociuri, ise _ inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
EQ -IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.

325

memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba _ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis

xarisxis

statistikuri Sefaseba dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic

icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.

Tavi 11: adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna

ganviTarebis aRwera
ganviTarebis axsna

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

ganviTareba Canasaxisa da adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi
fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi
kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

enis aTviseba
sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma
sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla
gramatikis aTviseba

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

eriksonis fsiqosocialuri stadiebi
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi
socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi
socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvTa

ganviTarebaze

genderuli ganviTareba
sqesi da genderi

326

sqesobrivi rolebis aTviseba

moraluri ganviTareba
moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT
genderisa da kulturis ganvlena moralur gansjaze
viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi

vfiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yvela inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo da deda _
sadazRvevo

agenti.

TandaTan

finansuri

mdgomareoba

umjobesdeboda da

es

yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma
minda? mama cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis mersedesi, gvelis tyavis
fexsacmeli da sxva msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala. ase rom, Tqven
warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad, garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi
mezobeli bavSvebisagan.
vinaidan

ojaxisTvis

dro

aravis

hqonda,

me

visjebodi

yvela

araswori

saqcielisaTvis, magram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo. es mudam ase
iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba, rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc
miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, aris Cemi sakuTari skolis gaxsna. aTi wlis
Semdeg Cems Tavs vxedav skolaSi, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi, aramed
skolaSi,

romelSic

ar

sistemis

mankierebani.

iqneba
es

asaxuli

sistema

xom

Cveni

politikuri

viRacaze

da

ekonomikuri

upiratesobis

mopovebas

gulisxmobs.
Cemi skola iqneba ubralod Tanasworuflebiani maswavleblebis skola _
TeTrkaniani,

Savkaniani,

laTino-amerikeli,

Cineli,

nebismieri

radgan

es

yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komercia.

fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi mersedesi da vila, magram Tu Seni suli
daukmayofilebelia, Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar.

327

es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afro-amerikelis, derilis, sityvebi.

aSkaraa, rom movlenebma, romelTac ganapirobes misi warsuli, aseve ganapirobes
misi samomavlo miswrafebebi (Goodmillie, 1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT
daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11-e
TavSi Cven SevecdebiT, gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic individTa
cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ayalibeben.
warmoidgineT, rom xelSi giWiravT axalSobili. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT
gansazRvroT,

rogori

TxuTmetis?

iqneba

igi

ormocdaaTis?

erTi

wlis

Semdeg?

samocdaaTis?

xuTi

wlis

oTxmocdaaTis?

Semdeg?
Tqveni

winaswarmetyveleba, albaT, daefuZneba zogadisa da konkretulis nazavs. bavSvi,

albaT, namdvilad iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos niWieri
avtori. Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, aseve, SeiZleba daefuZnos Tandayolilisa da
garemo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas: Tu orive mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven
SeiZleba

ifiqroT,

rom

bavSvic,

aseve,

literaturuli

niWiT

iqneba

dajildoebuli; bavSvs rom ganaTleba mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli,

Tqven

SeiZleba

mSoblebisas.

am

gefiqraT,
TavSi

rom

Cven

misi

aRvwerT

akademiuri

moswreba

ganviTarebis

gadaaWarbebda

fsiqologiis

Teoriebs,

romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemurad gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis

gakeTeba SegviZlia axalSobili bavSvis momavlis Sesaxeb.

ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) _ fsiqologiis dargi,

romelic

swavlobs

fizikuri

da

fsiqologiuri

procesebis

urTierTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze

ganviTarebis poziciidan.
ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris

fsiqologiis

sfero, romelic

Seiswavlis

cvlilebebs adamianis fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi Casaxvidan

sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da
ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmavlobaSi da aRweron da axsnan es
cvlilebebi. mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa ganmavlobaSic
pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor
icvleba

es

unarebi.

ZiriTadi

winapirobaa

is,

rom

adamianis

fsiqikuri

funqcionireba, socialuri urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod aucilebeli

328

aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1

miaxloebiT gvaCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs.
am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor
warmoadgenen

im

ganmavlobaSi

momxdari

gamocdilebebs

Teoriebs,

romelTa

cvlilebebis

sxvadasxva

saSualebiTac

axsnas.

sferoebad

Semdeg

davyofT

da

cdiloben

Tqvens

droTa

cxovrebiseul

TiToeuli

maTganis

gaTvaliswinrbiT ganvixilavT ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yuradRebas

SevCerdebiT fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTarebaze. Semdeg ki yuradRebas
gavamaxvilebT

socialuri

urTierTobebis

cvalebad

bunebaze

sicocxlis

ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec adamianebi

dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze. axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis
Seswavla.
cxrili 11.1. ganviTarebis safexurebi
safexuri

asaki

Canasaxovani

dabadebis wina periodi

(prenataluri)

dabadebidan 18 Tvemde

Cvili bavSvoba

daaxloebiT

adreuli bavSvoba

wlamde

gviani bavSvoba

daaxloebiT

mozardoba

wlamde

axalgazrdoba12

daaxloebiT

mowifuloba

wlamde

xnovani

daaxloebiT

18

Tvidan

wlidan

13

13

wlidan

20

20

wlidan

30

30

wlidan

65

wlamde
daaxloebiT
wlamde
daaxloebiT 65 wlidan da
zeviT

12

cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTiandeba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba, sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq:
axalgazrdoba, (2) Sua xnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

329

ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna

warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvlilebis siis Sedgena, romelic,
Tqveni azriT, bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras CawerdiT am siaSi?
xom

ar

CaerTeT

axal

fizikuri

gajansaRebis

progrmaSi?

an

xom

ar

gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an

interesi? megobarTa axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuTrebiT xom ar
dauaxlovdiT?

rodesac

aRvwerT

ganviTarebas,

Cven

mis

konceptualizacias

cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar

cvlilebebze fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina _ cvlileba TiTqmis yovelTvis niSnavs
kompromiss.

SeZenis

adamianebi

process

xSirad

(ukeTesobisaken

cxovrebas
svlas)

ganixilaven,
bavSvobaSi

rogorc,

da,

piriqiT,

ZiriTadad,

dakargvis

process (danakargs, uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi.

ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da,
Sesabamisad, mogebebi da danakargebi axasiaTebs ganviTarebis yvela etaps (Dixon
1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989). magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanamgzavrs
irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas.
roca adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini Tmoben statuss, magram
iZenen Tavisufal dros.
agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom Tqven ganviTareba ar ganixiloT,
rogorc pasiuri procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri cvlileba
individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas moiTxovs. (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner &
Ceci, 1994).
axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevarebi ganviTarebis cvlilebebs.
ganviTarebis aRwera
imisaTvis,

rom

aRvweroT

cvlileba,

pirveli

sasargeblo

nabiji

iqneba,

davadginoT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo adamiani

garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis
mixedviT. normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron

konkretuli asakis an

ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa

sistematuri testirebis gziT, mkvlevarebi adgenen ganviTarebis TvalSisacem
Tvisebebs. bevr adamianze dakvirvebis safuZvelze, es monacemebi uzrunvelyofen

330

normebs _ ganviTarebis an miRwevis standartul paternebs, romelic didi

raodenobiT adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli.
normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqologebi erTmaneTisgan mijnaven
qronologiur asaks _

pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa Tu wlebis

raodenobas, da ganviTarebis asaks _ qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis

umravlesoba avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTarebis garkveul dones. sami
wlis bavSvi, romelic metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi, iTvleba, rom
metyvelebis

ganviTarebis

mixedviT

is

wlisaa.

normebi

uzrunvelyofs

standartul baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba individebisa da

jgufebis urTierTSedareba.
cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis
ramodenime models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamoyenebisas erTi da igive
individebi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa da testirebis
qveS imyofebian. magaliTad, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramodenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi
kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da igive bavSvebi, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad
daafiqsiron
gamoyenebas

is

momenti,

ariTmetikuli

roca

TiToeuli

amocanebis

bavSvi

daiwyebs

gadasawyvetad

mza strategiis

(Siegler & Crowley,

1991).

cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu,

kerZod, ra uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevarebi longitudur meTods,
aseve, xSirad iyeneben individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad. sxvadasxva
adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad, mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi faqtorebisa, romelic
moqmedebs

cxovrebis

adreul

periodSi

da

naxon,

ra

gavlenas

axdens

es

faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze.

grZelvadiani

gamokvlevis

upiratesoba

isaa,

rom

vinaidan

cdis

pirebi,

ZiriTadad, erTgvar sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave socialurekonomikur periodSi cxovroben, SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis
dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereba socialuri pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie,
1989). am meTodis minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeTdes mxolod
imave

kohortaze,

anu

kvlevaSi

CarTuli

subieqtebis

analogiur

periodSi

dabadebul adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan

Znelia cdis pirebze dakvirveba drois xagrZlivi monakveTebis manZilze da,

331

Tanac, monacemebi advilad SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gasvlis an

gauCinarebis gamo.
normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa
Tu ganviTarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis aRweras.
qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis
an wlebis raodenoba.
ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) qronologiuri asaki, romlis drosac
bavSvebis

umravlesoba

amJRavnebs

fizikuri

Tu

gonebrivi

ganviTarebis

garkveul dones.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) kvlevis meTodi, romlis drosac
erTsa da imaive cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba droTa
ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis manZilze.
ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba iyenebs e. w. jvaredini Seswavlis meTods,
meTods
sadac

sxvadasxva

erTdroulad
SeuZlia

dakvirvebac

daaskvnas

dakavSirebuli

qronologiuri

iyos

im

xdeba

qceviTi
asakobriv

da

asakis

mqone

cdis

urTierTSedarebac.

gansxvavebebis

Taobaze,

cvlilebebTan.

pirTa

jgufebze

Sedegad,

mkvlevars

romlebic,

SesaZloa,

magaliTad,

mkvlevrebma

imis

Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur

mxardaWeras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19
wlis mozardTa wyvilebs (Denton & Zarbatany, 1996). jvaredini Seswavlis meTodis
nakli momdinareobs iqidan, rom erTmaneTs dardeba sxvadasxva qronologiuri
asakis

individebi.

sxvadasxva

Taobaze

asakobriv
moqmedi

cvlilebebis
gansxvavebuli

Sefasebisas

gaugebrobas

socialur-politikuri

qmnis

pirobebi.

Sesabamisad, 10 wlis da 18 wlis individTa SerCevebis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas,

romelic axla tardeba, SeiZleba gairkves, rom es adamianebi gansxvavdebian
TavianTi Tanatolebisgan, romlebic 1970-ian wlebSi gaizardnen, rogorc epoqis,
ise _ ganviTarebis stadiebis TaviseburebebiT.
TiToeuli meTodologia asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebis aRweris
saSualebas iZleva, magram rogor xdeba cvlilebis mTlian paternis axla? axla
am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.

332

jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (cross-sectional design) _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic

gulisxmobs

sxvadasxva

asakis

adamianTa

jgufebze

dakvirvebasa

da

erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.

ganviTarebis axsna
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi eufleba enas, Tumca, TiToeuli bavSvi amas odnav
gansxvavebulad akeTebs. marTalia, mozardTa umravlesoba ufro racionalurad
azrovnebs,

vidre

maTze

umcrosebi,

magram

gvxvdebian

iseTebic,

romlebic

TavianT Tanatolebze ukeT azrovneben. ganviTarebis asaxsnelad aucilebelia

rogorc

cvlilebaTa

individisTvis

universaluri,

damaxasiaTebeli

saerTo

aspeqtebis,

specifikuri,

aseve,

TiToeuli

unikaluri

aspeqtebis

gaTvaliswineba.
ganviTarebis Teoriebs Soris yvelaze mkveTri gansvla bavSvobaSi mimdinare
cvlilebebs

ukavSirdeba. sakiTxi

isaa,

Tu

rogor

jobia

axalSobilsa

da,

vTqvaT, 10 wlis bavSvs Soris arsebuli mkveTri siRrmiseuli ganxvavebebis axsna:

ramdenad aris aseTi ganviTareba ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT (bunebiT) da
ramdenad

fsiqologebi

daswavlis
da

Sedegi

(garemo)?

pedagogebi

didi

xania,

rac

TandayoliliTandayolili-SeZenilis

filosofosebi,
dapirispirebaze,
dapirispirebaze

memkvidreobiTobisa da daswavlis fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze kamaToben. erT

mxares

arian

isini,

SesaZleblobebis

visac

gareSe

mianCia,

ibadeba

da

rom
rom

adamiani

yovelgvari

gamocdileba,

codnisa

daswavlis

da

formiT,

waruSlel kvals tovebs axalSobilis Camouyalibebeli gonebis sufTa dafaze

(laTinurad tabula rasa). es mosazreba, romelic britanelma filosofosma jon
lokma

(John Locke)

ganviTareba

wamoayena,

gamocdilebas

empirizmis

miewereba.

saxeliT

empiristebs

aris

cnobili.

miaCniaT,

rom

adamianis
adamianis

ganviTarebas aRzrda warmarTavs. mecnierTa Soric, vinc ar eTanxmeboda maT, iyo

frangi filosofosi JanJan-Jak ruso (Jean-Jacques Rousseau). is nativistur poziciaze
idga da Tvlida, rom buneba anu evoluciuri memkvidreoba, romlsac flobs
TiToeuli bavSvi, ganapirobebs misi ganviTarebis sqemas.

333

empiricistebsa da nativistebs Soris kamaTi gamwvavda, rodesac 1798 wels

safrangeTSi, sofel aveironis maxloblad tyeSi ipoves, savaraudod, cxovelebis
gazrdili biWi. iTvleboda, rom am 12 wlis velur bavSvSi, romelic cnobili
gaxda, rogorc veluri biWi aveironidan, imaleboda pasuxebi adamianis bunebis
Sesaxeb arsebiT kiTxvebze: SeeZlo ki am bavSvs mas Semdeg, rac bavSvoba
adamianTan kontaqtis gareSe gaatara, namdvili adamiani gamxdariyo?
axalgazrda eqimma, Jan mark itardma (Jean Marc Itard) rTuli amocanis Sesruleba
daisaxa

miznad

aRezarda

da

civilizaciisTvis

eziarebina

veluri

biWi,

romelsac man viqtori daarqva,. Tavidan itardis intensiuri swavlebis programa

warmatebuli

Canda.

viqtori

mosiyvarule

da

zrdilobian

bavSvad

iqca

da

miTiTebebis Sesrulebac iswavla. Tumca, xuTi wlis Semdeg progresi SeCerda da

itardi

iZulebuli

gaxda,

Seewyvita

eqsperimenti

(Itard,

1802/1962).

ra

gaxda

warumateblobis mizezi: buneba Tu aRzrda? SesaZloa, Cvili viqtori imitom

miatoves bedis anabara, rom ar viTardeboda. Tu marTlac es iyo mizezi,
nebismieri varjiSi mxolod garkveul farglebSi iqneboda Sedegiani. Tu es ase
ar iyo, daexmareboda Tu ara swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodebi biWs ufro
srulad ganviTarebaSi, vidre es itardis meTodebma SeZlo? harlan leini, (Harlen
Lane;; 1976, 1986) _ erT-erTi specialisti, romelmac Seiswavla viqtoris istoria,
fiqrobs, rom es SemTxveva naTlad gviCvenebs adreuli socialuri kontaqtebis
gadamwyvet rols komunikaciur da gonebriv ganviTarebaSi.
dResdReobiT mkvlevarebi bunebisa da aRzrdis gavlenis Sesaswavlad mTel
rig

meTodebs

floben

da

aRar

sWirdebaT

bunebis

iseTi

samwuxaro

eqsperimentebis gamoyeneba, rogoric viqtoris SemTxveva iyo. Cven viciT, rom

lokisa

da

rusos

mravalferovnebis

ukiduresi

mimarT.

poziciebi

TiTqmis

nebismieri

usamarTloa
rTuli

adamianis

qceva

qcevis

ganpirobebulia

rogorc individualuri biologiuri memkvidreobiT, ise _ piradi gamocdilebiT.

Cveni survilia, bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas aseT WrilSi SexedoT:
memkvidreobiToba

uzrunvelyofs

potencials;

gamocdileba

gansazRvravs

am

potencialis ganxorcieldebis mimarTulebas. wimandebare TavSi davinaxavT, Tu

rogor viTardeba da realizdeba potenciali unikaluri adamianebis cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba

334

ganviTarebis fsiqologebi gvTavazoben Teoriebs, raTa axsnan, Tu rogor da

ratom

icvlebian

grZelvadiani

adamianebi

ganviTarebis

cxovrebis
etapebis

ganmavlobaSi.

Taviseburebebis

calkeuli
aRsawerad

asakisa

da

mkvlevarebi

iyeneben normatiul kvlevebs. longituduri kvlevebi individebis erT garkveul

jgufs xangrZlivi drois manZilze Seiswavlian; jvaredini meTodebi sxvadasxva
asakobriv jgufebs erTdroulad ikvleven.
filosofosebi
cvlilebebis

da

fsiqologebi

gansazRvraSi

mniSvnelovnebaze.

odiTganve

Tandayolilisa

dResdReobiT

mkvlevarTa

kamaTobdnen
da

ganviTarebis

SeZenilis

umravlesoba

fardobiT
ganviTarebas

ganixilavs, rogorc bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas.

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTarebis

mravali tipi,

romelsac

am

TavSi

aRvwerT,

dasadgenad

da

gansasazRvrad garkveul specialur codnas moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba

verc ki SegemCniaT socialuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani momentebi manam, sanam
aq ar waikiTxavdiT maT Sesaxeb. Tumca, adamianis ganviTarebaze saubars im
sferos ganxilviT daviwyebT, sadac cvlilebebi xSirad Zalze TvalsaCinoa: esaa
fizikuri ganviTareba.
ganviTareba ueWvelia, rom Tqven uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi
ganicadeT

mas

Semdeg,

rac

am

qveyanas

moevlineT.

es

cvlilebebi

Tqveni

cxovrebis bolomde gagrZeldeba. vinaidan fizikuri cvlilebebi uamravia, Cven

mxolod

im

cvlilebebze

SevaCerebT

yuradRebas,

romlebic

fsiqologiur

ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeben.
bunebacontroversy)) _ kamaTi qcevisa da
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (nature-nurture
(
ganviTarebis

gansazRvraSi

Tandayolilisa

(bunebis)

da

SeZenili

gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb.

fizikuri ganviTareba (physical development) _ Casaxvidan mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze mimdinare sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda.

ganviTareba Canasaxis periodsa da adreul bavSvobaSi

335

Tqven cxovrebas iwyebT unikaluri genetikuri potencialiT: Casaxvis momentSi

mamakacis spermatozoidma gaanayofiera qalis kvercxujredi da warmoiqmna erTi
ujredi _ zigota;
zigota Tqven dedisgan miiReT yvela normaluri adamianis sxeulis
ujredisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 46 qromosomis erTi naxevari, mamisagan ki _ meore
naxevari. am qveTavSi detalurad ganvixilavT fizikur ganviTarebas Canasaxovan

periodSi _ Casaxvis momentidan dabadebis momentamde. agreTve, aRvwerT zogierT

sensorul

SesaZleblobas,

romelsac

bavSvi

ker

kidev

dabadebamde

flobs.

dasasrul, visaubrebT bavSvobis asakis mniSvnelovan fizikur cvlilebebze.

(originalSi gv. 322) suraTze:
suraTze ganviTarebasTan erTad, nayofis Tavis tvini wuTSi

axal 250 000 neirons warmoSobs. ramdenad unda iyos Tavis tvini ganviTarebuli
bavSvis dabadebisas?
fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi
nebismieri

bavSvis

yvelaze

adreuli

funqcionirebis

formaa

guliscema.

guliscema iwyeba Canasaxovan periodSi, dabadebamde, roca embrioni aris 3 kviris

da 20 mm sigrZis. reaqcia stimulaciaze SeiniSneba 6 kviris asakSi, roca
embrioni jer ar aris 2,5 sm sigrZis. spontanuri moZraobebi SeimCneva 8 kviris
asakSi (Carmichael, 1970; Humprey, 1970).
8 kviris Semdeg ganviTarebad embrions ewodeba nayofi (fetusi). Casaxvidan
daaxloebiT 16 kviris Semdeg deda grZnobs nayofis moZraobebs. am droisaTvis
nayofi daaxloebiT 23 sm sigrZisaa (dabadebisas saSualo sigrZe 50 sm-ia).
vinaidan Tavis tvini muclad yofnis dros izrdeba, is wuTSi 250 000 axal
neirons

gamoimuSavebs/warmoqmnis.

dabadebis

momentisaTvis

maTi

ricxvi

100

miliardze mets aRwevs (Cowan, 1979). adamianebSi da sxva mraval ZuZumwovarSi

ujredebis

es

gavrceleba

da

neironebis

migracia

Sesabamisi

adgilebisken

swored Canasaxovan periodSi xdeba, maSin, roca aqsonebisa da dendritebis

gantotebis ganviTarebis procesebi, ZiriTadad, dabadebis Semdeg iwyeba. (Kolb,
1989). suraTi 11.1 gviCvenebs Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobas 25 dRidan 9
Tvemde.
sur. 11.1. adamianis tvinis ganviTareba

336

cxra

Tvis

manZilze,

romelic

dabadebas

uswrebs

ganmavlobaSi

iseT

win,

tvinSi

srulad

grovdeba 100 miliard neironze meti.

orsulobis

pirveli

Tveebis

faqtorebs,

rogoricaa

araswori kveba, infeqcia, radiacia an narkotikebis moxmareba, SeiZleba mohyves

bavSvis sxeulis struqturisa da organoebis normaluri ganviTarebis darRveva.
magaliTad, rodesac Casaxvidan ori an oTxi kviris Semdeg deda inficirdeba
wiTuriT, 50%-ia imis albaToba, rom bavSvze es iseTi uaryofiTi Sedegebis saxiT
aisaxeba, rogoricaa gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, mxedvelobis dazianeba, gulis
defeqtebi an siyrue. Tu inficireba sxva dros xdeba, maSin arasasurveli
efeqtis albaToba mniSvnelovnad naklebia (22% _ meore Tveze, 8% _ mesameze)
(Murata, 1992). aseve, dedebi, romlebic senzitiur periodSi anu rodesac nayofi
gansakuTrebiT

mowyvladia,

garkveul

nivTierebebs

moixmaren,

magaliTad,

alkohols, TavianT jer ar dabadebul Svilebs tvinis da sxva organoebis Tu

sxeulis nawilebis dazianebis risks winaSe ayeneben (Goodlet & Johnson, 1999; Jacobson,
1993; Roebuck, 1999). magaliTad, saxis anomaliebis ganviTareba yvelaze xSirad
orsulobis pirveli ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi dedis mier alkoholis moxmarebis
Sedegia. (Coles, 1994). garda amisa, sigaretis mweveli dedebic riskis qveS ayeneben
TavianT Svilebs, gansakuTrebiT orsulobis meore naxevarSi. orsulobis dros
moweva zrdis mkvdrad Sobis, naadrevad mSobiarobis da bavSvis nakluli woniT
dabadebis

risks.

faqtobrivad,

im

qalebs,

romlebic

orsulobis

dros

iZulebulni arian, CaisunTqon Tambaqos kvamli, aseve, SeiZleba hyavdeT nakluli

woniani bavSvebi (Dejin-Karllson et al., 1998).
orsulobisas zogierTma nivTierebam praqtikulad nebismier dros SeiZleba
miayenos

ziani nayofs. magaliTad, kokaini

ganviTarebis
Seviwrovebas

Seferxeba

SeuZlia.

iwvevs. orsul

placentaSi aRwevs

mozrdilebSi

qalebSi kokaini

kokaini

aferxebs

da Canasaxis

sisxlZarRvebis

placentaSi

sisxlis

moZraobas da nayofis JangbadiT momaragebas. Jangbadis seriozuli SimSilis

Sedegad SeiZleba gaskdes kidec nayofis Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebi. aseTma
prenatalurma

insultebma

SeiZleba

samudamo

fsiqikuri

arasrlfasovneba

gamoiwvios (Chasnoff, 1998; Koren, 1998). kvleva aCvenebs, rom kokaini yvelaze metad
Tavis tvinis im sistemebs azianebs, romlebic yuradRebis marTvaze ageben pasuxs:
bavSvebi, romlebmac muclad yofnisas kokainis zemoqmedeba ganicades, SeiZleba

337

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uSedegod ewinaaRmdegebodnen maTTvis uintereso

mxedvelobiT da smeniT da gamRizianeblebze yuradRebis gadatanas.
am

magaliTebiT

gvsurda,

gveCvenebina,

rom

sxeulsa

da

tvins

bavSvis

dabadebamdec ki ayalibebs bunebisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba.

zigota (zygote)
) _ erTi ujredi, romelic warmoiqmneba spermatozoidis mier
(
kvercxujredis ganayofierebis Sedegad.

bavSvebi momarTulni arian gadarCenisaTvis

ra SesaZleblobebia Cadebuli sxeulsa da tvinSi dabadebisas? Cven miveCvieT
azrs, rom axalSobili sruliad umweo da ususuria. biheviorizmis fuZemdebeli
jon uotsoni aRwerda Cvils, rogorc sicocxlisunarian, mofarTxale xorcis
naWers, romelsac ramdenime martivi reaqciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia. Tu es
marTalia, albaT, gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom dabadebidan ramdenime wamSi
axalSobili

avlens

grZnobis

organoebiT

informaciis

miRebis

da

masze

reagirebis gasaocar unars. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bavSvebi momarTulebi arian

gadarCenisaTvis da kargad arian adaptirebulni, raTa reagireba moaxdinon

maTze mzrunvel mozrdilebze da imoqmedon irgvliv myof adamianebze.
magaliTad, Cvilebs dabadebamdec SeuZliaT bgerebis gagoneba, Sesabamisad,
isini

mzad

arian

dabadebis

Semdeg

garkveul

bgerebze

reagirebisTvis.

axalSobilebs, sxva qalebis xmebze metad, dedis xmis mosmena urCevniaT, rac
gvafiqrebinebs,

rom

muclad

yofnisas

isini

dedis

xmis

cnobas

swavloben

(Decasper & Fifer, 1980). mkvlevrebma isic daasabuTes, rom axalSobilebi, kerZod,
TavianTi dedebis imgvarad Secvlil xmas cnoben, rogoric bunebrivad aRwevs
saSvilosnoSi anu dedis sxeulis qsovilebis gavlis Sedegad Secvlils (anu
zogierTi sixSiris bgerebi ifiltreba) (Spence & Decasper, 1987; Spence & Freeman, 1996).
ase rom, axalSobilebi cnoben im xmebs, romlebic axlosaa maT Canasaxovan
gamocdilebasTan. samwuxarod, maT mamebisagan arasakmarisi bgeriTi gamocdileba
aqvT: axalSobilebi saerTod ar aqceven yuradRebas mamis xmas (Decasper & Prescott,
1984). oTxi Tvis asakSic ki, axalSobilebi mamis xmas ver arCeven ucxo mamakacis
xmisagan (Ward & Cooper, 1999).
Cvilebi

TiTqmis

dabadebisTanave

iwyeben

mxedvelobiT

sistemebsac

gamoyenebasac: dabadebidan sul ramdenime wuTSi bavSvs ukve Ria aqvs Tvalebi,

338

Tavs abrunebs xmis mimarTulebiT da cnobismoyvareobiT eZebs am xmis wyaros.

miuxedavad amisa, Cvilis mxedveloba sustadaa ganviTarebuli, sxva SegrZnebebTan
SedarebiT. mozrdilTa mxedvelobis simaxvile daaxloebiT 40-jer ukeTesia,
vidre

axalSobilebisa

(Sireteanu,

1999).

mxedvelobis

simaxvile

swrafad

umjobesdeba bavSvis sicocxlis pirveli 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. axalSobilebi,

agreTve, cudad aRiqvamen samyaros sam ganzomilebaSi: mxolod 4 Tvis asakSi
SeuZliaT maT orive TvaliT miRebuli informaciis Sejereba da siRrmisa da
manZilis aRqma. kargi mxedveloba _ kontrastis aRqma, mxedvelobis simaxvile da
ferebis

garCeva

fotoreceptoruli

moiTxovs
ujredis

Tvalis

receptoruli

funqcionirebas

da

velis

Tvalis

centrSi

optikis

uamravi

saTanadod

ganviTarebas (ix. Tavi 4). mravali am komponentTagani mosamwifebelia Cvilis

mxedvelobis sistemaSi. kargi mxedvelobisaTvis, aseve, saWiroa, rom Tavis tvinis
vizualur qerqSi arsebul uamrav neirons Soris urTierTqmedeba Seesabamebodes
vizualur gamocdilebas (Maurer, 1999). dabadebisas neironebs Soris arasakmarisi
urTierTqmedebaa.
bavSvebs kargi mxedvelobis gareSec SeuZliaT garkveuli gamRizianeblebis
erTmaneTisagan garCeva. mkvlevarTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagani _ robert
fanci (Robert Fantz, 1963) akvirdeboda rom 4 Tvis bavSvebs ukonturo obieqtebze
metad konturiani obieqtebis yureba erCivnaT,

martiv obieqtebze metad _

rTulis da arasworad ganlagebuli nakvTebis mqone saxeebze metad _ mTliani,

Cveulebrivi

saxeebis.

ufro

gviandelma

kvlevebma

cxadyo,

rom

bavSvebi

dabadebidanve adamianis saxeebs metad aniWeben upiratesobas, vidre vizualurad

msgavs

gamosaxulebebs

(Valenza

et

al.,

1996).

faqtobrivad,

dRis

asakSi

axalSobilebi cnoben dedis saxes.

saidan viciT
axalSobilebi da maTi dedebis saxeebi
oTxi dRis Cvilebi moaTavses qafovani masaliT damzadebul specialur
savarZelSi, romelic usafrTxod iWerda bavSvs da, amasTan, Tavis aqeT-iqiT
trialis saSualebas aZlevda. savarZlebis win moTavsebuli iyo nacrisferi
ekrani, romelzec

amoWrili iyo ori sarkmeli. eqsperimentis dros

erT

sakrmelSi dedis saxe Canda, meoreSi ki _ ucnobi adamianis (ucnobi qali ise

339

iyo

SerCeuli,

rom

bundovnad

hgavdnen

dedas).

dedasa

da

ucnob

qals

eZleodaT instruqcia, rom SeenarCunebinaT saxis neitraluri gamometyveleba

da ar elaparakaT an emoZravaT. aRmoCnda, rom cdis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi
orjer met xans uyurebdnen TavianT dedebs, vidre ucnobebs (Pascalis, 1995).
es

Sedegi

gviCvenebs,

rom

bavSvebi

Zalze

adreul

asakSive

floben

mniSvnelovan informacias garemos Sesaxeb: es aris dedis saxis nakvTebi. axla

xedavT, Tu ratom vuwodeT Cvilebs gadarCenisaTvis momarTulebi.
rogorc ki bavSvebi daiwyeben garemoSi moZraobas, isini swrafad iZenen sxva
perceptul unarebs. magaliTad, eleonor gibsonisa (Eleanor Gibson) da riCard
uolqis (Richard Walk) klasikurma kvlevam (1960) aCvena, Tu rogor reagirebdnen
bavSvebi siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciaze. kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo mowyobiloba,
romelsac vizualuri ufskruls uwodeben. es iyo gluvi SuSis zedapiris SuaSi
moTavsebuli

gauWvirvale

sibrtye.

didi

da

mcire

siRrmeebis

Sesaqmnelad

gamoiyeneboda kubokruli qsovili, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.2.

11.2 Tavdapirvel
eqsperimentSi gibsonma da uolqma aCvenes, rom bavSvebi yovelgvari yoymanis
gareSe mixoxaven SuSis SuaSi mdebare sibrtyidan mcire siRrmis mimarTulebiT,
magram uars amboben didi siRrmisken wasvlaze.
Semodgomma

kvlevebma

aCvena,

rom

siRrmis

SiSi

momdinareobda

xoxvis

gamocdilebidan: bavSvebs, romelTac ukve dawyebuli hqondaT xoxva, eSinodaT

siRrmis, xolo maT Tanatolebs, romlebic jer ar xoxavda _ ar eSinodaT.
(Campos, 1992). amgvarad, simaRlis SiSi ar aris sruliad Tandayolili, aramed
viTardeba maSin, rodesac bavSvi Tavad iwyebs garemos Seswavlas.
sur. 11.2: vizualuri ufskruli

rodesac bavSvi mis irgvliv garemoSi xoxvis gamocdilebas iRebs, igi avlens
vizualuri ufskrulis Rrma mxaris SiSs.
sur. 11.3: sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli

Zalze sicocxlis pirveli

wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian swrafad izrdeba

neironTa raodenoba. es procesi bevrad swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre zogadi

fizikuri zrda. amis sapirispirod, sqesobrivi momwifeba ar xdeba mozardobis
periodamde.
sur. 11.4: moZraobis unari ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba

340

siarulis unaris ganviTareba ar moiTxovs specialur swavlebas. is TavisiT

viTardeba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, rac Cveni saxeobis yvela fizikurad
normalurad

ganviTarebuli

wevrisaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli.

im

kulturebSi,

sadac bavSvebis stimulirebas adreul asakSi axdenen, patarebi siaruls ufro

adre iwyeben (Shirley, 1931).
zrda da momwifeba bavSvobaSiD
bavSvobaSi
axalSobilebi saocrad swrafad icvlebian, Tumca, rogorc 11.3 suraTzea
naCvenebi,

fizikuri

zrdis

tempi

erTnairi

ar

aris

yvela

fizikuri

struqturisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom patarebi Tavkombalebs hgvanan.

dabadebisas bavSvis Tavi ukve mozrdilis Tavis zomis TiTqmis 60%-s, xolo
sakuTari sxeulis sigrZis meoTxeds Seadgens (Bayley, 1956). dabadebidan eqvs
TveSi Cvilis sxeulis wona ormagdeba, xolo erT weliwadSi _ sammagdeba. ori
wlis asakSi bavSvis tani misi saboloo (mozrdilobis dros miRweuli) sigrZis
naxevars udris. mozardobamde genitaliebi mcireoden cvlilebas ganicdian da
Semdeg ki swrafad viTardebian zrdasrulis proporciebamde.
bavSvTa umravlesobisaTvis fizikur zrdas Tan sdevs motoruli unarebis
momwifeba. momwifeba aris maTTvis Cveul garemoSi saxeobebis warmomadgenelTa
tipiuri

zrdis

procesi.

momwifebis

Cveuli

Tanmimdevroba,

romelsac

axalSobili gadis, ganpirobebulia Tandayolili biologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa

da

garemo

faqtorebis

urTierTqmedebiT.

magaliTad,

rogorc

11.4 suraTzea

mocemuli, gadaadgilebis unaris ganviTarebisas bavSvi specialuri varjiSis

gareSe

swavlobs

siaruls.

es

Tanmimdevroba

saerToa

bavSvebis

umravlesobisTvis, umciresobam ki SeiZleba gamotovos romelime safexuri an

sakuTari

originaluri

kulturebSi,

sadac

TanmimdevrobiT

naklebi

fizikuri

ganviTardes.
stimulacia

miuxedavad

aqvT,

bavSvebi

amisa,

im

siaruls

SedarebiT gvian iwyeben. magaliTad, amerikeli indielebi bavSvebs mWidrod

Sekrul zurgze mosakidebeli artaxiT atareben, romelic aferxebs siarulis
swavlas, Tumca, rogorc ki bavSvi ganTavisufldeba misgan, igi lokomociis
ganviTarebis zustad igive safexurebs gaivlis. amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
yvela janmrTel axalSobils fizikuri ganviTarebis erTnairi potenciali aqvs.
momwifeba (maturation)
) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi memkvidreobis uwyveti
(

341

gavlena; saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri

da qceviTi cvlilebebi.
fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi
bavSvobis dasrulebis pirveli konkretuli maCvenebelia pubertatis energiis
mozRvaveba13 gogonebSi daaxloebiT 10 wlis asakisTvis da biWebSi daaxloebiT
12 wlis asakisTvis zrdis hormonebi iwyebs sisxlSi gadasvlas. ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi mozardi SeiZleba weliwadSi 7-14-sm-iT gaizardos da sagrZnoblad
moimatos wonaSi. mozardis sxeuli erTbaSad ar aRwevs mozrdilis proporciebs.
Tavdapirvelad zrdasrulis zomamde izrdeba fexis terfebi da xelis mtevnebi,
Semdeg _ Tavad xelebi da fexebi, xolo torsi viTardeba yvelaze nela.
amgvarad,

individis

sxeulis

forma

mozardobis

ganmavlobaSi

ramdenjerme

icvleba.
pubertati

(puberty)

sqesobrivi

momwifebis

miRweva.

misi

maCvenebeli

gogonebTan aris menarqe s(pirveli menstruacia), xolo biWebTan _ cocxali

spermis warmoebisa da eakulaciis unari.
menarqe (menarche)
_ menstrualuri ciklis dawyeba.
(
sxeulis xati (body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis garegnobis subieqturi aRqma.
energiis mozRvavebis dawyebidan ori-sami wlis Semdeg dgeba pubertati anu
sqesobrivi simwife. (laTinuri sityva pubertas niSnavs TmebiT dafaruls da
miuTiTebs fexebsa da xelebze, iRliebsa da genitalur areebSi Tmis safaris
ganviTarebaze).

biWebisTvis

sqesobrivi

momwifeba

iwyeba

cocxali

spermis

warmoebiT maSin, roca gogonebisaTvis is iwyeba menarqeTi anu menstruaciis

dawyebiT. aSS-Si menarqes saSualo asakia 12-13 weli, Tumca, misi dawyeba normis
farglebSi mosalodnelia 11-dan 15 wlamde periodSi. biWebSi cocxali spermis
warmoeba pirvelad, saSualod, 12-14 wlis asakSi xdeba, Tumca, aqac SesaZlebelia
droSi variacia. am fizikur cvlilebebs xSirad Tan sdevs sakuTari seqsualuri
SegrZnebebis

gacnobiereba.

seqsualuri

motivaciis

warmoqmnas

me-12-e

TavSi

ganvixilavT.
sqesobriv

momwifebasTan

dakavSirebuli

fizikuri

cvlilebebi

gavlenas

axdens mozardis fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebze. es cvlilebebi

342

xSirad

ubiZgebs

uzarmazari
mxridan

mas,

rom

fizikuri

didi

cvlilebebi

aRiarebaze

aZlierebs

yuradReba
da

dauTmos

gaZlierebuli

individis

mier

sakuTar
aqcenti

sakuTari

garegnobas.
Tanatolebis

sxeulis

xatiT

dainteresebas, sakuTari garegnobis subieqtur xedvas. aTi sxvadasxva qveynis

mozardebze Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebma (maT Soris iyo aSS, bangaladeSi,
TurqeTi da taivani) cxadyo, rom gogonebis 38% da biWebis 27% sakuTar Tavs
uSnod da aramimzidvelad Tvlis (Offer et al., 1988). moWabebulma wuxilma sakuTar
garegnobasa
SeiZleba

da

socialuri me-s sxva aspetebze, zogierTi mozardi gogona

TviTgvemamde

miiyvanos

(Striegel-Moore

&

Cachelin,

fizikur

1999).

srulyofilebaze TavianTi araswori warmodgenis Sesabamisi formebis misaRwevis

mcdelobiT

mozardma

gogonebma

SeiZleba

seriozuli

kvebiTi

aSliloba

ganiviTaron, rogoricaa anoreqsia, rac SimSilobas gulisxmobs, da bulimia,

romelic sakvebis usazRvro raodenobiT STanTqmasa da Semdeg kuWis-nawlavis
iZulebiTi gawmendas ukavSirdeba (me-12-e TavSi ufro dawvrilebiT gavarCevT
kvebiT aSlilobebs). sabednierod, am problemaTa gamwvavebis periodi adreul
mozardobaSi mTavrdeba. mozardebi TandaTanobiT eCvevian TavianT garegnobas.
mozardobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg Tqveni sxeuli erTxel kidev aRwevs
cxovrebis im xanas, rodesac biologiuri cvlilebebi SedarebiT naklebad xdeba.
Tqven SegiZliaT Tavad imoqmedoT sakuTar sxeulze sxvadasxva saSualebebiT _
dietiTa da varjiSiT. cvlilebebis Semdeg nakadi, romelic asakis momatebis
Sedegia,

mowifulobasa

da

xnovanobaze

(anu

zrdasrulobis

Sua

da

bolo

periodze) modis.
fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi
mozrdilobaSi
asakis

matebasTan

dakavSirebuli

yvelaze

SesamCnevi

zogierTi

cvlileba

fizikur garegnobasa da SesaZleblobebs exeba. asakis momatebasTan erTad kanze

naoWebi Cndeba, Tma Txeldeba da WaRaravdeba, simaRle ki 2-5 sm-iT iklebs. aseve,
mcirdeba SegrZnebis organoebis mgrZnobeloba. es cvlilebebi moulodnelad ar
Cndeba 65 wlis asakSi. isini TandaTanobiT, axalgazrdobidanve viTardeba. sanam
asakTan dakavSirebul zogad cvlilebebs aRvwerdeT, ufro zogadi xasiaTis
mosazrebas

13

gamovTqvamT:

pubescent growth spurt

mravali

fizikuri

cvlileba

ara

asakis,

aramed

343

umoqmedobis Sedegia;

gamokvlevebi adasturebs sayovelTaod cnobil andazas:

Tu ar gamoiyeneb, dakargav. xanSiSesuli adamianebi, romlebic sistematurad

varjiSoben

(an

iwyeben

varjiSs),

SedarebiT

nakleb

siZneleebs

awydebian,

romelsac xSirad xnovanebis gardauval Sedegad miiCneven. (aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven

zustad imave daskvnamde mivalT mowifulobis da xnovanebis kognituri da
socialuri

aspeqtebis

ganxilvisas).

modiT,

axla

ganvixiloT

is

TiTqmis

gardauvali cvlilebebi, romlebic xSirad zemoqmedeben imaze, Tu ras da rogor

fiqroben zrdasruli adamianebi sakuTar cxovrebaze.

mxedveloba
65 wels gadacilebul adamianTa umravlesoba grZnobs mxedvelobis funqciis
garkveul Sesustebas (Carter, 1982; Pitts, 1982). asakTan erTad adamianis Tvalis
broli

yviTldeba

gayviTlebis

gamo

da

naklebad

zogierT

elastiuri

xanSiSesuls

xdeba.

uWirs

iTvleba,

ferebis

rom

garCeva.

brolis
zogierTi

moxucisTvis gansakuTrebiT Znelad gasarCevi xdeba dabali talRis sigrZis

ferebi _ iisferis, lurjisa da mwvanis sxvadasxva elferi. brolis sixistem
SeiZleba gaaZnelos axlos myofi obieqtebis danaxva. aseve, is gavlenas axlens
sibnelesTan

adaptaciaze,

rac

asakovan

adamianebs

RamiT

xedvis

problemas

uqmnis. mxedvelobis cvlilebebis umravlesoba koreqtirdeba linzebiT.

smena
smenis

dakargva

gavrcelebuli

movlenaa

60

wlis

da

ufrosi

asakis

adamianebSi. Cveulebriv, asakovan adamianebs uWirT maRali sixSiris bgerebis

aRqma (Corso, 1977). es gauareseba, Cveulebriv, mamakacebTan ufro metad vlindeba,
vidre qalebTan. moxucebs SeiZleba didi dro dasWirdeT sxvisi laparakis
gasagebad, gansakuTrebiT maRali tonalobis xmis SemTxvevaSi. (ucnauria, magram
asakis

matebasTan

erTad

adamianis

xma

wvrildeba

xmis

iogebis

gaxistebis

Sedegad). smenis Sesusteba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT da individisTvis SeumCnevlad

xdebodes, sanam ukidures formas ar miiRebs. amasTan, maSinac ki, rodesac
adamianebi xvdebian, rom yruvdebian, maT SeiZleba uaryon es faqti, radgan smenis
dakargva daberebis arasasurvel niSnad iTvleba. smenis dakargvis zogierTi

344

fsiqologiuri aspeqtis daZleva sasmeni aparatis daxmarebiT SeiZleba. agreTve,

unda vicodeT, rom asakis matebasTan erTad an moxucebTan urTierTobisas
gvexmareba

dabali toniT saubari, mkafiod

metyveleba da fonuri xmauris

Semcireba.

reproduqciuli da sqesobrivi funqcionireba

Cven vnaxeT, rom sqesobrivi simwife niSnavs reproduqciuli funqcionirebis
dasawyiss. Sua da xanSiSesul asakSi reproduqciis SesaZlebloba klebulobs.
daaxloebiT 50 wlisTvis qalebis mamakacebi naklebad mkveTri cvlilebebiT
xasiaTdebian,

Tumca,

40

wlis

Semdeg

mcirdeba

sicocxlisunariani

spermis

raodenoba, 60 wlis Semdeg ki iklebs saTesle siTxis moculoba. ra Tqma unda,

es cvlilebebi, ZiriTadad, reproduqcias exeba. asakis momateba da fizikuri
cvlilebebi aucileblobiT ar iwvevs seqsualuri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis
gauaresebas. (Levine, 1998; Levy, 1994). sinamdvileSi, seqsi cxovrebis erT-erTi
jansaRi siamovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia asakovani adamianis cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba,
fantaziis

radgan

is

aRmgnebia,

stimulirebas

da

xels

uwyobs

warmoadgens

fizikur

socialuri

varjiSs,

axdens

urTierTqmedebis

sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone formas.

Cven ukve mokled mimovixileT adamianis fizikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
momentebi. axla vnaxoT, rogor yalibdeba warmodgena garesamyaros Sesaxeb.
Sejameba
bavSvebi am qveynad sensoruli unarebiT ibadebian, rac maT informaciis
miRebisa da socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs. fizikur
zrdas, Cveulebriv, motoruli unarebis momwifeba axlavs Tan.
mozardobis

periodSi

individebi

pubertatis

xanas

gadian.

isini

xSirad

zedmet yuradRebas uTmoben sakuari sxeulis xats. zrdasrulobis periodis

zogierTi
funqciebis

fizikuri

cvlileba

gamouyeneblobis,

ara

daberebis

umoqmedobis

fizikuri

Sedegia.

Tumca,

procesis,
asakis

aramed

matebasTan

erTad, adamianTa umravlesobas aReniSneba cvlilebebi mxedvelobaSi, smenasa da

sqesobriv funqciebSi.
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

345

rogor icvleba cxovrebis manZilze individis mier fizikuri da socialuri

garemos gageba? kognituri ganviTareba Seiswavlis gonebrivi procesebsa da
produqtebs, romlebic warmoqmneba da icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. vinaidan
mkvlevarebi gansakuTrebiT aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen kognituri SesaZleblobebis
Zalze

adreuli

ganviTarebiT,

ZiriTad

yuradRebas

kognituri

ganviTarebis

adreul stadiebs davuTmobT, Tumca, zogierT im aRmoCenasac aRvwerT, romelic

mozrdilobis wlebs ukavSirdeba.
kognituri ganviTarebis ganxilvas daviwyebT Sveicarieli fsiqologis Jan
piaJes novatoruli naSromiT aRweriT.
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
TiTqmis 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi Jan piaJe (Jean Piaget; 1929, 1954, 1977) aviTarebda
Teoriebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor azrovneben, fiqroben da wyveten amocanebs
bavSvebi. piaJes interesi kognituri ganviTarebisadmi, albaT, misma sakuTarma
inteleqtualurad aqtiurma bavSvobam ganapiroba. man 10 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna
pirveli statia, 14 wlis asakSi ki muzeumis kuratoris Tanamdeboba SesTavazes
(Brainerd, 1996). adreuli gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri Teoriebis
SesamuSaveblad piaJe sakuTar SvilebTan da sxva bavSvebTan interviuirebasa da
martiv demonstraciebs iyenebda. mas ainteresebda ara im informaciis moculoba,
romelsac flobdnen bavSvebi, aramed is, Tu rogor azrovnebdnen isini da
rogor icvleboda fizikuri realobis Sinagani reprezentaciebi ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva stadiaze.

asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi

gonebriv

struqturebs,

interpretirebas,
elementebi

sensomotoruli
programebi,

piaJem

romelTa
sqemebi

samSeneblo

uwoda.

uwoda.

iseT

es

adamiani

sqemebi

agurebia.

inteleqti

romelic

saSualebiTac

Cvilis
aris

asakobrivi
pirvelad

azrovnebis

sensomotorul

axdens

samyaros

cvlilebebis
sqemebs

piaJem

struqturebi

Tanmimdevrobas

da

warmarTavs,

rogoricaa wova, yureba, taceba, xelis kvra. praqtikasTan erTad, elemetaruli

sqemebi

erTiandeba,

garTulebad
sasurveli

integrirdeba

mravalferovan
sagnis

xelSi

da

paternebSi.

asaRebad

nawildeba
aseTi

bavSvi

qcevis

paternis

xels

kravs

TandaTanobiT

magaliTia,
arasasurvel

rodesac
sagans,

346

romelic efarebas mas. piaJes mixedviT, kognituri zrdisTvis aucilebelia ori

bazisuri procesis erToblivi muSaoba safuZvlad asimilacia da akomodacia.
asimilaciiT xdeba garemodan momdinare axali informaciis modificireba, raTa
es ukanaskneli SesabamisobaSi movides ukve nacnob gamocdilebasTan; Semosuli
sensoruli informaciis struqturizaciisTvis bavSvi mimarTavs arsebul sqemebs.
akomodaciis

SemTxvevaSi

ki,

piriqiT,

axali

informaciis

ufro

srulad

asaxsnelad gadastruqturdeba an modificirdeba bavSvis ukve arsebuli sqemebi.

kognituri

ganviTareba

(cognitive

Semecnebis

development)

procesis

ganviTareba, romelic moicavs warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da amocanis

gadawyvetas.
sqemebi (schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri struqturebis aRsaRniSnad,
romelic viTardeba bavSvis mier samyaros interpretirebasa da garemosadmi
adaptaciasTan erTad.
asimilacia (assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, procesi, romlis drosac axali
kognituri elementebi ergeba Zvel elementebs an modificirdeba, raTa
ufro

gamartivdes

morgebis

procesi;

asimilacia

xorcieldeba

akomodaciasTan erTad.
akomodacia

(accomodation)

struqturebis
gaadvildes

piaJes

modificirebis

axali

an

informaciis

mixedviT,

ukve

arsebuli

gadastruqturebis

morgeba

ukve

kognituri

procesi,

arsebulTan;

raTa

akomodacia

xorcieldeba asimilaciasTan erTad.

warmoidgineT, rogor unda SeZlos bavSvma dedis ZuZus wovidan jer boTlis
sawovaras
dalevaze

wovaze,
gadasvla.

Semdeg

siTxis

sawrupiT

Tavdapirveli

woviTi

Sewovaze

reaqcia

da

bolos

Tandayolili

finjnidan
refleqsia,

magram is ise unda modificirdes, rom bavSvis tuCebi moergos dedis kertis
zomasa da formas. boTlTan adaptaciis procesSi Cvili jer kidev iyenebs
ucvleli

Tanmimdevrobis

mraval

komponents

(asimilacia),

magram

man,

adrindelTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebulad unda moiqcios pirSi boTlis sawovara

da ise Seiwovos sakvebi; amasTan, boTlis gansxvavebuli kuTxiT daWerac unda
iswavlos
nabijebi

(akomodacia).
ufro

met

boTlidan

akomodacias

sawrupze
saWiroebs,

da

Semdeg

Tumca,

finjanze

kvlav

gadasvlis

eyrdnoba

manamde

347

SeZenil unarebs. piaJe kognitur ganviTarebas asimilaciisa da akomodaciis

swored aseTi monacvleobis Sedegad miiCnevs. asimilaciisa da akomodaciis
balansirebuli gamoyeneba saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, rom misi qceva da codna
naklebad iyos damokidebuli konkretul garegan realobaze da metad daeyrdnos
abstraqtul azrovnebas.

kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi

piaJes

miaCnda,

rom

bavSvis

kognituri

ganviTareba

SeiZleba

oTx

Tanmimdevrul, calkeul stadiad daiyos (ix. cxrili 11.2).

11.2 iTvleba, rom yvela
bavSi erTi da igive TanmimdevrobiT gadis am stadiebs, Tumca, zog bavSvs
SeiZleba meti dro dasWirdes romelime konkretuli stadiis gasavlelad, zogs
ki _ naklebi.
sensomotoruli stadia. sensomotoruli stadia dabadebidan daaxloebiT 2 wlamde
grZeldeba. pirvel TveebSi Cvilis qcevis umetesi nawili Tandayolil sqemaTa
SezRudul erTobliobas efuZneba, rogoricaa wova, yureba, taceba da xelis
kvra.

pirveli

kombinirebuli,

wlis

ganmavlobaSi

koordinirebuli

xdeba

sensomotoruli
da

erTiandeba

unarebi

umjobesdeba,

(magaliTad,

wova

da

taceba, yureba da manipulireba). Cvilis mier sakuTari moqmedebis garemoze

asaxvis aRmoCenasTan erTad, es unarebi TandaTan ufro mravalferovani xdeba.
cxrili 11.2. piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi
stadia/asaki
sensomotoruli (0-2)

maxasiaTeblebi da ZiriTadi miRwevebi

bavSvi cxovrebas iwyebs mcire raodenobis
sensomotoruli TanmimdevrobiT. mas uviTardeba
obieqtis mudmivoba da simboluri azrovnebis
sawyisebi.

operaciamdeli (2-7)

bavSvis azrovneba xasiaTdeba egocentrizmiTa da

centraciiT. mas uumjobesdeba simboluri
azrovnebis gamoyenebis unari.

konkretuli
(7-11)

operaciebis bavSvi wvdeba konservaciis gagebas. mas SeuZlia

azrovneba konkretul fizikur sagnebTan
mimarTebaSi.

348

formaluri

operaciebis bavSvs uviTardeba abstraqtuli da hipoTeturi

azrovnebis unari.

(11)
Cvilobis

periodis

yvelaze

mniSvnelovani

kognituri

SenaZenia

iseTi

obieqtebis mentaluri reprezentaciebis Seqmnis unari, romelTanac bavSvs ar

aqvs uSualo sensomotoruli kontaqti. obieqtTa mudmivoba niSnavs bavSvis mier
imis gagebas, rom sagnebi arseboben da moqmedeben misi qcevisa da mis mier maTi
arsebobis gacnobierebisgan damoukideblad. sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi bavSvebi
sagnebs Tvals ayoleben, magram rodesac sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis velidan
qrebian, isini TiTqos bavSvis gonebidanac uCinardebian. Tumca, daaxloebiT 3
Tvis asakSi bavSvebi im adgils isev uyureben, sadac sagani gaqra. 8-dan 12 Tvemde
bavSvebi

iwyeben

gamqrali

sagnis

Zebnas.

wlis

asakisaTvis

bavSvebi ukve

darwmunebulni arian, rom sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis velis miRmac arseboben

(Flavell, 1985).
winaoperaciuli stadia. winaoperaciuli stadia daaxloebiT 2-dan 7 wlis asakamde
grZeldeba.

ganviTarebis

mocemulobas
unari.

am

moklebuli

SenaZenis

am

periodSi

obieqtebis

gamoklebiT,

didi

kognituri

gonebaSi

winaoperaciul

winsvlaa

warmodgenis
stadias

fizikur

gaumjobesebuli

piaJe

aRwers

imis

mixedviT, Tu risi gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT bavSvebs. ase magaliTad, piaJes miaCnda,

rom patara bavSvebis winaoperaciuli azrovneba xasiaTdeba egocentrizmiT anu
bavSvis mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis unaris arqoniT. Tqven,
albaT, SeginiSnavT egocentrizmis gamovlineba, Tu gagonili gaqvT, rogor
elaparakebian

ori wlis

bavSvebi sxva

bavSvebs. am asakis

bavSvebi xSirad

sakuTar TavTan ufro laparakoben, vidre garSemomyofebTan.

garda amisa, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvebi xasiaTdebian centraciiT
obieqtebis perceptulad gamokveTil Tvisebebze yuradRebis miqcevis tendenciiT.
centraciis TvalsaCino magaliTia piaJes klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac man
aCvena, rom bavSvs ar SeuZlia imis gageba, rom siTxis moculoba ar icvleba
WurWlis zomisa da formis cvlasTan erTad.
obieqtTa

mudmivoba

(object
permanence))
(

mixvedra

imisa,

rom

sagnebi

arseboben individis mier amis gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan

damoukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani kognituri SenaZeni.

349

egocentrizmi
stadiaze:

(egocentrism)
)
(

patar

bavSvis

_
mier

kognituri
sxva

ganviTarebis

adamianis

winaoperaciul

Tvalsazrisis

gaziarebis

unaris arqona.
centracia (centration)
) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis
(
dasawyisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xasiaTdeba
bavSvis

mier

erTdroulad

ori

perceptuli

faqtoris

gaTvaliswinebis

unaris arqoniT.

saidan viciT
piaJe gviCvenebs centracias
rodesac Tanabari moculobis limonaTs asxamen or erTnair WiqaSi, 5 da 7
wlis bavSvebi adastureben, rom Wiqebi Tanabari odenobis siTxes Seicaven.
Tumca,

rodesac

limonaTs

erT-erTi

Wiqidan

viwro,

maRal

WurWelSi

gadaasxamen, maTi azrebi gansxvavebuli xdeba. 5 wlis bavSvebma ician, rom

maRal WiqaSi igive limonaTi asxia, Tumca, amboben, rom is axla meti gaxda. 7
wlisani ki sworad amtkiceben, rom maT raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris.
piaJe

gviCvenebs,

rom

patara

bavSvebi

fokusirebuli

arian

percepturad

gamokveTil erT Tvisebaze _ WiqaSi Casxmuli limonaTis doneze. didi bavSvebi

iTvaliswineben orives _

simaRles da siganes _ da sworad askvnian, rom rasac

xedaven, ar aris realoba.

konservacia (conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT, gaazreba imisa, rom Tu araferi
emateba an araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac
ki, rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe.
konkretuli operaciebis stadia. konkretuli operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 7-dan 11
wlamde grZeldeba. am stadiaze bavSvs ukve SeuZlia gonebrivi operaciebis _
gonebaSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis _ Sesruleba, romlidanac saTaves iRebs
logikuri

azrovneba.

winaoperaciul

da

konkretuli

operaciebis

stadiebs

xSirad upirispireben erTmaneTs, radganac konkretuli operaciebis stadiaze

bavSvebi

axerxeben

imas,

rasac

ver

axerxebdnen

konkretuli operaciebi bavSvs fizikuri moqmedebis

winaoperaciul

stadiaze.

gonebriviT Canacvlebis

350

saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, Tu bavSvi xedavs, rom adami lindaze maRalia,

xolo mogvianebiT xedavs, rom linda taniaze maRalia, bavSvs SeuZlia daaskvnas,
rom

am

samidan

adami

yvelaze

maRalia

am

sami

individis

fizikurad

datolebisa da gadawyobis gareSe. Tumca, bavSvs jer kidev ar SeuZlia saTanado

daskvnis gakeTeba (adami yvelaze maRalia), Tu problema mxolod sityvierad
aris aRwerili. uSualo, fizikuri dakvirvebis gareSe fardobiTi simaRlis
gansazRvris (da msgavsi problemebis gadawyvetis) unaris arqona gvafiqrebinebs,
rom

abstraqtuli

azrovneba

jer

kidev

momwifebis

stadiazea

konkretuli

operaciebis periodSi.
limonaTis eqsperimenti gviCvenebs konkretuli operaciebis stadiis kidev erT
maxasiaTebels.

wlis

bavSvebs

ukve

aTvisebuli

aqvT

is,

rasac

piaJe

konservacias anu Senaxvas

Senaxvas uwodebs: maT ician, rom Tu araferi emateba an
araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac
icvleba misi garegnuli saxe. suraTze 11.5 mocemulia piaJes cdis magaliTebi,
romelic

Seexeba

konservacias

sxvadasxva

ganzomilebebSi.

erT-erTi

axladSeZenili operacia, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZliaT bavSvebs konservaciaze

amocanebis Sesrulebisas, aris Seqcevadoba. es aris bavSvis mier imis gageba, rom
fizikuri moqmedebebi da gonebrivi operaciebi SeiZleba Seqcevadi iyos. bavSvma
SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom raodenoba ver Seicvleboda, radganac Tu fizikur
moqmedebas SevaqcevT _ limonaTs ukan gadavasxamT sawyis WurWelSi _ orive
moculoba isev erTnairi gamoCndeba.
sur. 11.5. konservaciis testi
I faza

II faza

III faza

aris Tu ara

axla naxe, ras

aris Tu ara

erTi da igive

gavakeTeb

erTi da igive

raodenoba?

(gaSlis)

raodenoba?

raodenobis
konservacia

myari masis
konservacia

351

erTi da igive

axla naxe, ras

erTi da igive

raodenobis

gavakeTeb

raodenobis

plastelinia?

(plastelins

plastelinia?

welavs)
siTxis
raodenobis
konservacia

erTi da igive

axla naxe, ras

erTi da igive

raodenobis

gavakeTeb (asxams)

raodenobis

wyalia?

wyalia?

formaluri operaciebis stadia. formaluri operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 11 wlis

asakidan iwyeba. kognituri ganviTarebis am bolo stadiaze bavSvis azrovneba
abstraqtuli xdeba. mozardebs SeuZliaT imis danaxva, rom maT mier aRqmuli
konkretuli realoba mxolod erT-erTia variantia realobis ramdenime SesaZlo
warmosaxvidan
siRrmiseul

da

SeuZliaT

sakiTxebze

fiqri

WeSmaritebis,
da

samarTlianobisa

msjeloba.

isini

da

yofierebis

problemebs

sistemurad

wyveten: mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven formaluri operaciebis stadias, bavSvebs,

mecnieris msgavsad, SeuZliaT, Tanmimdevrulad scadon TiToeuli SesaZlebloba.
garda amisa, maT ukve SeuZliaT gaumjobesebuli deduqciuri azrovnebis im
tipebis gamoyeneba, romelzec me-9-e TavSi visaubreT. TavianTi umcrosi daZmebisgan gansxvavebiT, mozardebs SeuZliaT abstraqtuli wanamZRvrebidan (Tu
A, maSin B da ara B) msjelobiT mividnen logikur daskvnamde (ara A).
adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi
piaJes Teoria kognituri ganviTarebis gagebis klasikur aTvlis wertilad
rCeba (Flavell, 1996; Lourenco & Machado, 1996; Scholnik et al., 1999). Tumca, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebma bavSvis kognituri unarebis Seswavlis ufro moqnili meTodebi

352

SeimuSaves. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor daxvewes mravalferovanma axalma kreatulma

meTodebma piaJes daskvnebi bavSvis SesaZleblobebis Taobaze.

bavSvis ganviTarebis sensomotoruli

sensomotoruli stadiis gadaxedva
piaJes Tanaxmad, obieqtTa mudmivobis gancdis ganviTareba 2 wlis bavSvis
umTavresi miRwevaa. Tumca, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom 3
Tvis bavSvebs da, SesaZloa, ufro patarebsac ki, ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT am
cnebis zogierTi aspeqti. rogorc Cans, maT esmiT ZiriTadi principi _ erTi
myari sagani ver gaivlis meore myar saganSi. es mniSvnelovani aRmoCena mkvlevar
rene baiarJans (Rene Baillargeon) ekuTvnis (1987a, 1987b; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991). mis
erT-erT cdaSi Cvilma bavSvma gakvirveba gamoxates, rodesac Tvali gaadevnes
movlenaTa SeuZlebel Tanmimdevrobas.
saidan viciT
Cvilebi Tvals adevneben SeuZlebel movlenebs
Cvilebi isxdnen farTo sademonstracio yuTis14 win. pirdapir maT win
moTavsebuli iyo patara ekrani. am ekranis marcxniv mdebareobda daxrili
sibrtye. Cvilebi xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT iweoda (ise, rom
maT SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom ekranis miRma araferi iyo) da isev eSveboda.
Semdeg daxril sibrtyeze gordeboda patara vagoni, sademonstracio yuTis
gavliT,

siCqaris

Semcirebis

gareSe,

uCinardeboda

ekranis

ukan,

Semdeg

gamoCndeboda ekranis meore mxridan da sabolood gamodioda sademonstracio

yuTis marjvena mxares (ix. suraTi 11.6).
mas

Semdeg,

rac

Cvilebi

mieCvien

am

movlens,

maT

naxes

movlenaTa

ganviTarebis ori testuri, sacdeli varianti: miCvevaSi aisaxeba reaqciis

Sesusteba, rodesac stimuli mravaljer meordeba. orive sacdel movlenaSi
ekrani zemoT iweoda da sademonstracio yuTSi Cvilebi xedavdnen kubs,
amasTan, gansxvavdeboda misi adgilmdebareoba. SesaZlebel movlenaSi kubi
moTavsebuli iyo sademonstracio yuTis ukana kedlisken, im bilikis miRma,
sadac

vagons

sademonstracio

14

unda

gaevlo;

amitom

yuTis

gavliT

gagoreba.

vagons

Tavisuflad

SeuZlebel

SeeZlo

movlenaSi

kubi

display box zemodan gaxsnili da/an erTi kedlis gareSe yuTi, romelic gamoiyeneba savaWro darbazSi
gasayidi nivTebis dasawyobad. SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc daxli-c. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

353

moTavsebuli

iyo

gadauRobavda.

bilikis

Sua

nawilze

ise,

rom

momaval

vagons

gzas

miuxedavad amisa, movlenis ganviTarebisas Cvilebi xedavdnen,

rom vagoni daubrkoleblad gadioda sadmonstracio yuTs. isini SeuZlebel

movlenas SedarebiT didxans adevnebdnen Tvals, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom is
akvirvebda

maT

arRvevda

maTTvis

ukve

Cveul

warmodgenas

movlenis

mimdinareobis Sesaxeb (Baillargeon, 1986).

Cvili bavSvebis gakvirvebas ver miviCnevT imis dasturad, rom maT srulad
aiTvises obieqtTa mudmivobis cneba. maT SeiZleba mxolod icodnen, rom raRac
ar aris wesrigSi, imis codnis gareSe, Tu ra aris es raRac (Loureno & Machado,
1996). miuxedavad amisa, baiarJonis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom Zalze patara
bavSvebic ki floben fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan codnas.
sur. 11.6 SeCvevisa da testuri movlenebis sqematuri
sqematuri reprezentacia

SeCvevis

fazaze

mcirdeba

Cvilis

interesi

movlenis

mimarT.

sacdel

SemTxvevaSi maTi interesi ganaxlda SeuZlebeli movleniT.

bavSvis ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis gadaxedva
gavixsenoT, rom piaJes azriT, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvis azrovnebas
egocentrizmi axasiaTebs. Tumca, mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom bavSvebi SeiZleba
saTanadod mgrZnobiareni iyvnen sxvebis mimarT. magaliTad, bavSvebs sakmaod
kargad esmiT, ra ician maT da ra ician sxvebma.
saidan viciT
patara bavSvebis codna sxvebis codnis Sesaxeb
4-5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 6 Tvis bavSvis (anas), 4 wlis
bavSvisa

(maris)

Sesaxeb

bavSvebs

cxoveli,

da

ekiTxebodnen:

romelsac

gamoiyureba

mozrdilis

cxoveli,

spilos

(siuzenis)
icis

eZaxian?

romelsac

Tu
da

lemurs

codna.
ara

TiToeuli

man,

icis
eZaxian?

rogor

Tu

ara

bavSvebs

individis

gamoiyureba
man,

rogor

axerxebdnen,

eTqvaT, vis ra ecodineboda: Cvils ar ecodineboda spilos Sesaxeb, magram

bavSvs ecodineboda; arc Cvils da arc bavSvs ar ecodinebodaT lemuris
Sesaxeb; mozrdils ki orives Sesaxeb ecodineboda. am paternis mixedviT,
bavSvebi ar msjeloben mxolod sakuTari codnis safuZvelze

(magaliTad,

354

is, rom maT ician spilos Sesaxeb, magram ara _ lemuris Sesaxeb). isini
aucileblobiT ar azrovneben egocentrulad (Taylor et al., 1991).
bavSvebs komunikaciis formis Secvlac SeuZliaT msmenelis tipis mixedviT. 2
wlis bavSvTan saTamaSos Sesaxeb saubrisas 4 wlis bavSvi ufro mokle da
martiv gamoTqmebs iyenebs, vidre TanatolTan an mozrdilTan. (Shatz & Gelman,
1973). aseTi tipis adaptacia kvlav migviTiTebs, rom

egocentrizms Tavisi

sazRvrebi aqvs.
bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi
piaJes Teoria im stadiebis irgvliv aris agebuli, romlis drosac bavSvis
azrovnebaSi

umniSvnelovanesi

cvlilebebi

xdeba.

mogvianebiT

mkvlevrebma

ganixiles idea imis Sesaxeb, rom cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan

TiToeulSi

gancalkevebulad,

erTmaneTisgan

damoukideblad

xdeba,

imis

Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi _ sawyisi

struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdilebis axsnas (Carey, 1985; Wellman & Gelman, 1992; Wellman & Inagaki, 1997).
magaliTad, isini sakuTar gamocdilebebs fsiqikuri mdgomareobebis Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb agroveben gonebis TeoriaSi

anu gulubryvilo fsiqologiaSi. ase ukeT

SeuZliaT sakuTari da sxvaTa azrovnebis procesebis gageba.

mkvlevrebma

Seiswavles

zogadmecnieruli

warmodgenebis

ganviTareba,

magaliTad, rogor gadaaqvT bavSvebs biologiuri Tvisebebi erTi saxeobidan

meoreze. rodesac 4 wlis bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen, dasaxelebuli cxovelebidan
romels eZina an hqonda Zvlebi, isini msjelobas yvelaze xSirad adamianTan
cxovelis msgavsebaze afuZnebdnen (Carey, 1985). magaliTad, 4 wlis bavSvebis
umravlesobam es Tvisebebi (Zili da Zvlebis qona) ZaRls ufro miakuTvna,
vidre Tevzs, Tevzs ki _ ufro metad, vidre _ mwerebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
bavSvebma adamianTan msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria unda Secvalon TeoriiT,
romelic

cxovelTa

samyaroSi

ufro

gamokveTilis

struqturis

arsebobas

aRiarebs: magaliTad, maT unda aiTvison formaluri gansxvaveba xerxemlianTa da

uxerxemloTa Soris, raTa gansazRvron, ra tipis cxovelebs aqvT Zvlebi. aseve, 3

da 4 wlis bavSvebs esmiT, rom is, rac obieqtebis SigniTaa, zemoqmedebs maT
funqciaze, Tumca, maT jer zustad ar ician, ra aris SigniT (Wellman & Gelman,

355

1991). amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebma zustad ar ician, ra

aris ZaRlSi, isini sruliad darwmuneblni arian, rom ZaRli Sewyvets ZaRlad
yofnas, Tu yvelafers amovacliT, rac SigniT aqvs. Tu SevxedavT TiToeul
sferoSi dagrovil codnas, vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi qmnian zogad Teorias da
Semdeg maTi warmatebuli daxvewisaTvis iyeneben axali gamocdilebis farTo
diapazons.

socialuri da kulturuli gavlena kognitur ganviTarebaze

piaJes

TeoriaSi

kognituri

ganviTareba,

ZiriTadad,

bavSvis

Sinagani

momwifebis produqtia. garemo Zalze mcirediT zemoqmedebs bavSvis kognituri

unarebis

ganviTarebaze.

ganviTarebaSi
umravlesoba

Tumca,

socialuri
saTaves

urTierTqmedebebis

iRebs

Teoriebidan.

vigotski

viTardebian:

isini

Tanamedrove

rusi

Tvlida,

codnas

mkvlevrebma
rolis

fsiqologis
rom

lev

bavSvebi

isrutaven

daiwyes

kongitur

Seswavla.

am

kvlevaTa

vigotskis

(Lev Vigotsky)

internalizaciis

socialuri

procesiT

garemodan,

romelic

seriozurad aisaxeba maTi kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze.

socialurma Teoriam, romelic pirvelad vigotskim SemogvTavaza, dadastureba
hpova

ganviTarebis

kros-kulturul

kvlevebSi.

vinaidan

piaJes

Teoriam

asakobrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT dakavebul fsiqologTa yuradReba miipyro,

bevri maTgani cdilobda, rom piaJes mier mofiqrebuli davalebebi gansxvavebul
kulturebSi bavSvebis kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad gamoeyenebina (Rogoff
&

Chavajay,

am

1995).

kvlevebma

TandaTanobiT

eWv

qveS

daayena

mtkicebulebaTa universaluroba, ramdenadac, magaliTad, mraval

adamianebma

ver

formaluri

operaciebis

mosazreba,
miRwevebi,

rom

aCvenes,

mis

SesaZloa,

rom

kognitur

stadiisTvis.

mier

mogvianebiT

formalur

bavSvis

mier

ganviTarebaSi

operaciebad

miRebul

Tavad

wodebuli

garkveuli

kulturaSi

miRweuli

piaJem

tipis

piaJes
hqondaT
gamoTqva

specifikuri
mecnierul

ganaTlebaze ufro metad aris damokidebuli, vidre kognituri ganviTarebis

biologiurad deternimirebuli stadiebis Tanmimdevrobaze (Loureno & Machado,
1996).
internalizaciis

vigotskiseuli

cneba

gvexmareba

im

gavlenis

axsnaSi,

romelsac kulturuli garemo axdens adamianis kognitur ganviTarebaze. bavSvis

356

SemecnebiTi unarebi ise viTardeba, rom mas mocemul kulturulaSi dafasebuli

funqciebis Sesruleba SeeZlos (Serpell & Boykin, 1994; Serpell, 2000). piaJem, magaliTad,
Seqmna iseTi amocanebi, sadac asaxaulia misi sakuTari warmodgena saTanado da
sasargeblo

kognitur

moqmedebebze.

sxva

kulturebs

urCevniaT,

rom

maTma

bavSvebma sxva mimarTulebiT miaRwion warmatebas. piaJes bavSvebi rom imis

mixedviT SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad kargad aiTvises maT is rTuli kognituri
unarebi, romelic Zafis dasagrexad aris saWiro, isini, albaT, gonebrivad
CamorCenilebis STabeWdilebas datovebdnen gvatemalas maias tomis bavSvebTan
SedarebiT

(Rogoff, 1990).

kognituri

ganviTarebis

kros-kulturul

kvlevebs

araerTxel daudasturebia is faqti, rom skola did rols asrulebs imaSi, Tu

rogor warmatebas miaRweven bavSvebi piaJes amocanebis SesrulebaSi (Rogoff &
Chavajay, 1995). aseTi aRmoCenebi fsiqologebma kognitur ganviTarebaSi garemosa
da bunebis rolis gansasazRvrad unda gamoiyenon.
sayrdeni Teoriebi (foundational
theories)) _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac
(
isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas.
internalizacia (internalization)
) _ vigotskis mixedviT, romlis saSualebiT
(
bavSvebis

mier

socialuri

konteqstidan

codnas

Sesrutvis,

aTvisebis

procesi.
asakobrivi cvlilebebi, romelzec axlaxans visaubreT, Zalze STambeWdavia.
ioli SesamCnevia, rom 12 wlis mozardi iseT kognitur SesaZleblobebs flobs,
razec erTi wlis pataras warmodgenac ki ar aqvs. axla ki gadavinacvloT
SedarebiT

naklebad

SesamCnev

cvlilebebze,

romlebic

mozrdilobis

periodsTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli

kognituri
kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi
rodesac vakvirdebodiT, rogor viTardeboda kongituri unarebi bavSvobidan
mozardobisken, SevamCnieT, rom am

dros

mimdinare cvlilebebi, Cveulebriv,

ukeTesobisken Secvlas niSnavda. rodesac gviani zrdasrulobis periods anu

xnovanebas vaRwevT, kulturuli stereotipebi migviTiTeben, rom cvlileba
uaresisken Secvlas gulisxmobs (Parr & Seigert, 1993). miuxedavad imisa, rom
adamianebs sjeraT, rom mowifulobas da xnovanebas zogadi gauareseba moaqvs,
isini am periodisgan mainc moelian garkveuli saxis dadebiT Zvrebs (Dixon, 1999).

357

danakargebisa

da

SenaZenebis

urTierTmonacvelobis

saCveneblad,

vnaxoT,

ra

TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba am periodSi inteleqti da mexsiereba.

inteleqti
naklebad

moipoveba

gauaresebis

Sesaxeb

janmrTel
mosazrebis

xandazmulTa

zogadi

damadasturebeli

kognituri

monacemebi.

unarebis

mosaxloebis

mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-s aReniSneba kognituri funqcionirebis seriozuli

gauareseba. rodesac xnovanebis gamo xdeba kognituri funqcionirebis gauareseba,
es,

rogorc

wesi,

mxolod

zogierT

unars

exeba.

Tu

inteleqts

davyofT

komponentebad, romelic aerTianebs verbalur SesaZleblobebs (kristalizebuli

inteleqti) da romelic aerTianebs swrafad da safuZvlianad swavlis unarebs

(fluiduri
uaresdeba

inteleqti),
asakTan

vnaxavT,

erTad

rom

fluiduri

(Baltes & Staudinger, 1993).

inteleqti
es

mniSvnelovnad

cvlileba,

didwilad,

informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebis siswrafis zogad Semcirebas ukavSirdeba:

mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba iseTi inteleqtualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis unari
drois mokle periodSi, romelic mravali kognituri procesis monawileobas
saWiroebs, asakovan adamianebs sagrZnoblad uWirT (Salthouse, 1996).
cxrili 11.3. sibrZnis maxasiaTeblebi
mdidari faqtobrivi codna. cxovrebiseuli pirobebisa da situaciebis
Sesaxeb zogadi da konkretuli codna.
mdidari proceduruli codna. cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb rCevebisa
da gansjis strategiebis zogadi da specifikuri codna.
cxovrebiseuli konteqstualizmi. cxovrebiseuli situaciebis da droSi
(ganviTarebaSi)

ganfenili urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna.

ganusazRvreloba.

cxovrebis

SedarebiTi

ganusazRvrelobisa

da

araprognozirebadobis da maTTan gamklavebis gzebis codna.

magram yvela cvlileba ar aris mimarTuli funqcionirebis gauaresebisken.
magaliTad,

dResdReobiT

fsiqologebi

asakTan

erTad

SeZenili

sibrZnis

cxovrebis ZiriTad sferoebSi gamocdilebis _ Seswavlas cdiloben. sibrZne

gulisxmobs mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturobas
cxovrebis

fundamentur

sferoebSi

(Baltes & Staudinger,

2000).

cxrilSi

11.3

358

mocemulia codnis zogierTi tipi, romelic gansazRvravs sibrZnes (Smith & Baltes,
1990).

SegiZliaT,

Sinaarsiani

naxoT,

cxovrebis

rom

codnis

manZilze

TiToeuli

grovdeba.

es

garda

forma

amisa,

xangrZlivi

sibereSi

da

adamianebi

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis

mixedviT. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom xandazmulebi, romlebic garemosgan Zlieri
stimulaciisken iswrafvian, metad arian midrekilni kognituri unarebis maRali
donis SenarCunebisken.
saidan viciT
rodesac profesorebi berdebian
kaliforniis

berklis

profesorisagan

universitetis

Semdgari

jgufi

60-dan

71

wlamde

inteleqtualuri

22

asakovani

funqcionirebis

TvalsazrisiT Sedarda axalgazrda kolegebis (30-dan 59 wlamde) jgufs da

maTive asakis xandazmulTa sakontrolo jgufs. profesorebma Seasrules
mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli testebisa, romlebic kognituri funqcionirebis
sxvadasxva
wyvilebis

aspeqts

Seexeboda.

daswavlis

zogierT

testSi)

testSi

xandazmulma

(magaliTad,

asociaciuri

profesorebma

asakTan

dakavSirebuli gauaresebis tipiuri paterni aCvenes. Tumca, sxva testebi maT

iseve

Seasrules,

rogorc

maTma

axalgazrda

kolegebma.

magaliTad,

maT

erTnairad SeZles audio CanaweriT miwodebuli moTxrobebis mosmena da maTi

Sinaarsis aRdgena. asakovani individebis sakontrolo jgufma am amocanis
Sesrulebisas asakTan dakavSirebuli tipiuri gauareseba gamoavlina. rogor
SegviZlia avxsnaT asakovan profsorebTan SenarCunebuli kognituri unarebis
arseboba?

mkvlevarebis

azriT,

profesorebis

saqmianoba,

romelic

maTgan

intensiur gonebriv aqtivobas moiTxovs, SesaZloa, icavdes maT siberisTvis

tipiuri zogierTi danakargisgan (Shimamura et al., 1995).
kvlevis aseTma Sedegma profesoroba xom ar mogandomaT? sxva kvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom ar Rirs aseT ukiduresobaSi gadavardna. mniSvnelovani daskvna
isaa, rom aucilebelia goneba vamuSaoT da vavarjiSoT. uorner Saim (Warner
Schaie) da misma kolegebma aCvenes, rom gavarjiSebis programebis saSualebiT
xandazmul

adamianebs

zogierTi

kognituri

unaris

gauaresebis

Tavidan

acilebac ki SeuZliaT (Schaie, 1994; Schaie & Willis, 1986). rogorc Cans, ukmarisoba

359

inteleqtualuri
informaciis

SesaZleblobebisa,

gadamuSavebis

romelic

siswrafesTan,

ar

aris

SesaZloa,

dakavSirebuli

ginpirobeuli

iyos

umoqmedobiT da ara _ daberebiT (Hultsch et al., 1999). kidev erTxel mivediT

daskvnamde:

gamoiyene

an

dakarge

(an

ivarjiSe

mis

ukan

dasabruneblad)

saTanado mowodebaa brZeni asakovani adamianisaTvis.

rogor unda gaumklavdnen warmatebulad xandazmuli adamianebi asakis matebis
Tanmxleb gardauval cvlilebebs? warmatebuli dabereba SeiZleba moiazrebdes
SenaZenebidan
gardauvali

maqsimaluri
danakargebis

sargeblis

miRebasa da

zemoqmedebis

xandazmulobis

SeZlebisdagvarad

Tanmxlebi
Semcirebas.

warmatebuli daberebis es strategia, romelic fsiqologebma pol baltesma (Paul

Baltes)

da

margaret

baltesma

(Margaret

Baltes)

SemogvTavazes,

cnobilia

saxelwodebiT seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (Baltes et al., 1992; Freund &

Baltes, 1998).

seleqciuri niSnavs, rom adamianebi Tavad amcireben dasaxuli

miznebis raodenobasa da diapazons. optimizacia gulisxmobs adamianebis mier

sakuTari unarebis gavarjiSebasa da daxvewas maTTvis prioritetul sferoebSi.

kompensacia ki niSnavs individTa mxridan danakargTan gamklavebis alternatuli

gzebis

gamoyenebas:

magaliTad,

iseTi

garemos

SerCeva,

sadac

xandazmulebs

gulisxmierad eqcevian. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:

rodesac pianist artur rubinSteins satelevizio interviuSi hkiTxes, Tu

rogor

moaxerxa

man,

rom

aseT

xandazmul

asakSic

warmatebuli

pianisti

yofiliyo, man daasaxela sami strategia: (1) sibereSi nakleb nawarmoebebs

asrulebda, (2) TiToeul nawarmoebs ufro xSirad asrulebda da (3) dakvrisas
igi swrafi monakveTebis win met ritardandos (tempis Senelebas) akeTebda, raTa
nawarmoebis swrafi monakveTi imaze swrafad mosCveneboda msmenels, vidre is
realurad iyo. swored es aris seleqciis (naklebi nawarmoebi), optimizaciis
(meti praqtika) da kompensaciis (tempSi kontrastebis gamoyeneba) magaliTebi.
(Baltes, 1993, p. 590)
mexsiereba
xandazmulebi xSirad uCivian mexsierebas _ veRar imaxsovreben adrindeliviT
kargad mexsierebis testebSi 60 wels gadacilebuli adamianebi marTlac uares
Sedegebs aCveneben, vidre 20 wlis da metis mozrdilebi (Craik, 1994; Hultsch et al.,

360

1998). asakis matebasTan erTad mexsierebis daqveiTebas uaRresad ganaTlebuli da

sxva mxriv kargi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebic ganicdian (Zelinski
et al., 1993). dabereba, rogorc Cans, ar aqveiTebs zogadi codnisa da didi xnis win
momxdari

cxovrebiseuli

saxelebisa

da

movlenebis

saxeebis

cnobis

Sesaxeb

kvlevaSi

informaciis
Sua

xnis

gaxsenebis

unars.

mozrdilebma

SeZles

Tanaklaselebis 90%-is cnoba saskolo albomSi skolis damTavrebidan 35 wlis

Semdeg maSin, roca skolis damTavrebidan 50 wlis Semdeg asakovan individebs
jer kidev SeeZloT Tanaklaselebis 70-80%-is cnoba (Craik, 1999; Giambra & Arenberg,
1993).
mkvlevrebs

jerjerobiT

ar

SeuZliaT

im

meqanizmebis

amomwuravad

da

saTanadod aRwera, romelic safuZvlad udevs asakovani adamianebis mexsierebis

daqveiTebas (Craik, 1999). TeoriaTa erTi nawili aqcents akeTebs axalgazrdebisa
da

xandazmulebis

mier

gansxvavebulobebze.

informaciis

meore

nawili

organizebisa

ki

miuTiTebs

da

gadamuSavebis

xandazmulTa

gzebis

Semcirebul

unarze, yuradReba miaqcion informacias. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic tvinSi

mimdinare

im

fizikur

kvals

mexsierebis

neirobiologiur
tovebs.

muSaobas

cvlilebebs

mkvlevarebi

Tavad

maTi

swavlobs, romelic

imasac

rwmena

fiqroben,

rom

mexsierebis

mexsierebaSi
xandazmulTa

aucileblobiT

gauaresebis Sesaxeb _ auaresebs (Hertzog et al., 1990; Levy & Langer, 1994). mkvlevarebi
agrZeleben TiToeuli dasaxelebuli faqtoris fardobiTi wvlilis Sefasebas.
mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma calsaxad biologiuri warmoSobisaa.
asakovani adamianebi, romlebic alcheimeris
alcheimeris daavadebiT arian daavadebulni,
TandaTanobiT kargaven mexsierebas da xasiaTdebian pirovnebis degradaciiT. es
daavadeba

aReniSneba

romelTagan
cnobili

65

daaxloebiT

gaxda

1994

wels

gadacilebul

naxevari

wlis

85

noemberSi,

welze

amerikelTa
metisaa.

amerikis

daaxloebiT

maT

yofili

10%-s,

Sorisaa,

rogorc

prezidenti

ronald

reigani (Evans et al., 1989). alcheimeris daavadeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqoda uwyinrad
iwyeba

adreul

stadiebze

erTaderTi

TvalsaCino

simptomi

SeiZleba

mexsierebis gauareseba iyos, Tumca, mis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs pirovnebis

ganuxreli

degradacia.

daavadebis

msxverpls

SeiZleba

aReniSnebodes

gradualuri pirovnuli cvlilebebi, rogoricaa apaTia, spontanurobis dakargva

da

garSemomyofebTan

urTierTobis

survilis

arqona.

Semdgom

stadiebze

361

alcheimeris daavadebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sruliad Caiketnon sakuTar

TavSi da uyuradReboni gaxdnen, maT SeiZleba sakuTari meuRlisa da Svilebis
saxelebic ki daaviwydeT. cxadia, rom mexsierebis aseTi gauareseba gacilebiT
safuZvliani

da

tragikulia,

vidre

mexsierebis

xandazmulobisTvis

Cveuli

gauareseba.
axla ki, zogadi kognituri ganviTarebidan ufro konkrterul sakiTxebze
gadavinacvloT da vnaxoT, rogorc xdeba enis aTviseba.
sibrZne

(wisdom)
)
(

mdidari

cxovrebiseuli

gamocdilebidan

momdinare

kompetenturoba cxovrebis fundamentur sferoebSi.

seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (selective
optimization with compensation)) _
(
warmatebuli

daberebis

strategia,

romlis

saSualebiTac

adamiani

maqsimalurad zrdis SenaZens da amcirebs asakTan dakavSirebul danakargs.

alchaimeris
organuli

daavadeba
sindromi,

daqveiTebiT

(Alzheimers
disease))
(
romelic

inteleqtualuri

xasiaTdeba
unarebis

Tavis

tvinis

mexsierebis
SemcirebiT

qronikuli

TandaTanobiTi
da

pirovnebis

gasadavebiT.
Sejameba
Jan piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi garemodan miRebuli informaciis asimilaciisa
da akomodaciisTvis gonebriv struqturebs iyeneben, romelTac man sqemebi uwoda.
piaJem kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi stadia gamoyo: sensomotoruli stadia,
rodesac bavSvebi aRweven obieqtTa mudmivobis cnebas; winaoperaciuli stadia,
rodesac

bavSvebis

azrovnebas

egocentrizmi

da

centracia

axasiaTebs;

konkretuli operaciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT konkretuli

gonebrivi

operaciebis

danaxsovreba

da

Sesruleba;

formaluri

operaciebis

stadia, rodesac bavSvebs SeuZliaT abstraqtulad da logikurad azrovneba.

Tamanedrove
obieqtTa

mkvlevrebma

mudmivobis

daxvewes

garkveul

piaJes

Teoriis

aspeqtebs

bavSvebi

elementebi.

magaliTad,

sicocxlis

pirvelive

Tveebidanve aRweven; winaoperaciul stadiaze myofi bavSvebi aucileblobiT ar

arian egocentrulebi. mkvlevarebi, aseve, varaudoben, rom cvlilebebi ramdenime
ZiriTadi sferodan TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
xdeba,

imis

Sesabamisad,

Tu

ramdenad

aqvs

bavSvs

ganviTarebuli

sayrdeni

362

Teoriebi

sawyisi

struqturebi,

romliTac

isini

cdiloben

samyarosTan

urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas. da bolos, aucilebelia piaJes

Teoriis ganxilva kulturul konteqstSi. mraval kulturaSi fasobs kognituri
unarebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba im unarebisgan, romelTac Tanamedrove
kognituri ganviTarebis mkvlevarebi Seiswavlian.
kognituri

unarebis

gauareseba

mozrdilebSi,

ZiriTadad,

kognituri

procesebis zogadi SenelebiT aixsneba. Tumca, asakovanma adamianebma SeiZleba am

movlenis kompensacia im sibrZniTa da gamocdilebiT moaxdinon, romelic maT
droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZines. amasTan, kognituri funqcionirebis maRali donis
SenarCuneba

maT

umravlesoba

gonebrivi

ganicdis

aqtiurobiTac

mexsierebis

SeuZliaT.

gauaresebas,

asakovan

adamianTa

aseTi

danakargi

Tumca,

umniSvneloa iseT gauaresebasTan SedarebiT, rac alcheimeris daavadebas axlavs.

enis aTviseba
aRsaniSnavi

faqtia,

rom

wlis

asakisaTvis

bavSvebs

ukve

SeuZliaT

metyvelebis danawevreba mis Semadgenel bgeriT da mniSvnelobiT erTeulebad;

bgerebis sityvebad, sityvebis ki _ azrian winadadebebad gaerTianebis wesebis
gamoyeneba,

romlebic

Tanmimdevrul

TviTonve

saubarSi.

aRmoaCines

bavSvebis

da aqtiuri

SesaniSnavma

monawileobis

enobrivma

miRwevebma

miReba
ubiZga

mkvlevarTa umravlesobas, rom daTanxmebuloyvnen mosazrebas _ enis swavlis

unars biologiuri safuZveli aqvs (pinker, 1994). Tumca, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad
daibada bavSvi, mis mSobliur enad SeiZleba iqces msoflioSi arsebuli 4000
sxvadasxva enidan nebismieri. amasTan, bavSvebi momzadebulni arian orive _
sametyvelo da Jestebis _ enis Sesaswavlad. es niSnavs, rom enis swavlisken
Tandayolili midrekileba sakmaod Zlieri da, amasTanave, moqnili unda iyos
(meier, 1991).
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor arian bavSvebi aseTi gawafulebi enis aTvisebaSi,
Cven aRvwerT faqts, romelic adasturebs mosazrebas enis aTvisebis unaris
Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb. amasTan, garemos rolzec visaubrebT _ bavSvebi xom im
konkretul,

mkacrad

gansazRvrul

enas

swavloben,

romelic

maT

irgvliv

garemoSi gamoiyeneba. cxrili 11.4 warmodgenas gviqmnis sxvadasxva saxis codnaze,

romelic bavSvebma unda aiTvison salaparako Tu Jestebis enis swavlisas. Tqven

363

SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-9-e Tavis qveTavs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (gv. ?????) da
gaixsenoT, rogor iyeneben mozrdilebi codnis am tipebs saubris dros.
fonemebi (phonemes)
) _ metyvelebis minimaluri erTeuli nebismier enaSi,
(
romelic

azrobriv

metyvelebisas;

gasxvavebas

da

ori

qmnis

eqspresiuli

gansxvavebuli

da

fonemaa

impresiuli

inglisurSi

da

qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi fonemis sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.

cxrili 11.4. enis struqtura
gramatika cdilobs, aRweros enis struqturirebisa da gamoyenebis gzebi. is
moicavs ramdenime komponents:
fonologia

Seiswavlis

sityvebad

gaerTianebul

bgerebs

bgerebs,

an

romlebic sityvebad aris gaerTianebuli.

fonema aris metyvelebis umciresi erTeuli, romelic erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebs

or

gamonaTqvams.

ganasxvavebs bars da kars.

magaliTad,

da

kP

erTmaneTisgan

15

fonetika aris metyvelebis bgerebis Seswavla da klasifikacia.

sintaqsi

aris

wesebis

erToblioba,

romliTac

sityvebi

erTiandeba

winadadebad. magaliTad, subieqti (me) + zmna (miyvars) + obieqti (vaSli)

inglisur sityvaTa standartuli Tanmimdevrobaa.
morfema aris gramatikis minimaluri ganmasxvavebeli erTeuli, romlis
gankalkeveba

SeuZlebelia

azris

dakargvis

gareSe.

sityvas

bins

(kalaTebi) aqvs ori morfema: bin (kalaTi) da s (-ebi), romelic mravlobiT

ricxvze miTiTebs.
semantika Seiswavlis sityvaTa mniSvnelobebs da maT cvlilebas droTa
ganmavlobaSi.
leqsikuri
mniSvneloba
sircxvili

15

mniSvneloba

sityvis

zogjer

winadadebis

konteqstis

(sauzme

warmoTqmis

intonaciis

(SeecadeT

vWame)

originaluri varianti: bin pin.

an

leqsikonuri

mniSvnelobaa.

sityvis

vWame

da

yuradReba

364

gaamaxviloT sxvadasxva

sityvebze:

TeTri saxlis

kata)

mixedviT

icvleba.
pragmatika aris dialogSi monawileobis wesebi; komunikaciis, winadadebebis
Tanmimdevrobis da sxvebis sityvebze saTanadod reagirebis socialurad
miRebuli normebi.
sityvebisa
sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma
warmoidgineT, rom axalSobili xarT da saSineli yayani da zuzuni gesmiT.
rogor daiwyebT imis gacnobierebas, rom zogierTi maTgani relevanturia sxva
adamianebTan

urTierTobisTvis?

bavSvis

pirveli

nabiji

konkretuli

enis

aTvisebisas aris bgerebs Soris im gansxvavebebis SemCneva, romlebic azrianad

gamoiyeneba

am

enaSi.

(niSnebis

enebis

SemTxvevaSi

bavSvma

unda

SeamCnios

gansxvavebebi, magaliTad, xelebis poziciebs Soris). TiToeuli sametyvelo ena

Sedgeba mTeli rigi SesaZlebeli gansxvavebebisagan, romelTa warmoqmna SeuZlia
adamianis vokalur traqts. arc erTi ena ar iyenebs yvela im salaparako-bgeriT
kontrasts, romelic SeiZleba wamoiqmnas. enaSi mniSvnelobis mqone minimalur
erTeuls fonemas uwodeben. inglisur enaSi daaxloebiT 45 sxvadasxva calkeuli
fonemaa. warmoidgineT, rom gesmiT sityvebi right (ufleba) da light (sinaTle). Tu
inglisuri TqvenTvis mSobliuri enaa, ar gagiWirdebaT gansxvavebis gagoneba _
inglisur enaSi /r/ da /l/ gansxvavebuli fonemebia, magram Tu Tqven mxolod
iaponur enaze saubrobT, ver gaigebT gansxvavebas am or sityvas Soris, radgan /r/
da /l/ ar aris gansxvavebuli fonemebi iaponur enaSi. ismis kiTxva: inglisurad
molaparakeni iZenen am gansxvavebis gagebis unars Tu iaponurad molaparakeni
kargaven mas?
aseT

kiTxvaze

dasWirdaT,

pasuxis

romliTac

gasacemad,

SeZlebeli

mkvlevrebma
iqneboda

iseTi

enobrivi

meTodebi

SemuSaveba

informaciis

miReba

bavSvebisgan, romelbic jer ar laparakoben.

saidan viciT
SesaZlebelia Tu ara hindis aRqma dabadebisTanave?
me-7-e

TavSi

aRwerili

operantuli

ganpirobebulobis

principebis

gamoyenebiT, mkvlevarebi aswavlian Cvilebs xmis wyarosken Tavis Sebrunebas,

365

rodesac isini SeamCneven metyvelebis

erTi bgeris Secvlas meori bgeriT.

waxaliseba (jildo), romelic ganamtkicebs am qcevas, aris ganaTebul yuTSi

moTavsebuli patara saTamaSo cxoveli, romelic taSs ukravs da dolze
abraxunebs. cda isea mowyobili, rom cvlilebis SemCnevisTanave bavSvebma
aucileblad miabrunon Tavi xmis wyarosken. bavSvebis mier gansxvavebis aRqmis
unaris gasazomad, mkvlevarebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu ra sixSiriT abrunebdnen
isini Tavs cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
janet uerkeri da misi kolegebi (werker, 1991; werker & lalond, 1988) am meTodiT
ikvlevdnen metyvelebis aRqmis unaris Tandayolil safuZvels _ es aris /r/-/l/
sakiTxis nairsaxeoba, romelic Cven zemoT ganvixileT. uerkeri swavlobda
bgeriT gansxvavebebs, romlebic ixmareba hindiSi, magram ara inglisurSi _
gansxvavebebs, romlebic arTuleben hindis aTvisebas inglisurad molaparake
zrdasrulebisTvis. uerkerma da misma kolegebma gazomes Cvilebis, romlebic
swalobdnen

inglisurisa

da

hindis,

da,

molaparake zrdasrulebis mier hindis

aseve,

inglisurad

fonemebis

da

gansxvavebis

hindize

unari. maT

aRmoaCines, rom yvela Cvili 8 Tvis asakamde, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel

enas

swavloba, amCnevda

am gansxvavebebs.

Tumca,

Tveze

ufrosi

asakis

Cvilebis da mozrdilebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod maT SeeZloT hindis bgeriTi

kontraqtebis garCeva, vinc swavlobda hindis an ukve laparakobda am enaze.
aseTi

kvleva

dabejiTebiT

gvafiqrebinebs,

rom

cxovrebas

salaparako

enebisTvis mniSvnelovani bgeriTi kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unariT

viwyebT, Tumca, maleve vkargavT im zogierTi kontrastis aRqmis unars, romelic
ar arsebobs enaSi, romlis swavlasac viwyebT (werker & tees, 1999).
metyvelebis aRqmis am biologiurad ganpirobebuli dasawyisis paralelurad,
bevr bavSvs garemoc uwyobs xels da dasawyisisTvis naklebad moiTxovs misgan
gamarTul

metyvelebas.

bavSvebTan

saubrisas

gansxvavebul
intonaciiT

formas

mraval
enis

iyeneben.

metyveleba,

kulturaSi

mozrdilebi

gansakuTrebul,
es

romelic

aris

mozrdilTa

xazgasmiT

formalurad

Cvil

patara

metyvelebisgan

gamokveTilad

cnobilia,

da

da

rogorc

maRali
bavSvze

mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed speech) an, naklebad oficialuri saxelwodebiT

_ dedebis an mSoblebis ena. bavSvze mimarTuli metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebi arsebobs bevr, magram ara yvela kulturaSi (fernald & morikawa, 1993;

366

fernald et al. , 1989; ingram, 1995). bavSvze mimarTul metyvelebas SeuZlia, daexmaros
maT

enis

aTvisebaSi,

vinaidan

misi

saSualebiT

bavSvebi

interesdebian

da

yuradRebas aqceven imas, rasad mSoblebi eubnebian maT. garda amisa, aseTi
metyvelebis bgeriTi paterni xazs usvams emociur Sinaarss, rac xels uwyobs
bavSvsa da masze mzrunvel mozrdils Soris emociuri kavSiris damyarebas (trainor
et al., 2000).
ra asakidan SeuZliaT bavSvebs bgeraTa paternebis _ sityvebis _ mravaljeradi
gameorebis SemCneva maTze mimarTul metyvelebis nakadSi? es aris pirveli didi
nabiji enis aTvisebisas: Tqven ver iswavliT imas, rom sityva ZaRli raRac
kavSirSia im bewvian arsebasTan, romlis gamoCenis drosac am sityvas amboben,
vidre ar daafiqsirebT, rom bgeraTa paternis ZaRli gamoiyeneba maSin, roca
saxezea

bewviani

arseba.

Cvilebi,

saSualod,

6-7,5

Tvis

asakidan

avlenen

ganmeorebadi bgerebis mniSvnelobis wvdomis unars (jusczyk & aslin, 1995). Tumca,
erTi gansakuTrebuli sityvis aRqmis unari bavSvebs ori TviT ufro adre,
daaxloebiT 4,5 Tvis asakSi uCndebaT: am droisaTvis isini aSkara upiratesobas
aniWeben sakuTar saxels (mandel et al., 1995)!
sityvis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla
rogorc

ki

SeZlebdiT

dafiqsirebas, Tqven mzad

udaoa,

rom

bavSvebi

bgerebis

warmoqmnisa

iqnebodiT sityvebis
brwyinvaled

da

movlenebis

mniSvnelobebis

swavloben

sityvebis

Tanxvedris

asaTviseblad.
mniSvnelobebs.

daaxloebiT 18 Tvis asakSi maTi siytvebis maragi gasaocari siswrafis izrdeba.

mkvlevarebi am periods dasaxelebebis afeTqebis anu dasaxelebaTa raodenobis

swrafi zrdis periodi uwodes, radgan bavSvebi daCqarebuli tempiT iwyeben

axali sityvebis, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis dasaxelebebis, aTvisebas. (ix. suraTi
11.7).
11.7 6 wlis asakisaTvis saSualo bavSvs daaxloebiT 14,000 sityva esmis (templin,
1957). Tu davuSvebT, rom am sityvebis umravlesoba 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde asakSia
naswavli, miviRebT, rom bavSvi erT dReSi cxra sityvas swavlobs anu sifxizlis
yovel

erT

saaTSi

TiTqmis

erT

sityvas

(carey,

1978).

rogor

aris

es

SesaZlebeli?
warmoidgineT situacia: bavSvi da misi mama seirnoben parkSi da mama uTiTebs
raRacaze da ambobs: es aris ZaRli. bavSvma unda gadawyvitos, Tu samyaros

367

romel nawils ekuTvnis ZaRli. es ar aris ioli saqme (quine, 1960). iqneb ZaRli
niSnavs nebismier oTxfexa qmnilebas, cxovelis qurqs, cxovelis tyavs an
kidev sxva uamrav mniSvnelobas, romelic marTali iqneba yovel jerze, roca
vinme ZaRlze miuTiTebs. yvela SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor axerxeben
bavSvebi TiToeuli sityvis mniSvnelobis dadgenas?
bavSvze

mimarTuli

gansakuTrebuli

metyveleba

forma,

(child-directed

speech)

gamokveTil

da

xazgasmiT

maRali

metyvelebis
intonaciiT,

romelsac mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas iyeneben.

sur. 11.7. bavSvis leqsikonis gamdidreba

bavSvis

mier

gamoyenebuli

sityvebis

raodenoba

swrafad

izrdeba

wlinaxevridan 6 wlis asakamde. mocemuli kvleva aCvenebs bavSvebis sityvaTa

saSualo marags 6 Tviani intervalebiT. (wyaro: B.A. Moskowitz, 1978. The acquisition of
lenguage. scientific American, Inc. All Rights reserved. Reprinted by permission.)
Cven vvaraudobT, rom bavSvebi naturalistebis msgavsad moqmedeben. isini
ayalibeben hipoTezebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras SeiZleba niSnavdes TiToeuli axali
sityva.

magaliTad,

SegviZlia

vnaxoT,

Tu

rogor

aqtiurad

muSaobs

maTi

naturalisturi goneba, rodesac isini Zalian afarToveben sityvis mniSvnelobas

_ erT sityvas iyeneben obieqtTa farTo speqtris aRsaniSnad. maT SeuZliaT
sityva ZaRliT aRniSnon yvela cxoveli, an sityviT mTvare _ yvela mrgvali
obieqti, saaTisa da monetebis CaTvliT. xsva SemTxvevebSi, bavSvebs SeuZliaT

Seaviwrovon sityvis mniSvneloba _ CaTvalon, magaliTad, rom ZaRli mxolod

maTi ojaxis ZaRls niSnavs.
Tumca, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi hipoTezebs qmnian, ar xsnis, Tu
ratom arian bavSvebis gacilebiT metad midrekilni imis warmodgenisken, rom

ZaRli Seesabameba mTlian cxovels da ara, magaliTad, mis marcxena wina TaTs.
mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebis hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili
principebiT

(clark,

1987,

1993;

markman,

1989).

ganvixiloT,

magaliTad,

urTierTgamoricxvis principi, romelic gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebi ise iqcevian,

TiTqos TiToeul sagans mxolod erTi dasaxeleba unda hqondes. rogor zRudavs
es principi bavSvebis hipoTezas? normalur pirobebSi bavSvebs midrekilni arian,
CaTvalon, rom axali sityva aRniSnavs mTlian sagans. amavdroulad, roca maT

368

ukve ician raime mTliani sagnis dasaxeleba, magaliTad, telefoni, isini iyeneben
urTierTgamoricxvas

da

aviTareben

hipoTezas,

rom

maTTvis

ucnobi

sityva,

magaliTad, yurmili unda aRniSnavdes sagnis romelime nawils (liitschwager &

markman, 1994; markman & wachtel, 1988). bavSvis hipoTeza, umeteswilad, sworia xolme.
urTierTgamoricxva xsnis, Tu ratom brazdebian 2 wlis bavSvebi, roca maT
saxanZro manqanas deda saxanZro satvirTos uwodebs.
gramatikis Seswavla
bavSvebis
rogorc

mier

mniSvnelobebis

naturalistebi,

aTvisebis

romelTa

asaxsnelad

hipoTezebi

isini

SezRudulia

davaxasiaTeT,
Tandayolili

pricipebiT. igive analogiis gamoyeneba SeiZleba bavSvebis mier wesebis, romelTa

meSveobiTac mniSvnelobebi erTiandeba ufro did erTeulebad, anu gramatikis _
aTvisebis

aRsawerad,

bavSvisTvis

siZneles

is

qmnis,

rom

sxvadasxva

enebs

sxvadasxva wesebi aqvT. magaliTad, inglisurSi winadadebis tipiuri

subieqti-zmna-obieqti,
gaarkvion,

ra

iaponurSi

tipis

wyoba

ki

subieqti-obieqti-zmna.

gamoiyeneba

im

enaSi,

wyobaa

bavSvebma

romelic

maT

unda

irgvliv

gamoiyeneba.S rogor akeTeben isini amas?

dResdReobiT

mkvlevarTa

umravlesobas

miaCnia,

rom

am

kiTxvaze

pasuxi,

ZiriTadad, adamianis genomSi unda veZioT. lingvist noam xomskis (Noam Chomsky;
1965, 1975), magaliTad, amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi ibadebian gonebrivi struqturebiT,
romelic

aioleben enis

gagebas

da

am enis

saSualebiT azris

gadmocemas.

gramatikis aseTi biologiuri safuZvlis dasabuTebas uzrunvelyofen bavSvebi,

romlebic mkafiod Camoyalibebuli gramatikuli wesebis auxsnelad srulad
floben enis gramatikul struqturas. magaliTad, mkvevarebma Seiswavles yru
bavSvebi,

romelTa

siyruec

imdenad

mZime

iyo,

rom

ar

SeeZloT

zepiri

metyvelebis aTviseba, mSoblebma ki ar uzrunvelyves maTTvis Jestebis enis

srulad swavleba (goldin-meadow & mylander, 1990, 1998). am bavSvebma daiwyes sakuTari
niSnebis enis gamogoneba da am Jestebis enam _ misTvis garemoSi sayrdenis
ararsebobis

miuxedavad

gamarTuli

gramatikuli

struqtura

SeiZina:

Camoyalibebuli enis, rogorc orientiris, arsebobis an ararsebobis pirobebSi,

bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, mzad arian struqturebis ZiebisTvis, sul mcire, sityvis

369

da winadadebis doneze, rodesac aviTareben informaciis gacvlis sistemebs

(goldin-meadow & mylander, 190, p. 351).
rogor

unda

Tandayolili?

gaarkvion

am

mkvlevrebma,

sakiTxisadmi

yvelaze

konkretulad

nayofieri

romeli

midgomaa

enis

codnaa
aTvisebis

Seswavla mravali enis masalaze dayrdnobiT anu kros-linglisturad. imis

garkveviT, Tu ra uadvildebaT da ra uZneldebaT bavSvebs msoflios mravali
enis aTvisebisas, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron, savaraudod, gramatikis
romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs.
aq vubrundebiT mosazrebas bavSvis, rogorc naturalistis, Sesaxeb. bavSvebi
Tandayolil

SemzRudvebs

iyeneben

konkretuli

enis

Seswavlis

amocanis

Sesrulebisas. den slobinma (Dan Slobin) es warmmarTveli principebi gansazRvra,

rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principebis erToblioba, romelic erTad bavSvis enis
Seqmnis

unari

qmnis.

slobinis

principebi

bavSvisTvis

magaliTad,

operaciuli

aRmoCenaSi,

romlebic

SedgenaSi,

aseTia:

Teoriis

mimarTulebis
principi,
erTad

sityvaTa

(1985)

mimcemis

romelic

gamoiyeneba
kategoriebisa

mixedviT,

(direqtivebis)

bavSvs
da

exmareba

maTgan

da

saxelmZRvanelo
formas
iseTi

iRebs.

sityvebis

sityvaTSeTanxmebebis

funqcionaluri

elementebis

kategoriebis dadgenili mimdevrobis, romlebic erTad Cndebian konkretuli

propoziciis tipis gamoxatvisas, mocemuli propoziciis tipis aRmniSvnelTan
erTad mexsierebaSi Senaxva (gv. 1252). martivad rom vTqvaT, es saxelmZRvanelo
principi

gveubneba,

rom

bavSvebma

unda

daicvan

sityvebis

warmoTqmis

Tanmimdevrobisa da maT mier gamoxatuli mniSvnelobebis urTierTmimarTeba.

slobinma saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxvadasxva enebis mravali mkvlevaris mier
mowodebuli monacemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze gamoiyvana. imis saCveneblad, Tu
rogor muSaobs es principebi Cven inglisuri enis magaliTebs gamoviyenebT.
vnaxoT, ra SeuZliaT inglisur enaze molaparake bavSvebs daaxloebiT ori
wlis

asakSi,

kombinaciebis
telegrafulia,

orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze, rodesac isini sityvebis

gamoyenebas

iwyeben.

radgan,

ZiriTadad,

am

TvalsazrisiT,
warmoadgens

bavSvebis

arsebiTi

metyveleba

saxelebisa

da

zmnebisgan Sedgenil mokle, martivi mimdevrobebis erTobliobas. telegraful

metyvelebas aklia iseTi damxmare sityvebi, rogoricaa the, andAda of, (artikli,

370

kavSiri

da

windebuli)

da

romlebic

sityvebsa

da

ideebs

Soris

kavSiris

gamoxatvaSi gvexmareba. magaliTad, Allgone milk16 telegrafuli frazaa.

orsityviani

gamonaTqvamebis

gasagebad

mozrdilebi

im

konteqsts

unda

icnobdnen, sadac iTqva es sityvebi. Tanya ball (tania burTi), magaliTad, SeiZleba
niSnavdes: tanias unda burTi an tania isvris burTs. miuxedavad amisa, orsityviani

winadadebebis

garkveulwilad

stadiaze

aiTvises

myof

inglisuri

bavSvebi

gramatika.

amtkiceben,

saxelmZRvanelo

rom

maT

principebi

saSualebas aZlevs maT, aRmoaCinon, rom inglisurSi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvebis

wyobas da rom sami aucilebeli elementia moqmedi piri moqmedeba _ obieqti
(subieqti-zmna-obieqti),

romlebic

am

mimdevrobiT

aris

dalagebuli.

am

aRmoCenis dasasturebaa, rodesac bavSvebi arasworad igeben aseT winadadebas:

Mary was followed by her little lamb to school (meris wayva misi patara kravi skolaSi),
maTi interpretaciaa: meri (moqmedi piri) wayva (moqmedeba) Tavis kravs (obieqti)
(ix.

suraTi.

11.8).
11.8

saxelmZRvanelo

droTa

principebi,

ganmavlobaSi
raTa

bavSvebma

aRmoaCinon,

rom

unda
wesidan

gamoiyenon
moqmedi

sxva

piri

moqmedeba _ obieqti gamonaklisebic arsebobs.

axla ganvixiloT saxelmZRvanelo principi, romelsac slobinma gavrcoba17
uwoda da romelic moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma erTi da igive azrobrivi erTeulis
anu morfemis

gamoyeneba scadon erTi da igive cnebis aRsaniSnavad. aseTi

cnebebis magaliTebia kuTvnilebiTi brunva, warsuli dro da mimdinare moqmedeba.

inglisur enaSi TiToeuli dasaxelebuli forma gamoixateba sityvis fuZeze
iseTi gramatikuli morfemis damatebis gziT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, -s (marias), ed (called) da -ing (laughing). daakvirdiT, TiToeuli dasaxelebuli bgeris damateba
arsebiT saxelze an zmnaze rogor cvlis mis mniSvnelobas.
bavSvebi gavrcobis msgavs saxelmZRvanelo principebs iyeneben am morfemebis
funqcionirebis

Sesaxeb

hipoTezebis

Camosayalibeblad.

Tumca,

vinaidan

es

principi moiTxovs, rom bavSvma unda scados yvela konkretuli SemTxvevis

erTnairad aRniSvna, is xSirad uSvebs Secdomas _ axdens hiperregulacias.
magaliTad, iswavlis ra bavSvi inglisurSi warsuli drois warmoebas zmnaze edis damatebiT, is amatebs ed-s yvela zmnas da qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa doed
16

17

Allgone milk All milk is all gone mTeli rZe (rac gvqonda) gaTavda.
extension.

371

da breaked (arawesieri zmnebi, romelTa warsuli forma ed-is damatebiT ar

iwarmoeba). swavlobs ra bavSvi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis wess (-s-is an z-is
damateba sityvis bolos), is isev zedmetad afarTovebs wess da qmnis iseT
sityvebs, rogoricaa foots, mouses (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, rodesac mravlobiTi
ricxvi -s an -z is damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). hiperregularizacia gansakuTrebiT
saintereso Secdomaa, radgan is, Cveulebriv, vlindeba mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebs
ukve naswavli aqvT raRac da iyeneben zmnebisa da arsebiTi saxelebis swor
formebs. bavSvebi jer iyeneben zmnis swor formebs (magaliTad, came da went),
albaT, imitom, rom isini swavloben maT, rogorc calkeul terminologiur
elementebs; magram roca isini swavloben warsuli drois (past-tense-is) ZiriTad
wess, isini iyeneben mas im zmnebis mimarTac, romlebic wesidan gamonakliss
warmoadgenen anu im sityvebis mimarT, romlebsac manamde sworad gamoTqvamdnen18.
droTa

ganmavlobaSi

bavSvebi

iyeneben

sxva

saxelmZRvanelo

principebs

am

droebiTi gaugebrobis dasaZlevad.

bavSvebis mier enis aTviseba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens maT socialur
urTierTobebze.

es

unda

davimaxsovroT,

vinaidan

socialuri

ganviTarebis

ganxilvas viwyebT, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinareobs.

enis Seqmnis unari (language-making
capacity)) _ Tandayolili saxelmZRvanelo
(
principebi,

romlebsac

bavSvebis

iyeneben

enis

Seswavlis

amocanis

Sesrulebisas.
hiperregularizacia
) _ gramatikuli Secdoma, romelic,
hiperregularizacia (overregularization)
(
Cveulebriv, vlindeba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da romlis
drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba, rom xdeba araswori
lingvisturi formebis warmoeba.
sur. 11.8: gramatikis aTviseba
aTviseba

mravali bavSvi Tvlis, rom mary was followed by the lamb (meris gahyva kravi) da
mary followed the lamb (meri gahyva kravs) erTi da igive mniSvnelobis mqone
winadadebebia.
18

qarTulSi amis magaliTia, rodesac bavSvebi amboben rsebobs da ara arsebobs, radgan maT ukve
naswavli aqvT, rom ar uaryofis gamomxatvelia da fiqroben, rom ar-is gamokleba uaryofiT mtkicebas
dadebiTad aqcevs. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

372

Sejameba
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs mosazrebas, rom bavSvebi ibadebian enis
Seswavlis

biologiurad

monacemebs

iZlevian

fonemuri

kontrastebis

ganpirobebuli

eqsperimentebi,
aRqmis

unariT.

romlebic

am

ideis

damadasturebel

aCveneben,

rom

bavSvebs

unari,

maT

Soris

Tandayolili

aqvT
iseTi

kontrastebis, romelic ar gamoiyeneba maTi garemosTvis Cveul enaSi. 7,5 Tvis

asakisaTvis bavSvebi cnoben ganmeorebad bgerebs. es unari saSualebas aZlevs
maT, daiwyon sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis aTviseba. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom axali
sityvebis

mniSvnelobebs

gadasinjviT,

romlebic

bavSvebi

swavloben

ganpirobebulia

im

iseTi

hipoTezebis

SeqmniTa

Tandayolili

da

principebiT,

rogoricaa urTierTgamoricxva.
kros-lingvisturi

kvlevebi

exmareba

mkvlevrebs,

gansazRvron,

gramatikis

romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs. enis Seqmnis

unari warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo principebis erTobliobas, romelic marTavs
bavSvebis mier maT garemocvisTvis Cveuli enis gaanalizebis process.
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
Cven vnaxeT, rogor icvleba adamiani dabadebidan xandazmulobamde fizikuri
da kognituri TvalsazrisiT. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT socialur ganviTarebas:
rogor icvleba individis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi sicocxlis
manZilze. Cven vnaxavT, rom socialuri da kulturuli garemo urTierTqmedebs
biologiur asakTan da cxovrebis TiToeul periods misTvis
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gamowvevebiTa da ganmtkicebebiT uzrunvelyofs.
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovania imis
codna, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs kultura da garemo Cveni cxovrebis garkveul
aspeqtebze. magaliTad, ekonomikuri gaWirvebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi adamianebi
eqvemdebarebian

garkveuli

tipis

stresebs,

rac

ar

xdeba

ganviTarebis

normalur pirobebSi (crockett & silbereisen, 2000; leventhal & brooks-gunn, 2000). aSS-sa da
msoflios
valdebuls

sxva
xdis,

qveynebSi

arsebuli

gaiTvaliswinon

is

tendenciebi
gamorCeuli

ganviTarebis
garemoebebi,

fsiqologebs
sadac

uwevs

cxovreba mraval bavSvs, mozardsa Tu mozrdils _ garemoebebi, romlebic

mudmivad safrTxes uqmnis maT fsiqikas, usafrTxoebas da sicocxles (dryfoss, 1990;

373

huston et al., 1994; ladd & cairns, 1996). garda amisa, amerikuli kultura Tavs axvevs
cxovrebis

sxvadasxva

warmomadgenlebs.
arasaxarbielo

stils

magaliTad,
ekonomikur

qalebsa

da

xandazmuli

mamakacebs

qalebi

mdgomareobaSi,

ufro

vidre

da

umciresobaTa

xSirad

imyofebian

xandazmuli

mamakacebi;

xandazmuli afro-amerikeli qalebi kidev ufro cud mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre

maTive asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi (carstensen & rasupathi, 1993). es gansxvavebebi
Tanamedrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli struqturuli uTanasworobis
uSualo Sedegia.
socialuri

ganviTareba

individis

socialuri

(social
development))
(
urTierTobebi

_
da

gza,

romliTac

molodinebi

icvleba
cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi.
rodesac

vaskvniT

dagvaviwydes _
normidan.

cxovrebis

mimdinareobis

Taobaze,

ar

unda

kultura karnaxobs zogierT individs, rom gansxvavdebodes am

rodesac

Cveulebrivi

saSualo

aRvwerT

individi

im

awydeba,

fsiqologiur
unda

gaxsovdeT,

sirZneleebs,
rom

mravali

romelsac
individi

gansakuTrebuli, iSviaTi gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. mkvlevarebis daniSnulebaa,

aRweron Tanamedrove problemebis gavlena adamianze da SeimuSavon meTodebi,
romliTac Seamsubuqeben yvelaze usiamovno Sedegebs. naTelia, rom saWiroa
seriozuli

reformebis

gatareba

ukeTesi

janmrTelobis

dacvis

sistemis,

socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebisa da socialuri daxmarebis politikis

asamoqmedeblad

da

dasaregulireblad.

fsiqologebi

daxmarebas

gagviweven

ojaxebisa da maTi bavSvebis saukeTeso interesebis gansazRvraSi (Scarr & Eisenberg,

1993). socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas saSualeba gveqneba, davubrundeT
kulturis gavlenis sakiTxs.
gaxsovdeT, rom ganvlili wlebi da kulturiT ganpirobebuli socialuri
gamocdileba erToblivad gansazRvraven adamianebis cxovrebiseul amocanebs.
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvas daviwyebT erik eriksonis cxovrebis ciklis
TeoriiT, romelic naTlad warmogviCens im gamowvevebsa da SenaZenebs, romelsac
viRebT cxovrebiseuli ciklis TiToeul did monakveTze.
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri stadiebi

374

erik

eriksonma (Erik Erikson),

zigmund

froidis

qaliSvilis,

ana

froidis

mowafem, SemogvTavaza Teoria, romlis mixedviTac yovelma individma warmatebiT

unda gaiaros mTeli rigi fsiqosocialuri stadiebisa,
stadiebisa romelTaganac TiToeuli
mas garkveuli konfliqtis an krizisis winaSe ayenebs. eriksonma cxovrebis
ciklis rva stadia gamoyo. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 11.5,
11.5 TiToeuli stadia
xasiaTdeba konkretuli krizisiTa Tu konfliqtiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
erTi konfliqti ar amoiwureba bolomde, aucilebelia, individma sakmarisad
gadaWras TiToeuli maTgani, raTa warmatebiT gaumklavdes Semdgomi stadiebis
konfliqtebs.
eriksonis mier aRwerili cxovrebiseuli ciklis pirvel stadiaze Cvils,
mzrunvel mozardebTan urTierTobaSi, unda Camouyalibdes garemosadmi ndobis
bazisuri

grZnoba.

mSobelTan,

ndoba

romelic

uzrunvelyofs.

bunebrivi

bavSvs

Tumca,

Tu

maxasiaTebelia

sakvebiT,
ar

aris

siTboTi

Zlieri

da

mijaWvulobisa

fizikuri

dakmayofilebuli

siaxloviT

bavSvis

bazisuri

moTxovnilebebi; Tu mas aklia movla, fizikuri siaxlove, siTbo da, aseve, Tu is

xSirad rCeba masze mzrunvelis gareSe, SesaZloa, mas ganuviTardes undoblobis,
daucvelobisa da SfoTvis yovlismomcveli gancda.
fexis adgmasa da laparakis dawyebasTan erTad, farTovdeba bavSvis mier
gamokvleuli
adamianebis)

sivrce

da

Seswavlasa

is
da

intensiurad

iwyebs

manipulirebas

(xeliT

obieqtebis
mosinjvas,

(da

xandaxan

datrialebas,

gadmobrunebas). am moqmedebebiT mas unda Camouyalibdes avtonomiis da sakuTari

qmedunarianobisa da Rirseulobis gancda. am stadiaze zedmetma SezRudvam da
kritikulobam, SesaZloa, migviyvanos bavSvis mier sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebamde,
xolo iseTma moTxovnebma, romlebic mis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, TviTmomsaxurebis Cvevebis naadrevi da/an zedmetad mkacri moTxovna,
SesaZloa, mas daukargos axali amocanebis miRwevisa da axali unarebis SeZenis
xalisi. winasaskolo periodis dasasruls bavSvi, romelsac ukve ganviTarebuli
aqvs ndobis bazisuri grZnoba jer
Tavisadmi,

SeZlebs

iniciativis

uaxloesi garemocvis, Semdeg ki sakuTari

gamoCenas

rogorc

gonebriv,

ise

motorul

aqtivobaSi. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor reagireben mSoblebi bavSvis mxridan

aseTi iniciativebis gamoCenaze, isini waaxaliseben Tavisuflebisa da sakuTar
TavSi

darwmunebulobis

SegrZnebas,

rac

aucilebelia

ganviTarebis

Semdegi

375

safexurisTvis,

an

aRZraven

danaSaulis

daupatiJebel stumrad agrZnobineben Tavs.

gancdas

da

mozrdilTa

samyaroSi

376

cxrili 11.5. fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT

miaxloebiTi
miaxloebiTi
asaki
0-1,5

krizisi
ndoba undoblobis

warmatebuli gadawyveta

warumatebeli gadawyveta

usafrTxoebis bazisuri gancda

daucveloba, SfoTva

avtonomia eWvis

Tavis aRqma momqmedad, romelsac

movlenebis kontrolis

winaaRmdeg

xelewifeba sakuTari sxeulis

SeuZleblobis gancda

winaaRmdeg
1,5-3

kontroli da romelic flobs

situacias
3-6

iniciativa danaSaulis

sakuTar TavSi, rogorc

sakuTari Rirsebis

grZnobis winaaRmdeg

iniciatorsa da SemoqmedSi,

gancdis ararseboba

darwmunebuloba
6-pubertati

mozardoba

kompetenturoba

bazisuri socialuri da

saliTar TavSi

arasrulfasovnebis

inteleqtualuri unarebis

daurwmunebuloba,

winaaRmdeg

adekvaturoba

marcxis gancda

ego-identuroba

sakuTari Tavis, rogorc

sakuTari pirovnebis

rolebis aRrevis

pirovnebis, sasiamovno,

danawevrebulobis gancda;

winaaRmdeg

damakmayofilebeli gancda

sakuTar me-ze cvalebadi

da bundovani warmodgena

axalgazrdoba intimuroba izolaciis

winaaRmdeg

meore adamianTan daaxloebisa da

martoobis da

erTgulad darCenis unari

gancalkevebis gancda;
axlo urTierTobis
saWiroebis uaryofa

377

saSualo

qmnadoba19 uZraobis20

sakuTari Tavis garda ojaxze,

sakuTari survilebis

asaki

winaaRmdeg

sazogadoebaze, momaval Taobaze

damkayofilebaze zrunva;

zrunvis unari

momavalze orientaciis
ararseboba

xandazmuloba

mTlianoba21

mTlianobis gancda, zogadi

sicarielis,

sasowarkveTis

kmayofileba cxovrebiT

gamousadegarobis gancda,

winaaRmdeg

19

Generativity.
Stagnation
21
ego-integrity
20

imedgacrueba

dawyebiT skolis periodSi bavSvi, romelsac warmatebiT daZlia wina stadiebis

krizisebi, mzad aris, rom garesamyaros SemTxveviTi Ziebidan da gadasinjvidan

kompetenturobisa

gadavides
skola

da

sporti

TanatolebTan
iZleva.

inteleqtualuri

urTierToba

warmatebul

Sromisunarianobis

da

ki

da

socialuri

mcdelobebs

am

sistematur

motoruli
unarebis

ganviTarebaze.

unarebis

ganviTarebis,

ganviTarebis

mimarTulebebiT

bavSvi

saSualebas

kompetenturobis

gancdamde mihyavs. Tu am stadiaze bavSvi Semsruleblis nacvlad mayurebelis

rolSi aRmoCndeba an marcxs ganicdis, SesaZloa, mas arasrulfasovnebis SegrZeba
ganuviTardes, rac, Tavis

mxriv, amcirebs

Semdgomi

cxovrebiseuli

stadiebis

moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis unars.

eriksons

miaCnda,

rom

mozardobis

ZiriTadi

krizisia

sakuTari

individualurobis anu identobis aRmoCena, rasac abrkolebs sxvadasxva wreSi

gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucileblobiT gamowveuli gaurkvevloba. am
krizisis

gadawyveta

individs

sakuTari

pirovnebis

mTlianobis

gancdis

CamoyalibebaSi exmareba; warumatebloba ki, Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze, rogorc

aramyari birTvis mqone pirovnebis Sesaxeb, warmodgenis mizezi xdeba.
axalgazrdobis (adreuli mozrdilobis) ZiriTadi krizisi intimurobasa da

izolacias Soris konfliqtis gadaWraa. am konfliqtis warmatebuli gadawyvetis

Sedegia

sxva

adamianebTan

urTierTobebiis
urTierTobebi

sruli

damyarebisa
TavisTavad

da

emociuri,

zneobrivi

SenarCunebis

gulisxmobs

unaris

zogierTi

da

seqsualuri

ganviTareba.

pirovnuli

aseTi

prioritetis

daTmobas, kompromiss, sakuTar Tavze garkveuli pasuxismgeblobebis aRebas da

meore adamianis (partnioris) ganmartoebulobisa da damoukideblobis garkveuli
xarisxiT

SenarCunebas.

am

krizisis

daZlevisas

warumateblobas

individi

izolaciamde da sxvebTan harmoniuri urTierTobebis unaris arqonamde mihyavs.

socialuri zrdis Semdegi SesaZlebloba, romelic, Cveulebriv, mowifulobaSi
(Sua xnis mozrdilobaSi) eZleva adamians, generaciuloba anu produqtulobaa. 3040 wlis asakSi adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar partniorze fiqris sazRvrebs
scdebian

da

zrunvas

iwyeben

ojaxis

wevrebze,

samuSaoze,

sazogadoebasa

da

momaval Taobaze. isini, visac wina stadiebis krizisebi ar aqvT daZleuli, kvlav
sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT arian dakavebulni, eWvqveS ayeneben
warsulis

miRwevebs

da

inarCuneben Tavisuflebas.

miRebul

gadawyvetilebebs

da

usafrTxoebis

fasad

379

xnovanebis (gviani mozrdilobis) krizisia konfliqti pirovnul mTlianobasa da

sasowarkveTas Soris. nebismieri ganvlili stadiis krizisis gadawyveta xnier

adamians

amzadebs

imisaTvis,

rom

warsuls

sinanulis

gareSe

Sexedos

da

pirovnuli mTlianobis sasiamovno gancda daeuflos. Tu adrindeli krizisebi

gadauWrelia,

xolo

miswrafebebi

ausrulebel

survilebadve

darCa,

sasowarkveTileba, ganvlili cxovrebis amaoebisa da sakuTari

individs

gamousadegrobis

SegrZneba eufleba.
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (psychosocial
stages)) _ erik eriksonis SemoTavazebuli
(
ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrul stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba sakuTar Tavsa da
sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis
sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs da individisa da socialuri garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnil socialur konfliqtebs.
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi
bavSvis sicocxlis SenarCuneba damokidebulia sxva adamianebTan Sinaarsiani da
efeqtiani urTierTobebis damyarebaze. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinare

procesia,

standartebi,
misaRebi

unarebi,

iqneba

rodesac
ganwyobebi

mocemuli

individis
da

qcevis

motivebi

sazogadoebisTvis.

iseT

paternebi,
formas

procesSi

Rirebulebebi,

iReben,

romelic

mravali

adamiani

(naTesavebi, megobrebi, maswavleblebi) da instituciaa (skolebi, RvTis msaxurebis

adgilebi)

CarTuli,

romelTa

zegavlenis

Sedegadac

iTvisebs

individi

socialurad misaReb Rirebulebebsa da qcevis standartebs. Tumca, socializaciis

yvelaze mniSvnelovani maregulirebeli da ganmapirobebeli Tavad ojaxia. Tavad
ojaxis cneba icvleba, vinaidan dResdReobiT mravali bavSvi izrdeba viTarebaSi,
romelic

gansxvavdeba

ojaxis

standartuli

deda,

mama,

da-Zmebi

struqturisgan: zogierTi bavSvi martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi izrdeba, zogi ki _

mravali Taobisagan Semdgar ojaxSi. ojaxis ganurCevlad ojaxis konfiguraciisa,
ojaxi exmareba individs sxvebze reagirebis ZiriTadi paternebis CamoyalibebaSi,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sxva adamianebTan damokidebulebis cxovrebiseuli stilis
safuZveli xdeba.
socializacia (socialization) _ cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare procesi, romlis
saSualebiTac

individis

qcevis

paternebi,

Rirebulebebi,

standartebi,

380

unarebi, ganwyobebi da iseT formas iReben, romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli

sazogadoebisTvis.

mijaWvuloba
socialuri ganviTareba iwyeba bavSvsa da dedas, mamas, an sxva mudmiv mzrunvels
Soris mWidro emociuri urTierTobis damyarebiT. am Zlier, xangrZliv, socialuremociur urTierTobas mijaWvuloba ewodeba. vinaidan bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT Tavis
gamokveba

da

sicocxlis

dacva,

mijaWvulobis

SenarCunebaa.

cxovelTa

yvelze
samyaros

adreuli
zogierT

funqcia

bavSvisTvis

saxeobaSi

axalSobils

avtomaturad ebeWdeba mexsierebaSi pirvelive moZrav obieqti, romelsac is xedavs

an romlis xmac esmis (Johnson & Gottlieb, 1981). amas imprintingi ewodeba. imprintingi
swrafad

xdeba

ganviTarebis

kritikul

periodSi

da

Znelia

misi

Secvla.

imprintingis aseTi avtomaturoba zogjer SeiZleba problematuri iyos. eTologma

konrad lorencma (Konrad Lorenz) aCvena, rom adamianis gazrdili batis Wukebi
adamians

miejaWvebian

da

ara

TavianTi

saxeobis

romelime

warmomadgenels.

sabednierod, bunebriv pirobebSi batis Wukebi, dabadebisTanave pirvelad, umetesad,

sxva batebs xedaven.
adamianis

Svili

naklebad

aris

damokidebuli

instinqtur

mijaWvulobaze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT mraval samSobiaro saxlSi mijaWvulobis

ganviTarebis waxalisebas axalSobilis dedis mucelze moTavsebiT cdiloben,
adamianebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis kavSiris gasamyareblad ufro rTuli signalebi
esaWiroebaT. Cvilis mier gamocemuli miaxloeba-daSorebis signalebi _ rogoricaa
Rimili,

tirili,

bgerebis

gamocema

rogorc

Cans,

Tandayolili

qcevebia,

romliTac Cvili agebinebs sxvebs, rom yuradReba miaqcion (Campos et al., 1991).
magaliTad, cxra Tvis bavSvi SerCeviT uRimis maT, viszec surs gavlenis moxdena
(Jones et al., 1991). cxadia, warmatebuli mijaWvuloba ara aris damokidebuli mxolod
Cvilis mier signalebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, Rimili) gamocemis unarze, aramed
_ mozrdilis mier am signalebis garCevisa da maTze reagirebis unarzec. vis
SeuZlia, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios Cvilis Rimils? jon boulbis (John Bowlby,
1973),

adamianTa

mixedviT,

Soris

Cvilebi

im

mijaWvulobis
individebs

saTanadod pasuxoben maT signalebs.

ganviTarebis

ejaWvebian,

gavleniani

romlebic

Teoretikosis,

Tanmimdevrulad

da

381

mijaWvulobis

Sefasebis

erT-erTi

yvelaze

gavrcelebuli

meTodia

meri

einsvorsisa (Mary Ainsworth) da misi kolegebis SemuSavebuli ucnobi situaciis

testi (Ainsworth et al., 1978). erT-erT pirvel standartul epizodSi, bavSvi SehyavT
saTamaSoebiT savse ucnob oTaxSi. dedis Tandaswrebis pirobebSi bavSvs saSualeba
eZleva, ukeT Seiswavlos oTaxi da iTamaSos. ramdenime wuTis Semdeg oTaxSi
ucnobi adamiani Semodis, esaubreba dedas da uaxlovdeba bavSvs. Semdeg deda
tovebs oTaxs. xanmokle ganSorebis Semdeg deda oTaxSi brundeba, deda da Svili
xvdeba

erTmaneTs

da

ucnobi

gadis.

mkvlevrebma

aRmoaCines,

rom

am

testze

bavSvebis reaqciebi sam ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa (Ainsworth et al., 1978):

myarad

mijaWvuli

distresiT

bavSvebi

reagireben.

oTaxidan

misi

mSoblis

dabrunebis

gasvlaze

Semdeg

ki

garkveuli

siaxlovisken,

komfortisken da kontaqtisken iswrafvian da TandaTanobiT ubrundebian

TamaSs.
aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ganridebadi bavSvebi indiferentulebi Canan da
SeiZleba aqtiurad aaridon Tavi mSobels, an moaxdinon misi ignorireba.
aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ambivalenturi/rezistentuli bavSvebi brazdebian
da SfoTaven, roca mSobeli oTaxidan gadis; misi dabrunebisas veRar
mSviddebian

da

ubrazdebian

da

ewinaaRmdegebian

mas,

Tumca,

masTan

kontaqtis survilsac gamoxataven.

aSS-is

mosaxleobis

saSualo

fenebis

ojaxebisdan

Semdgari

SerCevevis

gamokvlevam aCvena, rom Cvili bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70% myarad mijaWvulTa

kategorias ganekuTvneba; aramyarad mijaWvuli bavSvebis daaxloebiT 20% moTavsda
ganridebadis kategoriaSi, 10% ki _ rezistentulis kategoriaSi. aSS-isgan iseT
gansxvavebul

qveynebSi,

mijaWvulobis

rogoricaa

urTierTobebis

SvedeTi,

israeli,

kros-kulturulma

iaponia

kvlevam

da

CineTi,

mijaWvulobis

konkretuli tipebis sakmarisad mdgradi prevalireba gamoavlina (van Ijzendoorn &

Kroonenberg, 1988).
kulturuli
mijaWvulobis

TiToeul

qveyanaSi

gansxvavebuloba
sxvadasxva

tipis

bavSvebis

yvelaze

metad

umetesoba
aisaxa

prioritetulobaze.

myarad
arasando,

garda

amisa,

mijaWvulia;
aramyarad
mkvlevrebma

gamoavlines maRali xarisxis SeTanxmebuloba ucnobi situaciebis testiTa da

382

bavSvebze

da

maT

dedebze

saxlis

Cveul

garemoSi

dakvirvebis

Sedegebze

dayrdnobiT Sedgenil klasifikaciebs Soris (Pederson & Morgan, 1996).

ucnobi

situaciebis

testis

monacemebze

dafuZnebuli

kategoriebi

prognostulad Rirebuli aRmoCnda _ maT Zalze zustad SeeZloT bavSvis Semdgomi

qcevis

prognozireba

mTel

rig

situaciebSi;

es

gansakuTrebiT

exeboda

im

sazRvars/gamyofs, romelic myarad da aramyarad mijaWvul bavSvebs erTmaneTisgan

mijnavda. magaliTad, grZelvadianma kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi, romlebic 15
Tvis

asakSi ucnobi situaciis

testSi

sando an arasando

mijaWvulobisTvis

damaxasiaTeblad iqceodnen, skolaSi qcevis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen 89 wlis asakSi (Bohlin et al., 2000). 15 Tvis asakSi myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi ufro
popularulebi iyvnen da naklebad SfoTavdnen sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis
gamo, vidre maTi aramyarad mijaWvuli Tanatolebi. adreul wlebSi mijaWvulobis
xarisxisa da Semdgomi qcevis aseTive kavSiri gamovlinda 10 wlis bavSvebSi (Urban
et al., 1991) da mozardebSi (Weinfield et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mijaWvulobis

xarisxs,

romelic

ucnobi

situaciebis

testiT

gamovlinda,

namdvilad aqvs grZelvadiani Sedegebi aqvs. me-17-e TavSi vnaxavT, ro m mkvlevarebi

mijaWvulobis

sazomebs

mozrdilTa

sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebis

prognozirebiTvisac iyeneben.
mijaWvuloba

(attachment)

emociuri

urTierToba

bavSvsa

da

masze

regularulad mzrunvel mozrdils Soris.

imprintingi (imprinting)
) _ daswavlis
primitiuli forma, rodesac axalSobili
(
da
cxoveli ukan misdevs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts, romelsac xedavs
an romlis xmac esmis.
Cven

vnaxeT,

sicocxlisaTvis.

rom

mijaWvuloba

sando

sakmaod

mijaWvuloba

mniSvnelovania

mozrdilTan,

romelic

axalgazrda
sayrdensa

da

socialur mxardaWeras sTavazobs bavSvs, mas prosocialur qcevaTa Seswavlis

winapirobas

uqmnis.

is

saSualebas

aZlevs

bavSvs,

iswavlos

gariskva,

axal

situaciebSi CarTva da Rrma pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ki vnaxoT,

risi

gakeTeba

SeuZliaT

mSoblebs

imisaTvis,

rom

xeli

Seuwyon

am

myari

mijaWvulobis erTob mniSvnelovani grZnobis Camoyalibebas.

mSoblebis
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi da dadgenili qcevis wesebi

383

TiToeuli

bavSvi

sakuTari

temperamentis

Sesabamisad

iqceva

mSoblebTan

urTierTobisas: mSoblebi, romelTac erTze meti Svili hyavT, xSirad aRniSnaven,

Tu ramdenad ganxvavdebodnen maTi Svilebi erTmaneTisgan adreuli asakidanve.
bavSvis ama Tu im tempretamentma mSoblebis saukeTeso (an uaresi) mcdelobebi
SeiZleba moulodnel Sedegebamde miiyvanos. mkvlevarebi aRiareben, rom bavSvebis
temperamenti da mSoblebis qceva gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, rac, Tavis mxriv,
aisaxeba bavSvis ganviTarebaze, magaliTad, mijaWvulobis urTierTobis xarisxis
saxiT: ramdenadac mSoblebi cvlian Tavian Svilebs, imdenad Svilebi cvlian
mSoblebs (Collins et al., 2000).
da mainc, temperamentuli sxvaobebis fonze, mkvlevrebma daadgines mSoblebis
mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stili,
stili romelic, Cveulebriv, yvelaze met sargebels
iZleva.

mocemuli

stili

ori

ori

ganzomilebis

momTxovnelobisa

da

gulisxmierebis _ urTierTkveTis wertilSi mdebareobs (Maccoby & Martin, 1983):

momTxovnelobaSi

moiazreba

mSoblis

survili,

Seasrulos

sazogadoebis

warmomadgenlisa da am sazogadoebSi miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis

roli, gulisxmierebaSi ki _ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis aRiareba
(Darling & Steinberg, 1993, p.492). rogorc

naCvenebia suraTze 11.9

11.9,
.9 avtoritetuli

mSoblebi saTanado moTxovnebs uyeneben TavianT Svilebs: isini maTgan moiTxoven

qcevis

miRebuli

normebisadmi

Sesatyvisobas,

magrm

Tavadac

gulisxmierad

epyrobian maT _ isini yovelTvis utoveben bavSvebs urTierTobis inicirebis

SesaZleblobas, riTac xels uwyoben TviTregulaciis unaris ganviTarebas (Gray &
Steinberg, 1999). aseTi avtoritetuli stili yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur
mSobeli-Svilis kavSirs. amis sapirispirod, rogorc mocemulia suraTze 11.9,
aRzrdis

avtoritaruli

disciplinirebulobas

stilis
iTxoven

SemTxvevaSi
da

naklebad

mSoblebi

Tavisi

uTmoben

Svilebisgan

yuradRebas

maT

damoukideblobas; momTmeni stilis SemTxvevaSi _ gulisxmierebi arian Svilebis

mimarT, Tumca, ver axerxeben im sazogadoebrivi wesebis struqturebis swavlebas,
maT;

uyuradRebo stili ki imiT gamoirCeva, rom

romliTac

unda

icxovron

mSoblebi

arc

disciplinirebulobas

iTxoven

Svilebisgan

da

arc

maTi

individualurobisadmi iCenen did sinteress.

erTnairi

aRzrdis

zogadi

stilis

mqone

mSoblebic

ki

sxvadasxvagvar

prioritets aniWeben socializaciis miznebs, romelic mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT

TavianTi SvilebiTvis. mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi momdinareobs

384

mkafiod

dasaxuli

avtoritetuli
skolaSi,

miznebidan.

mSoblebi,

saxlSi iseT

(Darling & Steinberg, 1993).

romelTac

garemos

surT,

qmnian,

rom

sadac

aqedan

bavSvebma

bavSvebi

gamomdinare,

kargad

mixvdebian,

iswavlon
Tu

ratom

eswrafvian mSoblebi amas. bavSvebi ecdebian, rom kargad iswavlon skolaSi,

radgan isini efeqturad ganawyves am miznisTvis _ aCvenes, Tu rogor exmareba
adamians codna sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisas. Tumca, vinaidan yvela avtoritetuli
mSobeli

ar

aris

swavlaze

orientirebuli,

SeuZlebelia

bavSvis

saskolo

warmatebis prognozireba mxolod mSoblis stilze dayrdnobiT (Steinberg et al., 1992).

mSoblebis zogadi ganwyobebi da maTi konkretuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania maTi
Svilebis cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis.
mosiyvarule mozrdilebTan mWidro urTierTqmedeba bavSvis pirveli nabijia
normaluri

socializaciisa

da

jansaRi

fizikuri

ganviTarebisken.

vinaidan

pirveli momvlelisadmi Tavdapirveli mijaWvuloba mogvianebiT ganivrcoba ojaxis

sxva

wevrebzec,

azrovnebisa

da

mijaWvulobebidan

es

ukanasknelnic

qcevis

axali

bavSvebi

xdebian

meTodebis

aviTareben

bavSvisTvis

aTvisebis

sakuTar

misabaZi

procesSi.

modelebi

am

moTxovnilebebsa

adreuli
da

sxva

adamianebis moTxovnilebebze reagirebis unars.

aRzrdis stili ( parenting style)) _ meTodi, romliTac mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs;
yvelaze

efeqtianad

iTvleba

avtoritetuli

stili,

romelic

Tanabrad

moiazrebs momTxovnobasa da gulisxmierebas.

mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (parenting practices) _ konkretuli
aRmzrdelobiTi

qcevz,

romelic

konkretuli

aRmzrdelobiTi

miznebis

Sesabamisad yalibdeba.

cxrili 11.9 aRzrdis stilebis klasifikacia

aRzrdis stilebis klasificireba ori ganzomilebis mixedviT SeiZleba, esaa:

momTxovneloba mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da
am sazogadoebSi miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli, gulisxmiereba
_ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis aRiareba. avtoritetuli stili yvelaze
metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobeli-Svilis kavSirs

385

mSoblis gulisxmiereba
mimRebi,

uarmyofeli,

gulisxmieri,

aragulisxmieri,

bavSvze

mSobelze

centrirebuli

centrirebuli

avtoritetuli,
mSoblis
momTxovni,
reciprokuli,
avtoritaruli,
momTxovneloba
makontrolirebeli Zlieri
Zalauflebaze
ormxrivi

dayrdnobili

komunikacia
ara-momTxovni,

momTmeni

uyuradRebo,

iSviaTad

gulgrili,

makontrolirebeli

ganze mdgomi

komforti kontaqtisas da socialuri gamocdileba

ras

iReben

bavSvebi

mijaWvulobis

kavSirisgan?

zigmund

froidis

da

sxva

fsiqologebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi imitom ejaWvebian mSoblebs, rom isini maT

sakvebiT

uzrunvelyofen

akmayofileben

bavSvis

upirveles

bazisur

moTxovnilebas. am mosazrebas mijaWvulobis SimSilis Teorias22 uwodeben. es

Teoria rom swori iyos, bavSvebs keTildReobiTvis saTanadod gamokvebis garda
araferi dasWirdebodaT. gavs es simarTles?
hari harlous (Harry Harlow, 1965) ar sjeroda, rom SimSilis Teoria xsnida
mijaWvulobis mniSvnelovnebas. am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad man gamoTqva sakuTari
hipoTeza,

rom

Cvilebi

SeiZleba

imaTac

miejaWvon,

visTanac

kontaqtisas
kontaqtisas

komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs (Harlow & Zimmerman, 1958). man makakebi dabadebisTanave
moaSora dedebs da moaTavsa galiebSi, sadac maT ori xelovnuri deda daxvdaT.
erTi maTgani mavTulisgan iyo damzadebuli, meore ki _ xaoiani qsovilisgan.
harloum aRmoaCina, rom patara makakebma qsovilis dedasTan axlos daibudes da
cota dros atarebdnen mavTulis dedasTan. es maSinac ki ase xdeboda, rodesac
rZes maT mxolod mavTulis deda aZlevda. rodesac saSiSi stimuli (magaliTad,
dolze mobraxune saTamaSo daTunia) gamoCndeboda, patara makakebi qsovilisgan
22

Cupboard theory.

386

damzadebul

dedasTan

garbodnen.

rodesac

axali

saintereso

stimuli

gamoCndeboda, makakebi stimulis gamosakvlevad TandaTanobiT bedavdnen dedisgan

moSorebas da ganaxlebamde kvlevas isev qsovilisgan damzadebul dedasTan
brundebodnen.
harlousa da misi kolegebis Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom surogat dedasTan
Zlieri mijaWvulobis formireba maimunebSi arasakmarisi iyo jansaRi socialuri
ganviTarebisaTvis.

Tavdapirvelad

eqsperimentatorebma

ifiqres,

rom

patara

makakebi qsovilis surogat dedasTan normalurad viTardebodnen, Tumca, Zalze

gasxvavebuli suraTi miiRes, rodesac am pirobebSi gazrdil mdedr maimunebs
Tavad mouwiaT dedis rolis Sesruleba. maimunebs, romelTac adreul asakSi ar
hqondaT

sxva

maimunebTan

urTierTobis

saSualeba,

gauWirdaT

normaluri

socialuri da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyareba zrdasrulobaSi.

primatebis mkvlevarma stefen suomim (Stephen Suomi, 1999; Champoux et al., 1995) aCvena,
rom emociurad mowyvladi Cvili makakis mzrunvel dedaze gaSvileba arsebiTad
cvlida mis cxovrebas. suomi aRniSnavs, rom maimunebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebiT
mosiyvarule da mzrunveli dedebi zrdian, maimunTa gundis daCagruli da ukana
planze gadaweuli wevrebidan gadaiqcevian Tamam, komunikabelur mamr maimunebad,
romlebic momwifebis periodSi erT-erTi pirvelni toveben gunds, raTa Tavad
gaikvlion gza da sakuTari adgili daimkvidron axal gundSi. aseTi jvaredini

aRzrda maT im informaciiTa da gadarCenis unar-CvevebiT amaragebs, romelic

aucilebelia

sxva

maimunebis

mxardaWeris

mosapoveblad

da

gundSi

maRali

socialuri statusis SesanarCuneblad. axla vnaxoT, rogor aris SesaZlebeli

maimunebze Catarebuli eqsperimentebidan miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba, rodesac
saqme adamianis deprivacias exeba.
komforti kontaqtisas (contact comfort) _ dedasTan an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis
fizikuri siaxlovidan momdinare komforti.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi23 bavSvis ganviTarebaze
rodesac fsiqologebma pirvelad daiwyes socialuri ganviTarebis Seswavla,
im Cvil bavSvTa umravlesoba, romelTa qcevasac efuZneboda maTi daskvnebi,
23

Day-care

387

mTeli

dReebis

manZilze

dedebTan

imyofebodnen

TavianT

saxlebSi.

Tumca,

ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze sazogadoebis moTxovnebi Seicvala

da aucilebeli gaxda, rom dedebis gacilebiT met raodenobas emuSava saxlis
gareT. amis Sedegad bevri bavSvi mraval saaTis da zogjer TiTqmis mTeli
adreuli bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi ver ganicdis mSoblebis gavlenas. mkvlevrebma,
am cvlilebidan gamomdinare, ori SekiTxiva dasves: (1) ra dadebiT an uaryofiT
gavlenas

axdens

baga-baRi

bavSvis

ganviTarebaze?

(2)

rogori

unda

iyos

optimaluri baga-baRi?
Cven ukve movxazeT is konteqsti, sadac SesaZlebelia pirveli SekiTxvis
interpretireba:
mniSvneloba

Tu

aqvs,

bavSvsa

da

nebismieri

mSobels

movlena

Soris

mijaWvulobas

(rogoricaa,

gadamwyveti

magaliTad,

baga-baRi),

romelic arRvevs am mijaWvulobas, aucileblad cudia Tu ara bavSvisTvis? am

kiTxvaze pasuxia: yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, ara (Scarr, 1998). am kiTxvaze
pasuxis

gasacemad,

mkvlevarebi,

Cveulebriv,

erTmaneTs

adarebdnen

saxlSi

gazrdil da baga-baRSi gazrdil bavSvebs gonebrivi da socialuri ganviTarebis

mixedviT. maT aRmoaCines, rom bavSvebi, romlebic baga-baRebSi atarebdnen dros,
xSirad upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen am parametrebis mixedviT, pirvel
rigSi, imitom, baga-baRebi maT ganviTarebis ufro met SesaZleblobas aZlevda
(Burchinal et al., 1997; Clarke-Stewart, 1991, 1993). gonebriv ganviTarebas xels uwyobs
baga-baRebSi saganmanaTleblo da TamaSis aqtiobaTa farTo speqtri, socialur
ganviTarebas

ki

socialuri

urTierTqmedebebis

farTo

arCevani,

rasac

moklebulni arian saxlebSi myofi bavSvebi.

Tumca,

arsebobs

yvelafris

ori

mizezi,

gaTvaliswinebiT.

ris

gamoc

pirveli

isaa,

pasuxs
rom

ara
bavSvebi

unda

daematos

gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisgan saxlis gareT zrunvaze reagirebis mixedviT. meore, arsebobs

mravalgvari baga-baRi. aqedan gamomdinare, kargisa da cudis Ziebis nacvlad,
mkvlevarebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu rogori unda iyos xarisxiani aRzrda
konkretuli bavSvebisTvis (Zaslow, 1991).
baga-baRebis
Seajama

eqspertma

am

sakiTxis

principebi,

romlis

alison

Sesaxeb

klarkklark-stiuartma

arsebuli

mixedviTac

samecniero

unda

(Alison Clarke-Sewart,
literatura

vixelmZRvaneloT

da

1993)

mogvca

baga-baRebis

xarisxianobis gansazRvrisas. qvemoT mocemuli zogierTi rekomendacia bavSvebis

388

fizikur komforts exeba:

baga-baRi fizikurad komfortuli da usafrTxo unda iyos.
yovel eqvs an Svid bavSvze unda iyos, sul mcire, erTi aRmzrdeli
(meti 3 wlamde asakis bavSvebisTvis).
danarCeni rekomendaciebi dRis zrunvis centrebis muSaobis saganmanaTleblo
da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Seexeba.
bavSvebs

unda

hqondeT

TamaSebis

Tavisuflad

arCevis

saSualeba,

romelsac drodadro TvalsaCino da cxadi gakveTilebi daerTveba Tan.

bavSvebs unda aswavlidnen socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis unarCvevebs.
garda amisa, klark-stiuartma SemogvTavaza, rom baga-baRiss aRmzrdelebs
kargi mSoblebis Tvisebebic unda hqondeT.
aRmzrdelebi unda pasuxobdnen bavSvebis moTxovnilebebs da aqtiurad
unda iyvnen CarTulni maT saqmianobebSi.
aRmzrdelebma gaumarTleblad ar unda zRudavdnen bavSvebs.
aRmzrdelebs unda SeeZloT bavSvebis individualur moTxovnilebebs
Soris gansxvavebebis danaxva.
Tu es kriteriumebi dakmayofilebulia, baga-baRSi nebismieri bavSvis miyvana
SeiZleba,

romlis

mSoblebi

saxlis

gareT

muSaoben.

baga-baRi

marTlac

efeqtiani rom gaxdes, sazogadoebis zogadi damokidebuleba unda Seicvalos.

pirvel rigSi, adamianebma unda miviRon arsebuli realoba da aRiaron, rom
bavSvebis mzardi raodenoba izrdeba baga-baRebSi da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebam
energia am baRebis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaken unda warmarTos (Fuller et al., 1996;
Scarr et al., 1990). meore, adamianebma Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuron momuSave dedis
da Tavad baga-baRis mimarT araswori damokidebulebis dasaZlevad (Hoffman,
1989). Tuki fsiqologebi gaavrceleben sazogadoebaSi azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom
baga-baRi bavSvs aranairad ar vnebs, aramed, piriqiT, SesaZloa, xelic ki
Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas, mSoblebic naklebad inerviuloben imis gamo, rom
uwevT

bavSvis

baga-baRSi

miyvana.

stresis

aseTi

gaaumjobesebs bavSvis mTlian fsiqologiur garemos.

socialuri deprivacia

Semcireba

mxolod

389

samwuxarod, zogjer sazogadoebebi qmnian pirobebs, sadac bavSvebi moklebulni

arian kontqatis komforts. mravalma kvlevam aCvena, rom adreul bavSvobaSi
mWidro,

Tbili

ganviTarebaze

urTierTobebis

da

sicocxlis

nakleboba

gavlenas

SenarCunebazec

ki.

axdens

1915

bavSvis

wels

jon

fizikur
hopkinisis

hospitalSi eqimma daafiqsira, rom normaluri fizikuri zrunvis miuxedavad,

baltimoris upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi moxvedrili bavSvebis 90% sicocxlis
pirvelive

wels

gardaicvala.

momdevno

ocdaaTi

wlis

ganmavlobaSi

hospitalizirebul bavSvebze Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom normaluri kvebis

miuxedavad, bavSvebi xSirad avadmyofobdnen respiratoruli infeqciebiT, ucnobi
etiologiis

cieb-cxelebiT,

ver

imatebdnen

wonaSi

da

aReniSnebodaT

fiziologiuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis zogadi simptomebi (Bowlby, 1969; Sherrod et

al., 1978). aSS-sa da kanadis upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi myof mcirewlovan bavSvebze
Catarebulma sxva kvlevam gamoavlina mwvave emociuri da fizikuri aSlilobebi da
maRali sikvdilianoba, miuxedavad kargi kvebisa da samedicino momsaxurebisa (Spitz
& Wolf, 1946).
socialur ganviTarebaze arasasurveli garemoc zemoqmedebs. 1-dan 3 wlamde
asakis Zaladobis aT msxverplze Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam aCvena, rom
bavSvebi saTanadod ar reagirebdnen Tanatolis distresze. rodesac erTi bavSvi
ganawyenebulia da tiris, Cveulebriv, misi Tanatolebi wuxdebian da TanaugrZnoben
mas, an Tavadac sevdiandebian. amis sapirispirod, Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvebi
ufro metad reagirebdnen SiSiT, braziTa da fizikuri SetevebiT (Main & George,
1985).

sxva

kvlevaSi

Seiswavles

kavSiri

bavSvobis

droindel

fizikur

da

seqsualur Zaladobasa da mozrdilobaSi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobas

Soris. 375 axalgazrda mozrdilisgan Semdgari SerCevidan 11%-ma aRniSna, rom
gamocdilebaSi hqonda romelime tipis Zaladoba. am jgufidan daaxloebiT 80%-s
aReniSneboda erTi an meti fsiqiatriuli aSlilobis simptomebi (Silverman et al.,
1996).
bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba fsiqologebs Zalze mniSvnelovani
amocanis winaSe ayenebs: unda ganisazRvros, rogori Careva iqneba bavSvebisTvis
saukeTeso. aSS-Si daaxloebiT 500 aTasi bavSvi da mozardi wamoyvanilia ojaxidan
da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul garkveuli tipis garemoSi cxovrobs (magaliTad,
gaSvilebulia an imyofeba mcire zomis bavSvTa saxlSi) (Shealy, 1995). rogor

390

ggoniaT,

yovelTvis

uxariaT

bavSvebs,

roca

aSoreben

moZalade

ojaxebs?

am

kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia, vinaidan Zaladobis msxverpl bavSvebsac

ki axasiaTebT TavianTi mzrunvelebisadmi mijaWvulobis ganviTareba: bavSvebma
SeiZleba

SeinarCunon

erTguleba

sakuTari

biologiuri

ojaxisadmi

da

imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi mogvardeba, Tu ukan daabruneben (Poulin, 1985). swored

amitom

dResdReobiT

bevri

mkvlevari

cdilobs

Carevis

iseTi

programebis

SemuSavebas, raTa moxerxdes ojaxis SenarCuneba da bavSvis ojaxSi dabruneba im

garemoebebis Secvlis gziT, romlebic iwveven Zaladobas (Gillespie et al., 1995; Skibinski,
1995).
am

TavSi

vnaxeT,

Tu

ra

gavlenas

axdens

bavSvobis

gamocdileba

Semdgom

socialur ganviTarebaze. axli ki gadavinacvloT cxovrebis Semdgom periodebisa,

kerZod, mozardobis ganxilvaze.
socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi
am

Tavis

dasawyisSi

Cven

visaubreT

mozardobisas

mimdinare

fizikuri

da

kognituri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. winamdebare qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom es cvlilebebi

fonad edeba socialur gamocdilebas. vinaidan individma ukve miaRwia fizikuri
da

gonebrivi

simwifis

garkveul

dones,

mis

winaSe

axali

socialuri

da

pirovnuli problemebi dgeba. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, zogadad, mozardobis

gamocdilebas da Semdeg ki _

mozardis cvalebad socialur samyaros.

mozardoba
mozardoba tradiciulad ganixileboda, rogorc cxovrebis mSfoTvare periodi,
romelic ganwyobilebis ukiduresi cvlilebebiTa da rTuli, araprognozirebadi
qceviT qariSxliTa da stresiT _ xasiaTdeba. es mosazreba me-19-e saukunis
dasasrulisa da me-20-e saukunis dasawyisis romantikos mwerlebTanac, maT Soris
goeTesTanac, gvxvdeba. mozardobis qariSxliTa da stresiT Teorias intensiurad
icavda j. stenli holi (G. Stenley Hall) _ Tanamedrove epiqis pirveli fsiqologi,
romelic dawvrilebiT werda mozardebis ganviTarebaze (1904). holis Semdeg am
mosazrebis ZiriTadi damcvelebi iyvnen fsiqoanalizis Teoretikosebi, romlebic
froidis tradiciis farglebSi muSaobdnen (magaliTad, Blos, 1965; Freud, 1946, 1958).
zogierTi maTgani amtkicebda, rom aseTi vnebaTa qariSxali mozardobis ara
mxolod normaluri nawilia, aramed misi ararseboba ganviTarebis Seferxebaze

391

miuTiTebs. ana froidi werda, rom normaluroba mozardobis periodSi TavisTavad

aranormaluria (1958, p.275).
kulturuli anTropologiis ori pioneri margaret midi (Margaret Mead, 1928) da
ruT benediqti (Ruth Benedict, 1938) Tvlidnen, rom qariSxlisa da stresis Teoria
gamousadegaria mravali aradasavluri kulturisaTvis. maT aRweres kulturebi,
sadac

bavSvebi

TandaTanobiT,

yovelgvari

araprognozirebadi

stresuli

gardamavali periodisa da vnebaTa Relvis gareSe, mozrdilebiTvis Cveul ufro da

ufro met pasuxismgeblobebs iReben sakuTar Tavze. mxolod mas Semeg daiwyes
fsiqologebma

vnebaTa

Relvis

Teoriis

eWv

qveS

dayeneba,

rac

dasavluri

kulturis mozardebis farTomasStabiani kvlevebi Catarda. am kvlevebis Sedegebi

adasturebda

erTmaneTs:

mozardTa

mcire raodenoba Tu

ganicdis

im

Sinagan

mRelvarebasa da araprognozirebad qcevas, romelTac maT miaweren (Offer & SchonertReichl, 1992). cxrilSi 11.6 mocemulia 20 aTasze meti mozardis fsiqologiuri
adaptaciis kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi (Offer et al., 1981a).
samwuxarod,

im

mosalodnelia,
sirTuleebi

mozardebs,
rom

romlebic

mogvianebiT,

Znelad

eguebian

mozrdilobaSic

(Offer et al., 1998; Stattin & Magnusson, 1996).

cvalebad

pirobebs,

axasiaTebdeT

aseTive

ganvixiloT

gamokvleva,

romelmac aCvena Zlieri kavSiri mozardTa qceviT problemebsa da mozrdilobaSi

ganxorcielebul kriminalur qcevas Soris.

cxrili 11.6. normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me.

mozardTa procenti,

debuleba

romelic eTanxmeba
TiToeul debulebas

normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob.

91

siamovnebas viReb cxovrebisagan.

90

Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb.

90

Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad vgrZnob.

86

ZiriTadad, bednieri var.

kargi

xumroba

maSinac

sevdiani, mowyenili var.

maniWebs

siamovnebas,

roca

85
83

392

saidan viciT
mozardTa agresiulobis Sedegebi
farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi Seiswavlidnen 10-13 wlis mozardebs,
romlebic SvedeTis tipiuri qalaqis skolaSi swavlobdnen. maT yofaqcevis
daxasiaTebasa

(maswavleblebis

daxasiaTebebis

mixedviT)

da

biologiur

funqcionirebas adarebdnen maT mier cxovrebis Semdgom periodSi (18-26 wlis

asakSi)

kriminaluri

qcevis

an

sxva

saxis

antisocialuri

qmedebebis

ganxorcielebis albaTobas. im biWebTan, romlebic adreul agresiulobasa da

mousvenrobas (hiperaqtiurobas) avlendnen, gacilebiT metad iyo mosalodneli
iseT

mozrdilad

Camoyalibeba,

romelic

sisxlis

samarTlis

danaSauls

Caidenda. garda amisa, adreuli adaptaciis problemebis ufro mZime paternebi

korelirebda

adaptaciis

iseT

problemebTan,

rogoricaa

loToba

da

fsiqiatriuli zedamxedvelobis qveS yofna. suraTi 11.10 gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad

ukavSirdeba adreuli agresiuloba mozrdilis kriminalur qcevas (Magnusson,
1987; Magnusson & Bergman, 1990).
sur. 11.10. mozardobis agresiuloba da mozrdilobis kriminaluri qceva

grafikze

mocemulia

agresiulobis
kriminaluri

sxvadasxva
qcevis

individTa
dones

Cadenis

raodenoba,

miaRwies

procenti.

da

romelTac
maT

kriminaluri

mier
qceva

13

wlis

asakSi

18-26

wlis

asakSi

seriozulad

iqna

miCneuli, Tu Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sanqcia SvedeTis kanonebis mixedviT, sul

mcire, erTi TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas gulisxmobda.
aqedan gamomdinare, mozardTa problemebi ar unda miewerebodes qariSxlisa da
stresis miTs; es ar iqneboda swori. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mozardebi
suicidis maRali riskiT xasiaTdebian, yvelam, vinc urTierTobs aseT mozardebTan,
gulwrfeli yuradReba unda miaqcios maT (Garland & Zigler, 1993).
mozardobis

zogadi

gamocdilebis

ganxilvis

Semdeg

gadavideT

ufro

konkretul sakiTxze rogor mimdinareobs mozardobisas identobis (pirovnuli

individualurobis)

formireba.

cxovrebis

ciklis

eriksoniseul

TeoriaSi

mozardobis ZiriTadi amocanaa namdvili identobis aRmoCena. Cven vnaxavT, Tu

gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebi da momavlis miznebi identobis gancdis
formirebaSi.

393

socialuri urTierTobebi
mozardTa

socialuri

ganviTarebis

kvlevebSi

ojaxisa

mozardze

(an

mzrunvelisa) da megobrebis rolebis Secvlaze fokusirdebian (Bukowski et al., 1998;

Paikoff, 1991). ukve vnaxeT, rom mozrdilebisadmi mijaWvuloba dabadebis Semdeg
maleve yalibdeba. aseve, bavSvebs adreuli asakidan hyavT megobrebi. mozardoba
pirveli

periodia,

ganwyobebisa
mozardebi

da

rodesac

qcevebis

TandaTanobiT

Tanatolebi

formirebaSi.

ecilebian

TanatolebTan

sazRvraven

TavianTi

mSoblebs

pirovnebis

urTierTobis

ganviTarebadi

procesSi

identobebis

socialur komponents _ sazRvraven, rogor adamianebad surT yofna da rogori

urTierTobebi surT, rom hqondeT (Berndt, 1992; Hartup, 1996). amitom mozardebi da
maTi megobrebi xSirad mWidrod Sekrul jgufebs qmnian, magaliTad, rodesac saqme
exeba narkotikebis miRebas (Dinges & Oetting, 1993).
vinaidan

mozardobaSi

Tanatolebis

jgufi

socialuri

mxardaWeris

mzardi

mniSvnelovnebis wyarod iqceva, matulobs maTgan SesaZlo uaryofiT gamowveuli

SfoTvac. amis Sedegad viTardeba Tanatolebis faseulobebisadmi da qcevebisadmi
damyoloba _ Tanatolebis zewola, romlisac ase eSiniaT mSoblebs da romelic
Tavis piks daaxloebiT 12-13 wlis asakSi aRwevs (Brown, 1989). Tanatolebis mxridan
zewolis SesaZleblobis gamo, mSoblebi xSirad ganicdian, rom maT konkurencia
unda gauwion sakuTari Svilis megobrebs, raTa daicvan isini saziano ganwyobebisa
da qcevebis ganviTarebisgan. Tumca, simarTlesTan ufro axlos dgas is faqti, rom
zogadad, mozardebi, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis Sesaxeb
saubroben mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan. magaliTad, mozardebi miuTiTeben, rom
maT

skolaSi

miRweuli

warmatebebis

ganxilva

gansakuTrebiT

urCevniaT

mSoblebTan da ara _ megobrebTan, Tumca, megobrebTan gacilebiT meti xalisiT

saubroben paemanze momxdari ambebsa da seqsze, vidre _ mSoblebTan (Youniss &
Smollar, 1985). amrigad, mSoblebma, romelTac surT sakuTari Svilebis megobrebTan
Sejibri garkveul sferoebSi, unda gamoZebnon saSualebebi, romliTac sakuTar
mozard Svilebs megobrebis Temebze aalaparakeben.
garda amisa, mSoblebisa da maTi mozardi Svilebis urTierToba, romelSic
mSobeli

erTaderTi

da

upirobo

avtoritetia,

unda

gadaizardos

iseT

urTierTobaSi, romelSic mozards keTilgonierad eZleva damoukidebloba anu

avtonomia mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (Allen & Land, 1999; Holmbeck &

394

aseTi

ODonnell, 1991).

gadasvla

Zneli

iqneba

im

mSoblebisTvis,

romlebic,

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiareben maTi Svilis mozrdil adamianad Camoyalibebas da

saSualebas aZleven mas, rom maTgan gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi hqondes, mainc
iZlevian araswori nabijebis gadadgmis _ araswori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
uflebas, ramac SeiZleba arasasurveli gavlena iqonios mis momavalze.
saidan viciT
mozardisa da mSoblebis konfliqtebi hon-kongSi
erTnairia

Tu

ara

sxvadasxva

kulturaSi

mozardebis

konfliqtebi

mSoblebTan? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen Cineli mozardebis konfliqtebiT honkongSi, vinaidan dasavlur kulturebTan SedarebiT, Cinuri kultura nakleb
aqcents

akeTebs

avtonomiurobaze.

(Semdgom

TavebSi

ufro

dawvrilebiT

visaubrebT kulturul gansxvavebebze.) meSvide, mecxre da meTormete klaselebs

sTxoves, SeedginaT mSoblebTan arsebuli maTTvis aqtualuri konfliqtebis sia
da ganesazRvraT maTi simwvave da sixSire. maT, aseve, sTxoves, gaemarTlebinaT
TavianTi qceva konfliqtur situaciaSi: ratom fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT amis
gakeTeba

(an

ar

gakeTeba)?.

Cineli

mozardebisTvis

Cveuli

iyo

saSualo

sixSirisa da simwvavis konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad, dedebTan, iseTi yoveldRiuri

sakiTxebis Taobaze, rogoricaa telefoniT laparaki da televizoris yureba.
amasTanave, maT mier poziciis gamarTleba, ZiriTadad, asaxavda damoukideblobis
damkvidrebis
mcdelobas

moTxovnilebas
sakuTari

an

sakuTari

gadawyvetilebebis

individualurobis

miRebis

saSualebiT.

gamokveTis
amgvarad,

im

kulturebSic ki, sadac naklebad aris aqcentirebuli mozardTa avtonomia,

mSoblebsa da mozardebs Soris konfliqtebi xSirad mainc individualurobis
damkvidrebis survilis irgvliv fokusirdeba (Yau & Smetana, 1996).
winamdebare gamokvleva ganamtkicebs mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom mozardobis
periodSi Svilisa da mSoblis urTierToba maSin icvleba, rodesac Svili ufro
naklebad xdeba damokidebuli mSoblebis avtoritetze. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mozardobis

wlebSi,

garkveulwilad,

icvleba

megobrebTan

damokidebuleba

(Shulman, 1993), es cvlilebebi mozardebis erTmaneTze damokidebulebis momatebas

ufro

asaxavs,

vidre

urTierTobaSi

(Tanasworuflebianobis

TvalsazrisiT)

poziciebis cvlilebas. amrigad, mSobeli-Svilis urTierTobaSi konfliqtis ufro

meti potencialia Cadebuli, vidre _ Tanatolebis urTierTobaSi.

395

identobis ganviTareba, saboloo jamSi, mozardisagan iseTi damoukidebeli

Sexedulebebisa prioritetebis Camoyalibebas iTxovs, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli
iqneba mSoblebisa da Tanatolebis poziciebi, Tumca, ar iqneba maTi ubralo
asaxva.

mTavaria,

rom

mozardma

garemoSi

ipovos

socialuri

mxardaWeris

stabiluri wyaro (Bacher et al., 1997; Fuligni, 1997). amgvari socialuri mxardaWera mas
momavlis dagegmvis saSualebas miscems. swored am sakiTxs ganvixilavT qvemoT.

momavlis miznebi
mozardoba aris periodi, rodesac individma seriozulad unda gasces pasuxi
maradiul SekiTxvas: vin unda iyo, roca gaizrdebi? albaT, gaxsovT, rom es Tavi
daviwyeT 16 wlis biWis fiqriT imis Taobaze, Tu ra eloda mas momavalSi,
warsulidan gamomdinare. kiTxva vin unda iyo? TavisTavad asaxavs gavrcelebul
daSvebas,

rom

individebis

identobas,

nawilobriv,

maTi

miznebi

ganamtkicebs.

momavali profesiis arCeva, magaliTad, identobis formirebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs

moicavs:

esaa

alternativebis

individis

SesaZleblobebisa

moazrebisa

da

da

arCevanis

interesebis
gakeTebis

Sefaseba,

da

misi

realuri
realurad

ganxorcielebis unari. mozardebs sakuTari momavali piradi da sazogadoebrivi

TvalsazrisiT afiqrebT. isini Relaven rogorc sakuTari saqmianobisa da ojaxis,
ise _ ekonomikuri kolafsis globaluri safrTxis an birTvul omis gamo. (Nurmi,
1991). garda amisa, mozardebi mZafrad SeigrZnoben, Tu rogor unda ganviTardes
maTi cxovreba asakis momatebasTan erTad: jer ganaTleba unda miiRon, Semdeg
profesias unda daeuflon, bolos ki ojaxi unda Seqmnan. dasaxelebul TiToeul
etapze miznebis formireba genderuli rolebis, ojaxuri garemosa da arsebuli
resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.
cxadia, yvela mozardi erTsa da imaves ar elodeba momavlisgan. mkvlevrebma
Seiswavles is socialuri da pirovnuli procesebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia
ganisazRvros, Tu rogor

isaxaven

mozardebi miznebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac

mozardebi isaxaven miznebs.

saidan viciT
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis socialuri konteqsti
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seiswavla mcire da saSualo Semosavliani ojaxebidan
gamosuli

biWebis

profesiuli

miswrafebebi

da

molodinebi.

miswrafebebi

396

Seexeba imas, Tu ra samuSaos airCevdnen biWebi nebismieri samuSaos arCeva rom

SeeZloT,

roca

gaizrdebian;

molodinebi

ki

iseT

samuSaos,

romelsac

savaraudod miiReben, roca gaizrdebian. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen Raribi da

mdidari

ubnebis

skolebis

me-2,

me-4,

me-6

da

me-8

klaselebi.

suraTi 11.11

gviCvenebs miswrafebebsa da molodinebs iseTi saqmianobebis mimarT, romelic ar

gulisxobs fizikur Sromas (magaliTad, mosamarTle an eqimi). Tumca, ar aris
gasakviri, rom Raribi ubnebis bavSvebs naklebi molodinebi hqondaT, yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom am asakSi maT miswrafebebis maCvenebelic dabali hqondaT. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Raribi ubnebidan gamosul bavSvebs azradac ki ar
mosdiodaT iseT samuSaoze ocneba, romlis miRebis SesaZleblobaSi ar iyvnen
darwmunebulni (Cook et al., 1996).
cxadia, Tu mozardebs ar aqvT miswrafeba samuSaosadmi, isini verc miiReben mas.
ra

unda

gakeTdes

Raribi

ubnebidan

gamosuli

bavSvebis

miswrafebebisa

da

molodinebis Sesacvlelad? am kvlevis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebis

molodinebze gavlenas axdenda maTi molodini ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT anu
molodini imisa, Tu ramdenad hqondaT saganmanaTleblo sarbielze winsvlis
unari. Sesabamisad, Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis mier momavlis aRqmis
Secvla,

saboloo

SesaZleblobas

jamSi,

miscems

saganmanaTleblo

yvela

moswavles,

reformas

irwmunos

saWiroebs,

swavlis

romelic

mniSvneloba

da

Sedegianoba.
mozardobis dasasruls arCeulma miznebma _ rogori ganaTleba miiRos da ra
profesias daeuflos _ SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos mozardis momavalze.
Tumca, identobis yvela aspeqtis msgavsad, miznebis dasaxvis gaazreba ukeTesi
iqneba cxovrebis mTliani ciklis konteqstSi. mozardobisas miRweuli warmatebebi
safuZvels umzadebs mozrdili adamianis ganviTarebas.
sur. 11.11. profesiuli miswrafebebi da molodinebi

Raribi da saSualo Semosavlis mqone ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs hkiTxes, Tu

rogor samuSaos isurvebdnen isini momavalSi yvelaze metad (miswrafebebi) da,
maTi

azriT,

mixedviT,

rogor

Raribi

samuSaos

ojaxebidan

iSovidnen
gamosul

(molodinebi)
biWebs

ara

mxolod

molodinebi, aramed naklebad ambiciuri miswrafebebic aqvT.

socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

realurad.

Sedegebis

mokrZalebuli

397

eriksonis mozrdilobis periodisTvis ori mTavari amocana dasaxa: intimuroba

da produqtuloba. froidma gansazRvra zrdasrulobis moTxovnilebebi _ Lieben und
Arbeiten _ siyvaruli da samuSao. abraham masloum (1968, 1970) cxovrebis am periodis
moTxovnilebebi

aRwera,

rogorc

dakmayofilebis

SemTxvevaSi

siyvaruli

warmatebisa

da

da

mikuTvnebuloba,

pativiscemis

romelic

moTxovnilebaSi

gadaizrdeba. sxva Teoretikosebi am moTxovnilebebs afiliaciis an socialuri

miRebis da miRwevis an kompetenturobis moTxovnilebas uwodeben. yvela es Teoria
iziarebs

mosazrebas

gansakuTrebulad

imis

Sesaxeb,

mniSvnelovania

mozrdiloba

socialuri

aris

periodi,

urTierTobebi

da

rodesac
pirovnuli

miRwevebi.
sur. 11.12 socialuri urTierTobebis gavlena keTildReobaze

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan urTierToba

periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs adamianTa mier sakuTari
keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas.
intimuroba
eriksoni intimurobas
intimurobas aRwerda, rogorc meore adamianisadmi srul emociur,
seqsualur da moralur ndobas. intimurobisTvis, romelic SeiZleba axasiaTebdes
rogorc megobrul, ise sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs, aucilebelia gaxsniloba,
gambedaoba,

eTikuri

Zala

da,

Cveulebriv,

meore

adamianis

survilebisadmi

garkveuli damyoloba. kvlevebi adasturebs eriksonis hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom

socialuri intimuroba fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gancdis winapirobaa mTeli
mozrdili cxovrebis manZilze (Ishii-Kuntz, 1990). suraTi 11.12 gviCvenebs, rom am dros
ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs,
rac adamianis mier sakuTari keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas ganapirobebs.
mxardaWeris am wyaroebis urTierTmonacvleoba, nawilobriv, asaxavs TiToeul
asakobriv periodTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul movlenebs. vnaxoT,
ra kavSirebia es.
axalgazrdoba aris periodi, rodesac mravali adamiani qmnis ojaxs an sxva
saxis stabilur urTierTobebs amyarebs. Sesabamisad, jgufi, romelsac ojaxi
hqvia,

farTovdeba.

istoriulad,

mozrdilTa

urTierTobebisa

da

ojaxebis

kvlevebis umravlesoba fokusirebuli iyo standartul konfiguraciaze: deda,

mama da bavSvebiT savse saxli. Tumca, vinaidan adamianebis ojaxebis realoba

398

icvleba, mkvlevarebi Seecadnen, aReweraT da SeeswavlaT am cvlilebis Sedegebi

(Mason et al., 1998). magaliTad, dResdReobiT kvlevebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor
amyareben da inarCuneben xangrZliv urTierTobebs homoseqsualuri wyvilebi (James
& Murphy, 1998).

gamokvlevebis

Tanaxmad,

heteroseqsualTa

da

homoseqsualTa

urTierTobebis SenarCunebis strategiebi sakmaod msgavsia: orive tipis wyvilebi,

magaliTad,

siaxlovis

SeinarCunebas

funqciebis

ganawilebiTa

da

erToblivi

saqmianobiT cdiloben (Haas & Stafford, 1998). Tumca, maTdami arakeTilganwyobil

sazogadoebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, homoseqsualur wyvilebs mTeli rigi
damatebiTi zomebis miReba uwevT, magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi yofnisas sakuTari
urTierTobis
dausrulebeli
mosapoveblad;

dafarva.

zogierT

dabrkolebebis
gamokvlevebi

heteroseqsualur
gadalaxva

aCvenebs,

rom

wyvilsac

sazogadoebis
intereTnikuri

mudmivad

uwevs

mxridan

aRiarebis

wyvilebic

awydebian

crurwmenebs, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs da amcirebs xagrZlivi urTierTobebis

SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas (Chan & Wethington, 1998; Wilson & Jacobson, 1995).
TiToeuli

saxis

aseTi

urTierToba

zrdis

ojaxis

rols

zrdasruli

adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi. ojaxi maSinac farTovdeba, rodesac wyvili

Tavis cxovrebaSi bavSvebis CarTvas gadawyvets. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram
bavSvis dabadebam, SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnas wyvilis bednierebas. ratom unda
iyos ase? mkvlevarebi daakvirdnen, Tu rogor icvlebian qalebi da mamakacebi
bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg da rogor iReben mSoblis rols (Cowan & Cowan, 1998, 2000).
warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebaSi qorwineba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis princips efuZneba. Tumca, bavSvis
dabadebam qals da mamakacs ufro tradiciuli genderuli rolebis Sesrulebisken
SeiZleba ubiZgos. cols SeiZleba zedmet tvirTad daawves bavSvis movla, qmars ki
_ gazrdili ojaxis materialuri uzrunvelyofa. sabolood, Sedegi SeiZleba is
iyos, rom bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg qorwineba arc ise sasiamovno aRmoCndes orive
meuRlisTvis (Cowan et al., 1985). miuxedavad imisa, rom naklebad aris nakvlevi (orive
sqesis)

homoseqsualuri

wyvilebi,

romlebic

bavSvebs

zrdian,

arsebuli

monacemebis mixedviT, rogorc mosalodnelia, maT naklebad awuxebT genderuli

rolebis ganawilebis sakiTxi mSoblis funqciebTan mimarTebaSi da, Sesabamisad,
naklebad aisaxeba kidec es maT urTierTobaze.
intimuroba

(intimacy))

meore

adamianisadmi

srulad

emociurad,

399

seqsualurad da moralurad _ mindobis unari.

bevri

heteroseqsualuri

wyvilisaTvis

qorwinebiT

kmayofileba

mcirdeba

konfliqtebis gamo, rodesac Svili an Svilebi mozardobis periodSi imyofebian.

kulturuli stereotipebis miuxedavad, mSoblebi xSirad mouTmenlad elodebian,
rodesac umcrosi Svilic wava saxlidan da isini cariel budeSi darCebian
(Lowenthal & Chiriboga, 1972). mSoblebi yvelaze met siamovnebasa da sixaruls maSin
iReben

SvilebTan

urierTobiT,

rodesac

isini

erT

WerqveS

aRar

cxovroben

(Levenson et al., 1993). xom ar gadaifiqreT bavSvebis gaCena? imedia, ara. Cveni mizani,
rogorc yovelTvis, im gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tqvenamde motanaa, romelic Tqveni
sakuTari

cxovrebis

mosalodneli

paternebis

codnasa

da

interpretirebaSi

dagexmarebaT. Tqven SegiZliaT gaiazroT, Tu ra nabijebis gadadgma SegiZliaT,

raTa sanatrelma Svilma ar dagingrioT siamovneba, romelsac urTierTobiT iRebT.
Tuki, zogadad, qorwineba ufro metad bednieri xdeba, rodesac col-qmari
gviani

zrdasrulobis

periodis

miaRwevs,

yvelam

unda

ecados

qorwineba

SenarCunebas am dromde? mkvlevarebs surT, rom Tavidanve SeeZloT imis garkveva,

Tu romeli wyvili ar ewyoba erTmaneTs, magaliTad, urTierTobis Camoyalibebuli
paternebis mixedviT, da romel wyvilebs SeuZliaT im or mesamedSi moxvedrisTvis
Tavis arideba, romelic dResdReobiT ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba (Gottman, 1994; Karney
& Bradbury 1995).

Tumca,

erTi

ram

cxadia:

aradamakmayofilebeli

qorwinebis

SenarCunebis Sedegebi qalisTvis ufro mZimea, vidre mamakacisTvis.

saidan viciT
cudi qorwinebis Sedegebi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles 82 Sua xnis wyvili (sadac ufrosi meuRle 40-50 wlis
iyo), romlebic, sul mcire, 15 wlis daqorwinebulni iyvnen da 74 asakovani
wyvili (sadac ufrosi meuRle 60-70 wlis iyo), romelic, sul mcire, 35 wlis
daqorwinebulni

iyvnen.

TiToeuli

asakobrivi

jgufi

daiyo

or

jgufad:

qorwinebiT kmayofilni da qorwinebiT ukmayofiloni. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles

maTi fsiqikuri da fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. kvlevam aCvena, rom
qorwinebiT kmayofileba didad ar zemoqmedebda mamakacebze, Tumca, qalebis
SemTxvevaSi fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTeloba SedarebiT gauaresebuli iyo
qorwinebiT ukmayofiloTa jgufSi (Levenson et al., 1985).

400

ratom aisaxeba cudi qorwineba ufro metad qalebze? mkvlevrebi varaudoben,

rom

qalebi

ufro

gaumjobesebaze
gadgomas

metad

iReben

pasuxismgeblobas,

amjobineben.

rogorc

sakuTar

maSin,

me-13-e

roca

TavSi

Tavze

arajansaRi

mamakacebi
vnaxavT,

qorwinebis

konfliqtidan

mudmivi

ganze

winaaRmdegobiT

gamowveulma stresma SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miayenos janmrTelobas. amasTan,

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom qalebTan ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom meuRleze
didxans icxovron, vidre mamakacTan. xSirad es niSnavs, rom maT unda gaiaron ori
periodi arajanmrTel moxucebul qmarze zrunvis da glovisa da finansuri
arastabilurobis

(Carstensen & Pasupathi., 1993).

mozrdilTa

ganviTarebis

sxva

sakiTxebis msgavsad, mkvlevrebi mxolod axla iwyeben xandazmulobaSi siaxlovis

im

Taviseburebebis

kvlevas,

rac

homoseqsualur

da

sxva

aranormatiul

urTierTobebs axasiaTebs.
meuRlis an partnioris gardacvalebaze msjelobisas isev mivediT erT-erT
mizezamde, romliTac garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis aqcenti cxovrebis bolosken
ojaxidan

megobrebze

stereotipuli

gadainacvlebs

mosazrebis

(ix.

mixedviT,

cxrili

xnovani

11.12).

moxucebulobaze

adamianebi

ufro

metad

ganmartoebulebi xdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SeiZleba marTlac mcire

raodenobis adamianebTan urTierTobdnen, am urTierTobaTa buneba ise icvleba,
rom sruliad akmayofilebs intimurobis moTxovnilebas. am tendencias kargad
asaxavs seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria,
Teoria romlis mixedviTac, asakis
momatebasTan
socialuri

erTad

adamianebi

partniorebis

ufro

arCevisas,

seleqciurebi
vinc

maT

(SerCeviTni)
emociur

xdebian

im

moTxovnilebebs

akamyofilebs. laura karstensenis (Laura Carstensen; 1991, 1998) mixedviT, SerCeviTi

urTierToba,

SesaZloa,

emociuri

gamocdilebis

regulirebisa

da

fizikuri

energiis dazogvis praqtikuli saSualeba iyos. xandazmulebi aqtiurad arian

CarTulni zogierTi adamianis, kerZod, ojaxis wevrebisa da didi xnis megobrebis,
cxovrebaSi.
modiT,

es

qveTavi

imave

mosazrebiT

davasruloT,

romliTac

daviwyeT:

socialuri intimuroba anu siaxlove fsiqologiuri keTildReobis winapirobas

warmoadgens. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis xarisxs da
ara raodenobas. xanSi SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi intimurobis moTxovnilebis
dacvas

iseTi

adamianebis

arCeviT

emociur mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofas.

cdiloben,

romlebic

saukeTesod

SeZleben

401

axla ganvixiloT mozrdilis ganviTarebis meore aspeqti _ qmnadoba.

seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria (selective social interaction theory) _
mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad adamianebi ufro
seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc
maT emociur moTxovnilebebs akamyofilebs.

qmnadoba
adamianebs, romlebmac intimuri urTierTobebis myari safuZveli Seqmnes, ufro
metad SeuZliaT yuradRebis warmarTva qmnadobaze,
qmnadobaze rac, sakuTari Tavis garda,
ojaxis,

samsaxuris,

moRvaweobas

da

sazogadoebis

maTze

zrunvas

Tu

momavali

gulisxmobs.

Taobebis

rogorc

wesi,

interesebisTvis
qmnadoba

Zalze

mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi

(McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1998). ufro didi masStabis miRwevebsa da nayofierebaze
orientacia

adamianebs

SesaZleblobas

aZlevs,

fsiqologiuri
rac

keTildReobis

ganvlili

siymawvilis

gancdis

damkvidrebis

bunebrivi

nostalgiis

anazRaurebaa.
saidan viciT
cxovrebis Sedegebi da qmnadoba
meoce

saukunis

interviuirebisa

ocdaaTiani
da

wlebidan

dakvirvebis

jorj

meTodiT

vailantma
Seiswavla

(George
95

Vaillant)

uaRresad

inteleqtualuri mamakacis pirovnuli ganviTareba kolejis damTavrebidan 30

wlis ganmavlobaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi mravalma maTganma udidesi cvlilebebi
ganicada da maTi gviandeli qceva xSirad sruliad gansxvavdeboda kolejSi
yofnis

dros

Cveuli

qcevisgan.

interviu

moicavda

kiTxvebs

fizikuri

janmrTelobis, socialuri urTierTobebis da samsaxurebrivi miRwevebis Sesaxeb.

30

wliani

periodis

dasrulebis

Semdeg

SearCies

da

erTmaneTs

Seadares

saukeTeso da uaresi Sedegebis mqone mamakacTa 30-30 kaciani ori jgufi (ix.
cxrili 11.7).
11.7 saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebi cxovrebis Sua periodSi
dakavebulni iyvnen qmnadobis amocanebiT, iRebdnen ra sxvebze pasuxismgeblobas
da

garkveuli wvlili SehqondaT sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. maTi pirovnuli

momwifebuloba maTi Svilebis ganviTarebasac ukavSirdeboda pirovnulad

metad momwifebul mamebs ukeT SeeZloT TavianTi SvilebisTvis garesamyarosTan

402

adaptaciaSi saTanado daxmarebis gaweva (Vaillant, 1997).

es

kvleva

gviCvenebs

qmnadobis

winapirobebs:

saukeTeso

miRwevebis

mqone

mamakacebs cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebi sakmarisad stabiluri (mogvarebuli) unda

hqonodaT, raTa maT TavianTi resursebi gareT, momaval Taobebze miemarTaT.
rodesac Sua xnis (saSualo asaki 52 weli) da xnier (saSualo asaki 74 weli)
adamianebs hkiTxes, Tu ras niSnavda cxovrebasTan kargad adaptirebuli pirovneba,
orive jgufSi yvelaze xSiri pasuxi iyo sxvebze orientirebuli _ mzrunveli,
TanamgrZnobi da kargi urTierTobebis mqone (Ryff, 1989). es aris qmnadobis arsi.
modiT, isic aRvniSnoT, rom xanSi Sesul adamianTa umravlesoba ganvlil
cxovrebas

keTildReobis

axalgazrdobis

wlebidan

im

gancdiT
(Carstensen

uyurebs,
&

romelic

Freund,

1994).

ucvlelad
rogorc

gamohyva

socialuri

urTierTobebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, xnovanoba is periodia, rodesac xdeba miznebis

wanacvleba; prioritetebi icvleba, roca naTelia, rom momavali arc ise usazRvro
da usasruloa. Tumca, prioritetebis aseTi cvlis fonze xnovani adamianebi
inarCuneben TavianTi cxovrebis faseulobis gancdas. mozrdilobis ukanasknel
krizisi eriksonma gansazRvra, rogorc konfliqti mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas
Soris. monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom arc ise bevri xnovani adamiani
uyurebs

ganvlil

cxovrebas

sasowarkveTiT.

maT

umravlesobaSi

ganvlili

cxovreba da momavali mTlianobis gancdasa da kmayofilebas badebs.

cxrili 11.7. saukeTeso da uaresi miRwevebis mqone cdis pirebs Soris sxvaoba
sxvaoba
fsiqosocialuri mowifulobis faqtorebis mixedviT
saukeTeso
miRwevebi
(30 cdis piri)
pirovnebis mTlianobis gancda kolejSi,
romelic kolejSi swavlis dros qvemodan
mexuTe procentils miekuTvneba
dedis dominireba zrdasrulobis

uaresi miRwevebi
(30 cdis piri)

0%

33%

0%

40%

0%

57%

periodSi
megobrobis/megobrebis nakleboba 50 wlis
asakSi

403

3%

37%

3%

50%

bavSvobaSi Raribi garemo

17%

47%

samuSao, romelsac amJamad asrulebs,

naklebad gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelis
movaleobebis Sesrulebas

20%

93%

60%

27%

66%

23%
23

dauqorwinebloba 30 wlis asakisaTvis

pesimizmi, sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba,
pasiuroba da seqsis SiSi 50 wlis asakSi

cdis pirebi, romelTa profesiuli

arCevani mamasTan idenTifikacias asaxavs
Svilebis miRwevebi aRiwereba, rogorc
kargi an saukeTeso.
gviani mozrdilobis
mozrdilobis kulturuli konteqsti

Cvens mier ganxiluli kvlevebi, romlebic axalgazrdobas, mowifulobasa da

xnovanebas Seexeboda, gviCvenebs, rom ganviTareba uwyveti procesi ufroa, vidre
wyvetili; ar arsebobs konkretuli momenti, rodesac adamiani ucbad moxucebulad
iqceva. miuxedavad amisa, aSkaraa, rom cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis Sesaxeb
arsebobs kulturiT ganpirobebuli Zlieri rwmenebi da molodinebi (Featherstone &
Wernick, 1995). mkvlevrebma dokumenturad daafiqsires es molodinebi; maT moagroves
stereotipebi, romlebic student-axalgazrdebs hqondaT TavianTi bebiebisa da
babuebis Taobis warmomadgenlebis mimarT. am kvlevam aCvena, rom axalgazrdebs
araerTi stereotipi aqvT moxucebis mimarT (Brewer et. al., 1981; Brewer & Lui, 1989).
moxucebisadmi damokidebuleba icvleba stereotipidan stereotipamde. axalgazrda
mozrdilebs SedarebiT dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT srulyofili bebiisadmi an
babuisadmi da SedarebiT uaryofiTi _ uRimRamo moxucisadmi (Schmidt & Boland,
1986). miuxedavad amisa, zogadi stereotipi uaryofiTia, gansakuTrebiT fizikuri
mimzidvrlobisa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis daqveiTebis mimarT (Kite & Johnson,
1988; Sharps et al., 1998).
qmnadoba

(generativity)
)
(

sakuTari

Tavis

garda,

ojaxis,

samsaxuris,

sazogadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze

zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 3040 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.

404

asakovani

adamianebis

mimarT

uaryofiTi

stereotipis

erT-erTi

Sedegia

konkretuli crurwmena, romelsac asakis mixedviT diskriminacias

diskriminacias anu eijizms24
uwodeben.

mas

Tan

SesaZleblobebs,

sdevs

axdens

maT

xandazmulTa
izolirebas

diskriminacia,
da

xels

rac

uwyobs

zRudavs
sakuTar

maT
Tavze

uaryofiTi warmodgenis Seqmnas. xSirad fsiqologebi Tavad arian damnaSaveni

aseTi

diskriminaciis

gavrcelebaSi

im

terminologiis

gamo,

romelsac

isini

iyeneben (Schaie, 1993). ukanaskneli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili 139 studenturi

naSromis

Seswavlam

aCvena,

rom

mravalma

studentma

arc

ki

CarTo

masSi

moxucebulobis periodi an warmoadgina stereotipuli mosazrebebi xanSiSesul

adamianebze

(Whitbourne & Hulicka, 1990).

asakis

mixedviT

diskriminaciis

ufro

STambeWdavi da naTeli magaliTi erT-erTi Jurnalistis piradi gamocdileba,

romelic mizanmimarTulad droebiT moxucad gadaiqca.
saidan viciT
asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis gamocdileba
pet muri grimis daxmarebiT 85 wlis qalbatonad iqca. man Semoiara aSS-is 100ze meti qalaqis quCebi imis gasarkvevad, Tu ras niSnavda moxucebulad yofna
amerikaSi. bundovanma kontaqturma linzebma da yuris sacobebma mas mxedveloba
da smena gauuaresa; erTmaneTze gadabmuli fexebiT

siaruli uWirda; misi

TiTebi ki zed daxveuli webovani lentis gamo arTritian TiTebze odnav

moqnili iyo. es patara moxuci qali gadarCebisaTvis ibrZoda axalgazrdebis,
Zlierebisa da sicocxliT savseTaTvis Seqmnil samyaroSi. mas ar SeeZlo qilis
gaxsna, saweri kalmis xelSi daWera, warwerebis wakiTxva, avtobusis kibeze
asvla.

siswrafis,

xmaurisa

da

Crdilebis

samyaro

aSinebda

mas.

rodesac

daxmareba sWirdeboda, iSviaTad Tu gauwodebda vinme xels; xSirad dascinodnen

moxucebulobis
Tavdasxmis

da

mowyvladobis

gamo;

igi

mozardTa

jgufis

sastiki

msxverplic ki gaxda (Moore, 1990).

muris gamocdileba ganamtkicebs azrs, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc fizikuri, ise

_ socialuri TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis winaaRmdeg aris momarTuli.
Cven mimovixileT cxovrebis mTliani cikli: ganvixileT bavSvobis, mozardobisa
da mozrdilobis socialuri da pirovnuli aspeqtebi. mocemuli Tavis dasasruls

24

ageism.

405

ganvixilavT or calkeul sferos, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba miRebuli

gamocdileba; esaa genderuli ganviTareba da moraluri ganviTareba.
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (ageism) _ crurwmena asakovani adamianebis
Sesaxeb,

rasizmisa

da

seqsizmis

msgavsi

uaryofiTi

stereotipi

asakovani

adamianebis mimarT.
sqesobrivi

gansxvavebebi

(sex differences)

biologiuri

safuZvlis

mqone

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan.

Sejameba
kulrutulma

da

istoriulma

gansxvavebebma

SeiZleba

arsebiTi

gavlena

moaxdinos imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamen da gaiazreben adamianebi TavianTi cxovrebis

socialur aspeqtebs. erik eriksonma SemogvTavaza cxovrebis ciklis, rogorc
krizisebis

Tanmimdevrobis,

koncefcia:

cxovrebis

TiToeuli

fazaze

individi

dgeba dilemis winaSe, romelic man warmatebiT unda gadaWras, raTa efeqtianad
gaumklavdes Semdgomi fazebis konfliqtebs.
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare socializaciis procesi, umetesad, ojaxis
wevrebTan bavSvebis urTierTobiT iwyeba. patara bavSvebi Zalian adreuli asakidan
reagireben da urTierTqmedeben maTze mzrunvel adamianebTan. ucnobi situaciebis
testi

Seiqmna

mSoblebze

bavSvebis

mijaWvulobis

Sesafaseblad.

myari

mijaWvulobis mqone bavSvebi SemdgomSi socialurad ufro kompetenturebi arian.

mSoblebis

mier

avtoritetuli

gamoyenebuli
stili

aRzrdis

stilebis

mSobeli-Svilis

kavSiris

kvlevis

mixedviT,

warmoqmnis

aRzrdis

yvelaze

didi

albaTobiT xasiaTdeba. mijaWvulobis gamocdilebis arqona moqmedebs socialur

ganviTarebaze. hari harlous maimunebze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom
udedo
adreul

maimunebs
asakSi

aq

hqondaT

mosiyvarule

socialuri

unar-Cvevebi.

urTierTobebis

arqona

adamianis

zemoqmedebs

SemTxvevaSi,
fizikur

da

socialur ganviTarebaze.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis mixedviT, mozardoba aucileblobiT ar xasiaTdeba
qaliSxliTa da stresiT. mozardobaSi Tanatolebis mosazrebebi mravali sakiTxis
Sesaxeb konkurencias uwevs mSoblebis gavlenas. mozardebma unda daimkvidron
avtonomia mSoblebis avtoritetisgan. isini Relaven TavianT momavalze rogorc

406

pirovnul, ise _ sazogadoebriv doneze. mozardebis miswrafebebsa da molodinebze

gavlenas axdens maTi cxovrebiseuli pirobebi.
mozrdiloba periodia, rodesac dRis wesrigSi urTierTobebi da miRwevebi
dgas. intimuroba SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise _ sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebs. adamianebi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxva TanafardobiT
iReben socialur mxardaWeras ojaxisgan da megobrebisgan. xanSi SesvlasTan
erTad,

adamianebi

ufro

seleqciurebi

xdebian

urTierTobebis

SerCevisas.

zrdasrulobis kidev erTi amocanaa qmnadoba sxvaTa keTildReobaze mimarTuli

qceva. zogadad, studenti-axalgazrdoba moxucebisadmi uaryofiTi stereotipiT
xasiaTdeba, ramac SeiZleba saziano gavlena iqonios maT gamocdilebaze.

genderuli ganviTareba
is, rasac bavSvebis umravlesoba adreul asakSi igebs, isaa, rom maT socialur
samyaroSi ori kategoriis adamianebi arian: _ mdedrobiTi sqesis da mamrobiTi
sqesis. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli gansxvaveba, rasac bavSvebi amCneven, mTlianad
socialuria: isini anatomiis gacnobamde gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben sqesobriv
gansxvavebebs. vinaidan Tqven mozrdili adamiani xarT, romelmac anatomiac icis
da isic esmis, rom sqesobrivi ganxvavebebi fizikur gansxvavebulobaze metia,
SegiZliaT,

dafiqrdeT

am

gansxvavebebis

warmomavlobaze.

romeli

maTgania

biologiiT gaSualebuli Sedegi? romelia socializaciis Sedegi? rogor igenen

gogonebi da biWebi im gansxvavebuli molodinebis Sesaxeb, romelTac maT TavianTi
kultura da sazogadoeba uyenebs?
sqesi da genderi
biologiuri
ganasxvavebs

safuZvlis
mdedrobiTi

mqone

maxasiaTeblebs,

sqesisgan,

sqesobrivi

romlebic

mamrobiT

gansxvavebebi

sqess

ewodeba.

am

maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis gansxvavebuli reproduqciuli funqciebi, hormonaluri da

anatomiuri

sxvaobebi.

es

gansxvavebebi

universaluria,

biologiurad

aris

ganpirobebuli da ar eqvemdebareba socialur zegavlenas. droTa ganmavlobaSi

maT

garkveuli

tradiciuli

socialuri

rolebis

Camoyalibebac

ganapirobes.

407

magaliTad, vinaidan qalebs SeeloT bavSvebis ZuZuTi gamokveba, preistoriul

adamianebs SeiZleba gadaewyvitaT, rom qali ojaxTan axlos unda yofiliyo da
Svilebze

unda

ezruna,

mamakacs

ki

unda

enadira

ojaxisaTvis

sakvebis

mosapoveblad (Rossi, 1984).

sqesobrivi gansxvavebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas isic, rom Cvilobis Semdeg biWebi
fizikurad

ufro

aqtiurebi

da

agresiulebi

arian,

vidre

gogonebi.

mTel

msoflioSi biWebi ufro metad axasiaTebT uxeSi TamaSebisken midrekileba, vidre

gogonebs.

es

gansxvaveba,

nawilobriv,

sqesobriv

hormonebs

ukavSirdeba

biologiurma faqtorebma SeiZleba ganapirobos qceviTi dispoziciebi (Collaer &

Hines, 1995; Maccoby, 1980). mkvlevrebma ician, rom sqesobrivi hormonebi zemoqmedebs
socialur TamaSze, radganac axalgazrda mdedr da mamr virTxebsa da maimunebze
dakvirvebam igive qceviTi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina, rac adamianebSi (Meany et al.,
1988). mamri cxovelebi fizikuri TamaSis energiul formebs mimarTaven, rac msxvil
motorul aqtivobas gulisxmobs. mdedri cxovelebi ki iseTi moqmedebebiT arian
dakavebulni, romelic wvril motorul unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.
biologiuri

sqesisgan

gansxvavebiT,

genderi

fsiqologiuri

fenomenia

da

moiazrebs sqesTan dakavSirebul daswavlil qcevebsa da ganwyobebs. kulturebi

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT, Tu ramdenad Zlierad ukavSirdeba genderi
yoveldRiur saqmianobebs da ramdenad momTmenia is kros-genderulad miCneuli
qcevebis mimarT. genderuli identifikacia aris individis mier sakuTar TavSi
qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas da
gacnobierebas. sqesis gacnobiereba sakmaod adreul asakSi iwyeba. 10-dan 14 Tvemde
asakis bavSvebi ukve aniWeben upiratesobas im videoCanawers, romelzec maTive
sqesis bavSvis moZraobaa asaxuli (Kujawski & Bower, 1993). genderuli rolebi aris
qcevaTa

paternebi,

mdedrobiTi

sqesis

romelic
da

mocemul

mamrobiTi

sazogadoebaSi

sqesis

misaRebad

adamianebisaTvis.

iTvleba

ZiriTadad,

isini

gansazRvraven, Tu ra axasiaTebT mamakacebs da ra _ qalebs.

mkvlevrebi,

romlebic

Seiswavlian

mdedrobiTi

da

mamrobiTi

sqesis

warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, xSirad cdiloben, gansazRvron, Tu

romelia maTgan Tandayolili da romeli _ SeZenili. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
romeli maxasiaTeblebia biologiurad ganpirobeuli da romeli _ mocemuli
kulturis farglebSi gogonebisa da biWebis socializaciis Sedegi. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom patara bavSvebs Tavad miaCniaT, rom biologia gansazRvravs beds.

408

saidan viciT
rogor esmiT bavSvebs sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
4, 5, 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, evaraudaT, Tu rogor moiqceoda 10
wlis personaJi krisi an peti. yvela bavSvs uTxres, rom es personaJi Caiyvanes
lamaz

kunZulze,

Tumca,

zog

maTgans

uTxres,

rom

krisi

an

peti

am

gancalkevebul kunZulze mxolod misive sqesis (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da

yvela misi gamzrdeli mamrobiTi sqesis iyo) an mxolod misi sawinaaRmdego
sqesis

adamianebma

gazardes

(magaliTad,

krisi

biWi

iyo

da

yvela

misi

gamzrdeli ki _ mdedrobiTi sqesis). ra gavlena moaxdina aRwerilma pirobebma

4-10 wlis bavSvebis mier krisis an petis sqesisTvis tipiuri qcevis Sesaxeb
gamoTqmul

varaudebze?

ganaxorcielebda

mocemuli

wlamde

bavSvebs

sqesisTvis

miaCndaT,

damaxasiaTebel

rom

qcevas,

personaJi

ganurCevlad

socialuri konteqstisa. magaliTad, umcrosi asakis bavSvebi fiqrobdnen, rom

miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin iqneboda misi aRmzrdeli, erTnairad endomeboda biWs
kriss _ mexanZreoba da gogona kriss ki _ eqTnoba. ufrosi bavSvebi ki, piriqiT,
msjelobisas

iTvaliswinebdnen

im

socialur

garemos,

sadac

gaizarda

dasaxelebuli personaJi: (rogorc gogona, ise _ biWi) krisis mier profesiis

arCevaze gavlenas axdenda aRmzrdelis sqesi da, amasTan, misi sakuTari sqesic
(Taylor, 1996).
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ver afaseben garemos gavlenas
imaze, Tu rogor yalibdeba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris gansxvavebebi. amasTan, es
Sedegebi Tanxvdeba aRmoCenas, rom 2-dan 6 wlamde bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, ufro
mkveTrad da xistad aRiqvamen socialur sqess, vidre mozrdilebi (Stern & Karraker,
1989). rodesac am asakis bavSvebs neitralurad Cacmul Cvilebs aCveneben, umcrosi
asakis

bavSvebis

msjeloba,

mozrdilebTan

SedarebiT,

ucvlelad

eyrdnoba

SemTxveviT aRniSvnebs gogo Tu biWi. umcrosi bavSvebis mZafri reaqciebi,

SesaZloa, ukavSirdebodes imas, rom isini swored im asakSi imyofebian, rodesac
Tavad

cdiloben

sakuTari

genderuli

identobis

damkvidrebas

anu

romelime

socialuri sqesisadmi sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebas. mTlianobaSi, rogorc Cans,

isini ufro metad arian momarTulni maTi sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi qcevis scenaris
Sesasruleblad, vidre maTi ufrosi da-Zmebi (Levy & Fivush, 1993).

409

genderi (gender)) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romelSic moiazreba mamakacebisa

da qalebis sqesTan dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da ganwyobebi.
genderuli identoba (gender
identity)) _ individis mier sakuTar TavSi qaluri an
(
mamakacuri

sawyisis

gancda.

is

gulisxmobs

sakuTari

sqesis

miRebas

da

gacnobierebas.
genderuli

rolebi

(gender
roles))
(

qcevaTa

da

ganwyobaTa

erToblioba,

romelsac sazogadoeba ukavSirebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da romelsac

Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.
Cven vTqviT, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba kulturul konteqstSi xdeba.
axla ganvixiloT is Zalebi, romelic dasabams aZlevs maT.
genderuli rolebis aTviseba
udidesi

nawili

damaxasiaTeblad

imisa,

miiCneven,

rasac

adamianebi

kulturis

mier

qalisTvis

aris

Seqmnili

Tu

mamakacisTvis

(Leaper, 2000). bevri

mkvlevari Tvlis, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba dabadebidan iwyeba. erT-erT

kvlevaSi mSoblebi TavianT axalSobil gogonebs

iseTi sityvebiT aRwerdnen,

rogoricaa patara, nazi, lamazi da susti. amis sapirispirod, axalSobili biWebis

aRsawerad

mSoblebi

iyenebdnen

iseT

sityvebs,

rogoricaa

magari,

Zlieri,

windaxeduli da koordinirebuli. sinamdvileSi bavSvebi wonis, simaRlisa da

janmrTelobis mdgomareobis mixedviT arafriT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan
(Rubin et al., 1974).
tansacmels

mSoblebi

acmeven,

TavianT

gansxvavebul

vaJebsa

da

saTamaSoebs

qaliSvilebs

aZleven

da

gansxvavebul

gansxvavebulad

epyrobian (Rheingold & Cook, 1974). 18 Tvis bavSvebis mSoblebi midrekilni arian, rom
ufro dadebiTad upasuxon Svilebs, roca isini sqesisTvis Cveuli saTamaSoTi
TamaSoben.

magaliTad,

erT

eqsperimentSi

mamebi

nakleb

dadebiT

ukukavSirs

aZlevdnen biWebs, rodesac isini gogonebisTvis tipiuri saTamaSoebiT TamaSobdnen

(Fagot & Hagan, 1991). zogadad, bavSvebi mSoblebisgan waxalisebas iReben, rom
sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi TamaSebiT dakavdnen (Lytton & Romney, 1991; Witt, 1997).
mSoblebi ar arian erTaderTni, vinc bavSvebs genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi
uwyoben xels. eleonor makkobi (Eleanor Maccoby, 1998) amtkicebs, magaliTad, rom
mSoblebis mier genderuli rolebis swavleba ar aris mxolod saTanado qcevebisa
da qcevis normebis gadacemis procesi. man aRmoaCina imis mtkicebulebani, rom

410

TamaSis stili da prioritetebi saTamaSoebis arCevisas, faqtobrivad, didad ar

aris

damokidebuli

mSoblebis

prioritetebsa

da

rolebze.

umcrosi

asakis

bavSvebi segregacionistebi arian anu isini eZeben da pouloben Tavisive sqesis

Tanatolebs maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebi ar adevneben Tvals da maSinac, roca
maT gogonebisa da biWebisgan Semdgar jgufebSi TamaSisken mouwodeben. makkobis
miaCnia, rom bavSvebis genderul qcevebs Soris mravali gansxvaveba TanatolebTan
urTierTobis Sedegia.
saidan viciT
gogonebisa da biWebis TamaSis struqtura
imis gasagebad, Tu rogor moqmedebs TanatolebTan urTierToba da rogor
xdeba

genderuli

Seswavla,

Tu

rolebis

riTi

aTviseba,

gansxvavdeboda

mkvlevrebma
erTmaneTisgan

daiwyes

imis

gogonebisa

detaluri
da

biWebis

TamaSebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Seiswavles, Tu rogor TamaSobdnen 4 da 6 wlis

bavSvebi Tavisisve sqesis

jgufebSi meore bavSvTan anu diadaSi, an mTle

jgufTan erTad. mkvelvrebma bavSvebis TamaSebi videofirze Caiweres da Semdeg

yvela maTi interaqciis kategorizacia moaxdines. aRmoCnda, rom gogonebi da
biWebi Tanabrad TamaSobdnen diadebSi, Tumca, gogonebi TiToeul Tanatols
ufro didxans eTamaSebodnen, vidre biWebi (anu biWebi ufro xSirad icvlidnen
partniors),

SesaZloa,

imitom,

yuradRebis

koncentrireba.

am

rom

gogonebs

bavSvebidan

ufro

mxolod

met

xans

wlis

SeuZliaT

biWebi

iyvnen

dakavebulni iseTi TamaSebiT, sadac mTeli jgufi iyo CarTuli (Benenson et al.,
1997).
mkvlevrebma ver axsnes srulad, Tu ratom iwyeben 6 biWebi jgufur TamaSebs, 6
wlis gogonebi ki _ ara. rogorc yovelTvis, rTulia garkveva, ra ganapirobebs
amas _ biologia (sqesobrivi gansxvaveba) Tu molodinebi, romelic ufrosebs
SeaqvT biWebisa da gogonebis TamaSSi (genderuli gansxvaveba). maSinac ki, rodesac
gogonebi iwyeben jgufur TamaSs, es jgufebi gansxvavdeba biWebis jgufebisgan.
magaliTad, biWebis jgufebi ufro mimarTulni arian dominanturobaze _ vin visze
Zlieria, vidre gogonebisgan Semdgari jgufebi. gogonebis jgufebi, Cveulebriv,
ufro dainteresebulni arian saerTo TanxmobiT, vidre Zalauflebis damyarebiT.
Sesabamisad, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxva fsiqologiur garemoSi izrdebian, rac
ayalibebs samyaros maTeul xedvasa da problemebTan gamklavebis gzebs.

411

Cven mokled mimovixileT, Tu rogor da ratom ganicdian gogonebi da biWebi

gansxvavebulad socialuri ganviTarebas. Semdeg qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom zogierTi
mkvlevaris mixedviT, genderi moralur ganviTarebazec axdens gavlenas.
Sejameba
miuxedavad
kulturac

imisa,

rom

ganapirobebs

sqesobrivi
genderul

gansxvavebebi
gansxvavebebs.

biologiuri
informacias

fenomenia,
genderuli

gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb bavSvebi adreuli asakidan iReben. genderuli rolebis

zogierT aspeqts adamianebi, nawilobriv, mSoblebisgan iZenen, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac mSoblebi bavSvis aRzrdis tradiciul paternebs irCeven. garda amisa,
genderul
normebis

rolebs

bavSvebi

Tavisive

sqesis

Tanatolebis

qcevis

sxvadasxva

gadaRebiT iTviseben.

moraluri ganviTareba
Cven

ukve

vnaxeT,

Tu

ramdenad

mniSvnelovania

cxovrebis

manZilze

axlo

socialuri urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ganvixiloT kidev erTi aspeqti, kerZod

ki is, Tu ras niSnavs socialuri jgufis nawilad yofna. xSir SemTxvevaSi Cveni
sakuTari qceva ara piradi saWiroebebis, aramed sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
moraluroba

aris

unda

SevafasoT.

rwmenaTa,

es

moraluri

aris

faseulobaTa

da

ZiriTad

qcevis

safuZveli.

msjelobaTa

sistema

adamianis moqmedebis sisworisa Tu mcdarobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebas sWirdeba, rom

bavSvebi

Camoyalibdnen

iseT

mozrdilebad,

romlebic

miiReben

moralur

faseulobaTa sistemas da romelTa qcevas moraluri principebi warmarTavs (Killen

& Hart, 1999). Tumca, rogorc iciT, is, rac moraluri Tu amoraluri qcevaa
konkretul situaciaSi, SeiZleba sazogadoebSi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagnad iqces.
SesaZloa, swored

amitom ver vuwodebT SemTxveviTobas

imas,

rom moraluri

ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebic winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda.

kamaTi lourens kolbergis fundamenturi gamokvleviT iwyeba.

moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT

lourens kolbergma (Lawrence Kohlberg; 1964, 1981) moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria
moraluri gansjis Seswavlaze aago. moraluri gansja aris adamianTa msjeloba

412

imis Sesaxeb, Tu garkveul situaciaSi romeli moqmedebaa swori da romeli _

araswori. kolbergis Teoria Camoyalibda Jan piaJes (1965) adreuli mosazrebebis
gavleniT,
bavSvis

romelic

zogad

cdilobda

kognitur

moraluri

ganviTarebasTan.

gansjis
piaJes

ganviTarebis
azriT,

imis

dakavSirebas
mixedviT,

Tu

kognituri zrdis romel stadiaze imyofeba, bavSvi sxvadasxva wonas akuTvnebs

moqmedebis Sedegs da moqmedi piris ganzraxvas. magaliTad, bavSvisTvis, romelic
winaoperaciul stadiaze imyofeba, is, visac uneburad gautydeba aTi Wiqa, ufro
celqi da urCia, vidre is, vinc ganzrax daamsxvrevs erT Wiqas. bavSvis zrdasTan
erTad, moqmedi piris zraxvebi ufro mets iwonis moralurobis Sesaxeb miseul
gansjaSi.
saidan viciT
kognituri ganviTareba da msjeloba moralurobis Sesaxeb
3, 4 da 5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, moraluri TvalsazrisiT SeefasebinaT
adamianebis

qceva,

romelic

sami

parametris

mixedviT

varirebda:

qmedebebi,

Sedegebi da ganzraxvebi. konkretul scenarSi (magaliTad, cxovelis mofereba

da cxovelis cema) qmedebebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc dadebiTi an uaryofiTi;
aseve ganisazRvreboda Sedegebic (magaliTad, cxoveli tiroda an cxoveli
icinoda).

ganzraxvebis varirebisTvis mkvlevrebma zogierTi qceva

winaswar

ganzraxulad warmoaCines, zogierTi _ SemTxvevas miaweres (magaliTad, moqmedma

pirma cxovels ganzrax daarya an SemTxveviT mouvida es). bavSvebs sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo maTTvis es qceva misaRebi. amisaTvis maT erTerTi unda aerCiaT mocemuli xuTi saxidan, romelTagan TiToeuli aRniSnavda
Sefasebas

Zalian,

Zalian

cudi-dan

Zalian,

Zalian

kargi-mde.

umcrosma

bavSvebma qcevisadmi mimReblobis Sefaseba TiTqmis mTlianad Sedegze daafuZnes;

mxolod 5 wlis bavSvebma gaiTvaliswines ganzraxvebi. Tumca, rodesac bavSvebs
hkiTxes, unda dasjiliyo Tu ara moqmedi piri, umcros bavSvTa umravlesobam
gaiTvaliswina moqmedi piris ganzraxvebi (Zelazo et al., 1996).

moraluroba (morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulobaTa sistema, romelic iZleva

garantias, rom individi Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazogadoebis sxva
wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise, rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa

413

uflebebTan da interesebTan.
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom kognituri unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad
bavSvebs uviTardebaT imis unari, rom yuradReba miaqcion ara mxolod Sedegebs,
aramed ganixilon orive _ Sedegebica da ganzraxvebic. Tumca, qcevis mimReblobis
Sesaxeb msjelobisa da dasjis aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobis gansxvavebuloba
miuTiTebs imaze, rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebs moraluri gansjis zogierTi tipi
ufro meti faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas aZlevs. rogorc wina TavSi
vnaxeT, is, Tu ris gakeTebas sTxoven bavSvebs, nawilobriv, ganapirobebs imas, Tu
ramdenad momwifebulebi Canan isini.
cxrili 11.8 moraluri argumentaciis kolbergiseuli etapebi
doneebi da etapebi

moraluri argumentacia

1. pirobiTamdeli moraluroba
stadia 1: orientacia

tkivilis acileba an gaqceva

siamovnebaze/tkivilze
stadia 2: orientacia wageba-mogebaze;

jildoebis miReba

urTierTsamarTlianoba _
Tvali Tvalis wil
2. pirobiTi moraluroba
stadia 3: orientacia Seqebaze
(kargi-bavSvi)
stadia 4: orientacia kanonsa da
wesrigze

Seqebis damsaxureba da gamtyunebis

Tavidan acileba
wesebis dacva, mTavrobisgan
gakicxvis acileba

3. principuli moraluroba
stadia 5: orientacia
socialur kontraqtze
stadia 6: orientacia eTikur
principebze
etapi 7: orientacia globalur,
msoflio principebze

sazogadoebis keTildReobis
gaumjobesebisTvis xelSewyoba
samarTlianobis miRweva da
TviTgankicxvis acileba
iyo marTali universaluri
principebis winaSe da Tavs
grZnobde samyaros nawilad,

414

romelic scildeba socialur

normebs
moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebis gansasazRvrad, kolbergma ganavrco piaJes
Tvalsazrisi. TiToeul stadiaze moralurobis Sesaxeb msjeloba gansxvavebul
safuZvlze

aigeba

dafuZnebulia
socialur

(ix.

sakuTar

sikeTeze,

dasasabuTeblad

cxrili

11.8).
11.8

interesebze
piradi

kolbergma

moraluri
maSin,

roca

sargeblisgan
gamoiyena

msjelobis
umaRlesi

umdablesi
done

damoukideblad.

dilemaTa

seria,

done

mimarTulia

am

stadiebis

sadac

erTmaneTs

upirispirdeba sxvadasxva moraluri principebi.

erT dilemaSi mamakaci, saxelad hansi, cdilobs, colsTvis iSovos garkveuli

wamali, romelic mas kibosTan brZolaSi daexmareba. unamuso gamyidveli hanss am
wamals mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mihyidis, Tu igi aTjer met fuls gadauxdis, vidre
TviTon aqvs micemuli. es gacilebiT didi Tanxaa, vidre hanss aqvs da vidre
SeuZlia, rom iSovos. sasowarkveTili hansi iWreba gamyidvlis maRaziaSi da
iparavs wamals colisaTvis. unda gaakeTos hansma es Tu ara? ratom? interviueri
azustebs, Tu ra mizezebis gamo miiRo cdis pirma gadawyvetileba da Semdeg
ajamebs da axarisxebs miRebul pasuxebs.
daxarisxeba

efuZneba

im

mizezebs,

Tu

ratom

miiRo

pirovnebam

aseTi

gadawyvetileba da ara TviTon gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad, is, vinc Tqva, rom

hanss unda moepara wamali, radgan is valdebuli iyo momakvdavi colis winaSe, an
ar unda moepara, radgan is valdebuli iyo, daecva kanoni (miuxedavad misi piradi
grZnobebisa), cdilobs, rom Seesabamebodes dadgenil valdebulebebs da amitom
ganviTarebis mixedviT me-4-e stadiaze imyofeba.
kolbergis

stadiuri

modeli

oTxi

principiT

xelmZRvanelobs:

(1)

yovel

mocemul momentSi individi SeiZleba iyos ganviTarebis mxolod romelime erT

stadiaze; (2) yvela gaivlis am stadiebs dadgenili TanmimdevrobiT; (3) yoveli
Semdegi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da rTulia, vidre wina; (4) igive stadiebi
gvxvdeba yvela kulturaSi. kolbergma stadiuri ganviTarebis aseTi filosofia
piaJesgan

aiRo.

faqtobrivad, ganviTareba

1-3

stadiebze Tanxvdeba

normaluri

kognituri ganviTaebis stadiebs. stadiebi Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba erTmaneTs da

415

yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro metad daxvewili kognituri unarebiT xasiaTdeba,

vidre wina. TiTqmis yvela bavSvi aRwevs mesame stadias 13 wlis asakSi.
kolbergis Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi, ZiriTadad, mesame stadiis Semdeg iwyeba.
Tavdapirvelad kolbergs miaCnda, rom adamianebi Tanazomierad da ganuxrelad
agZeleben moralur ganviTarebas mesame stadiis Semdeg, Tumca, yvela maTgani ver
aRwevs

4-7

stadiebs.

faqtobrivad,

bevri

mozrdili

arasodes

aRwevs

mexuTe

stadias da mxolod zogierTebs xelewifebaT kidev ufro win wasvla. kolbergis

gviandeli stadiebis Sinaarsi subieqturad gamoiyureba da Zneli gasagebia, Tu
rogor aris yoveli Semdgomi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da garTulebuli.
magaliTad,

moraluri

gansjis

safuZveli

meeqvse

stadiaze

TviTgankicxvis

acileba, ar gamoiyureba calsaxad ufro rTulad, vidre moraluri gansjis

safuZveli

mexuTe

stadiaze

sazogadoebis

keTildReobis

gaumjobesebisTvis

xelSewyoba. garda amisa, ufro maRali stadiebi ar aris yvela kulturaSi

(Eckensberger

&

Zimba,

axla

1997).

mivubrundeT

kolbergis

Teoriis

vrcel

Tanamedrove kritikas, romelic sqesisa da kulturis ganxilvidan momdinareobs.

genderisa da kulturis gavlena mosalur gansjaze
kolbergis Teoriis kritika, ZiriTadad, Seexeba mis pretenzias universalobaze:
kolbergis gviani etapebi gaakritikes, vinaidan ar moxerxda imis dadastureba, rom
zrdasrulTa moraluri msjelobebi SeiZleba asaxavdnen

gansxvavebul, magram

Tanabari moraluri Rirebulebis principebs. kargad cnobili kritikosi qerol

giligani (Carol Gilligan,, 1982) miuTiTebs, rom kolbergis Tavdapirveli naSromi
Seiqmna mxolod biWebze dakvirvebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT. giligani amtkicebda,
rom

es

kvleva

saTanadod

ar

aSuqebda

SesaZlo

gansxvavebebs

qalisTvis

da

mamakacisTvis Cveul moralur msjelobebs Soris. giligani ambobda, rom qalis

moraluri

ganviTareba

dafuZnebulia

sxvebze zrunvis standartze da aRwevs

TviTrealizaciis stadiamde, xolo mamakacebis msjeloba eyrdnoba samarTlianobis

standarts. amdenad, giliganis Teoria afarToebs kolbergis ideebs msjelobaTa
diapazonis
bavSvobis

Sesaxeb,

romelic

SeiZleba

periodis

Semdeg.

miuxedavad

arsebiTi

iyos

giliganis

moraluri

mier

gansjisTvis

TeoriaSi

Setanili

wvlilisa, kvlevebma cxadyo, rom igi cdeboda qalisa da mamakacis moraluri

argumentaciis unikaluri stilebis gansazRvrisas. modiT, ganvixiloT faqtebi.

416

zogierTma kvlevam aCvena, rom qalebi ise axdenen moraluri gadawyvetilebebis

formirebas, rom SeinarCunon harmonia socialur urTierTobebSi, mamakacebi ki
ufro metad samarTlianobis dacvas iTvaliswineben (Lyons, 1983). miuxedavad amisa,
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben kamaTs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebi moralur msjelobaSi (Baumrind, 1986; Walker, 1984, 1986; Woods, 1996).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi da mamakacebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis gavliT
mividnen moraluri

ganviTarebis

maRal

stadiebamde, mozrdilobaSi maT mier

ganxorcielebuli aqtualuri msjelobebi uaRresad msgavsia (Boldizar et al., 1989).

arsebobs

versia,

gansakuTrebuli

rom

genderuli

wminda

qaluri

gansxvavebebi
da

wminda

marTlac

mniSvnelovania

mamakacuri

socialuri

situaciebisaTvis. Tumca, rodesac qalebsa da mamakacebs erTi da igive moraluri

dilemebis

gadawyvetis

mizezebis

Sesaxeb

ekiTxebian,

isini

zrunvasa

da

samarTlianobaze dafuZnebul pasuxTa Zalze msgavs paternebs iZlevian (Clopton &

Sorell, 1993).
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, rom mozardebis msjeloba moraluri dilemebis Sesaxeb
davaxasiaToT, rogorc samarTlianobis mosazrebebisa da zrunvis mosazrebebis
nazavi.

es

rogorc

nazavi

SenarCundeba

mosalodnelia,

sistemaSi

momxdari

cxovrebis

moralur

udidesi

gansjaze

cvlilebebi.

erT-erTi

nawilis

aisaxeba

manZilze.

mozrdilis

mniSvnelovani

Tumca,

kognitur

cvlileba

gviani

mozrdilobis periodisTvis isaa, rom gansjisas individebs aqcenti konkretuli

situaciebis detalebidan zogad principebze gadaaqvT. Sesabamisad, am asakSi isini
moraluri
(magaliTad,

gansjas
ras

metad
ambobs

iTvaliswineben
kanoni?),

zogad

vidre

sazogadoebriv

konkretul

dilemebs

interesebs
(magaliTad,

SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisis daSveba?) (Pratt et al., 1988).

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moralur argumentaciaSi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis
Sesaxeb

kamaTi,

ZiriTadad,

moraluri argumentaciis

isev

irgvliv

dasavluri

kulturebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

mimdinareobs. kros-kulturulma kvlevam am

sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela monacemis seriozuli kritikis safuZveli Seqmna.

kulturaTa

Sedarebam

aCvena:

SeuZlebelic

ki

aris,

rom

universalurad

gamovacxadoT situaciaTa erToblioba, sadac moraluri msjeloba relevanturi

iqneba.

ganvixiloT

aseTi

situacia:

gzis

napirze

xedavT

ucnobs,

romelsac

avtomanqanaze saburavi daeSva. unda gaCerdeT Tu ara dasaxmareblad? davuZvaT,

TvliT, rom ara. amoraluria es? Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, albaT, ifiqrebdiT,

417

rom aseT situaciaSi daxmarebis gaweva adamianis pirovnuli arCevania _ yvelam

Tavad unda gadawyvitos, amitom amaSi araferia amoraluri. meores mxriv, Tu Tqven
indusad aRizardeT indoeTSi _ kulturaSi, romelic gacilebiT met mniSvnelobas
aniWebs

urTierTdamokidebulebas

da

urTierTdaxmarebas,

savaraudod,

unda

gefiqraT, rom daxmarebaze uaris Tqma amoraluri iqneboda (Miller et al., 1990).
ganvixiloT

kvleva,

romelSic

erTmaneTs

adarebdnen

sxvadasxva

kulturis

moralur msjelobebs:
saidan viciT
kanoniereba pirovnebaTaSorisi pasuxismgeblobis winaaRmdeg
moraluri

gansjis

kvlevisTvis

cdis

pirebi

moiwvies

ori

adgilidan:

koneqtikutis Statis qalaq niu heivenidan (aSS) da samxreT indoeTis qalaq

misoridan. dasavluri da indusuri kulturis am warmomadgenlebs sTxoves,
gamoexataT reaqcia movlenaTa ganviTarebaze, sadac upirispirdeboda kanonis

dacva da upirispideboda pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas. davuSvaT, Tqveni

saukeTeso

megobris

TqvenTvis

matareblis

dacvis

principi

qorwilSi
bileTis

gulisxmobs,

saqorwino

beWdebis

sayidlad

fulis

rom

ar

unda

mitanis

moparva

moiparoT;

erTaderTi

gza

kanonierebis

iyo.

pirovnebaTSorisi

pasuxismgeblobis principi ki moiTxovs, rom pativi unda sceT megobrul

valdebulebebs. Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, albaT, ar ifiqrebT
pirovnebaTSoris

pasuxismgeblobaze

moraluris

kategoriebiT:

saqorwino

beWdebis ver mitana samwuxaro iqneboda, magram ara _ amoraluri. Tumca,

rogorc axlaxans aRvniSneT, indoeTis indusTa kulturisTvis, zogadad, meore
adamianis winaSe valdebuleba moraluris kategoriebs miekuTvneba. amis gamo
mkvlevrebma

iwinaswarmetyveles,

rom

indoeli

respondentebi

ufro

met

upiratesobas mianiWebdnen pirovnebTSoris pasuxismgeblobas, vidre amerikelebi.

rogorc 11.13 suraTze Cans, sami asakobrivi jgufis indoeli respondentebi
ufro metad irCevdnen im variants, sadac upiratesoba swored pirovnebaTSoris
pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda (Miller & Bersoff, 1992).
am magaliTidan cxadi xdeba, Tu ra rols asrulebs kultura moraluris da
amoraluris gansazRvraSi. Tu Tqven amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaizardeT,
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, Tu ramdenad Rrmad swamT indoeleebs, rom megobrisTvis
micemuli

dapireba

unda

Sesruldes

sjobs

moiparo,

vidre

beWdebis

gareSe

418

mixvide qorwilSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kulturuli normebis es gansxvaveba

scildeba am or qveyaniss, indoeTisa da aSS-is, farglebs. rogorc Semdeg TavebSi
ufro

vrclad

vnaxavT,

amerikis

SeerTebuli

Statebi

da

indoeTi

tipiuri

dasavluri da aradasavluri qveynebia, romlebic mimarTulni arian, Sesabamisad,

calkeuli individebis keTildReobasa da koleqtivis keTildReobaze.
Sejameba
piaJes

msgavsad,

kolbergma

Camoayaliba

moraluri

msjelobis

stadiuri

ganviTarebis Teoria. giligani akritikebda kolbergis Teorias imis gamo, rom is

yuradRebis

miRma

tovebda

im

faqts,

rom

moraluri

msjeloba

safuZvelSive

gansxvavebuli iyo qalebTan da mamakacebTan. Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma

cxadyo,

rom

mozrdilTa

umravlesoba

xelmZRvanelobs

samarTlianobisa

da

zrunvis principebis nazaviT. kros-kulturulma kvlevam aCvena, rom sxvadasxva

kulturaSi sxvadasxva standartebiT ganisazRvreba, Tu romeli situaciebi da
qcevebia moraluri Tu amoraluri.
sur. 11.13 kroskros-kulturuli pasuxebi moraluri dilemebis magaliTebze

skolis

moswavleebs

da

zrdasrulebs

indoeTsa

da

amerikis

SeerTebul

StatebSi hkiTxes, maTi azriT, romel gzas airCevdnen personaJebi moraluri

dilemebis

gadaWrisas.

(kanonierebis

dacvaze

indoelma
metad)

monawileebma

prioriteti

airCies

is

pirovnebaTSoris

variantebi,

sadac

pasuxismgeblobas

eniWeboda.
viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba
axla mokled mimovixiloT winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli zogierT sakiTxi, raTa
SevadginoT

rekomendaciebi

sworad

da

warmatebulad

daberebisTvis.

Tavis

dasawyisSi girCieT, rom ganviTareba gangexilaT, rogorc cvlileba, romelsac

yovelTvis axlavs SenaZenebi da danakargebi. aseTi xedvis kuTxidan, cxovrebaSi
keTildReobis miRwevis xerxia SenaZenebis gazrda da danakargebis Semcireba. Cven
vnaxeT, rom wesi gamoiyene an dakarge exeba rogorc fizikur formas, ise _
gonebriv
asocirdeba

SesaZleblobebs.
daberebasTan,

mravali

cvlileba,

sinamdveliSi

aris

romelic
unarebis

stereotipulad
gamouyeneblobis,

umoqmedobis da ara maTi daqveiTebis an gauaresebis Sedegi. Cveni pirveli rCevaa:

SeinarCuneT es unarebi!

419

Cven, agreTve, vTqviT, rom warmatebuli daberebis erT-erTi nawilia seleqciuri

optimizacia da kompensacia (baltes et al., 1992; freund & baltes, 1998). albaT, gagaxsendaT,
rom seleqciuri niSnavs individis mier miRwevadi amocanebis dasaxvas. optimizacia
gulisxmobs
gavarjiSebas.

individisTvis

prioritetul

sferoebSi

mis

ganviTarebas

da

kompensacia niSnavs danakargebis Sesamcireblad individis mier

alternatiuli xerxebis gamoyenebas. am TavSi vnaxeT, rom asakovani adamianebi

irCeven iseT megobrebs, romlebic maTTvis emociuri mxardaWeris optimalur dones
uzrunvelyofen; droTa ganmavlobaSi unda icvlebodes megobrebis SerCeva, raTa
kompensirebul iqnas sikvdilis Tu sxva mizeziT dakarguli megobrebi (carstensen,
1998; lang & carstensen, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom seleqciuri optimizacia daberebis
procesis Seswavlisas gaCnda, is kargi meTodia im gadawyvetilebebis amosarCevad,
romelic cxovrebis manZilze unda miiRoT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT iseTi miznebis
dasaxvas,

romelic

yvelaze

metad

mniSvnelovania

TqvenTvis,

am

miznebis

gaTvaliswinebiT moaxdinoT Tqveni qmedebebis optimizacia da eZioT SemovliTi

gzebi, Tu miznisken mimaval gzaze dabrkolebebi gxvdebaT. es aris Cveni saboloo
rCeva, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebas Seexeba. vimedovnebT, rom
brZnulad da warmatebiT daberdebiT.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
cvlilebaTa aRsawerad mkvlevrebi normatiuli, longituduri da jvaredini
kvlevebis monacemebs iyeneben.
ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze damokidebulia rogorc Tandayolil, ise _
SeZenil maxasiaTeblebze.
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
garemos faqtorebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT fizikur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeba,
rodesac bavSvi jer kidev dedis mucelSi imyofeba.
axalSobilebi da Cvilebi SesaZleblobebaTa sakmaod farTo speqtrs floben:
isini momarTulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis.
sqesobrivi

momwifebisas

mozardebma

dauTmon TavianTi sxeulis xats.

SeiZleba

gadaWarbebuli

yuradReba

420

gviani zrdasrulobis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba gamouyeneblobis da ara

gardauvali daberebis Sedegia.

kognitiuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

piaJes ZiriTadi ideebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: sqemebis ganviTareba,
asimilacia, akomodacia da wyvetili ganviTarebis oTx-stadiuri Teoria. es
oTxi stadiaa: sensomotoruli, winaoperaciuli, konkretuli operaciebis da
formaluri operaciebis.
gviandelma originalurma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom Cvilebi da patara bavSvebi
ufro metad arian ganviTarebuli, vidre amas piaJe varaudobda.
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebi aviTareben sayrden Teoriebs, romliTac
orientireben

sxvadasxva

fsiqologiur

da

fizikur

sferoSi

da

romelic

droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.

kros-kulturulma

kvlevebma

kiTxvis

niSnis

qveS

daayena

kognituri

ganviTarebis Teoriebis universaloba.

kognituri funqcionirebis asakTan dakavSirebuli daqveiTeba, rogorc wesi,
exeba mxolod zogierT unars. mkvlevrebis Tanaxmad, zogierTi kognituri
deficiti gamowveulia unaris gamouyeneblobiT da ara gardauvali daberebiT.
kognituri

sistemis

warmatebulad

daberebaze

SeiZleba

saubari,

rodesac

adamianebi axdenen funqcionirebis optimizacias saqmianobis maTTvis yvelaze

prioritetuli

sferos

amorCeviTa

da

arsebuli

resursebiT

danakargebis

kompensirebiT.
enis aTviseba
bevri

mkvlevari

Tandayolili

darwmunebulia,

unari.

nebismier

rom

adamianebs

SemTxvevaSi,

enis

aqvT

enis

aTvisebis

Seqmnis
procesis

mniSvnelovani pirobaa zrdasrul metyvel adamianebTan urTierToba.

naturalistebis

msgavsad,

bavSvebi

aviTareben

hipoTezebs

maTi

enis

mniSvnelobebisa da gramatikis Sesaxeb. es hipoTezebi xSirad gansazTvrulia

Tandayolili principebiT.
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
socialur ganviTareba konkretul kulturul konteqstSi xdeba.

421

asakobrivi cvlilebebis Cveuli mimdinareobidan gadaxveva xSirad kulturiT

ganpirobebuli garemo pirobebis Sedegia.
erik

eriksonma

cxovrebis

cikli

gansazRvra,

rogorc

krizisebis

seria,

romlebic individma unda daZlios.

socializacia aris procesi, rodesac bavSvebi iTviseben im faseulobebs da
qcevebs, romlebic mocemul sazogadoebaSi sasurvelad iTvleba.
socializacia iwyeba momvlelTan Cvilis mijaWvulobis ganviTarebidan.
mijaWvulobis ganuviTarebloba mravalricxovan fizikur da fsiqologiur
problemebs iwvevs.
bavSvobaSi

aRmzrdelobiTi

zemoqmedebis

ararsebobas

SeuZlia

socialuri

ganviTarebis Seferxeba.
gamokvlevebi

aCvenebs,

rom

mozardTa

umravlesoba

kmayofilia

Tavisi

cxovrebiT.
mozardebma
mSoblebTan

unda

ganaviTaron

komfortuli

pirovnuli

socialuri

indenturoba

urTierTobebis

TanatolebTan

da

CamoyalibebiT

da

samomavlo amocanebis dasaxviT.

mozrdilobis ZiriTadi amocanebi intimurobasa da qmnadobis moTxovnilebebs
efuZneba.
adamianebi socialurad naklebad aqtiurebi xdebian asakSi Sesvlisas, radgan
SerCeviTad inarCuneben mxolod im urTierTobebs, romlebic emociurad metad
mniSvnelovania maTTvis.
adamianebi

TavianT

cxovrebas

afaseben,

nawilobriv,

sxvebis

cxovrebaSi

TavianTi dadebiTi wvlilis Setanis unaris mixedviT.

xandazmul

adamianTa

mimarT

uaryofiTi

stereotipebi

asakis

mixedviT

diskriminacias anu eijizms iwvevs.

genderuli ganviTareba
genderi fsiqologiuri fenomenia, romelic gulisxmobs biologiuri sqesiT
gansazRvruli qcevebisa da ganwyobebis daswavlas.
genderuli

rolebis

aTviseba

dabadebidanve

iwyeba.

socializaciisTvis

xelisSemwyobi mTeli rigi faqtorebi ganamtkiceben genderul stereotipebs.

moraluri ganviTareba

422

kolbergma gansazRvra moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebi.

moraluri

argumentaciis

gviandel

kvlevebSi

gaTvaliswinebuli

iqna

sqesobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebani.

sxvadasxva kulturebi sxvadasxva standartebis mixedviT afaseben, Tu romeli
situaciebi da qcevebi CaiTvalos moralurad Tu amoralurad.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. akomodacia
2. alcheimeris daavadeba
3. asimilacia
4. mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi
5. mSovlebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi
6. bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba
7. buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba
8. ganviTarebis asaki
9. ganviTarebis fsiqologia
10. egocentrizmi
11. asakis mixedviT diskriminacia anu eijizmi
12. enis Seqmnis unari
13. zigota
14. imprintingi
15. internalizacia
16. intimuroba
17. kognituri ganviTareba
18. konservacia
19. komforti kontaqtisas
20. longituduri kvlevis meTodi
21. menarqe
22. mijaWvuloba
23. momwifeba
24. moraluroba
25. normatiuli kvlevebi
26. obieqtis mudmivoba

423

27. sayrdeni Teoriebi

28. seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT
29. seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria
30. sibrZne
31. socializacia
32. socialuri ganviTareba
33. sqemebi
34. genderi
35. sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
36. genderuli identoba
37. genderuli rolebi
38. sqesobrivi simwife
39. sxeulis xati
40. fizikuri ganviTareba
41. fonemebi
42. fsiqosocialuri stadiebi
43. qmnadoba
44. qronologiuri asaki
45. centracia
46. jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi
47. hiperregularizacia

Tavi 12: motivacia

motivacia

ra aris motivacia

motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi

motivaciis wyaroebi

kveba

kvebis fiziologia

kvebis fsiqologia

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ genebi da simsuqne

seqsualuri qceva

cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva

adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqcia

424

seqsualuri qcevis evolucia

seqsualuri qcevis normebi

homoseqsualoba

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

miRwevis moTxovnileba

warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia

Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi

daxmareba?

moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

425

1994 wels gamocemul Tavis wignSi ,,msoflios mwvervalze (On Top of the World)
Jurnalisti rebeka stefensi (Rebecca Stephens) aRwers everestze asvlas. wignis
dasawyisSi vrclad aris moTxrobili everestis dapyrobis survilis Sesaxeb:

,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom avediT,

sul cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT _ sxvadasxva erovnebis,
sarwmunoebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul Cvengans mwvervalze asvlis
dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze maRali adgilia msoflioSi
da arsebobs uamravi mizezi, romelic misken iseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc
CrdiloeT Tu samxreT polusisken da okeanis siRrmeebisken.
mogvinebiT,

rodesac

Tavs

iCens

mwvervalze

asvlisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

daZabuloba da safrTxe, am ,,romantikas pirquSi realoba cvlis. miuxedavad amisa,

avtori midis gasaocar daskvnamde mas Semdeg, rac TiTi daiziana:

,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani
sosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridan
wveramde. ,,ra
mTasvlelma.

sisulele iyo
rogor

amis gakeTeba, _ buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma

SemeZlo

aseTi

suleli,

daudevari

da

araseriozuli

vyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva...

me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquS martoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi,
menugeSebina sakuTari Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba, _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor
SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axla romc momrCenoda, SemdegSi mainc ufro
mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 20 000 futis (7800 metris) simaRleze moxda. ra
moxdeboda 29 000 futze (11300 metrze), sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da,
Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalis
dapyroba ase Zviri _ sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota xans da
sakmaod mSvidad, Cemda gasaocrad, davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi,
Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo. rogorme iolad gaval
nekis gareSec (gv.90-91).
warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze. ramdenad Zlierad unda
gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT: _ ,,iolad gaval nekis gareSec.
arsebobs

raime

mizani,

romlis

gamoc

sicocxles

daTmobdiT?

sami

adamiani

daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmarTebze rebeka stefensis mTaze asvlis dros...

ratom surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra gansazRvravs imas, Sewiravs Tu ara

426

adamiani Tavs mTis mwvervalze asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu sxva raime

mizani?

ra

miRwevisas,

gaiZulebT,

iyoT

miuxedavad

im

daJinebulni,
didi

jiutni,

Zalisxmevisa,

Seupovarni
tkivilisa

raime
da

miznis

finansuri

danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es Seupovroba jdeba? dabolos, didxans ecdebiT

sasurveli miznis miRwevas, Tu maleve gaanebebT mcdelobas Tavs?
Tqveni

yoveldRiuri

cxovreba

savsea

situaciebiT,

rodesac

adamianebi

motivaciur faqtorebs mimarTaven im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, romelic moxda an ar

moxda. Tqven SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba bosi Tavis gamyidvelebs: _ ,,Tqven
unda

SeecadoT

ufro

bejiTad

imuSavoT,

rom

saqoneli

gayidoT,

megobari

SeiZleba saidumlod gagendoT, rom gamocdaze imitom CaiWra, rom profesori

arasodes

uqmnida

mas

sakmaris

motivacias;

SeiZleba

waikiTxoT

deteqtiuri

moTxroba da SeecadoT, warmoidginoT danaSaulis motivi da amiT daikmayofiloT

sakuTari mizani deteqtivis mkvlelTan identifikaciis gamo. Mmilioni adamianis
msgavsad msoflioSi, Tqvenc SeiZleba miwebebuli xarT yoveldRiurad sapnis
operebs

(teleserilebs)

iseTi

motivebis

gamosavlenad,

rogoricaa

siZunwe,

Zalaufleba da gataceba.
fsiqologiis
motivaciis

mkvlevarTa

aseTi

amocanaa

Teoriuli

safuZvlis

uzrunvelyofa

magaliTebisTvis. rogor SeuZlia motivaciur

mdgomareobas,

gavlena moaxdinos sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis Sedegebze? ratom imatebs

zogierTi adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom zogierTi lamis sikvdilis piramde
mivides

SimSiliT?

Aaris

Tu

ara

Cveni

seqsualuri

qceva

determinirebuli

genetikuri memkvidreobiT? am TavSi Tqven SeityobT, rom adamianis moqmedebebi

motivirebulia sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi fundamenturi
fiziologiuri
damTavrebuli

moTxovnilebebiT,
iseTi

fsiqologiuri

rogoricaa

SimSili

moTxovnilebebiT,

da

wyurvili

rogoricaa

da

pirovnuli

miRweva. aseve, naxavT, rom xSirad arc ise advilia erTmaneTisagan gamijno
fsiqologia

da

fiziologia.

rogoricaa SimSili, romelic,

xandaxan

iseTi

mamoZravebeli

Zala

(draivi),

erTi SexedviT, biologiuri Cans, konkurencias

uwevs pirovnuli kontrolis individualur moTxovnilebas da xSirad socialuri

aRiareba (mimRebloba) gansazRvravs xolme kvebiT paternebs.
am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic aucilebelia
motivaciis kvlevisa da bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi farTod mimovixilavT
motivaciis sam tips, romelTaganac TiToeuli sxvadasxvagvarad mniSvnelovania da

427

icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi

moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es sami tipia: SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.
ra aris motivacia
motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis ganzogadebul termins, romelic
CarTulia

fizikuri

da

fsiqologiuri

aqtivobebis

dawyebaSi,

mimarTulebis

micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva motivacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan movere, rac

moZraobas niSnavs. organizmebi moZraoben garkveuli stimulebisa da aqtivobebis
mimarTulebiT

da

gaurbian

garkveul

stimulebs

maTi

mimzidvelobis

da

saZulvelobis Sesabamisad. motivaciis Teoriebi sxnis rogorc cxovelTa, ise

adamianebis, ,,moZraobis zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias TiToeuli
saxeobis

calkeuli

analizi

im

wevrebis

sxvadasxva

funqcionirebasa

gzebis

ganxilviT

da

prioritetebze.

daviwyoT,

motivaciis

romliTac

motivacia,

Cveulebriv, xsnis da prognozirebs individualur da saxeobriv qcevas.

motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi
funqciebi
motivaciis koncefciebs xuTi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba aqvT:

qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ rogorc biologiuri organizmebi, Tqven

flobT

kompleqsur

Sinagan

meqanizmebs,

romlebic

aregulireben

Tqveni

sxeulis funqcionirebas da gexmarebian sicocxlis SenarCunebaSi. ratom

adeqiT sawolidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT, gSiodaT, gwyurodaT an gciodaT.
TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi

deprivaciis

Sinagani

mdgomareoba

warmoadgens

trigers (sasxlets) sxeulis reaqciisaTvis, rac qmnis motivacias TqvenTvis,

rom ganaxorcieloT qmedeba Tqveni sxeulis balansis aRsadgenad;

qcevis cvalebadobis axsna _ ratom asrulebT erTi da igive davalebas erT

dRes kargad da meore dRes cudad? ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi gacilebiT
ukeT arTmevs Tavs sakonkurso davalebas, vidre meore, romelsac igive
unarebi da codna gaaCnia? fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben motivaciur axsnas,
rodesac adamianis mier davalebis, an raime sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebis
cvalebedoba

ucvlel

situaciaSi

ver

aixsneba

unarebis,

gamocdilebis,

praqtikis sxvadasxvaobiT, an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu Tqven gsurT diliT adre

adgoma damatebiT samecadinod, magram Tqven megobars _ ara, maSin, SesaZloa,

428

es

mivaweroT

Tqveni

da

Tqveni

megobris

gansxvavebul

motivaciur

mdgomareobebs;

subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu

rogor iqceva is sazogadoebaSi _ Tqven xedavT, rom viRac skamze zis da
icinis. rogor axsniT am qcevas? fsiqologebi da diletantebi, Cveulebriv,
erTnairad gadaitanen yuradRebas qcevaze dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev Sinagan
mizezebze

daskvnebis

gakeTebaze.

interpretacias savaraudo

adamianebi

mudmivad

axdenen

qcevis

mizezebis terminebiT _ ratom moxda es swored

ise, rogorc moxda. igive wesi moqmedebs Tqveni qcevis mimarTac. Tqven
xSirad

cdilobT,

gaarkvioT

Tqveni

qceva

garedanaa

motivirebuli

Tu

Signidan.

imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmedebebze pasuxismgebloba _ pirovnuli

pasuxismgeblobis

cneba

ZiriTadia

religiis,

kanonisa

da

eTikisaTvis.

pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs Sinagan motivacias da qmedebebis

gakontrolebis unars. adamianebi naklebad pasuxismgeblebi arian sakuTar
moqmedebebze, roca: _ (1) ar fiqroben, rom maT qcevas uaryofiT Sedegebi
eqneba; (2) roca eqsternaluri (garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria imisaTvis,
rom qceva gamoiwvios, an (3) roca qmedebaze gavlenas axdens narkotikebi,
alkoholi da intensiuri emociebi. amgvarad, motivaciis Teoriam SeiZleba
axsnas qcevis SesaZlo mizezebi;

araxelsayreli

pirobebis

miuxedavad

miznisken

mimavali

subieqtis

Seupovrobisa da daJinebis axsna _ gavixsenoT rabeka stefensis wignidan

warmodgenili citatebi, romliTac daviwyeT winamdebare Tavi. ratom xdeba,
rom mZimed da sasikvdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc agrZeleben
mTaze asvlas? bolo mizezi, ratomac fsiqologebi motivacias swavloben,
warmoadgens imis axsnas, Tu ratom axorcielebs organizmi qcevas, rodesac
gacilebiT ioli SeiZleba iqnes am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis Sekaveba.
motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad mivideT samsaxurSi Tu mecadineobaze
maSinac ki, roca amis Zala ukve aRar Segvwevs; gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT
gavagrZeloT TamaSi maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT, rom mogeba
SeuZlebelia.

429

axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im garemo pirobebze, sadac fsiqologebi

mimarTaven

motivaciis

cnebas

qcevis

winaswarmetyevelebisa

da

axsnisaTvis.

gamocdilebis konkretuli sferoebis ganxilvamde, gavecnoT motivaciis zogad

wyaroebs.

motivacia

(Motivation)

fizikuri

da

fsiqikuri

aqtivobebis

dawyebis,

mimarTulebis micemis da marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic

CarTulia

erTi

aqtiobisaTvis

meoresTan

SedarebiT

upiratesobis

miniWebaSi da energiasa da mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.

motivaciis wyaroebi
1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma (Lans Armstrong) moigo safrangeTis
turne (Tour de France) _ sportis istoriaSi es iyo sportsmenis dabrunebis erT-erTi
SesaniSnavi magaliTi. 1996 wels mas testikularuli simsivnis diagnozi dausves,
romelic filtvebsa da tvinze vrceldeboda. agresiuli qimioTerapiis kursis
dasrulebis Semdeg, armstrongma varjiSis ganaxleba gadawyvit da sam weliwadSi
msoflios yvelaze prestiJul SejibrebSi moipova gamarjveba; 2000 wels ki kvlav
moigo safrangeTis turne. cilismwameblebi ambobdnen, rom visac armstrongma
ajoba, susti velomrbolelebi iyvnen. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam ki daamtkica, rom
lanss SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velomrbolelebis daZleva.
Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas rac lans armstrongma gaakeTa? SeZlebdiT
seriozuli avadmyofobis Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni sxeulisTvis arcTu ise
ioli amocanis dasaxvas? xom ar fiqrobT, rom rac ar unda yofiliyo misi qcevis
mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi iyo? saWiroa Tu ara gansakuTrebuli
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aseTi SeupovrobisaTvis, Tu es garegani, situaciuri
faqtorebis Sedegi iyo? moiqceva Tu ara adamianTa umravlesoba aseve, Tu isini
igive situaciaSi aRmoCndebian? warmoadgens Tu ara misi qceva pirovnebisa da
situaciis maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis (interaqciis) Sedegs? motivaciis
wyaroebis ukeT gasarkvevad vnaxoT, ra gansxvavebaa internalur (Sinagan) da
eqsternalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris. daviwyoT im Teoriebis ganxilviT, romlebic
qcevis garkveul tipebs internaluri, biologiuri impulsebiT xsnian.

ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi

430

rogorc Cans, motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivia: _ Tu SimSils

grZnobT, WamT, Tu grZnobT, rom gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis mixedviTad
mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia Sinagani ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad
ganaviTara klark halma (Clark Hall, 1943, 1952). halis azriT, ltolva
ltolva aris Sinagani
mdgomareoba,

romelic

aRmocendeba

cxovelis

fiziologiuri

moTxovnilebis

sapasuxod. organizmi cdilobs SeinarCunos iseTi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis

wonasworoba, anu homeostazi,
homeostazi rogoricaa: _ sxeulis temperatura da energiis
miwodeba (ix. Tavi 3). ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac deprivacia arRvevs
wonasworobas,

anu

qmnis

daZabulobas.

es

ltolva

organizms

daZabulobis

Semcirebisken anu reduqciisken ubiZgebs; rodesac ltolva dakmayofildeba an

Semcirdeba, homeostazi aRdgeba da organizmi wyvets moqmedebas. amgvarad, halis
mixedviT, rodesac cxovels mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba sakvebi,
aRmocendeba SimSilis mdgomareoba, rac sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis
mamotivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romelsac sakvebis moZiebis mizani aqvs,
ganmtkicdeba,

vinaidan

is

ukavSirdeba

sakvebis

miRebis

Sedegad

daZabulobis

Semcirebas.
SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis
axsna? udavod, ara. warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi, romelsac ar awvdidnen
sakvebs da wyals. daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis mixedviT, winaswar SeiZleba
imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen
sakvebs, Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi
saWmeli da sasmelia, isini garemos gamokvlevasa da dazvervas amjobineben da
maSinve

ar

garbian

saWmlisa

da

sasmelisken;

mxolod

cnobismoyvareobis

dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965; Zimbardo &
Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi, axalgazrda maimunebi did drosa da
energias

xarjavdnen

obieqtebiT

maT

manipulaciaze

garemoSi
da,

mocemuli

rogorc

Canda,

mowyobilobebiTa
amas

akeTebdnen

da

axali

,,maimunobiT,

garTobiT siamovnebis misaRebad, yovelgvari garegani waxalisebis gareSe. (Harlow

et al., 1950).
es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar aris motivirebuli mxolod Sinagani
ltolvebiT: qceva motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiT an
waxalisebiT,

romelic

pirdapir

ar

ukavSirdeba

biologiur

moTxovnilebebs.

rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi garemoSi mocemul obieqtebze iyvnen momarTulni

431

da ara Sinagan

mdgomareobebze,

es

marTavda. asevea adamianis qcevis

gviCvenebda,

rom

maT

qcevas

aRmZvrelebi

SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari aRmZvreli

akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis nacvlad?

ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom SegaSinebT da aRgaSfoTebT? ratom
WamT tkbileuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad gamokvebili brZandebiT? TiToeul
SemTxvevSi garemos elementebi aRmZvrelis rols asruleben, romlebic qcevis
ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT.
Tqven

ukve SegiZliaT,

naxoT,

rom

qceva

motivaciis

garegani

da

Sinagani

wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves. miuxedavad imisa, rom virTxebi SeiZleba sakvebis

miRebisa da wylis dalevis biologiur zewolas ganicdidnen, isini axali garemos
gamokvlevis

impulssac

daemorCilebian.

axla

ganvixiloT

motivaciisadmi

Tanamedrove midgoma, romelSic gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba konkurentuli

motivaciuri mdgomareobebis Seswavlas; esaa reversiis Teoria.

ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba wonasworobis

darRvevisas cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.

homeostazi

(Homeostasis)

sxeulis

Sinagani

mdgomareobis

mudmivoba

an

wonasworoba.

aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi an waxaliseba, romlebic

warmoadgenen qcevis mamotivireblebs miuxedavad imisa, rom isini pirdapir ar
ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.

reversiis, anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis Teoria

ukanasknel
kolegebma

wlebSi

ganaviTares

maikl

afterma

axali

(Michael Apter, 1989; Frey, 1997)

Teoria,

romelic,

aseve,

uaryofs

da

misma

motivaciis,

rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis, ideas. nacvlad amisa, aRniSnuli Teoria uSvebs,

rom arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi wyvili. rogorc naCvenebia
cxrilSi 12.1, wyvilebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi Seadgenen. Teoriis
mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul momentSi TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli
ori mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba arsebobdes realurad. Tu gadaxedavT
cxrils,

naxavT,

motivaciur
situaciaSi

Tu

rogor

mdgomareobebs.
imyofebiT.

ra

gansazRvravs

magaliTad,
gsurT

TiToeuli

warmoidgineT,

mocemul

momentSi:

wyvili
rom

araTavsebad

samsaxureobriv

situaciaze

morgeba

Tu

damoukidebloba? sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moqmedeba, Tu sxvebis grZnobebze

432

yuradRebis mipyroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis

Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri motivaciis axsnas erTi mdgomareobidan meore,
sawinaaRmdego

mdgomareobaze

paraTelikuri

ganvixiloT
paraTelikur

reversiis

(gadasvlis)

Telikuri

kontrastuli

da

mdgomareobaSi

xarT,

rodesac

iseTi

terminebiT

cdilobs.

mdgomareobebi.

moqmedebebs

Tqven

axorcielebT,

romlebsac siamovnebis moniWebis garda sxva mizani ar gaaCniaT; xolo Telikur

mdgomareobaSi

xarT,

rodesac

axorcielebT

iseT

moqmedebebs,

romlebic

mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul momentSi. magaliTad, am wuTas,

albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos kiTxulobT _
Tqven

gsurT

masalis

daswavla,

raTa

kargad

CaabaroT

gamocda.

Tu

Tqven

wasaxemseblad, an axali diskis mosasmenad SewyvetT mecadineobas, amiT TiTqmis

mTlianad

gadaerTvebiT

faqtobrivad,

gveubneba,

paraTelikur
rom

Tqven

mdgomareobaSi.

yovelTvis

reversiis

imyofebiT

an

erT,

Teoria,
an

meore

mdgomareobaSi, magram ara _ oriveSi erTad.

drodadro

Tqven

nawinaswarmetyvelebi

SesaZloa
reversiis

Zalze
tipebi.

mkafiod

SeigrZnoT

reversiis

erTi

am

TeoriiT

gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani forma aReniSnebaT adamianebs, romlebic CarTulni arian iseT

maRalriskian aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa paraSutiT xtoma.
cxrili

12.1.

metamotivaciuri

mdgomareobebis

oTxi

wyvilis

maxasiaTeblebi
Telikuri

paraTelikuri

seriozuli

mxiaruli

mizanze orientirebuli

aqtivobaze orientirebuli

upiratesobas

aniWebs

winaswar cxovrobs am momentiT

dagegmvas

eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTovanebas

Tavs aridebs SfoTvas

surs mxiaruleba da garToba

surs progresi da miRweva

konformisti

negativisti
negativisti

damyoli

meamboxe

surs wesebis dacva

surs wesebis darRveva

tradiciuli

aratradiciuli

ZiriTadi

433

sasiamovno

gabrazebuli

surs morgeba

surs damoukidebloba

mbrZanebloba

TanagrZnoba (simpatia)

Zalauflebaze orientirebuli

zrunvaze orientirebuli

cxovrebas brZolad miiCnevs

cxovrebas TanamSromlobad miiCnevs

mkacri azrovneba

mgrZnobiare

kontrolze koncentrirebuli

sikeTeze koncentrirebuli

surs dominantoba

surs sinaze da mofereba

auturi

aloikuri

upiratesad

Tavze upiratesad sxvebze koncentrirebuloba

sakuTar

koncentrirebuloba

sxvebTan identifikacia

egocentruli

sxvebis grZnobebze koncentracia

sakuTar grZnobebze koncentracia

saidan viciT
SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla
ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es
gasarTobad gaakeTes? Zalian Znelia am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfrinavidan gadaxtomis molodini ufro zrdis
daZabulobas,

vidre

amcirebs.

reversiis

Teoriis

Tanaxmad,

paraSutiT

gadaxtoma warmoadgens Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi

gadasvlas. Telikur mdgomareobaSi aRgznebis maRali done, romelsac adamiani
ganicdis gadaxtomamde, iwvevs SfoTvis warmoqmnas; paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi
ki

Zlieri

aRgzneba

ganicdeba,

rogorc

Zlieri

aRfrTovaneba.

amgvarad,

Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla agznebis imave doneze iwvevs

Zlieri SfoTvidan did siamovnebaze gadarTvas.Aamgvari pirdapiri gadarTvis
arsebobis

Sesamowmeblad

mkvlevrebma

monacemebi

paraSutistTa

ori

klubis

wevrebisgan Seagroves. klubis wevrebi aRniSnavdnen SfoTvisa da aRfrTovanebis

grZnobas gadaxtomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis Semdeg. monacemebma aCvena
aSkara

reversia:

gadaxtomamde

isini

SfoTavdnen

(magram

ar

iyvnen

434

aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac paraSuti ixsneboda, isini aRfrTovanebulni

iyvnen (magram ar SfoTavdnen). es aRgzneba ar qreboda _ is maSinve iZenda sxva
Sinaarss,

rogorc

ki

paraSutisti

gadadioda

Telikuri

mdgomareobidan

paraTelikurSi (Apter & Batler, 1997).

xedavT, rogor xsnis reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?
reversiis
ganvixilavT

Teoria

gvawvdis

motivaciis

motivaciis

kvlevis

sxva

saintereso

tradicias,

zogad

romelic

midgomas.

axla

koncentrirebulia

biologiuri saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.

reversiis
motivacias

Teoria
erTi

(Reversal theory)
metamotivaciuri

Teoria,

romelic

mgomareobidan

xsnis

meore,

adamianis

sapirispiro

mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.

instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli tendencia, romelsac arsebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.

instinqturi qceva da daswavla

ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase da ara sxvagvarad? nawilobriv, pasuxi
isaa, rom biologiuri saxeobis qcevis zogierT aspeqts marTavs instinqtebi anu
winaswar

daprogramebuli

tendenciebi,

romlebsac

arsebiTi

mniSvneloba

aqvT

saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. instinqtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis repertuars, romelic

TiToeuli

cxovelis

genetikuri

memkvidreobis

nawils

warmoadgens.

oraguli

curavs aTasobiT mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad, sadac daibada; is

dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravs, axteba CanCqerebs da midis zustad daniSnul
adgilze, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da mamri oragulebi Sewyvilebis ritualur
qcevas asruleben. ganayofierebul qviriTis dayris Semdeg mSoblebi kvdebian.
momavalSi ki axalgazrda Taoba dauyveba dinebas, raTa icxovros okeaneSi manam,
sanam ramdenime wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawileobis dro ar mova.
aseTive STambeWdavi moqmedebebi SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval saxeobaSi.
futkari sakvebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas sxva futkrebs gadascems,
WianWvelaTa

armia

sinqronizebulad

dadis

nadirobis

eqspediciebSi,

Citebi

aSeneben budeebs, obobebi xlaraTaven da qsoven rTul qselebs _ zustad iseve,

rogorc maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi akeTebdnen amas.

435

adamianis

qcevis

instinqtebis

adreuli

mniSvnelobis

Teoriebi

midrekilni

gadafasebisken.

uiliam

iyvnen

jemsi

adamianisTvis

(William James, 1890)

gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom adamianebi yvela sxva cxovelze metad eyrdnobian

instinqtur

qcevas

(Tumca,

isini,

rogorc

wesi,

ar

vlindeboda

qcevaTa

fiqsirebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiur instinqtebis garda, romlebic adamians

cxovelebTan

saerTo

aqvs,

moqmedebaSi

Semodis,

agreTve,

iseTi

ZiriTadi

socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa simpaTia, socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da

siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _ rogorc cxoveluri, ise adamianuri _ instinqtebi

miznobrivi

iyo,

anu

emsaxurebodnen

mniSvnelovan

miznebs

anu

asruleben

mniSvnelovan funqciebs organizmis garemosTan adaptaciis procesSi.

zigmund froidi (Sigmund Freud, 1915) gvTavazobs, rom adamianis gamocdilebaSi
arsebuli

ltolvebi

aRmocendeba

sicocxlis

(maT

Soris

seqsualuri)

da

sikvdilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan. mas miaCnda, rom instinqturi

impulsebi

fsiqikur

mimarTavs

dasakmayofileblad.
ganitvirTeba;

es

daZabuloba

daZabuloba

energias
aRmocendeba

ubiZgebs

sxeulebrivi
maSin,

adamians

moTxovnilebebis

rodesac

aqtivobis

es

energia

an/da

ver

obieqtisken,

romelic Seamcirebs mas. magaliTad, froidis azriT, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis

instinqtebi moqmedeben gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis donea (anu
Rrmad

aracnobierSi);

qmedebebze

Zalian

cxovrebiseuli

Tumca,

maTi

Zlieria

gavlena

imis

gadawyvetilebebis

gamo,

cnobier
rom

miRebisken

azrebze,

instinqtebi

ubiZgebdnen

grZnobebsa

da

mniSvnelovani

adamianebs

(Cven

am

mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi).

1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines adamianis 10 000 instinqtisgan Semdgari
sia (Bernard, 1924). amave periodSi adamianuri instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis
universaluri

amxsnelis,

cneba

eWvis

qveS

dadga

da

kritikis

sagnad

iqca.

kroskulturulma anTropologebma ruT benediqtma (Ruth Bendict, 1959) da margaret

midma

(Margaret Mead,

1939)

sxvadasxva

kulturaSi

uamravi

qceviTi

variacia

aRmoaCines. maTi dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod

Tandayolili instinqtebis universalobas ganixilavdnen.
instinqtebis

adreuli

TeoriebisTvis

yvelaze

metad

damangreveli

iyo

bihevioristebis empiriuli demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvnelovani qcevebi da

emociebi daswavlili ufro iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT demonstraciebs Tqven
me-7

Tavidan

icnobT,

sadac

naxeT,

rom

adamianebi

da

cxovelebi

erTnairad

436

mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs stimulebi da

reaqciebi garemoSi. Tu gsurT axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi cxoveli
mocemul qcevas da zogierTi _ ara, Tqven ar gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna,
garda imisa, rom erTi cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda, xolo meoris _ ara. aseT
pirobebSi Tqven saerTod ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu Secdoma
iqneboda gveTqva, rom erTi cxoveli motivirebulia, xolo meore _ ara).
Tumca, gavixsenoT: _ me-7 TavSi isic vnaxeT, rom qcevis tipebi, romelTac
cxovelebi ufro iolad daiswavlian, determinirebulia mocemuli saxeobisTvis
specifikuri instinqtebiT amitom TiToeuli cxoveli axorcielebs daswavlili da
instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias. amrigad, Tu Tqven gTxoven cxovelis qcevis
axsnas, an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven ori ramis codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, unda
icodeT rame: _ (1) mocemuli cxovelis saxeobis istoriidan _ romeli adapturi
qcevaa organizmis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawili? (2) konkretuli mocemuli
cxovelis istoriidan _ garemoSi arsebuli asociaciebis rogori unikaluri
erToblioba

aqvs

organizms

gamocdilebaSi?

aseT

SemTxvevebSi

motivacia

im

gavlenaSi mdgomareobs, rasac warsulis movlenebi axdenen mimdinare qcevaze.

kidev

erTxel

orientirebulma

gadavxedoT
mkvlevrebma

me-7

eWvqveS

Tavs.

Cven

daayenes

vnaxeT,

mosazreba

rom
imis

kogniturad
Taobaze,

rom

instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria sakmarisia cxovelis qcevis yvela detalis

asaxsnelad.

axla

vnaxoT,

ra

rols

asruleben

motivaciaSi

molodinebi

da

SemecnebiTi aqtivobebi.

molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi motivaciisadmi

ganvixiloT ,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan,
kvleva.

doroTi

da

misi

sami

megobari

rogorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri

kargad

gaisarjnen,

raTa

zurmuxtis

qalaqamde mieRwiaT: _ maT daZlies barierebi da SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil

yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari miscemda
maT imas, rac akldaT. amis nacvlad, saocarma (da brZenma) jadoqarma daanaxa, rom
Tavad

maT,

da

ara

jadoqars,

yovelTvis

xelewifebodaT

TavianTi

sanukvari

survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis saxli ar warmoadgenda konkretul adgils;

es misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan yofniT miRebuli usafrTxoebis da komfortis
gancda iyo: _ saxli iq iyo, sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace, romelic loms
surda; Wkua, romelsac safrTxobela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis

437

xis mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia, romelTac isini ukve flobdnen. maT am

Tvisebebze unda ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze, aramed, rogorc im
dadebiT

urTierTobebze,

romlebic

ukve

hqondaT

sxvebTan.

jadoqari

ozis

qveynidan aSkarad aris erT-erTi pirveli kognitur fsiqologTagani, vinaidan man

aRiara adamianis azrovnebis procesis mniSvneloba misi miznebis da am miznebis
misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli qcevis determinaciaSi.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli da
socialuri

qcevebis

mamotivirebeli

Zalebis

Sesaswavlad.

isini

iziareben

jadoqris mosazrebas, rom adamianis mniSvnelovani motivacia aRmocendeba ara

gare

samyaros

obieqturi

realobidan,

aramed

realobis

subieqturi

interpretaciebidan. dajildoebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti ikargeba, Tu Tqven ver

xedavT, rom Tqvenma qmedebam ganapiroba es jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad
kontroldeba:

(1)

imiT,

rac,

Tqveni

azriT,

pasuximgebeli

iyo

warsulis

warmatebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac, gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da (3)
imiT, rasac ganWvretT winaswar, anu ra iqneba Tqveni qmedebis Sedegi. kognituri
midgoma

xsnis,

Tu

ratom

arian

adamianebi

xSirad

motivirebulni

momavali

movlenebis molodinebiT.
qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvneloba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954)
daamuSava socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT socialur daswavlas,
rodesac
albaToba

me-7

TavSi

imisa,

rom

ganvixilavdiT
Tqven

dakvirvebiT

ganaxorcielebT

daswavlas).

mocemul

roterisaTvis

qcevas

(moemzadebiT

gamocdisTvis da ar waxvalT wveulebaze) determinirebulia, anu ganpirobebulia

im dasaxuli miznis (kargi niSnis miReba) miRwevis molodiniT, romelic mohyveba am
aqtivobas da imiT, Tu ra pirovnuli Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans TqvenTvis.
molodinebsa da realobas Soris gansvlam SeiZleba individs makoregirebeli
qcevis

ganxorcielebisken

ubiZgos

(Festinger, 1957, Lewin,

1936).

magaliTad,

Tu

aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni qceva ar Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs, romelsac

miekuTvnebiT, Tqven SesaZloa motivirebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa
ukeT moergoT jgufs.

socialuri

daswavlis

Teoria

(Social learning theory)

daswavlis

Teoria,

romelic xazs usvams dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis

mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.

438

rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis garegan da Sinagan Zalebs? fric

haiderma (Fritz Heider, 1958) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni qcevis Sedegi (magaliTad,
cudi

niSani)

Zalisxmevis

SeiZleba

arqona,

an

mieweros

dispoziciur

iseT

arasakmari

goniereba,

anda

Zalebs,
iseT

rogoricaa:

situaciur

rogoricaa, magaliTad, arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri

Zalebs,

maswavlebeli.

amgvari atribucia gavlenas axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro bejiTad
iSromebT,

Tu

CaTvliT,

rom

miRebuli

cudi

niSani Zalisxmevis

ararsebobis

Sedegia, magram SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli

cudi

niSani

usamarTlobis

an

SesaZleblobebis

arqonis

Sedegs

warmoadgens

(Dweck, 1975). amgvarad, motivaciis wyaros identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an

Sinaganis, SeiZleba, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iyos realobis sakuTar subieqtur
interpretaciaze.
kidev

erTxel

gadavxedoT

motivaciis

sxvadasxva

wyaroebs.

Cven

daviwyeT

dakvirvebidan, rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis gamomwvevis Sinagani da garegani

faqtorebis

erTmaneTisgan

gamijvna.

ltolvebi,

instinqtebi

da

daswavlis

istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens motivaciis Sinagan wyaros, romelic gavlenas

axdens

qcevaze

Sesabamisi

garegani

stimulis

arsebobis

pirobebSi.

rodesac

organizmebi iwyeben sakuTar qcevaze fiqrs _ risi midrekilebac gansakuTrebiT

aqvT adamianebs _ molodini imisa, Tu ra unda moxdes, an SeiZleba moxdes, iwyebs
motivaciis uzrunvelyofas.

adamianma zogierTi motivacia SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs

miaweros, zogi ki _ gare samyaros.

Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo motivaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis. winamdebare
Tavis danarCen nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips, romelzec gavlenas
axdens motivaciebis urTierTqmedeba; esaa kveba, seqsualuri qceva da pirovnuli
miRweva.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi

iyeneben

motivaciur

cnebebs

imisaTvis,

rom

erTmaneTTan

daakavSiron biologia da qceva; axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba; zogadi qmdebebis

mixedviT gamoitanon daskvnebi kerZo mdgomareobaze; moqmedi subieqtisTvis qcevaze
pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa da daJinebis asaxsnelad,
romelsac adamianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas araxelsayreli garemo pirobebis
miuxedavad. motivaciis Teoriebi cdiloben imis garkvevas, Tu romeli motivaciuri

439

Zala momdinareobs organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani wyaroebidan da romeli _

organizmis gareT arsebuli garegani wyaroebidan _ garemos an kulturuli
faqtorebidan.
Semcirebis

ltolvebis

mniSvnelobas.

Teoria
rogorc

xazs
wesi,

usvams

qceva

motivaciaSi

garegani

daZabulobis

aRmZvrelebiTac

aris

motivirebuli, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs. reversiis

Teoriis mixedviT, motivacia marTavs sapirispiro metamotivaciur mdgomareobebs.
saxeobisaTvis specifikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc Sinagani, ise
garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis kognituri Teoria koncentrirebulia adamianis
molodinebze

da

imaze,

Tu

rogor

axdens

adamiani

samyaros

daxarisxebas

dispoziciuri Tu situaciuri Zalebis mixedviT.

kveba
gaakeTeT prognozi aseTi situaciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: fsiqologiis Sesaval
kursze

Caweril

ramdenad

students

mosalodnelia,

unda
rom

SevTavazoT

SeWams

picis

studenti

naWeri.

picis

rogor

naWers?

fiqrobT,

ar

gindaT,

gamoicnoT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: ,,me mWirdeba ufro meti informacia.
bolo qveTavSi gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis saWiro damatebiTi
informaciis

miRebis

organizeba

aseTi

prognozis

gamoTqmamde.

Tqven

dagWirdebodaT Sinagani codna anu informacia am studentis Sesaxeb.\: _ ramdeni

aqvs

ukve

naWami

dagWirdebodaT

students?

garegani

cdilobs

codna,

anu

Tu

ara

dietis

praqtikuli

dacvas?

xasiaTis

Tqven,

aseve,

informacia.

pica

gemrielia Tu ara? hyavs Tu ara students megobrebi, romelTac gauyofs picas da

Tan gaesaubreba? rogorc xedavT, Cven ukve, garkveulwilad, gavaanalizeT is
Zalebi,

romlebmac

rogoricaa

SeiZleba

studentis

mier

gavlena
picis

moaxdinon

SeWma.

iseT

daviwyoT

martiv

zogierTi

Sedegebzec

ki,

fiziologiuri

procesis ganxilviT, romliTac evoluciam aRgvWurva sakvebis misaRebad.

kvebis fiziologia
rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom Wamis droa? Tqven aRWurvili xarT
meqanizmebis mTeli rigiT, romlebic qmnian SimSilisa da simaZRris fizikur
gancdas (Logue, 1991). sakvebis efeqturad misaRebad, organizmi aRWurvili unda
iyos

meqanizmebiT,

moTxovnilebis

romlebic

dafiqsireba;

asruleben
(2)

kvebiTiO

oTx

amocanas:

qcevis

dawyeba

(1)

sakvebis

da

Sinagani

organizeba;

(3)

440

miRebuli sakvebis xarisxisa da raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis dafiqsireba,

Tu rodis aris sakmarisi miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades
am procesebis axsna maTi dakavSirebiT iseT periferiul meqanizmTan, rogoricaa
kuWis

SekumSva,

anda

tvinis

iseT

centralur

meqanizmTan,

rogoricaa

hipoTalamusis funqcionireba. ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvrilebiT.

periferiuli reaqciebi
saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs
imis misaTiTeblad, rom is carielia? pirveli fiziologi, vinc amis garkvevas
Seecada, uolter qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom carieli kuWis
peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad

qenonis

erT-erTma

(A.L.Washburn) gaivarjiSa da

gabedulma

gadaylapa

studentma

a.

l.

uoSbornma

rezinis milze mimagrebuli gauberavi

buSti. milis meore bolo uerTdeboda mowyobilobas, romelzec registrirdeboda

haeris wnevis cvalebadoba. Semdeg qenonma gabera buSti studentis kuWSi. rodesac
kuWi ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buStidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis kalams.
uoSbornis

mier

Seesabameboda

aRniSnuli

kuWis

Zlier

SimSiliT

SekumSvebs,

gamowveuli
magram

ara

tkivilis

SegrZneba

gafarToebebs.

qenoni

fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobaze kuWis spazmebis pasuxismgebloba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis procedura gonebamaxviluri iyo,
Sedgomma

kvlevebma

aCvena,

rom

SimSilis

SesagrZnobad

kuWis

SekumSva

ar

warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas. carieli kuWis mqone cxovelis sisxlSi Saqris

SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis SekumSvebi, magram ar qreba SimSilis grZnoba. pacientebi,
romlebsac

mTlianad

amokveTili

hqondaT

kuWi,

isev

ganicdidnen

SimSilis

grZnobasTan dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman, 1950), xolo kuWis gareSe
darCenili

virTxebi

mainc

daiswavlidnen

labirinTs

sakvebiT

dajildoebis

pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili SegrZneba
SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis mier SimSilis gancdaSi, magram is
amomwuravad ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis moTxovnilebas da
rogor xdeba motivirebuli sakvebis miRebisTvis.
carieli kuWi aucileblobiT ar SeigrZnobs SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara
sakvebis miRebas savse kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT (magram ara gaberili
buStiT) Sevsebis gamo kuWis gafarToeba individs sakvebis miRebis Sewyvetas

441

aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, organizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis wnevis wyaros mimarT.
sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve, warmoadgens simaZRris maniSneblebis
periferiul wyaros; es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba danayrebulobis, anu
sisavsis

gancdas.

SeiZleba

SeginiSnavT,

rom

danayrebis

Semdeg

naklebi

enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli kerZis gemosac ki. am fenomens sensorul-

specifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da cilebiT mdidari sakvebi ufro

Zlier

simaZRres

iwvevs,

vidre

naklebad

kaloriuli

da

cilebis

naklebi

Semcvelobis mqone sakvebi (Johnson & Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis
sakvebisadmi swrafvis aseTi dauyovnebeli Semcireba SeiZleba organizmis mier
sakvebis miRebis regulirebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyos, Tumca, ,,specifikuri
sensorul-specifikur simaZRreSi niSnavs, rom simaZRre Zalze uSualod aris
damokidebuli

im

konkretul

sakvebze,

romelsac

iRebT.

rodesac

adamianebs

mravalferovani da sxvadasxva gemos mqone sakvebiT kvebaven da ara erTi romelime

konkretuliT, romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli, gemo aqvs, isini ufro mets
Wamen (Rolls et, al., 1981). Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos mravalferovneba, romelic ase
damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis, sadac ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis
erTmaneTs,

SeiZleba

dabrkolebad

iqces

sxva

sxeulebrivi

signalebisTvis,

romlebic atyobineben organizms, rom ukve sakmarisad miirTva.

axla gavecnoT Tavi tvinis im meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia sakvebis miRebis
qcevaSi

da

sadac

erTad

iyris

Tavs

periferiuli

wyaroebidan

wamosuli

informacia.

centraluri reaqciebi
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis
Sesaxeb, sadac iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro
rTul Teoriebs. yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac saubari iyo sakvebis miRebis
marTvaSi

tvinis

ventromedialuri

rolze,

aigeboda

hipoTalamusis

(vmh)

lateraluri

hipoTalamusisa

funqcionirebaze

dakvirvebis

(lh)

da

Sedegad

miRebul monacemebze (hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia suraTze 3.10).

3.10
gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom, Tu ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi dazianebulia (an
lateraluri hipoTalamusi stimulirebulia), cxoveli met sakvebs moixmarda,

442

magram,

Tu

Tanmimdevroba

ise

Sebrundeboda,

rom

lateraluri

hipoTalamusi

dazianebuliyo (an ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi yofiliyo stimulirebuli),

cxoveli

nakleb

sakvebs

moixmarda.

am

dakvirvebam

ganapiroba

orcentriani

modelis aRmoceneba, sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda ,,SimSilis

centrad, xolo ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRris centrad.
droTa

ganmavlobaSi

dagrovili

monacemebiT

ver

dadasturda

am

Teoriis

siswore (Martin et al., 1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, dazianebuli vmh-is mqone virTxebi
zedmetad STanTqamen mxolod im sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvenebaT. isini
intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur sakvebs. amrigad, vmh ver iqneba ubralo centri,
romelic

gadascems

signalebs:

,,kidev

Wame,

an

,,aRar

Wamo.

signali

damokidebulia sakvebis tipze. faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba, nawilobriv,

gavlena moaxdinos sakvebze Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze (Powley,
1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am sakvebis
SeWmaa,

moWarbebuli

refleqsuri

reaqcia

uzomod

Wama

iqneba.

Tu

virTxa

refleqsurad Tavs aridebs ugemuri sakvebis miRebas daxrCobiT, an RebinebiT,

moWarbebulma refleqsurma reaqciam mas SeiZleba saerTod sakvebis miRebaze
aTqmevinos uari.
yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asruleben vmh da lh tvinidan miRebul
davalebas. nawili yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciisa, romelsac vmh da lh
iyeneben sakvebis miRebis regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis nakadTan erTad midis.
(Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi glukozis formiT aris warmodgenili)
da cximebi warmoadgenen energiis wyaros metaboluri procesebisaTvis. sakvebis
miRebis

procesis

dawyebis

ori

ZiriTadi

signali

modis

receptorebidan,

romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben Saqrisa da cximebis Semcvelobas sisxlSi. rodesac

metaboluri procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis maragi mcirea, an saerTod ar aris,
RviZlis
maZiebeli

ujredebis
neironebi

receptorebidan
cvlian

signali

aqtivobas

am

gadaecema

lh-s,

informaciis

sadac

glukozis

sapasuxod.

sxva

hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon Tavisufali cximovani mJavebis, an

insulinis donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi ganapirobeben madis
aRmZvreli sistemebis gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis lateralur zonaSi da iwyeben
SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul qcevas. signali, rom sisxlSi mravlad aris

443

glukoza

da

cximovani

mJavebi,

vmh-isTvis

sakvebis

miRebis

qcevis

Sewyvetis

maniSnebelia.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian
imaze, rom Cven daviwyoT da davasruloT sakvebis miReba, Tumca, mdidari piradi
gamocdilebidan
moTxovnileba

TiTqmis
ar

aris

darwmunebiT
damokidebuli

gecodinebaT,
mxolod

rom

Tqveni

Tqveni

sakvebis

sxeulidan

wamosul

signalebze. vnaxoT, ra fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom mivirTvaT bevri,

an cota.
kvebis fsiqologia
Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia mravali meqanizmiT, romlebic
aregulireben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobas, magram miirTmevT Tu ara Tqven
mxolod maSin, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: _ ,,ra Tqma unda, ara! Tu
gadaxedavT ukanasknel or dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT ramdenime SemTxveva, roca
Tqvens mier sakvebis miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan. magaliTad,
SeerTebul

StatebSi

miRebulia

dReSi

samjer

Wama,

rac

sakvebis

miRebis

socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro Tanxvdeba, vidre sxeulidan wamosul

signalebs. metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socialuri Tu kulturuli
normebis gaTvaliswinebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara, rom sadilad kiborCxala
miirTvaT ufasod? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze,
xarT morwmune ebraeli (am SemTxvevaSi uars ityodiT) Tu vegetarianeli (am
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT Tu ara iseTi
vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom ar aris sakvebis miReba mxolod fiziologiur signalebze reagireba.
socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom
SeiZleba,

rom

sakvebis

miReba

ar

ukavSirdebodes

SimSilis

SegrZnebas?

Tu

adamianebTa umravlesobas gavxarT, albaT, ar iqnebodiT gulgrili imis mimarT,

Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqven mier miRebuli sakvebi Tqveni sxeulis formasa da
zomaze.

kvebis

viTarebebis

fsiqologiaze

ganxilvas,

saubrisas

romelSic

Cven

adamianebi

did

yuradRebas

cdiloben

davuTmobT

miRebuli

im

sakvebis

raodenobisa da ragvarobis kontrols, raTa Seicvalon sxeulis formebi imis

Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul Tu socialur idealad Tvlian.

444

wuxxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis dacvas? Tu Tqven qalbatoni

brZandebiT, albaT, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba diax, Tumca, dResdReobiT amerikel
mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs sakuTari wonis gamo: qalebis 52% da mamakacebis
37%

uCivis

zedmet

wonas

(Brownell & Robin, 1994).

sinamdvileSi

ki

qalebis

daaxloebiT 24% da mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matarebelad, ase rom,
isev Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa
da am realobis maTeul aRqmas Soris. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da
dietis mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
sxeulis wonasa da xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi reaqciis
saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.
fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: _ genebi da simsuqne
21-e

saukune

mecnierTa

STambeWdavi

gancxadebiT

daiwyo:

mkvlevrebma,

romlebic muSaobdnen proeqtSi adamianis genomi, ganacxades, rom isini Zalian

axlos iyvnen adamianis genomis qimiuri safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis dadgenasTan.
am proeqtis saboloo mizani iyo im genebis sruli aRwera, romliTac aigeba
genomi. am proeqtma mecnierebs Semata rwmena imisa, rom isini SeZlebdnen
adamianis sicocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis saziano mTeli rigi daavadebebis
genetikuri safuZvlis dadgenas.
erT-erTi darRveva, romelsac genetikuri safuZveli aqvs, aris simsuqne.
mkvlevrebma mogvawodes uamravi sabuTi imis dasadastureblad, rom adamianebi
ibadebian Tandayolili midrekilebebiT meti Tu naklebi wonisken. magaliTad,
identuri tyupebis Seswavlam gamoavlina didi msgavseba maT wonebs Soris
(Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al., 1990). am msgavsebis nawili SeiZleba aixsnas im
aRmoCeniT, rom ZiriTadi funqciebis uzrunvelsayofad individis sxeulis mier
kaloriebis dawvis intensioba anu metaboluri procesebis intensioba mosvenebis

mdgomareobaSi, aseve, bevrad aris damokidebuli memkvidreobaze (Bouchard et al.,

1989). amrigad, zogierT adamians Cveulebrivi yoveldRiuri saqmianobis drosac
ki

didi

raodenobiT

kaloriebis

dawvis

Tandayolili

predispozicia

axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swored es ukanasknelni xvdebian wonis momatebis

risk-jgufSi.
ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines zogierTi realuri genetikuri
meqanizmi,

romlebic

individis

simsuqnisadmi

midrekilebas

ganapirobeben

445

(Comuzzie & Allison, 1998; Gura, 2000). magaliTad, gamoyofil iqna geni, romelic
akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi signalis gadacemas, rom sakvebis miRebis procesSi
sakmarisi raodenobiT cximebi iqna Senaxuli organizmSi _ individma unda
Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang et al., 1994). es geni, romelsac leptini uwodes, Tu ar
gaaqtiurdeba, individi gaagrZlebs Wamas, amis potenciuri Sedegi ki simsuqne
iqneba. faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa Zalian mcire
raodenobas aReniSneba am genis mutacia, riTac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba aixsnas
kidec maTi zedmeti wona (Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al., 1997). vinaidan aseTi
mutacia Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis Warbi wonis uamrav sxvadasxvagvar
SemTxvevas.

miuxedavad

amisa,

mtkicebulebam,

rom

leptini

garkveul

rols

asrulebs wonis regulaciaSi, mkvlevebs biZgi misca wonasTan dakavSirebuli

sxva genebis moZiebisa da SeswavlisaTvis.
mocemuli

genetikuri

kvleva

imeds

iZleva,

rom

moiZebneba

simsuqnis

problemis axleburi gadawyveta. magaliTad, mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom genebsa

da

wonis

regulacias

Soris

kavSiris

aRmoCena

maT

axali

medikamenturi

mkurnalobis Seqmnis saSualebas miscems (Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi adre

ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba uSedego

aRmoCnda:

_ kvlevis

dros

leptiniT

manipulirebam ver moaxdina mniSvnelovani gavlena wonaSi daklebaze, Tumca,

genetikuri kvlevebisa da aRmoCenebis uwyveti winsvlis procesSi mecnierebi
agrZeleben axali hipoTezebis Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba wonis
regulaciis fiziologiur meqanizmebSi Careva (Gura, 2000). yvelaze optimisturad
ganwyobili mkvlevrebic ki gvafrTxileben: _ ,,axali medikamenturi preparatebi
yvelaze Sedegiani maSin iqneba, rodesac maT damxmare saSualebad gamoviyenebT
(da

ara

Camnacvleblad)

Sesacvlelad,

raTa

mZimewoniani

gaumjobesdes

maTi

adamianebis
organizmis

cxovrebis

metaboluri

stilis
procesebi,

janmrTeloba da cxovrebis xarisxi (Campfield et al., 1998, p. 1987). sxva sityvebiT

Tu vityviT, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT bunebis Secnobas,
yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda jer kidev asrulebs gadamwyvet rols
Cveni cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.
veb gverdebi:
www.Ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is mTavrobis vrceli veb gverdi, sadac mocemulia
proeqtis _ adamianis genomi _ Sedegebi.

446

www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/index.html am gverdze mocemulia samecniero moxsenebebi

simsuqnisa da wonis kontrolis Sesaxeb.

simsuqne da dieta
ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT ra fsiqologia da cxovreba-s,
albaT, TqvenTvis ar unda iyos axali, rom pasuxi nawilobriv bunebaSi da
nawilobriv aRzrdaSi veZioT. qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi aRwerilia
SemTxveva,

rodesac

didi

gavlena

moaxdina

bunebam:

zogierTi

adamiani

genetikurad aris midrekili simsuqnisaken, Tumca, biologiuri midrekilebac ki

SeiZleba

ar

iyos

sakmarisi,

rom

konkretul

adamians

gasuqeba

,,aiZulo.

biologiis garda mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs adamiani

sakvebsa da sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze. simsuqnis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis adreuli kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu ramdenad aqcevs
msuqani adamiani yuradRebas sxeulis Sinagan

SimSils da ara _ garemoSi mocemul

sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda mosazreba, rom rodesac

sakvebi xelmisawvdomi

da

sxeulidan momdinare

xilulia, msuqani

adamiani

ugulebelyofs sakuTari

signalebs, Tumca, es Teoria aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac Tavad

simsuqneSi yovelTvis ar moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981). sxva
sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar aRiqvams, Tu
riTi da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom.
Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy & Peter Herman) ivaraudes, rom
gadamwyveti ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs kvebis fsiqologias, aris

SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaoba (Polivy & Herman, 1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis

sazRvraven sakvebis raodenobas, romlis miRebis uflebac SeiZleba miscen Tavs:
isini qronikulad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis gamo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom msuqani adamianebi SeiZleba ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen aseTi azrebisa
da qcevebis arsebobas, individi SeiZleba iyos SezRuduli mWameli misi sxeulis
zomisgan
dietaze

damoukideblad.
arian?

rogor

mkvlevrebi

imateben

varaudoben,

adamianebi

rom,

wonaSi,

rodesac

Tu

gamudmebiT

SezRudul

mWamelebs

aRaraferi akavebT _ rodesac cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis

moxsnas, isini TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars ar amboben maRalkaloriuli
sakvebiT

savse

SezRuduli

sufrebze.

mWamelebi

TavSeukavebloba

stresul

yvelaze

mdgomareobaSi

xSiria

imyofebian,

maSin,

rodesac

romelic

maT

447

SesaZleblobebsa da TviTSefasebas ukavSirdeba (Greeno & Wing, 1994; Tanofsky-kraff et

al., 2000).
saidan viciT
SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da SeuzRudav mWamelebze
sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli qcevisa da azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis
mixedviT kolejis 96 studenti gogona or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis
piri) da SeuzRudav (54 cdis piri) mWamelebad. studentTa naxevars eubnebodnen,
rom

maT

orwuTiani

Sefasdeboda,

Tu

improvizebuli

ramdenad

kargad

sityviT

gamosvla

metyvelebdnen.

mouwevdaT,

davalebis

riTic

Sesrulebis

molodini maTSi Zlier SfoTvas aRZravda. monawileTa cdis pirTa meore nawilma
icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqsperimentSi, romlis mizani iyo qsovilis aRqmis
Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis pirTa
es nawili sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen,
rom

eqsperimentis

Sesamowmeblad.

am

dawyebamde
cdis

SeesrulebinaT

sastimulo masala

iyo

davaleba
maRaziaSi

gemos
nayidi

aRqmis
gemrieli

namcxvrebi da eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari, misi mtkicebis miuxedavad

ugemuri namcxvrebi (Polivy et al., 1994, p. 507). cdis pirTa gafrTxilebis gareSe,
eqsperimentatorebi

aRnusxavdnen,

Tu

romeli

da

ramdeni

namcxvari

SeWama

TiToeulma maTganma.
gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi
SfoTavdnen, isini orive tipis (gemrielsac da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro
cotas Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveulwilad, Trgunavda maT SimSils,
Tumca, mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive tipis funTuSebs ufro meti
raodenobiT

Wamdnen.

amgvarad,

am

qalbatonebSi

SfoTva

iwvevda

zogad

TavSeukaveblobas im namcxvrebis mimarTac ki, romlebic arc ise gamrielad iyo

miCneuli (polivy et al., 1994).
cxrili 12.2 SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba

448

SeuzRuda

SezRudu

gansxvaveb

vi

li

mWamelebi

mWamelebi

am

eqsperimentSi

mcireodeni

gamowveva

TviTSefasebisTvis _ mokle
sityviT

gemrieli
namcxvrebi
sakontrolo

6.2

5.1

-1.1

5.1

7.6

+2.5

gamosvlis

albaToba,

romelic

Sefasebuliyo,

SezRudul

mWamel qalebSi ufro meti

jgufi

sakvebis

mSfoTvare

miRebas

vidre

jgufi

aCvena,

sakontrolo

3.0

2.6

-0.4

2.7

3.7

+1.0

iwvevda,

SeuzRudav

mWamelebSi.

ugemuri
namcxvrebi

unda

am

kvlevam

rom,

zogadad,

SezRuduli

mWamelebi

mxolod maSin iReben Warb

jgufi

sakvebs, rodesac grZnoben,

mSfoTvare

rom

jgufi

maT

fsiqologiur

keTildReobas

safrTxe

emuqreba; msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis darRvevis saSiSroeba

(Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi sakvebis miRebis qceva saSualebas aZlevs SezRudul
mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seuracxyofidan, romelic mis TviTSefasebas miayenes.
rodesac

SezRudul

mWamelebs

eubnebodnen,

rom

maT

ver

SeZles

problemis

gadaWris amocanis Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets, Tu maT sakuTar qcevaze
dakvirvebas

aiZulebdnen

ayurebinebdnen

maTi

warumatebeli

mcdelobis

videoCanawers (Heatherton et al., 1993). rodesac am cdis pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTar

warumateblobis

yurebas, isini Wamdnen

yurebis

yuradReba

dros.

miaqcieT,

orjer met
rom

nayins, vidre videofiris

SezRuduli

kvebis

gamokvlevaTa

umravlesobaSi qalebi monawileoben. mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi

paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno & Wing, 1994).
SezRuduli

kvebis

Teoria

gvawvdis

mosazrebebs

imis

Taobaze,

Tu

ratom

uZneldebaT adamianebs wonis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen Warbi wonis
matarebelni. bevri Warbwoniani adamiani aRniSnavs, rom mudmivad dietaze imyofeba
_ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli movlena
moxdeba,

rac

TavSeukaveblobis

winapirobas

Seqmnis,

uzomod

kveba

iolad

gamoiwvevs wonis momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad dietaze yofnas

449

SeuZlia wonis momatebis gamowveva da ara _ wonis dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi

vnaxavT,

Tu

rogor

xdeba,

rom

igive

fsiqologiur

Zalebs

adamianebi

janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis saSiS kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.

kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati

am qveTavs daviwyebT kvebis fsiqologuri aspeqtebis ganxilviT. unda aRiniSnos,
rom im adamianTa jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi wonis matareblad Tvlis,
ufro didia, vidre im adamianTa jgufi, romelic marTlac Warbi wonisaa. rodesac
gansvla adamianis sakuTari sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris sakmaod
izrdeba, is SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes kvebiTi aSlilobebis risk-jgufs. anoreqsiis
diagnostireba xdeba maSin, rodesac individi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%ze naklebs, magram mainc Zalian eSinia gasuqebis (DSM-IV, 1994). is adamianebi,
romelTac bulimiis diagnozi aqvT, xasiaTdebian Rormucelobis SetevebiT _
sakvebis intensiuri da arakontrolirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan
sdevs

Warbi

kaloriebisgan

sxeulis

gawmenda

TviTgamowveuli

Rebineba,

safaRaraTo saSualebebis moxmareba, SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV, 1994). anoreqsiis

mqone adamianebs SeiZleba bulimiis Setevebic axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba uzomod
STanTqan

sakvebi

da

Semdeg

gaiwmindon

kuWi

miRebuli

kaloriebis

Sewovis

Sesamcireblad. ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am

orive

sindroms

SeiZleba

seriozuli

samedicino

Sedegebi

mohyves.

droTa

ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sikvdilamdec ki mividnen.

me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian
kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). anoreqsia
aReniSneba mozardobis dasasrulisa da axalgazrda qalebis daaxloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s
(DSM-IV, 1994). amave asakobrivi jgufis qalebis 1-3% buliimiT itanjeba (DSM-IV,
1994; Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10-jer ufro xSiria, vidre
mamakacebSi.
ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da ratom aris maT Soris amdeni qali?
arsebobs

garkveuli

mtkicebulebebi

imisa,

rom

kvebiTi

aSlilobebisadmi

midrekileba SeiZleba genetikurad gadaicemodes (Strober, 1992). Tumca, gamokvlevaTa

didi

nawili

fokusirebulia

idealuri

wonis

Sesaxeb

qalebis

warmodgenaze,

romelsac sazogadoeba da media qmnis. (Wertheim et al., 1997). ase magaliTad, bevri
Jurnali,

romelic

specialurad

qalebisTvis

gamodis,

udides

mniSvnelobas

450

aniWebs wonis daklebas, rasac ver vityviT Jurnalebze, romlebsac mamakacebi

kiTxuloben (Andersen & DiDomenico, 19192). amrigad, qalebis warmodgenam, rom isini
Warbi

wonis

matarebelni

arian,

SeiZleba

ufro

meti

mxardaWera

miiRos

sazogadoebidan da kulturidan, vidre mamakacebma. mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

kvebiTi aSlilobebi, nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan, dadasturda
mTeli

rigi

kvlevebiT,

sadac

naCvenebi

iyo

mniSvnelovani

kulturuli

gansxvavebebi.

anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romlis drosac inidividi

iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs sakvebis
miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi wonis mqoned aRiqvams.

bulimia

(Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo

raodenobis

sakvebis

miRebiT,

rasac

Tan

sdevs

miRebuli

kaloriebisagan

organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.

saidan viciT
rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zomas sxvadasxva kulturebSi
vermontis universitetis 219 studenti da hanis universitetis 349 studenti
gamokiTxes kvebasTan da dietis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis
Sesaxeb. am kvlevam aCvena, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom orive qveynis kolejis
asakis mamakacTa TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba yofila odesRac dietaze (aSS _
5.3%; hana _ 6.1%), amerikaSi

mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT didi nawili (43.5%)

icavs dietas, vidre _ hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda amisa, studentebs
sTxovdnen, rom wardgenili figurebidan (ix. suraTi 12.1)
12.1 amoerCiaT is figura,
romelsac isini idealurad miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis. studentebis
saSualo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia suraTze 12.2,
12.2 sadac SegiZliaT naxoT, rom
mamakacis sxeulebis maCveneblebi SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu vin
afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT
erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo maCveneblebi: idealuri mamakaci
imyofeba MM5 da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis
sxeuli, rogorc wesi, icleba erTi sruli quliT imis mixedviT, Tu romeli
qveynis warmomadgenlebi afaseben. amerikeli studentebisTvis idealuria F5-ze
odnav ufro gamxdari, hanelebi ki irCeven F6-Tan axlos myof figuras (Cogen et al.,

451

1996).
sur. 12.1. msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb.

Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si?
mamakacebis ideals?
rogor

SeiZleba

am

gansxvavebebis

axsna?

mkvlevarTa

azriT,

hanaSi,

iseve

rogorc sxva afrikul qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom zedmeti
wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofasTan
asocirdeba (Cogan et al., 1996, p. 98). rogorc 12.2. suraTze xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri
sxeulis

zomasa

da

xelsayrel

pirobebs

Soris

marTebulia

konkretulad

qalebisTvis da konkretulad haneli mamakacebis azriT.

amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis
mixedviT gansxvavebuli jgufebis povna. magaliTad, mozardi gogonebis didi
jgufis gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi gacilebiT komforulad
grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis zomebis gamo, vidre TeTrkaniani amerikeli
gogonebi (Parker et al., 1995; Rand & Kuldau, 1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve, rodesac
kolejis Savi da TeTrkaniani studenti gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo da
msuqani modelebis fotosuraTebs, mxolod TeTri gogonebi aZlevdnen didi zomis
modelebs dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis modelebTan SedarebiT)
iseTi

parametrebis

popularoba

mixedviT,

rogoricaa:

(Hebl & Heatherton, 1998).

aqedan

momxibvleloba,
gamomdinare,

inteleqti

Tqven,

albaT,

da
ar

gagikvirdebaT, roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi ufro metad arian

midrekilni kvebiTi aSlilobebisken, vidre afroamerikelebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi, romelic asaxavda ori populaciis gamocdilebas
am aSlilobebTan mimarTebaSi, didi raodenobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom
afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian am aSlilobebs (Crago et al., 1996).
kidev ufro cotaa iseTi kvlevebi, sadac Seswavlili iqneboda sxva rasobrivi da
eTnikuri jgufebi, magram arsebuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi
kidev ufro naklebad gvxvdeba aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan
SedarebiT),

magram

TeTrkanianebTan.
kulturuli

Tanabrad

Yyoveli

faseulobebis

espanuri

moZiebuli

warmoSobis

SedegisTvis

dakavSirebas

sxeulis

amerikelebTan

mkvlevrebi
zomasa

da

cdiloben
da

dietis

452

dacvasTan.
qal i s i d eal ur i sxeul i

mamakac i s i d eal ur i sxeu l i

7

aSS

aSS

hana

mamakacebis arCevani

hana

mamakacebis arCevani

qalebis arCevani

qalebis arCevani

sur. 12.2. sxeulis zomis

zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi
saboloo

SeniSvna:

warmomadgeneli,

romelic

Tqven
xels

amJamad
uwyobs

ukve

xarT

kvebiTi

konkretuli

aSlilobebis

kulturis

ganviTarebas.

umaRlesi skolis da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT midrekileba

bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejSi
swavlisas gogonebs SeuZliaT or survils Soris _ gamoiyurebodnen momxiblavad
da SeWamon da dalion megobrebTan erTad _ warmoqmnili daZabulobis daZleva
imiT, rom jer imxiarulon wveulebaze megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg ganiwmindon
_ ganTavisufldnen miRebuli kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda
icodeT, rom kolejis cxovreba moicavs aseT safrTxes.
Sejameba
SimSils gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli reaqciebi, rogoricaa sensorulspecifikuri simaZRre, ise centraluri reaqciebi, rogoricaa hipoTalamusis aris
aqtivacia.

Warbi

wonisadmi

midrekilebaze

gavlenas

axdens

memkvidreoba.

fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, aseve, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben imis gansazRvraSi,

Tu ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani. mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc
SezRuduls da SeuzRudavs. SezRudul mWamels aqvs tendencia miiRos uzomo
raodenobis sakvebi, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba mis fsiqologiur keTildReobas.
kvebiTi aSlilobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan gvxdeba. rogorc wesi,
Sefasebaze, romelic iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganviTarebas, gavlenas
axdens

misi

subkulturuli

damokidebuleba

sxeulis

zomisadmi.

magaliTad,

453

afroamerikeli qalbatonebi naklebad wuxdebian sakuTari sxeulis zomis gamo da

naklebadac eqvemdebarebian kvebiT aSlilobebs.
seqsualuri qceva
Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom yoveldRe ifiqrobT kvebaze. magram
ra SeiZleba iTqvas seqsis Sesaxeb? iolia seqsis biologiuri funqciis gansazRvra
_

gamravleba

sixSiriTac

(reproduqcia),

magram

fiqrobT seqsualur

ramdenad

aixsneba

qcevaze? rodesac

amiT

hkiTxes,

is

sixSire,

Tu ra

ra

sixSiriT

fiqrobdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis 19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire,
dReSi erTxel mainc mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis azrebi (Michel et al.,
1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT sixSire, romliTac adamianebi fiqroben seqsze?
rogor ukavSirdeba azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?
motivaciis sakiTxi kvlav iqceva sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben
adamianebi garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas. rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri
qceva biologiurad mxolod gamravlebisTvis aris aucilebeli, Tumca, Tu kveba
arsebiTia individis gadarCenisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi cxoveli
da

adamiani

mTeli

cxovrebis

manZilze

martoxela

rCeba

da

es

araviTar

TvalsaCino zians ar ayenebs mis yoveldRiur funqcionirebas; Tumca, reproduqcia

arsebiTia

mTliani

saxeobis

gadarCenisaTvis.

STamomavlobis

gaCenisTvis

rom

namdvilad gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seqsualuri stimulacia gansakuTrebiT

sasiamovno gaxada. orgazmi warmoadgens uZlieres ganmamtkicebels im energiis
sazRaurad, romelic ixarjeba Sewyvilebis dros.
siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsualur qcevas iseT motivaciur Zalas
aZlevs,
individi

romelic

gacilebiT

ganaxorcielebs

aRemateba

Tavad

mravalferovan

reproduqciis

qcevebs,

raTa

moTxovnilebas.

miaRwios

seqsualur

dakmayofilebas. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs.

kultura

adgens

misaRebi

seqsualuri

qcevis

normebsa

da

standartebs.

Tu

adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs am normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas,

zogierTi adamiani seqsualur dakmayofilebas, upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT
aRwevs.
am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris cnobili seqsualuri

ltolvebisa da

dawyvilebis qcevis Sesaxeb cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki adamianis seqsualobis Sesaxeb

calkeul sakiTxebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.

454

cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva

cxovelebis

seqsualuri

qcevis

pirveladi

motivacia

reproduqciaa.

im

saxeobebisTvis, romlebic seqss reproduqciisTvis iyeneben, evoluciam Seqmna ori

saxis

sqesi:

mamrobiTi

da

mdedrobiTi.

mdedrebi

gamoimuSaveben

didi

zomis

kvercxujredebs (romlebic momaragebulia sakmarisi energiiT, raTa embrionma

zrda

daiwyos),

xolo

mamrebi

gamoimuSaveben

spermatozoidebs,

romlebsac

SeuZliaT moZraoba (kvercxujredSi gadaadgilebisTvis). orive sqesis individma

ise

unda

moaxdinos

moqmedebebis

sinqronizacia,

rom

saTanado

pirobebSi

spermatozoidi da kvercxujredi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs da moxdes Casaxva.

seqsualuri

aRgzneba

upiratesad

fiziologiuri

procesebiT

aris

ganpirobebuli. cxovelebi, ZiriTadad, im hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod emzadebian

dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipofizis jirkvali akontrolebs da romlebsac
gamoimuSaves

sasqeso

jirkvlebi

gonadebi. mamrebSi am hormons androgens

uwodeben da is uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba sakmarisi raodenobiT; Sesabamisad, mamrebi

hormonalurad

TiTqmis

nebismier dros

mzad

arian SewyvilebisTvis. mravali

saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi hormoni estrogeni, rogorc wesi, gamomuSavdeba

dReebis an Tveebis regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezonuri cvlilebebis
mixedviT.

amasTan,

mdedrebi

hormonalurad

yovelTvis

ar

arian

mzad

SewyvilebisTvis.
es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise _ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad
safuZvlad

udevs

prognozirebadi

stereotipuli

seqsualuri

qcevis

paterns

saxeobis yvela wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, Tqven naxeT virTxebis erTi wyvilis
Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba, maSin Tqven ukve iciT, rogor iqcevian danarCenebi.
mdedri virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimarTulebiT da iqcevs mis
yuradRebas; mamri Tvals miadevnebs mas roca is gaiqceva. Semdeg mdedri uecrad
Cerdeba

da

zemoT

wevs

sxeulis

ukana

nawils,

mamri

Sedis

masSi,

swrafad

axorcielebs friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT isev gaurbis mas da

Tavidan

iwyeba

rbola,

romelic

eakulaciamde

10-20-jer

wydeba

calkeuli

intromisiebiT. amis Semdeg mamri cota xniT isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli
isev Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve xanmokled wyvildebian (daaxloebiT 15 wami).
siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZliavia da grZeldeba daaxloebiT rva
saaTi.

mtaceblebs,

magaliTad

loms,

axasiaTebT

xangrZlivi

dawyvilebis

455

ritualiT tkboba _ arc meti, arc naklebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi
Tanmimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverplis, magaliTad, antilopebis
Sewyvileba mxolod ramdenime wams grZeldeba da Zalian xSirad es sirbilis
dros xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).
seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri
saxeobisTvis
Tanmxlebis

potenciuri
xmebis

partnioris

gagoneba

mier

aucilebel

ritualuri
pirobas

qcevebis

warmoadgens

Wvreta

da

seqsualuri

raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeobebSi, rogoricaa: _ cxvari, xari da

virTxa, axali mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens mamris seqsualur
qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve miaRwia seqsualur dakmayofilebas erT mdedr
partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri aqtivoba, roca mis win axali
mdedri gamoCndeba (Dewsbury, 1981). seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexeba, gemo da ynosva
garegani stimulis rols asrulebs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili, zogierTi
saxeoba

gamoyofs

qimiur

signalebs

feromonebs,

romlebic

izidavs

Tayvanismcemlebs, xandaxan didi manZilidanac ki (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
bevr saxeobaSi mdedri maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze metad aris
momzadebuli

ganayofierebisTvis,

hormonebis

koncentracia

da

seqsualuri

interesi ki piks aRwevs. amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyofili nivTierebebi

upirobo

gamRizianebelia

memkvidreobiT

miiRes

am

aRgznebisa

da

yuradRebis

stimulebiT

aRgznebisken

miqcevisTvis;

midrekileba.

maT

rodesac

datyvevebuli mamri mamaka rezusi iynosavs SewyvilebisTvis momzadebuli mdedris

suns mezobel galiaSi, is mTeli rigi saTanado fiziologiuri cvlilebebiT, maT
Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis momatebiT, reagirebs, romlebic sqesobrivi
aqtisTvis mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson, 1979).
miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

seqsualuri

reaqcia

cxovelebSi

mniSvnelovanwilad

Tandayolili biologiuri ZalebiT aris ganpirobebuli, is kvlav tovebs adgils

,,kulturuli aspeqtebisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Sewyvilebis arCevanze.
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT erTgvari Tevzebis _ gupebis SemTxveva.
saidan viciT
buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis partnioris SerCevisas
umetes

SemTxvevebSi

upiratesobas

aniWeben

mdedri
mamrebs,

gupebi
romelTa

mdinare

pariadan

SeferilobaSic

(trinidadSi)

forToxlisferi

456

Warbobs, Tumca, rodesac ori mamri erTnairad forToxlisfrad aris Seferili,

mdedri gupebi am oridan ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic SeniSnes sxva
mdedrTan. magram ra xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad narinjisferi Tevzis
arCeva)

da

aRzrda

(,,sxva

mdedris

mier

arCeulis

arCeva)

upirispirdeba

erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebma gamozardes iseTi mamri

gupebi,

romlebic

erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdebodnen

mTliani

narinjisferi

Seferilobis 0-40%-iT. ,,eqsperimentuli jgufis mdedri gupebi uyurebdnen sxva

mdedr gupebs, romlebic narinjisfrad naklebad Seferil mamri gupebis gverdiT
imyofebodnen; sakontrolo jgufis mdedrebi ver akvirdebodnen Sewyvilebis
qcevas.

suraTi

12.3.
12.3.

gviCvenebs

bunebisa

da

aRzrdis

Sedegs.

Seferilobis

mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupebi irCeven im mewyviles,

romelic sxvis mier ukve iqna arCeuli. Tumca, roca gansxvaveba ukiduresi
xdeba(daaxloebiT 40%), mdedrebi cvlian arCevans ,,bunebis sasargeblod _
irCeven ufro metad narinjisfer gupebs (Dugatkin, 1996).
gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom es uwyinari Tevzebi, romlebic akvariumSi
cxovroben, yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis CaTvlis sasurvelad an
arasasurvelad?
seqsualobis

am

Sesaxeb

eqsperimentma
ganvagrZoT

mogvimzada
saubari.

safuZveli,

qvemoT

raTa

vnaxavT,

rom

adamianis
mkvlevrebi

darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis

msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc Cveni evoluciuri ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens
irgvliv myofi adamianebis prioritetebi.
sur. 12.3. mdedri gupebis partnioris
1

arCeva

0,8

mdedri

gupebi,

0,6

xedaven

sxva

0,4

narinjisfer mamri gupis axlos. mdedri

0,2

gupebi
dabali
eqsperimentuli jgufi

maRali
sakontrolo jgufi

mdedrs

,,sakontrolo

akvirdebian

eqsperimentul

monacemebi

sxva

naklebad

jgufSi

mdedris

cxadyofs,

jgufSi

rom

ver

arCevans.
arsebobs

kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas Soris.

Seferilobis
gansxvavebis

mixedviT
SemTxvevaSi

naklebi
mdedri

gupi

457

irCevs im mamrs, romelic sxva mdedrma

ukve airCia. Tumca, roca SeferilobaSi
gansvla ukiduresi xdeba (40%), mdedrebi
cvlian arCevans bunebis sasargeblod _
irCeven narinjisfer mamrs.
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqciebi
hormonaluri aqtivoba, romelic esoden mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis
seqsualuri qcevis regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa
da qalis seqsualur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi ltolvis dakmayofilebaze (Bancrft,
1978).

qalebSi

menstruaciis

hormonebi
ciklis

mniSvnelovan

kontrolSi,

rols

Tumca,

asruleben

normis

ovulaciisa

farglebSi

da

hormonTa

SemcvelobaSi individualuri gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsualuri aqtivobis

sixSiresa

da

xarisxs.

mamakacebisTvis

hormoni

testosteroni

aucilebelia

seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqesobrivi aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis. 18-dan, sul

mcire, 60 wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas sisxlSi imdeni testosteroni
aqvT, ramdenic sruliad sakmarisia normaluri seqsualuri ltolvebis aRsaZravad.
testosteronis

raodenobis

individualuri

variacia

normis

farglebSi

ar

ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba seqsualuri qcevebi.

adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aris aRelvebisa da daZabulobis motivaciuri
mdgomareoba, romelsac iwvevs fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqcia erotikul
stimulze.

erotikuli

stimuli,

romelic

SeiZleba

iyos

fizikuri

an

fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas da vnebis gancdas. erotikuli

stimulebiT gamowveuli seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba seqsualuri aqtivobiT,
romelsac

pirovneba

damakmayofilebel

moqmedebaTa

erTobliobad

aRiqvams,

gansakuTrebiT orgazmis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi.

mkvlevrebi

aTwleulebis

manZilze

swavloben

cxovelebis

sqesobriv

moqmedebebsa da seqsualur reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi msgavsi

qcevebis Seswavla adamianebTan akrZaluli iyo. uiliam mastersma da virjinia
jonsonma

(William Master & Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es tradiciuli

tabu. maT daamkvidres da daakanones adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom

laboratoriul

pirobebSi

uSualod

akvirdebodnen

da

aRricxavdnen

im

fiziologiur kanonzomierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda adamianebis mier uwyvetad

458

ganxorcielebul seqsualur moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen ara imas, Tu ras

amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed imas, Tu rogor reagireben da iqcevian
isini sinamdvileSi.
seqsualur

stimulaciaze

adamianebis

reaqciebis

uSualod

Sesaswavlad

mastersma da jonsonma ganaxorcieles sakontrolo laboratoriuli dakvirveba

aTasobiT moxalise mamakacze da qalze masturbaciisa da sqesobrivi aqtis aTobiT
aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dros. am kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze
mniSvnelovani daskvna: _ (1) mamakacebi da qalebi

seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi

paternebiT xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis

fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive sqesSi msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvalebadni arian _
isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, magram xSirad _ ufro xangrZlivi reaqciisken;
(3) drois Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda
maSin, roca mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4) penisis zoma aranairad ukavSirdeba
seqsualur

moqmedebebTan

asocirebul

arc

erT aspeqts

(garda

didi penisis

qonasTan Tavad mamakacis damokidebulebisa).

adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi gamoyofen oTx fazas, esenia: _ agzneba,
plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta (ix. suraTi 12.4).
12.4

sur. 12.4. adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis fazebi

mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis fazebis msgavsi paternebi aqvT.

ZiriTadad gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa TiToeuli fazis misaRwevad, da
didi albaToba imisa, rom qalebi miaRweven mravaljerad orgazms.
agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic ramdenime wuTidan erT saaTamde da
metxans

grZeldeba)

menjis

areSi

mimdinareobs

vaskularuli

(sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi magrdeba da swordeba, klitori ibereba;

sisxli da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vaginas; sxeuli wiTldeba,
anu Cndeba seqsualuri siwiTle;
platos

fazaSi

miiRweva

agznebis

maqsimaluri

(Tumca,

cvalebadi)

done.

swrafad izrdeba guliscema da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva, Zlierdeba

jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba nebismieri da uneblie kunTuri daZabuloba
mTel sxeulSi, matulobs vaginaluri siTxis gamoyofa da mkerdi ibereba;

459

orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi ganicdian aqamde mzardi seqsualuri

daZabulobis

gantvirTvis

Zalze

intensiur

sasiamovno

gancdas.

orgazmi

xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSvebiT, romlebic warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel

rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur areSi. rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi
sunTqvis

sixSire

da

sisxlis

wneva

Zalian

maRalia,

guliscema

ki

ormagdeba. mamakacebSi pulsirebadi SekumSvebi iwvevs eakulacias, spermis

amofrqvevas;
gadawyvetis

anu

dasrulebis

fazaSi

sxeuli

TandaTanobiT

ubrundeba

normalur, aRgznebamdel mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis sixSire

ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa umravlesoba Sedis refleqtorul
periodSi

(anu

isini

ar

reagireben

seqsualur

stimulaciaze),

romelic

grZeldeba ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde. am drois manZilze kidev

erTi orgazmis miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi aRgznebis mqone zogierT qals
SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda sakmaod swrafi TanmimdevrobiT.

seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _

aRgznebisa da daZabulobis
motivaciuri mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze
fiziologiuri da kognituri

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

mastersisa

jonsonis

kvleva

fokusirdeboda

seqsualuri

reaqciebis

fiziologiaze,

maTi

yvelaze

albaT,

mniSvnelovani

rogorc

procesebis

aRmoCena,

aRgznebaSi,

ise

fsiqologiuri

dakmayofilebaSi

reaqciebiT.

da

centraluri

rolis

dadgena

iyo. maT aCvenes, rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsiqologiuri mizezebi

ufro

xSirad

aqvs,

vidre

fiziologiuri;

Sesabamisad,

SesaZlebelia

maTi

modificireba, an Terapiis saSualebiT daZleva. gansakuTrebuli Civilis sagania

seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayofilebis miRwevis unaris
arqona.

xSirad

am

uZlurebis

wyaros

warmoadgens

pirovnuli

problemebiT

datvirTuloba, SiSi seqsualuri aqtivobis Sedegebis gamo, SfoTva imis gamo, Tu

rogor

Seafasebs

partniori

individis

seqsualur

moqmedebebs,

aracnobieri

danaSaulis gancda, anda uaryofiTi azrebi; Tumca, cudi kveba, daRliloba,

stresi da alkoholis didi raodenobiT gamoyeneba, an narkotikebi, agreTve,
amcirebs seqsualur ltolvebsa da maTi dakmayofilebis unars.
Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualobis da seqsualuri aRgznebis zogierTi
fiziologiuri

aspeqti,

magram

jer

ar

gvisaubria

im

Zalebze,

romlebic

460

ganapirobeben

gansxvavebebs

reproduqcia,

rogorc

seqsualur

mizani,

qcevebSi.

mamakacebisa

da

daviwyebT
qalebisaTvis

im

ideiT,

rom

uzrunvelyofs

seqsualuri qcevis gansxavebul paternebs.

seqsualuri qcevis evolucia
Cven

ukve

evoluciiT
gadarCena

vnaxeT,
aris

da

rom

cxovelebSi

ganmtkicebuli.

SenarCuneba

stereotipulia.

SeiZleba,

da
rom

seqsualuri

umTavresi

seqsualuri
igive

qcevis

mizania
qceva

adamianis

paterni,

reproduqcia

Zalze

ZiriTadad,
_

saxeobis

ritualizebuli

seqsualuri

qcevis

da

zogadi

paternebis Sesaxebac vamtkicoT?

evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma Seamowmes idea imis Sesaxeb, rom
mamakacma da qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli strategiebi, romelic safuZvlad
udevs seqsualur qcevas (Buss, 1999; Wright, 1994). imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT es
strategiebi,

unda

gavixsenoT

zogierTi

realia

adamianis

reproduqcidan.

mamakacebi SeZlebdnen weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis ganxorcielebas, Tu

moZebnidnen Sewyvilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis CasaxvisTvis maT
mxolod

erTi

moeTxovebaT.

Cais

qalebs

kovzi

sperma

SeuZliaT

da

ramdenimewuTiani

weliwadSi

mxolod

sqesobrivi

erTxel

kavSiri

ganaxorcielon

reproduqcia da Semdeg TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia unda dauTmon.

(sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia qals bavSvis
gaCena, aris 50, magram mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT metia. morokanis despots,
mefe ismail sisxlismRvrels hyavda 7000 Svili; CineTis pirveli imperatorze
amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama iyo. orive maTgans hqonda didi haramxana.)
amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa, kvercxujredebis resursi SezRudulia da
amitom mamrebs konkurencia uwevT ganayofierebis SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad.
mTavari problema, romelic dgas mamri cxovelis winaSe, mis mier warmoqmnili
STamomavlobis ricxvis gazrdaa, rac miiRweva SeZlebisdagvarad didi raodenobis
mdedrebTan SewyvilebiT; ZiriTadi problema, romelic dgas mdedri cxovelis
winaSe, maRalxarisxiani mamris moZebnaa, raTa uzrunvelyos saukeTeso, yvelaze
janmrTeli STamomavloba sakuTari SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujredebisaTvis.
ufro metic, adamianis STamomavlobas imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis
da imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom saWiroebs arsebiT wvlils da zrunvas
mSoblebis mxridan (Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da obobebisagan gansxvavebiT,

461

romlebic ubralod deben kvercxebs da toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma Svilebis

gasazrdelad dro da energia unda daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara
mxolod yvelaze didi, yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani, yvelaze maRali statusis
mqone da yvelaze momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed mas, aseve, sWirdeba yvelaze
erTguli da pasuxismgebeliani partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo bavSvebis
gazrdaSi daexmareba.
erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma devid bassma (David Buss, 1999; Buss & Schmitt,
1993)

gamoTqva

strategiebs,

mosazreba,
emociebsa

rom
da

mamakaci
motivaciebs

da

qali

ganaviTareben

moklevadiani

da

sxvadasxva

grZelvadiani

SewyvilebebisTvis. mamakacTan cdunebisa da mitovebis strategia _ erTgulebisa

da valdebulebis Cveneba da Semdeg mitoveba _ moklevadiani kontaqtebisTvis
gankuTvnili

strategiaa;

erTgulad

darCenisa

da

STamomavlobaze

zrunvis

strategia ki _ grZelvadiania. qalTan im erTguli mamakacis moxibvlis strategia,

romelic

masTan

darCeba

da

bavSvebis

aRzdaSi

daexmareba,

grZelvadiani

strategiaa. bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria moklevadiani Sewyvilebis

strategia qalTan. erTni amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel, SemTxveviT sqesobriv
kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, arasodes moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli
_ isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da, amasTan, ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom mamakaci
Semdgom izrunebs masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi, rogorc Cans, ufro
naklebad arian dainteresebulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamamakacebi (Buss&
scmitt, 1993); meoreni amtkiceben, rom moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval (gansakuTrebiT
ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyovnebeli dajildoebis sanacvlod
nazRaurdeba imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian gadarCenas.

mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental

investment) _ dro da energia, romelic unda
daxarjon mSoblebma TavianTi
STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.

mkvlevrebma
Teoriis

evoluciuri

prognozebis

mravali

damadasturebeli sabuTi moipoves.

magaliTisTvis

ganvixiloT

kvlevebi, romelTa saSualebiTac

Seamowmes, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda Casaxvis SesaZlebloba qalis msjelobaze

mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.
saidan viciT
qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba

462

mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis esa Tu is qali mimzidvelad? mkvlevarTa

jgufma

Camoayaliba

hipoTeza,

romlis

mixedviTac

am

kiTxvaze

pasuxi,

nawilobriv, damokidebulia qalebis menstrualuri ciklis fazaze (Penton-Voak et

al., 1999; Penton-Voak & Perrett, 2000). mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic eqsperimentSi
gamoiyeneboda, cvlidnen kompiuteris daxmarebiT ise, rom mieRoT diapazoni
SedarebiT maskulinuri saxidan SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac qalebs
sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT yvelaze mimzidveli saxe grZelvadiani urTierTobisTvis,
isini

upiratesobas

Sexeduleba

hqonda:

aniWebdnen
rogorc

im

Canda,

saxes,

romelsac

mamakacis

ufro

SedarebiT
metad

feminuri

feminuri

saxe

metyvelebda imaze, rom is sando da saimedo partniori iqneboda grZelvadian

urTierTobaSi. Tumca, arCevani moklevadiani urTierTobisTvis damokidebuli
iyo qalis menstrualur ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, romlebic menstrualuri
ciklis im fazaSi imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia dafexmZimebis riski,
arCevans SedarebiT maskulinur saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc Cans, dafexmZimebis
SesaZleblobam gadaanacvla qalebis arCevani im saxidan, romelic ityobineboda,
rom

misi

mflobeli

kargi

mzrunveli

iqneboda,

im

saxeze,

romelic

metyvelebda, rom mis mflobels ,,kargi genebi hqonda.

am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen da ara realur seqsualur qcevas;
Tumca, is mainc gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmarTavdes Cveni evuluciuri
istoria adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs adamianis seqsualuri qcevis
evoluciuri axsnis mraval prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian, rom aseT
axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli kulturis roli (Angier, 1999). magaliTad,
qalebi ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaTdebian, vidre mamakacebi: _
isini avlenen met mravalferovnebas seqsualur reaqciebsa da seqsualur qcevaSi
(Baumeister, 2000). es variaciebi, rogorc Cans, didwilad, kulturuli SezRudvebis
Sedegs warmoadgens (Hyde & Dukik, 2000). gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis seqsualuri
revolucia: _ cvlilebebi seqsualur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa aSkara mzaobas _
daemyarebinaT SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi. cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis
evoluciuri istoria, aramedE maT mier seqsualuri ltolvebis gamoxatvisadmi
sazogadoebis damokidebuleba.

463

miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma xsnis adamianis seqsualuri qcevis

zogierT

aspeqts,

kulturiT

kritikosebi

ganpirobebul

mogviwodeben,

variabilurobas

yuradReba

mivaqcioT

(cvalebadobas).

am

qcevis

seqsualuri

qcevis

normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da adgilis mimarT. swored am normebze

visaubrebT qvemoT.
seqsualuri qcevis normebi
rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis
mecnierul kvlevas, romelic 1940-ian wlebSi daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi
alfred kinsis da misi kolegebis naSromma misca (Alfred Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT
gamokiTxes daaxloebiT 17 aTasi amerikeli maTi seqsualuri qcevis Sesaxeb da
aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaognebeli faqti: _ garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic
manamde iSviaTadad da paTologiuradac ki iTvleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod
iyo

gavrcelebuli,

wlebSi

an, sul mcire, aRiniSneboda, rom arsebobda. ukanasknel

mkvlevrebma

Caatares

gamokiTxvaTa

seria

seqsualuri

qcevis

Cveuli

regularobiT ganxorcielebadi formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod da

xmauriT aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3 mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStabiani
gamokiTxviT miRebuli monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994). mkvlevrebi SekiTxvebis mTel
rigs

svamdnen.

SegiZliaT

cxrilSi

miuTiToT

pasuxebis

saintereso

mxolod

mcire

tendenciebze?

nawilia

magaliTad,

warmodgenili.
Tqven

SeiZleba

sainteresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18
wlis asakidan erT partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi
gvafiqrebinebs,

rom

seqsualuri

qcevis

normebi

Seicvala

ukanaskneli

aTwleulebis manZilze.
cxrili 12.3. seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*
1994
seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan
(TiToeul kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia
procentebiT)
0

2-10

10 da meti

mamakacebi

26

44

33

qalebi

31

56

25-29 weli

25

53

19

464

55-59 weli

40

43

15

saSualo

30

49

17

ganaTleba

24

50

24

kolejis
ganaTleba
seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze
(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia
procentebiT)

arc erTi

weliwadSi

TveSi

kviraSi

ramdenjerme

ramdenjerme

orjer an
metjer

mamakacebi

14

16

37

34

qalebi

10

18

36

37

25-29 weli

15

31

47

55-59 weli

11

22

43

23

25-29 weli

10

38

47

55-59 weli

30

22

35

13

saSualo skola

10

15

34

41

koleji

18

38

35

saSualo skola

11

16

38

36

koleji

14

17

37

33

mamakacebi

qalebi

mamakacebi

qalebi

*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviT SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis 3432

respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.
seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia, rasac Tqven iTvisebT, rogorc
garkveuli kulturis wevri. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi
zogadi
modgmis

,,qaluri

da

evoluciis

,,mamakacuri
produqts.

aspeqti

SeiZleba

miuxadavad

amisa,

warmoadgendes
sxvadasxva

adamianTa
kulturebi

gansazRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac seqsualuri impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis

465

saTanadod

da

misaRebad

miiCneven.

seqsualuri

qcevis

scenarebi

seqsualuri

reaqciebis ganxorcielebis socialurad (sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia,

romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli) miTiTebebi, Tu ra unda gakeTdes;
rodis, sad da rogor unda gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda gakeTdes; dabolos,
ratom unda gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am scenarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia
cxovrebis manZilze socialuri urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis
Cveneul

scenarebSi

realizebuli

ganwyobebi

da

faseulobebi

warmoadgens

seqsualuri motivaciis garegan wyaros: _ scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs,

romelTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia, an aucilebelia.

seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _

scenari

warmoadgens

seqsualuri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad

socialuri

daswavlili programa.

momdinare miTiTebebis (ra aris

swori

da

miRebuli),

individualuri

molodinebis

da

normebidan

warsulSi

daswavlil

qcevaTa prioritetuli Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis Tqveneul

scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu, Tqveni azriT,
risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli Tqveni mxridan, aramed isic, Tu ras
eliT

Tqveni

seqsualuri

partniorisgan.

rodesac

ar

aRiareben

scenarebis

arsebobas, ar ganixilaven, anda ar axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs Soris

gansxvavebam

SeiZleba

gaarTulos

da

problemuri

gaxados

partniorebis

urTierTSegueba.
yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebisTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze.
mkvlevrebi

xSirad

interesedebian:

seqsualur

urTierTobebs

veneriuli

daavadebis

iseT

ratom

pirobebSi,

gadadebis

axorcieleben
roca

safrTxe.

individebi

arsebobs

evoluciisa

riskian

dafexmZimebis
da

an

seqsualuri

gansxvavebebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvirdebaT, Tu getyviT, rom

mamakacebi ufro metad axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi (Poppen, 1995).
kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi ufro metma mamakacma, vidre qalma, ganacxada,
rom isini Sediodnen barebSi savaraudo seqsualuri partnioris gacnobis mizniT
(77% 14%-is winaaRmdeg) da maT hqoniaT seqsi axlad gacnobil partniorTan (47%
24%-is

winaaRmdeg).

amasTan,

ufro

metma

mamakacma

aRniSna,

yovelgvari kontracepciis gareSe (78% 64%-is winaaRmdeg).

rom

hqonia

seqsi

466

kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev erTi

sfero, sadac mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi mniSvnelovnad
ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs: gaupatiureba paemanze. paemanze gaupatiurebas uwodeben
iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris
damyarebas. erT-erT gamokiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT Tu ara
respondentebs

maTze

mimarTuli

seqsualuri

agresiis

gamocdileba.

sul

gamoikiTxa 341 qali, romelTa 78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini yofilan seqsualuri
agresiis garkveuli formis msxverplni; daaxloebiT 15% aRniSnavs, rom paemanis
situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987).
rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave paemanis situaciaSi momxdar
Zaladobaze, maT, qalebTan SedarebiT metwilad, msxverpli (anu gaupatiurebuli
qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994; Ryckman et al., 1998).
paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena,

rom mamakacTa da qalTa seqsualuri

ewodeba iseT situaciebs, rodesac

scenarebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisgan

simboluri

winaaRmdegobis

gamovlenis

gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _

individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs
sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas

TvalsazrisiT; es aris qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsualur

Tavdasxmaze,

sabolood

jamSi,

cota

qali

sqesobrivi
_

kavSiris

miuxedavad.

Zalian

daaxloebiT

simboluri

winaaRmdegoba, Tumca, mamakacTa 60%

5%

daSvebis

aRniSnavs,

rom

ganzraxvis
gauweviaT

miuTiTebs, rom, sul

mcire,

erTxel mainc Sexvedria aseTi winaaRmdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems

Soris
mravali

arsebul

gansxvavebaSi,

SemTxveva.

rogorc

mkvlevrebi

Cans,

varaudoben,

aisaxeba

rom

paemanze

zogierTi

gaupatiurebis

mamakaci

simbolur

winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc

qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvnelovania, rom mamakacebma gaigon: _
sinamdvileSi qalebi iSviaTad Tvlian amas TamaSad; maTi winaaRmdegoba realuria.
seqsualuri motivaciis ganxilvisas Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri
gamocdilebis
seqsualuri

seriozuli

motivaciis

am

da

mniSvnelovani

qveTavs

homoseqsual

kategoria:
qalebsa

homoseqsualizmi.
(lesboselebsa)

da

mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev erT saSualebas mogcemT, dainaxoT, Tu

rogor

marTavs

urTierTqmedeba.

seqsualur

qcevas

Sinagan

da

garegan

motivaciur

ZalTa

467

homoseqsualuroba
aqamde

Cven

farglebSi

vsaubrobdiT

axorcieleben

ganvixiloT

motivaciaze,
seqsualur

homoseqsualizmis

romlis
qcevebs.

gamoc
am

arseboba.

adamianebi

garkveul

konteqstSive

SegviZlia

homoseqsualizmis,

rogorc

heteroseqsualobidan gadaxriT gamowveuli qcevebis erTobliobad warmodgenis

nacvlad, seqsualuri motivaciis Cven mier warmoebulma ganxilvam unda daganaxoT,
rom yvela seqsualur qcevas iwvevs raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsulizmsa da
heteroseqsualizms msgavsi motivaciuri Zalebi ganapirobebs; arc erTi maTgani ar
warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan.
seqsualur qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi cdilobdnen homoseqsualizmis
SemTxvevebis gamovlenaTa zusti raodenobis miRebas. Aadreul kvlevebSi alfred
kinsma

aRmoaCina,

rom

misi

SerCevis

mamakacTa

37%-s

hqonda

homoseqsualuri

gamocdilebis, sul mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo 4%-s _ mxolod homoseqsualuri

gamocdileba
SedarebiT

(procentuli
gviandel

homoseqsualuri

maCveneblebi

kvlevebSi

survilebi

da

qalebisTvis

cdilobdnen,
maTi

mcirediT

naklebi

erTmaneTisgan

dakmayofilebisTvis

iyo).

ganerCiaT

ganxorcielebuli

qmedebebi. maiklma da misma kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi qalebis
daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram
SerCevis mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi urTierToba gasul wels;
aseve, maT kvlevaSi mamakacTa 6%-s seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram
kvlav SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda, rom hqonda realuri seqsualuri kontaqti
meore mamakacTan gasul wels. ramdenad marTalia es ricxvebi? sanam sazogadoeba
mtrulad

iqneba

ganwyobili

homoseqsualuri

survilebis

dakmayofilebisadmi,

albaT, verc iqneba SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis raodenobis zusti

Sefaseba, radgan adamianebi moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas.
qvemoT ganvixilavT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsualizmis wyaroebs. aseve,
mimovixilavT gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da
pirovnul damokidebulebas Seexeba.

homoseqsualizmi: _ buneba da aRzrda

468

evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis Semdeg, gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu

getyviT,

rom

kvlevebis

monacemebis

mixedviT,

seqsualuri

prioritetebi

nawilobriv genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli. rogorc xSirad xdeba, mkvlevrebma

es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves, romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen

monozigotur (genetikurad identur) da dizigotur (romelTac, da-Zmis msgavsad,

genebis naxevari aqvT identuri) tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals erTnairi
orientacia aqvs _ homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva
Tanxvdeba

erTmaneTs.

heteroseqsuali,

Tu

maTi

erT-erTi

seqsualuri

tyupiscali

qcevac

homoseqsualia,

gansxvavebuli

iqneba.

meore

ki

homoseqsuali

mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra

aCvena monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre dizigotur tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey
et al., 1993). am kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan moiZiebdnen calkeul
homoseqsual mamakacebsa da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen informacias maTi
tyupiscalebis
gamaognebeli

an
iyo.

da-Zmebis
qalebSi

seqsualuri

monozigoturi

orientaciebis
tyupebis

Sesaxeb.

48%-is

orive

Sedegebi

tyupiscali

lesboseli iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey et al., 1993).

mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis 52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo,
dizigoturis ki _ 22%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa,
rom monozigoturi tyupebi SeiZleba ufro metad msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen,
vidre dizigoturebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad epyrobodnen, rac
seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia SeiZleba,
nawilobriv,

genetikurad

iyos

mkvlevrebma

daiwyes

genebis

im

ganpirobebuli.
erTobliobis

flobdnen
moZieba,

ra

aseT monacemebs,

romlebic

SeiZleba

ganapirobebdes homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsualuri orientaciis warmoqmnas

(Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al., 1999) amrigad, ganapirobebs Tu ara
biologia Tqvens seqsualur beds? Semdgomma kvlevebma SeiZleba ganamtkicos an
Seasustos gamoTqmuli hipoTeza, magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsualurobisa da
heteroseqsualurobis

zogierTi

aspeqti

wmindad

biologiuri

faqtorebis

gavleniT warmoiqmneba (Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996).

socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl Bem, 1996; 2000) gamoTqva varaudi,
rom biologia pirdapir gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur prioritetebze, Tumca,
gaSualebulad moqmedebs umcrosi asakis bavSvebis temperamentsa da aqtiobebze.

469

gavixsenoT

me-11

Tavidan,

rom

mkvlevrebis

dakvirvebiT,

gogonebi

da

biWebi

sxvadasxvagvarad TamaSoben; biWebs, magaliTad, uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro

metad izidavT. bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu romel _ TavianTi
sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur _ TamaSebSi monawileoben bavSvebi, isini eCvevian
Tavisive

an

SegrZnebas.

sapirispiro
bemis

sqesis

Teoriis

Tanatolebisgan

mixedviT,

sakuTari

,,egzotikuri

gansxvavebulobis

gadaiqceva

erotikulad.

sakuTari gansxvavebulobis gancda emociur aRgznebas iwvevs, romelic droTa

ganmavlobaSi

erotikulad

gadaiqceva.

magaliTad,

Tu

patara

gogona

imitom

grZnobs Tavs sxva gogonebisgan gansxvavebulad, rom mas ar surs gogonebisTvis

tipuri saqmianoba, droTa ganmavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba homoseqsualur
grZnobebad

gadaiqceva.

homoseqsualizmic

yuradReba

da

miaqcieT,

heteroseqsualizmic

rom

bemis

erTi

da

Teoriis
igive

Tanaxmad,

mizezebidan

momdinareobs: _ orive SemTxvevaSi sqesi, romelsac bavSvi sakuTari sqesisgan

gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa ganmavlobaSi erotikul mimzidvelobas iZens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod bems mravali monacemi moaqvs,
is

jerjerobiT

mainc

axalia

da

ucnaurad

gamoiyureba.

momdevno

ramdenime

weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor warimarTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac mkvlevrebi

Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva mosazrebebs.

sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi
davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs, rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi
mniSvneloba
mixedviT

aqvs.

yvela

moqmedebs?

is,

heteroseqsualurobisgan,

adamiani
rac

bavSvobaSi

yvelaze

albaT,

aris

metad

ganmtkicebuli
ganasxvavebs

mudmivi

midrekilebebis

homoseqsualurobas

mtroba

homoseqsualurobis

gamovlinebebisadmi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi (Herek, 1998). 363 gamokiTxuli

mozardidan 68% ,,aucileblad an ,,nawilobriv daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or
mamakacs Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa; maTi 64% ,,aucileblad an ,,nawilobriv
daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or qals Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa (Herek, 1994).
Zalze uaryofiT damokidebulebas homoseqsualebis mimarT mkvlevrebma homofobia
uwodes.
romelic

bolodroindeli
ukiduresi

kvlevebi

homofobiuri

mowmobs,
ganwyobiT

aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis masaliT.

saidan viciT

rom

zogierTi

xasiaTdeba,

im

mamakacTagani,

faqtobrivad,

Tavad

470

niRbavs Tu ara homofobia homoseqsualur interess

kvlevaSi monawileobda kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti, romelTagan TiToeuli
sakuTar

Tavs

Seavses

afasebda,

25-debulebiani

rogorc

kiTxvari,

,,calsaxad
romelic

heteroseqsuals.

zomavda

studentebma

homofobiis

xarisxs.

am

skalis monacemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti miiCnies arahomofobikad, 35 studenti

_

homofobikad.

eqsperimentis

heteroseqsualuri,
videoCanawerebi.

TiToeuli

mowyobilobiT,
cvlilebebs.
lesbosur

lesbosuri

romelic

monacemebis
aqtebze

Semdeg
da

mamakacTa

studentis

ar

homofobikTa

studentebs

aCvenes

homoseqsualuri

aqtebis

reaqcia

afiqsirebda
mixedviT,

fazaSi

misi

Canawerebze

penisis

gansxvavdeboda

da

izomeboda

garSemowerilobis
heteroseqsualur

arahomofobikTa

reaqciebi,

da

Tumca,

homofobikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti aRgzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa

homoseqsualuri aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).
es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi mamakacis Zalian Zlieri uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv, SeiZleba momdinareobdes
iqidan, rom maT ar surT sxva mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri ltolvebis
arsebobis aRiareba.
homoseqsualTa

umravlesoba

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

acnobierebs,

rom

isini

eltvian Tavisive sqesis warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi homofobiis, mtruli

damokidebulebis

pirobebSi;

ltolvebis

dakmayofileba.

lesboseli

qali

aseTma

pirobebma

faqtobrivad,

ganicdis

imas,

rasac

ki

mravali

SeiZleba

gaarTulos

homoseqsuali

SeZenili

homofobia

mamakaci

am
da

SeZenili

anu

homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen % Oleson, 1999; Ross % Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). aseT
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqologiuri distresi, radgan (orive sqesis)
homoseqsual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli) aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba. garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba SfoTavs ara
Tavisi

homoseqsualobis,

seqsualuri

identurobis

(karCaketilSi
(D,Augelli,

1993).

jdoma)
1973

aramed

imis

gamovlena
sakuTar

wels

gamo,

mudmivad

(Tavisuflebaze

ojaxTan,

amerikis

rom

gamosvla)

megobrebTan

fsiqiatriulma

uxdebaT

da

sakuTari

an

dafarva

TanamSromlebTan

asociaciam

xma

misca

homoseqsualizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan amoRebas; 1975 wels igive

gaimeora amerikis fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin & Rothblum, 1991). aseTi naCqarevi

471

nabiji im monacemebze dayrdnobiT gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homoseqsualTa

umravlesoba bednieri, produqtuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT
sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Secvla im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ,,magiuri abi
SesaZlebels
mixedviT,

gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978; Siegeman, 1972). am monacemebis

homoseqsualobasTan

ganpirobebulia
sruliad

ara

Tavad

misaRebia

dakavSirebuli

seqsualuri

sakuTari

stresi,

motivaciiT

orientacia,

aramed

umeteswilad,

homoseqsualebisTvis

seqsualuri

motivaciis

gamovlenaze adamianebis reaqciebiT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, homoseqsuali

mamakacebi

da

lesboseli

qalebi

iseve

fiqroben

da

zrunaven

sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebis damyarebasa da SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseqsualebi (D,Augelli,

1993).
orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,gareT gamosvlisTvis mzaoba SeiZleba pirveli
nabiji gaxdes sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma
aCvena,

rom

naklebad

adamianTa

uaryofiTia,

ganwyoba
Tu

homoseqsuali

adamianebis

icnoben

jgufSi

isini

am

mimarT
Semaval

gacilebiT
individebs;

faqtobrivad, rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi saSualod, miT ufro
keTilganwyobilia misi damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996). (rodesac me18-e TavSi crurwmenebis Temas ganvixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs
umciresobasTan urTierTobas adamiani maTdami gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde).
icnobT

romelime

homoseqsual

mamakacs,

lesbosels

an

biseqsuals?

rogor

Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven Tavad xarT
homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze
imis codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni
mTavari daskvna adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb. seqsualuri qcevis
zogierTi impulsi Signidan momdinareobs _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi da
saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri qcevis
Sinagani

modelebiT,

Tumca,

garegani

garemo25

aseve

warmoadgens

seqsualuri

motivaciis wyaros. Tqven daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuTrebiT

mimzidvelia, xolo qcevis esa Tu is forma misaRebia socialuri kulturis

25
External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

472

farglebSi.

homoseqsualobis

SemTxvevaSi

garegani

sazogadoebrivi

normebi

SeiZleba Sinagani bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes.

axla

mniSvnelovani

motivaciis

mesame

magaliTis

ganxilvaze

gadavideT:

vnaxoT, ra Zalebi ganawyobs individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis, an marcxisTvis.

Sejameba
cxovelebis seqsualur qcevas, ZiriTadad, hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa,
mewyvilis arCevanze gavlenas axdens garemo faqtorebi. masterma da jonsonma
pirvelebma ikvlies adamianis seqsualuri reaqciebi, romlebic SeiZleba daiyos
Semdeg fazebad: agzneba, plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri fsiqologebi
cdiloben

mamakacebisa

da

qalebis

seqsualuri

qcevebis

paternebis

axsnas

reproduqciis realiebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strategiebze dayrdnobiT.

garkeuli tipis seqsualuri qcevebi kolejis studentebs riskis winaSe ayenebs.
qalis

an

mamakacis

seqsualuri

scenarebis

SeuTavseblobis

erT-erTi

Sedegi

paemanze gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos. heteroseqsualobis msgavsad, homoseqsualoba

viTardeba rogorc

garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis gavlenis Sedegad.

mravali homoseqsuali mamakacisa da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime tvirTs

sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba warmoadgens.

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

ratom

aRwevs

zogierTi

adamiani

warmatebas,

zogierTi

ki

warumatebelia?

magaliTad, ratom SeuZliaT zogierTebs lamanSis srutis gadacurva, sxvebi ki

sevdianad napiridan iqneven xels? albaT, daapirebT, rom zogierTi es gansxvaveba
iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT, rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali
iqnebiT. magram Tqven isic iciT, rom zogierTi adamiani ubralod ufro metad
aris dainteresebuli lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre sxvebi. amrigad, Cven
vubrundebiT motivaciis kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs. amjerad yuradReba
SevaCeroT im motivaciur Zalebze, romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs pirovnuli
miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben. dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT konstruqti,
romelsac miRwevis moTxovnileba ewodeba
miRwevis moTxovnileba

473

jer kidev 1938 wels henri miureim (Henry Murray) ganacxada adamianTa miRwevis
moTxovnilebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva
sakuTari

adamianTan

da

moRvaweobis

gavlenas

Sefasebis

axdens

maT

tendenciaze.

mier

warmatebis

devid

miRwevis

maklelandma

da

da

misma

kolegebma (David McCLelland, 1953) SeimuSaves am moTxovnilebis siZlieris gazomvis

meTodika da ikvlevdnen sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi miRwevis motivaciis siZlieres,
motivaciis wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao pirobebSi mis Sedegebs Soris
kavSirs.

miRwevis

kvlevis

monawileTa

apercepciis
mixedviT

testis

fantazias.
(Tat)

moTxrobebis

savaraudod,

siZlieris

maT

unda

faseulobebis,

iyo,

rom

interesebisa

seria

da

da

aReweraT,

movlenebi
isini

maklelandi

waredginebodaT

suraTebis

ganviTardeboda

navaraudevi

dasadgenad

monawileebs

bundovani

Sedgena:

rogor

dasruldeboda.
TavianTi

moTxovnilebis

Tematuri

moeTxovebodaT

ra

xdeboda

momavalSi

Seqmnil

motivebis

e.w.

iyenebda

siuJetebSi

proecirebas.

maT

suraTze,

da

rogor

moaxdendnen
maklelandis

sityvebiT: _ Tu gsurT, rom icodeT, ra xdeba adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas

amis Sesaxeb, radgan mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis zustad giTxraT. dainteresdiT
misi fantaziebiT da ocnebebiT. Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze gaakeTebT,
aRmoaCenT im Temebs, romelsac misi goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad. . . (David McCLelland, 1971, p.5).
im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romlebsac monawileni yvebodnen wardgenili Tat-is
suraTebis

mixedviT,

maklelandma

SeimuSava

gazomvis

erTeulebi

adamianis

ramdenime moTxovnilebisTvis, maT Soris Zalauflebis, afilaciisa da miRwevis

moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba, rogorc n
Ach26. is asaxavs individualur gansxavebebs imaSi, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
individisTvis miznis dagegmva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze 12.5. mocemul
magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori siuJeti, romelic Tat-is erTi da imave suraTis
mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali moTxovnilebebis mqone individebma.
rogorc laboratoriulma, ise realuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebis kvlevebma
daadastures am sazomis validuroba.

Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apperception Test TAT) _ proeqciuli

testi, romelSic individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT waredgineba suraTebi

26

n Ach need for Achievement.

474

(romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva) da moeTxoveba

TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba.

miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement n Ach) _ savaraudod, adamianis

ZiriTadi

moTxovnileba

miznis

miRwevisaken

swrafvis

moTxovnileba,

romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis farTo speqtris motivaciur

safuZvels.
sur. 12.5. Tat--is suraTis alternatiuli interpretaciebi
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs

am biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris gakveTili. is kmayofilia

im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla Rirs mis
mier gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes, man unda daTmos
mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri saqmianoba, raTa yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi
imecadinos. miuxedavad imisa, rom man icis _ gacilebiT met fuls iSovis
mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom gaxdes
didi mevioline da siamovneba da sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT.
is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs Tavis mcdelobas, radac ar unda daujdes mas es.
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs

biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom TviTonac icodes dakvra,
magram icis, rom ar aqvs gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is
wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobaze, raTa emecadina,
emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian kargi iqneboda erT dRes umaRlesi klasis
musikosad gaRviZeboda, magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni mecadineoba,
yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi albaToba imisa, rom iyo kidev erTi
Cveulebrivi orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.
magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone individebi ufro metad miiweven
zemoT, vidre dabali maCveneblebis mqoneni. vaJiSvilebi n Ach maRali maCveneblebiT
ufro metad aRweven profesiul asparezze TavianT mamebze ufro maRal statuss,
vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic n Ach dabali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian (McLaland
et al., 1976); n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis asakSi
Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n Ach dabali maCveneblebis mqone

475

adamianebs 41 wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs Tu ara es monacemebi
imaze, rom maRali n Ach individebi yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine SromisTvis?
cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Achis mqone individebs wardgenili amocana rTulad
eCvenebaT, maleve anebeben Tavs mis gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad
tipuri Cans maRali n Achis mqone individebisTvis, aris efeqturobis, Sedegianobis
wyurvili _ igive Sedegis miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT. Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da
ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom moxdes, rom isini Zalian afaseben
gaweuli

Zalisxmevis

ukukavSirsac,

romlis

mixedviTac

msjeloben

sakuTari

warmatebulobis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba, rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis

maCvenebeli, sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161, McLeland &Franz, 1992).
rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxovnileba? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen:
_ ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom mSoblebis mier gamoyenebulma aRzrdis stilma
ganapirobos SvilebSi miRwevis maRali Tu dabali moTxovnilebis ganviTareba.
qvemoT

warmodgenilia

bostoneli

bavSvebis

jgufis

longituduri

analiziT

miRebuli monacemebi.
saidan viciT
aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis moTxovnileba
devid maklelandma da kerol francma (Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992)
erTmaneTs

Seadares:

erTi

mxriv,

monacemebi

aRzrdis

meTodebis

Sesaxeb,

romlebic agrovda 1951 wels, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5

wlisani iyvnen da, meore mxriv, monacemebi n Ach-isa da Semosavlis Sesaxeb,
romlebic agrovda 1987-1988 wlebSi, rodesac kvlevis monawileni ukve 41 wlisani
iyvnen. 1951 wels mSoblebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor aswavlidnen TavianT
Svilebs sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas. maklelandma da francma
CaTvales, rom bavSvebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas miznis miRwevisTvis im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas
mkacri wesebiT aswavlidnen. mTlianobaSi aRiniSneboda dadebiTi korelacia
miznis

miRwevisTvis

mozrdilobaSi
Semosavali,

maRal

romlebic

mozrdilobaSi

bavSvobaSi
n Ach-s
miznis

daaxloebiT

gancdil
Soris.

garda

miRwevisTvis

$10.000-iT

Zlier

ufro

amisa,
Zlier
mets

zewolasa
im

da

bavSvebis

zewolas
Seadgenda,

Semdgom
wliuri

ganicdidnen,
vidre

maTi

476

Tanatolebis

wliuri

Semosavali,

romelTac

ar

hqondaT

bavSvobaSi

aseTi

gamocdileba.
es

monacemebi

gvafiqrebinebs,

rom

Tqveni

miRwevis

moTxovnilebis

xarisxi

SeiZleba Tqveni cxovrebis pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.

warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia
miRwevis

moTxovnileba

ar

aris

erTaderTi

cvladi,

romelic

pirovnul

warmatebaSi dainteresebaze axdens gavlenas; rom gaverkveT, ratom, ganvixiloT

hipoTeturi magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori megobari, romlebic erTsa da
imave sagans swavloben. pirveli semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo
Sefaseba C. rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian isini motivirebulni, rom
bejiTad imecadinon meore semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am kiTxvaze pasuxi,
nawilobriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axsnas mouZebnis TiToeuli maTgani
miRebul Sefasebas.
ganvixiloT

kontrolis

lokusis

mniSvneloba

(Rotter,

orientacia

1954).

kontrolis lokusze anu imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris mizezi _ aris

warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tqveni moqmedebebis Sedegebi damokidebulia Tqven
mierve

ganxorcielebul

kontrolze)

Tu

qmedebebze

garemos

faqtorebze

(orientacia
(orientacia

internalur,

anu

Sinagan

eqsternalur,

anu

garegan

kontrolze). zemoT motanil magaliTSi C-s miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZleba

miaweros garegan (mSeneblobis xmaurs gamocdis msvlelobisas) an Sinagan (sust
mexsierebas)

mizezs.

atribucia

aris

msjeloba

Sedegebis

mizezebis

Sesaxeb

(atribuciis Teorias ufro vrclad me-17 TavSi ganvixilavT). mocemul SemTxvevaSi

atribuciam

SeiZleba

darwmunebulni

arian,

gavlena
rom

moaxdinos

gamocdaze

motivaciaze.

miRebuli

niSani

Tu

Tqveni

SeiZleba

megobrebi

mSeneblobis

xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia, rom isini bejiTad iSromeben momdevno

gamocdisTvis, xolo Tu isini warumateblobis atribucias sust mexsierebaze
axdenen, savaraudoa, rom naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi.
kontrolis
varirebdes
davsvaT:

lokusi

atribucia
,,ramdenad

(arastabiluri)

da

ar

aris

erTaderTi

(Peterson &Selingman,
ucvleli

aramdgradia

ganzomileba,

1984).

(stabiluri)
mizezobrivi

Cven
da

aseTi

romelzec

SeiZleba

kiTxvac

SegviZlia

mdgradia,

faqtori

droTa

an

cvalebadi

ganmavlobaSi?

pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomilebas _ ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-arastabiluri), an

477

SegviZlia vikiTxoT: _ ,,ramdenad aris mizezobrivi faqtori Zalze konkretuli

(specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod gansazRvruli amocaniT, an situaciiT, anda
zogadi

(globaluri)

amocanebis

da

SemTxvevaSi.

farTod

pasuxi

gamoyenebadi

gvaZlevs

sxvadasxva

ganzomilebas

garemoebebisa

da

zogadi-konkretuli

(globaluri-specifikuri).

suraTze 12.6 mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu

atribucia (Attribution) _

rogor

msjeloba Sedegebis

megobrebma

urTierTqmedebdes

kontrolis

lokusi da stabiluroba. yuradReba

mizezebis Sesaxeb.
Tqvenma

SeiZleba

gamocdaze
miRebuli

Sefasebebi

miRebuli
SeiZleba

Sefasebis

iseTi

SevaCeroT

atribuciaze.

Sinagani

faqtorebis

Sedegad miiCnion, rogoricaa SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli),

an

Zalisxmeva

SeiZleba

(cvalebadi

iseTi

garegani

pirovnuli

Tviseba);

faqtorebiT

anda

gamowveulad

maT

miRebuli

CaTvalon,

Sefaseba

rogoricaa

amocanis sirTule, sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli situaciuri problema), an

iRbali (cvalebadi garegani maxasiaTebeli). imisda mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTis
atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warmatebasa Tu marcxs, maTi emocia, savaraudod,
iqneba

erT-erTi

im

emociaTagani,

romelic

warmodgenilia

cxrilSi

12.4.
12.4

mniSvnelovani aq isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi imoqmedebs rogorc emociebze, ise

Semdgom

motivaciaze

ufro

bejiTad

mecadineobaze

an

SromisTvis

Tavis

danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu marcxis realuri mizezisgan damoukideblad.

aqamde

ganvixilavdiT

im

SesaZleblobas,

rodesac

Tqveni

orive

megobari

erTnairad xsnis maT mier miRebul Sefasebas C, magram Zalze mosalodnelia, rom
isini gansxvavebul

axsnebs

mogvcemen. erT-erTma es

SeiZleba miaweros

raime

garegans (,,profesorma arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda), meorem ki _ raime

Sinagans (ar var imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani). mkvlevrebma aCvenes,
rom is, Tu rogor xsnian adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ banqoSi
mogebidan dawyebuli paemanis SeTavazebaze uaris TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba
maT cxovrebiseul, Cveul atribuciul stilad iqces (Haines et al., 1999). Tqveni
warmatebebisa da marcxebis axsnis stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens
motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTanadod moqmedebis unarzec ki. ramdenime
wlis manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu
rogor moqmedebs adamianebis axsnis stili _ maTi optimizmisa Tu pesimizmis

478

xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da pasiurobaze da imazec, Seupovrad midian miznisken

isini Tu iolad nebdebian, riskaven Tu frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991).

kontrolis lokusi
garegani

SesaZlebl

rTuli

oba

amocana

ucvleli

Sinagani

sur. 12.6. qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis

atribucia

oTxi
qcevis

SesaZlo

Sedegi

atribuciis

momdinareobs

mxolod

ori

wyarodan: _ kontrolis lokusidan da im

cvalebadi Zalisxmeva

iRbali

situaciidan,

romelSic

qceva

xorcieldeba. SesaZleblobiT atribucia

ekuTvnis kombinacias Sinagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _ kombinacias
Sinagani-cvalebadi, rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac uSveben garegani ucvleli
Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali _ kombinacias garegani-cvalebadi.
cxrili 12.4 atribuciaze damokidebuli
damokidebuli emociuri reaqciebi

Tqveni

grZnobebi

warmatebasa

da

marcxTan

dakavSirebiT damokidebulia
atribuciis

im

stilze,

emociuri reaqciebi
atribucia

SesaZlebloba kompetenturoba

siamaye

mixedviT.

magaliTad,

Tqven

marcxi
arakompetenturoba

darwmunebuloba brZolaze uaris

romelsac axdenT Sedegebis

mizezebis

warmateba

Tqma
daTrgunuloba

amayobT
Semsubuqeba

braleulobis

warmatebas sakuTar unarebs

kmayofileba

gancda

miawerT

moduneba

sircxvili

warmatebiT maSin, roca am

xarT,

da

daTrgunuli

Tu

marcxs

SesaZleblobis

arqonis

Sedegad
ganicdiT
grZnobas,

Zalisxmeva

aRiqvamT;

anda

madlierebis
rodesac

Tqvens

SiSi
sxvaTa

madliereba

moqmedeba
bedi

brazi
mrisxaneba

gakvirveba

gakvirveba

sindisis qenjna

gaoceba

479

mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa moqmedebas miawerT da brazobT, roca sxvebi

migaCniaT Tqveni marcxis mizezad.
me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-zogadi-ucvleli (internaluri-globaluristabiluri) axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad) individs depresiis
riskis winaSe ayenebs (da depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli motivacia).
axla ki vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia axsnis stils, rom semestris bolos Tqvenma erTerTma megobarma A, meorem ki _ F Sefaseba miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi
cdilobdnen

aexsnaT,

ratom

SeuZlia

erT

adamians

marcxis

sawinaaRmdegod

moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara. aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi da, erTi
SexedviT, martivi ram iyo: _ optimizmi da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros
xedvis es ori gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa
da qcevaze.

atribuciis

pesimisturi

stili

mimarTulia

marcxis

Sinagani

warmoSobis

mizezebze. garda amisa, cudi situacia da individis roli mis gamowvevaSi miiCneva
ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad da globalurad): _ ,,me amas ver Sevcvli da
es

gavlenas

moaxdens

yvelaferze.

atribuciis

optimisturi

stili

marcxs

garegani mizezebis Sedegad ganixilavs: _ ,,testi arasamarTliani iyo, xolo

movlenebi

cvalebadi

(stabiluri),

an

modificirebadia

da

konkretuli

(specifikuri): _ ,,Tu met Zalisxmevas gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad gavarTmev Tavs da

es erTi warumatebloba gavlenas ver moaxdens imaze, Tu rogor Sevasruleb
CemTvis mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas.
es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brundeba, rodesac warmatebis sakiTxs
ukavSirdeba.

optimisti

iRebs

srul

pirovnul

Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad

pasuxismgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti Tavis warmatebas garegan-cvalebadzogad, an konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is Tvlis, rom ganwirulia
marcxisTvis, pesimisti ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre mosalodnelia
misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi sazomebidan gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi
adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis

Sesaxeb

aseTi ganzogadebis siswores.

magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis stils, romlebic

Sesyidvebis

agentebad

muSaobdnen

gaerTianebuli

samefos

wamyvan

sadazRveo

kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996). aRmoCnda, rom im mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis
SedarebiT

dadebiTi

stiliT

xasiaTdebodnen,

ufro

met

garigebebs

debdnen.

480

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi movlenebis interpretacia gavlenas axdens optimistTa da

pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze.
am

qveTavis

dasasruls

ganvixiloT

erT-erTi

kvleva,

romelic

gviCvenebs

mizezobrivi atribuciis gavlenas saswavlo garemoSi.

saidan viciT
atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli moRvaweobis SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi
rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, gsurT SeZlebisdagvarad saukeTeso samuSaos
miReba, magram rogor fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas
Tqveni sakuTari ostatobiTa da iniciaturobiT (Sinagani atribucia) apirebT, Tu
SemTxveviTi
mkvlevrebi

pirobebisa
varaudoben,

da
rom

kargi
is

iRblis

wyalobiT

studentebi,

(garegani

romelTac

sjeraT,

atribucia)?
rom

Tavad

ganapirobeben sakuTar profesiul warmatebas, ufro metad axorcieleben TavianT

profesiul miswrafebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes studentebis
wasaxaliseblad, rom maT garegani atribucia SinaganiT Secvalon?
mkvlevarTa

jgufma

SeimuSava

Carevis

meTodi,

romelsac

atribuciis

reorientacia uwoda. studentTa jgufs, romelTac miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire

ram

iyo

damokidebuli

karieraSi

winsvlis

TvalsazrisiT,

ayurebinebdnen

videokasetas, romelzec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis kursdamTavrebuli

qalisa da mamakacis dialogi. eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuTvnili dialogi
Seexeboda imas, Tu rogor miiRes maT gadawyvetileba karieris Taobaze: _ ,,rac
ufro

vizrdebodi,

metad

vacnobierebdi,

rom

nebismieri

ram,

rac

Cemi

karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli iqneboda, Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da

Zalisxmevas moiTxovda (Luzzo et al., 1996, p. 417). sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda
aseT informacias. am xanmokle Carevis Semdeg, eqsperimentuli jgufis wevrebma
gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri kontrolis lokusi karieris arCevisas
da, aseve, Semdgom ufro metad CaerTvnen saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli
zrdis SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontrolo jgufs ar aReniSneboda
aseTi cvlilebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996).

imis gamo, rom

atribucia gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni informaciis

miwodebam karieris arCevanis Sesaxeb didi gavlena iqonia studentTa mosazrebebze

momavlis Taobaze.

481

Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis sasargeblo

aRmoCndeba. Tqven SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni warmatebisa da marcxis axsnis
optimisturi stili; SegiZliaT situaciaSi SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT Tavidan
aiciloT

warumateblobebis

uaryofiTi,

stabiluri

dispoziciuri

atribucia.

dabolos, nu miscemT droebiT Cavardnebs uflebas, rom SegiryioT motivacia.

Tqven SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni cxovrebis
gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis SegaxseneT am wignSi.
Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia
warmovidginoT,

rom

Tqveni

pozitiuri

filosofia

dagexmaraT

samsaxuri

dagewyoT did korporaciaSi. SegviZlia zustad viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad

motivirebuli iqnebiT, Tu gvecodineba Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis maCvenebeli
an axsnis stili? Tqveni motivaciis done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im
zogad konteqstze _ wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts,
rom

samuSao

garemo

sTuli

socialuri

sistemaa,

organizaciuli fsiqologi

swavlobs iseTi adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: _

TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da
kulturuli

adaptacia,

marTvis

stili

da

unarebi,

samuSaosadmi

an/da

organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi

da gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi samuSaoze. rogorc
bizneskonsultantebi,

organizaciuli

fsiqologebi

daxmarebas

uweven

organizaciebs momsaxure personalis dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda

amisa, isini amuSaveben rekomendaciebs samuSaos gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT morgeba. samuSao
garemos

gaumjobesebis

mizniT

organizaciuli

fsiqologebi

iyeneben

marTvis,

gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis Teoriebs.

ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizaciulma fsiqologebma SeimuSaves
samuSao adgilze arsebuli motivaciis gasagebad. samarTlianobis Teoria da

molodinis Teoria cdiloben, axsnan da iwinaswarmetyvelon, rogor moiqcevian

adamianebi
dakavebulni

sxvadasxva
arian

samarTlianobis

samuSao

pirobebSi.

garkveuli

Sefaseba

sakuTari

am

SemecnebiTi
socialuri

Teoriebis

Tanaxmad,

muSakebi

saqmianobiT,

rogoricaa:

mgdomareobis

sxva

muSakebis

482

socialur

mdgomareobasTan

Sedarebis

gziT,

an

mosalodneli

waxalisebis

Sefaseba, romelic maT mier Sesrulebul samuSao ukavSirdeba.

samarTlianobis

Teoria

gulisxmobs,

rom

muSaki

motivirebulia

TanamSromlebTan samarTliani, an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze

(Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven maT mier samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT
saqmianobasa

da

fulad

danaxarjs)

da

Semosavals

(rasac

iReben

samuSaos

Sesrulebis Sedegad), Semdeg ki adareben TanamSromelTa xarjebsa da Semosavals.

rodesac a muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba utoldeba b muSakis
danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardobas (danaxarji a Semosavali a = danaxarji
b Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki dakmayofilebulia. ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin,
rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan uTanasworobis am grZnobis atana Zalian
Znelia, muSakebi motivirebulni xdebian, rom aRadginon es proporcia imiT, rom
saTanadod

Secvalon

danaxarjebi

da

Semosavali.

es

SeiZleba

iyos

qceviTi

cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis

xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRaurebis momatebis moTxovniT) an
fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis: _ Cemi samuSao arcTu ise
kargia, an Semosavlis: _ gamimarTla, rom yoveli kviris bolos viReb xelfass,
romlis imedzec SemiZlia viyo, Rirebulebis axleburi interpretacia).

organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist) _ Seiswavlis adamianuri

urTierTobebis
informaciis

sxvadasxva

gacvla,

aspeqtebs,

momsaxure

rogoricaa

personalis

TanamSromelTa

socialuri

da

Soris

kulturuli

adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da organizaciisadmi

damokidebuleba

da

erTguleba,

samuSaoTi

kmayofileba,

stresi

da

gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi samuSaoze.

samarTlianobis Teoria
romlis

mixedviT

(Equity theory) _ samuSao motivaciis kognituri Teoria,

muSaki

motivirebulia

TanamSromlebTan

samarTliani

an

Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT,

samarTliania

is

urTierTobebi,

rodesac

monawileTa

danaxarji

maTi

Semosavlis proporciulia.
SeginiSnavT
situaciebSi?
samuSaoze

usamarTlobis
ganvixiloT

gadadis.

ras

an

samarTlianobis

situacia,
ganicdiT

rodesac
Tqven

am

Sedegebi

Tqveni
dros?

Tqvens

TanamSromeli

samarTlianobis

samuSao
ukeTes
Teoriis

483

mixedviT, Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod dagtoves arasasurvel

samuSaoze.

faqtobrivad,

ukmayofilebas
midrekilni

rodesac

gamoxatavs

arian

am

naklebi

muSaki

samuSaos

ise

midis

mimarT,

produqtulobisken

samsaxuridan,

darCenili
_

isini

rom

is

TanamSromlebi

amcireben

Sromis

nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman,

1993). Tu Tqven xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba, unda ecadoT, rom
Tavidan aiciloT aseTi damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom daakmayofiloT
Tqveni

TanamSromlebis

samarTlianobis

fsiqologiuri

moTxovnilebebi.

magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT saTanado axsnis sargeblianoba.

molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, rodesac is elodeba,
rom misi Zalisxmeva da Sroma misTvis sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs (Harder, 1991; Porte
& Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT, adaminebi Seasruleben im samuSaos,
romelsac

mimzidvelad

(romelsac

Tan

sdevs

sasurveli

Sedegebi)

da

Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis TeoriaSi aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze,

esenia:

molodini,

instrumentuloba

da

valentoba.

molodini

asaxavs

imis

mosalodnel albaTobas, rom muSakis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iqneba mis mier samuSaos
garkveuli

xarisxiT

Sesruleba.

instrumentuloba

niSnavs,

rom

samuSaos

Sesruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa, magaliTad Sromis anazRaureba

an jildo. valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis.
konkretul

samuSao

situaciaSi

am

sami

komponentisTvis

sxvadasxva

SesaZleblobebis warmodgena SegiZliaT. Tqven SeiZleba gaqvT samuSao, sadac

didia albaToba imisa, rom dagajildoeben warmatebuli muSaobisTvis (maRali
instrmentuloba), magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos warmatebulad
SeasrulebT (dabali molodini), an naklebia albaToba

imisa, rom miRebuli

jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valenturoba). molodinis Teoriis Tanaxmad,

muSaki afasebs am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs maT maTi calkeuli
mniSvnelobebis gadamravlebiT. yvelaze maRali donis motivacia gvaqvs maSin,
rodesac didia samive komponentis albaToba, xolo dabali motivacia miiReba
maSin, rodesac samidan erT-erTi komponentis albaToba nulis tolia.
xedavT,

rogor

SeiZleba

dagexmaroT

molodinis

Teoriis

analizi,

Tu

xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda iswavloT molodinis,

instrumentulobisa da valentobis naTlad warmodgena; aseve, unda SegeZloT
gansazRvra _ am situaciaSi yvelaferi wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili gaumarTavia.

484

magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom muSakebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da

amisTvis miRebul anazRaurebas Soris ar aris sakmarisi Tanafardoba. rogor
SecvlidiT

samuSos

pirobebs,

raTa

aRgedginaT

instrumentulobis

maRali

Rirebuleba?
winamdebare

qveTavis

samuSo garemoSi

daskvnis

saxiT

gTavazobT

miRwevisa da motivaciis

gamafrTxilebel

SeniSvnas

Sesaxeb. rodesac iRebT pirovnul

gadawyvetilebas, Tu ramdenad gulmodgined da dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma

Tqvens

profesiul

asparezze,

yuradRebiT

gadaxedeT

Tqveni

cxovrebis

sxva

aspeqtebsac. rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, agresiulma swrafvam warmatebisken

SeiZleba

garkveulwilad

xeli

SegiSaloT

xangrZlivad

da

janmrTelad

cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas, raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi, Tu
rogor warimarTeba adamianis cxovreba da ra elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas
axdens mizezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes konkretul, an zogad,
ucvlel, an cvalebad da Sinagan, an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres
axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
rogor asruleben adamianebi dasaxul amocanebs da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben
amas.

organizaciuli

moqmedi

fsiqolebis

mamotovirebeli

interesTa

faqtorebi.

sferoSi

samarTlianobis

Sedis
da

samuSo

adgilze

molodinis

Teoriebi

aRweren, Tu rogor moqmedebs muSakis mosazrebebi samuSao situaciis Sesaxeb mis

motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.

molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSo motivaciis Teoria, romlis

mixedviT muSaki motivirebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi Zalisxmeva da
samuSos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs.

moTxovnilebebis

ierarqia

(Hierarchi of needs)

maslous

Sexeduleba,

rom

bazisuri adamianuri motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba ierarqiis

TiToeul

doneze

garkveuli

intensiobiT

unda

dakmayofildes,

romlis

Sedegadac SesaZlebel iqneba momdevno donis miRweva; es moTxovnilebebi

progresirdeba

bazisuri

transcedenturobisaken.

biologiuri

moTxovnilebebidan

485

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba?
Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar mogwondaT, albaT,
bevri

gecodinebaT

imis

Sesaxeb,

Tu

ras

niSnavs,

itanjebode

motivaciis

naklebobiT: autanelia Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi

saaTad geCvenebaT. warmatebuli karieris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia iseTi
samuSao garemos moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli samuSao da misTvis miRebuli
anazRaureba Tqveni motivaciuri moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi iqneba. albaT, ar
gagikvirdebaT,
adamianebis

rom

mkvlevrebi

pirovnuli

swavlobdnen

Tvisebebis,

profesiuli

faseulobebsa

da

mowodebisa

da

moTxovnilebebis

urTierTTanxvedras.
profesiuli warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis SesanarCuneblad unda gqondeT
Tqveni

interesebisa

da

TqvenTvis

faseuli

miznebis

Sesatyvisi

samuSao.

profesiuli interesis farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia strongis profesiuli

interesebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard strongs (Edward Strong) ekuTvnis. testis

Sesaqmnelad

man

gamokiTxa

sxvadasxva

profesiis

mamakacTa

jgufebi

im

saqmianobebs Sesaxeb, romlebic maT moswondaT an ar moswondaT. Semdeg, skalis

misaRebad, im respodentTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi, romlebic warmatebulni iyven
konkretul profesiebSi, Seadara Cveulebrivi respondenti mamakacebis pasuxebs.
testis

Semdeg

versiebs

(maT

Soris

1994

wels

redaqtirebuls)

daemata

qalebisTvis relevanturi skalebi da axali profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994).

strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari sakmaod warmatebiT adgens kavSirs

adamianebis

mier

mowonebul

da

armowonebul

saqmianobebsa

da

Sesabamis

profesiebs Soris (Donnay &Borgen, 1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests, profesiuli

konsultanti SeZlebs informaciis mowodebas im samuSaos Sesaxeb, romlebic
tipuria Tqveni interesebis msgavsi interesebis mqone adamianebisTvis, radgan es
is samuSaoa, romlic namdvilad mogewonebaT.
davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva imis Taobaze, Tu ra profesias unda misdioT.
rogor unda amoirCioT is konkretuli kompania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor unda
SegarCioT

man

Tqven?

bolo

periodSi

kadrebis

SerCevis

fsiqologiis

486

mkvlevrebma didi yuradReba dauTmes pirovneba-organizaciis morgebis cnebas _

mizania adamianisa da im organizaciis Tavsebadobis maqsimizacia, romelic mas
daiqiravebs (Borman et al., 1997; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000). erT-erTi kvleva
fokusirebuli iyo TanamSromelTa pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da organizaciis
,,kulturis morgebaze. magaliTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli faqtori, romelsac

TanxmobisaTvis

mzaoba

ewodeba;

masSi

moazrebuli

kontiniumis

ori

ukiduresobaa: _ ,,TanamgrZnobi, keTili da mosiyvarule da ,,civi, kapasi da

sastiki

(ix.

Tavi

14).

vnaxoT,

aseve,

organizaciebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

kulturebis kontiniumi mxardamWeridan da jgufze orientirebulidan agresiul

da

Sedegebze

orientirebulamde.

xedavT

rogor

wrfivad

lagdeba

es

maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom samuSos is maZieblebi, romelTac

maRali

maCvenebeli

aqvT

TanxmobisaTvis

mzaobis

mixedviT,

amjobineben

organizaciebs, romlebic mxardamWeri da jgufze orientirebuli kulturiT

gamoirCevian (Judge & Cable, 1997). am tipis kvlevebi gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu
ratom ar aris sakmarisi martoden Cveni motivaciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac
profesiul warmatebas exeba saqme; aseve, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad
Tanxvdeba

erTmaneTs

miznis

miRwevis

Cveneuli

meTodebi

da

organizaciis

prioritetebi.
sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT, romelic miznebis miRwevis motivacias SegiqmniT,
warmogidgenT

kidev erT, gasaTvaliswinebel faqtors: _ cxovrebis sxva mravali

aspeqtis msgavsad, profesiul interess, rogorc Cans, genetikuri faqtoric

gansazRvravs.
araidentur

erT-erT
tyupebs

kvlevaSi
sTxoves,

sxvadasxva
SeevsoT

ojaxebSi

(strongis

gazrdil

profesiuli

identur

da

interesebis

kiTxvaris msgavsi) profesiuli interesebis ori kiTxvari (Moloney et al., 1991). ori
kiTxvaris monacemebis mixedviT, saSualo korelacia identuri tyupebisTvis iyo
0,38 da 0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom es tyupebi ar izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu Tqven gadawyvetT, rom
dedis an mamis profesiul kvals miyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom es sulac ar
aris mxolod garemos Sedegi.
maS ase, romeli profesiuli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis miRwevis motivacias?
rogorc

mravalricxovani

fsiqologebma

Caatares

cxovrebiseuli

kvlevebi,

romlebic

dilemis
dagexmarebaT

SemTxvevaSi,
am

aqac

mniSvnelovani

487

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
bolo sam qveTavSi yuradReba SevaCereT motivaciis specifikur tipebze da
qcevis specifikur tipebze. Tavis dasasruls isev davubrundeT motivaciis ufro
zogad

mniSvnelobas.

Cven

gvsurs

zogadi

warmodgena

SegiqmnaT

im

Zalebze,

romlebic, SesaZloa warmarTavdnen Tqvens cxovrebas.

humanisturma fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham Maslow, 1970) Seqmna Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac bazisuri motivebi qmnian moTxovnilebaTa ierarqias,
ierarqias sadac
moTxovnilebebi

dalagebulia

martividan

umaRlesisken,

rogorc

naCvenebia

suraTze 12.7.
12.7 maslous mixedviT, unda dakmayofildes ierarqiis TiToeuli donis
moTxovnilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis
safuZvelSi mdebareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa SimSili da
wyurvili. sxva nebismieri moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es moTxovnilebebi
unda dakmayofildes. rodesac biologiuri moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven
dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCerebulia da isini veranairad aisaxebian
Cvens

qcevaze.

motivacias

roca

Semdegi

biologiuri
donis

moTxovnilebebi

moTxovnileba

qmnis;

dakmayofilebulia,
es

aris

Tqvens

usafrTxoebis

moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT SesaZlo safrTxis gamo, Tqveni motivaciis

ganmapirobebeli mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba;
gamokvebili

moTxovnileba
xarT,

Tavs

imisa,

rom

giyvardeT

usafrTxod

grZnobT

da

uyvardeT.

da

gaqvT

Tu

kargad

socialuri

mikuTvnebulobis gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis moTxovnilebaze _

moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi kompetenturi da efeqturi adamianis danaxvisa,
romelsac

SeuZlia

imis

gakeTeba,

moazrovne

arsebebi

rac

saWiroa

sxvaTa

mxridan

pativiscemis

mosapoveblad.
adamianebi

arian,

rTuli

tviniT,

romelic

azris

stimulacias saWiroebs. Tqven gamoZravebT Zlieri SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi: _

gsurT

Tqveni

warsulis

codna,

mimdinare

arsebobis

Tavsatexis

wvdoma

da

momavlis winaswarganWvreta. swored am moTxovnilebebis Zala ubiZgebs mecnierebs,

rom mTeli TavianTi sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miuZRvnan. maslous ierarqiis
Semdeg donezea mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva, romelic warmodgenilia

488

esTetikuris

moTxovnilebis

saxiT,

romelic

adamianis

SemoqmedebiTi

mxaris

gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

transcendenturi
moTxovnilebebi
kosmiuri daniSnulebis
Secnobis sulieri
moTxovnilebebi

TviTaqtualizaciis
TviTaqtualizaciis
moTxovnileba
potencialis srulad
gamoyenebis moTxovnileba,
gansazRvruli miznisken
swrafva

esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi
mSvenierebisa da
wesrigis moTxovnileba

SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
codnis, gagebis,
siaxlis moTxovnilebebi

ierarqiis
adamianebi

mwvervalze
_

imyofebian

gamokvebilni,

safrTxisgan

daculni, visac uyvarT da vinc uyvarT,

sakuTar

ZalebSi

darwmunebulni,

moazrovneni da Semoqmedni. es adamianebi

gascdnen

elementaruli

moTxovnilebebis
potencialis

adamianuri

farglebs
sruli

sakuTari

ganviTarebisken

TviTaqtualizaciidan

swrafvidan

anu

gamomdinare.

aseTi

TviTaqtualizebuli

pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi Tvisebebis garda,

pativiscemis moTxovnileba
darwmunebulobis, sakuTari
Tavis faseulobisa da
kompetenturobis,
TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa
mxridan pativiscemis
moTxovnileba

mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba
imisa, rom giyvardeT da
uyvardeT

usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
moTxovnileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis,
uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba

kargad icnobs, esmis sakuTari Tavis da

iseTad iRebs, rogoric aris; socialurad
gulisxmieria,
Tavisufalia,

SemoqmedebiTia,
Riaa

siaxleebisa

da

gamowvevisadmi. maslous ierarqiaSi kidev

erTi

safexuria,

individualuri

romelic

scildeba

potencialis

ganviTarebis

sruli

farglebs;

esaa

transcendenturis moTxovnileba, romelmac

biologiuri
moTxovnilebebi

adamiani

SeiZleb

sakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis,

dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis
moxsnis moTxovnilebebi

umaRles

mdgomareobebamde

miiyvanos

cnobierebis
da

samyaroSi

sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur xedvamde.

Zalze cota adamiani Tu axerxebs sakuTari

me-s sazRvris gadabijebas da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis miRwevas.

maslous
warmoadgens.

Teoria
Teoriis

adamianis
ZiriTad

motivaciis
birTvs

gansakuTrebiT

warmoadgens

popularul

mosazreba,

rom

xedvas

TiToeul

adamians aqvs moTxovnileba, ganviTardes da moaxdinos sakuTari potencialis

maqsimalurad realizeba. yovelTvis SegviZlia aseTi dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba?
monacemebi cxadyofs, rom _ ara. maslous mier aRwerili moTxovnilebebis garda,
Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebs axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominantobisa

489

da

agresiis

gamoxatvis

moTxovnilebebi.

garda

amisa,

Cveni

sakuTari

gamocdilebidan viciT, rom maslous zusti, mkacri ierarqia SeiZleba xSirad

dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT SimSils maSin,
rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni,
Tumca,

aseTi

SezRudvebis

dagexmarebaT

Tqveni

pirobebSic

ki

mamotivirebeli

vimedovnebT,
swrafvebis

rom

maslous

sxvadasxva

sqema

aspeqtis

garkveulwilad mowesrigebaSi.
Cven

grZeli

usiamovnebebiT

gza

ganvleT

savse

asvla

mas

Semdeg,

everestze;

rac

Cven

ganvixileT

aRvwereT

rebeka

kvebis

stefensis

da

SimSilis

fsiqologia da adamianis seqsualobis evolucia da sociluri ganzomilebebi; Cven

gamovikvlieT individuluri gansxvavebebi pirovnuli miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT,
avxseniT pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas Tqven naxeT, Tu ra
rTulad

urTierTqmedeben

buneba

da

aRzrda

rogorc

saxeobis,

ise

individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da

mosazrebebi gagiCndaT rebeka stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb? xedavT Tu ara axla ufro
srulad, Tu ratom xdeba, rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis dakargva arc
ise didi sazRauri SeiZleba iyos sanukvari miznis miRwevisTvis?
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
motivaciis cneba

motivacia dinamikuri cnebaa, romelic gamoiyeneba qcevisaTvis mimarTulebis

micemis procesebis aRsawerad.

motivaciuri analizi gvexmareba, avxsnaT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs

biologiuri da qceviTi procesebi da ratom iswrafvian adamianebi miznebisken
dabrkolebebisa da araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad.

ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs, motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis

cnebas.

adamianebi

motivirebulni

arian

aRmZvrelebiT

garegani

stimulebiTac,

romlebic ar ukavSirdebian fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs.

reversiis

Teoria

gamoyofs

metamotivaciuri

mdgomareobebis

opoziciur

wyvilebs.

instinqtebis Teoria gvTavazobs, rom motivacia xSirad eyrdnoba Tandayolil

stereotipul reaqciebs.

490

socialuri da kognituri fsiqologebi xazs usvamen individis mier situaciis

aRqmas, interpretacias da masze reaqcias.
kveba

sxeuli

flobs

mTel

rig

meqanizmebs

kvebis

procesis

dawyebisa

da

SewyvetisaTvis.

Tu msuqani adamiani SezRuduli mWameli xdeba, misma dietam SeiZleba wonis

momateba ufro gamoiwvios, vidre wonis dakleba.

kvebiTi aSliloba janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadebaa,

romelic

SeiZleba

aRmocendes

kulturuli

gavlenisa

da

sxeulis

xatis

darRveuli aRqmis Sedegad.

seqsualuri qceva

evoluciuri

Teoriidan

gamomdinare,

seqsi

STamomavlobis

producirebis

meqanizmia.

cxovelebSi seqsualuri ltolvebi mkacrad kontroldeba hormonebiT.

mastersisa da jonsonis

Sromam mogvawoda

pirveli monacemebi qalisa da

mamakacis seqsualuri reqciebis ciklis Sesaxeb.

evoluciuri

fsiqologebis

azriT,

adamianTa

seqsualuri

qceva

asaxavs

Sewyvilebis sxvadasxva strategiebs qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.

gansxvavebebma

seqsualur

scenarebSi

SeiZleba

gamoiwvios

seriozuli

gaugebroba da migviyvanos Zaladobamde.

homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi determinirebulia rogorc genetikiT,

ise pirovnuli da socialuri garemoTi.
pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

adamianebs

aqvT

miRwevis

mravali

moTxovnilebebi.

miRwevis

moTxovnileba

gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani warmatebisa da marcxis

interpretacias.

ori atribuciuri stili _ optimizmi da pesimizmi _ iwvevs gansxvavebul

damokidebulebebs miRwevisadmi da gavlenas axdens motivaciaze.

organizaciuli fsiqologebi swavloben samuSao garemoSi adamianis motivaciis

gavlenas.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia

abraham maslous azriT, moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ierarqiulad dalagdes.

491

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis motivacia ufro rTulia, maslous Teoria

gvawvdis samuSao CarCos motivaciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
anoreqsia
atribucia
bulimia
gaupatiureba
ltolvebi
Tanasworobis Teoria
molodinis Teoria
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
homeostazi
aRmZvrelebi
instinqtebi
motivacia
miRwevis moTxovnileba
organizaciis fsiqologia
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili
reversiis Teoria
seqsualuri agzneba
seqsualuri scenarebi
socialuri daswavlis Teoria
Tematuri apercepciis testi

Tavi 13. emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

emociebi

bazisuri emociebi da kultura

emociis Teoriebi

emociis funqciebi

cxovrebiseuli stresi

fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze

492

fsiqologiuri reaqciebi stresze

stresis daZleva

janmrTelobis fsiqologia

janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli

janmrTelobis xelSewyoba

mkurnaloba

profesiuli gamofitvis sindromi da janmrTelobis dacvis sistema

rCevebi janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebiT

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ janmrTeli adamianebi 2010

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ axdens Tu ara gavlenas Tqveni pirovnuli

Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

493

6 wlis biWi, venesuelis varaos kulturis warmomadgeneli, gaxda avad

maRali
sicxiTa da sasunTqi gzebis anTebiT. misma ojaxma es avadmyofoba daukavSira hebus
_ sagvareulo sulebs. bavSvis sxeulidan hebus gansadevnad moiwvies mkurnali
Samani _ visidatu. visidatum Caatara xangrZlivi rituali, romlis ZiriTad
nawils ganmkurnebeli simRera warmoadgenda. qvemoT mocemulia im teqstis nawili,
romelsac visidatu asrulebda:
Sen (hebu) CaeWide mas, CaeWide mas,

CaeWide mas TavSi

Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,

Seni sneulebebiT, Seni ZaliT, romliTac SegiZlia Wkuidan SeSalo adamiani.

me var is, vinc icis patara qvebis cieb-cxeleba,
me var is, vinc Sen gicnobs,
me var is, vinc Sen dagamSvidebs,
me var is, vinc gagiSvebs aqedan.
me axlave CagWideb xels da mogaqcev Cems mklavebSi.
me var is, vinc CagWidebs xels.
me CavWideb xels Sens sxeuls, me gagiSveb aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb mTeli kanidan,
me gagiSveb kanidan da xorcidan,
me gagiSveb xorcidan,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc Sen gagiSvebs.
meore diliT bavSvs sicxem dauklo. ojaxi darwmunebuli iyo, rom
warumatebeli mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi daiRupeboda (Briggs,1996).
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, TqvenTvis Zneli dasajerebeli
iqneba, rom raime kavSiri arsebobda ritualsa - visidatus urTierTobas hebus
sulebTan _ da bavSvis gamojanmrTelebas Soris. Tumca, vimedovnebT, rom am Tavis
bolos SevZlebT amgvari skeptikuri damokidebulebis Semcirebas. Cven gvinda
gavafarTovoT Tqveni warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan
suli

da

sxeuli.

varaos

gankurnebis

ritualSi

vxvdebiT

swored

im

Temas,

romelsac gamovyofT da ganvixilavT am TavSi: _ ra gziT SeuZlia iseT fsiqikur

494

mdgomareobas,

rogoric

aris

Zlieri

emocia,

gavlena

moaxdinos

fizikuri

damabneveli

situacia.

janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
dasawyisisaTvis,

gTxovT,

warmoidginoT

naklebad

davuSvaT, zustad am wuTs gekiTxebiT ras grZnobT?~ rogor upasuxebdiT am

SekiTxvas? arsebobs informaciis, sul mcire, sami gansxvavebuli tipi, romlis
mowodebac

SegiZliaT.

pirveli,

Tqven

SegiZliaT

gagvimxiloT

Tqveni

guneba-

ganwyobileba anu emociebi, romelsac ganicdiT: _ gixariaT, radgan iciT, rom am

Tavis

wakiTxvas

moaswrebT

wveulebaze

wasvlamde;

brazobT,

radgan

Tqvenma

ufrosma axlaxan giyviraT telefonSi; meore, SesaZloa, ufro zogadi pasuxi

gagvceT gancdili stresis siZlieris Sesaxeb: _ iseTi gancda gaqvT, TiTqos yvela
gasakeTebeli davalebis Sesrulebas moaxerxebT? Tu grZnobT, rom gadatvirTuli
xarT? mesame, Tqven SeiZleba gviamboT Tqveni fsiqikuri an fizikuri janmrTelobis
Sesaxeb: grZnobT, rom avad xdebiT? Tu kargad yofnis zogadi gancda geuflebaT?
am TavSi ganxilulia urTierTmimarTeba pasuxis sam SesaZlo variants Soris
SekiTxvaze _`rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ _ pasuxebi ukavSirdeba emociebs, stress da
janmrTelobas.
emociebi warmoadgens adamianis gamocdilebis qvakuTxeds. emociebi adamianebTan
urTierTobis process amdidreben, xolo mexsierebis Sinaarsebs Tvisobriobasa da
mniSvnelobas aniWeben. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT emociebis gancdasa da maT
funqciebs. magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac emociis moTxovnebi biologiur da
fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs aRemateba? SesaZloa gadaitvirTo da veRar moaxerxo
cxovrebiseul stresorebTan gamklaveba. am TavSi aseve ganxiluli iqneba, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens stresi adamianze da rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi daZleva
dabolos, gavafarTovebT Cvens fokuss da ganvixilavT fsiqologiis wvlils
janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis kvlevaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi ikvleven,
Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofobis ganviTarebaze garemo, socialuri da
fsiqologiuri procesebi.
janmrTelobis
principebs

fsiqologebi,

avadmyofobis

SeimuSaveben

pirovnuli

emociebidan,

stresis

aseve,

iyeneben

mkurnalobisa
keTildReobis

gavliT,

da

fsiqologiur
prevenciisaTvis:

gaumjobesebis

janmrTelobamde,

procesebsa
amave

strategiebs.

Seqmnis

konteqsts,

SesaZlebeli iqneba varaos gankurnebis ritualis Zalis gageba.

daviwyoT emociebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvnelobis ganxilviT.

es

da

dros,
gza

romelSic

495

emociebi
warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom SegeZloT fiqri da
moqmedeba, magram ara grZnoba. mzad xarT, daTmoT SiSis gancdis unari satrfos
kocniT gamowveuli vnebis xarjze? daTmobdiT mowyenilobas mxiarulebis xarjze?
ra Tqma unda, es cudi garigeba iqneboda, romelsac maleve inanebdiT. Cven vnaxavT,
rom emociebi mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben. daviwyoT imiT, rom
SemogTavazebT

emociis

gansazRvrebas

da

aRvwerT

emociuri

gamocdilebis

safuZvlebs.
Tqven SesaZloa, emocia mxolod grZnobad CaTvaloT: _ `me vgrZnob bednierebas~,
an `vgrZnob brazs,~ magram Cven am mniSvnelovani cnebis ufro mravlismomcveli
gansazRvreba gvWirdeba, romelic moicavs rogorc sxeuls, ise suls. Tanamedrove
fsiqologebi emocias gansazRvraven, rogorc sxeulebrivi da mentaluri
cvlilebebis rTul paterns, romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs,
kognitur procesebsa da qceviT reaqciebs, romlebic Cndeba pirovnulad
mniSvnelovnad aRqmul situaciebze sapasuxod. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes,
risTvis aris saWiro yvela es komponenti, warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tavs
Zalian bednierad grZnobT. Tqveni fiziologiuri agzneba gamoixateba mSvid
guliscemaSi. Tqveni grZnoba iqneba dadebiTi. emociasTan dakavSirebuli kognituri
procesebi moicavs interpretaciebs, mogonebebsa da molodinebs, romlebic
saSualebas gaZleven, gansazRvroT situacia, rogorc bednieri. Tqveni TvalsaCino
qceviTi reaqcia, SesaZloa, iyos eqspresiuli (Rimili) an/da qcevaze
orientirebuli (sayvarel adamianTan Caxuteba). emociebis Cveneul gagebaSi
SevecdebiT, rom yvela es komponenti _ agzneba, grZnobebi, azrebi da qceva _
gavaerTianoT.
emocia cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens pasuxs
situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli.
bazisuri emociebi da kultura
warmoidgineT,
SekribeT.

ra

rom

iqneba

erT

oTaxSi

saerTo

maT

gansxvavebuli
mier

kulturis

emociebis

gancdaSi?

warmomadgenlebi
Tavdapirvelad

pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT Carlz darvinis wigns `emociebis gamoxatva

adamiansa da cxovelebSi~ (1872/1965). darvini Tvlida, rom emociebi ganviTarda
adamianisaTvis, da ara mxolod adamianisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli struqturebisa da
funqciebis sxva mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mas ainteresebda
emociebis adapturi funqcia, romelic, misi azriT, warmoadgens ara gaurkvevel,
araprognozirebad

pirovnul

mdgomareobas,

aramed

adamianis

Tavis

tvinis

moqmedebis saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zalian specifikuri, koordinirebuli

moqmedebis

formas.

darvini

emociebs

gansazRvravda

TanSobil,

specifikur

496

mentalur mdgomareobad, romelic garemoSi ganmeorebadi situaciebis garkveul

jgufTan

gasamklaveblad

aris

mowodebuli.

saxeobis

ganviTarebis

istoriis

manZilze adamianebs Tavs esxmodnen, uyvardebodaT, uCndebodaT Svilebi, isini

ebrZodnen erTmaneTs, awydebodnen partnioris Ralats, iyvnen sayvareli adamianebis
sikvdilis momswreni da es yvelaferi uTvalavjer momxdara. amrigad, unda
vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli tipis emociuri reaqciebi adamianis saxeobis yvela
wevrTan

unda

aRmocenebuliyo.

emociebis

mkvlevrebma

universalobis

Sesaxeb

ganacxadi Seamowmes axalSobilebis emociur reaqciebsa da sxvadasxva kulturebSi

saxis gamometyvelebis erTgvarovnebaze dakvirvebiT.

aris Tu ara zogierTi emociuri reaqcia Tandayolili

Tu

sakiTxisadmi

evoluciuri

midgoma

marTebulia,

savaraudoa,

rom

mTel

msoflioSi bavSvebSi emociuri reaqciebis erTi da igive paternebi gamovlindeba

(Izard,1994). silvan tomkinsi (Silvan Tomkins, 1962, 1981) erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi
iyo,

romelmac

xazi

gausva

uSualo,

TanSobili,

aradaswavlili

afeqturi

(emociuri) reaqciebis universalobas. man xazi gausva imas, rom Cvilebi yovelgvari
winaswari swavlis gareSe Zlier xmaurs pasuxoben SiSiT, an sunTqvis garTulebiT;
isini TiTqos winaswar arian mzad, rom garkveul stimulebs upasuxon emociuri
reaqciiT,

romelic

imdenad

zogadia,

rom

pirobebis

sakmaod

farTo

speqtrs

Seesabameba.
kroskulturulma gamokvlevebma daadastura varaudi, rom zogierTi emociuri
pasuxi

sakmaod

msgavsia

erTmaneTisagan

Zalian

gansxvavebuli

kulturebis

bavSvebTan.

saidan viciT
kroskulturuli emociuri reaqciebi CvilebTan
eqsperimenti Catarda 5 da 12 Tvis asakis iaponel da amerikel bavSvebze.
eqsperimentatorebi cdis pirebs saxlebSi ewvivnen

da Semdegi procedura

Cautares: _ bavSvebs xels avlebdnen majebSi da xelebs jvaredinad abjendnen

mucelze. eqsperimentatorebi videofirze iwerdnen TiToeuli bavSvis reaqcias.
orive kulturis bavSvebi saxis kunTebs erTnairi paterniT amoZravebdnen, rac
distresis Zalian msgavsi gamoxatviT mTavrdeboda. amerikelma da iaponelma
bavSvebma

gamoavlines,

agreTve,

negatiuri

vokalizaciisa

da

fizikuri

497

winaaRmdegobis erTnairi done (Carmas et al.,1992).

marTalia, am eqsperimentiT dadasturda mniSvnelovani kroskulturuli
Sesabamisoba, magram ufro axalma gamokvlevebma garkveuli gansxvavebebic
gamoavlina. erT-erTi gamokvlevis mixedviT, 11 Tvis Cineli bavSvebi emociurad
ufro nakleb eqspresiulebi iyvnen, vidre maTi iaponeli da amerikeli Tanatolebi
(Carmas et al.,1998). es Sedegebi mowmobs, rom kultura sicocxlis ukve Zalian
adreul etapze iwyebs moqmedebas da gavlenas axdens Tandayolil emociur
reaqciebze.
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom Cvilebs, rogorc Cans, aqvT sxvaTa saxis
gamometyvelebis interpretaciis Tandayolili unaric. erT-erT eqsperimentSi 4-dan
6 Tvemde bavSvebs ganmeorebiTi prezentaciis gziT aCvevdnen garkveuli emociebis
gamomxatvel saxeebs. SeCvevis faqti imiT dasturdeboda, rom bavSvebs TandaTan
uqrebodaT interesi am saxeebisadmi. es saxeebi SerCeul iqna gaocebis, SiSisa da
brazis gamomxatveli suraTebis seriidan (ix. Tavi

11, SeCvevis procedurebis

magaliTebi bavSvebSi). Semdeg, rodesac bavSvebs aCvenebdnen gansxvavebuli emociis

gamomxatvel fotos, isini ganaxlebuli interesiT pasuxobdnen masze _ savaraudoa,
rom

es

eqspresiebi

maTTvis

`ucnauri~

iyo

da

gaocebis,

SiSisa

da

brazis

eqspresiebisagan `gansxvavebulad gamoiyureboda~ aseT adreul asakSic ki (Serrano et

al., 1992). aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi ufro dadebiT qcevas avlenen (magaliTad,
moaxloebis moZraobebi da Rimili) mxiaruli eqsperesiis mimarT da ufro negatiur
qcevas (magaliTad, ganridebis moZraobebi da warbebis SeWmuxna) brazis eqsperesiis
mimarT. es gvaZlevs safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom bavSvebi ara marto cnoben am
gamometyvelebebs,

aramed

Zalian

adreul

asakSi

xvdebian

maT

`mniSvnelobas~

(Serrano et al., 1995).

universaluria Tu ara emociuri eqsperesiebi

eqsperesiebi
rogorc vnaxeT, bavSvebi avlenen da aRiqvamen standartul emociur eqspresiebs.
Tu es asea, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Zalian gansxvavebuli kulturebis zrdasrul
warmomadgenlebs hqondeT msgavsi warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor xdeba emociebis
gadacema saxis gamometyvelebiT.
pol ekmanis (Paul Ekman) mixedviT, romelic saxis eqspresiis bunebis wamyvan
mkvlevrad iTvleba, yvela adamianis `saxis ena~ garkveulwilad emTxveva erTmaneTs
(Ekman, 1984,1994). ekmanma da misma TanamSromlebma daadastures is, rasac jer kidev
darvini

varaudobda,

rom

emociuri

eqspresiebis

garkveuli

nawili

adamianis

saxeobisaTvis universaluria, savaraudod, imitom, rom es emociuri eqspresiebi

498

Cveni evoluciuri memkvidreobis Tandayolil Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgenen.

sanam gaagrZelebdeT kiTxvas, daakvirdiT 13.1 suraTs. naxeT, ramdenad zustad
SegiZliaT icnoT am Svidi universaluri emociis gamoxatuleba (Ekman & Friesen,
1986).
sur. 13.1 _ emociuri eqspresiebis Sefasebebi

SeusabameT qvemoT CamoTvlili Svidi emociis aRmniSvneli termini aq naCveneb

saxeebs: _ SiSi, zizRi, sixaruli, gaoceba, siZulvili, brazi da mwuxareba. pasuxebi
mocemulia am Tavis bolos.
arsebobs mniSvnelovani sabuTebi imisa, rom am Svid eqspresias erTnairad
cnoben da avlenen mTel msoflioSi sixarulis, gaocebis, brazis, zizRis, SiSis,
sevdis da siZulvilis emociebze sapasuxod. mkvlevrebi, romlebic kroskulturul
gansxvavebebs

ikvleven,

moexdinaT standartul
emociebis

sTxovdnen

sxvadasxva

kulturis

fotosuraTebze mocemul

identifikacia.

adamianebs

zogadad

warmomadgenlebs,

eqspresiebTan
SeuZliaT

dakavSirebuli

Svid

emociasTan

dakavSirebuli eqspresiis identificireba.

saidan viciT
saxis gamometyvelebis kroskulturuli aRqma

erT-erT gamokvlevaSi axali gvineis damwerlobis armqone kulturis (fores

kulturis) warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac am eqsperimentamde TiTqmis araviTari
Sexeba ar hqoniaT dasavlelebTan da dasavlur kulturasTan, zustad axdendnen
evropeoiduli saxeebis mier gamoxatuli emociebis identifikacias (suraTi 13.1).
mocemuli. cdis pirebi amas axerxebdnen eqspresiis im situaciebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebSic igive emocia hqoniaT gancdili. magaliTad, foto 5
(SiSi), cdis pirebis pasuxebis mixedviT, gamoxatavs situacias, rodesac mogdevs
gareuli taxi da Tan ara gaqvs Subi, xolo foto 6 (sevda) - gaxsenebs Seni
Svilis sikvdils. cdis pirebi daabnia mxolod gaocebisa (2 foto) da SiSis
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebam, radgan, rogorc Cans, am xalxs ZiriTadad SiSi
eufleba, rodesac raime aocebT.
Semdeg

mkvlevrebma

igive

kulturis

sxva

warmomadgenlebs

(romlebsac

eqsperimentis pirvel nawilSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba) sTxoves im eqspresiebis

modelireba,

romlebsac

isini

iyenebdnen

CamoTvlilTagan

eqvsi

(siZulvili

gamoricxes) emociis gadmosacemad. rodesac amerikel studentebs aCvenes fores

tomis warmomadgenlebis saxis gamometyvelebebis videoCanawerebi, maT zustad
moaxerxes eqspresiebis identificireba _ erTi gamonaklisiT. ar aris gasakviri,
rom amerikelebs uWirdaT erTmaneTisagan gaerCiaT fores aborigenebis mier

499

gansaxierebuli SiSi da gaoceba, anu igive emociebi, romelic abnevda fores

warmomadgenlebs dasavlelebis eqspresiaSi (Ekman & Friesen, 1971).
ufro gviandel gamokvlevebSi Seadares sxvadasxva kulturebis _ ungreTis,
iaponiis, poloneTis, sumatras, amerikisa da vietnamis _ warmomadgenelTa mier
saxis eqspresiebis Sefasebebi. am gansxvavebul populaciebs Soris dadasturda
sakmaod didi Tanxvedra (Biehl et al, 1997). aqedan zogadi daskvna is aris, rom
adamianebi mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad kulturuli gansxvavebebisa, rasis, sqesis,
an ganaTlebisa, ZiriTad emociebs daaxloebiT erTnairad gamoxataven da aqvT
unari, gamoicnon, Tu ra emociebs ganicdian sxvebi, kiTxuloben ra amas maTi saxis
gamometyvelebaze.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom universalobis pretenzia mxolod Svid ZiriTad emocias
exeba. ekmani da misi kolegebi ar amtkiceben, rom yvela saxis emociis eqspresia
universaluria, an, rom sxvadasxva kulturebSi yvela emocias erTnairad
gamoxataven (Ekman, 1994). ekmani (1972) Tavis Sexedulebas universalobis Sesaxeb
neiro-kulturul Teorias uwodebs, raTa asaxos tvinisa (evoluciis produqti) da
kulturis erToblivi wvlili emociis eqspresiaSi. tvini gansazRvravs, romelma
saxis kunTma unda imoZraos konkretuli eqspresiis gamosavlenad, rodesac
garkveuli emocia aRmocendeba. Tumca, gansxvavebuli kulturebi, universaluri
biologiis miRma, emociis eqspresias Tavis daRs asvamen. Cven aRvniSneT kulturis
garkveuli gavlena fores tomis warmomadgenlebisa da aSS-is studentebis
pasuxebis urTierTSedarebis kvlevis aRwerisas. zemoT aRniSnuli eqvsi qveynis
warmomadgenlebze Catarebulma SedarebiTma kvlevam, arsebuli zogadi
Sesabamisobis garda, gamoavlina garkveuli gansxvavebebi qveynebs Soris (Biehl et al,
1997). magaliTad, iaponel mozrdilebs ufro cudad SeeZloT brazis
identifikacia, vidre amerikelebs, ungrelebs, polonelebsa da vietnamel cdis
pirebs. vietnamelebs ki uWirdaT zizRis identifikacia yvela sxva qveynis
warmomadgenelTan SedarebiT.
ratom unda Cndebodes es gansxvavebebi? axla ganvixiloT kulturis gavlena
emociurobaze.

rogor zemoqmedebs kultura emociur eqspresiaze

adamianebs mTel msoflioSi SesaZloa hqondeT erTnairi genetikuri
memkvidreoba, rac gansazRvravs emociuri eqspresiis garkveul erTgvarovnebas.
magram, amave dros, sxvadasxva kulturebs emociebis marTvis sxvadasxva
standartebi aqvT. emociuri pasuxebis zogierTi forma, saxis eqspresiebic ki,
unikaluria TiToeuli kulturisaTvis. kultura awesebs socialur wesebs, Tu
rodis aqvT adamianebs garkveuli emociebis gamovlenis ufleba da socialurad
ramdenad Sesaferisia garkveuli tipis emociis gamovlena mocemuli kategoriis
adamianisaTvis konkretul viTarebaSi (Masquita & Frijda, 1992; Ratner, 2000). ganvixiloT
sami kulturis magaliTi, romelSic emociebis gamoxatva dasavluri normebisagan
gansxvavebulad xdeba. daviwyoT afrikuli kulturiT.

500

senegalis volofis tomis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben sazogadoebaSi, sadac

adamianebs Soris statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv gansxvaveba Zalian mkacrad
aris gansazRvruli. am kulturis
emociebis

gamoxatvis

Zlier

maRali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan elian

Sekavebas;

dabali

kastis

warmomadgenlebisagan

mosalodnelia emociaTa ufro meti cvalebadobis gamovlena, kerZod, laparakia

kastaze, romelsac griotebi ewodeba. griotebi zogjer, faqtobrivad, iZulebulni
arian, gamoxaton warCinebulebisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ emociebi.

erT dRes qalebis jgufi (xuTi warCinebuli da ori grioti) Seikribnen qalaqis
piras wyalsacavTan. am dros maT Tvalwin viRac qali wyalSi gadaxta. yvela qali
Sezara

aSkara

TviTmkvlelobis

mcdelobis

danaxvam,

magram

warCinebulebma

mdumared ganicades es ambavi, xolo griotebi ki yvirodnen yvelas magivrad (Irvine,

1990, gv.146).
warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi, rogor moiqceodiT msgavs situaciaSi? albaT, ufro
gagiadvildebaT
qalebis

Tqveni

adgilze.

Tavis

pasuxi,

griotis

cxadia,

adgilze

isaa,

rom

dayeneba,

vidre

warCinebulma

warCinebuli

qalebma

aiTvises

emociuri eqspresiis kulturuli normebi, romelic maTgan nebismieri TvalsaCino

reaqciis dafarvas moiTxovs.
emociuri

eqspresiis

sferoSi

kulturuli

gansxvavebebis

meore

magaliTs

warmoadgens SemTxveva, romelic am wignis erT-erTi avtoris cxovrebaSi moxda. igi

gaaoca

warmoSobiT

sirieli

amerikeli

amxanagis

panaSvidze

qalebis

jgufma,

romelic moTqma-godebas iwyebda samZimarze misuli adamianis darbazSi Sesvlisas.

am adamianis gasvlisTanave isini umalve wyvetdnen tirils da jgufur godebas
xelaxla iwyebdnen,

rodesac

Semdegi

momsvleli

Semodioda.

rogor

SeiZleba

aixsnas amgvari qceva? imis gamo, rom gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebisTvis Zalian
Znelia Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis SenarCuneba panaSvidebis (sami dRe-Ramis)
ganmavlobaSi, isini qiraoben profesional damtireblebs, romlebic maT nacvlad
gamoxataven saTanado Zlier emociebs yovel axlad mosulTan. es gavrcelebuli
praqtikaa xmelTaSuazRvisa da axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis rig qveynebSi.
mesame magaliTisaTvis saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan
da

koleqtivisturi

kulturebi.

ganvasxvaoT individualisturi

individualistur

kulturebSi

wina

planzea

individis moTxovnilebebi, xolo koleqtivistur kulturaSi wina planze jgufis

moTxovnilebebia

wamoweuli

(Triandis, 1994,

1995).

maSin,

roca

individualistebi

501

eswrafvian uSualo, gadaudebel pirovnul jildos, Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobas,

pirovnul siamovnebasa da mravalferovan, amaRelvebel cxovrebas, koleqtivistebi
upirates

Rirebulebas

aniWeben

TviTdisciplinasa

da

cxovrebaSi

adgilis

damkvidrebas, mSoblebisa da sxva ufrosebis pativiscemas, imijis dacvasa da

Sromas Soreuli miznebisaTvis, romliTac isargeblebs mTeli jgufi. mkvlevrebi
miiCneven,

rom

es

kulturuli

orientacia

gavlenas

unda

axdendes

emociis

eqspresiaze.
sur. 13.2. _ emociuri
emociuri eqspresia sxvadasxva kulturebSi

amerikel

(individualisturi

kultura)

da

kosta-rikel

(koleqtivisturi

kultura) studentebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, ramdenad kargad igrZnobdnen Tavs

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi im adamianis mimarT,
romelic maTSi am emocias gamoiwvevda. studentebi pasuxebs aRniSnavdnen skalaze,
romelic

ranJirebuli

komfortulad).

iyo

dadebiTi

0-dan

emociebis

(Zalze

arakomfortulad)

SemTxvevaSi

gansxvaveba

5-mde
ar

(Zalze

gamovlinda.

uaryofiTi emociebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda, rom individualisturi kulturis

warmomadgenlebi uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvisas Tavs ukeT grZnobdnen, vidre
koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgeneli studentebi.
saidan viciT
emociis eqspresia individualistur da koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac mavani avlens uaryofiT emocias sxva adamianis an
adamianTa jgufis mimarT? xSirad situacia socialurad sakmaod uxerxul saxes
iZens.

situacia

nakleb

problematuria,

Tu

saqme

individualisturi

sazogadoebis warmomadgenels exeba, romelic dasaSvebad miiCnevs uaryofiTi

emociebis

gamovlenis

SesaZleblobas

sakuTari

damoukideblobis

dasacavad.

magram, Tu saqme gvaqvs koleqtivisturi sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTan, maSin,

SesaZloa, man Tavi Seikavos uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenisagan, raTa Tavi
aaridos

jgufSi

mkvlevrebma

uTanxmoebis

SearCies

studenti

gamowvevas.

am

fsiqologebi

msjelobis
amerikisa

Sesamowmeblad

(individualisturi

kultura) da kosta-rikis (koleqtivisturi kultura) universitetebidan. isini

cdis

pirebs

ekiTxebodnen,

Tu

ramdenad

komfortulad

igrZnobdnen

Tavs

garkveuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis Semdeg im adamianis

mimarT, romelic `gamoiwvevda maTSi am emocias~. 13.2 suraTze warmodgenilia

502

Sedegebi. rogorc xedavT, kulturuli gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila dadebiTi

emociebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, amerikeli studentebi
sakuTar

mdgomareobas

bevrad

ufro

komfortulad

afasebdnen

uaryofiTi

emociebis gamoxatvis dros, vidre kosta-rikelebi (Stephan et al.,1996).

SemdgomSi, rodesac uaryofiT emocias gamoxatavT, magaliTad, brazs megobris
mimarT, dafiqrdiT, Tu ramdenad asaxavs Tqveni damokidebuleba am SemTxvevisadmi
kulturul Rirebulebebs.
rodesac
adamianis

saqme

emociuri

arsebobis

paternebis

manZilze

tipebs

ganviTarda,

exeba,

romlebic,

yovelTvis

unda

SesaZloa,

gaxsovdeT,

rom

ukanaskneli sityva kulturas ekuTvnis. dasavluri warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ra aris aucilebeli, an gardauvali emociis eqspresiaSi, daRdasmulia amerikuli
kulturiT iseve, rogorc sxva warmodgenebi sxva sazogadoebebis kulturebiT.
rogorc xedavT, emociis eqspresiis gansxvavebul standartebs SeuZlia sxvadasxva
kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris gaugebrobebi warmoSvas.
Cven

vnaxeT,

rom

emociur

situaciebze

garkveuli

fiziologiuri

pasuxebi,

rogoricaa Rimili da grimasa, SesaZloa Tandayolili iyos. axla ganvixiloT

Teoriebi,

romlebic

cdiloben,

daakavSiron

erTmaneTTan

sxva

fiziologiuri

reaqciebi da maTi fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi.

emociis Teoriebi
zogadad,

emociis

Teoriebi

cdiloben,

axsnan

urTierTmimarTeba

emociis

gancdis fiziologiur da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Soris. am Tavs viwyebT im

reaqciebis
situaciebSi.

ganxilviT,
Semdeg

romlebsac

mimovixilavT

sxeuli
Teoriebs,

iZleva

emociurad

romlebic

ikvleven,

relevantur
Tu

rogor

uwyoben xels es fiziologiuri reaqciebi emociis fsiqologiur gancdas.

emociis fiziologia
ra xdeba, rodesac ganicdiT Zlier emocias? guliscema xSirdeba, sunTqvis
sixSire matulobs, piri giSrebaT, kunTebi iZabeba da, SesaZloa, agakankaloT
kidec. garda am SesamCnevi cvlilebebisa, bevri sxva SeumCneveli cvlilebac xdeba.
yvela

es

reaqcia

emsaxureba

sxeulis

mobilizebas

moqmedebisaTvis,

raTa

garkveuli zomebi iqnes miRebuli emociis wyaros/gamRizianeblis mimarT. axla

ganvixiloT maTi warmoSoba.

503

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema amzadebs sxeuls emociuri reaqciebisaTvis, misi,

rogorc simpatikuri, ise, parasimpatikuri nawilebis amoqmedebiT (ix. Tavi 3). am
nawilebs Soris balansi damokidebulia gamRizianeblis xarisxsa da intensiobaze.
susti, usiamovno stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi simpatikuri nawilia ufro aqtiuri;
susti, sasiamovno stimulaciis dros _ parasimpatikuri nawili. nebismieri tipis
ufro

Zlieri

stimulaciis

SemTxvevaSi

orive

nawili

ufro

Zlierad

aris

CarTuli. fiziologiurad Zlieri emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi, an brazi aaqtiurebs

sxeulis saswrafo reagirebis sistemas, romelic swrafad da SeumCnevlad amzadebs
sxeuls

mosalodneli

pasuxismgebelia
(epinerfini

da

safrTxisaTvis.

adrenalinis
norepinerfini)

simpatikuri

gamommuSavebeli
gamoyofaze,

rac,

nervuli

jirkvlebidan
Tavis

mxriv,

sistema
hormonebis

iwvevs

Sinagani

organoebidan sisxlis Saqris gamoyofas, sisxlis wnevis awevas da aZlierebs

nerwyvisa

da

oflis

gamoyofas.

krizisis

gadavlis

Semdeg

dasamSvideblad

parasimpatikuri nervuli sistema akavebs gamaaqtiurebeli hormonebis gamoyofas.

agzneba

grZeldeba

Zlieri

emociuri

aqtivaciis

gancdis

Semdeg

cota

xnis

ganmavlobaSic, radgan zogierTi hormoni agrZelebs sisxlSi cirkulacias.

rogorc vnaxavT emociis konkretuli Teoriebis aRwerisas, mkvlevrebi
ganixilaven sakiTxs: _ `iwvevs Tu ara konkretuli emociuri gancda avtonomiur
nervul sistemaSi aqtivobis gansxvavebul paternebs?~ kroskulturuli
gamokvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze dadebiTia.
saidan viciT
aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva emociebs avtonomiuri aqtivobis gansxvavebuli paternebi
davuSvaT, grZnobT gaocebas, SiSs an zizRs, magram ar gindaT amis gamxela.
SegviZlia Tu ara, rom gavzomoT avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqcia da
zustad davaskvnaT ras grZnobT? pol ekmanma da misma kolegebma (1983) am
SekiTxvaze

pasuxis

gacema

gadawyvites

SeerTebuli

Statebis

profesional

msaxiobebze dakvirvebis gziT. mkvlevrebi zomavdnen iseT avtonomiur reaqciebs,

rogoricaa guliscema da kanis temperatura, rodesac msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen
emociebs

da

paternebi

emociis

sxvadasxva

eqspresiebs.

am

emociisaTvis.

gazomvebma
magaliTad,

gamoavlines
mwuxareba

gansxvavebuli
xasiaTdeboda

guliscemis gaxSirebiT, maSin, roca sixaruli, piriqiT, _ SemcirebiT; marTalia,

SiSic

da

brazic

iwvevs

guliscemis

gaxSirebas,

magram

brazis

dros

aRiniSneboda kanis maRali temperatura, xolo SiSis SemTxvevaSi _ kanis dabali

temperatura.

504

ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli am monacemebis ganzogadeba sxvadasxva

kulturebze? mkvlevarTa igive jgufma Caatara sxva kvleva, romelSic amerikeli
qalebi da kacebi Seadares minankabus kacebs dasavleT sumatradan. am kulturis
warmomadgenlebisTvis socialuri norma aris uaryofiTi emociebis dafarva.
mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, eqnebodaT Tu ara maTac iseTive bazisuri
avtonomiuri paterni negatiuri emociebisaTvis, rogoric amerikel kacebs im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Zalian mcire gamocdileba hqondaT emociebis
gamoxatvisa? miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, am or kulturas Soris msgavsebis
maRali done gamovlinda. aman mkvlevrebi miiyvana im azramde, rom avtonomiuri
aqtivobis paternebi `Cveni saerTo biologiuri memkvidreobis ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovani nawilia~ (Levenson et al., 1992, gv. 986)
am eqsperimentebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi swavloben
sxvadasxva

Ria

reaqciebis

SemuSavebas

erTi

da

igive

bazisuri

sxeulebrivi

gamocdilebisaTvis _ yviri Tu Cumad itanjebi, rodesac brazob?

axla gadavinacvloT avtonomiuri nervuli sistemidan centraluri nervuli
sistemisaken. agznebis orive (hormonaluri da nervuli) aspeqti kontroldeba

hipoTalamusis da limburi sistemis mier. isini warmoadgenen makontrolebel

sistemebs

emociebisa

da

Tavdasxmis,

Tavdacvisa

da

gaqcevis

paternebisaTvis.

neiroanatomiuri kvleva gansakuTrebiT aris fokusirebuli amigdalaze,

amigdalaze rogorc
limburi sistemis nawilze, romelic moqmedebs, rogorc emociebis karibWe da
rogorc mexsierebis filtri. amigdala yovelive amas akeTebs SegrZnebebis gziT
miRebuli informaciisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebiT. is gansakuTrebiT Zlierad
moqmedebs uaryofiTi gancdebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebisas. magaliTad, rodesac
adamianebi uyureben SeSinebuli saxis gamometyvelebis amsaxvel suraTebs, marcxena
amigdala (tvinis TiToeul nawils calke amigdala aqvs) avlens gaZlierebul
aqtivobas eqspresiis intensivobis zrdasTan erTad da, piriqiT, mxiaruli saxis
gamometyveleba iwvevs igive struqturis naklebad gaaqtiurebas, rac ufro metad
mxiaruli xdeba saxe (Morris et al., 1996). ganvixiloT erTi qalis, d. r-s magaliTi,
romelsac

marcxena

da

marjvena

amigdala

dauzianes

epilefsiuri

gulyrebis

gakontrolebis mcdelobisas. operaciis Sedegi iyo is, rom d.r-s Zalian uWirda
SiSisa da brazis emociebis aRqma, rodesac es emociebi gamoxatuli iyo saxis
gamometyvelebiT,

an

xmis

intonaciiT

(Scott et al., 1997).

warmoidgineT,

rogori

iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom aRar SegeZloT adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini
cdiloben, gamcnon uaryofiTi emociebi.

korteqsi monawileobs emociur gancdaSi Tavisi Sida nervuli qselebiT da

sxeulis sxva nawilebTan kavSirebiT. korteqsi uzrunvelyofs asociaciebisa da

505

mogonebebis gamowvevas da mniSvnelobebis miniWebas, rac aerTianebs fsiqologiur

gamocdilebasa da biologiur pasuxebs. kvlevebSi, romlebSic tvinis skanirebis
teqnikas iyeneben, daiwyes garkveuli reaqciebis dakavSireba sxvadasxva emociebTan.
magaliTad, pet skanebi/PET scans (ix. Tavi 3) gamoyenebul iqna imis sademonstraciod,
rom

sixaruli

da

mwuxareba

ar

warmoadgens

urTierTsawinaaRmdego

pasuxebs

korteqsis erTsa da imave nawilSi. ufro metic, es urTierTsawinaaRmdego emociebi

Zlier aqtivacias iwvevs tvinis gansxvavebul nawilebSi (George et al.,1995). pet
skanebi,

aseve,

gamoyenebul

iqna

emociuri

procesebis

Sesaswavlad,

romlebic

(emociebiT

datvirTuli

mogonebebis

(emociurad

datvirTuli

gansxvavebiT

(Reiman et al., 1997).

es

pet

skanebi

gancdis

Cndeba

Sedegad

Sinagan

aqtivacia),

stimulaciaze
garegani

movlenebis

mkvlevrebs

tvinSi

Semcveli

tvinis

im

mimdinare
sapasuxod

stimulaciisagan
filmebis

nawilebis

yureba)
dadgenis

saSualebas aZleven, romlebic emociuri stimulaciis wyarosagan damoukideblad

aqtivirdeba,

gansxvavebiT

romlebic

emociur

aqtivoba

dadasturda

garkveul

gancdas

stimulze

aRmoaceneben.

filmisagan

damokidebuli,

magaliTad,

aRZruli

nawilebisagan,

amigdalaSi

emociebis

ufro

SemTxvevaSi,

meti
vidre

mogonebebiT aRZruli emociebisas. mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben, axsnan, Tu ratom

Cndeba

es

gansxvavebebi

pet

teqnikebi

iZleva

uamrav

faqtebs,

romlebic

gamaerTianebel Teorias elian.

amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeuli uzrunvelyofs reaqciebs situaciebze, romlebSic
emociebi relevanturia, magram saidan viciT, romeli grZnoba romel fiziologiur
reaqcias ukavSirdeba? axla ganvixilavT sam Teorias, romelic cdilobs am
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas.

jemsjems-langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis Teoria

erTi SexedviT TiTqos aSkaraa da yvela daeTanxmeboda im azrs, rom emociebi
win uswrebs reaqciebs: magaliTad, viRacas uyviriT (reaqcia), radgan gabrazebuli
xarT (emocia). 100-ze meti wlis win uiliam jemsi (William James), xolo, bevrad ufro
adre, aristotele amtkicebda, rom es Tanmimdevroba sapirispiroa _ grZnoba Cndeba
sxeulis reaqciis Semdeg; jemsma es azri ase Camoayaliba: _ `mowyenilebi varT,
radgan

vtiriT;

vkankalebT~

vbrazobT,

(James, 1890/1950,

radgan
gv.

Tavs

450).

vesxmiT;

Tvalsazrisi,

SeSinebulni
rom

emocia

varT,

radgan

sxeulebrivi

ukukavSiris Sedegia, jemsjems-langes emociis Teoriis saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili

(karl lange iyo danieli mecnieri, romelmac,

rogorc jemsma, igive ideebi

506

wamoayena imave wels). am Teoriis mixedviT, stimulis aRqma iwvevs avtonomiur

fiziologiur agznebas da sxva sxeulebriv reaqciebs, rasac specifikuri emociis
gancdamde mivyavarT (ix. suraTi 13.3). jems-langes Teoria periferiul Teoriad
iTvleba, radgan yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs emociis jaWvSi visceralur
reaqciebs,

anu

avtonomiuri

nervuli

sistemis

aqtivobas,

rac

periferiulia

centralur nervul sistemasTan SedarebiT.

amigdala

limburi

sistemis

nawili,

romelic

akontrolebs

emocias,

agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.

jemsjems-langes emociis Teoria _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iwvevs qceviT reaqcias, romelic agzavnis
sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis tvinSi da am gziT, qmnis
specifikuri emociis grZnobas.

kenonkenon-bardis centraluri nervuli procesebis Teoria

fiziologma uolter kenonma (Walter Canon, 1927, 1929) uaryo periferiuli Teoria
centraluri

nervuli

sistemis

centralisturi

moqmedebisadmi

midgomis

sasargeblod. kenonma da sxva kritikosebma wamoayenes mTeli rigi SeniSvnebisa

jems-langes Teoriis mimarT (Leventhal, 1980). isini aRniSnavdnen, magaliTad, rom
visceraluri

moqmedeba

emociis

gancdisaTvis

irelevanturia:

eqsperimentSi

cxovelebs (mas Semdeg, rac visceras qirurgiulad acalkevebdnen centraluri

nervuli sistemisagan) SeeZloT gamRizianebelze emociuri pasuxebis gacema. isini,
aseve, amtkicebdnen, rom avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqciebi, rogorc wesi,
Zalian nelia imisaTvis, rom wamis measedebSi swrafad aRmocenebuli emociebis
wyaros

warmoadgendnen.

iSuamdgomlos

Semosul

kenonis

mixedviT,

stimulaciasa

da

emocia
masze

moiTxovs,

miRebul

rom

tvinma

reaqcias

Soris.

Talamusidan wamosuli signalebi iyofa da miemarTeba korteqsis erT nawilSi

emociuri grZnobis, xolo meore nawilSi _ emociuri eqspresiis aRmosaceneblad.
kidev erTma fiziologma, filip bardma (Philip Bard), aseve, daaskvna, rom
visceraluri reaqciebi ar uswrebs win emociis gancdas; ufro zustad, emociis
gamomwvev stimuls aqvs ori simultanuri efeqti: _ erTis mxriv, is iwvevs
sxeulebriv agznebas simpatikuri nervuli sistemis gavliT da, meore mxriv,
emociis subieqtur gancdas korteqsis gavliT. am ori fiziologis Sexedulebebi
gaerTianda kenonkenon-bardis emociis Teoriis saxelwodebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom
emociis stimuli iwvevs or gansxvavebul reaqcias _ fiziologiur agznebasa da
emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben (ix. suraTi 13.3). Tu raime

507

iwvevs TqvenSi gabrazebas, guliscema gagixSirdebaT da, amave dros, Sesabamisi

azric giCndebaT _ `rogor gamabrazes!~ _ magram sxeuli da suli ar karnaxoben
erTmaneTs, rogori unda iyos TiToeuli maTganis reaqcia.
kenon-bardis Teoria varaudobs sxeulebrivi da fsiqikuri reaqciebis
erTmaneTisgan

damoukideblobas.

qvemoT

vnaxavT,

rom

emociis

Tanamedrove

Teoriebi uaryofen debulebas, TiTqos es reaqciebi aucileblad damoukidebelia

erTmaneTisagan.

emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoriebi

imis gamo, rom agznebis simptomebi da Sinagani mdgomareobebi bevri sxvadasxva
emociisaTvis msgavsia, arsebobs maTi aRrevis SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac maTi gancda xdeba orazrovan, araerTmniSvnelovan, an axal situaciaSi.
stenli Saxteris (Stanley Schachter) mixedviT (1971b), emociis gancda warmoadgens
fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegs.
orive komponenti aucilebelia emociis aRmocenebisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom yvela
agzneba

aris

zogadi,

mimdinareobaSi.

Cven

aradiferencirebuli
vaxdenT

da

fiziologiuri

pirveli
agznebis

nabiji

emociis

Sefasebas,

raTa

ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras vgrZnobT, romeli emociis iarliyi aris yvelaze Sesaferisi

da ras niSnavs Cveni reaqcia im konkretul situaciaSi, romelSic agznebis gancda
Cndeba. riCard lazarusi (Richard Lazarus, 1991, 1995; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994) kognituri
Sefasebis Tvalsazrisis meore wamyvani avtori, amtkicebs, rom `emociuri gancda
SeuZlebelia
mimdinare

gagebul

procesi.

is

iqnes,

rogorc

moicavs

mxolod

mimdinare

pirovnebaSi,

transaqciebs

an

Tavis

garemosTan,

tvinSi
romlis

Sefasebac xdeba~ (Lazarus, 1984a, gv. 124). lazarusi, aseve, xazs usvams imas, rom
Sefaseba

xSirad

cnobieri

gaazrebis

gareSe

Cndeba.

Tu

arsebobs

warsulis

gamocdileba, romelic emocias situaciasTan akavSirebs (`modis isev es usiamovno

tipi, romelsac adrec Sevxvedrivar~), agznebis interpretaciisaTvis aRar aris
saWiro damatebiT garegani pirobebis sagangebod Zebna. es Tvalsazrisi cnobili
gaxda, rogorc emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (ix. suraTi 13.3).
kenonkenon-bardis emociis Teoria _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri stimuli
iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ agznebasa da emociis gancdas, _ romlebic
erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben.
kognituri Sefaseba _ emociebTan mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac
fiziologiuri

agzneba

gaiazreba

im

konkretul

garemoebaTa

mixedviT,

508

romelSic is iyo gancdili. agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefaseba, raTa

dadgindes

safrTxis

sidide

da

misi

daZlevisaTvis

saWiro

resursebi

da

Sesatyvisi daZlevis strategiebi.

emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociis gancda
warmoadgens fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv Sedegs.
kognituri

Sefaseba

emsaxureba

imas,

Tu

rogor

moxdeba

gaurkveveli,

orazrovani Sinagani mdgomareobis `etiketireba.

am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentatorebi qmnidnen situaciebs, romlebSic
mocemuli iyo miniSnebebi garemodan, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, unda uzrunveleyoT
individis mier agznebis etiketireba.
saidan viciT
agzneba da mcdari emociuri interpretacia
mkvlevari qali vankuverSi (kanada) iRebda intervius kacebisagan, romlebmac
es-es iyo gaiares ori xididan erT-erTze. erTi xidi iyo usafrTxo da myari,
meore _ saxifaTo da moryeuli. eqsperimentators viTom ainteresebda peizaJis
gavlena kreatulobaze da xidis gadalaxvis Semdeg cdis pir kacebs sTxovda,
daeweraT mokle moTxroba orazrovani suraTis Sesaxeb, romelSic figurirebda
qali.

eqsperimentatori

eqnebodaT,

daerekaT

damatebiT

masTan

sTavazobda

gamokvlevis

cdis

Sesaxeb

pirebs,

ufro

meti

Tu

survili

informaciis

misaRebad. cdis pirebi, romlebmac saxifaTo xidze gaiares, werdnen moTxrobebs

ufro meti seqsualuri saxeebiT da am jgufidan oTxjer meti cdis piri
urekavda eqsperimentators, meore jgufis cdis pirebTan SedarebiT (anu, vinc
usafrTxo xidze gaiara). raTa eCvenebinaT, rom agzneba damoukidebeli cvladia,
romelic gavlenas axdens mcdar emociur interpretaciaze, mkvlevarTa jgufma
gamoyo mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebis kidev erTi jgufi, romelsac gasaubreba
utardeboda saSiS xidze gavlidan 10 wT-is, an metis gasvlis Semdeg. es
sakmarisi droa fizikuri agznebis simptomebis Sesasusteblad. damSvidebuli
cdis pirebis es jgufi ar avlenda seqsualuri reaqciebis niSnebs, agznebuli
cdis pirebisagan gansxvavebiT (Dutton & Aron, 1974).
sur. 13.3. sami Teoriis Sedareba Tavad Teoriebis sqemebi gamotovebulia
jems-langes Teoria

509

gamRizianebeli
gaRizianeba

moqmedeba

aRqmuli agzneba,
moqmedebis interpretacia

kenon-bardis Teoria
gamRizianebeli
tvinis aqtivacia da gadamuSaveba
agzneba moqmedeba emociuri gancda

kognituri Sefasebis Teoria

gamRizianebeli fiziologiuri agzneba
agznebisa da stimulis Sefaseba situaciis konteqstis mixedviT
emociuri gancda

emociis

klasikuri

Teoriebi

emociis

sxvadasxva

komponentebs

exeba.

am

TeoriebSi, aseve, gansxvavebulad ganixileba procesis mimdinareoba stimulidan

emociis gancdamde. jems-langes TeoriaSi movlena amoqmedebs rogorc avtonomiur
agznebas, ise, bihevioralur aqtivobas, Semdeg xdeba maTi aRqma, rac bolos
specifikuri emociuri gancdis saxiT vlindeba. kenon-bardis TeoriaSi xdeba
stimulis

gadamuSaveba

tvinis

sxvadasxva

nawilebSi,

rac

Semdeg

warmarTavs

agznebis, qcevisa da emociuri gamocdilebis simultanur reaqciebs. kognituri

Sefasebis TeoriaSi rogorc sastimulo movlenebi, ise fiziologiuri agzneba
kogniturad fasdeba situaciis gasaRebisa da konteqstis faqtorebis mixedviT.
emociuri gancda aRmocendeba agznebis donisa da kognoturi Sefasebis xasaiTis
urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.
am situaciaSi mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebi midiodnen emociur daskvnamde (`me
mainteresebs es qali~), romelic emyareboda agznebis wyaros mcdar atribucias
(`aRmagznebs qali da ara saxifaTo xidi~). msgavs eqsperimentSi studentebs
orwuTiani aerobikis varjiSis Semdeg unda aReweraT sakuTari mdgomareoba.

510

rodesac cdis pirebi sakuTar mdgomareobas uSualod varjiSis damTavrebis

Semdeg aRwerdnen, naklebad aRniSnavdnen Zlieri emociebis arsebobas. am
SemTxvevaSi maT ufro advilad SeeZloT sakuTari agzneba daekavSirebinaT da
aexsnaT varjiSiT, vidre emociuri mdgomareobiT., xolo, rodesac cdis pirebi
sakuTar emociur mdgomareobas aRwerdnen varjiSis damTavrebidan garkveuli
periodis Semdeg, ris gamoc varjiSi naklebad relevanturad eCvenebodaT
gaxangrZlivebul agznebasTan mimarTebaSi, isini Zlieri emociebis arsebobas
aRniSnavdnen (Sinclair et al., 1994).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis zogierTi aspeqti mecnierebma eWvis qveS daayenes.
magaliTad, Tqven zemoT SeityveT, rom agznebis mdgomareobebi _ avtonomiuri
nervuli

sistemis

aqtivoba,

romlebic

Tan

axlavs

sxvadasxva

emociebs,

erTmaneTis identuri ar aris (Levenson et al., 1992). amrigad, zogierTi emociuri

gancdisaTvis interpretacia, SesaZloa, arc iyos aucilebeli; garda amisa, Zlieri
agznebis

gancda

yovelgvari

aSkara

mizezis

gareSe

ar

iwvevs

neitralur,

aradiferencirebul mdgomareobas, rogorc es Teoriis mixedviT iTvleba. erTi

wamiT

SeCerdiT

gagixSirdaT,

da

sunTqva

warmoidgineT,
zedapiruli

rom
da

zustad

xSiri

axla

gagixdaT,

guliscema

uecrad

gulmkerdis

kunTebi

dageZabaT da xelisgulebi gagiofliandaT. rogor interpretacias gaukeTebdiT am

simptomebs? SesaZloa, ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, magram Turme adamianebi, sazogadod,
gaurkvevel fizikur agznebas xsnian, rogorc uaryofiTs, rogorc niSans, rom
raRac ar aris wesrigSi. dabolos, adamianebis mxridan amgvari axsnis mcdeloba
mimarTulia imaze, rom moxdes stimulis dadgena, romelic axsnis, an daadasturebs
am negatiur interpretacias (Marshal & Zimbardo, 1979; Maslach, 1979).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis kidev erTi kritika ekuTvnis robert zaioncs
(Robert

Zajonc),

romelmac

daadgina

iseTi

pirobebi,

romelSic

SesaZlebelia

raRacisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba msjelobis gareSe da grZnobis gancda misi

mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe (Zajonc, 1980, 2000). mcire eqspoziciis efeqtis (mere
exposure effect) eqsperimentebis seriaSi cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen sxvadasxva stimuls,
rogoricaa ucxo sityvebi, iaponuri ieroglifebi, ricxvebis seriebi da ucxo
saxeebi. es stimulebi ise swrafad miewodebodaT cdis pirebs, rom maTi cnobieri
aRqma SeuZlebeli iyo. cdis pirebs ki mainc SeeZloT upiratesobis miniWeba
zogierTi stimulisaTvis, am arCevanis mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe. stimulebi,
romlebsac

yvelaze

xSirad

imeorebdnen

prezentaciis

dros,

met

mowonebas

imsaxurebda. amrigad, naCveneb iqna, rom es gaZlierebuli mowoneba Tavs iCenda

stimulebis cnobieri cnobis gareSe.

511

amrigad, umjobesi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom kognituri Sefaseba emociuri gancdis

mniSvnelovani, magram ara erTaderTi, procesia (Izard, 1993). mTel rig pirobebSi
Tqven, SesaZloa, marTlac daakvirdeT garemos (aracnobierad mainc), raTa axsnaT
Tqveni grZnobebi.
Sedegad

zog SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni emociuri gancda SesaZloa evoluciis

Camoyalibebuli

Sinagani

kavSirebis

kontrols

eqvemdebarebodes.

fiziologiuri pasuxi, am SemTxvevaSi, ar saWiroebs interpretacias. gansxvavebuli

gzebis arseboba, romlebsac emociur gancdamde mivyavarT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom
emociebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben.
axla ganvixiloT es funqciebi.
emociis funqciebi
risTvis

gvaqvs

emociebi?

ra

funqcias

asruleben

emociebi

CvenTvis?

am

SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi, SesaZloa, dagvexmaros Cveni cxovrebidan erTi dRis

gaxseneba da imis warmodgena, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni cxovreba
emociebis gancdis, an gagebis unaris gareSe. axla ganvixiloT emociis zogierTi
funqcia, romelsac is, mkvlevarTa azriT, asrulebs Cvens cxovrebaSi.

motivacia da agzneba
warmoidgineT aseTi SemTxveva: _ pirvelad CaicviT axali jempri da misi nakeri
mxarze irRveva. ratom mibrundebiT maRaziaSi da moiTxovT kompensacias? me-12
Tavis Tanaxmad, es SemTxveva unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sakiTxi motivaciis Sesaxeb.
Tu am moqmedebis Tqveneuli pasuxi iqneba: _`radgan me Zalian gavbrazdebi~, an
`radgan sasowarkveTa dameufleba~, aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom emociebi xSirad
iZlevian impulss moqmedebisaTvis; emociebs aqvT motivaciuri funqcia, iwveven ra
adamianSi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisaken swrafvas garkveuli realurad gancdili,
an warmodgenili movlenebis sapasuxod. amis Semdeg emociebi warmarTaven qcevas
garkveuli

miznebisaken.

yvelaferi,

raTa

sxva

moxibloT,

adamianis
iyoT

siyvarulisaTvis,

masTan

axlos

da

SesaZloa,

daicvaT

gaakeToT

igi.

sakuTar

principebs, an qveynis siyvaruls, SesaZloa, sicocxle SeswiroT.

ierksierks-dodsonis

kanoni

korelacia

amocanis

Sesrulebasa da

agznebis

optimalur dones Soris.

axla

ganvixiloT

SemTxvevebi,

rodesac

emocias

SeuZlia,

daiwyos

Tqvenze

batonoba. yofilxarT odesme iseTi gabrazebuli, rodesac gigrZvniaT, rom ar

512

SegwevT

raime

situaciebze

moqmedebis

Sesrulebis

fiziologiuri

agznebiT

unari?

rogorc

pasuxobT.

ukve

vnaxeT,

mecnierebi

emociur

varaudoben,

rom

mimarTeba agznebasa da raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas (performance) Soris mihyveba

gadmobrunebuli

laTinuri

U-s

formis

funqcias

()

(Hebb,

1955).

es

mrudi

winaswarmetyvelebs, rom Zalian sustma, an Zalian Zlierma agznebam SeiZleba

daaqveiTos
stimulaciis

moqmedebis

Sesrulebis

SemTvevaSi,

xarisxi.

SesaZloa,

ver

zedmetad

moaxerxoT

susti

Tqveni

fiziologiuri

qcevis

efeqturad

organizeba (Bexton et al., 1954). zedmetad Zlieri stimulaciis dros, SesaZloa,

emociam gadafaros kognicia.
suraTze 13.4 naCvenebia mimarTeba agznebasa da Sesrulebas Soris. suraTze,
aseve,

optimaluri

gansazRvrulia

agznebis

donis

cneba

saukeTeso

SesrulebisaTvis. zogierTi davaleba ukeT sruldeba, rodesac agznebis maRali

done gvaqvs, zogierTi ki _ ufro saSualo dones saWiroebs. zogierTi amocanis
SemTxvevaSi,
agznebis

rodesac

donis

agzneba

gasaRebi

SedarebiT

amocanis

dabalia,

sirTulea.

Sesruleba

Zneli

an

maqsimaluria,

rTuli

amocanebis

warmatebiT gadaWrisaTvis saWiro agznebis optimaluri done kontiniumis dabal

mxareze mdebareobs. sirTulis Semcirebasa da amocanis gamartivebasTan erTad
Sesrulebis

optimaluri

done

done,

romelic

saWiroa

yvelaze

efeqturi

SesrulebisaTvis _ ufro matulobs. am mimarTebas ierkesierkes-dodsonis kanoni (YerkesDodson Law) ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac, rTuli amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba
mcirdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad, maSin, roca martivi amocanebis Sesrulebis
efeqturoba izrdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).
sur. 13.4 ierksierks-dodsonis kanoni

Sesruleba varirebs agznebis donisa da amocanis sirTulis mixedviT. advili,

an martivi amocanebis SemTxvevaSi agznebis SedarebiT ufro maRali done zrdis
Sesrulebis efeqturobas maSin, roca rTuli da Zneli amocanebisaTvis agznebis
ufro dabali done aris optimaluri. agznebis saSualo done, zogadad, yvelaze
ukeTesia

saSualo sirTulis amocanebisaTvis. gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s

formis () funqciebi gviCvenebs, rom Sesruleba yvelaze uaresia agznebis rogorc

yvelaze dabal, ise _ yvelaze maRal wertilebze.
amrigad, emociis mniSvnelovan funqcias warmoadgens moqmedebisTvis impulsis
micema, rac mniSvnelovani miznebisaken moZraobis dawyebas niSnavs. fiziologiuri

513

agzneba, romelsac emociuri situaciebi iwvevs, saWiroa optimaluri Sesrulebis

gansaxorcieleblad. magram sifrTxilea saWiro, raTa emociebs ar mivceT imdenad
gaZlierebis saSualeba, rom Sesruleba mrudis qvemoT daSvebul mxareze moxvdes.

emociebis socialuri funqciebi

socialur doneze emociebi asruleben socialuri interaqciebis regulatoris
funqcias. rogorc dadebiTi socialuri makavSirebeli, isini gvaaxloeben zogierT
adamianTan, xolo rogorc uaryofiTi socialuri gamRizianeblebi, gvaSoreben
zogierT adamians. Cven ganveridebiT mas, vinc ganrisxebulia; Cven vuaxlovdebiT
adamians, romelic RimiliT, gafarToebuli gugebiT da gamamxnevebeli mzeriT
gvagrZnobinebs, rom gviRebs. SesaZloa, davfaroT sxva adamianis mimarT Zlieri
negatiuri emociebi misi statusis, an Zalauflebis gamo. gavixsenoT d.r., romelmac
dakarga amigdalas funqcia da, masTan erTad, brazisa da SiSis aRqmis unari (Scott
et al., 1997). rodesac adre ganvixileT d.r-s SemTxveva, gTxoveT, warmogedginaT,
rogori iqneboda cxovreba, rom ar SegeZloT adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini
cdiloben,

gadmogvcen

uaryofiTi

emociebi.

magaliTad,

ra

moxdeba,

rom

ar

gqondeT sxvebisagan imis gagebis unari, rom situacia saSiSia? an, rom Tqvenma
qcevam gamoiwvia sxvaSi brazis reaqcia? d.r-m amigdalaSi, garkveuli funqciis
dakargvasTan

erTad,

dakarga

Tavis

socialur

garemoSi

srulyofilad

funqcionirebis unari.
gancdil emociebs Zlieri gavlena aqvs imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebT socialur
viTarebebSi.

ganvixiloT,

ra

gavlena

aqvs

pozitiur,

an

negatiur

guneba-

ganwyobilebas Txovnis formulirebaze.

saidan viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens metyvelebaze
eqsperimentis monawileebi uyurebdnen moklemetraJian filmebs, romlebic maT
ayenebda mxiarul, neitralur, an sevdian gunebaze. mas Semdeg, rac gunebaganwyobileba SeeqmnebodaT, eqsperimentatori avalebda TiToeul cdis pirs,
moetana
oTaxSi

gamokvlevis
imyofeboda.

stimulis

Canaweri

mimarTvebs,

asistentisagan,

romlebsac

cdis

romelic
pirebi

gverdiT
iyenebdnen

asistentisadmi Txovnis Camosayalibeblad, iwerdnen. Semfaseblebi (romlebmac

ar

icodnen,

Tavazianobis

romeli
mixedviT

cdis

piri

afasebdnen.

rogor
rogorc

gunebaze
13.5

iyo)

suraTzea

TiToeul
naCvenebi,

Txovnas
guneba-

514

ganwyobilebas didi zegavlena hqonda Tavazianobaze: _ mowyenili cdis pirebi

yvelaze Tavazianebi iyvnen; isini yvelaze TavSekavebulebi aRmoCndnen sxvebis
mimarT kategoriuli ( potenciurad araTavaziani) moTxovnebis wayenebaSi (Forgas,
1999).
daakvirdiT Tqvens sakuTar cxovrebas: _ ufro riskianebi xarT socialur
situaciebSi, rodesac karg, mxiarul gunebaze xarT? ufro frTxilebi xarT cud,
mowyenil gunebaze Tu ara?
mkvlevrebi

miuTiTeben,

agreTve,

emociis

gavlenaze

prosocialuri

qcevis

stimulirebaze (Hoffman, 1986; Isen, 1984; Schroeder et al., 1995). rodesac adamianebs Tavs
kargad agrZnobineben, maSin ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini CaerTon sxvadasxva
altruistul qcevaSi (Carlson et al., 1988). rodesac erT-erT gamokvlevaSi cdis pirebs
garkveul danaSaulSi damnaSaved agrZnobinebdnen Tavs, isini momavalSi daxmarebis
gawevis mzaobas gamoTqvamdnen, savaraudod, sakuTari danaSaulis Sesamsubuqeblad
(Carlsmit & Gross, 1969). amisave msgavsad, is, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs adamiani,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad prosocialuri iyo misi qceva. magaliTad,
rodesac adamianebi ixsenebdnen iseT situaciebs, romelSic uari uTxres sxvas
daxmarebis gawevaze, maT guneba ufuWdebodaT (Williamson et al., 1996). es, ZiriTadad,
maSin xdeboda, rodesac adamiani, romelsac uars eubnebodnen, maTi kargi megobari,
ojaxis

wevri,

an

romantikuli

mniSvnelovanwilad

partniori

damokidebulia

imaze,

iyo.
Tu

Tu

rogor

ramdenad

grZnobT

SegiZliaT

Tavs,
Tqveni

socialuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba.

emociebis gavlena kognitur moqmedebaze

emociebi kognitur funqciebs emsaxureba imiT, rom gavlenas axdens imaze, rasac
aqcevT yuradRebas; imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs da rogor
xsniT

da

ixsenebT

cxovrebiseuli

situaciebis

sxvadasxva

Taviseburebebs.

mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom emociur mdgomareobebs SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos

swavlaze, mexsierebaze, socialur msjelobaze, daskvnasa da kreatulobaze (Bredley
1994; Forgas,

1995,

2000).

emociuri

reaqciebi

mniSvnelovan

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis organizebasa da kategorizaciaSi.

sur. 13.5. gunebaguneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena Tavazianobaze

rols

asruleben

515

mxiarul, neitralur da cud gunebaze myofi cdis pirebi TxovniT mimarTavdnen

ucnobs. Semfaseblebi adgendnen TiToeuli Txovnis Tavazianobis xarisxs 1-dan
(araTavaziani) 7 - (Tavaziani) safexurian skalaze. cud, mowyenil gunebaze myofi
cdis pirebis Txovna ufro Tavaziani aRmoCnda (magaliTad: _ `fails xom ver
momcemdiT?~ da ara _ `stimulis faili mWirdeba!~)
informaciis gadamuSavebaSi emociebis rolis kvleva gordon bauerma (Gordon
Bower, 1981, 1991) da misma studentebma daiwyes. baueris Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac
adamiani ganicdis garkveul emocias garkveul situaciaSi, es emocia mexsierebaSi
inaxeba mis Tanmxleb sxva movlenebTan erTad, rogorc imave konteqstis nawili.
mexsierebis
kongruentul

reprezentaciis
gadamuSavebas

es
da

paterni
masze

ganapirobebs
damokidebul

guneba-ganwyobilebis
mexsierebas.

guneba-

ganwyobilebis Sesabamis (kongruentul) gadamuSavebasTan (mood-congruent processing)

maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani SerCeviTad mgrZnobiarea imis mimarT, rom
gadaamuSaos

da

aRadginos

informacia,

romelic

mis

mimdinare

guneba-

ganwyobilebas eTanxmeba. masalas, romelic dominirebuli guneba-ganwyobilebis

Sesabamisia, ufro metad amCneven, aqceven yuradRebas, ufro Rrmad da Sinaarsianad
gadaamuSaveben (Giligan & Bower, 1984). guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsiereba
(mood-dependent memory) exeba pirobebs, romelSic adamians uadvildeba informaciis
gaxseneba; rodesac misi guneba gaxsenebis momentSi emTxveva im gunebas, romelic
mas hqonda informaciis damaxsovrebis dros (Eich, 1995; Eich & Macaulay, 2000).
axla ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mocemulia rogorc gunebis Sesabamisi
gaxsenebis, ise, masze damokidebuli damaxsovrebis magaliTebi.
saidan viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba da avtobiografiuli mexsiereba
am kvlevaSi ori tipis musikas _ mxiarulsa da mowyenils _ iyenebdnen
sasiamovno da usiamovno guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad. mas Semdeg, rac cdis
pirebs Sesabamis gunebas Seuqmnidnen, maT awvdidnen 16 neitralur sityvagamRizianebels da sTxovdnen, rom am sityvebze sapasuxod gaexsenebinaT
SemTxvevebi sakuTari cxovrebidan. magaliTad, cdis pirs aCvenebdnen sityvas
`vardi da mas rac SeiZleba swrafad unda gaexsenebina raime sakuTari
cxovrebidan. monacemebma aCvena guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisi gaxsenebis
arseboba: _ karg, sasiamovno gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis mogonebebis 72%
Sefasebul iqna, rogorc dadebiTi mogonebebi, xolo cud, usiamovno gunebaze
myofi cdis pirebisa _ mxolod 52%.
guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsierebis Sesaswavlad igive cdis

516

pirebi ori dRis Semdeg kvlav Sekribes laboratoriaSi da isev musikiT

Seuqmnes guneba-ganwyobileba. cdis pirTa erT nawils eqsperimentis orive
nawilSi erTnairi guneba-ganwyobileba Seuqmnes (magaliTad, orive cdaSi
sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes); cdis pirTa meore nawils ki sxvadasxva gunebaganwyobilebas uqmnidnen (magaliTad, pirvel cdaSi usiamovno gunebaze
ayenebdnen, meoreSi _ sasiamovnoze). Tu mexsiereba marTlac gunebaganwyobilebazea damokidebuli, cdis pirebi, romlebsac orive cdaSi erTnair
gunebas uqmnidnen, ufro met informacias unda ixsenebdnen, vidre cdis pirebi,
romlebsac gansxvavebul gunebas uqmnidnen. miRebuli monacemebiT swored aseTi
paterni gamovlinda: _ cdis pirebi, orive cdaSi erTnairi guneba-ganwyobilebiT,
ixsenebdnen wina cdaSi gaxsenebulis 35%-s, xolo gansxvavebuli gunebis mqone
cdis pirebi _ wina cdis mogonebebis mxolod 26%-s (Eich et al., 1994).
gaixseneT Cveni diskusia kodirebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb
monacemebs

guneba-ganwyobilebasTan

saWiroa

emociebis

damateba

dakavSirebiT
mogonebebis

mivyavarT

me-8 TavSi. am

im

azramde,

kodirebisaTvis

rom

mniSvnelovan

konteqstualur TvisebaTa nusxaSi.

dabolos,

ukanaskneli

urTierTmimarTebasTan

SeniSvna

guneba-ganwyobilebasa

dakavSirebiT.

mkvlevrebma

da

kognicias

Tanmimdevrulad

Soris

aCvenes,

rom

dadebiTi afeqti _ sasiamovno guneba-ganwyobileba _ ganapirobebs azrovnebisa da

problemis

gadawyvetis

ganvixiloT

kvleva,

kreatulobis
sasiamovno
Cuqnida),

met

efeqturobasa

romelSic

garkveul

gunebaze

dones

daayenes

sagrZnoblad

ukeTesi

eqimebs

da

kreatulobas

sTxovdnen

moiTxovda.

cdis

(eqsperimentatori
Sedegi

hqondaT

(Isen et al., 1987).

problemebis
pirebs,
cdis

gadaWras,

romlebic

pir

eqimebs

kreatulobis

rac

zomierad
kanfetebs

testSi,

vidre

sakontrolo jgufis eqimebs (anu maT, vinc winaswar ar iRebda saCuqars) (Estrada et
al., 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT am tipis aRmoCenebis uSualod gamoyeneba. Tqven ufro
efeqturad da kreatulad SegiZliaT saSinao davalebis Sesruleba, Tu kargi
guneba-ganwyobilebis SenarCunebas SeZlebT. Tqven, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT azri: _
`rogor unda SevinarCuno kargi guneba-ganwyobileba, roca amdeni saqme maqvs
gasakeTebeli?~
gavumklavdeT

axla
mas.

Cven

agreTve,

SevexebiT
vnaxavT,

stress
Tu

da

imas,

Tu

rogor

rogor

aris

SesaZlebeli

SegviZlia
sakuTari

grZnobebis kontroli kogniciiT.

Sejameba
Carlz darvinma wamoayena idea, rom emociebi ganviTarda garkveuli kategoriis
ganmeorebad situaciebze sapasuxod. kros-kulturulma gamokvlevebma ganamtkica
evoluciuri midgoma, uzrunvelyo ra is faqtebiT, rom saxis eqspresiebi da maTi

517

cnoba universaluria. miuxedavad amisa, kulturebs aqvT gansxvevebuli normebi

imis

Sesaxeb,

Tu

rogor

da

sad

aris

SesaZlebeli

emociebis

gamovlena.

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema, limburi sistema da korteqsis nawilebi garkveul

rols TamaSoben emociis fiziologiaSi. emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, gansazRvron
kauzaluri

urTierTkavSiri

fiziologiur

agznebasa

da

individis

emociur

gancdebs Soris. Tanamedrove Teoriebi ufro da ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom

kognicia, Sefasebis saxiT, garkveul rols TamaSobs grZnobebis interpretaciaSi.
emociebi xSirad adamianebis motivirebas emsaxurebian; isini, aseve, asruleben
garkveul rols socialuri urTierTobebis regulaciasa da kognituri procesebis
Sinaarsisa da efeqturobis gansazRvraSi.
cxovrebiseuli stresi
davuSvaT, gTxovT, gaixsenoT, rogor `grZnobdiT Tavs dRis ganmavlobaSi.
Tqven SeiZleba gviTxraT, rom drodadro sixaruls, sevdas, brazs, gakvirvebas da
a.S. ganicdidiT; magram aris kidev erTi grZnoba, romelsac adamianebi xSirad
adareben erTgvar xmaurs, romelic fonad gasdevs maTi yoveldRiuri gancdebis
umetesobas

da

sazogadoeba

es

aris

amkvidrebs

stresi

cxovrebis

(Sapolsky,
swraf,

1994).

Tanamedrove

cvalebad

temps.

industriuli

adamianebi

xSirad

iZulebulni arian, erTdroulad bevri ram akeTon; isini wuxan, rom maTi momavali
gaurkvevelia
ukeT

da rom ojaxisa da garTobisaTvis dro ar rCebaT. viqnebodiT ki

stresis

gareSe?

ustreso

cxovreba

gamowvevebs

ar

gvTavazobs

arc

dasaZlev sirTuleebs, arc dasapyrob sferoebs da arc raime saWiroebas, rom

davxvewoT goneba da ganvaviTaroT Cveni SesaZleblobebi. yoveli organizmi gare
sinamdvilidan
organizmma

da sakuTari

es

problemebi

moTxovnilebebidan momdinare

gamowvevebs

aucileblad

raTa

unda

gadaWras,

awydeba.

gadarCes

da

paterni

im

ganviTardes.
stresi

aris

organizmis

mastimulirebeli movlenis

mier

mimarT,

ganxorcielebul
romelic

urRvevs

reaqciaTa

wonasworobas, gamocdas

uwyobs mas, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars. mastimulirebeli movlenebi moicavs

mravalferovan garegan da Sinagan viTarebebs, romelTa krebiTi saxelwodebaa
stresorebi. stresori aris mastimulirebeli movlena, romelic organizmisagan
garkveul adaptaciur reaqcias moiTxovs. mag., Tqveni manqanis win velosipedisti
zigzagebiT

moZraobs,

profesorma

semestruli

gamocdis

TariRi

gadmogiwiaT,

518

gTxoven klasis prezidentis arCevnebSi sakuTari kandidaturis wardgenas. aseT

SemTxvevebSi individis reaqcia cvlilebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnaze ramdenime
doneze mimdinare _ fiziologiuri, qcevis, emociur da kognitur _ reaqciaTa
sxvadasxva

kombinaciiT

iqmneba.

rogori

reaqcia

SeiZleba

gqondeT

zemoT

CamoTvlil TiToeul stresorze?

13.6 suraTze mocemulia stresis mimdinareobis elementebi. am nawilSi Cven
SevecdebiT, naTeli wamodgena SegiqmnaT suraTze mocemul yvela maxasiaTebelze.
daviwyebT
aRvwerT

stresorebze
sxvadasxva

zogadi

fiziologiuri

kategoriis

stresorTa

reaqciebis
calkeul

ganxilviT;
efeqtebs.

Semdeg

dabolos,

ganvixilavT sxvadasxva meTods, romelTa gamoyenebiTac SegiZliaT Tavi gaarTvaT

stresebs Tqvens cxovrebaSi.
sur. 13.6. stresis modeli aklia Tavad modelis sqema

stresuli
stresorTan

situaciis
da

masTan

kognituri

interpretacia-Sefaseba

dasapirispireblad

arsebul

urTierTqmedebs

fizikur,

socialur

da

pirovnul resursebTan. sxvadasxva safrTxeze individi gansxvavebul doneebze

reagirebs: _ fiziologiur, qceviT da kognitur doneebze. zogierTi reaqcia
adaptaciuri

bunebis

mqonea,

zogierTi

ki

araadaptaciuri

da

xSirad

momakvdinebelic ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

stresi

specifikuri

da

araspecifikuri

reaqciebis

paterni,

ganxorcielebuli organizmis mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT, romelic

arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
stresori _ Sinagani an garegani movlena an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze
rogori

iqneba

Tqveni

reaqcia,

rodesac

SedixarT

klasSi

moulodnelad sakontrolo wera gaqvT? albaT, TqvenSi es

da

igebT,

rom

garkveul stress

gamoiwvevs, magram ras unda niSnavdes es Tqveni sxeulebrivi reaqciebisaTvis? im

fiziologiur reaqciaTagan, riTac emociur situaciebs aRvwerT, bevri maTgani
stresis

yoveldRiur

mdgomareobebi,

magaliTebsac

romlebic

naTlad

Seesabameba.
gamoxatuli

agznebis
dasawyisiT

iseTi
da

droebiTi

dasasruliT

xasiaTdeba, mwvave stresis magaliTebs warmoadgens. qronikuli stresi ki, piriqiT,

aris

agznebis

droSi

ganfenili

mdgomareoba,

sadac

wayenebuli

moTxovnebi,

519

individis aRqmiT, aRemateba mis xelT arsebul stresTan gasamklaveblad saWiro

Sinagan da garegan resursebs. qronikuli stresis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi
frustracia
yvelaferi

imis
is,

gamo,

rac

rom

gsurT.

ver

axerxebT

modiT,

gamonaxoT

vnaxoT,

rogor

dro,

raTa

reagirebs

gaakeToT

sxeuli

am

gansxvavebuli tipis stresebze.

mwvave stresi _ agznebis gardamavali mdgomareoba, Cveulebriv,

dawyebisa da

dasrulebis aSkarad gamoxatuli paternebiT.

qronikuli stresi _

agznebis

xangrZlivi

mdgomareoba,

romlis

drosac

individi aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi aRemateba Sinagan da

garegan resursebs, romlebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan dasapirispireblad.
brZola, an gaqcevis reaqcia _ Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic
amoqmeddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls
brZolisa da SetevisaTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqcevisaTvis. bolodroindeli
monacemebis

Tanaxmad,

es

reaqcia

mxolod

mamrobiTi

sqesisaTvis

aris

damaxasiaTebeli.

damxmare reaqciebi mwvave safrTxeze MM

1920-ian wlebSi uolter kenonma pirvelad aRwera mecnierulad, Tu rogor
reagireben

cxovelebi

da

adamianebi

safrTxeze.

man

aRmoaCina,

rom

nervul

qsovilebsa da jirkvlebSi aqtivoba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT xorcieldeba, raTa

sxeuli moemzados garkveuli reaqciisaTvis: TavdacvisaTvis

da brZolisaTvis, an

usafrTxo adgilisken gaqcevisaTvis. kenonma am ormag stresul reaqcias brZola,

an

gaqcevis

reaqcia

uwoda.

am

stresuli

reaqciis

centri

mdebareobs

hipoTalamusSi, romelic mraval emociur reaqciaSi monawileobs. hipoTalamuss

zogjer stresis centrad miiCneven sagangebo viTarebebSi Sesrulebuli ormagi
funqciis gamo: _ (1) is akontrolebs avtonomiur nervul sistemas (ans) da (2)
axdens hipofizis jirkvlis aqtivirebas.
ans sxeulis organoTa moqmedebas aregulirebs. stresul viTarebaSi xdeba
sunTqvis

gaxSireba

da

gaRrmaveba,

guliscemis

gaxSireba,

sisxlZarRvebis

Seviwroveba da sisxlis wnevis aweva. am Sinagan cvlilebebTan erTad farTovdeba

yelisa da cxviris sasunTqi gzebi, raTa filtvebs meti haeri miewodos da, amave
dros, saxeze Zlieri emociis eqspresia Cndeba. gluv kunTebs miewodeba signalebi
zogierTi

iseTi

sxeulebrivi

funqciis

SesaCereblad,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

520

saWmlis moneleba, rogorc sagangebo viTarebisaTvis mzadebis situaciis Seusabamo

moqmedeba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis kidev erT funqcias stresis dros warmoadgens
adrenalinis gamoyofa. is signals awvdis Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebis Sida nawils,

adrenalur medulas (mogrZo tvini), romelic gamoyofs or hormons - epinefrinsa

da norepinefrins, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, signals awvdian mTel rig organoebs,
raTa Seasrulon sakuTari specializebuli funqciebi. elenTa gamoimuSavebs ufro
met wiTel burTulebs (raTa Wrilobis SemTxvevaSi sisxlis
xeli),

xolo

burTulebi

Zvlis

(raTa

tvini

stimulirdeba,

SeebrZolos

SesaZlo

gamoimuSavos
infeqcias);

Sededebas Seuwyos
ufro

RviZli

meti

TeTri

stimulirdeba,

gamoimuSavos meti Saqari sxeulis energiiT mosamarageblad.

hipofizi
gamoyofiT,

reagirebs
romlebsac

tiroTropuli

hormoni

hipoTalamusidan
sasicocxlo
(tTh)

mosul

mniSvneloba

astimulirebs

signalebze
aqvT

ori

stresze

farisebr

hormonis

reaqciisaTvis.

jirkvals,

romelic

uzrunvelyofs organizms meti energiiT; adrenokortikotrofuli hormoni (akth),

romelic

cnobilia,

rogorc

`stresis

Hhormoni,

astimulirebs

Tirkmelzeda

jirkvlis garegan nawils, rasac mohyveba metaboluri procesebis makontrolebel

hormonTa gamoyofa da Saqris gadasvla RviZlidan sisxlSi. akth awvdis, agreTve,
signalebs sxvadasxva organoebs, rom gamoiyos daaxloebiT 30 sxvadasxva hormoni,
romelTagan

TiToeuli

garkveul

rols

asrulebs

sxeulis

brZolisTvis

momzadebaSi. sxeulis fiziologiuri reaqcia stresze naCvenebia 13.7 suraTze.

suraTi 13.7. sxeulis reaqcia stresze sqema asawyobia, aq mxolod teqstia naTargmni

stresi mTel rig fiziologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs Tqvens sxeulSi.

521

- ikumSeba kanis sisxlZarRvebi,

- gugebi farTovdeba da wamwamovani

ConCxis kunTebi, tvini da

kunTi dundeba Sors xedvisaTvis

Sinagani organoebi

- bronqebi farTovdeba

- Zlierdeba oflis gamoyofa

- guliscema Cqardeba, guliscemis

Tmovani safarveli qmnis `batis

kans
- Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebi
astimulireben adrenalinis
gamoyofas, zrdian sisxlSi
Saqris Semcvelobas, sisxlis

sixSire zrdis SekumSvis siZlieres

moZravi adamianis sqema

- kani xorkliandeba da sxeulis

- mcirdeba saWmlis momnelebeli

traqtis peristaltikas
- RviZli gadaisvris Saqars sisxlis
nakadSi
- mcirdeba pankreasis sekrecia
- mcirdeba saWmlis momnelebeli

wnevas da guliscemas

sekretebis gamoyofa farTovdeba

- iketeba analuri spinqteri

garegani sasqeso organoebis

- iketeba urinaluri spinqteri

sisxlZarRvebi
- dundeba Sardis buSti

janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgenlis _ Seli teilorisa (Shelley Taylor)

da

misi

kolegebis

bolodroindeli

analizi

(2000)

aCvenebs,

rom

stresze

fiziologiur reaqciebs, SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi hqondes mdedrobiTi da

mamrobiTi sqesis arsebebisaTvis. teilori da misi kolegebi gamoTqvamen varauds,
rom qalebi ar ganicdian brZola, an gaqcevis reaqcias; metic, am mkvlevarTa
Tanaxmad, ufro savaraudoa, rom stresorebi ubiZgeben qalebs zrunvisa da movlis
reaqciis gamovlenisaken: _ stresis dros qalebi uzrunvelyofen Tavisi Svilebis
usafrTxoebas maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze zrunviT; qalebi uvlian
Tavisi socialuri jgufis wevrebs imave mizniT _ Semcirdes maTi STamomavlobis
mowyvladoba. albaT, SeamCnevT, rom stresze reagirebis sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis
es analizi esadageba adamianis qcevis Cven mier zemoT ganxilul evoluciur
Tvalsazriss.

magaliTad,

rodesac

ganvixilavdiT,

aRvniSneT,

rom

gansxvavebulia,

nawilobriv,

im

me-12

qalisa

TavSi

adamianis

da

mamakacis

fardobiTi

rolebis

seqsualur

qcevas

dawyvilebis strategiebi
gamo,

rasac

qalebi

da

mamakacebi evoluciis manZilze bavSvis aRzrdaSi asrulebdnen. aq mocemuli azric

arsebiTad igivea: _ Svilis aRzrdaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli

522

evoluciuri rolebis gamo stresze pirveladi fiziologiuri reaqciebi maTSi

sruliad gansxvavebul qcevas iwvevs.
dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia _ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, savaraudoT,
tipuria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stresorebi ubiZgeben mdedrs daicvas Svilebi
da SeuerTdes socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis Sesamcireblad.
samwuxarod, rogorc reaqcia `brZola, an gaqceva~, ise reaqcia _

`zrunva da

movla~, naklebad gamosadegia Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi. mravali stresori, romlis

zemoqmedebas

yoveldRiurad

ganicdian

rogorc

qalebi,

ise

kacebi,

stresze

fiziologiur reaqcias sruliad araadaptaciurs xdis. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,

rom rTul gamocdas abarebT da dro swrafad garbis. garda gamaxvilebuli
yuradRebisa, rac stresze Tqveni reaqciebidan marTlac Rirebulia, sxva danarCen
fiziologiur cvlilebebs kargi araferi moaqvs: _ ar arsebobs is, visac unda
SeebrZoloT, an viszec unda izrunoT da a.S. reaqciebi, romlebic saxeobebs
CamouyalibdaT

garedan

wamosuli

safrTxis

kontrproduqtulia, anu mavne Sedegebis

dasaxvedrad,

amJamad

ukve

momtania fsiqologiuri stresorebis

mravali Tanamedrove tipis SemTxvevaSi. es marTlac asea. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT,

bevri adamiani cxovrebas qronikuli stresis pirobebSi atarebs.

zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi

sindromi (zas) da qronikuli stresi
pirveli Tanamedrove mkvlevari, romelmac ikvlia sxeulze xangrZlivi, Zlieri
stresis moqmedebis efeqtebi, iyo kanadeli endokrinologi hans selie (Hans Selye).
1930-iani wlebis meore naxevridan selie aRwerda laboratoriuli cxovelebis
rTul

reaqciebs

iseT

mavne

agentebze,

rogoricaa

baqteriuli

infeqciebi,

toqsinebi, travma, moZraobis SezRudva, sicxe, sicive da a.S. selies stresis

Teoriis Tanaxmad, mraval sxvadasxva saxis stresors SeuZlia gamoiwvios erTnairi
reaqcia, anu zogadi sxeulebrivi reaqcia. yoveli stresori moiTxovs adaptacias _
organizmma unda SeinarCunos, an aRidginos integrirebuloba da janmrTeloba.
stresorebze reaqcia seliem aRwera, rogorc zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas),
romelic moicavs sam stadias: _ gangaSis reaqcia, winaaRmdegobis stadia da
gamofitvis
agznebis

stadia
xanmokle

(Selye, 1976a, 19976b).

periodebi,

gangaSis reaqciebi

romlebic

amzadeben

aris

sxeuls

sxeulebrivi
energiuli

aqtivobisaTvis. Tu stresori droSia ganfenili, sxeuli gadadis winaaRmdegobis

stadiaze _ zomieri agznebis mdgomareobaSi. winaaRmdegobis stadiis ganmavlobaSi

523

organizms

SeuZlia

erTxans

kidev

aitanos

winaaRmdegoba

da

gauwios

gaWianurebuli stresorebis damangrevel moqmedebas, magram Tu stresori sakmaod

xangrZlivi da intensiuria, xdeba sxeulis resursebis amowurva da organizmi
gadadis gamofitvis stadiaze. es sami stadia

gamosaxuli da ganmartebulia 13.8

suraTze.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi _ araspecifikur adaptaciur fiziologiur
meqanizmTa

paterni,

romelic

vlindeba

TiTqmis

yovelgvari

seriozuli

stresoris xangrZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.

fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi _ fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafrdeba, an
imTaviTve

miewereba xangrZliv moqmed stress Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs,

an Zlierdeba maTi zegavleniT.

seliem daadgina ramdenime safrTxe, romelic gamofitvis stadias ukavSirdeba.
gavixsenoT, magaliTad, rom akth monawileobs stresze xanmokle reaqciaSi, magram
xangrZlivi moqmedebis pirobebSi is amcirebs bunebrivi mkvleli ujredebis (natural
killer cells) unars, mospos kibos ujredebi da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi sxva infeqciebi.
roca sxeuli qronikulad stresis mdgomareobaSia, `stresis hormonebis~ Warbi
gamomuSaveba

safrTxes

uqmnis

imunuri

adaptaciuri

sindromis

amgvari

gageba

sistemis
Rirebuli

integrirebulobas.
aRmoCnda

zogadi

fsiqosomaturi

darRvevebis asaxsnelad _ daavadebebisa, romlebic mxolod fizikuri mizezebiT

ver

aixsneba,

daavadebis

im

eqimebis

mizezad.

is,

gasakvirad,
rac

kargad

romlebic

stress

emsaxureba

arasdros

sxeuls

miiCnevdnen

mwvave

stresTan

Sesagueblad, asustebs qronikul stresze sxeulis reaqcias.

selies

gamokvleva

daavadebas

warmogvidgens,

rogorc

gardauval

reaqcias

stresze. Tumca, mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom Tqveni fsiqologiuri interpretacia _

Tu ra aris stresuli da ra ara, Tu rogor afasebT potenciurad stresul
movlenebs _ gavlenas axdens sxeulis fiziologiur reaqciaze. sxeulze stresis
gavlenis Sesaxeb sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa selies fundamenturi
fiziologiuri

Teoriis

kombinireba

fsiqologiuri

faqtorebis

Sesaxeb

mogvianebiT Catarebul gamokvlevebTan.

fsiqologiuri reaqciebi stresze
fsiqologiuri reaqcia stresze aris avtomaturi, winaswargansazRvruli,
Tandayolili reaqcia, rac, Cveulebriv, ver kontroldeba cnobierad. Tumca, bevri
fsiqologiuri reaqcia naswavlia, an SeZenilia, isini damokidebulia samyaros

524

aRqmasa da interpretaciaze. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT fsiqologiur pasuxebs

stresorebis iseT kategoriebze, rogoricaa mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebebi da travmatuli movlenebi.
sur. 13.8. zogadi adptaciuri sindromi
I stadia: gangaSis reaqcia II stadia: winaaRmdegoba
(mudmivad meordeba
(mudmivad meordeba
cxovrebis manZilze)
cxovrebis manZilze)

III stadia: gamofitva

Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis
tvinovani Sris gadideba

Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis
tvinovani Sris SekumSva

limfuri struqturebis
gadideba/disfunqcia

limfuri sistemis
gadideba

sisxlSi hormonTa
Semcvelobis mateba

sisxlSi hormonTa
Semcvelobis mateba

limfuri kvanZebis
normalur zomaze
dabruneba

adptaciuri hormonebis
amowurva

reaqcia specifikur
stresorze

sisxlSi hormonTa
Semcvelobis SenarCuneba

maRali fiziologiuri
agzneba

avtonomiuri nervuli
sistemis parasimpatikuri
nawilis neitralizeba

sawyisi Tu sxva, gareSe

stresorebisadmi
winaaRmdegobis unaris
daqveiTeba

afeqturi gancda _
xSirad depresia

avadmyofoba

sikvdili

epinefrinis gamoyofa,
dakavSirebuli
fiziologiuri agznebis
da negatiuri afeqtis
maRal doneebTan

stresoris momatebuli
intensivobisadmi ufro
didi mgrZnobeloba

daavadebisadmi
momatebuli
mgrZnobeloba

(Tu gagrZelda, II
stadiidan amoqmeddeba
zogadi adaptaciuri
sindromis ufro neli
komponentebi)

amtanoba stresoris
mimarT, Semdgomi
damasustebeli
efeqtebisadmi
winaaRmdegoba
stresisadmi momatebuli
mgrZnobeloba

(Tu stresi grZeldeba

intensiur doneebze, xdeba
hormonaluri rezervebis
amowurva, Cndeba
daRliloba da individi
gadadis III stadiaze)

stresoris gamoCenis Semdeg sxeulis winaaRmdegoba mcirdeba, sanam gangaSis

saTanado reaqciis fiziologiuri cvlilebebi ar
doneze.

Tu

stresoris

moqmedeba

grZeldeba,

daabrunebs mas normalur

gangaSis

reaqciis

sxeulebrivi

niSnebi, faqtobrivad, qreba; konkretuli stresoris mimarT winaaRmdegoba iwevs

normaze maRla, magram ecema sxva danarCeni stresorebis mimarT. es adaptaciuri
winaaRmdegoba sxeuls funqcionirebis normalur doneze abrunebs. stresoris
xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Semdeg adaptacia irRveva, gangaSis niSnebi xelaxla iCens

525

Tavs. stresorebis zegavlena Seuqcevadia da individi xdeba avad da SeiZleba

daiRupos kidec.
umniSvnelovanesi cxovrebiseuli movlenebi
cxovrebiseul

situaciaSi

momxdari

cvlilebebi

umniSvnelovanesi

mravali

adamianisaTvis stresis safuZvels warmoadgens. iseTi sasurveli movlenebic ki,

rogoric aris, magaliTad, latariaSi mogeba an samsaxurSi dawinaureba, SeiZleba
cxovrebis

Cveuli

msvlelobis

Zireul

cvlilebas

da

axal

moTxovnebTan

adaptacias moiTxovdes. gavixsenoT, ojaxuri bednierebis paterni, romelic me-11

TavSi aRvwereT. marTalia, bavSvis dabadeba daqorwinebuli wyvilis cxovrebaSi
erT-erTi yvelaze sasurveli cvlilebaa, magram, amasTanave, es movlena Zlieri
stresis

wyaroc

aris,

vinaidan,

garkveulad,

aqveiTebs

qorwinebiT

gamowveul

kmayofilebas (Cowan & Cowan, 1988; Levenson et al., 1993). amrigad, rodesac cdilobT,
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs daukavSiroT, saWiroa rogorc
pozitiuri, ise negatiuri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba.
cxovrebiseuli
seriozuli

movlenebis

kvlevis

sagnad

gavlena
iqca.

fsiqikur

kvleva

da

daiwyo

fizikur
1960-ian

janmrTelobaze

wlebSi,

rodesac

SeimuSaves socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skala, e.w. SRRS (Social Readjustment

Rating

sakmaod

Scale),

martivi

instrumenti

adaptaciis

donis

Sesafaseblad,

romelsac moiTxovs adamianis cxovrebaSi momxdari sxvadasxvagvari _ rogorc

sasiamovno, ise usiamovno _ cvlilebebi. es skala SemuSavda sxvadasxva profesiis,
socialuri

mdgomareobis

romlebsac

sTxoves,

da

a.S.

mieTiTebinaT

zrdasrul

adamianTa

cxovrebiseul

pasuxebis

movlenaTa

safuZvelze,

nusxidan

romeli

exeboda piradad maT. es zrdasruli adamianebi TiToeuli cvlilebisaTvis saWiro

readaptaciis sidides afasebdnen qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad
mieniWa cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa 50 erTeuli. Semdeg mkvlevrebma gamoTvales
individis mier gancdil cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa erTeulebis (LCU-Life-change
units) jami, rac individis mier gancdili stresis odenobis sazomad gamoiyenes
(Holms & Rahe, 1967). 1990-ian wlebSi SRRS-ma modernizeba ganicada. mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes igive procedura _ sTxoves monawileebs, SeefasebinaT cxovrebiseuli
movlenebiT gamowveuli stresi qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi (Miller & Rahe, 1997).
modernizebul

variantSi

maCveneblebTan

SedarebiT,

LCU-s
anu

Sefasebebi
1990-iani

gaizarda

wlebis

45%-iT

gamokvlevaTa

Tavdapirvel
monawileebi

526

ambobdnen, rom mTlianobaSi isini ganicdidnen stresis gacilebiT maRal doneebs,

vidre 1960-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa monawileebi. amave dros, 1990-iani wlebis
gamokvlevebSi monawile qalebi cxovrebaSi meti stresis gancdas aRniSnavdnen,
vidre mamakacebi.
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi _ stresis gamokvlevebSi gamoyenebuli
stresis donis sazomi, romelsac iwvevs drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili
sxvadasxva tipis cvlileba.
cxrili

13.1

warmoadgens

am

skalis

modificirebul

variants

kolejis

studentebisaTvis. sanam mas waikiTxavdeT, SeCerdiT da SeamowmeT Tqveni stresis

done studentebisaTvis gansazRvrul stresis skalaze. rogoria Tqveni LCU-s
qulebi. Cven dagiTmobT oTaxs, rom es savarjiSo samjer CaitaroT, ase rom,
SegeZlebaT semestris ganmavlobaSi Tqveni stresis donis diagrama SeadginoT.
mkvlevrebma
janmrTelobis
gamokvlevaSi
gamomwvevi

mravali

xerxi

mdgomareobas
monawile

virusiT

aRmoaCines
Soris

moxaliseebi

inficirebaze.

cxovrebiseul

mimarTebis

gamosavlenad.

nebayoflobiT
is

movlenebsa

monawileebi,

da

erT-erT

Tanxmdebodnen
romlebsac

surdos
negatiur

cxovrebiseul movlenaTa koeficienti jgufis saSualosTan mimarTebaSi ufro

maRali aRmoaCndaT, 10%-iT meti albaTobiT surdoTi marTlac avaddebodnen (Cohen
et al., 1993). moifiqreT msgavsi kvleva,

romelsac uSualo kavSiri eqneba Tqven mier

mecadineobis dagegmvis mizniT gakeTebul arCevanTan.

saidan viciT
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gadaxdili safasuri
rodesac profesori gaZlevT sakurso davalebas, rac stresuli movlenaa
yoveli studentis cxovrebaSi, rogor iqceviT: _ maSinve iwyebT mis Sesrulebaze
zrunvas Tu bolo wuTisaTvis gadadebT mas? fsiqologebma SeimuSaves sazomi
instrumenti _ saqmis gadadebis zogadi skala (Lay, 1986), raTa ganesxvavebinaT
erTmaneTisagan isini, vinc, Cveulebriv, bolo wuTisaTvis moitoveben saqmes `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ da vinc amas arasodes akeTebs _ `saqmis argadamdeblebi~.
mkvlevrebma

Seavsebines

fsiqologiis

kurss

es

skala

gadiodnen

da

studentebs,
romlebsac

romlebic
sakurso

janmrTelobis
naSromi

unda

warmoedginaT semestris bolos. am studentebs sTxoves, aReniSnaT, semestris

dasawyisSi

da

semestris

bolos

fizikuri

daavadebis

ramden

simptoms

527

ganicdidnen. ar yofila moulodneli, rom `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ abarebdnen

Tavis naSroms ufro gvian, vidre `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ da uares niSnebsac
iRebdnen. 13.9 suraTi asaxavs saqmis gadadebis gavlenas fizikur janmrTelobaze.
rogorc

vxedavT,

`saqmis

gadamdeblebi~

semestris

dasawyisSi

aRniSnavdnen

avadmyofobis nakleb, xolo semestris bolos _ met simptoms, vidre maTi `saqmis
argadamdebeli~ Tanatolebi (Tice & Baumeister, 1997).
cxrili 13.1.
13. stresis skala studentebisaTvis

stresis skala studentebisaTvis warmoadgens Hholmsisa da raihis socialuri

readaptaciis Sefasebis skalis adaptirebul variants. yovel movlenas eniWeba
qula,

romelic

warmoadgens

readaptaciis

sidides,

rac

cxovrebiseuli

cvlilebis sapasuxod unda ganaxorcielos pirovnebam. isini, vinc 300 da met

qulas agroveben, janmrTelobis mxriv maRali riskis mqoneni arian. 150-300 qulis
mqoneTa Sansi _ ganicadon janmrTelobis mdgomareobis seriozuli cvlileba ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi _ aris 50/50.
m o v l e n a
ojaxis wevris sikvdili

cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis
erTeulebi
100

uaxloesi megobris sikvdili

73

mSobelTa ganqorwineba

65

patimroba

63

sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba, an

avadmyofoba

63

daqorwineba

58

samsaxuridan daTxovna

50

mniSvnelovan saganSi CaWra

47

ojaxis wevris janmrTelobis

mdgomareobis Secvla

45

orsuloba

45

seqsualuri problemebi

44

seriozuli uTanxmoeba axlo megobarTan

40

finansuri statusis Secvla

39

specializaciis ZiriTadi sagnis Secvla

39

problemebi mSoblebTan

39

axali partniori _ `gerlfrend~, an `boyfriend~

38

saswavlo datvirTvis gazrda

37

528

gansakuTrebuli piradi miRwevebi

36

pirveli kursis pirveli semestri kolejSi

35

sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvla

31

seriozuli uTanxmoeba maswavlebelTan

30

mosalodnelze dabali niSnebis miReba

29

Zilis Cvevebis Secvla

29

socialur aqtivobaTa Secvla

29

kvebis Cvevebis Secvla

28

manqanasTan dakavSirebuli qronikuli

problemebi

26

ojaxuri Sexvedrebis sixSiris Secvla

26

Zalian bevri gacdenili mecadineoba

26

kolejis gamocvla

24

erTze meti Caubarebeli sagani

23

moZraobis wesebis umniSvnelo darRvevebi

20

Cemi pirveli monacemi sul

Cemi meore

___ (TariRi)

monacemi sul

Cemi mesame

(TariRi)

monacemi sul

(TariRi)

am gamokvlevidan Cans, rom yvela cxovrebiseuli movlena adamianebze erTnair

zegavlenas ar axdens. `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ saqmes iwyeben dauyovnebliv da,
amdenad,
magram

stress
`saqmis

aridebas

da

avadmyofobis

gadamdeblebis~

semestris

bolosaken

simptomebs

mier

semestris

semestris

fizikur

dasawyisSi

dasawyisSi

daavadebaTa

ganicdian.

stresisagan

mkveTri

zrda

Tavis

mosdevs.

gamodis, rom isini, savaraudod, cudad grZnoben Tavs swored im momentSi, roca
janmrTelad

yofna

esaWiroebaT,

raTa

yvela

dawyebuli

saqme

warmatebiT

daasrulon! kargad daufiqrdiT am Sedegebs, rodesac TiToeuli semestrisaTvis

moqmedebis sakuTar gegmas SeimuSavebT. Tu migaCniaT, rom saqmes, Cveulebriv,
bolosaTvis
saswavleblis

itovebT,

sasurvelia,

konsultantTan,

rom

konsultacia
qceva

miiRoT

SeicvaloT.

fsiqologTan,
Tqveni

niSnebi

an
da

janmrTeloba sasworze devs!

sur. 13.9. saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gaRebuli safasuri

mkvlevrebma
gadamdeblebi

daadgines,
da

saqmis

rom

arsebobs

argadamdebeli

studenTa

ori

studentebi.

kategoria:
studentebs

saqmis

sTxoves,

ecnobebinaT, semestris dasawyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis

529

ramdeni simptomi hqondaT. semestris bolosaTvis yvela students simptomTa mateba

aReniSneboda,

magram

rogorc

vvaraudobdiT,

saqmis

gadadebis

moyvarulebi

aRniSnavdnen gacilebiT met simptoms, vidre maTi saqmis argadamdebi Tanatolebi.

katastrofuli da travmuli movlenebi
movlena,

romelic

negatiuria

da,

amasTanave,

umarTavi,

moulodneli

da

gaugebari, gansakuTrebiT Zlier stress iwvevs. yvela es piroba gansakuTrebiT

TvalnaTliv

Cans

katastrofuli movlenebis SemTxvevaSi. fil zimbardo (Phil

Zimbardo) ixsenebs, rom igi 1989 wels beisbolSi msoflios Cempionats eswreboda,
rodesac katastrofuli miwisZvra moxda:

`davikaveT Tu ara me da Cemma samma Svilma adgilebi san-franciskos qendelstik

parkSi, orkestrma dakvra daiwyo. uecrad, mTelma stadionma ryeva daiwyo, sinaTle
yvelgan gamoirTo da tablo Cabnelda. 6 aTasi mayurebeli sruliad dadumda.
swored am wuTebSi Zlieri miwisZvra moxda. Cvens gverdiT mjdom kacs aRmoaCnda
portatuli televizori, romelic aCvenebda sxvadasxva adgilebSi gaCenil xanZars,
Cangreul xidebs, gzebze momxdar avariebs da uamrav daRupul adamians.~
miwisZvridan sul mokle xanSi fsiqologTa gundi Seudga imis Seswavlas, Tu
rogor umklavdeboda xalxi katastrofas.
saidan viciT
miwisZvris fsiqologiuri Sedegebi
gamokvlevisaTvis
SearCies

daaxloebiT

san-franciskos

800

zonidan

respondenti
da

ramdenime

SemTxveviTobis

principiT

moSorebuli

qalaqidan.

respondentebs interviu utardebodaT miwisZvridan 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 16, 28, an 50

kviris Semdeg. respondentebi aTwuTian satelefono gamokiTxvaSi saubrobdnen
sakuTari gancdebis, socialuri qcevisa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
san-franciskos mkvidrTa Soris dadginda stresze reaqciis sami gansxvavebuli
faza: _ sagangebo fazaSi (emergency phase) (pirveli sami-oTxi kvira) socialuri
kontaqti, SiSi da miwisZvris Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi gaizarda; faruli
faza (inhibirion phase) (samidan rva kviramde) xasiaTdeboda miwisZvris Sesaxeb
fiqrisa da laparakis uecari SemcirebiT, magram, samagierod, xdeboda stresTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi arapirdapiri reaqciebis gazrda, rogoricaa miwisZvrasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi da uneblie azrebi; adaptaciis fazaSi (ori Tve da
meti)

katastrofis

fsiqologiurma

efeqtma

TiTqos

gadaiara

adamianTa

530

umravlesobaSi, Tumca, san-franciskos mcxovrebTa 20%-ze meti miwisZvridan

erTi wlis Semdegac kvlav distress ganicdida (Pennebaker & Harber, 1993).
san-franciskos
fsiqologebs

katastrofaze

axali

adamianTa

katastrofis

reaqciebis

oklahoma

sitis

ganzogadeba
dabombvis

daexmara

Sedegebis

SemsubuqebaSi (Krug et al., 1996; Parson, 1995).

gaupatiurebisa

da

incestis

msxverplni,

TviTmfrinavisa

da

seriozuli

saavtomobilo katastrofebis dros gadarCenilebi, omis veteranebi da sxvebi,

romelTac

matravmirebeli

movlenebi

piradad

ganicades,

SeiZleba

emociurad

reagirebdnen posttravmuli stresis aSlilobiT (PTSD). posttravmuli stresis

aSliloba

aris

matravmirebeli

stresze

reaqcia,

movlenis

mudmivi,

romlis

drosac

akviatebuli

individi

gancdiT,

itanjeba

magaliTad,

e.w.

`fleSbekebis~, anu warsuli mogonebebis uecari gacocxlebis, an Ramis koSmarebis

formiT (DSM-IV, 1994). es adamianebi ganicdian emociur `gaxevebas~ yoveldRiur
movlenaTa

mimarT

da

reaqciiT

gamowveul

simptomTa

mateba,

sxva

adamianebTan

emociur

rogoricaa

tkivils
Zilis

gaucxoebis
SeuZlia

problemebi,

grZnobas.

gamoiwvios
gadarCenis

sabolood,

am

sxvadasxvagvar

gamo

danaSaulis

gancda, yuradRebis koncentraciis darRveva da gaZlierebuli SekrTomis reaqcia.

seqsualuri

Zaladobis

msxverplni

xSirad

avlenen

posttravmuli

stresis

mraval niSans (Acierno et al., 1999). gaupatiurebidan 2 kviris Semdeg Catarebul

gamokiTxvebSi gaupatiurebis msxverplTa 94%-s daesva posttravmatuli stresis
diagnozi; Zaladobidan 12 kviris Semdeg msxverplTa 51%-is mdgomareoba kvlav am
diagnozs Seesabameboda (Foa & Riggs, 1995). qvemoT mocemuli nawyveti kolejis ori
studentis saubridan gaupatiurebis Semdgomi Sokis Sesaxeb gvacnobs metad Zlier
da xanier emociebs.

elisi: _ me SokSi karga xnis manZilze viyavi, SemeZlo laparaki faqtze, rom
gaupatiurebis msxverpli var, magram emociebma Tavi mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg
iCina.
beTi: _ pirveli ori kviris manZilze CemTan iyo xalxi, vinc SerCeuli myavda
Cemi ambis mosayolad da romlebmac Zalze, Zalze didi mxardaWera aRmomiCines;
ori kviris Semdeg ki maT TiTqos aseTi ram sTqves: _ `Zalian kargi, is ukve
gamovida mdgomareobidan da Cven SegviZlia wavideT~, magram mere da mere grZnob,

531

rom kidev ufro meti mxardaWera gWirdeba, radgan drois gasvlasTan erTad metad
acnobiereb Sens emociebs da imasac, rom saWiroa maTTan gamklaveba.
elisi: _ aris momenti, roca uaryof, rom es moxda. Sen TiTqos mTlianad
iviwyeb amas.
beTi: es imdenad ararealuria, ar ginda daijero, rom es marTla moxda, an, rom
es SeiZleba momxdariyo; Semdeg SiSis da brazis xangrZlivi periodi modis.
elisi: _ Zalian meSinoda, rom kvlav sirbili unda damewyo (elisi sirbilSi
varjiSis dros gaaupatiures). mas Semdeg, rac gamaupatiures, sruliad Sevwyvite
yovelgvari fizikuri varjiSi. am meoTxedSi isev daviwye, magram yovelTvis, roca
gavdivar sarbenad, SiSi ar mSordeba. guliscema miormagdeba. cxadia, marto ukve
aRar davrbivar, magram dRemde SiSi mainc mudmivad Tan mdevs.
beTi: _ kidev iseTi grZnoba gaqvs, TiTqos yvela Senma megobarma giRalata.
vnaxulob xolme sizmars, rom Cemi oTaxis gareT maupatiureben. sizmarSi yvelani
iyurebian

TavianTi

fanjrebidan.

saxeebs

Zalian

naTlad

vxedav.

yvela

Cemi

megobari gamofenilia fanjaraSi sayureblad, zogierTi Cemgan sul or nabijzea.

yvela

xedavs

ra

xdeba,

magram

saqmeSi

aravin

ereva.

viRviZeb

da

ukidures

martoobas ganvicdi ( Stanford Daily 1982).

posttravmuli stresis aSliloba (PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic
xasiaTdeba

matravmirebeli

Semawuxebeli

mogonebebis,

`gamonaTebebis~

saxiT;

movlenis

mudmivad

sizmrebis,

viTardeba

ganmeorebadi

halucinaciebis

gaupatiurebis,

da

gancdiT

disociaciuri

sicocxlisaTvis

saSiSi

movlenebis, Zlieri dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi katastrofebis pasuxad.

narCeni stresis paterni _ qronokuli sindromi, romelSic posttravmuli
emociuri reaqciebi grZeldeba xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
posttravmuli stresis emociuri reaqciebi SeiZleba gamovlindes mwvave formiT
uSualod

katastrofis

SeiZleba,

aseve,

Semdeg

ganagrZon

da

Semcirdes

arseboba

da

ramdenime

Camoyalibdnen

TveSi.

am

qronikul

reaqciebma
sindromad,

romelsac narCeni stresis paterni ewodeba (Silver & Wortman, 1980). es SeiZleba
gagrZeldes

Tveebis da wlebis manZilzec. klinikosebi dResac xvdebian meore

msoflio omisa da koreis omis veteranebs, romlebsac narCeni, an dagvianebuli

posttravmatuli

stresis

aSlilobebi

aReniSnebaT

(Zeiss & Dickman, 1989).

es

monacemebi amtkicebs, rom zogierTi saxis mwvave stresisgan yvela rodi `ikurneba~
(Wortman & Silver, 1989; Wortman et al., 1993).

qronikuli stresorebi

532

stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilvisas gavmijneT, erTi mxriv, mwvave,

mkveTrad

gamoxatuli

qronikuli,

anu

dasawyisisa

droSi

da

ganfenili

dasasrulis

stresorebi.

mqone

rac

da,

meore

Seexeba

mxriv,

fsiqologiur

stresorebs, aq mkveTri zRvris gavleba yovelTvis ar aris ioli. warmoidgineT,

magaliTad, rom velosipedi mogpares. es namdvilad aris stresis mwvave wyaro,
magram Tu mudmivad daiwyebT Relvas, rom axal velosipedsac mogparaven, am
movlenasTan

dakavSirebuli

stresi

SeiZleba

qronikuli

gaxdes.

mkvlevrebma

daadgines es paterni adamianebTan, romlebic seriozuli daavadebebiT, magaliTad,

kiboTi

arian

gamowveuli

(Anderson et al., 1994).

avad

SfoTvis

daZlevasTan

kibos

dakavSirebul

diagnoziT

da

mkurnalobiT

qronikul

stress

SeuZlia,

gaauaresos janmrTeloba ufro swrafad, vidre sakuTriv daavadebas.

mravali
garemo

adamianisaTvis

pirobebiT

aris

qronikuli
gamowveuli.

stresi
ra

sazogadoebrivi

kumulaciuri

viTarebebiT

efeqti

aqvs

da

Tqvenze

mosaxleobis siWarbes, kriminals, ekonomikur pirobebs, haeris dabinZurebas, Sidsisa da terorizmis safrTxes? rogor zemoqmedeben aRniSnuli da garemos sxva
stresorebi

Tqvens

fsiqikurad

kargad

yofnaze? adamianTa

zogierTi

jgufi

ganicdis qronikul stress Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri statusis an rasobrivi

identobis gamo, rasac aSkara gavlena aqvs zogadad kargad yofnaze. (Contrada et al.,
2000; Stone, 2000; Williams, 1999). afro-amerikelebs, magaliTad, gul-sisxlZarRvTa
daavadebebis

gacilebiT

ufro

maRali

koeficienti

aqvT,

vidre

TeTrkanian

amerikelebs. gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom amis ZiriTadi mizezi ar aris genetikuri

gansxvavebebi.
qronikuli

sisxlis
stresis

diskriminaciuli

maRali

wneva

Sedegia,

rasobrivi

afro-amerikelTa

romelsac

crurwmena

iwvevs

(prejudice):

Soris,

maT

rogorc

mimarT

Cans,

arsebuli

dabalstatusiani

samuSao,

SezRuduli ganaTleba, samuSaos uSedego Zebna da dabali socialur-ekonomikuri

statusi (Anderson et al.,1992; Klag et al., 1991). hipertenziis mizezi aris frustraciebi,
romelic gamowveulia mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRwevis
fuWi mcdelobiT; is ar ukavSirdeba genetikur faqtors. msgavsad amisa, qronikuli
stresi, romelsac socialur-ekonomikurad araxelsayrel pirobebSi myofi qalebi
ganicdian,
safrTxes

Seicavs
(Lobel,

naadrevi

1994;

Lobel

mSobiarobisa
et

al.,1992).

da

mcirewoniani

amgvarad,

siRaribisa

bavSvis
da

gaCenis

rasobrivi

533

crurwmenebis pirobebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi, SesaZloa, cxovrebas gacilebiT meti

riskis pirobebSi iwyeben, vidre maTi privilegirebuli Tanatolebi.E
saidan viciT
xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWiris damangreveli Sedegebi
gamokvlevaTa didi nawili, romelic aCvenebs, rom dabali Semosavali
dakavSirebulia janmrTelobis cud mdgomareobasTan, Semosavali mxolod
erTxel izomeboda. miRebuli korelaciebi, SesaZloa, ver afiqsireben
mravalwliani siRaribis kumulaciur efeqts, da, aseve, SeiZleba asaxavdnen
sapirispiro mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs: cudi janmrTeloba iwvevs siRaribes.
bolodroindelma gamokvlevam, romelSic ekonomikuri siduxWire izomeboda
1000-ze met respondentTan sami aTeuli wlis manZilze cxadad aCvena, rom
xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWire iwvevs fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da
kognituri funqcionirebis gauaresebas (Lynch et al., 1997).
ekonomikuri siduxWire ganisazRvreba, rogorc siRaribis federalur
donesTan

SedarebiT

200%-ze

naklebi

ojaxis

Semosavali.

1994

wlis

gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodebi zrdasrulma

adamianebma, ZiriTadad, 1965-1983 wlebSi ganicades da rom yvelaze meti problema
maT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis iseT ZiriTad aqtivobebTan hqondaT, rogoricaa,
saWmlis

momzadeba,

sayidlebi

da

dabana

dakavSirebul

fizikur

funqcionirebaSi. msgavsi efeqtebi fsiqologiur da kognitur funqcionirebaSic

gamovlinda. ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodis armqone adamianebTan SedarebiT
siRaribis

mdgomareobaSi

samjer

namyofi

adamianebi

samjer

ufro

xSirad

ganicdidnen klinikuri depresiis simptomebs, xuTjer ufro xSirad fasdebodnen,

rogorc

cinikurad

mtrulad

ganwyobilni

da

optimizms

moklebulebi

da

oTxjer ufro xSirad uCiodnen sirTuleebs kognitur funqcionirebaSi. imis

dasamtkiceblad, rom es Sedegebi gamowveulia ekonomikuri siduxWiriT da ara
sawyisi

cudi

janmrTelobiT,

mkvlevrebma

warmoadgines

monacemebi

im

monawileTa Sesaxeb, romelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareoba 1965 wlis sawyisi

gazomvebis

dros

bolodroindeli
Semosavlebs

da

iyo

kargi,

an

Zalian

ekonomikuri

da

politikuri

sul

ufro

met

kargi.

bavSvs

mkvlevrebma
strategia

aiZulebs,

daaskvnes,

rom

zrdis

araTanabar

icxovros

xangrZliv

siRaribeSi, rac tovebs `fizikur, fsiqologiur da kognitur anabeWds, riTac

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xarisxi qveiTdeba~ (gv. 1895).
am gamokvlevis monacemTa gacnobis Semdeg gakvirvebas aRar unda iwvevdes is,
rom qronikul stress SeuZlia bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebazec iqonios

534

gavlena. ganvixiloT gamokvleva, romelSic adgendnen stresis dones 6-dan 16

wlamde

bavSvebis

jgufSi

da,

amasTan,

zomavdnen

maT

inteleqts

testis

IQ

meSveobiT (ix. Tavi 10). monacemebis mixedviT, gamovlinda uaryofiTi korelacia

stressa da verbalur gaazrebas Soris IQ testSi: _ saSualod, rac ufro maRalia
stresis done am bavSvebis cxovrebaSi, miT uaresia maTi Sedegebi am parametris
mixedviT (Plante & Sykora, 1994). rogorc vxedavT, qronikuli stresis maRal dones
mavne

zegavlena

aqvs

bavSvebis

kognitur

aqtivobaze

(cognitive performance).

es

monacemebi imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom stresis zogierTi mavne efeqti socialuri

gadawyvetilebebiT unda ganeitraldes.

yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
dagveTanxmebiT, rom sayvarel adamianTan urTierTobis gawyvetas, miwisZvras an
diskriminaciul crurwmenas (prejudiss) namdvilad SeuZlia stresis gamowveva, magram
ras ityviT ufro sust stresorebze, romlebsac yoveldRiurad ganicdiT? ra
SegemTxvaT guSin? albaT, arc ganqorwindiT da arc avtokatastrofaSi sikvdils
gadaurCiT.

ufro

SesaZloa,

dagagviandaT

akrZalul

adgilze

dagifrTxoT.

es

savaraudoa,

rom

dagekargaT

mniSvnelovan

dayenebisaTvis,

yvelaferi

aris

rveulebi,

Sexvedraze
an

kidev,

an

an

dagajarimes

xmaurianma

ganmeorebadi

saxelmZRvanelo.
manqanis

mezobelma

yoveldRiuri

Zili

stresorebi,

romlebsac adamianTa umetesoba TiTqmis mudmivad ganicdis.

dRiurebis

gamokvlevam,

romelSic

TeTrkaniani,

saSualo

klasis

warmomadgeneli, saSualo asakis qalebi da mamakacebi iniSnavdnen dRis manZilze

momxdar

usiamovnebebs

erTi

wlis

ganmavlobaSi

(Zireul

cxovrebiseul

cvlilebaTa da fizikur simptomTa CanawerebTan erTad), gamoavlina sruliad

aSkara kavSiri usiamovnebebsa da janmrTelobis problemebs Soris: _ rac ufro
xSir da intensiur usiamovnebebs aRniSnavdnen adamianebi, miT uaresi iyo maTi
fizikuri

da

fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis

mdgomareoba

(Lazarus,1981;

1984b).

yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebis klebas kargad yofnis gancdis gaZliereba mohyveba

(Chamberlain & Zika, 1990).

mkvlevrebma

aCvenes,

rom

yoveldRiuri

uaryofiT moqmedebas cxovrebis sakmaod adreuli etapebidan iwyeben.

saidan viciT
sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebis mier gancdili yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi

usiamovnebebi

535

mkvlevrebma
yoveldRiuri

sTxoves

sabavSvo

usiamovnebebi.

am

baRis

74

aRsazrdels,

informaciis

aReweraT

mosapoveblad

TavianTi

mkvlevrebi

ekiTxebodnen bavSvebs, moxda Tu ara bolo erTi Tvis manZilze iseTi ram maT
cxovrebaSi, rogoricaa `raRacis dakargva~, an `vinmeze gabrazeba~. mas Semdeg,
rac ganisazRvra, moxda Tu ara TiToeuli es movlena, bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen,
imoqmeda Tu ara maTze am movlenam cudad. ase rom, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebis
sazomSi aisaxeboda, Tu ramdenad ganicdida bavSvi TiToeuli am movlenisagan
gamowveul stress. bavSvebze yoveldRiuri stresebis zegavlenis dasadgenad,
mkvlevrebma sTxoves bavSvebis mSoblebs da aRmzrdelebs, aReniSnaT ramdenad
cudad iqceodnen bavSvebi. Sedegebma aCvena dadebiTi korelacia yoveldRiur
usiamovnebebsa da qcevis problemebs Soris: _ saSualod, bavSvebi, romelTa
cxovreba

ufro

metad

iyo

datvirTuli

usiamovnebebiT,

qcevaSi

ufro

met

agresiasa da destruqcas avlendnen (Creasey et al.,1995).

xSirad bavSvobas umankoebis xanad miviCnevT. Tumca, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom
zogierTi

bavSvi

ukve

ganicdis

stresis

garkveul

dones,

rac

uaryofiT

SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli
fokusirebas Cven, ZiriTadad, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebze vaxdendiT, magram isic
unda iTqvas, rom mravali adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi yoveldRiuri
dadebiTi gancdebiT balansirdeba (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
gancdebis fardobiTi balansi SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes janmrTelobis
mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, erT-erT gamokvlevaSi 96 kacs pozitiuri da negatiuri
movlenebis yoveldRiur angariSs sTxovdnen. am kacebs, agreTve, yoveldRiurad
umowmebdnen imunuri reaqciis siZlieres. Sedegebma aCvenes, rom sasurveli
cxovrebiseuli movlenebi kavSirSi iyo ufro Zlier imunur reaqciasTan, xolo
arasasurveli movlenebi _ ufro sust reaqciasTan (Stone et al., 1994). amrigad, Tu
gvinda cxovrebis Semdgomi mimdinareobis winaswarmetyveleba, yoveldRiur
usiamovnebebis
gaTvaliswineba
sakmarisi
ar
aris,
saWiroa,
vicodeT
is
yoveldRiuri siamovnebebic, rasac cxovreba gvTavazobs.
Cven ukve mimovixileT adamianTa cxovrebaSi stresis mravali wyaro.
fsiqologebi sakmaod didi xnis winaTac xvdebodnen, rom am sxvadasxva tipis
stresorTa gavlena, didwilad, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad
SeuZlia adamians, Tavi gaarTvas maT. axla ganvixiloT, ramdenad warmatebulad Tu
warumateblad umklavdebian adamianebi stress.
stresis daZleva
Tu

cxovrebaSi

stresebi

gardauvalia

da

Tu

qronikul

stress

SeuZlia

cxovrebis dangreva da adamianis ganadgureba, aucilebelia, viswavloT stresis

536

marTva. daZleva exeba garegan da Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis process,

rodesac es moTxovnebi, individis aRqmis Tanaxmad, eWvqveS ayeneben, an aRematebian
mis resursebs (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). daZleva SeiZleba moicavdes qceviT, emociur,
an motivaciur reaqciebsa da azrebs. am nawils daviwyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor
zemoqmedebs kognituri Sefaseba imaze, rac ganicdeba, rogorc stresori, Semdeg
ganvixilavT

daZlevis

principebs,

ise

reaqciaTa

specifikur

tipebs;

aRvwerT

intervenciebs.

rogorc

dabolos,

daZlevis

ganvixilavT

zogad

zogierT

individualur gansxvavebas stresTan gamklavebis unarSi.

daZleva _ im garegan da Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic
aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcveli, an dauZleveli.

stresis Sefaseba
stresul situaciebTan gamklavebisas, pirveli nabijia, gansazRvroT, ramdenad
stresulni arian isini sinamdvileSi. kognituri Sefaseba (ix. gv. X) aris stresoris
kognituri

interpretacia

da

raodenobrivi

Sefaseba.

kognituri

Sefaseba

centralur rols asrulebs situaciis gansazRvraSi: _ ras moiTxovs is Cemgan,

ramdenad didia safrTxe, ra resursebs vflob masTan gasamklaveblad (Lazarus,1993;
Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). zogierTi iseTi stresori, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxeulis
dazianeba, almodebuli sakuTari saxlis naxva, TiTqmis yvelas mier ganicdeba,
rogorc safrTxe, Tumca, bevri sxva stresori SesaZlebelia sxvadasxvagvarad
ganisazRvros,
mdgomareoba,

imisda

mixedviT,

konkretuli

Tu

moTxovnis

rogoria

Tqveni

mimarTeba

piradi

Tqvens

cxovrebiseuli

ZiriTad

miznebTan,

moTxovnebTan gamklavebis SesaZleblobebi da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba.

situacia,

romelic

iwvevs

mwvave

distress

erT

adamianSi,

SeiZleba

sruliadECveulebrivi ram iyos meorisaTvis. SeecadeT, miaqcioT yuradReba da

gaiazroT cxovrebiseuli movlenebi, romlebsac gansxvavebulad xedavT Tqven da
Tqveni megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi: _ zogierTi situacia TqvenSi, magram ara
Tqvens megobrebsa da ojaxis wevrebSi, iwvevs stress. sxva movlenebi maTSi iwvevs
stress, TqvenSi ki _ ara. ratom?
riCard lazarusi, romlis kognituri Sefasebis zogadi Teoria wavumZRvareT
emociebis ganxilvas, moTxovnaTa kognitur SefasebaSi or stadias ganasxvavebs.

pirveladi Sefaseba aRwers moTxovnis seriozulobis sawyis Sefasebas. es Sefaseba

537

iwyeba kiTxvebiT: _ `ra xdeba?~ da `es CemTvis kargia, stresulia Tu CemTan

araviTari kavSiri aqvs?~ Tu pasuxi meore kiTxvaze aris `stresulia~, Tqven
afasebT stresoris potenciur zemoqmedebas da arkvevT, ziani ukve arsebobs Tu is
mxolod savaraudoa da saWiroa Tu ara qcevis ganxorcieleba (ix. cxrili 13.2). Tu
gadawyvetT, rom raRac unda iRonoT, iwyeba meoradi Sefaseba. afasebT stresul
viTarebasTan

gasamklaveblad

resursebs

da

grZeldeba

manam,

gansazRvravT
sanam

xdeba

Tqvens

xelT

saWiro

arsebul

moqmedebis

gamklavebis

pirovnul

da

socialur

SesaZleblobebs.

reaqciebis

mosinjva.

Tu

Sefaseba
pirveli

reaqciebi araefeqturia da stresi narCundeba, iwyeba axali reaqciebi da fasdeba

maTi efeqturobac.
cxrili 13.2 mtkice gadawyvetilebis gamotanis/kognituri Sefasebis safexurebi
safexuri

sakvanZo kiTxvebi

1. gamowvevis Sefaseba

- riski seriozulia, Tuki ar

Sevicvlebi?

2. alternativebis mimoxilva

- es alternativa misaRebi saSualebaa

gamowvevasTan dasapirispireblad?
- sakmarisad ganvixile Cem xelT
arsebuli alternativebi?

3. alternativebis awon-dawona

- romeli alternativaa saukeTeso?

- akmayofilebs saukeTeso alternativa
arsebiT moTxovnebs?

4. fiqri valdebulebis aRebaze

- ganvaxorcielo saukeTeso
alternativa da sxvebsac gavumxilo?

5. arCeul poziciaze myarad dgoma

uaryofiTi ukukavSiris miuxedavad

- riski seriozulia, Tuki ar

Sevicvlebi?
- riski seriozulia, Tuki Sevicvlebi?

kognituri Sefaseba aris stresis Semanelebeli cvladis magaliTi. stresis

Semanelebeli cvladebi is cvladebia, romlebic cvlian stresoris zemoqmedebas
konkretuli tipis stresul reaqciaze. Semanelebeli cvladebi filtravs, an saxes
ucvlis stresorebis Cveul zemoqmedebas individis reaqciebze. magaliTad, Tqveni
daRlilobis done da zogadi janmrTelobis statusi Semanelebeli cvladebia,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia mocemul
fsiqologiur, an fizikur stresorze. Tu karg fizikur formaSi xarT, maSin ukeT

538

gaumklavdebiT stresors, vidre maSin, roca karg formaSi ar xarT. SegiZliaT

naxoT,

Tu

ramdenad

Seesabameba

kognituri

Sefaseba

Semanelebeli

cvladis

gansazRvrebasac. is, Tu rogor SeafasebT stresors, momavalSi gansazRvravs imas,

Tu

ra

tipis

daZlevis

reaqciebis

gamoyeneba

dagWirdebaT.

axla

ganvixiloT

daZlevis reaqciebis zogadi tipebi.

daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebi

warmoidgineT, rom mniSvnelovani gamocdis dro axlovdeba. Tqven ifiqreT amis
Sesaxeb,

SeafaseT

situacia

da

sruliad

darwmunebuli

xarT,

rom

es

aris

stresuli situacia. risi gakeTeba SegiZliaT? mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom

daZleva SeiZleba win uswrebdes potenciurad stresul movlenas anticipatoruli
daZlevis formiT (Folkman, 1984). rogor unda gaumklavdeT mosalodneli gamocdiT
gamowveul stress? rogor unda uTxraT mSoblebs, rom skolidan gagricxes, an
sayvarels, rom igi aRar giyvarT? stresuli situaciis anticipacia aRZravs uamrav
azrsa da grZnobas, romelic Tavad SeiZleba iyos stresis gamomwvevi. ase xdeba
intervius, sityviT gamosvlis, an ucnob adamianTan Sexvedrisas. saWiroa icodeT,
rogor gaarTvaT Tavi stresul situacias.
ganasxvaveben daZlevis or ZiriTad gzas, imisda mixedviT Tu ra aris mizani,
problemasTan

uSaulo

dapirispireba

problemaze

mimarTuli

daZleva

Tu

stresiT gamowveuli diskomfortis Semcireba _ emociaze fokusirebuli daZleva

(Billings & Moos,1982; Lazarusrus & Folkman,1984). am ori ZiriTadi midgomis ramdenime
qvekategoria mocemulia cxrilSi 13.3
cxrili 13.3. daZlevis strategiebis taqsonomia
daZlevis strategiis tipi
problemaze mimarTuli daZleva

magaliTi
brZola (safrTxis ganadgureba,
moSoreba, an Sesusteba)

stresoris Secvla, an misdami sakuTari

damokidebulebis Secvla uSualo
gaqceva (safrTxisgan distancireba)
moqmedebebiT an/da problemis gadaWris brZolisa Tu gaqcevis variantebis
aqtivobebiT
SerCvea (molaparakeba, garigeba,
kompromisi)
momavali stresis prevencia (sakuTari
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris gazrda,
an anticipirebuli stresoris Zalis
Semcireba).
emociaze mimarTuli daZleva

somatikaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi

539

me-s cvlileba imgvari moqmedebebiT,

romlebic ukeT agrZnobinebs adamians
Tavs stresoris cvlilebis gareSe.

(SfoTvis sawinaaRmdego medikamentebis,

relaqsaciis, bio-ukukavSiris
gamoyeneba)
kognitur sferoze mimarTuli
aqtivobebi (dagegmili garTobebi,
fantaziebi, fiqrebi sakuTar Tavze)
Terapia damatebiTi SiSis gamomwvevi
cnobieri, an aracnobieri procesebis
dasaregulireblad,

daviwyoT problemaze mimarTuli daZleviT. `wavavloT xars rqebSi xeli~ - ase

aRiwereba

Cveulebriv

problemuri

situaciisTvis

mzadyofnis

strategia.

es

midgoma moicavs yvela strategias, romelic gamiznulia stresorebTan uSualod

dasapirispireblad

Ria

qceviT;

aseve,

problemis

racionalurad

gadaWris

aqtivobebs. xuligans an dauxvdebiT, an gaeqceviT; ecdebiT mis mosyidvas qrTamiT,

an sxva ramiT; Tqven

koncentrirdebiT gadasawyvet problemaze, an stresis

gamomwvev faqtorze; Tqven acnobierebT, rom saWiroa moqmedeba, afasebT situacias

da sakuTar resursebs, da axorcielebT reaqcias, romelic adekvaturia muqaris
mosaSoreblad,
sasargebloa
romelTa

an

Sesamcireblad.

kontrolirebadi

Secvla,

an

problemis

stresorebis

Semcireba

gadaWris

samarTavad

SesaZlebelia

iseTi

amgvari
_

anu

mcdelobebi
stresorebisa,

moqmedebiT.

rogoricaa,

magaliTad, avtoritaruli ufrosi, an aradamakmayofilebeli niSnebi.

emociaze

fokusirebuli

midgoma

ukeTesia

arakontrolirebadi stresorebis

zegavlenis samaraTavad. davuSvaT, pasuxismgebeli xarT alcheimeriT daavadebuli

mSoblis movlaze. msgavs situaciaSi ar arsebobs `xuligani~, romlis garemodan
mocilebasac SeZlebdiT; Tqven ver geqnebaT garegani stresuli situaciis Secvlis
gzebis povnis. amis nacvlad SeecdebiT, SecvaloT Tqveni grZnobebi da azrebi mis
Sesaxeb imiT, rom alcheimeriT daavadebulebze mzrunvelTa mxardaWeris jgufebSi
gaerTiandebiT, an daeuflebiT relaqsaciis teqnikas. es midgoma isev daZlevis
strategias ganekuTvneba, radgan acnobierebT, rom Tqvens kargad yofnas safrTxe
emuqreba da am safrTxis Semcirebas cdilobT.

stresis moderatori/Semasustebeli cvladebi _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian

mimarTebas stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stresul reaqcias Soris.

anticipatoruli daZleva _ potenciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorcielebuli

mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an asatani gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul

540

moTxovnebsa da xelT arsebul resursebs Soris.

daZleva aris situacia, romelSic, rac ufro met gansxvavebul strategias
flobT, miT ukeTesia (Taylor & Clark, 1986). daZleva rom warmatebuli iyos, Tqveni
resursebi

unda

mravalferovani
advilad

Seesabamebodes
strategiebis

moaxerxebT

am

aRqmul

floba

moTxovnas.

adapturia,

Sesabamisobis

miRwevas

amrigad,

radgan,
da

dagexmarebaT,

gazardoT

TqvenSi

realuri

unari,

savaraudod,

stresul

gamklavebas. metic, imis codna, rom daZlevis sxvadasxvagvar

daZlevis
ufro

movlenasTan

strategiebs flobT,

daakmayofiloT

garemodan

wamosuli moTxovnebi (Bandura,1986). TviTdarwmunebas SeuZlia dagicvaT mravali

stresoris Zlieri zegavlenisagan, radgan rwmena imisa,

rom mzadyofnaSi gaqvT

daZlevis resursebi, aRkveTs stresul, qaotur reaqcias `ra gavakeTo!?~

aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT stresorebis daZlevis zogad midgomebs, axla ki
warmatebuli daZlevis specifikur kognitur da socialur midgomebs gavecnobiT.

kognituri strategiebis modificireba

modificireba
stresTan adaptaciis Zlieri saSualebaa stresorebis Tqveneuli Sefasebebisa
da maTi daZlevis Sesaxeb TavdacviTi kogniciebis Secvla. Tqven sxvagvarad unda
gaiazroT mocemuli situacia, Tqveni rolis masSi da is kauzaluri atribuciebi,
romlebsac akeTebT arasasurveli Sedegis asaxsnelad. stresis gonebrivi daZlevis
ori gza arsebobs: _ sakuTriv stresorTa bunebis gadasinjva da stresze sakuTar
reaqciaTa Sesaxeb codnis restruqturireba.
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi stresis
gancdas nawilobriv ise akontroleben, rogorc cxovrebiseul movlenebs afaseben
(Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). garkveuli stresorebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad fiqris
swavla, maTTvis saxelis Secvla, an maTi warmosaxva naklebad saSiS (an, Tundac,
sasacilo) konteqstSi warmoadgens kognituri gadafasebis formas, rasac stresis
Semcireba SeuZlia. RelavT imis gamo, rom sityviT unda gamoxvideT didi, mkacri
auditoriis

winaSe?

stresoris

gadafasebis

erT-erTi

teqnika

aseTia:

warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni potenciuri kritikosebi darbazSi SiSvlebi sxedan, rac

namdvilad

Seamcirebs

maT

SiSismomgvrel

Zalas.

SfoTavT

imis

gamo,

rom

morcxvobas ver daZlevT wveulebaze, romelsac aucileblad unda daeswroT? xom

ar mogeZebnaT vinme Tqvenze ufro morcxvi da saubris dawyebiT simorcxvis
daZlevaSi daxmarebodiT.

541

Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT stresis marTva imiT, rom SecvaloT is, rasac sakuTar
Tavs

eubnebiT mis

bihevioristma
1977,1985,1993)

inokulacias

Sesaxeb

da

SecvaloT

fsiqoTerapevtma

donald

SemogvTavaza
(acras)

samfaziani

iTvaliswinebs.

masTan

mopyrobis

(Donald

maihenbaumma
procesi,

fazaSi

xerxi.

Meichenbaum,

amgvar

stresis

cdiloben

sakuTari

romelic

adamianebi

kognitur-

aqtualuri qcevis ukeT gacnobierebas _ ra iwvevs mas da ra Sedegebi moaqvs,

risTvisac saukeTeso xerxi yoveldRiuri Canawerebis warmoebaa. es Canawerebi
exmareba adamianebs sakuTari problemebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis safuZvelze
axlebur gaazrebaSi da aZliereben maTi kontrolis gancdas. SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT,
magaliTad, rom Tqveni niSnebi cudia (stresori), radgan yovelTvis cota dros
itovebT saklaso davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad; II fazaSi adamianebi iwyeben
axali qcevebis gansazRvras, romlebic aRkveTen araadaptaciur, TviTdestruqciul
qcevebs. albaT, unda gamoyoT fiqsirebuli `samecadino dro~, an Ramis satelefono
zarebi 10 wuTamde daiyvanoT; III fazaSi, adapturi qcevebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg,
individebi afaseben TavianTi axali qcevis Sedegebs, aqamde ganxorcielebuli
damakninebeli Sinagani
Tavs:

`gamimarTla,

dialogis gareSe. nacvlad imisa, rom uTxran sakuTar

rom

profesorma

swored

maSin

gamiZaxa,

roca

teqsti

wakiTxuli mqonda~, isini amboben: _ `mixaria, rom momzadebuli viyavi profesoris

SekiTxvisaTvis. araCveulebrivia, rodesac mas Wkvianurad SegiZlia upasuxo."
es

samfaziani

gamonaTqvamebis

midgoma
inicirebas,

gulisxmobs
romlebic

reaqciebis

da

SeuTavsebelia

sakuTari
aqamde

Tavis

Sesaxeb

ganxorcielebul

damakninebel azrebTan. am gzis arCevis Semdeg, adamianebi acnobiereben sakuTar

cvlilebas da aRiarebis mopovebis SesaZleblobas cvlilebiT, romelic momavali
warmatebebis sawindaria.
13.4 cxrilSi mocemulia sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb axali tipis gamonaTqvamebis
magaliTebi, romlebic stresul situaciebTan gamklavebaSi gvexmareba. stresis
inokulaciis treningi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi.
cxrili 13.4. sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis magaliTebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
stresis
stresis daZlevas

momzadeba
me SemiZlia SevimuSavo misi daZlevis gegma.

542

ubralod mosafiqrebelia, ra SemiZlia gavakeTo amisaTvis. es nerviulobaze

ukeTesi gamosavalia.
ar aris saWiro uaryofiTi mimarTva sakuTari Tavisadmi,
Tavisadmi iazrovne
racionalurad.
konfrontacia
erTbaSad erTi nabiji; me SemiZlia am situaciis marTva.
es SfoTva aris is, rasac eqimi miwinawarmetyvelebda. es aris Sexseneba Cemi
daZlevis meqanizmebis gasavarjiSeblad.
dawynardi; Tavs vakontroleb, nela, Rrmad isunTqe.
daZleva
rodesac SiSi geufleba, Seisvene.
yuradReba awmyoze SeaCere, ra maqvs gasakeTebeli?
nu ecdebi SiSis mTlianad gaqrobas, SeinarCune marTvad doneze.
amaze uaresic SeiZleboda momxdariyo.
ubralod, sxva rameze ifiqre.
TviTganmtkiceba
gamomivida, me SevZeli amis gakeTeba.
iseTi cudic ar yofila, rogorsac movelodi.
marTla kmayofili var Cemi miRwevebiT.

saidan viciT
stresis inokulaciis treningi tkivilis samarTavad
am gamokvlevaSi monawileoba

miiRo 60 sportsmenma mamakacma, romelTac

sportuli travmis gamo muxlis qirurgiuli operacia CautardaT. sportsmenTa

naxevari

moxvda

samkurnalo

jgufSi,

sadac

reabilitaciis

Cveulebriv

programas stresis inokulaciis treningi daemata. treningi fokusirebuli iyo

gamojanmrTelebis periodis SfoTvisa da tkivilis saxeobebze da xels uwyobda
mamakacebs
gamoyenebaSi.

zemoT

aRwerili

danarCenma

kognituri

ocdaaTma

restruqturizaciis

mamakacma

mxolod

teqnikebis

reabilitaciis

standartuli kursi gaiara. samocive monawiles sTxoves, moewodebinaT tkivilis

543

gancdis

subieqturi

Sefasebebi

mkurnalobis

dawyebamde

da

Semdeg,

aTive

fizioTerapiuli sesiis win. miuxedavad imisa, rom samkurnalo da sakontrolo

jgufebi didad ar gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan mkurnalobis dawyebamde an
pirveli testuri sesiis dros, danarCeni cxra Terapiuli sesiis ganmavlobaSi
inokulaciis jgufis cdis pirebi aRniSnavdnen gacilebiT nakleb tkivils,
vidre sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebi (Ross & Berger,1996).
me-4 da Tavidan albaT, gaxsovT, rogor aris tkivilis gancda ganpirobebuli
rogorc fiziologiuri, ise fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT. gankurnebis procesSi
myof sportsmenebze Catarebuli es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
daZlevis teqnikebis gamoyeneba tkivilis fsiqologiuri komponentebis zogierTi
aspeqtis gasakontroleblad.
warmatebuli daZlevis kidev erTi ZiriTadi komponentia Tqven mier stresorze
cnobieri/perceived
kontrolis
cnobieri/
kontrolis daweseba, rwmena imisa, rom SegiZliaT cvlilebis
Setana romelime movlenis, an gancdis msvlelobaSi (Vaughan,1993). Tu gjeraT, rom
SegiZliaT

daavadebis

mimdinareobaze,

an

daavadebis

yoveldRiur

simptomebze

zemoqmedeba, etyoba kargad axerxebT darRvevebTan gamklavebas (Affleck et al., 1987),

magram Tu fiqrobT, rom stresis wyaro meore pirovnebaa, romlis qcevaze gavlenas
ver axdenT, an situaciaa, romelsac ver SecvliT, izrdeba imis albaToba, rom am
qronikul viTarebas fsiqologiurad ver gaumklavdebiT (Bulman & Wortman, 1977).
individebi, romelTac SeuZliaT stresis cnobieri kontroli, iseTi fataluri
daavadebis

SemTxvevaSic

ki,

rogoric

aris

Sidsi,

sulieri

da

fizikuri

janmrTelobis mxriv `mogebulebi rCebian~ (Thompson et al., 1994).

sanam daimaxsovrebT momavlisaTvis kontrolis am strategiebs, ganvixiloT
stresis daZlevis bolo aspeqti _ socialuri ganzomileba.
cnobieri kontroli _ pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an gancdis
msvlelobis,

an

Sedegebis

Secvla;

xSirad

sasargebloa

stresorebTan

gamklavebisas.

socialuri mxardaWera,
mxardaWera, rogorc stresis daZlevis resursi
socialuri

mxardaWera

aris

sxvebis

mimarT

gaweuli

daxmareba,

romelic

amcnobs adamians, rom igi uyvarT, masze zrunaven, afaseben da rom igi sxva
adamianebTan urTierTobisa da urTierTvaldebulebebis qselSia CarTuli (Cohen &
Syme, 1985).Dsocioemociuri mxardaWeris am formebis garda garSemomyof adamianebs

544

SeuZliaT materialuri (fuli, transporti, bina) da informaciuli mxardaWeris

(rCeva, pirovnuli

ukukavSiri,

informacia)

uzrunvelyofa.

nebismieri

adamiani,

visTanac gaqvT mniSvnelovani socialuri urTierToba _ iqneba es ojaxis wevri,

megobari, TanamSromeli Tu mezobeli _ SesaZloa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni
socialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawili iyos.
mravali

gamokvleva

miuTiTebs

stresisadmi

mowyvladobis

SemcirebaSi

socialuri mxardaWeris Zalaze (Cohen & McKay, 1983). rodesac adamianebs hyavT
xalxi, visac SeuZliaT mimarTon, isini ukeT axerxeben gaumklavdnen samsaxurebriv
stresebs,

umuSevrobas,

ojaxis

katastrofebs iseve, rogorc

Pilisuk & Parks, 1986).
stresuli

seriozul

mxardaWeris

daregulirebas;

daavadebebsa

pozitiuri

maT

da

sxva

problemebs (Gottlieb, 1981;

sakuTar yoveldRiur

socialuri

movlenebis

rRvevas,

efeqtebi

SeuZliaT

scildeba

diagnostirebuli

daavadebisagan gankurnebis gaumjobeseba da daavadebiT gamowveuli sikvdilis

riskis

Semcireba

Seiswavleboda

(House et al.,1988 Kulik & Mahler, 1989).

Tirkmlis

mZime

daavadebis

mqone

erT-erT

avadmyofTa

gamokvlevaSi

sikvdilianobis

koeficienti (Christensen et al., 1994). ojaxis mxardaWeris sazomis erTpunqtiani zrda

dakavSirebulia sikvdilis albaTobis 13%-ian klebasTan.Q
mkvlevrebi cdiloben, daadginon, ra tipis mxardaWeraa yvelaze sasargeblo
sxvadasxva specifikuri movlenis dros (Helgeson & Cohen,1996; Kuijer et al., 2000).
saidan viciT
mxardaWeris wyaroebisa da tipebis urTierTSedareba
Seli teilori kolegebTan erTad Seiswavlida sxvadasxva tipis socialuri
mxardaWeris efeqturobas kiboTi daavadebulebTan (Dakof & Taylor, 1990; Taylor, 1986).
avadmyofebi gansxvavebulad afasebdnen sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeris
sargeblianobas. isini sasargeblod Tvlidnen mxolod meuRleebis, da ara
eqimebis, an momvlelebis `gverdiT yofnas~. meore mxriv, avadmyofebisaTvis
mniSvnelovani iyo informaciis, an rCevis miReba kiboTi daavadebuli sxva
pacientebisagan, an eqimebisagan, magram ara ojaxisgan da megobrebisagan.
wyarosagan ganurCevlad _ iqnebodnen eseni eqimebi, ojaxi Tu megobrebi _
avadmyofebi ar miiCneven sasargeblod naZaladev xalisianobasa da daavadebis
zemoqmedebis seriozulobis dakninebas.
13.10 suraTze mocemulia socialuri mxardaWeris tipebis Sedareba efeqturobis
mixedviT

kibos

da

iseTi

arakatastrofuli

daavadebebis

mqone

pacientebTan,

rogoricaa qronikuli Tavis tkivili, an gaRizianebuli kuW-nawlavis sindromi

(Martini et al., 1994). monacemebi kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom socialuri mxardaWeris

545

optimaluri

tipi

gansxvavebulia

stresis

sxvadasxa

wyarosTvis.

SegiZliaT

moifiqroT mizezebi, Tu ratom unda iqnes emociuri mxardaWera ufro sasargeblo

kiboTi

daavadebulTaTvis,

vidre

arakatastrofuli

daavadebebis

mqone

avadmyofebisaTvis?
sur. 13.10. socialuri mxardaWeris Rirebuleba
aRqmuli socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc diagnozis funqcia
(Martin

et.al.,

1994,

kiboTi

daavadebuli

pacientebis

monacemebi

aRebulia

Dakof&Taylor, 1990).
Casasmelia grafiki
mkvlevrebi, agreTve, cdiloben gansazRvron, Tu rodis iwveven mxardaWeris
wyaroebi realurad SfoTvis gazrdas. magaliTad, Tu vinme daJinebiT gTavazobT
eqimTan daniSnul Sexvedraze, an kolejis gasaubrebaze wamoyolas maSin, roca
Tqven marto wasvla girCevniaT, amis gamo SeiZleba damatebiTi SfoTva ganicadoT
(Coyne et al., 1988); aseve, seriozuli daavadebis mqone avadmyofebs, SesaZloa, ar
SeeZloT maT socialur wreSi arsebuli am adamianebis molodinebis gamarTleba.
socialuri mxardaWera _ sxva adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan
gamklavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio-emociuri da informaciuli
mxardaWera.
saidan viciT
molodinebi da qronikul daavadebasTan adaptacia
mkvlevrebi amowmebdnen, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofebis mier
garSemomyof adamianTa molodinebis aRqma daavadebasTan maT adaptaciaze.
avadmyofebs Tirkmlebis daavadebis bolo stadia hqondaT, yvelas sWirdeboda
dializi. mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen maT, rom skalaze (`srulebiT ar veTanxmebi~-dan
`srulebiT veTanxmebi~-mde) SeefasebinaT iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `xandaxan vgrZnob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan, rom
gacilebiT ukeT moverevi Cems daavadebas, vidre es realurad SemiZlia~ da
`zogjer vfiqrob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan sakuTar
mkurnalobaze meti pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, vidre es realurad SemiZlia~.
mkvlevrebi, aseve, zomavdnen, Tu ramdenad kargad axerxebdnen pacientebi
avadmyofobis daZlevas. Sedegebma aCvena Zlieri dadebiTi korelacia
molodinebsa da distresis xarisxs Soris. magaliTad, pacientebTan, romlebic
sakuTari ojaxisa da megobrebis molodinebs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc
gadaWarbebuls, ufro mosalodneli iyo Civili depresiasa da cxovrebis dabal
xarisxTan dakavSirebiT (Hatchett et al.,1997).
rogorc Cans, pacientebis megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi yvelafers akeTebdnen
maTTvis mxardaWeris uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca, maTi molodinebi pacientebisadmi
zrdida am ukanasknelTa distress.

546

efeqturi socialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawilad yofna niSnavs Tqvens rwmenas,

rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxvebi Tqvens gverdiT aRmoCndebian maSinac ki, Tu
stresis gancdisas faqtobrivad arc ki

mimarTavT daxmarebisaTvis. erT-erTi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani mesiji, fsiqologia da cxovrebidan aris is, rom yovelTvis

unda imuSaoT, rogorc socialuri mxardaWeris qselis Semadgenelma rgolma da
arasodes misceT Tavs ufleba, iyoT socialurad izolirebuli.
stresze msjelobisas Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT stresis gavlena fizikur da
fsiqologiur keTildReobaze. axla uSualod ganvixilavT, Tu rogor iyeneben
fsiqologebi avadmyofobisa da janmrTelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebiT
miRebul codnas.
Sejameba
stress iwvevs stresorebi _ stimulebi, romlebic organizmisagan garkveul
reaqcias moiTxoven. stresi iwvevs fiziologiur pasuxebs, romlebic amzadeben
organizms moqmedebisaTvis. rodesac amgvari pasuxebi zedmetia, safrTxe eqmneba
imunur sistemas, ramac SesaZloa gamoiwvios fsiqosomaturi daavadebebi. sxvadasxva
saxis

stresors,

rogoricaa

cxovrebiseuli

cvlilebebi,

yoveldRiuri

usiamovnebebi, matravmirebeli movlenebi, sxvadasxva saxis fsiqologiuri efeqti

aqvs.
stresis daZleva xSirad maSin iwyeba, rodesac adamianebi afaseben situacias
moTxovnis
daZlevis

gansazRvris

mizniT.

safrTxis

mimarT

adamianebi

iyeneben

stresis

problemaze orientirebul, an emociaze orientirebul gzebs. maT, aseve,

SeuZliaT,

stresTan

reaqciebis

Sesaxeb

gamklaveba
codnis

stresoris

xelaxali

restruqturizaciiT.

SefasebiT,

stresis

an

inokulaciis

stresze
(acris)

treningi (stress inoculation training) warmoadgens kogniciaTa restruqturizaciis erTerT programas. adamianebi ukeTesad axerxeben stresis daZlevas, rodesac grZnoben,
rom akontroleben situacias. socialuri mxardaWera saukeTesoa maSin, rodesac
Tanxvdeba

individis

moTxovnebs. socialuri interaqcia,

SesaZloa, uaryofiTi

iyos, rodesac adamianebi grZnoben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT arsebuli molodinebis

gamarTleba.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia

547

ra

wvlili

SeaqvT

gancdaSi?

Cven

ukve

kiTxvaze

iqneba

fsiqikur

procesebs

warmogidgineT
`sakmaod

avad

sakmarisi

didi~.

da

kargad

sabuTebi

yofnis

imisa,

janmrTelobisaTvis

rom,

(wellness)

pasuxi

fsiqologiuri

am
da

socialuri faqtorebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebam xeli Seuwyo axali sferos _

janmrTelobis
fsiqologiis
inarCuneben

fsiqologiis
dargi,

adamianebi

ganviTarebas.

romelic

janmrTelobis

mowodebulia

janmrTelobas;

ratom

imis

fsiqologia

dasadgenad,

xdebian

isini

avad

aris

Tu

rogor

da

rogor

reagireben avadmyofobaze (Taylor, 1986,1990). janmrTeloba gulismobs sxeulisa da

gonebis

(mind)

energiulobis

zogad
terminebiT.

mdgomareobas,
es

ar

romelic

aris

aRiwereba

ubralod

daavadebis,

siZlierisa
an

da

dazianebis

ararseboba, aramed am SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro imas exeba, Tu ramdenad kargad

funqcionireben sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilebi erTad. janmrTelobis fsiqologiis
Sesaxeb msjelobas daviwyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor scildeba avadmyofobis
tradiciul dasavlur models is filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic safuZvlad
udevs mocemul sferos. Semdeg ganvixilavT, janmrTelobis fsiqologiis wvlils
daavadebisa da disfunqciis prevenciasa da mkurnalobaSi.
janmrTelobis
janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli
janmrTelobis fsiqologia xelmZRvanelobs janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri
modeliT. am midgomis safuZvlebs mraval aradasavlur kulturaSi vxvdebiT. sanam
biofsiqosocialuri modelis gansazRvrebas CamovayalibebdeT, ganvixiloT
zogierTi aradasavluri tradicia.

janmrTelobis dacvis tradiciuli praqtika (Traditional health practices)

fsiqologiuri

principebi

avadmyofobis

mkurnalobasa

da

janmrTelobis

SenarCunebaSi yvela droSi gamoiyeneboda. bevr kulturaSi esmiT sazogadoebrivi

janmrTelobisa (Communal health) da relaqsaciis ritualebis mniSvneloba cxovrebis
xarisxis

gaumjobesebisaTvis.

kulturisTvis

winamdebare

damaxasiaTebeli

Tavi

gankurnebis

daviwyeT

ritualis

venesuelis
magaliTiT.

varaos
rogorc

aRvwereT, mkurnali mowveuli iyo avadmyofi biWis sxeulSi Casaxlebuli sulebis

gansadevnad. mkurnalma Seasrula tradiciuli gankurnebis ceremonia. mSoblebma
biWis gamojanmrTeleba mkurnalis moqmedebebs miaweres (Briggs,1996).
janmrTelobis fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia
imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian

548

isini avad da rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.

janmrTeloba _ sxeulisa da gonebis zogadi mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba
simtkicisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar aris ubralod daavadebis an
dazianebis ararseboba.
huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs
harmonias,

sulier

simSvides,

saTnoebas,

idealur

ojaxur

urTierTobebs,

mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.

msgavsi rwmenis arsebobas SeiZleba sxva kulturebSic SevxvdeT. magaliTad,
navajoSi

daavadebas,

avadmyofobasa

da

kargad

yofnas

miawerdnen

socialur

harmonias da gonebasa da sxeuls Soris urTierTqmedebebs. huazos cneba navajoSi

niSnavs harmonias, sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur urTierTobebs,
mSvenierebas

xelovnebasa

da

xelobaSi,

sxeulisa

da

sulis

sijansaRes.

avadmyofoba ganixileba, rogorc borotebiT gamowveuli nebismieri disharmoniis

Sedegi, romelic isadgurebs adamianSi tabus darRvevis, jadoqrobis, zedmeti
damyolobis,

boroti

ocnebebis

gamo.

tradiciuli

gankurnebis

ceremonia

gulisxmobs avadmyofobis gandevnasa da janmrTelobis aRdgenas ara marto Samanis

mkurnalobiT, aramed ojaxis yvela wevris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, romlebic
avadmyofTan erTad cdiloben huazos mdgomareobis dabrunebas. tomis nebismieri
wevri

avadmyofobas

danaSaulad),
romelic

aramed

unda

orientacia

miiCnevs

ara

ganixilavs,

aRikveTos

garantias

rogorc

Temuri

iZleva,

avadmyofis

pirad

ufro

gankurnebis

rom

Zlieri

pasuxismgeblobad

zogadi

disharmoniis

ritualebiT.

socialuri

es

(da

niSans,

kulturuli

mxardaWeris

qseli

avtomaturad daexmareba pacients.

biofsiqosocialuri modelisken
Cven axlaxan vnaxeT, rom aradasavlur kulturebSi gankurnebis praqtika xSirad
varaudobs sxeulsa da gonebas Soris kavSiris arsebobas. amis sapirispirod,
Tanamedrove mecnieruli azrovneba, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba biosamedicino models,
romelic

sxeulisa

da

gonebis

dualisturi

koncefciiT

xelmZRvanelobs.

am

modelis Tanaxmad, medicina fizikur sxeuls sulisagan (psyche) damoukideblad

mkurnalobs. goneba mniSvnelovania mxolod emociebisa da rwmenebisaTvis da cota
ram Tu SeuZlia gaakeTos sxeulis realobisaTvis, Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi
mecnierebma

daiwyes

urTierTqmedebaTa

tipebis

aRnusxva,

romelTa

SemTxvevaSi

549

xisti biosamedicino modeli ar muSaobs. Tqven ukve naxeT zogierTi maTgani: _

karg da cud
sistemis

cxovrebiseul

funqcionirebaze;

movlenebs SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon imunuri

adamianebi

met-naklebad

moqnilebi

arian

stresis

uaryofiT SedegebTan mimarTebaSi; adekvaturma socialurma mxardaWeram SeiZleba

Seamciros

sikvdilis

albaToba.

amgvari

gaazrebis

Sedegad

Camoyalibda

biofsiqosocialuri modelis sami komponenti: _ `bio~ miuTiTebs biologiuri

avadmyofobis realur arsebobaze; `fsiqo~ da `socialuri~ ki _ janmrTelobis
fsiqologiur da socialur komponentebze.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli akavSirebs fizikur janmrTelobas gonebriv (Tu
sulier) mdgomareobasa da garemomcvel samyarosTan. janmrTelobis fsiqologi
(health

janmrTelobas

psychologist)

mravalganzomilebian

movlenas.

ganixilavs,

optimaluri

rogorc

janmrTeloba,

anu

dinamikur
kargad

yofna

(wellness) moicavs Tqveni cxovrebis fizikur, inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier,

socialur
prevenciis,

da

garemos

an

aspeqtebs.

adreul

rodesac

etapze

misi

axorcielebT

gamovlenis

qmedebebs

mizniT,

daavadebis

Tqven

avlenT

janmrTelobaze mimarTul qcevas (health behavior). janmrTelobis fsiqologiis zogad

mizans

warmoadgens

fsiqologiuri

codnis

gamoyeneba

kargad

yofnasa

da

janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyobisaTvis. ganvixiloT

aRniSnul mizanTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebi.
janmrTelobis xelSewyoba (Health Promotion)
janmrTelobis

xelSewyoba

niSnavs

zogadi

strategiebisa

da

konkretuli

taqtikis ganviTarebas, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa avad gaxdomis riskis

gamoricxvas an Semcirebas. avadmyofobis prevencia XXI saukuneSi ayenebs ufro
gansxvavebul amocanebs, vidre XX saukunis dasawyisSi (Matarazzo, 1984). 1900-ian
wlebSi sikvdilis upirveles mizezs infeqciuri daavadebebi warmoadgenda. am
periodSi

praqtikosma

eqimebma

sazogadoebrivi

janmrTelobis

sazogadoebrivi

ganaTlebis,

wamoiwyes
dacvis

pirveli

sistemaSi

vaqcinebis

revolucia

(public

ganviTarebisa

health).
da

amerikul
kvlevebis,

sazogadoebrivi

janmrTelobis standartebis cvlilebebis (rogoricaa narCenebis kontroli da

kanalizacia) saSualebiT maT TandaTanobiT SeZles sikvdilianobis mniSvnelovnad
Semcireba

iseTi

daavadebebis

SemTxvevaSi,

poliomieliti, wiTela da yvavili.

rogoricaa

gripi,

tuberkulozi,

550

Tu mkvlevrebs surT wvlilis Setana cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis

mimarTulebiT, cxovrebis stilTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebiT gamowveuli
sikvdilianobis Semcirebas unda ecadon (ix. cxrili 13.5). sigaretis moweva, Warbi
wona, cximisa da qolesterinis didi raodenobiT Semcveli sakvebisa da
alkoholiani sasmelebis didi raodenobiT miReba, mgzavroba usafrTxoebis
Rvedebis gareSe, stresebiT savse cxovreba _ yvelaferi es garkveul rols
asrulebs iseTi daavadebebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogorebicaa: _ kibo, gulis
daavadebebi, dambla, agreTve, ubeduri SemTxvevebisa da TviTmkvlelobebisas.
civilizaciis aRniSnul daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli qcevebis SecvliT mravali
daavadebisa da naadrevi sikvdilis prevencia gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli _ janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli,
romlis

mixedviT,

kognituri

nervuli

procesebisa

da

sistemis,
garemo

imunuri

sistemis,

faqtorebis

qceviTi

urTierTkavSirma

stilis,
SeiZleba

adamiani avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe daayenos.

kargad yofna _

optimaluri janmrTeloba, romelic aerTianebs fizikur,

inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos sxvadasxva sferoSi

sruli da aqtiuri funqcionirebis unars.
janmrTelobis xelSewyoba _ zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTareba,

romelic

miznad

isaxavs

adamianTa

avad

gaxdomis

riskis

gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
am codnaze dayrdnobiT, advilia garkveuli rekomendaciebis mocema, magram
ufro sasurvelia, SeinarCunoT janmrTeloba iseTi kargi Cvevebis SemuSavebiT,
romlebic

CamoTvlilia

13.6

cxrilSi.

bevri

maTgani,

albaT,

ukve

nacnobia

TqvenTvis. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis fsiqologebi gamoiyeneben fsiqologiur

principebs

albaTobis

gasazrdelad,

rom

Tqven

marTla

gaakeTebT

imas,

rac

TqvenTvis kargia. amis demonstrirebis mizniT axla ganvixiloT ori konkretuli

Tema: _ moweva da Sidsi.
cxrili 13.5. sikvdilis ZiriTadi mizezebi aSSaSS-Si, 1998 weli
rangi

sikvdilianobis procenti

sikvdilis mizezi

31.0

gulis daavadeba

23.2

kibo

6.8

dambla

4.8

filtvebis obstruqciuli daavadebebi

4.2

yvela saxis ubeduri SemTxveva

1.9

mxolod avtoavariebi

551

3.9

pnevmonia da gripi

2.8

diabeti

1.3

TviTmkvleloba

1.1

Tirkmlebis daavadebebi

10

1.1

RviZlis qronikuli daavadeba da

cirozi

* D=kveba; S =moweva; A =alkoholi

moweva
SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom nebismierma, vinc ki waikiTxa es wigni, ar
icoda, rom moweva Zalian saxifaToa. yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 400000 adamiani
kvdeba mowevasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT. aSS-Si yovelwliurad kiboTi
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa 30%-ze meti swored Tambaqos moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli
(Skaar et al., 1997). miuxedavad amisa, 60 milioni adamiani aSS-Si jer kidev eweva.
mwevelTa 70% ambobs, rom surs mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba, magram ver axerxebs
(daavadebaTa kontrolisa da prevenciis centri, 1997). janmrTelobis fsiqologebs
ainteresebT orive sakiTxi: _ (1) ratom iwyeben adamianebi mowevas _ amiT
fsiqologebi SeZleben mis prevencias da (2) rogor daexmaron adamianebs
mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebaSi _ riTic adamianebi SeZleben miiRon `eqsmwevelad~
gadaqcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani sargebeli.
cxrili 13.6. aTi nabiji pirovnuli keTildReobisken
1. regularulad ivarjiSeT.
2. miiReT noyieri, balansirebuli sakvebi (mdidari bostneuliT, xiliT,
marcvleuliT, naklebi cximiTa da qolesteriniT).
3. SeinarCuneT optimaluri wona.
4. iZineT 7-8 saaTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi, daisveneT yoveldRe.
5. mgzavrobisas

isargebleT

usafrTxoebis

RvedebiT

da

velosipedis

CafxutiT.
6. ar moswioT sigareti da ar miiRoT narkotikebi.
7. zomierad an saerTod ar miiRoT alkoholi.
8. iqonieT mxolod daculi, usafrTxo sqesobrivi urTierTobebi.
9. regularulad gaiareT samedicino-stomatologiuri Semowmebebi; daicaviT
samedicino reJimi.
10. CamoiyalibeT optimisturi damokidebuleba da SeiZineT megobrebi.
analizi imisa, Tu ratom iwyebs zogierTi adamiani mowevas, fokusirdeba
pirovnul Tvisebebsa da socialur faqtorebze. individTa erT tips, romlebic
mowevis dawyebasTan arian dakavSirebulni uwodes SegrZnebaTa maZieblebi

552

(Zuckerman,1988); aseTma individebma, ufro mosalodnelia, rom ganaxorcielon

sarisko qmedebebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis pirovnuli
Tvisebebis Sefasebis monacemebi, romlebic 60-ian wlebSi (1964-1967) miiRes,
Seadares 80-iani wlebis bolos (1987-1991) maT `mweveli-aramwevelis~ qcevas. qalebi
da mamakacebi, romlebic 60-ian wlebSi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
SegrZnebebis maZiebelT, 20-25 wlis Semdeg ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom mwevelebi
yofiliyvnen (Lipkus et al., 1994). savaraudoa, rom pirovnuli faqtorebi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba zogierTi jgufis wevrebis Sefasebebs; anu, miuxedavad imisa, an
swored imitom, rom moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisaTvis, is `magaria~ (Leary et al.,
1994). es gansakuTrebiT mozardebTan SeiZleba iyos ase. janmrTelobis
fsiqologebi Tvlian, rom mowevis warmatebuli prevencia gulisxmobs mowevis
Sefasebis Secvlas `magaridan~ _ `cudisken~.
saukeTeso damokidebuleba mowevisadmi aris mowevis ardawyeba. magram rogor
SeiZleba

daexmaros

TambaqosaTvis

Tavis

danebebis

Sesaswavlad

Catarebuli

kvlevebi maT, vinc ukve daiwyo moweva. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma adamianma, vinc
scada

mowevisTvis

Tavis

danebeba,

magram

SemdgomSi

kvlav

daubrunda

mas,

daaxloebiT 35 milionma amerikelma samudamod daaneba Tavi mowevas. 90%-ma es

damoukideblad, specialuri samkurnalo programebis gareSe SeZlo. mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres is etapebi, romelsac adamianebi gadian, rac

TambaqosaTvis Tavis

danebebis mzard mzadyofnas mowmobs (DiClemente et al., 1991; Prochaska et al., 1993):
gansjis

wina periodi _ mweveli jer ar fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis

danebebaze;
gansja _ mweveli fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis danebebaze, Tumca, jer ar
axorcielebs cvlilebebs qcevaSi;
momzadeba _ mweveli ukve mzad aris, rom Tavi daanebos mowevas;
moqmedeba _ mweveli axorcielebs gansazRvrul qmedebebs dasaxuli qceviTi
miznebis misaRwevad;
SenarCuneba _ axla mweveli ukve aramwevelia da cdilobs am mdgomareobis
SenarCunebas.
mocemuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yvela mweveli fsiqologiurad erTnairi
ar aris mowevisTvis Tavis danebebis sakiTxSi. intervencia imgvarad unda iyos
dagegmili,

rom

iwvevdes

mwevelis

mzadyofnis

gazrdas

manam,

sanam

is

fsiqologiurad mzad ar iqneba ganaxorcielos janmrTelobaze mimarTuli qceva.

mowevis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli warmatebuli mkurnaloba moiTxovs mwevelis
rogorc fiziologiuri, ise, fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas (Tsoh
et al., 1997; U.S. Department of health and Human Services, 2000). fiziologiur doneze

553

mwevelebi saukeTesod eqvemdebarebian nikotinis Semcvleli Terapiis iseT efeqtur

formas,

rogoricaa

nikotinis

plastiri

da

nikotinis

saReWi

rezinebi.

fsiqologiur doneze mwevelebma unda gaiazron, rom arsebobs uamravi eqsmweveli

da rom TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebeba SesaZlebelia. garda amisa, mwevelma unda
iswavlos

Zlieri

ltolvis

daZlevis

strategiebi,

romelic

Tan

axlavs

TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis mcdelobebs. mkurnaloba xSirad moicavs Cven mier

adre aRweril daZlevis kognitur xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamians,
Seasustos

masze

mravali

stresoris

zemoqmedeba.

mowevasTan

dakavSirebiT

adamianebs aswavlian, Tu rogor moZebnon Tavis daRwevis gzebi situaciebidan,

romlebmac SeiZleba kvlav gauRviZon mowevis Jini.

Sidsi
Sidsi _ es aris SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
aTasobiT adamiani kvdeba am saSineli daavadebiT, mravali adamiani cxovrobs aiv
infeqciiT. aiv (adamianis imunodeficitis virusi) aris virusi, romelic anadgurebs
sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (T limfocitebi), riTac azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs sxeulis unars, SeebrZolos sxva daavadebebs. individi mowyvladi xdeba
mTeli rigi sxva virusuli da baqteriuli infeqciebis mimarT, ramac SeiZleba
gamoiwvios sicocxlisaTvis iseTi saSiSi daavadebebi, rogoricaa kibo, meningiti
da

pnevmonia.

gamovlenamde

periodi

virusiT

(sainkubacio

Tavdapirveli

periodi)

SeiZleba

iyos

inficirebidan
xuTi

simptomebis

weliwadi,

an

meti.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aiv virusiT inficirebulTa did nawils ara aqvs Sidsi
(samedicino diagnozi), maT uwevT mudmivi stresis qveS cxovreba, rom nebismier
dros am saxifaTo daavadebam SeiZleba uecrad iCinos Tavi. dResdReobiT ukve
arsebobs

mkurnaloba,

romelic

SesaZlebels

xdis

Sidsis

sruli

siZlieriT

Semotevis gadavadebas, magram ar arsebobs arc Sidsisgan gankurnebis saSualeba

da arc misi gavrcelebis Tavidan asacilebeli vaqcina.
Sidsi

gamowveulia

SeZenili
virusiT,

imunodeficitis
romelic

sindromis

azianebs

imunur

abreviatura,

sindromi

sistemas

asustebs

da

organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeqcias.

aiv _ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi, romelic azianebs sisxlis TeTr
ujredebs (limfocitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis imunur sistemas; aiv
infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.

554

aiv virusiT inficireba ar xdeba haeriT. inficirebisaTvis aucilebelia

sisxlTan uSualo kontaqti. zogadad, aiv virusi erTi adamianidan meores
SeiZleba gadaedos ori gziT: _ (1) sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros sisxlis, an spermis
gacvliT da (2) wamlis ineqciisaTvis gankuTvnili intravenuli nemsebisa da
Spricebis saziarod sargeblobisas. virusi, aseve, SeiZleba gadavides sisxlis
gadasxmiT da im samedicino procedurebiT, romlis drosac janmrTel adamians
SemTxveviT gadausxamen inficirebul sisxls, an gadaunergaven organoebs.
hemofiliiT daavadebulma mravalma adamianma Sidsi swored am gziT SeiZina, Tumca,
yvela adamians emuqreba SidsiT daavadebis safrTxe.
Sidsis virusiT inficirebisagan Tavis dacvis erTaderTi gza aris im
cxovrebiseuli Cvevebis Secvla, romlebic riskis winaSe ayeneben adamians. es
niSnavs

permanentuli

cvlilebebis

Setanas

seqsualuri

qcevis

paternebsa

da

wamlebTan dakavSirebuli piradi moxmarebis sagnebis gamoyenebaSi. janmrTelobis

fsiqologi tomas koatsi (Thomas Coates) im multidisciplinaruli kvlevis gundis
wevria, romelic mTel rig fsiqologiur principebs iyenebs Sidsis Semdgomi
gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad (Catania et al,. 1994; Coates, 1990; Ekstrand&Coates, 1990;
Kegeles et al,. 1996). gundis muSaoba moicavs gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis mraval iseT
aspeqts,

rogoricaa

fsiqologiuri

risk-faqtorebis

Sefaseba,

bihevioraluri

intervenciebis ganviTareba, Temis liderebis treningi adamianebis ukeT ganaTlebis

mizniT janmrTeli sqesobrivi da wamlebis moxmarebis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT,
daxmareba

sareklamo

da

sainformacio

kampaniebis

SeqmnaSi

da

cvlilebebis

sistematuri Sefaseba Sesabamis atitudebSi, Rirebulebebsa da qcevebSi. Sidsis

sawinaaRmdego warmatebuli intervenciisaTvis saWiroa sami komponenti (Fisher et al,.
1994, 1996; Yzer et al,. 1998):
informacia _ adamianebs unda miewodebodeT informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor gadadis Sidsi da rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan acileba; maT unda
miiRon konsultacia usafrTxo seqsis (magaliTad, sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros
prezervativis

gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb)

da

steriluri

SpricebiT

sargeblobis

Taobaze;
motivacia

adamianebi

unda

iyvnen

motivirebulni

Sidsis

prevenciis

ganxorcielebisaTvis;
qceviTi

unar-Cvevebi

adamianebs

unda

aswavlon

miRebuli

codnis

praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.
ratomaa

aucilebeli

motivirebulni,

magram

samive
ar

komponenti?

iyvnen

adamianebi

informirebulni

da,

SeiZleba

iyvnen

piriqiT.,

maT

Zlier

SeiZleba

555

hqondeT sakmarisi codna da motivacia, magram ar hqondeT saWiro unar-Cvevebi.

magaliTad, maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, rogor daZlion socialuri barieri da
mosTxovon partniors prezervativis gamoyeneba (Leary et al., 1994). fsiqologiurma
Carevam SeiZleba SesZinos adamians roluri TamaSis gamocdileba, an sxva qceviTi
unar-Cvevebi, am barieris mniSvnelobis Semcirebis mizniT.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
janmrTeli adamianebi 2010 wlisaTvis.
Tu Tqven aSS-Si cxovrobT, Tqveni mTavroba momdevno aTi wlis gegmas
gTavazobT: _ aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentma da Human Servic-ma Seqmnes
programa

saxelwodebiT

`janmrTeli

adamianebi

2010~,

sadac

mocemulia

konkretuli rekomendaciebi pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisaTvis

aucilebeli

qcevebis

gansxvavebebis

Sesaxeb.

Semcireba

programas

janmrTelobis

aqvs

ori

zogadi

statusebs

Soris

mizani:

moxucebSi,

(1)

mosaxleobis

sxvadasxva
_

fenaSi
umciresobebsa

da

bavSvebSi

da

(2)

janmrTeli

cxovrebis

xangrZlivobis gazrda. fsiqologebi orive miznis ganxorcielebaSi Seitanen

TavianT wvlils. rac Seexeba pirvel mizans, mentaluri janmrTeloba (mental
health) Seyvanilia `janmrTelobis statusis~ kategoriaSi. ukve ramdenime welia,
fsiqologebma

didi

energia

daxarjes

sazogadoebis

sxvadasxva

jgufebSi

fsiqikuri (mentaluri, mental) janmrTelobis dacvis gaumjobesebaze. meore mizani

uSualod exeba kvalifikacias, rasac fsiqologebi janmrTelobis xelSewyobis
(health promotion) sagnad miiCneven. programa `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~-is mizania,
rom adamianebma Secvalon janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi. rogorc
vnaxeT, es janmrTelobis fsiqologiis kvlevebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.
es

sakiTxi

rom

gavagrZeloT,

ganvixiloT

ori

konkretuli

mizani

programidan _ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~:

samuSao saaTebSi fizikuri aqtivobiT dakavebul mozrdilTa raodenobis
Semcireba 40%-dan 20%-mde;
im mozrdilTa raodenobis gazrda 15%-dan 30%-mde, romlebic regularulad
saSualo xarisxis fizikuri aqtivobiT arian dakavebulni (30 wuTi, TiTqmis
yoveldRe).
TqvenTvis, albaT, cnobilia, Tu ratom girCevT es programa regularulad

556

varjiSs; anu, janmrTelobis mTavari gaumjobeseba miiRweva iseTi varjiSebiT,

rogoricaa velosipediT siaruli, curva, sirbili da Cqari siarulic ki. es
aqtivobebi

iwveven

gulisa

da

respiratoruli

sistemis

mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebas, kunTebis tonusis gaZlierebas da bevri sxva sargebelic moaqvT

janmrTelobisaTvis.
rogor

SeiZleba

janmrTelobis

fsiqologiis

codna

daexmaros

adamians

dadebiTi efeqtebis miRebaSi? mkvlevrebi swavloben, Tu vin da ratom mimarTavs

regularul varjiSs da cdiloben gansazRvron is programebi Tu strategiebi,
romlebic yvelaze metad exmarebian adamianebs, daiwyon da gaagrZelon varjiSi
(Dishman&Buckworth,1997).

faqtobrivad,

varjiSis

dawyebisTvis

mzadyofnas

miesadageba igive modeli, romelic moqmedebs mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebisaTvis

mzadyofnis SemTxvevaSi. (Myers&Roth,1997). gansjis wina etapze (Precontemlation)
adamianTa

yuradReba,

ZiriTadad,

koncentrirebulia

im

winaaRmdegobebze,

romlebic xels uSlian varjiSis dawyebas (mag. drois ukmarisoba, varjiSisas

partnioris ararseboba), vidre im sargeblobaze, romelic moaqvs varjiSs (mag.
exmareba

relaqsaciaSi,

aumjobesebs

garegnobas).

rogorc

ki

individebi,

treningis Semdgom, gansjisa (contemplation) da SenarCunebis (maintance), etapebze

gadadian,

yuradRebis

koncentraciis

gadanacvleba

xdeba

winaaRmdegobidan

sargeblobaze.
rogor unda moaxerxoT gansjis wina (precontemplation) etapis daZleva, Tu Tqven
jer kidev ar varjiSobT regularulad? mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom adamianebs
SeuZliaT iswavlon strategiebi, romlebic saSualebas miscemT maT, daZlion
varjiSis

xelisSemSleli

dabrkolebebi

(Simkin&Gross,1994).

Tqven

SegiZliaT

ganixiloT varjiSi zustad iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva situacia, romelic

stresis dasaZlevad moiTxovs Tqvengan kognitur Sefasebas. ecadeT dagegmoT
cxovreba ise, rom varjiSi ganixilebodes, rogorc jansaRi garToba. Tqven,
aseve, unda icodeT, rom Tqveni kolejis bevr students aqvs `Cavardnebi~
rogorc kvebis, ise, varjiSis TvalsazrisiT: _ rodesac akademiuri stresis
periodebi gaivlis, isini cudi kvebidan da minimualuri varjiSidan jansaR
qcevas ubrundebian (Griffin et al.,1993). rogor unda CamoayaliboT Tqveni azrebi ise,
rom Tavi aaridoT amgvar paterns? scadeT daexmaroT programas _ `janmrTeli
adamianebi 2010~_ dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.

557

www.health.gov/healthypeople
es `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~-is veb-gverdis misamarTia; Tqven SegiZliaT gaecnoT
programis 467 konkretul mizans.
mkurnaloba
mkurnaloba

fokusirebulia

gamojanmrTelebaSi

adamianis

avadmyofobis

daxmarebaze.

Cven

daregulirebasa

ganvixilavT

mkurnalobis

da
sam

aspeqts. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT fsiqologis rols pacientTa mxardaWeraSi,

daemorCilon jandacvis specialistis daniSnul reJims; Semdeg ganvixilavT im
xerxebs,

romlebic

fsiqologiuri
ganvixilavT

saSualebas

teqnikebi

magaliTebs,

sxeulis
romlebSic

aZleven

adamianebs,

reaqciebis
gonebas

zustad

gasakontroleblad

SeuZlia

mniSvnelovani

gamoiyenon
dabolos
wvlilis

Setana sxeulis gankurnebaSi.

pacientis mier samkurnalo reJimis dacva

pacientebs xSirad uniSnaven mkurnalobis garkveul reJims. es SeiZleba
moicavdes samkurnalo kursebs, cvlilebebs kvebaSi, woliTi reJimis periodebs da
varjiSebs; aseve, iseT damatebiT procedurebs, rogoricaa ganmeorebiTi Semowmeba,
sareabilitacio trenini da qimioTerapia. mkurnalobis reJimis darRveva erT-erTi
seriozuli problemaa janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi (Clark&Becker, 1998). pacientTa
daumorCileblobis xarisxi mkurnalobis zogierTi reJimis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
aWarbebdes 50%-s. Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia im individualuri
gansxvavebebis dadgenaze, romelTac zogierTi individi mihyavs mkurnalobis
reJimis morCilebamde, zogierTi ki _ ara.
saidan viciT
pacientTa damyoloba hemodializisadmi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles, ra kavSiri aqvs yuradRebis makontrolebel stils
pacientis damyolobasTan. avadmyofobisas, zogierTi adamiani gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevs avadmyofobis yvela aspeqts; aseT individebs uwodeben Zlier
makontroleblebs, romelTagan gansxvavebiT, susti makontroleblebi naklebad
axdenen yuradRebis fokusirebas avadmyofobaze. erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa,
saSiSad ar mogeCvenoT _ iyo Zlier makontrolebeli, Tumca, yuradRebis
fokusis Zlieri Seviwrovebis gamo, Zlier makontroleblebs aqvT sakuTari
avadmyofobis gazviadebulad Sefasebis tendencia. amis gamo, Zlier
makontroleblebs sakuTar avadmyofobaze arasakmarisi kontrolis gancda aqvT,
ramac mkvlevrebis azriT, SeiZleba gaarTulos maTi mkurnalobis reJimisadmi
damyoloba. aRniSnul kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi afasebdnen pacientebs rogorc
yuradRebis makontrolebeli stilis, ise maT mier aRqmuli kontrolisa da
mkurnalobis reJimisadmi damyolobis mixedviT. kvlevis Sedegebi Seesabameboda
mkvlevarTa mier warmodgenil paterns. sust makontroleblebTan SedarebiT,

558

Zlieri makontroleblebi arasakmaris kontrols ganicdidnen sakuTar

avadmyofobaze da, aseve, naklebad eqvemdebarebodnen eqimis mier daniSnul
mkurnalobis reJims (Christensen et al., 1997).
am

kvlevis

wakiTxvamde

SeiZleba

fiqrobdiT,

rom

is,

vinc

Zalian

koncentrirebulia sakuTar avadmyofobaze, ukeT mouvlis sakuTar Tavs. nacvlad

amisa,

miRebuli

monacemebi

gviCvenebs,

rom

avadmyofobaze

Zalian

Zlieri

fokusirebiT adamians SeiZleba avadmyofoba moeCvenos ufro uaresad, vidre is

sinamdvileSi aris da, amdenad, mkurnalobis uimedobis amgvari gancda saWiro
qmedebebis ganxorcielebis Zalas arTmevs.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom janmrTelobis dacvis specialistebs SeuZliaT zomebis
miReba pacientis reJimisadmi daqvemdebarebis gasaumjobeseblad. pacientebi ufro
kmayofilebi

arian

sakuTari

janmrTelobis

dacviT,

roca

sjeraT,

rom

mkurnalobis efeqturoba aRemateba maT safasurs; aseve, metia albaToba, rom

individi mihyveba mkurnalobis reJims, rodesac mkurnali eqimi mas informacias
gasagebad

awvdis;

rwmundeba,

rom

pacientma

gaigo

misi

naTqvami,

moqmedebs

Tavazianad, avlens mzrunvelobasa da mxardaWeras. garda amisa, janmrTelobis

specialistebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturuli da socialuri normebis roli
mkurnalobis procesSi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, CarTon masSi ojaxis wevrebi da
megobrebi. zogierTi eqimi, romelic kritikulad afasebs sakuTari profesiis
moZvelebul damokidebulebas biosamedicino modelze, amtkicebs, rom eqimebs unda
aswavlon

samedicino

fsiqologiur
strategiebi,

daxmarebis

kvlevebze
aseve,

gaweva

dayrdnobiT,

gamoiyeneba

mkurnalobis
pacientis

eqimi-pacientis

mizniT

(Siegel,

damyolobis

1988).

ganviTarebis

TanamSromlobis

deficitis

dasaZlevad (Putnametal.,1994; Zimbardo&Leippe, 1991).

gonebis CarTva sxeulis gankurnvaSi

sul ufro xSirad, mkurnaloba, romelsac unda daeqvemdebaron pacientebi,
fsiqologiur

komponentebs

moicavs.

fsiqologiur

strategiebs

SeuZliaT

bevri

adamiani

stresze

axla

daZabulobiT

ukve

bevr

janmrTelobis
reagirebs,

mkvlevars

miaCnia,

gaumjobeseba.

rac

kunTebis

rom

magaliTad,

daZabvasa

da

sisxlis wnevis momatebas iwvevs. sabednierod, mravali winaaRmdegoba datvirTvaze

SeiZleba gakontroldes iseTi fsiqologiuri teqnikebiT, rogoricaa relaqsacia
da bioukukavSiri.

559

meditaciis saSualebiT relaqsacias uZvelesi fesvebi aqvs msoflios mraval

kulturaSi. aRmosavlur kulturebSi saukuneebis manZilze mimarTavdnen gonebis
damSvidebisa da sxeulis daZabulobis moxsnis xerxebs. dResdReobiT iaponiidan
da indoeTidan Semosuli Zenis disciplinisa (aq igulisxmeba cxovrebis Zeniseuli
wesi da ara Zeni, rogorc filosofiuri moZRvreba, an saswavlo disciplina) da
iogas

varjiSebi

adamianisaTvis
relaqsacia

yoveldRiuri

rogorc

am

Zliermoqmed

cxovrebis

qveynebSi,

ise,

antistresul

nawils

gansakuTrebiT,
reaqcias

warmoadgenen

bevri

dasavleTSi.

sruli

warmoadgens.

organizmis

relaqsaciuri
relaqsaciuri reaqcia aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis daZabuloba,
Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba (cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba
sunTqva (Benson&Stuart, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996), iklebs eleqtruli aqtivoba tvinSi
da mcirdeba garemomcveli samyarodan centralur nervul sistemaSi Semavali
stimulebis raodenoba. agznebadobis amgvari dabali donis dros xdeba stresidan
gamosvla. relaqsaciuri reaqciis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia oTxi piroba: _ (1)
wynari garemo, (2) daxuWuli Tvalebi, (3) komfortuli poza da (4) ganmeorebiTi
gonebrivi xerxi, rogoricaa mokle frazis mravaljeradi monotonuri gameoreba.
pirveli sami mdgomareoba amcirebs nervul sistemaSi Semaval signals, xolo
meoTxe _ asustebs mis Sinagan stimulacias.
bioukukavSiri aris TviTregulaciis teqnika, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
daniSnulebiT, magaliTad, sisxlis wnevis kontroli, Sublis kunTebis relaqsacia
(wneviT gamowveuli Tavis tkivilisas) da Zlieri gawiTlebis Semcirebac ki. am
teqnikis Semqmnelis, fsiqolog nil mileris (Neal Miller, 1978) mixedviT, bioukukavSiri
aris procedura, romliTac adamiani igebs, Cveulebriv, sust, an Sinagan reaqciebs
mkafio garegani signalebis mowodebiT. pacients SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dainaxos~
sakuTari

sxeulis

reaqciebi,

romelTa

monitoringi

da

gaZliereba

saTanado

xelsawyoebiT xdeba. es ukanasknelni sxeulis reaqciebs sxvadasxva intensivobis

sinaTlis

an

bgeriT

signalebad

gardaqmnian;

amis

Semdeg

pacientis

amocanas

warmoadgens garegani signalebis donis kontroli. ganvixiloT bioukukavSiris

gamoyenebis erT-erTi magaliTi. odesme SegimCneviaT, rom, rodesac modunebuli
xarT,

xelebi

Tbili

gaqvT,

xolo

rodesac

SfoTavT,

xelebi

gicivdebaT?

faqtobrivad, xelebis temperatura imis niSania, rom sxeuli stresis zemoqmedebis

qveS aris. bioukukavSiris sesiaze kvlevis monawileebs eZlevaT ukukavSiri xelis
mtevnisa da TiTebis temperaturis Sesaxeb

da sTxoven, scadon misi gazrda.

560

magaliTad,

erT

kvlevaSi

monawileebs

SeeZloT,

daenaxaT

TavianTi

TiTebis

temperaturis ricxobrivi maCvenebeli. bioukukavSiris kursis Semdeg maT SeeZloT

TiTis saSualo temperaturis gazrda 79,8F -dan 87.4F-mde (Roberts&McGrady, 1996).
ratom xdeba es? kvlevam aCvena, rom kanis gaTbobis gamosawvev bioukukavSiris
trenings SeuZlia ganapirobos sisxlis wnevis uwyveti Semcireba (Paron et al., 1996).
mkvlevrebi

zustad

ver

gansazRvraven

saSualebiTac

kanis

temperaturis

wnevas.

aseve,

ganagrZoben

isini,

im

fiziologiur

bioukukavSiris
imis

kvlevas,

Tu

treningi
ratom

meqanizms,

romlis

amcirebs

sisxlis

moqmedebs

treningi

zogierT individze, zogierTze ki _ ara (Lal et al., 1998; Roberts&McGrady, 1996).

miuxedavad amisa, Tu

maRali wneva SegawuxebT, medikamentozur mkurnalobasTan

erTad bioukukavSiris kursis mosinjvac SegiZliaT.

relaqsaciuri

reaqcia

aris

mdgomareoba,

rodesac

mcirdeba

kunTebis

daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba (cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis

wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
bioukukavSiri

aris

TviTregulaciis

teqnika,

romlis

drosac

individi

aracnobieri biologiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols axorcielebs.

fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena janmrTelobaze (Health outcomes)

ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur faqtorebs _ sxeulze gonebis zegavlenas _
seriozul daavadebaze zemoqmedeba? sabednierod, janmrTelobis fsiqologiaSi
Catarebuli kvlevebi sakmaod optimistur suraTs gvaZleven. ganvixiloT klasikuri
kvleva, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur procesebs kibos
mimdinareobis Semsubuqeba.
saidan viciT
socialuri mxardaWera da kiboTi daavadebul adamianTa sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
mkerdis kiboTi daavadebul, metastazebis mqone 86 pacients tradiciuli
mkurnaloba

utardeboda,

eqsperimentuli

qvejgufi,

xolo

50

tradiciul

aseTive

avadmyofisagan

mkurnalobasTan

erTad,

Semdgari
erTi

wlis

ganmavlobaSi monawileobda yovelkvireul mxardamWer Terapiul jgufSi. es

pacientebi ikribebodnen sakuTar gamocdilebaze samsjelad kibos sxvadasxva
aspeqtebis daZlevasTan dakavSirebiT da hqondaT SesaZlebloba keTilganwyobil
garemoSi
emociebi.

daufaravad

gamoemJRavnebinaT

sakuTari

SiSebi

da

sxva

Zlieri

561

marTalia, aTi wlis Semdeg ganmeorebiTi Sexvedrisas, mTeli SerCevidan

mxolod sami iyo cocxali, mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba dadasturda sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis
gadiodnen

TvalsazrisiT

fsiqologiur

daxmarebas

iRebdnen.

im

pacientebs

mkurnalobas

jgufur

da

TerapiaSi

Soris,

romlebic

damatebiT

mxolod

samedicino

pacientTa

sicocxlis

romlebic
monawile

saSualo xangrZlivoba 36.6 Tve iyo, sakontrolo jgufis pacientebisaTvis ki _

18.9

Tve.

kargad

fsiqologiurma

kontrolirebuli
mkurnalobam

kvlevis

SeiZleba

es

Sedegebi

gavlena

gviCvenebs,

moaxdinos

rom

daavadebis

mimdinareobasa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze (Spiegel et al., 1989).

am saxis kvlevebi gvaZlevs imeds, rom mxardamWeri jgufebis garemos kiboTi
daavadebuli pacientebisaTvis sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba SeuZlia (Walker et al., 1999).
mniSvnelovani dakvirveba am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom mkurnalobis fsiqologiuri
da biologiuri midgomebi erTad unda muSaobdnen. janmrTelobis bevr fsiqologs
miaCnia,

rom

samedicino

mkurnaloba,

tradiciul

mkurnalobasTan

erTad,

fsiqologiur daxmarebasac unda gulisxmobdes.

dabolos, kidev erTi SeniSvna mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebiT. gqoniaT Tu ara
odesme imdenad samarcxvino saidumlo, rom veravisTvis gagimxeliaT? Tu es asea,
Turme

am

saidumloze

saubars

SeuZlia

sagrZnoblad

gaaumjobesos

Tqveni

janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. es aris daskvna janmrTelobis fsiqologis jeims

penebakeris (James Pennebaker, 1990,1997 et al., 1998) mravalricxovani

kvlevebidan.

penebakerma aCvena, rom pirovnul travmebTan, warumateblobebTan da samarcxvino,

an danaSaulis

gancdis

gamomwvev

gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli gandevnili

azrebi da grZnobebi damangrevlad moqmedebs adamianis fsiqikur da fizikur

janmrTelobaze.

amgvari

Sekaveba

fsiqologiurad

mZime

gadasamuSavebelia

da,

droTa ganmavlobaSi, aryevs sxeulis Tavdacvis unars, winaaRmdegoba gauwios

avadmyofobas. sxva adamianebisadmi ndoba aneitralebs Sekavebis uaryofiT efeqts.
Tavis

nebaze

miSvebis

dancdas

Tan

sdevs

fizikuri

da

fsiqologiuri

janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba kvirebis da Tveebis Semdeg. ganvixiloT emociuri

gantvirTvis zemoqmedeba revmatiuli arTritis mqone adamianTa mdgomareobaze.
saidan viciT
emociuri gantvirTvis dadebiTi gavlena janmrTelobaze
kvlevaSi monawileobda revmatiuli arTritiT daavadebuli 72 adamiani. es

562

daavadeba

iwvevs

periferiuli

saxsrebis

qronikul

anTebas,

romelsac

Tan

axlavs tkivili da Sromis unaris dakargva. mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom

emociuri

gantvirTvis (emotional disclosure)

seansebs SeiZleba

xeli

Seewyo

am

daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli stresis SemcirebisTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare,

yoveldRiuri funqcionirebis zogierTi problemis SemsubuqebisTvis. pacientebis
naxevari miakuTvnes gantvirTvis jgufs (disclosure group); isini yoveldRe oTxi
dRis ganmavlobaSi 15 wT. magnitifonze iwerdnen sakuTar, stresul movlenebTan
dakavSirebul yvelaze Rrma grZnobebs. sakontrolo jgufi zustad igive dros
andomebda
aRweras.

neitraluri
erTi

grZnobdnen

davalebis

SexedviT,

Tavs

Sesrulebas

gantvirTvis

davalebam

jgufis

mravali

mravalferovani

pacientebi

uaryofiTi

peizaJis

odnav

emocia

uaresad

aRZra.

Tumca,

mkurnalobidan sami Tvis Semdeg, gantvirTvis jgufis wevrebi, Sesabamisad, ufro

nakleb fizikur disfunqcias ganicdidnen _ nakleb problemebs, magaliTad
siarulSi da saxsrebis moxvraSi, vidre sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi (Kelley et
al.,1997).
gantvirTvis
moqmedebam

jgufis

grZnobebis

(disclosure

group)

pacientebisaTvis

SedarebiT

ganmartoebiT,

magnitofonTan,

gamosamJRavneblad,

martivma
odnav

gaaumjobesa maTi fizikuri funqcionireba.

`profesiuli
`profesiuli gamofitva~ da janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
janmrTelobis

fsiqologiis

bolo

amocanas

warmoadgens

rekomendaciebis

SemuSaveba, romlebic exeba janmrTelobis dacvis sitemis mowyobas. mkvlevrebma,

magaliTad Seiswavles janmrTelobis dacvis muSakis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli
stresi. janmrTelobis dacvis yvelaze energiul TanamSromelsac ki uviTardeba
emociuri stresi mTeli rigi pirovnuli, fizikuri da socialuri problemebis
mqone

uamrav

adamianTan

intensiurad

muSaobis

Sedegad.

emociuri

stresis

gansakuTrebul tips, romelsac ganicdian janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis

muSakebi, kristina maslaxma (Christina Maslach), am farTod gavrcelebuli problemis
wamyvanma

mkvlevarma,

sindroms,

romelic

pirovnuli

uwoda

gulisxmobs

realizaciis

warmomadgenlebi,

gamofitva.
gamofitva
emociur

Semcirebas,

romelTac

profesiuli

rasac

moeTxovebaT

gamofitva

gamofitvas,

warmoadgens

depersonalizacias

xSirad

ganicdian

Zalze

intensiuri

im

da

profesiis
urTierToba

pacientebTan, klientebTan, an sazogadoebasTan. praqtikosi eqimebi TandaTanobiT

563

kargaven pacientebis mimarT mzrunvelobisa da TanagrZnobis gancdis unars da maT

SeiZleba sakmaod ugulod da, zogjer, arahumanuradac ki moeqcnen, ris gamoc Tavs
cudad grZnoben da ganicdian sakuTar warumateblobas. gamofitva ukavSirdeba
samsaxuris

xSir

gauaresebas,

gacdenasa

cud

da

kadrebis

urTierTobebs

denadobas,

TanamSromlebTan,

samuSaos

problemebs

Sesrulebis
ojaxSi

da

janmrTelobis cud mdgomareobas (Leiter&Maslach, 1988; Maslach, 1982; Maslach&Hlorian,

1988;

Schaufeli

sindromma

et

al.,

arnaxul

1993).
dones

dRes

muSa-mosamsaxureTa

miaRwia,

rac

Soris

organizaciuli

`gamofitvis~
`gamofitvis

Semcirebis,

samuSaos

restruqturizaciisa da fuladi mogebisadmi, da ara TanamSromelTa motivaciisa

da erTgulebisadmi, gansakuTrebuli dainteresebis Sedegia. amdenad, `gamofitva
gamofitva~
gamofitva
mxolod muSa-mosamsaxureTa da janmrTelobaze mzrunvelTa problema ar aris, is,
aseve, miuTiTebs

organizaciul

Rirebulebebis, samuSaos

gaumarTavobaze,

moculobis

da

rac

organizaciuli miznebis,

waxalisebis struqturis

gadasinjvas

moiTxovs (Leiter&Maslach, 2000; Maslach&Leiter, 1997).

profesiuli
profesiuli gamofitva _ sindromi, gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas,
depersonalizacias da pirovnuli realizaciis Semcirebas, romelsac xSirad
ganicdian isini, romlebic Zlieri stresis pirobebSi muSaoben.
ra rekomendaciebis mocema SeiZleba? gamofitvis gamovlenasa da xarisxze
moqmedebs mTeli rigi socialuri da situaciuri faqtorebisa, romlebic
arapirdapirad moicaven misi Tavidan acilebisa an Semcirebis gzebsac
(Leiter&Maslach,2000; Prosser et al., 1997). magaliTad, eqim-pacientis urTierTobis
xarisxze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs eqimis mier miRebul pacientTa raodenoba; rac
ufro didia pacientTa raodenoba, miT metia kognituri, sensoruli da emociuri
gadatvirTva. am urTierTobis xarisxze moqmedi kidev erTi faqtoria pacientebTan
uSualo kontaqtis odenoba. pacientebTan mudmiv uSualo kontaqtSi muSaobis
xangrZlivoba dakavSirebulia gamofitvis siZlieresTan. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
SemTxvevebs, rodesac kontaqti rTuli da damTrgunvelia, mag., kontaqti momakvdav
pacientebTan (Catalan et al., 1996). aseTi gaxangrZlivebuli kontaqtebiT gamowveuli
emociuri daZabulobis Semcireba mTeli rigi saSualebebiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu,
eqimebs SeuZliaT, ise Secvalon TavianTi samuSao ganrigi, rom droebiT ganeridon
amgvar stresul situaciebs. maT SeuZliaT individualur kontaqts jgufuri
daxmareba arCion; SeuZliaT yvela Sansis gamoyeneba, gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis
pozitiuri ukukavSiris misaRebad.
fsiqologia Cqvens cxovrebaSi
axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze

SegxvedriaT warmatebaze orientirebuli adamiani, romelic arafrad agdebs

dabrkolebebs? misi klaselebis umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom gulis Seteva mas 20

564

wlamde daemarTeba. gavxarT am pirovnebas? rogorc iciT, zogi adamiani savse

cxovrebiT cxovrobs, sxvebi ufro dune temps irCeven. SeiZleba dagainteresoT,
ramdenad zemoqmedebs individualuri gansxvavebebi janmrTelobaze.
erTmniSvnelovnad mowmobs, rom pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia. ganvixiloT
ramdenime maTgani.
1950-ian wlebSi maier fridmani (Meyer Friedman) da rei rouzmeni (Ray Rosenman)
miuTiTebdnen imaze, rasac adamianebi jer kidev antikuri xanidan varaudobdnen:
_ arsebobs kavSiri pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobasa da avad gaxdomis
SesaZleblobas,
(Friedman&Rosenman,
romlebsac

gansakuTrebiT,
1974).

am

gulis

mkvlevrebma

koronarul
daadgines

daavadebebs
ori

qceviTi

Soris
paterni,

tipi A da tipi B uwodes.

A tipis qceviTi paterni aris qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic

gulisxmobs ukidures metoqeobas, agresiulobas, mouTmenlobas, sulswrafobasa
da mtrul ganwyobas. A tipis adamianebi xSirad ukmayofiloni arian sakuTari
cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxareebiT, arian uaRresad konkurenciulni da ambiciurni
da, ZiriTadad, martoxelebi; B tipis qceviTi paterni aris yvelaferi is, rac ar
aris A tipi, anu am tipis individebi arian naklebad mtrulad ganwyobilni, ar
uyvarT konkurencia da a.S. fridmani da rosenmani amtkicebdnen, rom adamianebs,
romlebic amJRavneben A tipis qceviT paterns, sxvebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT
ufro xSirad awuxebT gulis daavadebebi (Friedman&Rosenman, 1974; Jenkins,1976).
gamokvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba individebs, romlebic xasiaTdebian A
tipis qceviTi paterniT. gamokvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom A tipis qceva
gulis daavadebebTan erTad bevr sxva Tanmdev avadmyofobasTanaa dakavSirebuli
(Suls&Marco,1990; Vahtera et al., 2000). amJamad kvlevebi A tipis qceviTi paternis im
specifikuri
xSirad

elementebis

ayeneben

adamianebs

gamovlenazea
safrTxis

fokusirebuli,
winaSe.

pirovnuli

romlebic

yvelaze

maxasiaTeblebidan

yvelaze meti `toqsikurobiT~ gamoirCeva mtruli ganwyoba (hostility)(Carmelli&Swan,

1996; Fredrickson et al., 2000; Smith, 1992). mtrulma ganwyobam SeiZleba janmrTelobaze
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc fiziologiurad _ iwvevs ra sxeulis stresuli
reaqciebis qronikul zeagznebadobas, ise fsiqologiurad _ iwvevs ra mtrulad
ganwyobil adamianebSi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebas da socialuri
mxrdaWerisagan Tavis
Terapia

tipis

aridebas. sasixaruloa is

qceviTi

paternis

faqti,

Sesasusteblad,

rom bihevioraluri

umravles

SemTxvevaSi

565

warmatebuli iyo (Friedman et al., 1986; Thoresen&Powell,1992). Tu sakuTar TavSi mtrul

ganwyobas aRmoaCenT, sakuTari janmrTelobis dasacavad am tipis Carevas unda
mimarToT.
zemoaRniSnuli tipi A da misi sawinaaRmdego tipi B mkvlevrebma Seqmnes
qcevasa da gulis koronarul daavadebebs Soris kavSiris asaxsnelad. cota
xnis win mkvlevrebma miuTiTes, rom kidev erTi, C tipis qcevaTa paterni,
saSualebas

mogvcems

viwinaswarmetyveloT,

romel

individebs

aqvT

kiboTi

daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba

(Eysenck,1994; Temoshok&Dreher,1992). qcevis C tipi gulisxmobs iseTi Tvisebebis
arsebobas,

rogorebicaa:

gulisxmiereba,

simtkice,

an

sakuTari

Tavis

msxverplad gaReba, TanamSromloba da sxvaTa gulis mogeba, moridebuloba,

moTmineba,

avtoritetebisadmi

morCileba

da

uaryofiTi

emociebis,

gansakuTrebiT, sibrazis, argamomJRavneba (Temoshok, 1990 p.209). C tipis qceviT

paterns ar Seesatyviseba `mebrZoli suli~, romelmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos
kibos, an sxva romelime seriozuli avadmyofobis mimdinareobis Senelebas.
`mebrZoli

sulis~

pacientebTan

zemoqmedeba

(Reed et al.,

1994).

mkvlevrebma

aRmoaCines

SidsiT

daavadebul

individebi,

romlebic

sakuTari

sikvdilis

gardauvalobas ar eguebodnen, ufro met xans cocxlobdnen, vidre isini, vinc

beds Seegua.
zogadad, C tipis individebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `pasiuri miReba~
avadmyofobisadmi saukeTeso midgoma ar aris. davubrundeT optimizmis cnebas,
romelic me-12 TavSi ganvixileT. Cven vnaxeT, rom optimistebi warumateblobas
miaweren garegan mizezebs da arastabilur cvalebad movlenebs (Seligman, 1991).
daZlevis (coping) es stili Zlier gavlenas axdens optimistTa keTildReobaze.
mkvlevrebma daamtkices optimizmis gavlena imunuri sistemis moqmedebaze
(Segerstrom et al., 1998). optimist adamianebs avadmyofobis naklebi fizikuri
simptomebi aqvT, ufro swrafad axerxeben garkveuli avadmyofobebisagan
gamojanmrTelebas, zogadad ufro janmrTelebi arian da ufro metxans
cxovroben (Peterson et al., 1998). dadebiTi samomavlo perspeqtivebi (a positive outlook)
dagexmarebaT sxeulze qronikuli stresis zemoqmedebis SemcirebaSi da gazrdis
sasargeblo qcevebis ganxorcialebis albaTobas.
rCevebi janmrTelobisaTvis
dadga saboloo rCevis mocemis dro. nacvlad

stresis, an avadmyofobis

molodinisa da Semdeg masze reagirebisa, dasaxeT miznebi da dagegmeT cxovreba

ise,

rom

janmrTelobisaTvis

mtkice

safuZveli

SeqmnaT.

cxra

safexuri

meti

bednierebisa da ukeTesi fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaken dagexmarebaT ufro aqtiurad

566

marToT sakuTari cxovreba da SeqmnaT ufro pozitiuri fsiqologiuri garemo

rogorc TqvenTvis, ise sxvebisaTvis. aRniSnuli nabijebi warmoidgineT, rogorc
wlis ganmavlobaSi gansaxorcielebeli programa:
A tipis qceviTi paterni _ qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs

gadaWarbebulad

gamoxatul

Sejibrs,

agresias,

mouTmenlobasa

da

mtrul damokidebulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis koronarul

daavadebaTa risks.
B tipis qceviTi paterni _AA tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da
emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad agresiuli da naklebad mtruli
paterni.
C tipis

qceviTi

paterni

qcevaTa

erToblioba,

romelic

saSualebas

gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti

albaToba, an visTan ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es qceviTi
paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas da TavSewirvas.
1. arasodes TqvaT cudi sakuTar Tavze. eZebeT Tqveni ubedurebis mizezebi iseT
faqtorebSi, romelTa Secvla SesaZlebelia momavali moqmedebiT. sakuTar TavTan
da sxvebTan gamoiyeneT mxolod konstruqciuli kritika _ Tu ra unda gakeTdes
gansxvavebulad sxva dros sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad;
2. SeadareT

sakuTari

reaqciebi,

azrebi

da

grZnobebi

Tqveni

megobrebis,

TanamSromlebis da ojaxis wevrebisas, raTa SeamowmoT sakuTari adeqvaturoba da

pasuxebis relevanturoba Sesabamisi socialuri normebis mimarT;
3. gyavdeT ramdenime axlo megobari, romlebsac gauziarebT sakuTar grZnobebs,
sixaruls da mwuxarebas. izruneT socialur mxardaWeris qselTa SenarCunebasa da
gafarToebaze;
4. SeimuSaveT

balansirebuli

droiTi

gancda,

rac

gagiadvilebT

moqnilad

moaxdinoT koncentracia moTxovnebze, romlebsac giyenebT davaleba, situacia da

sakuTari

Tavi.

iyaviT

orientirebuli

momavalze,

rodesac

raRacis gakeTebaa

saWiro. iyaviT orientirebuli awmyoze, rodesac mizani miRweulia da siamovnebis

miRebis droa da warsulze orientirebuli imisaTvis, rom ar mowydeT Tqvens
fesvebs;

567

5. yovelTvis miiReT qeba miRwevebisa da warmatebebisTvis (da gauziareT Tqveni

dadebiTi

grZnobebi

sxvebs).

aRricxuli

gqondeT

yvela

is

Tviseba,

romelic

erTaderTad da ganumeoreblad gaqcevT da romelic SegiZliaT SesTavazoT sxvebs.

magaliTad, morcxvma adamianma SeiZleba kargi samsaxuri gauwios molaparakes, Tu
misi yuradRebiani msmeneli gaxdeba. gacnobierebuli gqondeT Tqveni pirovnuli
siZlieris wyaro da Tqvens xelT arsebuli daZlevis saSualebebi;
6. rodesac grZnobT, rom emociebze kontrols kargavT, ganerideT situacias
fizikuri

wasvliT;

situaciaSi.

amJamad

sakuTari

Tavi

gadaulaxavi

sxvis

adgilas

problemebis

warmoidgineT

gadaWris

konfliqtur

gzebis

aRmosaCenad

warmosaxva momavlisaken mimarTeT, an esaubreT gulisxmier mosaubres. mieciT

Tqvens Tavs emociebis gancdisa da gamoxatvis saSualeba;
7. gaxsovdeT,

zogjer

warumatebloba

da

imedgacrueba

gicavT

kidec

siyalbisagan. SeiZleba miganiSnebdnen, rom Tqveni miznebi sazianoa TqvenTvis, an

SeiZleba

dagifaron

momavali

dacemisagan.

iswavleT

Secdomebze.

miiReT

warumatebloba aRiarebiT `me davuSvi Secdoma~ da ganagrZeT gza. nebismieri

ubeduri SemTxveva, warumatebloba, an imedis gacrueba, potenciurad, gardaqmnis,
Secvlis mSvenieri SesaZleblobaa.
8. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ver exmarebiT sakuTar Tavs, an sxvas sulier tanjvasTan
gamklavebaSi,

mimarTeT

kvalificiuri

specialistis

rCevas.

zogjer

fsiqologiurad miCneuli problema, sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba fizikuri iyos da

piriqiT;
9. danergeT

jansaRi

gasarTobebi.

gamoyaviT

dro

dasvenebisaTvis,

meditaciisaTvis, masaJisaTvis, franis gaSvebisaTvis, hobis iseTi aqtivobebisaTvis,

romlebic SegiZliaT akeToT martom da romelTa saSualebiTac SegiZliaT ukeT
CawvdeT da daafasoT sakuTari Tavi.
maS ase, rogor grZnobT Tavs? Tu arsebul stresorebs cud gunebaze dayeneba
SeuZliaT, imedi gvaqvs, Tqven SeZlebT kognituri gadafasebis gamoyenebas maTi
zemoqmedebis Semcirebis mizniT. Tu avad xarT, imedi gvaqvs, SeZlebT fsiqikis
unaris gamoyenebas gankurnebis daCqarebis mizniT. yovelTvis saTanadod SeafaseT
am

gansxvavebul

gamoiyeneT es Zala.

`grZnobaTa~

Zala,

raTa

akontroloT

sakuTari

cxovreba.

568

Sejameba
aradasavlur
xangrZlivi

kulturebSi

tradicia

gonebaze fsiqologiuri

arsebobs.

janmrTelobis

zemoqmedebis

gamoyenebis

biofsiqosocialur

modelSi

asaxulia samive komponentis _ biologiuris, fsiqologiuris da socialuris _

wvlili

janmrTelobaSi.

janmrTelobis

fsiqologebi

iseTi

fsiqologiuri

meTodebis gamoyenebas cdiloben, romlebic adamianebs daarwmuneben Tavi aaridon

arajansaR qcevebs, magaliTad, Tambaqos mowevas. mkvlevrebma, aseve, ganaviTares
SidsTan brZolis qceviTi cvlilebebis kompleqsuri programebi. mkurnalobisadmi
janmrTelobis

fsiqologiis

midgoma

gulisxmobs

imis

analizs,

Tu

ratom

eqvemdebarebian, an ar eqvemdebarebian adamianebi mkurnalobis reJims. kvlevebiT,

aseve, dadginda sxvadasxva xerxebi, romliTac SeiZleba gonebis Zalis gamoyeneba
sxeulze zemoqmedebis

mosaxdenad. janmrTelobis

dacvis

samsaxuri

(health care

situations) iseTi unda iyos, rom eqimebma SeZlon, Tavi aaridon `gamofitvas~ da
darCnen sakuTari saqmiTa da klientebiT gatacebulni.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
emocia
emocia aris cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, kognitur Sefasebas da qceviT da eqspresiul reaqciebs.
rogorc evoluciis Sedegi, bazisuri emociuri reaqciebi yvela adamianisTvis
saerToa.
sxvadasxva

kulturebs

emociebis

gamoxatvis

marTebulobis

gansxvavebuli

standartebi aqvT.
klasikuri Teoriebi emociuri pasuxis iseT aspeqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas,
rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

periferiuli

sxeulebrivi

reaqciebi,

an

centraluri

nervuli sistemis procesebi.

SedarebiT Tanamedrove Teoriebi xazs usvamen agznebis Sefasebas.
emociebi asruleben motivaciur, socialur da kognitur funqciebs.
cxovrebiseuli stresi
stresi SeiZleba gamoiwvios uaryofiTma, an dadebiTma movlenebma. stresTa
umravlesobis

safuZvelia

cvlileba

da

garemos

socialur moTxovnebTan adaptaciis saWiroeba.

biologiur,

fizikur

da

569

fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze regulirdeba hipoTalamusis, hormonaluri

da nervuli sistemebis rTuli urTierTqmedebiT.

stresoris tipisa da droSi misi moqmedebis mixedviT, stresma, SesaZloa,

gamoiwvios msubuqi aSliloba, an seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas janmrTelobas.

kognituri Sefaseba stresis ZiriTadi moderatori (Semasustebeli) cvladia.

daZlevis strategiebi an problemaze fokusirdebian (uSualo moqmedebebiT)

an emociis daregulirebas cdiloben (arapidapiri gziT, an Tavis aridebiT).

stresTan

gasamklaveblad

SeiZleba

kognituri

gadafasebisa

da

gadastruqturebis gamoyeneba.

socialuri mxardaWera, aseve, stresis mniSvnelovani Semasustebelia manam,

sanam pirobebs Seesabameba.

janmrTelobis fsiqologia
janmrTelobis fsiqologia

avadmyofobis

mkurnalobasa

da

prevencias

eZRvneba.

janmrTelobisa

da

avadmyofobis

biofsiqosocialuri

modeli

adgens

kavSirebs avadmyofobis fizikur, emociur da garemo faqtorebs Soris.

avadmyofobis

prevencia

XXI

saukuneSi

mimarTulia

cxovrebis

wesis

ganmsazRvrel iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: _ moweva, kveba, varjiSi da

Sidsis Seyris safrTxe.

avadmyofobis

fsiqosocialuri

mkurnaloba

pacientis

mkurnalobas

sxva

ganzomilebas amatebs.

individebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian, rogorc tipi A, tipi B da

optimisturi

qceviTi

paterniT

avadmyofobis

albaTobas

tipi C,

gansxvavebulad

ganicdian.

janmrTelobis dacvis TanamSromlebi gamofitvis riskis qveS imyofebian, rac

SeiZleba

Semcirdes

maT

mxardamWer

cvlilebebis ganxorcielebiT.
suraTebi
gv.405

garemoSi

saTanado

situaciuri

570

samsaxurSi Tu TamaSis dros, individebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadad

stresul garemos awydebian. Tqveni cxovrebis ra situaciebi migaCniaT yvelaze
ufro stresulad?
gv.408
ra aris qronikuli stresis fiziologiuri Sedegebi?
gv.413
detroitis

moqalaqeebi,

romlebic

safosto

dawesebulebisagan

xmaurianad

iTxoven samuSao ganacxadebis darigebas, savaraudod, unda ganicdidnen stress,

romelic qronikuli umuSevrobiT da arasruli dasaqmebiT aris gamowveuli. ra
Sedegebs unda velodeT maTi fizikuri da sulieri janmrTelobisaTvis.
gv. 416
rogor aris SesaZlebeli, rom im pirTan pirdapiri saubari, romelic problemis
mizezia da gancxadeba, Tu risi gakeTebaa saWiro mis gadasaWrelad, stresis
Semcirebis efeqturi saSualeba iyos?
ZiriTadi cnebebi
mind -goneba
Traditional health practices-janmrTelobis tradiciuli praqtika.
Communal health-sazogadoebis janmrTeloba
Communal healing- sazogadoebis mxridan Catarebuli mkurnaloba
Health psychologist - janmrTelobis fsiqologi
biomedical model- biosamedicino modeli
health behavior- janmrTelobaze mimarTuli qceva
Health promotion - janmrTelobis xelSewyoba
Public health-sazogadoebrivi jandacva
Precontemlation stage-gansjis, ganxilvis wina periodi
Contemplation stage-gansja, ganxilva
"Cool"-"uncool"-sakaifo/magari-arasakaifo
Healthy action- janmrTelobisken warmarTuli moqmedeba, janmrTeli qmedeba
Psychological needs- fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi
Drug behavior- wamlebis moxmarebis qceva
health care profesional- janmrTelobis dacvis specialisti

571

patient adherence- pacientis daqvemdebareba

Well -being- kargad yofna
Tension response- daZabuli reaqcia
biofeedback-bioukukavSiri
Relaxation response-relaqsaciuri reaqcia
Cortical activity- Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba
Mental device- gonebrivi sqema, triuki
Health outcomes - janmrTelobis Sedegebi
Emotional disclosure- emociuri gantvirTva
Disclosure group- emociuri gantvirTvis jgufi
Job burnout-samuSaoTi gamowveuli gadawva, gamofitva
Health care system- janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
Health care provider-jan.dacvis muSaki
Mental health-mentaluri janmrTeloba
Cognitive reappraisal-kognituri gadafaseba
Health care situatuations- jandacvis sferoebi
Emotional response-emociuri reaqcia
peripherial bodily reactions-periferiuli sxeulebrivi reaqciebi
Appraisal of arousal agznebis Sefaseba
Stress of living-cxovrebiseuli stresi
Psysiological stress reactions-stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebi
Cognitive reappraisal- kognituri gadafaseba
Constalation of personal traits-pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis kompleqsi
Behavior pattern- qceviTi paterni
behavioral treatment-qceviTi Terapia
Coping - daZleva
Measures of distress- distresis sazomi
Stress inoculation-stresis sawinaaRmdego inokulaciis (acris) treningi
Social intecaction- socialuri interaqcia
Monitoring attentional style-yuradRebis

saSualebiT avadmyofobis monotoringis

stili
High monitors/low monitors- Zlieri/susti makontroleblebi

572

Supportive group therapy-mxardamWeri jgufuri Terapia

Disclosure group-gantvirTvis jgufi

Tavi 14. pirovneba

pirovnebis tipisa da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi

tipebiT kategorizacia

niSnebiT aRwera

niSnebi da memkvidreoba

winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara niSnebi qcevas?

pirovnebis tipisa da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba

fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi: ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?

fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
froidiseuli fsiqoanalizi
froidis Teoriis Sefaseba
post-froidistuli Teoriebi

humanisturi Teoriebi

humanisturi Teoriebis maxasiaTeblebi

humanisturi Teoriebis Sefaseba

socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi

miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-afeqturi Teoria

banduras kognituri socialuri daswavlis Teoria

kentoris socialuri inteleqtis Teoria

socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba

( -is) Teoriebi
me-s (self

me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri aspeqtebi

TviTpativiscema da TviTprezentacia

me-s kulturaluri konstruqcia

me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba

fsiqologia 2121-e saukuneSi:

saukuneSi: me internetSi

pirovnebis TeoriaTa Sedareba

573

pirovnebis Sefaseba

obieqturi testebi

proeqciuli testebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

gainteresebT, kargi mSobeli iqnebiT Tu ara? Tqven rom frenologiis _ me-19-e

saukunis Teoriis _ mimdevari iyoT, nebismieri, visac SeeZleboda Tqveni Tavis
qalis moyvanilobis xeliT mosinjva, SeZlebda am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. im
Teoriis

mixedviT,

romelsac

frenologia

eyrdnoboda,

tvinis

Zlierad

ganviTarebuli organoebi awvebian Signidan Tavis qalas da qmnian amozneqilobebs.

tvinis

yovel

organos

ukavSirdeboda

iseTi

niSnebi,

rogoricaa

mSobluri

siyvaruli, megobroba da brZolisunarianoba. am organoebTan asocirebuli kopis

zomis SefasebiT adamiani dauyovnebliv Seityobda sakmaod bevrs sakuTari Tavisa
Tu sxva adamianis Sesaxeb. qvemoT mocemulia mSobluri siyvarulis gamovlinebis
aRwera wignidan rogor amovikiTxoT xasiaTi: frenologiisa da fiziognomiis
axali ilustrirebuli saxelmZRvanelo, saavtoro uflebebi daculia samuel
uelsis mier, 1869 weli:
mSobluri siyvarulis anu filoprogenitivobis organo moTavsebulia naTxemis
Sua nawilis zemoT (2. naxati 23), da kefis gamozneqilobidan daaxloebiT erTi
duimiT zemoT (gv. 42).

ipoveT Sesabamisi adgili sakuTar Tavis qalaze? rogoria is dedofali

viqtoriisa an a. jonsonis gamozneqilobasTan SedarebiT, romlebic naCvenebia
naxatze? rogoria is Tqveni megobrebis Tavis qalebTan SedarebiT? ai, ras ambobs
zemoT dasaxelebuli saxelmZRvanelo imaze, Tu rogori mSobeli iqnebiT Tqven,
Tqveni mSobluri siyvarulis organos zomaze dayrdnobiT:
Zalian didi Tqveni siyvaruli bavSvebisa da Sinauri cxovelebis mimarT
Rrmaa. rogorc mSobeli, Tqven gaakerpebT Tqvens STamomavlobas da, SesaZlebelia,
gaaTamamoT kidec is ganebivrebiTa da mavne waqezebiT, an dajerebis nacvlad
mbrZaneblobis

uflebis

micemiT.

Tu

Tqven

Svilebi

gyavT,

mudmiv

SfoTvas

ganicdiT maTTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac isini Tqven gverdiT ar

574

arian, xolo erT-erTi maTganis sikvdili TiTqmis gausaZlisi dartyma iqneboda

TqvenTvis.
didi Tqven gaqvT unari, Zalian giyvardeT Tqveni Svilebi, bevri gaakeToT da
gawiroT maTi gulisaTvis, magram Tqven ar iqnebiT gadaWarbebulad mzrunveli da,
zogadad, ar igrZnobT Svilebis Tu Sinauri cxovelebis mimarT Zalian Zlier
mizidulobas.
saSualo zomis Tqven xarT sakmaod indiferentuli Tqveni sakuTari Svilebis
mimarTac ki, Tu saerTod gyavT isini, da civi yvela sxva adamianis mimarT; cotas
atana SegiZliaT maTgan da ar gaqvT miznad maTi siyvarulis mopoveba. Tqven ar
gaRelvebT Sinauri cxovelebi.
mcire zomis Tqven midrekilni xarT, iyoT civi da indiferentuli sakuTari
Svilebis mimarT da gamoxatoT aSkara antipaTia yvela sxvisi Svilis mimarT. (gv.
160-161)

Tu Tqven ver xvdebiT, Tu ratom unda iyos kavSiri Tqveni Tavis qalas formasa
da mSobluri siyvarulis unars Soris, maSin gagexardebaT imis gageba, rom
frenologia

savsebiT

diskreditirebul

iqna.

Tumca,

is

impulsi,

rasac

frenologia eyrdnoboda, dResac arsebobs da sakmaod Zlieria: fsiqologebi

eZeben martiv, magram efeqtur gzebs adamianTa kategorizaciisaTvis; maT surT, rom
am kategorizaciebma imis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba misces, Tu rogori
reaqcia eqnebaT da rogor moiqcevian es adamianebi mraval sxvadasxva situaciaSi.
es aris pirovnebis Teoriebis arsebiTi mizani gansazRvron adamianTa Soris
gansxvavebebi,

rac

maTi

cxovrebiseuli

mimarTulebebis

winaswarmetyvelebis

saSualebas miscems.
mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan Tqven, albaT, ukve Zlieri intuicia
gaqvT ganviTarebuli imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor funqcionirebs pirovneba.
rogoria Tqveni pirovnebis Teoria? gaixseneT vinme, visac WeSmaritad endobiT.
axla, gaixseneT vinme, visac Tqven piradad icnobT da is TqvenTvis misabaZi
magaliTia. warmoidgineT im adamianis Tvisebebi, visTan erTadac mTeli darCenili
sicocxlis gatarebas isurvebdiT da Semdeg imisa, visac dasanaxadac ver itanT.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, pirveli, rac dauyovnebliv mogvdis TavSi, aris iseTi
pirovnuli
agresiuloba,

Tvisebebi,
uxasiaToba

rogoricaa
an

patiosneba,

pesimizmi.

jer

kidev

sandooba,
bavSvobaSi

keTilSobileba,
Tqven,

albaT,

575

SeimuSaveT da iyenebdiT pirovnebis Sefasebis sakuTar sistemas. cdilobdiT,

gangesazRvraT, vin iqneboda axal klasSi Tqveni megobari Tu mteri; SeimuSavebdiT
mSoblebTan da maswavleblebTan gamklavebis teqnikebs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
amoikiTxavdiT maT pirovnebas.
fsiqologebi
gansazRvrebisaTvis
maxasiaTebeli

pirovnebas

mravalnairad

saerToa

paternebi.

ori

Cven

gansazRvraven,

ZiriTadi

ganvsazRvravT

cneba:

magram

yvela

da

qcevis

unikaloba

pirovnebas,
pirovnebas

rogorc

unikaluri

fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas, romelic gansxvavebul situaciebSi

da sxvadasxva dros gavlenas axdens individis qcevis damaxasiaTebel paternebze.
pirovnebis

Teoriebi

warmoadgenen

pirovnebebis

struqturisa

fsiqologiis

miznebidan

da

hipoTetur

funqcionirebis

ori

mTavari

debulebebs
Sesaxeb.

amocanis

individualuri

isini

gadaWraSi:

gvexmarebian

(1)

pirovnebis

struqturis, warmoSobisa da pirovnebasTan kavSirSi myofi movlenebis gageba da

(2) qcevisa da cxovrebiseuli movlenebis winaswarmetyveleba imaze dayrdnobiT,
rac

viciT

pirovnebis

Sesaxeb.

gansxvavebuli

Teoriebi

gansxvavebul

winaswarmetyvelebebs akeTeben imis Taobaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben da rogor

eguebian adamianebi konkretul pirobebs.

pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic

gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi (rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis
speqtrze gansxvavebul situaciebSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sanam SevudgebodeT zogierTi mTavari Teoriuli midgomis ganxilvas, unda

davsvaT

kiTxva:

urTierTsawinaaRmdego)

ratom

arsebobs

Teoria?

pirovnebis

amdeni
mimarT

gansxvavebuli
midgomebSi

(xSirad

Teoretikosebi

gansxvavdebian amosavali wertilis da monacemTa wyaroebis mixedviT, aseve, imiT,

Tu

rogor

cdiloben

gansxvavebuli

saxis

fenomenebis

axsnas.

zogi

dainteresebulia konkretuli pirovnebis struqturiT, zogi ki _ imiT, Tu rogor

ganviTarda es pirovneba da rogor gaagrZelebs igi zrdas. zogs ainteresebs, ras
akeTeben adamianebi, specifikuri qcevebisa Tu mniSvnelovani cxovrebis movlenebis
mxriv maSin, rodesac sxvebi swavloben imas, Tu ras grZnoben adamianebi Tavis
cxovrebasTan

dakavSirebiT.

da

bolos,

zogi

Teoria

cdilobs,

axsnas

fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone adamianebis pirovneba, sxvebi ki yuradRebas

amaxvileben janmrTel

individebze. ase rom, yovel Teorias SeuZlia, raime

576

gvaswavlos pirovnebis Sesaxeb. erTad ki maT SeuZliaT, bevri ram mogviTxron

adamianis bunebaze.
am TavSi Cveni mizani iqneba, mogawodoT zogadi midgoma, Tu rogor unda
gesmodeT

pirovnebasTan

Tqveni

yoveldRiuri

gamocdileba.

Tumca,

sanam

daviwyebdeT, daufiqrdiT Semdeg kiTxvebs: Tqveni pirovnebis rogor portrets

Seqmnidnen fsiqologebi, Tqven rom SeeswavleT? romel adreul gamocdilebas
gamoyofdnen isini, rogorc Tqven dRevandel qcevasa da azrovnebaSi wvlilis
Semtans? Tqveni awmyo cxovrebis romeli pirobebi axdens Zlier gavlenas Tqven
azrebsa da qcevaze? ra gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da mraval sxva pirovnebas Soris,
romlebic imave situaciaSi xvdebian, rogorSic Tqven? es Tavi dagexmarebaT am
SekiTxvebze ufro zusti pasuxebis formulirebaSi.
Semdgom ramdenime TavSi Cven ganvixilavT pirovnebisadmi Teoriul midgomebs:
tipisa

da

niSnis,

fsiqodinamikurs,

humanisturs,

socialuri

daswavlis,

kognitursa da me-s (self-is) analizs. Tavs davasrulebT zogierTi im Sefasebis

teqnikis

aRweriT,

romlebsac

fsiqologebi

iyeneben

pirovnebis

gagebisa

da

aRwerisaTvis.
tipisa da niSnis pirovnebis Teoriebi
ori

yvelaze

Zveli

mcdeloba

pirovnebis

aRwerisa

aris

adamianebis

klasificireba calkeuli tipebis SezRudul raodenobad da im xarisxis gazomva,

ra xarisxiTac isini SeiZleba aRiweros gansxvavebuli niSnebiT. rogorc Cans,
adamianebs

aqvT

bunebrivi

sxvadasxva

kategoriebs.

tendencia,

modiT,

miakuTvnon

ganvixiloT

sakuTari

formaluri

da

sxvebis

Teoriebi,

qceva

romlebic

fsiqologebma Seqmnes tipebsa da niSnebs Soris am gansxvavebaTa asaxvisaTvis.

tipebis mixedviT kategorizacia
Cven

yovelTvis

vaxdenT

adamianebis

kategorizacias

ganmasxvavebeli

maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. esenia kolejis klasi, akademiuri specializacia, sqesi

da rasa. zogi pirovnebis Teoretikosi, aseve, ajgufebs adamianebs gansxvavebul,
araurTierTgadamfarav

kategoriebad,

romlebsac

pirovnebis

tipebi

ewodeba.

pirovnebis tipebi sul an araferi fenomenebia da ar gamoixateba ama Tu im

xarisxiT: Tu adamiani erT tips miekuTvneba, is SeuZlebelia miekuTvnebodes
nebismier sxva tips arsebul sistemaSi. bevr adamians moswons pirovnebis tipebis

577

gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, radgan isini gviadvileben sxva adamianebis

Secnobis rTul process.

pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli

paternebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi mikuTvnebisaTvis;
ara

xarisxobrivi,

aramed

Tvisebrivi

gansxvavebebi,

romlebic

adamianebis

gansasxvaveblad ixmareba.
erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli tipebis Teoria Cvens welTaRricxvamde mexuTe
saukunes ekuTvnis. misi avtoria hipokrate, berZeni eqimi, romelmac medicinas
hipokrates fici SesZina. misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis sxeuli Seicavs oTx
ZiriTad siTxes anu humors, romelTaganac TiToeuli asocirebulia garkveul

temperamentTan,

emociebisa

damokidebulia

imaze,

Tu

da
romeli

qcevis

paternTan.

humori

Warbobs

individis

pirovneba

sxeulSi.

hipokratem

mis

daawyvila sxeulis humorebi pirovnebis temperamentebTan Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:

sisxli. sangvinikuri temperamenti: mxiaruli da aqtiuri.
flegma. flegmaturi temperamenti: apaTiuri da modunebuli.
Savi naRveli. melanqoliuri temperamenti: naRvliani da Sefiqrianebuli.
yviTeli naRveli. qolerikuli temperamenti: gaRizianebadi da agznebadi.
hipokrates

Teoriis

saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi

sjerodaT,

Sua

saukuneebis

CaTvliT, Tumca, man ver gauZlo Tanamedrove mecnierebis moTxovnebs. (miuxedavad

amisa,

Cven

vnaxavT

hipokrates

temperamentebis

Tanamedrove

gamoZaxils

hans

aizenkis niSnis TeoriaSi, ix. gv. ??)

Cven droSi uiliam Seldonma (William Sheldon, 1942) Seqmna tipis Teoria, romelic
sxeulis

agebulebas

ukavSirebda

temperaments;

Teoria,

romelic

jer

kidev

popularulia da aisaxeba popularul sainformacio saSualebebSi. man adamianebi

dayo

sam

(msuqani,

kategoriad
rbili,

maTi

mrgvali),

sxeulebrivi

mezomorfuli

agebulebis
(kunTiani,

endomorfuli

mixedviT:
oTxkuTxedi,

Zlieri)

da

eqtomorfuli (gamxdari, grZeli, susti). Seldonis azriT, endomorfebi arian

relaqsirebuli, socialurni da uyvarT Wama. mezomorfebi arian sxeulebrivad
ganviTarebuli
asertiuli27

adamianebi,
tendenciebi.

aRsavse

energiiT,

eqtomorfebi

arian

gambedaobiT
gonebrivad

da

axasiaTebT

ganviTarebuli,

artistuli da introverti adamianebi; maTTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia fiqri

578

cxovrebis Sesaxeb, vidre cxovrebiT sargebloba an masze aqtiuri zemoqmedeba.

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Seldonis Teoria imdenad gavleniani iyo, rom
gadaRebul iqna SeerTebuli Statebis ieilisa da ueslis msgavsi kolejebis
aTasobiT studentis SiSveli pozis fotoebi, raTa mkvlevarebs SesaZlebloba
hqonodaT, SeeswavlaT sxeulis tipsa da cxovrebiseul faqtorebs Soris kavSiri.
Tumca, hipokrates bevrad ufro adreuli Teoriis msgavsad, Seldonis sxeulis
tipebis

Teoriac

Zalian

dabali

Rirebulebis

aRmoCnda

individis

qcevis

winaswarmetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT (Tyler, 1965).

ufro

mogvianebiT,

frenk

saloueim
saloueim

(Frank

Sulloway,

1996)

SemogvTavaza

Tanamedrove tipebis Teoria, damyarebuli dabadebis rigze. Tqven pirveli (an

erTaderTi) Svili xarT Tqven ojaxSi Tu mogvianebiT dabadebuli? imdenad,

ramdenadac dabadebis rigis mixedviT adamians mxolod erTi pozicia SeiZleba
hqondes, saloueis Teoria akmayofilebs tipis Teoriis kriteriumebs. (uCveulo
ojaxuri kombinaciebis mqone adamianebisaTvis magaliTad, rodesac or bavSvs
Soris Zalian didi asakobrivi sxvaobaa salouei mainc gvawvdis individebis
kategorizaciis

gzebs.)

dabadebis

rigze

damyarebul

winaswarmetyvelebebSi

salouei efuZneba darvinis ideas, rom organizmebi xdebian gansxvavebulni, raTa

ipovon is niSa, romelic maT gadarCenis saSualebas miscems. saloueis mixedviT,
pirvelad dabadebulebs ukve gamzadebuli niSa aqvT: maT Tavidanve aqvT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvaruli da yuradReba; isini cdiloben am sawyisi mocemulobis
SenarCunebas mSoblebTan identifikaciisa da maTdami damorCilebis gziT. amis
sapirispirod, ufro gvian dabadebul bavSvebs sWirdebaT gansxvavebuli niSis
moZebna iseTis, sadac isini ase gamokveTilad ar mihyvebian Tavisi mSoblebis
magaliTs. amis Sedegad, mogvianebiT dabadebulebs salouei axasiaTebs, rogorc
ajanyebisaTvis

dabadebulebs:

isini

cdiloben,

warmatebas

miaRwion

iseT

sferoebSi, sadac ufros debs Tu Zmebs ar aqvT ukve mopovebuli upiratesoba.

gvian dabadebulebi tipiurad aviTareben Riaobas gamocdilebisadmi gamosadeg
strategias yvelasaTvis, visac surs cxovrebaSi axali da warmatebuli niSis
povna. (gv. 353). im winaswarmetyvelebis Sesamowmeblad, rom gvian dabadebulni
siaxleebs

miesalmebian,

maSin

rodesac

pirvelebi

status-qvos

amjobineben,

saloueim Seiswavla mecnieruli, istoriuli da kulturuli revoluciebi, Semdeg

ki gansazRvra im mravali istoriuli da Tanamedrove figuris dabadebis rigi,
27

assertive dadebiTi, Tavdajerebuli

579

vinc mxars uWerda Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda am revoluciebs. 14.1 suraTze naCvenebia,

Tu ra xarisxiT uWerdnen mxars mecnierebaSi arsebul 23 liberalur Teorias
pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebuli mecnierebi. rogorc xedavT, yvela zomis
ojaxis SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iyo, rom gvian dabadebulebi ufro dauWerdnen
mxars inovaciur Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni. gyavT Tu ara Zmebi da
debi? SegiZliaT Tu ara ipovoT aseTi magaliTi Tqven sakuTar ojaxSi?
suraTi 14.1. dabadebis rigi da mecnieruli inovaciebis mxardaWera
80

inovaciebis mxardamWerTa
procenti

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
dediserTebi'

pirvelad dabadebulni

gvian dabadebulni

frenk saloueim gamoikvlia 23 inovaciuri mecnieruli Teoria da gansazRvra

1218

mecnieris

nebismieri

dabadebis

zomis

rigi,

ojaxisaTvis,

romlebmac
gvian

miiRes

an

dabadebulni

uaryves

ufro

es

iRebdnen

Teoriebi.
inovaciur

Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni.

icnobT Tu ara adamianebs, visac miakuTvnebdiT garkveul tips? moicavs Tu
ara tipi yvelafers, rac ki unda vicodeT pirovnebis Sesaxeb? xSirad tipis
Teoriebi TiTqos ar moicaven adamianTa pirovnebebis ufro faqiz aspeqtebs. modiT,
axla

gavecnoT

Teoriebs,

romlebic

ufro

meti

moqnilobis

SesaZleblobas

iZlevian, radgan adamianebs ganasxvaveben niSnebis da ara tipebis mixedviT.

niSnebis mixedviT aRwera
tipis

Teoriebis

daSvebis

mixedviT,

adamianebi

Seesatyvisebian

arsebul

calkeul, wyvetil kategoriebs. aseTi kategoriebia, magaliTad, pirvelad da

mogvianebiT dabadebulebi. amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi gvTavazoben uwyvet

580

ganzomilebebs, rogoricaa inteleqti an keTilganwyoba. niSnebi aris uwyveti

Tvisebebi an atributebi, romlebic winaswar ganawyoben individebs, rom isini
Tanamimdevrulad moiqcnen gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia
erT dRes Tqven gamoamJRavnoT patiosneba dakarguli safulis dabrunebiT da
meore dRes imiT, rom ar moityuoT gamocdaze. niSnis Teoriis zogierTi momxre
gansazRvravs niSnebs, rogorc predispoziciebs, romlebic qcevas iwveven, magram
ufro

konservatiuli

ganzomilebebs,

mecnierebi

romlebic

niSnebs

ubralod

iyeneben

ajameben

mxolod

dakvirvebis

rogorc

obieqtad

aRweriT
arsebuli

qcevis paternebs. modiT, gavecnoT niSnis cnobil Teoriebs.

niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an atributebi, romlebic gavlenas

axdenen qcevaze gansxvavebul situaciebSi.

olportis niSnis Teoria

gordon olporti (Gordon Allport, 1937, 1961, 1966) ganixilavda niSnebs, rogorc
pirovnebis

samSeneblo

masalas

olportis

mixedviT,

niSnebi

da

individualobis

uzrunvelyofen

Camoyalibebis

qcevis

wyaros.

SeTanxmebulobas

(koherentulobas), radgan isini akavSireben da erTgvarovans xdian pirovnebis

reaqciebs

mravalgvarovan

stimulebze.

niSnebma

SeiZleba

imoqmedon,

rogorc

intervenciulma cvladebma, romlebic akavSireben pirveli SexedviT erTmaneTTan

daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze pasuxebis nakrebs (ix. sur. 14.2).
olportma

gamohyo

sami

saxis

niSnebi:

kardinaluri

niSnebi,

meoradi niSnebi. kardinaluria niSnebi, romelTa

niSnebi da

centraluri

garSemoc

agebs

adamiani Tavis cxovrebas. deda terezasaTvis kardinaluri niSani iqneboda sxvisi

keTildReobisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Sewirva. Tumca, yvela adamians ar uviTardeba
aseTi

yovlismomcveli

warmoadgenen
optimizmi.

kardinaluri

pirovnebis

mTavar

niSnebi.

samagierod,

maxasiaTeblebs,

centraluri niSnebi

rogoricaa

patiosneba

an

meoradi niSnebi aris specifiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romlebic

gvexmareba individis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebaSi, magram naklebad gamosadegia

individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi niSnebis magaliTebia is, Tu romel
sakvebsa da tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas. olports ainteresebda am
sami

tipis

niSnebis

ganumeorebel

unikaluri

mTlianobad

kombinaciebis

gadaaqcevs.

am

aRmoCena,

unikaluri

rac

yovel

niSnebis

adamians

Sesaswavlad

581

olporti

mxars

uWerda

calkeul/erTeul

SemTxvevaTa

Seswavlis

meTodis

gamoyenebas.
individis qcevis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad olports ufro metad pirovnebis

struqtura esaxeboda, vidre garemo pirobebi. erTi da igive cecxli adnobs

karaqs da xarSavs kvercxs am frazas igi iyenebda imis saCveneblad, rom erTsa
da imave stimuls gansxvavebuli moqmedeba aqvs sxvadasxva individze. mravali
Tanamedrove niSnis Teoria mihyveba olportiseul tradicias.
suraTi 14.2. morcxvoba, rogorc niSani

niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc intervenciulma cvladebma, romlebic

akavSireben pirveli SexedviT erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis nakrebs.

stimulis situacia
sityvis warmoTqma;
wveulebaze wasvla;
ucxoebTan Sexvedra;
intimuri Sexvedrebi;
nakluli produqtis
dabruneba

pasuxebi
arideba - ganrideba;
gawiTleba;
mexsierebis
deficiti;
gaCumeba;
ucnauri Jestebi;
minimaluri
mxedvelobiTi
kontaqti

niSani
(intervenciuli
cvladi)
morcxvoba

universaluri niSnebis ganzomilebebis gansazRvra

1936

wels

gordon

olportma

da misma

kolegam

h.

s. odbertma

Caatares

leqsikonis kvleva da inglisur enaSi aRmoaCines individualuri gansxvavebebis

aRmweri 18 000-ze meti zedsarTavi saxeli. mas Semdeg mkvlevarebi cdiloben,
gansazRvron niSnebis aseTi usazRvro sityvaTa maragis safuZvlad myofi Zireuli
ganzomilebebi. isini cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ramdeni ganzomileba arsebobs da
maTgan romlebi miscemen fsiqologebs yvela individis gamosadegi, universaluri
daxasiaTebis Seqmnis saSualebas.
reimond

ketelma

ganzomilebebis

iseTi

(Raymond Cattell,
erToblioba,

1979)

scada,

romelic

daedgina

amomwuravi

niSanTa

bazisuri

iqneboda.

amisaTvis

582

amosaval

wertilad

man

olportisa da

odbertis

zedsarTavi

saxelebis

sia

gamoiyena. kvlevis Sedegad ketelma ivarauda, rom pirovnebas gansazRvravs 16

faqtori. ketelma am 16 faqtors ganmsazRvreli niSnebi uwoda, radgan, misi azriT,
isini warmoadgenen im ganmsazRvrel wyaros, romelic dgas zedapirze arsebuli
qcevebis

ukan

moicavda

da

romelsac

mniSvnelovan

Cven

qceviT

pirovnebad

aRviqvamT.

dapirispirebebs

ketelis

(opoziciebs),

16

faqtori

rogoricaa,

magaliTad, TavSekavebuli - komunikabeluri, mimndobi eWviani da modunebuli

daZabuli. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom

pirovnebebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovan gansxvavebebs 16-ze kidev ufro naklebi
ganzomileba asaxavs.
hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1973, 1990) pirovnebis testirebis monacemebidan
mxolod sami ZiriTadi, moculobiTi ganzomileba gamoyo: eqstraversia (SigniT
orientirebuli gareT orientirebulis sapirispirod), neiroticizmi (emociurad
stabiluri emociurad labiluris spirispirod) da fsiqoticizmi (gulisxmieri da
yuradRebiani agresiulisa da antisocialuris sapirispirod). rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze

14.3,
14.3

aizenkma

moaxdina

neiroticizmis

kombinireba,

azriT,

TiToeuli

wris

pirovnebis

tipebisgan

raTa

ori
maTi

seqtori

erT-erTs.

ganzomilebis
wreze

eqstraversiisa

demonstracia

warmoadgens
Tumca,

hipokrates

aizenkis

niSnis

SesZleboda.
mier

Teoria

da
misi

dadgenili
iZleva

am

kategoriebSi individualuri varirebis saSualebas. individi SeiZleba yvelgan

aRmoCndes wreze, Zalian introvertirebulidan Zalian eqstravertirebulamde da
Zalian labiluridan (nevrotulidan) Zalian stabiluramde. wreze CamoTvlili
niSnebi aRweren adamianebs am ori ganzomilebis kombinaciebiT. magaliTad, Zalian
eqstravertirebuli

da

met-naklebad

labiluri

adamiani

mosalodnelia,

impulsuri iyos.
suraTi 14.3. pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT
labiluri
cvalebadi
xasiaTis
mSfoTvare
rigiduli
keTilgonieri
pesimisturi
TavSekavebuli
arasocialuri
wynari

gaRizianebadi
mousvenari
agresiuli
agznebadi
cvalebadi
impulsuri
optimisturi
aqtiuri

melanqolikuri qolerikuli
eqstravertirebuli
introvertirebuli
flegmatikuri sangvinikuri
socialuri
pasiuri
komunikabeluri

rom

583

eqstraversiisa
gamosaxulebas.
gansazRvruli

da

neiroticizmis

aizenkma
oTxi

am

ori

gamosaxulebis

pirovnebis

tipisagan

ganzomileba

yoveli
erTs

kvadrati

daukavSira.

gvaZlevs

wriul

hipokrates
miuxedavad

mier
amisa,

aizenkis Teoria iZleva am kategoriebis farglebSi individualuri varirebis

saSualebas.

xuTfaqtoriani modeli
kvlevebi TvalnaTliv adasturebs aizenkis Teoriis mraval aspeqts. Tumca,
ukanasknel wlebSi miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom pirovnebis struqturas yvelaze
kargad axasiaTebs xuTi faqtori, romlebic arasrulad emTxveva aizenkis sam
ganzomilebas

(Wiggins & Pincus,

1992).

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

yvela

pirovnebis

mkvlevari ar emxroba am xuT faqtors (Block, 1995; Eysenck, 1992; Pervin, 1994),
dResdReobiT swored isini warmoadgenen kriteriums niSnis struqturis Sesaxeb
diskusiaTa umravlesobaSi.

xuTfaqtoriani modelis Seqmna asaxavs mcdelobas, aRmoCenil iqnas raime

struqtura niSanTa im did siaSi, romelic amoiRes leqsikonidan olportma da
odbertma (1996). niSnebi dayvanil iqna sinonimebis daaxloebiT 200 klasteramde,
romlebic

gamoiyeneboda

niSnebis

bipolaruli

ganzomilebebis

Sesaqmnelad;

ganzomilebebisa, romlebsac aqvT maRali polusi da dabali polusi, rogoricaa

pasuxismgebliani da upasuxismgeblo. Semdeg adamianebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT

sakuTari Tavi da sxva adamianebi bipolarul ganzomilebebze da es Sefasebebi
eqvemdebareboda statistikuri damuSavebis procedurebs imis gansasazRvrad, Tu
rogor

iyo

erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli

sinonimuri

klasterebi.

am

meTodis

gamoyenebiT ramdenime damoukidebeli kvleviTi jgufi erTsa da imave daskvnamde

584

mivida: im niSnebis safuZvlad, romlebsac adamianebi gamoiyeneben sakuTari Tavis

da sxvebis aRsawerad, arsebobs mxolod xuTi bazisuri ganzomileba (Norman, 1963,
1967; Tupes & Christal, 1961).
xuTi ganzomileba Zalian farToa, radgan TiToeuli erT did kategoriaSi
aTavsebs bevr niSans, romelTac unikaluri erTmniSvnelovani konotacia, magram
saerTo Tema aqvT. pirovnebis am xuT ganzomilebas amJamad xuTfaqtoriani modeli
ewodeba, an, araformalurad, didi xuTeuli (the Big Five) (McCrae & Costa, 1999). xuTi
faqtori Sejamebulia cxrilSi 14.1.
14.1 Tqven erTxel kidev SeniSnavT, rom TiToeuli
ganzomileba bipolarulia _ ganzomilebis saxelwodebis mniSvnelobis tolfasi
terminebi aRweren maRal poluss, xolo misi sawinaaRmdego terminebi _ dabal
poluss.

xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _ yovlismomcveli aRweriTi pirovnebis

sistema, romelic asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs, Teoriul cnebebsa da
pirovnebis skalebs Soris; araformalurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.
cxrili 14.1. xuTfaqtoriani modeli

faqtori
eqstraversia

bipolaruli gansazRvreba
laparakis

moyvaruli,

energiuli

da

asertiuli

wynaris, TavSekavebulisa da morcxvis sapirispirod,

TanxmobisaTvis

TanamgrZnobi, keTili da mosiyvarule civis, kapasisa

mzaoba

da sastikis sapirispirod
organizebuli,

patiosneba

uyuradRebos,

pasuxismgebliani
frivolurisa

da

da

frTxili

upasuxismgeblos

sapirispirod
neiroticizmi

stabiluri,

mSvidi

da

kmayofili

SfoTianis,

arastabilurisa da temperamentulis sapirispirod

gamocdilebisadmi

kreatuli,

inteleqtualuri

da

gonebagaxsnili

Riaoba

martivis, zedapirulisa da ugunuris sapirispirod

xuTfaqtoriani modelis ganzomilebebi warmoiSva 1960-ian wlebSi Segrovebuli

masalidan, sadac gamoiyeneboda zedsarTavi saxelebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli
nakrebi, mravali gansxvavebuli SerCeva da SefasebiTi davaleba. mas Semdeg Zalian

585

msgavsi ganzomilebebi aRmoaCines pirovnebis kiTxvarebSi, intervius kiTxvarebSi

da sxva monacemebSi (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; Digman, 1990; Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
xuTfaqtoriani

modelis

universalurobis

demonstrirebisaTvis

mkvlevarebi

gascdnen Tavis kvlevebSi inglisur enas: xuTfaqtoriani struqtura gameorda

ramdenime enaSi,

germanulis, portugaliuris, ivriTis, Cinuris, koreulis da

iaponuris CaTvliT (McCrae & Costa, 1997). xuTi faqtori ar aris mowodebuli, rom
Seanacvlos mravali specifikuri niSnis termini, romelsac mniSvnelobis sakuTari
niuansi da elferi aqvs. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, is gamokveTs taqsonomias _
klasifikaciis sistemas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT yvela Cveni
nacnobi

adamiani

ise,

rom

gamovxatoT

is

mniSvnelovani

ganzomilebebi,

romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebian.

mniSvnelovania, xazi gavusvaT imas, rom xuTfaqtoriani modeli, didwilad,
aRweriTia.
analizis

faqtorebi
Sedegad

da

Seiqmna
ara

niSnebis

Teoriis

terminTa

safuZvelze,

klasterebis
romelic

statistikuri

ambobda:

"es

aris

faqtorebi, romlebic unda arsebobdes." (Ozer & Reise, 1994). xuTfaqtoriani modelis
momxreebma

daiwyes

daekavSirebinaT
romlebic

am

xuTi

adamianebs

Teoriuli

dasabuTebis

ganzomileba

Zieba.

interaqciaTa

im

hqondaT erTmaneTTan da gare

magaliTad,

maT

Tanmimdevrul

scades,
tipebTan,

samyarosTan kacobriobis

evoluciis manZilze (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; McCrae et al., 2000). evoluciuri safuZveli
dagvexmareboda,

agvexsna

xuTi

faqtoris

universaluroba

gansxvavebul

kulturebSi. Tu es axsna sworia, SesaZlebelia, movelodeT, aseve, rom evoluciis

mier Camoyalibebuli adamianuri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, niSnebi
SeiZleba erTi Taobidan meores gadaeces. axla ganvixiloT es debuleba.
niSnebi da
da memkvidreobiToba
Tqven, albaT, gagigiaT, rom adamianebi amboben xolme aseT frazebs: "jimi
artistulia,
SesaZloa,

Tavisi

Tqven

dedis

msgavsad"

frustrirebulad

an

"meri

gigrZvniaT

Tavis
Tavi,

babuasaviT
radganac

jiutia".

Tqven

an,

da-ZmaSi

gamaRizianebeli Tvisebebi swored isinia, romlebis gamosworebac sakuTar TavSi

gsurT.

modiT,

ganvixiloT

pirovnuli

niSnebis

memkvidreobiTobis

damadasturebeli TvalsaCino magaliTebi.

gaixseneT, rom bihevioristuli genetika aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswvlis,
Tu ra xarisxiT gadaecema pirovnuli niSnebi da qceviTi paternebi memkvidreobiT.

586

pirovnebaze genetikis gavlenis gansasazRvrad mkvlevarebi swavloben pirovnul

niSnebs

erTi

proporciebi
magaliTad,

aqvT
Tu

socialuroba
tyupebSi

ojaxis
da

wevrebisa,
gaizardnen

pirovnuli
ufro

(romelTa

niSani

maRal
genebic

romlebsac
erTsa

da

msgavsi
imave

an

genebis

gansxvavebuli

gansxvavebul

garemoSi.

socialuroba genetikurad gadaecema, maSin

korelaciaSi
100%-iT

unda

emTxveva),

iyos

monozigotur

identur,

vidre

araidentur,

dizigotur

tyupebSi an sxva da-ZmaSi (romelTa genebic saSualod 50%-iT emTxveva).

memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom TiTqmis yvela pirovnuli niSani
ganicdis genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas (Lehlin et al., 1998). msgavs Sedegebs iZleva
iseTi

kvlevebic,

sadac

mravali

gansxvavebuli

gazomvis

teqnika

gamoiyeneba,

miuxedavad imisa, zomaven isini ufro farTo niSnebs, rogoricaa eqstraversia da

neiroticizmi, Tu specifikur niSnebs, rogoricaa TviTkontroli an socialuroba.
ganvixiloT erTi sanimuSo kvleva:
saidan viciT
xuTi faqtoris memkvidrebiToba
Tqven

axlaxans

gaecaniT

pirovnebis

xuTfaqtorian

models.

mkvlevarebma

yuradReba miaqcies sakiTxs _ arsebobs Tu ara am modeliT gansazRvruli

faqtorebis
germaniidan

genetikuri
da

safuZveli.

poloneTidan

erT-erT

Seagroves

kvlevaSi

pirovnuli

mecnierTa

niSnebis

jgufma

monacemebi

660

monozigoturi da 304 dizigoturi tyupis wyvilebze. monacemebi miRebul iqna,

rogorc TviT-angariSis (anu tyupebi avsebdnen im tipis

pirovnebis kiTxvarebs,

romelTac Cven mogvianebiT SevexebiT am TavSi) da axlobelTa Sefasebebis (anu

megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi adgendnen erTi an meore tyupis calis Sefasebebs)
meSveobiT.

zogadad,

adrindel

kvlevebSi

mxolod

TviTangariSis

monacemebs

iyenebdnen. memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebis kritikosebi Tvlidnen, rom monozigotur

da dizigotur tyupebs SesaZlebelia hqondeT gadaxrebi, rodesac isini sakuTar
Tavs adareben Tavis tyupis cals an sxva individs. axlobelTa Sefasebebis
CarTva amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneblebi
tyupebis

TviTangariSis

pirdapiri

Sedegia.

faqtobrivad,

yvela

SemTxvevaSi

monozigoturi tyupebis pirovnebebi Sefasebul iqna, rogorc ufro msgavsi, vidre

dizigoturi tyupebisa. magaliTad, TviTSefasebebma gamoavlina tyupTa Soris
korelaciebis aseTi maCveneblebi: 52 (monozigoturi) da 23 (dizigoturi). rogorc

587

TviTangariSis, aseve, axlobelTa monacemebis gamoyenebiT, am mkvlevarebma aCvenes

mniSvnelovani

memkvidreobiTi

maCveneblebi

xuTfaqtoriani

modeliT

gansazRvruli yoveli faqtoris mxriv (Remann et al., 1997).

kvlav SexedeT cxrils 14.1. xuTi faqtoris romeli polusebia TqvenTvis
yvelaze Sesabamisi? SegiZliaT, ipovoT msgavseba Tqvensa da Tqven mSoblebs
Soris?
mkvlevarebi

kvlav

muSaoben

memkvidreobiTobis

kvlevebis

dizainis

gaumjobesebaze. magaliTad, radganac tyupebi da sxva da-Zma, rogorc wesi, erTad

izrdebian, maT saerTo ojaxuri garemo aqvT, ramac, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios maTi
pirovnebebis

korelacia.

amdenad,

naSvilebi

bavSvebis

kvlevebi

gamoiyeneba

imisaTvis, rom gaizomos gansxvavebis xarisxi bavSvebis niSnebis maTi biologiuri

mSoblebis niSnebTan korelaciasa da aRmzrdeli mSoblebis niSnebTan arsebul
korelacias Soris. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebis monacemebidan aseve naTelia is,
Tu

raoden

mniSvnelovania

pirovnul

niSnebSi

genetikuri

faqtoris

wvlili

(Bouchard, 1994).
winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara niSnebi qcevas?
warmoidgineT,
aRmniSvneli

rom

Tqven

termini,

gTxoves,

romelic,

amoirCioT

Tqveni

raime

rwmeniT,

pirovnuli

gansakuTrebiT

niSnis
kargad

SegesabamebaT. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT gviTxraT, rom Zalian keTilganwyobili

xarT.

ra

viciT

Cven

axla?

Tu

pirovnebis

Teoriebi

gvaZleven

saSualebas,

viwinaswarmetyveloT qceva, ra prognozi SegviZlia gavakeToT im codniT, rom

Tqven Tqvens Tavs afasebT, rogorc Zalian keTilganwyobils? rogor SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT Tqveni mosazrebis validuroba? modiT, gamovikvlioT es sakiTxi.
erTi idea, romelic, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT, aris, rom codna imisa, rom pirovneba
SeiZleba

daxasiaTebul

iqnas

konkretuli

niSniT,

saSualebas

mogcemT,

iwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva gansxvavebul situaciebSi. amgvarad, Cven Tqvengan

moveliT

keTilganwyobil

qcevas

yvela

situaciaSi.

Tumca,

1920-ian

wlebSi

ramdenime mkvlevari, romlebmac miznad daisaxes niSnebTan dakavSirebul qcevaze

dakvirveba

gansxvavebul

TvalsaCinoeba
magaliTad,

aRmoaCines

skolis

situaciebSi,
situaciebis

moswavleebSi

gancvifrebuli
mixedviT

mxolod

susti

qcevis

iyo,

radgan

mcire

konsistenturobaze.

korelacia

iqna aRmoCenili

patiosnebis niSanTan savaraudod dakavSirebul or qcevas Soris, rogorebicaa

588

tyuilis Tqma da TaRliToba gamocdis Cabarebisas (Hartshorne & May, 1928). msgavsi
Sedegebi

miiRes

sxva

mkvlevarebmac,

romlebic

swavlobdnen

kros-situaciur

Tanmimdevrulobas (konsistenturobas) sxva niSnebisaTvis, rogoricaa introversia

an punqtualoba (Dudycha, 1936; Newcomb, 1929).
Tu niSnebTan dakavSirebuli qceva ar aris kros-situaciurad konsistenturi
anu Tu adamianebis qceva icvleba gansxvavebul situaciebSi, ratom aRiqvamT
Tqvens sakuTar da sxvebis pirovnebebs, rogorc SedarebiT mdgrads? kidev ufro
damabnevelia, rom pirovnebis Sefaseba im damkvirveblis mier, romelic individs
erTi situaciidan icnobs, korelaciaSia im damkvirveblis SefasebasTan, romelic
icnobs mas sxva situaciidan. im movlenas rom pirovnebis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva
dros da gansxvavebuli damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin rodesac
adamianis

qcevis

Sefasebebi

sxvadasxva

situaciebSi

ar

aris

konsistenturi,

uwodeben konsistentobis paradoqss (Consistency

paradox)) (Mischel, 1968).
(
konsistentobis

paradoqsis

aRmoCenas

kvlevaTa

didi

raodenoba

mohyva

(mimoxilvisaTvis ixileT Cervone & Shoda, 1999). droTa ganmavlobaSi miRweul iqna
konsensusi, rom qceviTi arakonsistentoba gamovlinda, didwilad, imis gamo, rom
situaciebi

arasworad

iyo

kategorizebuli:

paradoqsi

maSinve

qreba,

roca

mecnierebi marTebulad daaxarisxeben situaciaTa fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs

(Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom gsurT qceviTi konsistentobis
Sefaseba imis gansazRvriT, iqceva Tu ara Tqveni megobari umetesad erTnairad
yvela wveulebaze, romelsac igi eswreba. mosalodnelia, Tqven aRmoaCinoT, rom
misi

qceva

mniSvnelovnad

cvalebadobs,

Tu

Tqveni

analizis

done

mxolod

"wveulebebia". saWiroa, gansazRvroT, Tu romeli fsiqologiurad relevanturi

maxasiaTeblebi hyofen wveulebebs gansxvavebul kategoriebad. SesaZloa, Tqveni
megobari

uxerxulad

grZnobs

Tavs

iseT

situaciebSi,

sadac

misgan

moelian

ucxoebisaTvis piradi inormaciis gaziarebas. Sedegad, zogierT wveulebaze (sadac

misgan

piradi

informaciis

gaziarebas

moelian)

is

SeiZleba

Zalian

arakeTilganwyobilad gamoiyurebodes, xolo sxva wveulebebze (sadac amas misgan

ar moelian) _ sakmaod keTilganwyobilad. amave dros, sxva situaciebma, romlebic
misgan

gulaxdilobas

moiTxovs,

rogoricaa

samsaxurSi

miRebisas

interviu,

SeiZleba, aseve, gamoiwvion negatiuri qceva. amdenad, konsistentoba gamoixateba

imiT, Tu ra gziT gamoiwvevs situaciis maxasiaTeblebi adamianebis gansxvavebul
reaqciebs.

589

modiT,

ganvixiloT

kvleva,

romelSic

swavlobdnen

mravalferovani

situaciebis fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs. kvlevaSi ganixileboda is aqtivobebi,

romlebsac bavSvebi axorcieleben sazafxulo banakSi.
saidan viciT
konsistentoba verbalur agresiaSi
es kvleva Catarda 6-dan 12-wlamde bavSvebis jgufze, romlebic gaagzavnes
sazafxulo banakSi socialuri adaptaciis problemebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis.
mkvlevarebs surdaT, enaxaT, Tu ramdenad zustad SeeZloT maT im situaciaTa
winaswarmetyveleba,
gamoavlendnen.
monacemebi

am

romlebSic

calkeuli

winaswarmetyvelebaTa

banakis

sxvadasxva

bavSvebi

gasakeTeblad

situaciebis

arsebiTi

agresiul

mkvlevarebma

qcevas
Seagroves

maxasiaTeblebis

Sesaxeb,

moTxovnis im tipebis mixedviT, romlebsac isini bavSvs uyenebdnen: kognituri

(moiTxovs logikuri azrovnebis unars), socialuri (moiTxovs sxvebis winaSe
saubris

unars),

TviTregulatoruli

(moiTxovs

frustraciis

atanis

unars),

fizikuri siZliere (moiTxovs fizikur siZlieres, amtanobas) da motoruli

koordinacia (moiTxovs xelisa da sxeulis moZraobebis koordinaciis unars).
magaliTad,

curva

SedarebiT

mcire

moiTxovs

fizikur

TviTregulacias.

siZlieresa

amis

da

sapirispirod,

koordinacias,
Tevzaoba

magram

motorul

koordinaciasTan erTad moiTxovs maRali donis TviTregulacias.

bavSvebs akvirdebodnen banakis aqtivobebis sruli speqtris mixedviT da maTi
mxridan verbaluri agresiis gamovlinebebi, magaliTad, damuqreba da gajavreba,
aRiricxeboda yoveli situaciisaTvis. Tu qceviTi konsistentoba damokidebulia
situaciaTa maxasiaTeblebis msgavsebaze, maSin rac ufro maRalia msgavsebis done
or situacias Soris, miT ufro mosalodnelia, rom bavSvebi verbaluri agresiis
imave dones gamoamJRavneben. es winaswarmetyveleba dadasturda. (Shoda et al., 1993a).
yuradReba

miaqcieT

im

erTeulebs,

sadamdec

mividnen

mkvlevarebi,

raTa

gamoeyvanaT situaciebis relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi. aseTi taqsonomia maT iseTi

gansxvavebebis gamovlenis saSualebas aZlevs, rogoricaa "sonias uWirs gamklaveba
situaciebTan, romlebsac maRali kognituri moTxovna aqvT _ swored amitom xdeba
is verbalurad agresiuli aseT situaciebSi". Cven aRmovaCenT kosistentobas,
rodesac

gvaqvs

pirovnebis

("is

ver

umklavdeba

kognitur

moTxovnebs")

situaciis ("es situacia Seicavs kognitur moTxovnas") swori aRwera.

da

590

debatebma konsistentobis Sesaxeb aiZula niSnis Teoretikosebi, ufro zustad

ganesazRvraT niSnebi _ dazustebiT gamoeyoT, Tu qcevis romeli jgufebi unda
iyos dakavSirebuli pirovnul niSnebTan da romel situaciebSi. niSani SeiZleba
gamoxatul iqnas gansxvavebuli qcevis meSveobiT gansxvavebul situaciebSi da
gansxvavebul asakSi, magram, ramdenadac niSnis Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs imas, Tu
ra gziT iwvevs situaciebis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi qceviT gamovlinebebs,
es paterni logikurad gamarTulia. amgvarad, Tu Tqven aRwerT sakuTar Tavs,
rogorc Zalian keTilganyobil pirovnebas, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqvengan
"keTilganwyobil" qcevas unda velodoT Tqveni cxovrebis yvela momentSi. amis
magivrad, Cveni molodini iqneba, rom Tqveni keTilganwyobileba gansxvavebuli
iqneba sxvadasxvagvar situaciebSi maTi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
magaliTad, Tqven, SesaZloa, Zalian Tbili iyoT axloblebis mimarT, magram ufro
oficialuri Tqveni profesorebis mimarT.

konsistentobis

paradoqsi

(Consistency paradox)

movlena,

romlis

drosac

pirovnebis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvirveblebis mier

konsistenturia,

maSin

rodesac

adamianis

qcevis

Sefasebebi

sxvadasxva

situaciebSi ar aris konsistenturi.

simorcxve

(Shyness)

individis

diskomforti

da\an

Sekaveba

iseT

interpersonalur situaciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis interpersonaluri an

profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.

fsiqologia Cven cxovrebaSi

ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?
ukanaskneli drois kvlevebma gviCvena, rom kolejis studentebis 50 procentze
meti sakuTar Tavs "amJamad morcxv" individad miiCnevs (Carducci & Zimbardo, 1995).
maTi umetesoba ambobs, rom morcxvoba aris arasasurveli mdgomareoba, romelsac
uaryofiTi pirovnuli da socialuri Sedegebi ufro meti aqvs, vidre dadebiTi
efeqtebi. studentebis sxva jgufi ambobs, rom isini "situaciurad morcxvebi"
arian da ara "dispoziciurad morcxvebi", rogorc studentebis zemoxsenebuli
umetesoba. isini grZnoben, rom "TiTqosda" morcxvoben garkveul situaciebSi,
romlebic axalia, ucnauri an socialur zewolas Seicavs. aseTi situaciebia

591

paemani

ucnobTan,

sazogadoebis

martoxelebis

winaSe

imoqmedos

barebi,

aseve,

momzadebis

rodesac

gareSe.

adamians

moeTxoveba,

simorcxvis

mkvlevarebi

gaocdnen, rodesac zrdasrul adamianebSi aRmoaCines, rom "ara morcxvi" adamiani

iSviaTi, araCveulebrivi saxeobaa SeerTebul StatebSi da yvela sxva gamokvleul
qveyanaSi (Zimbardo, 1991).
simorcxve SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc diskomforti da/an Sekaveba iseT
interpersonalur

situaciebSi,

romlebic

xels

uSlis

adamianis

interpersonaluri an profesiuli miznebis miRwevas. morcxvoba SeiZleba iyos

qronikuli da dispoziciuri, anu warmoadgendes centralur niSans adamianis
TviTgansazRvraSi.

is

SeiZleba

iyos

mcire

TavSekavebuloba

da

socialuri

ucnauroba, romelic bevr CvenTagans ugrZvnia axal situaciebSi, magram mas

SeuZlia, gadaizardos ukiduresobaSi _ adamianebis mimarT sruliad Semakavebel
SiSSi (Cven ganvixilavT socialur fobias me-15-e TavSi). bevri morcxvi adamiani

introvertirebulicaa; isini upiratesobas aniWeben ganmartovebul, arasocialur

moqmedebebsa

da

garemos.

arseboben

"morcxvi

eqstravertebi",

romlebic

sazogadoebaSi komunikabelurni, magram pirovnulad morcxvebi arian, amjobineben

socialur

aqtivobebSi

CarTvas,

aqvT

socialuri

unarebi

amis

efeqturad

ganxorcielebisaTvis, magram eWvi eparebaT imaSi, rom namdvilad imsaxureben

sxvebis mowonebasa da pativiscemas (Pilkonis & Zimbardo, 1979).
maS, ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi, maSin, rodesac sxvebi ar arian? erTi
SesaZlebeli

axsnaa

buneba. kvlevebi mowmobs, rom bavSvebis daaxloebiT 10

procenti "ibadeba morcxvi" (Kagan, 1994). aseTi bavSvebi dabadebidan uCveulod

frTxilni da Caketilni arian ucxo xalxTan da ucnob situaciebTan Sejaxebis
dros. Semavsebeli (komplementaruli) axsna yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRzrdaze.
bavSvobaSi zog adamians dascinian, masxrad igdeben, an raime Secdomis gamo isini
sazogadoebrivi gakicxvis sagani xdebian; sxvebi izrdebian iseT ojaxebSi, sadac
"siyvarulis damsaxureba" damokidebulia imaze, miaRwevs Tu ara bavSvi warmatebas
garegnobisa da kargi qcevis SejibrSi. mesame axsna efuZneba kulturas.
Seswavlili cxra qveynidan simorcxve yvelaze maRalia zog aziur qveyanaSi,
gansakuTrebiT iaponiasa da taivanSi da yvelaze dabalia israelSi (Zimbardo, 1991).
es gansxvaveba, garkveulwilad, miewereba imas, rom am aziur qveynebSi kultura
ganapirobebs

avtoritetisadmi

damorCilebas

da

sircxvilis

gancdas,

Tu

592

adamianma socialuri Secdoma dauSva. xolo israelSi ki, amis sapirispirod, Tu

adamiani riskze midis, es kulturulad waxalisebulia da danaSaulis gancda
eqsternalizirebulia. (Pines & Zimbardo, 1978). meoTxe axsna, nawilobriv, exmaureba
bolo

dros

SeerTebul

axalgazrdebi

intensiurad

StatebSi
arian

simorcxvis

CarTulni

prevalentobis

eleqtronul

zrdas:

teqnologiebTan

muSaobaSi. mravali saaTis gatareba, rogorc wesi, simartoveSi, televizoris

yurebaSi, videoTamaSebis TamaSSi, internetis TvalierebaSi da eleqtronuli
fostis gzavnaSi socialur izolacias iwvevs da amcirebs yoveldRiur pirispir
kontaqts. internetis intensiur gamoyenebas aqvs potenciali, adamianebs Tavi
agrZnobinos martoxelad, izolirebulad da ufro morcxvad (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie &
Erbring, 2000).
rodesac simorcxve sul ufro Zlierdeba, is adamianis cxovrebis axal da
axal aspeqtebSi SeiWreba, amcirebs socialur siamovnebebs da maqsimumade mihyavs
socialuri diskomforti da izolacia. arsebobs ramdenime martivi koncefcia da
taqtika, romelTa Sesaxeb fiqrsa da romelTa gamoyenebis cdasac vTavazobT
morcxv studentebs (ixileT Zimbardo, 1991):
o gaacnobiereT, rom marto Tqven ar xarT morcxvi; yvela sxva adamiani
Tavisi morcxvobiT ufro Tqveni msgavsia, vidre Tqvengan gansxvavebuli.
o simorcxve
genetikuri

SeiZleba

komponenti,

Seicvalos,

magram

es

maSinac

moiTxovs

ki,

rodesac

Tavdadebasa

masSi
da

aris

Secvlis

ganzraxvas iseve, rogorc nebismieri xangrZlivad arsebuli Cveva, romlis

Secvlac gsurT.
o ivarjiSeT

gaRimebaSi

da

mxedvelobiTi

kontaqtis

damyarebaSi

adamianebTan umravlesobasTan, visac xvdebiT.

o ilaparakeT

laRad;

ilaparakeT

xmamaRali

da

mkafio

xmiT,

gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac Tqvens saxels eubnebiT vinmes an informaciis

miReba gsurT.
o iyaviT pirveli, vinc SekiTxvas dasvams an komentars gaakeTebs axal
socialur situaciaSi. saTqmelad momzadebuli gqondeT raime saintereso
da TqviT es pirvelma; yvela afasebs adamians, vinc "yinuls gaalRvobs" da
aRaravin ifiqrebs, rom Tqven morcxvi xarT.
o nu daimdablebT Tavs. amis nacvlad, ifiqreT imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba

593

gaakeToT SemdegSi, rom miiRoT TqvenTvis sasurveli Sedegi.

o yuradReba

gaamaxvileT

imaze,

rom

sxvebs

Tavi

komfortulad

agrZnobinoT. gansakuTrebiT swored is sxva morcxvi adamianebi moZebneT. es

Seamcirebs Tqvens TviTcnobirebas, rogorc morcxvi pirovnebis.
o gaivarjiSeT
gonebriv

meditaciaSi,

vizualizaciaSi,

relaqsaciaSi

sanam

da

aRmoCndebiT

idealuri

situaciaSi,

scenaris
romelic,

Cveulebriv, aZlierebs Tqvens simorcxves.

Tu

Tqven

morcxvi

xarT,

vimedovnebT,

rom

gaiziarebT

am

rCevebs.

sxva

studentebi, romlebmac gaiTvaliswines es rCevebi, ganTavisufldnen morcxvobis

tyveobidan da axali TavisuflebebiT savse cxovrebaSi Seabijes. es aris martivi
fsiqologiis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis erT-erTi upiratesoba. Tuki Tqven morcxvi
ar xarT, SegiZliaT, waaxalisoT Tqveni morcxvi megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi,
rom maT am gziT Secvalon Tavisi cxovreba (Henderson & Zimbardo, 1998).

tipisa da niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba

Cven vnaxeT, rom tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi mkvlevarebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
mogvcen

gansxvavebuli

adamianebis

pirovnebebis

lakonuri

aRwera.

Tumca,

es

Teoriebi gakritikebul iqna, radgan isini zogadad ar xsnian imas, Tu rogor

warmoiqmneba qceva an rogor viTardeba pirovneba. isini mxolod gansazRvraven da
aRweren maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic korelaciaSia qcevasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom
Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben, Seexon am sakiTxebs,
niSnis Teoriebi, rogor wesi, aRweren amJamad arsebuli pirovnebis struqturis

statikur, an,

ukidures

SemTxvevaSi,

stabilizebul

xats.

amis

sapirispirod,

pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi, romlebsac Cven axla ganvixilavT, xazs

usvamen

individis

SigniT

arsebul

konfliqtur

Zalebs,

romlebic

iwveven

adamianis cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas.

Sejameba
tipis

Teoriebi

hyofen

adamianebs aragadamfarav

kategoriebad

(rogoricaa

pirvelad dabadebulni da Semdeg dabadebulni), raTa gakeTdes winaswarmetyveleba

maTi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb. amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi axdenen pirovnebis
konceptualizacias uwyveti ganzomilebebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove mecnierebis

594

azriT, arsebobs

xuTi

universaluri

faqtori,

romelic

kros-kulturalurad

asaxaven pirovnebis ZiriTad ganzomilebebs: eqstraversia, TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba,

patiosneba, neiroticizmi da gamocdilebisadmi Riaoba. qceviTi genetikis kvlevis
mixedviT,

pirovnuli

niSnebi

maRali

xarisxis

memkvidreobiTobiT

xasiaTdeba.

dResdReobiT mecnierebi aRiareben, rom qcevis konsistetobis kvleva moiTxovs

rogorc pirovnebis, aseve situaciis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis zust aRweras.
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
pirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri TeoriisaTvis saerToa daSveba, rom Zlieri
Sinagani Zalebi ayalibeben pirovnebas da axdenen qcevis motivirebas. zigmund
froids (Sigmund
Freud)), fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebis fuZemdebels, misi biografi
(
ernest

jonsi "fsiqikis

gabedulad

cdilobs,

darvins" uwodebs

axsnas

pirovnebis

(1953). froidis
ganviTarebis

pirovnebis

sawyisi

Teoria

wyaroebi

da

mimarTuleba, fsiqikis buneba, paTologiuri pirovneba da Terapiis meSveobiT

pirovnebis Secvlis gzebi. aq Cven yuradRebas mxolod normalur pirovnebaze
gavamaxvilebT;

froidis

Sexedulebebi

fsiqopaTologiasa

da

mkurnalobaze

ganxiluli iqneba me-15-e da me-16-e TavebSi. froidis mosazrebebis ganxilvis Semdeg

aRvwerT misi Teoriebis kritikasa da gadamuSavebis mcdelobebs.

pirovnebis

fsiqodinamikuri

Teoriebi

(Psychodynamic

personality

theories)

pirovnebis Teoriebi, romlebic iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis formireba

da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba Zlieri Sinagani Zalebis mier.

froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalitikuri
fsiqikaSi

arsebuli

Teoriis
movlenebi

mixedviT,

pirovnebis

(intrafsiqikuri

birTvs

movlenebi),

qmnis

adamianis

romlebic

qcevis

motivs warmoadgenen. xSirad adamianebi acnobiereben am motivebs; Tumca, zogi

motivacia aracnobier donezec moqmedebs. am midgomis fsiqodinamikuri buneba
momdinareobs misi aqcentidan qcevis am Sida wyaroebze, iseve, rogorc am Sida
Zalebs Soris konfliqtebze. froidisaTvis yovelgvar qcevas aqvs motivi. qcevas
ar

iwvevs

nebismier

SemTxveviTi
adamianur

movlenebi;

moqmedebas

yvela

aqvs

moqmedeba

mizezi

da

gansazRvrulia
mizani,

romelic

motivebiT.
SeiZleba

595

aRmoCenil iqnas azrebis asociaciebis, sizmrebis, Secdomebisa da Sinagan vnebebze

metyveli sxva qceviTi miniSnebebis analizis Sedegad. pirovnebis Sesaxeb froidis
hipoTezebis

pirveladi

monacemebi

miRebul

iqna

Terapiis

procesSi

myof

individualur pacientebze warmoebuli klinikuri dakvirvebebidan da SemTxvevebis

siRrmiseuli Seswavlidan. fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebis intensiuri
Seswavlis

Sedegad

man

ganaviTara

normaluri

pirovnebis

Teoria.

modiT,

ganvixiloT froidis Teoriis zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti.

ltolvebi da fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTareba

nevrologiaSi samedicino praqtikam miiyvana froidi Teoriul daSvebamde, rom
im qcevebs, romelTac is Tavis pacientebSi akvirdeboda, saerTo biologiuri
safuZveli hqondaT. adamianuri moqmedebebis motivaciis wyarod man miiCnia yvela
individSi arsebuli fsiqikuri energia. man dauSva, rom yvela adamians unda
hqonoda

Tandayolili

instinqtebi

anu

ltolvebi,

romlebic

warmoadgenda

sxeulSi arsebuli organoebis mier Seqmnil daZabulobis sistemebs. aqtivaciis

dros es energiis wyaroebi SeiZleba gamovlindes mravali gansxvavebuli gziT.
froidma Tavdapirvelad ori bazisuri ltolvis arseboba dauSva. erTi, misi
azriT, dakavSirebuli iyo TviTSenaxvasTan (iseT moTxovnilebebTan, rogoricaa
SimSili da wyurvili). meores man uwoda erosi, Zala dakavSirebuli seqsualur
impulsebTan da saxeobis SenarCunebasTan. am ori ltolvidan froids ufro metad
seqsualuri impulsebi ainteresebda. man Zalze gaafarTova adamianis seqsualuri
survilebis cneba da aq CarTo ara marto seqsualuri kavSiris survili, aramed,
yvela

sxva

siamovnebis

miRebis

an

sxvebTan

fizikuri

kontaqtis

damyarebis

mcdelobac. seqsualuri impulsebis energiis wyaros gansasazRvrad igi iyenebda

termins libido.
libido libido aris fsiqikuri energia, romelic migvmarTavs yvela
saxis

SegrZnebiTi

(sensualuri)

siamovnebisaken.

seqsualuri

impulsebi

dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebas moiTxoven, iqneba es pirdapiri moqmedebebis Tu

fantaziebisa da sizmrebis msgavsi arapirdapiri saSualebebis gziT.
froidis mixedviT, erosi, rogorc farTod gansazRvruli seqsualuri ltolva,
ar

Cndeba

moulodnelad

pubertatis

(sqesobrivi

momwifebis)

dros,

aramed

moqmedebs dabadebidan. igi amtkicebda, rom erosi TvalsaCinoa im siamovnebaSi,

romelsac Cvilebi iReben genitaliebis da sxva mgrZnobiare areebis anu erogenuli

zonebis fizikuri stimulaciiT. froidis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis xuTi

596

safexuri
fizikuri

mocemulia
wyaro

cxrilSi

icvleba

am

14.2.
14.2

is

Tvlida,

mowesrigebuli

rom

seqsualuri

progresiiT.

siamovnebis

fsiqoseqsualuri

ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari winaaRmdegoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi biWebisaTvis,

aRmocendeba falosur stadiaze. aq 4 an 5 wlis bavSvma unda gadalaxos oidiposis

kompleqsi. froidma am kompleqss miTiuri personaJis, oidiposis saxelwodeba

misca, romelmac SemTxveviT mokla sakuTari mama da colad SeirTo sakuTari
deda. froidis azriT, yvela patara biWs aqvs Tandayolili impulsi, ganixilos
mama, rogorc seqsualuri metoqe dedis yuradRebisaTvis brZolaSi. radgan patara
biWs ar ZaluZs mamis Secvla, oidiposis kompleqsi zogadad gadawydeba, rodesac
bavSvi axdens identifikacias mamis siZlieresTan. (froidi araTanmimdevruli iyo
patara gogonebis gamocdilebis Teoriul axsnaSi.)
cxrili 14.2. fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis stadiebi froidis mixedviT
stadia

asak

erogenuli

mTavari

am stadiaze fiqsirebuli
fiqsirebuli

zonebi

ganviTarebiTi

bavSvebis zogierTi

mizani

maxasiaTebeli

(konfliqtis

zrdasrulobaSi

potenciuri wyaro)
oraluri

0_1

piri,

ZuZuTi

tuCebi, ena

Sewyveta

kvebis

oraluri

qceva,

rogoricaa

moweva,

zedmeti

kveba,

inertuloba da miamitoba
analuri

2_3

anusi

tualetis
varjiSi/

falosur

4_5

i
latentu

6_12

ri

akuratuloba
qoTanze Zunwoba,

(meToduroba),
jiutoba,

an

miCveva

sapirispiro

genitalieb

oidiposis

pativmoyvareoba,

kompleqsi

an sapirispiro

ar

dacviTi

arcerTi: Cveulebriv, fiqsacia

arsebobs

meqanizmebis

am safexurze ar xdeba

specifikur

ganviTareba

ugunuroba,

i are
genitalu
ri

13_18

genitalieb

mowifuli

zrdasrulebma,

seqsualuri

normalurad

vinc
moaxdina

597

urTierToba

adreuli

stadiebis

integrireba, unda ganaviTaron

sxvebis

mimarT

gulwrfeli

da

mowifuli

interesi
seqsualoba

froidis mixedviT, rogorc zedmeti dajildoveba, ise zedmeti frustracia

fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis
naCvenebia

ganviTarebis

momdevno

cxrilSi

romelime

stadiaze

14.2,

adreul

normalurad

sxvadasxva

stadiaze

iwvevs

fiqsacias,
fiqsacias

gadasvlis

uunarobas.

fiqsaciam

SeiZleba

stadiebze

rogorc

warmoqmnas

zrdasrulobaSi mravalferovani pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi. fiqsaciis cneba xsnis

imas,

Tu

ratom

aniWebda

froidi

adreul

gamocdilebebs

aseT

mniSvnelobas

pirovnebis mTlianobaSi. igi Tvlida, rom fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul

safexurebze

miRebul

gamocdilebas

udidesi

gavlena

hqonda

pirovnebis

Camoyalibebaze da zrdasrulis qceviT paternebze.

libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, mimarTavs

individs yvela tipis

SegrZnebiTi, gansakuTrebiT ki seqsualuri siamovnebisaken.

fsiqikuri determinizmi
fiqsaciis
adreuli

cneba

pirvel

konfliqtebi

warmodgenas

Semdgomi

qcevis

gviqmnis

froidis

mosazrebaze,

rom

gansazRvras uwyobs xels. fsiqikuri

determinizmi warmoadgens daSvebas, rom yvela fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqcia

(simptomi) gansazRvrulia adreuli gamocdilebiT. froidis azriT, simptomebi ar
aris

SemTxveviTi

movlenebi.

piriqiT,

simptomebi

mniSvnelovnad

aris

dakavSirebuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebTan.

fsiqikuri

determinizmis

gansakuTrebiT

gamohyo

xelmiuwvdomelia

rwmenam

miiyvana

aracnobieri

cnobierebisaTvis.

_
sxva

froidi

sacavi

iqamde,

rom

informaciisa,

avtorebs

hqondaT

man

romelic
ganxiluli

aracnobieris konstruqti, magram froidma adamianuri fiqrebis, grZnobebis da

moqmedebebis
moaTavsa.

aracnobieri

froidis

determinantis

mixedviT,

qceva

cneba

SeiZleba

adamianis

motivirebul

cxovrebis
iqnas

centrSi

ltolvebiT,

romelTa Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. Tqven SeiZleba moqmedebdeT mizezis

codnis gareSe an Tqveni moqmedebebis WeSmariti mizezis wvdomis SesaZleblobis

598

gareSe. arsebobs Tqveni qcevis manifestirebuli Sinaarsi _ ras ambobT, ras

akeTebT da ras aRiqvamT _ romlis Sesaxebac Tqven sruli codna gaqvT, magram
arsebobs

faruli,

simptomebis,

latenturi

sizmrebis,

Sinaarsic.

werilobiTi

da

nevrotuli

(SfoTviT

metyvelebiTi

gamowveuli)

mcdari

qmedebebis

mniSvneloba unda veZioT azrovnebisa da informaciis gadamuSavebis aracnobier

doneze.

dRes

bevri

fsiqologi

aracnobieris

am

cnebas

froidis

yvelaze

mniSvnelovan wvlilad miiCnevs fsiqologiis mecnierebaSi. agreTve, Tanamedrove

literaturisa da dramaturgiis bevri nimuSi ikvlevs aracnobieri procesebis
gavlenas adamianis qcevaze.

fiqsacia (FIxation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac adamiani mijaWvuli rCeba iseT

obieqtebsa Tu moqmedebebze, romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul
safexurs ufro Seesabameba.

fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _ daSveba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi

reaqciebi gansazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.

aracnobieri

(Unconscious)

fsiqikis

sfero,

sadac

inaxeba

cnobierebidan

gandevnili, represirebuli survilebi da primitiuli impulsebi.

idi

(Id)

pirovnebis

iracionalurad

primitiuli,

funqcionirebs

da

aracnobieri

impulsurad

nawili,

moqmedebs

romelic
siamovnebis

misaRwevad.

superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi

Rirebulebebis, standartebisa da moralis internalizacias.
froidis mixedviT, CvenSi arsebuli impulsebi, romlebic CvenTvis miuRebelia,

mainc cdiloben gamoxatvis gzis povnas. froidiseuli mcdari qmedeba xdeba,

rodesac Cveni saubari an qceva gascems aracnobier survils. magaliTad, am wignis
erT-erTi avtori valdebuli iyo, samadlobelo baraTi daewera, Tumca, is ar iyo
didad

kmayofili

megobris

saxlSi

gatarebuli

SabaT-kviriT.

igi

apirebda,

daewera: "mixaria, rom aseTi magari dro gavatareT erTad"28. miuxedavad amisa,
sakmaod

usiamovno

satelefono

saubris

dros

megobarma

Seatyobina,

rom

sinamdvileSi mas daewera: "mixaria, rom aseTi nagavi dro gavatareT erTad"*.
xedavT,

28

rogor

SeuZlia

"magari"-s

"nagavi"-T

Secvlas

aracnobieri

Im glad we got to spend a junk of time together nacvlad Im glad we got to spend a chunk of time together.

survili

599

gamoxatos? aracnobieri motivaciis cneba axal ganzomilebas matebs pirovnebas,

ramdenadac uSvebs fsiqikuri funqcionirebis ufro did sirTules.
Cven ganvixileT froidis Teoriis zogierTi ZiriTadi aspeqti. axla vnaxoT, Tu
ra wvlili SeaqvT maT pirovnebis struqturaSi.

pirovnebis struqtura
froidis
gzebidan,

TeoriaSi

pirovnuli

gansxvavebebi

warmoiqmneba

romlebiTac

adamianebi

umklavdebian

Tavis

im

ZiriTad

gansxvavebuli
ltolvebs.

am

gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad froidma warmogvidgina uwyveti brZola pirovnebis or

antagonistur nawils _ idsa da superegos Soris _ romelsac aSualebs me-s mesame
aspeqti, ego. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ganvixilavT am sam aspeqts TiTqmis ise,
TiTqos isini gancalkevebuli arsebebi iyvnen, gaxsovdeT, rom froidisTvis isini
mxolod gansxvavebul fsiqikur procesebs warmoadgendnen. magaliTad, igi ar
gansazRvravda

gansakuTrebul

mdebareobebs

tvinSi

idisaTvis,

egosaTvis

da

superegosaTvis.
idi aris ZiriTadi ltolvebis sacavi. is iracionalurad operirebs, moqmedebs
impulsurad da ubiZgebs gamoxatvisaken da dauyovnebeli siamovnebisaken imis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, aris Tu ara is, rac mas surs, realurad SesaZlebeli,
socialurad

sasurveli

anda

moralurad

misaRebi.

ids

marTavs

siamovnebis

principi, umarTavi Zieba siamovnebisa, gansakuTrebiT seqsualuri, fizikuri da

emociuri siamovnebisa, romelic unda iyos gancdili aq da amJamad, Semdgom
Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe.
superego

warmoadgens

individis

mier

sazogadoebisagan

naswavli

Rirebulebebis sacavs, moraluri damokidebulebebis CaTvliT. superego uxeSad

Seesabameba

sindisis

Rirebulebebad

iRebs

zogad

cnebas.

mSoblebis

is

viTardeba,

rodesac

da sxva ufrosebis

bavSvi

akrZalvebs

sakuTar

socialurad

arasasurvel qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es aris unda-s da ar unda-s Sinagani xma.

superego, aseve, Seicavs egos ideals, individis warmodgenas iseT pirovnebaze,
rogoradac

Camoyalibebas

igi

unda

cdilobdes.

amdenad,

superego

xSirad

konfliqtSia idTan. ids unda imis gakeTeba, rac siamovnebas mianiWebs, maSin
rodesac superego daJinebiT iTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac sworia.
ego aris me-s realobaze dafuZnebuli aspeqti, romelic gansjis, agvarebs
konfliqtebs idis impulsebsa da superegos moTxovnebs Soris. ego warmoadgens

600

individis pirad Sexedulebebs fizikur da socialur realobaze, mis cnobier

warmodgenebs qcevis mizezebsa da Sedegebze. egos saqmianobis nawilia iseTi
moqmedebebis

arCeva,

romlebic

daakmayofilebs

idis

impulsebs

arasasurveli

samomavlo Sedegebis gamowvevis gareSe. egos marTavs realobis principi, romelic

racionalur arCevans siamovnebis miRebis moTxovnebze maRla ayenebs. amgvarad, ego
Seakavebs

gamocdaze

motyuebis

impulss,

am

tyuilSi

gamoWeris

SemTxvevaSi

samomavlo Sedegze zrunvis gamo, da Caanacvlebs am impulss SemdegSi ufro

kargad swavlis, an maswavleblis simpaTiis gamowvevis gadawyvetilebiT. rodesac
idi da superego konfliqtSi imyofebian, ego poulobs iseT kompromiss, romelic
nawilobriv daakmayofilebs orives. Tumca, rodesac idis da superegos zewola
Zlierdeba, egosaTvis ufro Zneli xdeba optimaluri kompromisebis gamoZebna.

gandevna da egos dacva

xandaxan idsa da superegos Soris kompromisi idis gegmebis srul CaSlas
gulisxmobs.

ukiduresi,

eqstremaluri

survilebi

ganidevnebian

cnobieridan

aracnobierSi. represia anu gandevna aris fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic icavs

individs imisagan, rom is gamoxatvisaTvis miuRebeli da/an saxifaTo impulsebis,
ideebisa Tu mogonebebis gamo ganicdides ukiduresi SfoTvasa an danaSaulis
gancdas. egom araferi icis rogorc gandevnili fsiqikuri Sinaarsis, aseve im
procesis Sesaxeb, romliTac gandevna inaxavs informacias cnobieris farglebs
gareT. gandevna ganixileba erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad im mravalTa Soris,
romlebiTac

ego

icavs

Tavs

muqaris

Semcveli

impulsebisa

da

ideebis

mozRvavebisagan.

ego

(Ego)

pirovnebis

aspeqti,

romelic

monawileobs

TviTdacvaSi

da

mimarTavs instinqtur ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.

represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi dacvis meqanizmi, romliTac

mtkivneuli

an

danaSaulis

gancdis

gamomwvevi

azrebi,

grZnobebi

an

mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.

egos

dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defense mechalisms)

fsiqikuri

strategiebi

(cnobieri an aracnobieri), romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis normaluri

mimdinareobisas gancdili konfliqtebisagan TavdacvisaTvis.

SfoTva (Anxiety) intensiuri emociuri reaqcia, gamowveuli winarecnobieri

601

aRqmiT imisa, rom gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierebaSi amosvlas.

egos dacvis meqanizmebi aris fsiqikuri strategiebi, romlebsac ego iyenebs
idis gamoxatvis maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am impulsebis uaryofis
moTxovnebs

Soris

arsebuli

yoveldRiuri

konfliqtebisagan

Tavis

dasacavad

(ixileT cxrili 14.3). fsiqoanalitikur TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs

sasicocxlo

mniSvneloba

aqvT

individis

fsiqologiur

gamklavebaSi

Zlier

Sinagan konfliqtebTan. maTi gamoyenebiT pirovnebas SeuZlia SeinarCunos sakuTari

me-s

sasiamovno,

mosaxerxebeli

xati

da,

aseve,

misaRebi

socialuri

xati.

magaliTad, Tu bavSvs Zlieri siZulvilis grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT, romelic, Tu

gamoxatvis gzas naxavs, saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna moagvarebs amas, SeiZleba sZlios
mas. Semdgomi es mtruli impulsi cnobierad aRar iTxovs dakmayofilebas da misi
arsebobac ki ar aris aRiarebuli. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom impulsi ar Cans
da misi xmac ar ismis, is ar gaqra; es grZnobebi kvlavac TamaSoben rols
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi. magaliTad, mamasTan Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma
SeiZleba aimaRlos TviTRirebulebis gancda da Seamciros aracnobieri SiSi, rom
masSi mtrul ganzraxvas aRmoaCenen.

cxrili 14.3. egos dacvis mTavari meqanizmebi

realobis

me-s

dacva

uaryofa

TqmiT

Canacvleba

Sekavebuli

arasasiamovno

grZnobebis,

realobisagan

rogoricaa,

mis

aRqmaze

Cveulebriv,

uaris

mtruloba,

gadatana imaze nakleb saxifaTo obieqtze, romelmac Tavidan

gamoiwvia emocia
fantazia

frustrirebuli

survilebis

dakmayofileba

warmosaxul

miRwevebSi (gavrcelebuli formaa "ocneba")

identifikacia

TviTRirebulebis grZnobis gaZliereba sxva, xSirad ganTqmul,

adamianTan an sazogadoebasTan identifikaciiT

602

izolacia

saziano

situaciidan

SeuTavsebeli

emociuri

muxtis

damokidebulebis

dakavSirebul

nawilebad

damokidebulebebisa,

romlebic

moSoreba

danawevreba

an

logikurad

(SeCereba

konfliqturi

arasodes

warmogvidgeboda,

rogorc erTdrouli an erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli)

aseve uwodeben danawevrebas
proeqcia

sakuTari

sirTuleebisaTvis

bralis

sxvebze

gadatana

an

sakuTari "akrZaluli" survilebis sxvebisaTvis mikuTvneba

racionalizacia

imis

damtkicebis

mcdeloba,

rom

sakuTari

qceva

"racionaluria" da gamarTlebadi, da amdenad sakuTarsa da

sxvebis mowonebas imsaxurebs
reaqciis

saxifaTo

survilebis

gamoxatvis

SeCereba

sawinaaRmdego

formacia

damokidebulebisa da qcevis tipebis ganxorcielebiT da maTi

rogorc "barierebis" gamoyenebiT

regresia

ganviTarebis adreul doneze dabruneba, rac gulisxmobs ufro

bavSvur pasuxebsa da, rogorc wesi, aspiraciis ufro dabal
dones

represia

mtkivneuli an saxifaTo azrebis gandevna cnobieridan, maTi

aracnobierSi

Senaxva;

es

iTvleba

yvelaze Zireul dacvis

meqanizmad
sublimacia

frustrirebuli
maTgan

seqsualuri

ganTavisufleba

survilebis

kulturaSi

dakmayofileba

socialurad

an

miRebuli

CanacvlebiTi araseqsualuri moqmedebebiT

froidis TeoriaSi SfoTva aris intensiuri emociuri pasuxi, aRZruli maSin,
rodesac gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierSi amosvlas. SfoTva xifaTis
niSania: gandevna ar muSaobs! inTeba wiTeli Suqi! saWiroa meti dacva! droa,
amoqmeddes dacvis meore xazi, erTi an meti egos dacvis meqanizmi, romlebic
Seamcireben SfoTvas da gandevnian arasasiamovno impulsebs ukan aracnobierSi.
magaliTad, dedam, romelsac ar moswons Tavisi vaJiSvili da ar surs masze
zrunva, SeiZleba gamoiyenos reaqciis formacia, romelic mis miuRebel impulss
sawinaaRmdegoSi gadaiyvans: "me ar mZuls Cemi bavSvi" gaxdeba "me miyvars Cemi

603

bavSvi. xedavT, rogori siyvaruliT vzrunav masze?" aseTi dacvis xerxebi SfoTvis
SemsubuqebaSi gadamwyvet, gamklavebis funqcias asrulebs.
Tu dacviTi meqanizmebi gvicavs SfoTvisagan, ratom aris, maT mainc SeiZleba
uaryofiTi Sedegebi mogvitanos? ramdenad gamosadegic ar unda iyvnen isini, egos
dacvis meqanizmebi imTaviTve Tavis motyuebaa. maTi gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi isini ufro met problemebs iwveven, vidre wyveten. fsiqologiurad
arajansaRia didi droisa da fsiqikuri energis xarjva miuRebeli impulsebis
lavirebaSi, dafarvasa da sxva arxisaken warmarTvaSi SfoTvis Semcirebis mizniT.
aseTi

qmedeba

cota

energias

tovebs

produqtiuli

cxovrebisaTvis

da

damakmayofilebeli adamianuri urTierTobebisTvis. zogierTi fsiqikuri daavadeba

SfoTvis SemcirebisaTvis dacvis meqnizmebis gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebis Sedegia,
rogorc vnaxavT qvemoT, fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi.
froidis Teoriis Sefaseba
Cven

didi

adgili

davuTmeT

fsiqoanalitikuri

Teoriis

aRweras,

radgan

froidis ideebs uzarmazari gavlena hqonda imaze, Tu ras fiqrobs mravali

fsiqologi pirovnebis normaluri da paTologiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb. Tumca,
albaT, froidis cnebebs ufro meti kritikosi hyavs fsiqologTa Soris, vidre
momxre. ras efuZneba maTi kritika?
pirvel

rigSi,

fsiqoanalitikuri

operacionalisturad
mecnierulad

gansazRvruli;

Sefaseba.

radganac

cnebebi

amdenad,

bundovania

rTulia

principSic

ki

da

Teoriis

ar

didi

SeuZlebelia

aris

nawilis

zogi

misi

centraluri hipoTezis uaryofa, froidis Teoria saeWvo rCeba. rogor unda iyos
pirdapiri

gziT

Seswavlili

cnebebi

libido,

pirovnebis

struqtura

da

infantiluri seqsualuri impulsebis represia?

meore, amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kritika isaa, rom froidis Teoria
warmoadgens

karg

monaTxrobs,

magram

cud

mecnierebas.

is

sandod

ver

winaswarmetyvelebs, ra moxdeba; is retrospeqtiulad gamoiyeneba mas Semdeg, rac

movlenebi moxda. pirovnebis gagebisaTvis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis gamoyeneba,
rogorc

wesi,

moicavs

istoriul

rekonstruqcias

da

ara

SesaZlebeli

moqmedebebis da winaswarmetyvelebadi Sedegebis mecnierul konstruqcias. garda

amisa,

mimdinare

qcevis

istoriuli

warmoSobis

gadaWarbebuli

xazgasmiT

es

604

Teoria

ar

uTmobs

yuradRebas

amJamindel

stimulebs,

romlebic

SeiZleba

iwvevdnen da inarCunebdnen qcevas.

arsebobs

froidis

ganviTarebis

Teoriaa,

Teoriis
magram

kidev

sami

arasodes

mTavari

moicavda

kritika.

bavSvebze

pirveli,

is

dakvirvebebsa

da

kvlevebs. meore, travmatuli gamocdilebis (rogoricaa bavSvebis Seuracxyofa)

Sesaxeb mogonebebis reinterpretaciiT da maTTvis fantaziebis darqmeviT (rac
efuZneba

bavSvis

dahyavs

am

mSobelTan

gamocdilebis

seqsualuri
mniSvneloba.

kontaqtis
mesame,

am

survils)

mas

minimumamde

Teorias

androcentruli

(mamakacze centrirebuli) gadaxra aqvs, radganac is normad kacis models iyenebs

da arc ki cdilobs, gansazRvros, Tu ra gansxvavdeba SeiZleba arsebobdes
qalebis SemTxvevaSi.
Tumca, froidis Teoriis zogierTi aspeqti axlac aRiarebulia, ramdenadac
isini modificirda da gaumjobesda empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad. magaliTad, me-6-e
TavSi vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebi sistematurad ikvleven aracnobieris
cnebas

(Baars & McGovern,

1996;

1998).

Westen,

es

kvlevebi

aCvenebs,

rom

Cveni

yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis didi nawils Cveni cnobierebis miRma myofi procesebi

ayalibeben. es Sedegebi adasturebs froidis zogad koncefcias, magram asustebs
kavSirs aracnobier procesebsa da fsiqopaTologias Soris: aracnobieri codna
sulac

ar

gamoiwvevs

SfoTvas

an

tanjvas.

aseve,

mkvlevarebma

daadastures

fsiqikis zogi Cvevis arseboba, romlebsac froidma dacvis meqanizmebi uwoda

(Hentschel et al., 1993; Singer, 1990).
saidan viciT
individualuri gansxvavebebi dacvis meqanizmebis gamoyenebaSi
zemoT davuSviT, rom mosalodnelia, individebma gamoiyenon dacvis meqanizmebi
maSin,

rodesac

isini

SfoTvas

ganicdian.

mkvlevarebma

es

hipoTeza

mravalferovani meTodebiT Seamowmes. erT-erTi mkvlevari swavlobda im xarisxs,

romliTac

axalgazrda

zrdasrulobis

zrdasruli

stabilur

identobas.

(23

wlis)

(gaixseneT

adamianebis
me-11-e

jgufma

Tavidan,

miaRwia

rom

erik

eriksonis mixedviT, identobis gansazRvra aris "krizisi", romelic adamianebma

mozardobis dasrulebisaTvis unda gadalaxon.) am jgufis zogierT individs
miRweuli

hqonda

identuroba,

zogi

ki

jer

kidev

krizisis

mdgomareobaSi

imyofeboda. Tu es krizisi SfoTvas iwvevs, Cveni molodini unda yofiliyo, rom

605

krizisSi myofi jgufi ufro xSirad gamoiyenebda dacvis meqanizmebs. am hipoTezis

Sesamowmeblad, mkvlevari sTxovda axalgazrdebs, SeeTxzaT moTxrobebi Tematuri

apercefciis testis baraTebze dayrdnobiT (ixileT Tavi 12, gv. ??). cdis pirTa
monaTxrobebi gaaanalizes iseTi dacvis

meqanizmebis aRmosaCenad, rogoricaa

uaryofa da proeqcia (ixileT cxrili 14.3). analizma daadastura hipoTeza: im

individebis SemTxvevaSi, visac jer miRweuli ar hqonda identoba, TvalsaCino iyo
meti midrekileba dacvis meqanizmebis gamoyenebisaken (Cramer, 1997).
me-13-e TavSi aRwerili stresis daZlevis zogierTi stili xvdeba dacvis
meqanizmebis

zogad

pirovnul

kategoriaSi.

travmebTan

dakavSirebuli

azrebisa

an

Tqven

SeiZleba

danaSaulis

da

an

grZnobebis

gaixsenoT,

magaliTad,

sircxvilis

Sekavebam

rom

gamocdilebasTan

SeiZleba

gamanadgurebeli

zemoqmedeba moaxdinos fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze (Pennebaker, 1990; Petrie

et al., 1998). es aRmoCenebi exmaureba froidis mosazrebebs, rom represirebul
fsiqikur masalas SeuZlia fsiqikuri distresis gamowveva.
froidis

Teoria

normaluri

da

paTologiuri

pirovnebis

funqcionirebis

Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro rTuli, yovlismomcveli da daumarcxebeli xedvaa maSinac

ki,

rodesac

misi

winaswarmetyvelebebi

mcdaria.

Tumca,

yvela

sxva

Teoriis

msgavsad, froidis Teorias saukeTesod epyrobian, rogorc Teorias, romelic unda

dadasturdes, an ar dadasturdes misi Semadgeneli elementebis mixedviT. froidi
inarCunebs gavlenas Tanamedrove fsiqologiaze, radgan zogi misi idea farTodaa
miRebuli, sxvebi ki uaryofil iqna. froidis Teoriis zogierTi adreuli revizia
misi studentebis wreSi daiwyo. vnaxoT, Tu rogor cdilobdnen isini froidis
mosazrebebis Sesworebas.
postpost-froidistuli Teoriebi
zogierTma maTganma, vinc froidis Semdeg movida kvleviT asparezze, SeinarCuna
pirovnebis
sawyisi

miseuli

impulsebi

inteleqtualuri

xedva,

rogorc

ebrZvian

brZolis

socialur

STamomavlebidan

bevrma

velisa,

romelzec

Rirebulebebs.
Seitana

aracnobieri

Tumca,

koreqtivebi

froidis
pirovnebis

fsiqoanalitikur xedvaSi. zogadad, am post-froidianelebma Semdegi cvlilebebi

Semoitanes:

606

o maT

meti

aqcenti

gaakeTes

egos

funqciebze,

egos

dacvebis,

me-s

ganviTarebis, cnobieri azrovnebis procesebisa da pirovnebis Zalauflebis

CaTvliT.
o maTi azriT, socialuri cvladebi (kultura, ojaxi da Tanatolebi) ufro
did rols TamaSoben pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.
o isini nakleb aqcents akeTeben zogadi seqsualuri impulsebis anu libidos
energiis mniSvnelobaze.
o maT pirovnebis ganviTareba bavSvobis miRma mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
gaavrces.
Cven mimovixilavT alfred adleris, karen hornis da karl iungis Teoriebis
sakvanZo debulebebs.
alfred adlerma (Alfred Adler, 1929) uaryo erosisa da siamovnebis principis
mniSvneloba.
msgavsad,

adleris

yvela

azriT,

adamiani

umweo,

ganicdis

sxvebze

damokidebuli

inferiorobis

(anu

patara

bavSvis

arasrulfasovnebis)

grZnobas. is amtkicebda, rom yvelas cxovrebaSi dominirebs am grZnobis daZlevis

gzebis Zieba. adamianebi axdenen am grZnobis kompensacias adekvaturobis grZnobis
miRweviT an, ufro xSirad, gadaWarbebiT kompensacias superiorobis (anu Warbi

TviTSefasebis) miRwevis mcdelobiT. pirovneba struqturirebulia am miswrafebis

irgvliv;

adamianebi

cxovrebis

stils

aviTareben

inferiorobis

bazisuri,

yovlismomcveli grZnobis daZlevis konkretul gzebze dayrdnobiT. pirovnebis

konfliqti Cndeba eqsternaluri garemoebebis zewolasa da adeqvaturobisaken
internalur miswrafebas Soris SeuTavseblobis gamo da ara adamianis SigniT
SejibrSi myofi impulsebis gamo.
karen
ramdenime

horni

(Karen Horney))

mimarTulebiT

daupirispirda

froidis

aRizarda

ganudga

fsiqoanalitikur

orTodoqsul

falocentristul

aqcents

skolaSi,

froidistul
penisis

magram

Teorias.

mniSvnelobaze

igi
da

Seqmna Teoria, romlis mixedviTac mamakacuri Suri orsulobis, dedobis, mkerdisa

da ZuZuTi kvebis mimarT biWebisa da kacebis aracnobieris dinamikur Zalas
warmoadgens. am "saSvilosnos Surs" mihyavs mamakacebi qalebis gaufasurebisken da
kreatul

muSaobaze

mimarTuli

aracnobieri

impulsebiT

gadaWarbebuli

kompensaciisaken. hornim, aseve, froidze metad gausva xazi kulturul faqtorebs

da yuradReba gaamaxvila amJamindeli xasiaTis struqturaze da ara infantilur

607

seqsualobaze (Horney, 1937, 1939). radganac hornimac moaxdina gavlena humanisturi

Teoriebis ganviTarebaze, Cven davubrundebiT mis ideebs Semdeg qveTavSi.
karl iungma (Carl Jung, 1959) didad gaafarTova aracnobieris cneba. misTvis
aracnobieri

ar

iyo

SezRuduli

individis

unikaluri

cxovrebiseuli

gamocdilebiT, aramed, aseve, aRsavse iyo Zireuli fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebiT,

romelsac

mTeli

koleqtiuri
formebisa

adamianuri

aracnobieri
da

xsnis

simboloebis

rasa

iziarebs,

Tqvens

mier

intuitur

koleqtiuri

primitiuli

gagebas,

romlebic

aracnobieriT.

miTebis,
yofis

xelovnebis
universalur

arqetipebs warmoadgenen. arqetipi aris konkretuli gamocdilebis an obieqtis

primitiuli simboluri warmodgena, reprezentacia. yoveli arqetipi asocirebulia
mis

Sesaxeb

instinqtur

grZnobisa

da

tendenciasTan.

fiqris,
iungma

an

misi

mravali

gansakuTrebuli

arqetipi

moiyvana

gziT

gancdis

istoriidan

da

miTologiidan: mze RmerTi, gmiri, deda miwa. animusi iyo mamrobiTi arqetipi, maSin
rodesac anima _ mdedrobiTi arqetipi da yvela qali da kaci ganicdida orive
arqetips gansxvavebuli xarisxiT. me-s arqetipia mandala anu jadosnuri wre; is
simbolurad asaxavs erTianobisa da mTlianobisken swrafvas (Jung, 1973).

koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious) _ individis aracnobieris nawili,

romelic Tandayolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli da saerToa saxeobis
yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.

arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdilebisa Tu obieqtis universaluri,

Tandayolili, primitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.
iungs

janmrTeli,

integrirebuli

pirovneba

warmoedgina,

rogorc

iseTi

urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebis balansireba, rogoricaa maskulinuri agresia da

femininuri

mgrZnobiaroba.

kompensatoruli

Sinagani

pirovnebis,
Zalebis

rogorc

konstelaciis,

dinamikur
xedvas

balansSi

ewoda

myofi

analitikuri

fsiqologia. garda amisa, iungma uaryo libidos pirveladi mniSvneloba, romelic

esoden centraluri iyo froidis TeoriisaTvis. iungma daamata ori Tanabrad
Zlieri aracnobieri instinqti: qmnis, kreatulobis moTxovnileba da koherentul,
mTlian

individad

Teoriebis

Sesaxeb

Camoyalibebis
Cven

TviTaqtualizaciis cnebaSi.
Sejameba

moTxovnileba.

vnaxavT

am

meore

Semdeg

qveTavSi

moTxovnilebis

humanisturi
paralels

608

froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs ideaze, rom yvela

qceva motivirebulia da motivacia xSirad aracnobier doneze operirebs. libido
warmoadgens motivaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros. pirovnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad
seqsualuri

energia

pacientebis

gamoixateba

SeswavliT,

movlenebs,

froidma

romelTa

Camoayaliba

erogenuli

zonebis

simptomebi
fsiqikuri

TanmimdevrobiT.

asaxavdnen

adreuli

determinizmis

im

cxovrebis

Teoria.

froidis

Teoriis mixedviT, superegos moraluri winamZRoloba da egos realuri bazisi

cdiloben,
fizikuri

Seamciron

idis

siamovnebisaken.

pirovnebas,

daZlios

Seupovari
egos

Zlieri

miswrafeba

dacvis
Sinagani

seqsualuri,

meqanizmebi

emociuri

SesaZleblobas

konfliqtebiT

gamowveuli

da

aZleven
SfoTva.

miuxedavad imisa, rom froidis Teoriis bevrma aspeqtma ver gauZlo kritikas,
aracnobierisa da dacvis meqanizmebis msgavsma cnebebma aRiareba hpova mraval
fsiqologs Soris. froidis mimdevrebma, rogorebic arian adleri, horni da iungi,
misi Teoriis ramdenime Sesworeba da damateba SemogvTavazes.
humanisturi Teoriebi
pirovnebisadmi humanisturi midgoma xasiaTdeba individis piradi da cnobieri
gamocdilebis

integraciisa

humanisturi

Teoriis

TviTaqtualizaciisaken

da

zrdis

ZiriTadi
swrafvaze.

potencialis
niSania

mimarT

interesiT.

yuradRebis

TviTaqtualizacia

aris

yvela

gamaxvileba

mudmivi

swrafva

sakuTari arsebuli potencialis realizaciisaken _ unarebis da niWis srulad

ganviTarebisaken. am qveTavSi Tqven naxavT, Tu rogor Camoayalibes humanisturi
Teoriis mimdevrebma TviTaqtualizaciis es cneba. garda amisa, TqvenTvis naTeli
gaxdeba, Tu ra damatebiTi niSnebi gamohyofen humanistur Teoriebs pirovnebis
Teoriebis sxva tipebisagan.
humanisturi Teoriebis niSnebi
pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebis azriT, rogorebic arian karl
rojersi,

abraham

pirovnebis
ganviTardes

maslou

unikaluri,
da

mimarTulebebiT.

da

karen

rogorc

Seicvalos
gaixseneT

horni,

qcevis

Tandayolili,

TviTaqtualizaciis
me-12-e

Tavidan,

rom

ise

motivacia
SeZenili

miznisaken
masloum

momdinareobs
tendenciebidan,

mimavali

dadebiTi

TviTaqtualizacia

moaTavsa Tavisi moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis kenweroSi. TviTganxorcielebisaken

609

swrafva konstruqtuli warmmarTveli Zalaa, romelic mimarTavs yovel adamians

zogadad dadebiTi qcevisaken da me-s srulyofisaken.

analitikuri
romelic

fsiqologia

pirovnebas

(Analytic psychology)

ganixilavs,

rogorc

fsiqologiis
dinamikur

mimarTuleba,

balansSi

myofi

kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.

TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis fsiqologiis cneba, romelic

exeba adamianis mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis realizaciisaken da
Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis ganviTarebisaken.

upirobo dadebiTi pativiscema (Unconditional positive regard) _ individis sruli

siyvaruli da mimRebloba sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad bavSvisa mSoblis mier,
yvelanairi pirobis gareSe.
TviTaqtualizaciisken

swrafva

xandaxan

konfliqtSi

modis

sakuTari

da

sxvebis mowonebis moTxovnilebasTan, gansakuTrebiT rodesac adamiani grZnobs,

rom mowonebis damsaxurebisTvis unda akmayofilebdes garkveul movaleobebsa Tu
pirobebs. magaliTad, karl rojersi (Carl Rogers, 1947, 1951, 1977) xazs usvams
upirobo

dadebiTi

ganwyobis

mniSvnelobas

bavSvebis

aRzrdis

dros.

igi

gulisxmobda, rom bavSvebma unda igrZnon, rom isini yovelTvis eyvarebaT da

moewonebaT, miuxedavad maTi Secdomebisa da cudi qcevisa; rom maT ar sWirdebaT
Tavisi mSoblebis siyvarulis damsaxureba. misi rekomendaciiT, rodesac bavSvi
cudad iqceva, mSoblebma xazi unda gausvan, rom maT qceva ar moswonT, da ara
TviTon bavSvi. upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba mniSvnelovania zrdasrul asakSic,
radganac nerviuloba imis Sesaxeb, movwonvarT sxvebs Tu ara, xels uSlis
TviTaqtualizacias.

rogorc

mozrdil

adamians,

Tqven

gWirdebaT,

gasceT

da

miiRoT upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba im adamianebisagan, visTanac axlos xarT. rac

yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saWiroa, grZnobdeT upirobo dadebiT TviTpativiscemas
anu sakuTari Tavis mimReblobas, miuxedavad im sisusteebisa, romelTa Secvlas
SeiZleba cdilobT.
Tumca, mas xSirad ar miageben saTanado pativs, karen horni kidev erTi
centraluri Teoretikosia, romlis ideebmac ganapiroba humanisturi fsiqologiis
dafuZneba (Frager & Fadiman, 1998). horni darwmunda, rom adamianebs aqvT "namdvili
me",

romelic

aqtualizaciisaTvis

xelisSemwyob

garemo

pirobebs

moiTxovs,

rogoricaa siTbos atmosfero, sxvebis keTilganwyoba da mSoblebis siyvaruli

610

bavSvis, rogorc "konkretuli individis" mimarT (Horney, 1945, 1950). rodesac ar

arsebobs

aseTi

xelisSemwyobi

aRzrdis

pirobebi,

bavSvi

aviTarebs

bazisur

SfoTvas, romelic akavebs realuri grZnobebis gamoxatvis spontanurobas da xels

uSlis sxvebTan efeqtur urTierTobas. Tavisi bazisuri SfoTvis daZlevisaTvis
individebi

mimarTaven

interpersonalur

an

intrafsiqikur

dacvebs.

interpersonaluri dacvebi warmoqmnian moZraobas sxvebisaken (rac gamoixateba

gadaWarbebuli TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da TviTSekavebiTi moqmedebebis meSveobiT),
sxvebis winaaRmdeg (rac gamoixateba agresiuli, ampartavani an narcisistuli
gadawyvetilebebiT) an sxvebisagan (rac gamoixateba gankerZoebulobis meSveobiT).
intrafsiqikuri dacvebi muSaoben, raTa Camoayalibon ararealuri idealizirebuli
me-s xati, romelsac Sedegad mosdevs "didebis Zieba" am xatis gasamrTleblad da
siamayis

sistema,

romelic

eqvemdebareba

qcevis

rigidul

wesebs,

raTa

Seesabamebodes am grandiozul TviTSefasebas. aseTi adamianebi xSirad "unda-s

tiraniis"

qveS

cxovroben,

mixedviT,

rogoricaa

"me

sakuTari
unda

Tavis

viyo

mimarT

srulyofili,

wayenebuli

movaleobebis

keTilSobili,

mimzidveli,

mamaci" da ase Semdeg. hornis azriT, humanisturi Terapiis mizani iyo, daxmareboda
individs

TviTrealizaciis

Tandayolili

miRwevaSi

konstruqciuli

da

xeli

Seewyo

ZalebisaTvis,

adamianis

romlebic

bunebaSi
exmarebian

TviTganxorcielebisaken swrafvas.
TviTaqtualizacias anu namdvili me-s mimarTulebiT progresis aqcentireba
warmoadgens maslous, rojersisa da hornis Teoriebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
garda

amisa,

humanisturi

Teoriebi

aRweril

iqna,

rogorc

holisturi,

dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri. vnaxoT, ra aris amis mizezi.

humanisturi

Teoriebi

holisturia, radgan adamianebis calkeul qmedebebs

xsnis mTliani pirovnebebis terminebiT; adamianebi ar ganixileba, rogorc jami

calkeuli niSnebisa, romlebic saTiTaod axdenen sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas qcevaze.
maslous

azriT,

adamianebi

arsebiTad

motivirebulni

arian

moTxovnilebebis

ierarqiis ufro maRali doneebisaken (rac ganxilul iqna me-12-e TavSi), Tu ufro
dabal doneze aRmocenebulma defeqtebma ar CamoqaCes isini dabla.
humanisturi
Tandayolil
mimarTulebaze.

Teoriebi
Tvisebebze,
situaciuri

dispoziciuria,
romlebsac
faqtorebi

radgan

mTavari
ganixileba,

fokusirdeba

gavlenas
rogorc

axdenen

adamianis
qcevis

sirTuleebi

da

barierebi (rogorc Zafebi, romlebic qvemoT aCereben mibmul buStebs). rodesac

611

aqtualizaciis tendencia gaTavisufldeba uaryofiTi situaciuri pirobebisagan,

man

unda

aqtiurad

warmarTos

adamianebi

sasargeblo,

dadebiTad

moqmedi

situaciebis arCevisaken. Tumca, humanisturi Teoriebi ar aris dispoziciuri im

gagebiT,

rogorc

niSnis

anda

fsiqodinamikuri

Teoriebi.

am

ukanaskneli

Sexedulebebis mixedviT, pirovnuli dispoziciebi aris qcevaSi kvlav da kvlav

warmoCinebuli

ganmeorebadi

Temebi.

humanisturi

dispoziciebi

specifikurad

mimarTulia kreatulobisa da zrdisaken. yovel jerze, rodesac xorcieldeba

humanisturi dispozicia, pirovneba odnav icvleba, ase rom, dispozicia arasodes
gamoixateba

orjer

dispoziciebs

erTi

mihyavT

da

imave

individi

saxiT.

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

TviTaqtualizaciisaken,

am

humanistur

motivebis

yvelaze

wminda gamoxatvisaken.
humanisturi Teoriebi fenomenologiuria, radgan isini xazs usvams individis
Tvalsazriss da realobis subieqtur xedvas da ara damkvirveblisa Tu Terapevtis
obieqtur

mosazrebas.

dainaxos

yoveli

orientirebuli

ase

rom,

adamianis

xedvacaa;

humanisturi
unikaluri

warsuli

fsiqologi
Sexeduleba.

gavlenebi

yovelTvis
es

cdilobs,

xedva

mniSvnelovania

awmyoze

mxolod

im

TvalsazrisiT, rom maT moiyvanes adamiani dRevandel situaciamde, xolo momavali

warmoadgens misaRwev miznebs. amdenad, fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT,
humanisturi Teoriebi ar Tvlis, rom adamianebis awmyo qcevas aracnobierad
warmarTavs warsuli gamocdileba.
da bolos, iseTi mecnierebis azriT, rogoricaa rolo mei (Rollo May, 1975),
humanistur Teoriebs aqvs egzistencialuri aspeqti. isini yuradRebas amaxvilebs
maRal

fsiqikur

procesebze,

romlebic

xsnian

saSualebas aZleven individs Seesabamebodes

mimdinare

gamocdilebas

an daTrgunul

da

iqnas yofierebis

yoveldRiuri problemebiT. es egzistencialuri perspeqtiva momdinareobs rogorc

literaturuli,
mimzidvelobas

aseve

filosofiuri

aniWeben

mravali

tradiciebidan,

Tanamedrove

romlebic

mecnierisa

da

mas

farTo

klinicistisTvis

(Schneider & May, 1995).

pirovnebis optimisturi humanisturi xedva sasiamovno siaxle iyo mravali
fsiqologisaTvis,

romlebic

dietaze".

humanisturi

cxovreba

ufro

mogonebebis

aRizardnen

midgomebi

advilad

gamoqeqvaze,

froidiseuli

fokusirdeba

mosanelebeli,
romlebic

gaumjobesebaze,

misaRebi

xandaxan

medicinis

gaxdes,

umjobesia,

da

an
ara

"momwaro
imaze,

rom

mtkivneuli

gandevnili

darCes.

612

humanisturi Tvalsazrisi xazs usvams yoveli adamianis SesaZleblobas, moaxdinos

Tavisi sruli potencialis realizacia.
humanisturi Teoriebis Sefaseba
froidis

Teorias

xSirad

akritikebdnen

zedmetad

pesimisturi

SexedulebisaTvis, rom adamianis buneba viTardeba konfliqtebidan, travmebidan da

SfoTvebidan. humanisturi Teoriebi gaCnda jansaRi pirovnebis gansadideblad,
romelic miiltvis bednierebisaken da TviTaqtualizaciisaken. Znelia, gaakritiko
Teoriebi, romlebic waaxaliseben da afaseben adamianebs, Tundac maTi Secdomebis
gamo. da mainc, kritikosebi Civian, rom humanisturi Teoriebi bundovania da
Znelad misawvdomi kvlevisaTvis. isini sxvamen kiTxvebs: "dazustebiT ra aris
TviTaqtualizacia?" "Tandayolili tendenciaa Tu kulturuli konteqstiT aris
Seqmnili?" aseve, humanisturi Teoriebi tradiciulad ar amaxvileben yuradRebas
individebis konkretul maxasiaTeblebze. isini ufro metad warmoadgenen Teoriebs
adamianis bunebis da im Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela adamianisTvis saerToa,
vidre

Teoriebs

individualuri

pirovnebis

Sesaxeb,

an

adamianTa

Soris

gansxvavebebis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. sxva fsiqologebi aRniSnaven, rom me-s, rogorc

gamocdilebisa
uaryofen

da

qmedebis

mniSvnelovan

wyaros,

garemos

rolis

cvladebs,

xazgasmiT
romlebic

humanisturi
aseve

axdenen

Teoriebi
qcevaze

gavlenas.
am

SezRudvebis

miuxedavad,

humanisturi

tradiciidan,

nawilobriv,

momdinareobs Tanamedrove kvlevis erTi tipi, romelic uSualod koncentrirdeba

individualur moTxrobebze anu cxovrebis istoriebze (Baumeister, 1994; McAdams,
1996; Rosenwald & Ochberg, 1992). fsiqobiografiis Sesadgenad individis cxovrebis
detalebis

gagebaSi

fsiqologiuri

Teoriis

gamoyenebis

tradiciis

sawyiss

SeiZleba mivakvlioT froidis mier leonardo da vinCis analizSi (Freud, 1910/957;

ixileT

Elms,

ganisazRvreba,

1988,
rogorc

froidis

naSromis

"fsiqologiuri

kritikisaTvis).

(gansakuTrebiT

fsiqobiografia

pirovnebis)

Teoriis

sistematuri gamoyeneba cxovrebis Tanmimdevrul da gasageb ambad gardaqmnisaTvis"

(McAdams, 1988, gv. 2). ganvixiloT didi mxatvris pablo pikasos Sesaxeb arsebuli
informaci:. pikasom bavSvobaSi ramdenime travma ganicada, seriozuli miwisZvrisa
da umcrosi dis sikvdilis CaTvliT. fsiqobiografiam SeiZleba scados, axsnas

613

pikasos udidesi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis garkveuli nawili, rogorc am adreul

travmebze misi pasuxebis samudamo danaleqi (Gardner, 1993).

fsiqobiofrafia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis)

Teoriis

gamoyeneba

individis

cxovrebiseuli

mimarTulebis

aRwerisa

da

fsiqobiografiis

sagani

xdeba,

axsnisaTvis.
rodesac

ganTqmuli

an istoriuli figura

mkvlevarma SeiZleba mimarTos gamoqveynebul Sromebs, dRiurebs da werilebs,

rogorc sando monacemebis wyaroebs. ufro Cveulebrivi individebis SemTxvevaSi,
mkvlevarebma SeiZleba pirdapir gamohkiTxon cxovrebis gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad,

monawiles

SeiZleba

mosTxovon,

isaubros

ukanaskneli

Zlieri

gamocdilebis Sesaxeb: "ras fiqrobdiT da grZnobdiT? ra SeuZlia am epizods

mogviTxros imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xarT Tqven, vin iyaviT, vin SeiZleba iyoT, an
rogor ganviTardiT droTa ganmavlobaSi?" (McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992, gv. 1010).
damaxasiaTebeli Temebi, romlebic mJRavndeba TxrobiTi angariSebis seriebSi,
mxars uWers adreuli humanistebis mier wamoyenebul pirovnebis holistur da
fenomenologiur

versiebs:

adamianebi

ageben

Tavis

identobas

calkeuli

moTxrobebis cxovrebis ambad gaerTianebis gziT. piradi angariSebi fanjaraa,

romlidanac SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tu ra warmodgena aqvT adamianebs sakuTari
Tavisa da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (Harvey et al., 1990; Shotter, 1984).
humanisturi

Teoriebis

mimdevrebi

aqcents

akeTebdnen

yoveli

individis

swrafvaze TviTaqtualizaciisaken. Tumca, es jgufi aRiarebda, rom adamianebis

warmateba

am

miznis

miRwevaSi,

nawilobriv,

gansazRvrulia

maTi

garemos

realiebiT. axla Cven ganvixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic exebian uSualod imas, Tu

rogor yalibdeba individebis qceva maTi garemos gavleniT.
Sejameba
humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebi, rogorebic arian maslou, rojersi da horni,
Tvlidnen, rom qceva motivirebulia pozitiuri gziT ganviTarebisa da cvlilebis
bazisuri

surviliT,

rac

gulisxmobs

moZraobas

TviTaqtualizaciisaken.

pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da

egzistencialuri. kritikosebis azriT, humanisturi Teoriebis zogi centraluri
cneba cudad aris gansazRvruli da es Teoriebi ar iTvaliswinebs adamianebis

614

cxovrebaze

garemos

gavlenas.

Tanamedrove

mecnierebi

agrZeleben

humanistur

tradicias im xerxebze fokusirebiT, romlebiTac individebi qmnian Tanmimdevrul

mTlian suraTs Tavisi cxovrebis mravali epizodisagan.
socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebi
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela TeoriisaTvis saerToa aqcenti hipoTetur
Sinagan meqanizmebze _ niSnebze, instinqtebze, impulsebze, TviTaqtualizaciisaken
swrafvaze,

romlebic

biZgs

aZlevs

qcevas

da

warmoqmnis

funqcionirebadi

pirovnebis baziss. miuxedavad amisa, rac aklia am Teoriebis umetesobas, es aris

myari

kavSiri

pirovnebasa

da

konkretul

qcevas

Soris.

magaliTad,

fsiqodinamikuri da humanisturi Teoriebi gvawvdian monacemebs mTliani pirovnebis

Sesaxeb, magram ar winaswarmetyveleben specifikur qmedebebs. pirovnebis Teoriis
kidev erTi mimarTuleba warmoiSva imis safuZvelze, rom gamaxvilda yuradReba
qcevaSi

individualur

gansxvavebebze.

gaixseneT

me-7-e

Tavidan,

rom

adamianis

qcevis didi nawili SeiZleba viwinaswarmetyveloT garemos pirobebze dayrdnobiT.

daswavlis

Teoriis

mimdevari

fsiqologebi

miuTiTeben

garemos

pirobebze,

romlebic akontroleben qcevas. pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc Ria da faruli

reaqciebis jami, romlebic didi albaTobiT gamowveulia individis moqmedebaTa

ganmtkicebebis

istoriiT.

daswavlis

Teoriis

midgomis

mixedviT,

adamianebi

gansxvavdebian, radgan maT gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis istoria aqvT.

ganvixiloT pirovnebis bihevioristuli koncefcia, romelic Seqmna ieilis
universitetis fsiqologebis gundma jon dolardisa da nil mileris meTaurobiT
(John Dollard, Neal Miller, 1950). dolardma da milerma Semoitanes iseTi cnebebi,
rogorebicaa daswavlili ltolvebi, pasuxebis Sekaveba da daswavlili qcevis
paternebi. froidis msgavsad, maT xazi gausves daZabulobis da daZabulobis

Semcirebis
Zalebis

ganmamtkicebeli

rols.

(siamovnebis

organizmebi

moqmedeben,

momgvreli)
raTa

Sedegebis

Seamciron

motivaciuri

daukmayofilebeli

moTxovnilebebiT gamowveuli daZabuloba. is qceva, romelic warmatebiT amcirebs

aseT

daZabulobebs,

gadaiqceva,

romelic

meordeba

da

ganmtkicebulia

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

ganmeorebiTi

daswavlil

daZabulobis

Cvevad

SemcirebiT.

dolardma da milerma, aseve, aCvenes, rom adamianma SeiZleba iswavlos socialuri

imitaciis (mibaZvis) gziT anu sxvebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT ise, rom sapasuxo
qmedebis faqtobrivad ganxorcielebis aucilebloba ar iqmneba. warmoidgineT,

615

patara biWi xedavs, rom mis ufros das aZleven kanfets, rodesac is mirbis
saxlSi dabrunebuli mamis Sesaxvedrad; umcrosma Zmam SeiZleba imave qcevis
ganxorcieleba

daiwyos.

imitaciis

fsiqologebis

warmodgeniT,

ideam

daiswavleba

gaafarTova
efeqturi

is
an

gzebi,

romlebiTac,

destruqciuli

qceva.

pirovneba warmogvidgeba, rogorc am daswavlili qcevebis jami.

Tanamedrove socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebi xSirad iziareben
dolardisa

da

mileris

mosazrebas,

rom

qcevaze

gavlenas

axdens

garemos

pirobebi. Tumca, es Teoriebi erTi nabijiT win midian da xazs usvamen kognituri,
iseve rogorc bihevioraluri procesebis, mniSvnelobas, riTic moqmed sxeuls
moazrovne gonebas, fsiqikas ubruneben. isini, vinc pirovnebis kognituri Teoriebi
Seqmna, aRniSnaven, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani individualuri gansxvavebebi imaSi,
Tu rogor fiqroben da gansazRvraven adamianebi nebismier eqsternalur (garegan)
situacias. kognituri Teoriebi yuradRebas amaxvileben im fsiqikur procesebze,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi Tavis SegrZnebebs da aRqmebs realobis Sesaxeb
organizebul

STabeWdilebad

gardaqmnian.

humanisturi

Teoriebis

msgavsad,

kognituri Teoriebi xazs usvamen, rom Tqven monawileobT sakuTari pirovnebis

SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, Tqven, ZiriTadad, aqtiurad irCevT Tqvens garemos da ara
mxolod pasiurad reagirebT masze. Tqven afasebT alternativebs da irCevT iseT
garemos, romelSic moqmedebT da Tqvenze moqmedeben; Tqven irCevT situaciebs,
romlebisganac moeliT, rom isini TqvenTvis ganmamtkicebeli iqneba da cdilobT,
Tavidan aiciloT isini, romlebic ar gakmayofileben da bundovania. magaliTad,
Tqven xSirad arCevT, kidev erTxel mixvideT im restoranSi, sadac adre kargi
saWmeli miirTviT da yovelTvis ar cdilobT axali adgilis mosinjvas.
modiT, axla davaxasiaToT am midgomis ufro konkretuli magaliTebi. Cven
ganvixilavT uolter miSelis, albert banduras da nensi kentoris Teoriebs.
miSelis kogniturkognitur-afeqturi pirovnebis Teoria
uolter
gavlenis

miSelma

Teoria.

garemosTan

(Walter Mischel)

miSeli

aRniSnavs,

Tavisi interaqciebis

ganaviTara
rom

pirovnebis

adamianebi

kognituri

aqtiurad

bazisis

monawileoben

kognitur organizaciaSi. misi midgoma xazs

usvams, ramdenad mniSvnelovania imis gageba, Tu rogor Cndeba qceva, rogorc

adamianebsa da situaciebs Soris interaqciebis funqcia (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999).
ganvixiloT magaliTi:

616

jonis pirovnebis unikaloba yvelaze naTlad SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi, rom is

yovelTvis Zalian keTilganwyobilia, rodesac vinmes pirvelad xvdeba da, aseve,
imaSic, rom savaraudoa, is gaxdes sakmaod uxeSi da arakeTilganwyobili, rodesac
am adamianTan meti drois gatareba uwevs. meore mxriv, jimi unikaluria imiT, rom
is, rogorc wesi, morcxvi da mSvidia im adamianebTan, visac kargad ar icnobs,
magram Zalian komunikabeluri xdeba, rogorc ki kargad gaicnobs am adamians
(Shoda et al., 1993a, gv. 1023).
Cven rom gvecada jonisa da jimis keTilganwyobis jamuri gasaSualoeba,
albaT, daaxloebiT msgavs maCveneblebs miviRebdiT am niSnis mixedviT, magram am
SemTxvevaSi

ver

daviWerdiT

mniSvnelovan

gansxvavebas

maT

qcevaSi.

miSelis

mixedviT (1973; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is, Tu rogor vpasuxobT garemos specifikur
movlenaze, damokidebulia 14.4 cxrilSi gansazRvrul

cvladebze. xedavT, ra

gavlena eqneboda yovel CamoTvlil cvlads imaze, Tu ra gziT imoqmedebda

adamiani konkretul situaciaSi? Cven mogawodeT magaliTebi TiToeul cvladze.
scadeT, warmoidginoT situacia, romelSic cxrilSi moyvanili personaJebisgan
gansxvavebulad

moiqceodiT,

radgan

Tqven

maTgan

erTi

konkretuli

cvladis

mixedviT gansxvavdebiT. SeiZleba gainteresebT, ra gansazRvravs am cvladebis

bunebas konkretuli individisTvis. miSelis azriT, isini warmoadgenen am adamianis
dakvirvebebis,

aseve

misi

sxva

adamianebTan

da

fizikuri

garemos

usulo

aspeqtebTan interaqciebis istoriis Sedegs (Mischel, 1973).

cxrili

14.4.

pirovnebis

cvladebi

miSelis
miSelis

pirovnebis

kogniturkognitur-afeqtur

TeoriaSi
cvladi
kodirebebi

gansazRvreba
is

gza,

romliTac

magaliTi
axdenT

rogorc

ki

Tqveni Tavis, sxva adamianebis, Sexvdeba,

movlenebis

da

Sesaxeb

bobi
is

situaciebis daadginos,

ramdenad

vinmes
cdilobs,
mdidaria

informaciis es adamiani.

kategorizacias.
molodinebi

Tqveni

rwmenebi

da rwmenebi

samyaros Sesaxeb da konkretul kinoSi, magram arasodes elis,

situaciebSi

socialuri

gregi

mocemuli rom isini

patiJebs

megobrebs

"ki"-s ityvian.

617

qmedebebis

mosalodneli

Sedegebis

Sesaxeb.

Tqveni

Sexeduleba imaze, Tu ramdenad

gaqvT raime

Sedegebis miRebis

unari.
Tqveni grZnobebi da emociebi,

afeqtebi

fiziologiuri

sindi

Zalian

advilad

pasuxebis wiTldeba.

CaTvliT.
miznebi

da Sedegebi

Rirebulebebi

da

afeqturi

mdgomareobebi,
TqvenTvis

piters surs, kolejSi Tavisi

romlebic klasis prezidenti iyos.

Rirebulia

an

ar

aris Rirebuli; Tqveni miznebi

da cxovrebis gegmebi.
kompetenciebi

qcevebi,

da

Tqven

romelTa
SegiZliaT

TviTregulato kognituri
ruli

Sesruleba
da

da

iani

laparakobs

gegmebi frangulad,

inglisurad,

rusulad

da

qceviTi iaponurad da varaudobs, rom

Sedegebis misaRebad.

gaeroSi imuSavebs.

gegmebi
miSelma da misma kolegebma

gvaCvenes

qcevis

paternebis

mniSvneloba

sazafxulo banakSi bavSvebis gamocdilebebis savele kvlevebiT.

saidan viciT
qcevis paternebi
am proeqtis erTi kvleva adre aRvwereT, rodesac qcevis konsistentobas
vixilavdiT. kidev erTi kvleva Seiswavlis bavSvebis reaqciebs gansxvavebul
fsiqologiur
socialuri

situaciebze.

kontaqtis

es

situaciebia:

wamowyeba

an

(2)

(1)

sxva

ufrosis

bavSvis

mier

mier

dadebiTi

gafrTxileba

raime

moqmedebis Sewyvetis Taobaze. bavSvebis reaqciebi kodirebul iqna kategoriebad,

rogoricaa "prosocialurad laparakobda" an "daemorCila an dauTmo". garda
amisa, zafxulis bolos banakis konsultantebs sTxoves, bavSvebi daexasiTebinaT,
rogorc "agresiuli", "Caketili" an "keTilganwyobili". ra informacia gamoiyenes
maT

am

Sefasebebis

gasakeTeblad?

magaliTad,

ganvixiloT

damorCilebis

an

618

daTmobis

qceva.

bavSvebi,

vinc

banakidan

wamosvlisas

daaxasiaTes,

rogorc

keTilganwyobili, morCilebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT ufrosi aZlevda

gafrTxilebas. xolo bavSvebi, vinc banakidan wamosvlisas daaxasiaTes, rogorc

Caketili,

morCilebi

iyvnen

im

situaciaSi,

rodesac

maT

Tanatolebi

aRizianebdnen an dascinodnen (Shoda et al., 1993b).

am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, bavSvebis damorCilebis saSualo maCveneblebis
codna bevrs verafers gvetyvis maTi pirovnebis Sesaxeb. Tqven unda icodeT, ra
situaciaSi moxda damorCileba imisaTvis, rom gaigoT, Tu ratom miiRo erTma
bavSvma keTilganwyobilis Sefaseba da meorem _ Caketilis. miSeli xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs, rom Cveni warmodgenebi sxva adamianebis pirovnebuli maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb modis ara saSualos aRebidan, aramed dakvirvebidan, Tu rogor iwvevs
ganxsvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebul qcevas (Shoda & Mischel, 1993).

banduras kognituri socialuri daswavlis Teoria

pirovnebisadmi socialuri daswavlis midgomis wamyvani mkvlevaria albert
bandura (Albert Bandura, 1986, 1999). is cnobilia Teoriuli naSromebiTa da bavSvebisa
da zrdasrulebis farTo kvlevebiT (gaixseneT me-7-e Tavidan bavSvebis agresiuli
qcevis kvlevebi). am midgomaSi gaerTianebulia daswavlis principebi da socialur
garemoSi

adamianur

interaqciebze

aqcenti.

socialuri

daswavlis

kuTxiT

adamianebs ar marTavs Sinagani Zalebi, magram, amave dros, isini arc garemos
gavlenis qveS myofi ususuri marionetebi arian. socialuri daswavlis midgoma
xazs usvams kognitur procesebs, romlebic CarTulia qcevis sxvadasxva paternebis
CamoyalibebaSi

da,

Sesabamisad,

pirovnuli

Tvisebebis

SeZenasa

da

maTi

SebarCunebis procesSi.

reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determinism) _ albert banduras socialuri

daswavlis Teoriis cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosazrebas, rom individs, mis
qcevas

da

garemos

stimulebs

Soris

arsebobs

rTuli

reciprokuli

urTierTqmedeba da rom TiToeuli am komponentebidan moqmedebs sxvebze.

619

banduras Teoria miuTiTebs individualuri faqtorebis, qcevis da garemos

stimulebis rTul urTierTqmedebaze. yovel maTgans SeuZlia sxvebze zemoqmedeba
an maTi Secvla, da cvlilebis mimarTuleba iSviaTad aris calmxrivi _ is

reciprokulia. Tqvens qcevaze gavlena SeiZleba hqondes Tqvens damokidebulebebs

(atitudebs), rwmenebs, Sexedulebebs an ganmtkicebebis winamorbed istorias, iseve,
rogorc garemoSi arsebul stimulebs. imas, rasac Tqven akeTebT, SeiZleba gavlena
hqondes garemoze, xolo garemom da Tqvens qcevaze mowodebulma ukukavSirma
SeiZleba imoqmedos Tqveni pirovnebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. es mniSvnelovani
cneba, reciprokuli determinizmi,
determinizmi gulisxmobs, rom Tqven unda gamoikvlioT yvela
komponenti, Tu gsurT mTlianad gaigoT adamianis qceva, pirovneba da socialuri
ekologia (Bandura, 1999; ixileT suraTi 14.4).
14.4 amgvarad, magaliTad, Tu Tqven Warbi
wona gaqvT, SeiZleba ar airCioT msubuqi aTletikiT dakaveba, magram, Tu sacurao
auzis maxloblad cxovrobT, SeiZleba curva arCioT. Tu komunikabeluri xarT,
gaesaubrebiT

auzTan

myof

adamianebs

da

amiT

ufro

socialur

atmosferos

SeqmniT, rac, Tavis mxriv, garemos ufro sasiamovnos gaxdis. es erTi magaliTia
adamians, adgilsa da qcevas Soris reciprokuli determinizmisa.
suraTi 14.4. reciprokuli determinizmi

reciprokuli
erTmaneTTan

determinizmis

urTierTqmedebs,

mixedviT
raTa

individi,

gavlena

misi

moaxdinos

qceva
da

da

garemo

Secvalos

sxva

komponentebi.

adamiani

garemo

qceva

me-7-e Tavidan SeiZleba gagaxsendeT, rom banduras

socialuri

daswavlis

Teoria xazs usvams dakvirvebiT swavlas, rogorc process, romliTac adamiani

cvlis Tavis qcevas sxva adamianis qcevaze dakvirvebis safuZvelze. dakvirvebiT
swavlis meSveobiT bavSvebi da zrdasrulebi Tavisi socialuri garemos Sesaxeb
informaciis

udides

speqtrs

iZenen.

dakvirvebiT

swavlis

meSveobiT

Tqven

620

swavlobT, Tu ra aris Sesabamisi, adekvaturi, ra jildovdeba da ras mohyveba

dasja an ignorireba. radgan Tqven SegiZliaT mexsierebis gamoyeneba da ifiqroT
garegan

movlenebze,

Tqven

SegiZliaT,

iwinaswarmetyveloT

Tqveni

qmedebebis

SesaZlebeli Sedegebi maTi realurad ganxorcielebis gareSe. Tqven SegiZliaT

SeiZinoT unarebi, damokidebulebebi da rwmenebi ubralod imis dakvirvebiT, Tu
ras akeTeben sxvebi da ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas.
banduras Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi (1997) misi erT-erTi centraluri
cneba TviTefeqturoba29 gaxda. TviTefeqturoba aris rwmena imisa, rom adamians
SeuZlia adeqvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi. Tqveni TviTefeqturobis
SegrZneba mravalgzis axdens gavlenas Tqvens aRqmebze, motivaciaze da qcevaze.
Tqven arc ki cdilobT raimes gakeTebas an SesaZleblobis gamoyenebas, rodesac
elodebiT, rom araefeqturi iqnebiT. Tqven eridebiT situaciebs, rodesac Tavs
adekvaturad ar grZnobT. maSinac ki, rodesac, realobaSi gaqvT unari _ da
survilic _ SeiZleba ar SeasruloT moTxovnili qmedeba, an ar gaagrZeloT
davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis mcdeloba, Tu fiqrobT, rom gakliaT is, rac
amisaTvis saWiroa.
faqtobrivi

Sesrulebebis

miRma

TviTefeqturobis

SefasebisaTvis arsebobs

informaciis kidev sami wyaro:

o sxvisi gamocdileba _ Tqveni dakvirveba sxvebis moqmedebaze;
o darwmuneba _ sxvebma SeiZleba dagarwmunon, rom Tqven SegiZliaT raimes
gakeTeba, an Tqven SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi daarwmunoT amaSi;
o Tqveni emociuri agznebis monitoringi, rodesac fiqrobT davalebis Sesaxeb
an

rodesac

iwyebT

mis

Sesrulebas;

magaliTad,

SfoTva

migvaniSnebs

efeqturobis dabal molodinze; Relva migvaniSnebs warmatebis molodinze.

TviTefeqturobis Sefaseba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas xarjavT
da ramden xans cdilobT warmatebis miRwevas, Tu cxovrebiseuli situaciebis
farTo speqtrSi sirTuleebi aRmocendeba (Bandura, 1997; Cervone, 2000; Schwarzer, 1992).
magaliTad, is, Tu ramdenad energiulad da Seupovrad swavlobT am Tavs, SeiZleba
ufro metad damokidebuli iyos Tqveni TviTefeqturobis gancdaze, vidre realur
unarze (Zimmerman et al., 1992). warmatebis an warumateblobis molodinebze SeiZleba
imoqmedos
ukukavSirma,

ganxorcielebuli
magram

am

qcevis

molodinebs,

efeqturobis
aseve,

SeuZliaT

Sesaxeb

mowodebulma

winaswargansazRvruli

621

ukukavSiris

Seqmna

da

amdenad

TviTSesrulebad

winaswarmetyvelebad

iqcnen.

modiT, es aRmoCena akademiur miRwevas mivusadagoT.

saidan viciT
TviTefeqturoba da bavSvebis akademiuri miRwevebi
banduram da misma kolegebma (1996) ikvlies 11-dan 14 wlamde 279 bavSvi romis
maxloblad
eCvenebina

ganlagebuli

rogorc

dasaxlebuli

bavSvebis,

aseve

punqtidan.

maTi

am

mSoblebis

kvlevis

mizani

TviTefeqturobis

iyo,
donis

gavlena bavSvebis akademiur miRwevebze. TviTefeqturobis gasazomad bavSvebic da

mSoblebic aRniSnavdnen Tavis Tanxmobas debulebaTa seriebze. bavSvebisaTvis
debulebebi exeboda maT mosazrebebs saskolo muSaobasTan gamklavebis sakuTari
unarebis Sesaxeb; aseve maT mosazrebebs, Tu ramdenad aqvT unari, moaxdinon
TavianTi garemos struqturireba swavlis gasaadvileblad: magaliTad, "ramdenad
kargad gamogdiT, rom daixmaroT maswavleblebi, rodesac saskolo samuSaos
Sesruleba

giZneldebaT?"

zrdasrulebisaTvis

debulebebi

ukavSirdeboda

maT

unarebs, moexdinaT Tavis bavSvebSi saskolo samuSaosadmi interesisa da misi

Sesrulebis motivacia: magaliTad, "ra SegiZliaT gaakeToT, raTa daexmaroT
Tqvens bavSvebs saskolo samuSaoze bejiTad muSaobaSi?" bavSvebis maswavleblebma
miawodes

mkvlevarebs

maTi

akademiuri

miRwevebis

Sefaseba.

Sedegebma

aCvena

rogorc mSoblebis, aseve bavSvebis TviTefeqturobis rwmenebis mniSvnelovani

gavlena miRwevebze. kerZod, mSoblebis rwmenas, rom maT aqvT unari, SeunarCunon
bavSvebs
miRwevebi

mimarTuleba,
eqnebodaT.

wvlili
Tavis

Sehqonda
mxriv,

bavSvebis

bavSvebis

rwmenaSi,

rwmenebi

rom

zusti

maT

didi

aRmoCnda:

TviTefeqturobis Zlieri rwmenebi korelaciaSi iyo faqtobriv maRal miRwevebTan.

am kvlevidan Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, gvjerodes, rom SegviZlia
warmatebis miRweva. kerZod, Tu Tqven gegmavT, gaxdeT mSobeli, an Tu ukve gyavT
Svilebi, unda ifiqroT, imaze, Tu rogor ganaviTaroT Tqven SvilebSi gancda, rom
maT efeqturi kontroli aqvT sakuTar swavlaze.

29

self-efficacy

622

banduras

TviTefeqturobis

warumateblobis

Tu

Teoria,

warmatebis

aseve,

molodinebi

aRiarebs
da

garemos

Sesatyvisi

mniSvnelobas.

gadawyvetilebebi

mcdelobis Sewyvetis Tu Seupovrad gagrZelebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZnebodes

imis aRqmas, Tu rogoria garemo _ xelSemwyobi Tu araxelSemwyobi da, aseve,
sakuTari adekvaturobis Tu araadekvaturobis aRqmas. aseT molodinebs Sedegze

dafuZnebul molodinebs uwodeben. suraTi 14.5 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor eTanxmeba

erTmaneTs

banduras

Teoriis

nawilebi.

qceviTi

Sedegebi

damokidebulia

adamianebis mier rogorc sakuTari unarebis, aseve garemos aRqmas.

TviTefeqturoba

(Self-efficacy)

rwmenebis

(mosazrebebis)

erToblioba,

rom

adamians SeuZlia adekvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.

suraTi 14.5. banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli

am modelis mixedviT, efeqturobis molodinebi moTavsebulia adamiansa da mis

qcevas Soris; Sedegis molodinebi moTavsebulia qcevasa da mis mosalodnel
Sedegebs Soris.

adamiani

qceva

efeqturobis
molodinebi

Sedegi

Sedegis
molodinebi

kentoris socialuri inteleqtis Teoria

winamorbed kognitur da socialur Teoriebze dayrdnobiT nensi kentorma
kentorma
(Nancy Cantor) da misma kolegebma Camoayalibes pirovnebis socialuri inteleqtis

Teoria (Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000). socialuri inteleqti exeba im
gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar
gancdaSi. Teoria gansazRvravs individualuri gansxvavebebis sam tips:
o cxovrebiseuli

miznebis

arCevani.

adamianebi

gasxvavdebian

imisda

mixedviT, Tu cxovrebis romeli miznebi Tu amocanebia maTTvis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani.

magaliTad,

kolejis

studentebi

xSirad

Relaven

"kargi

623

niSnebis miRebis" an "megobrebis SeZenis da SenarCunebis" Sesaxeb. aris Tu

ara am miznebidan erT-erTi TqvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre meore?
adamianebis miznebi drois ganmavlobaSic SeiZleba Seicvalos. Tqveni aTi
wlis winandeli miznebi, albaT, gansxvavdeba rogorc dRevandeli, aseve
momavali miznebisagan.
o socialuri interaqciebis Sesabamisi codna. adamianebi gansxvavdebian
imis mixedviT, Tu ra gamocdileba SemoaqvT socialuri da pirovnuli
problemebis gadawyvetis amocanebSi.
o miznebis

ganxorcielebis strategiebi. adamianebs aqvT problemebis

gadawyvetis gansxvavebuli damaxasiaTebeli strategiebi.

socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirovnebis Teoria, romelic exeba im
gamocdilebas,

romelic

adamianebs

SemoaqvT

cxovrebiseuli

amocanebis

sakuTar gancdaSi.
xedavT, rogor urTierTqmedebs es sami ganzomileba, raTa warmoiqmnas qcevis
gansxvavebuli paternebi, romelTac Tqven aRiqvamT, rogorc pirovnebas? Tqven
SeiZleba icnobT or adamians, romelTac erTnairi zogadi cxovrebis mizani aqvT
_ SeiZleba orivesTvis kargi niSnebis miReba warmoadgens Rirebulebas, magram imis
mixedviT, Tu ra ician maT da rogor SeuZliaT am codnis gamoyeneba, maTi myisieri
gadawyvetilebebi qcevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli iyos. erT maTgans.
SesaZloa, swavlis naTeli (eqsplicituri) strategiebi aswavles, meore ki Zlivs
axerxebs amas specialuri daxmarebis gareSe. socialuri inteleqtis Teoria axal
xedvas

gvawvdis

imis

Sesaxeb,

Tu

rogor

gansazRvravs

winaswar

pirovneba

konsistentobas: drois mocemul periodSi konsistentoba SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT

adamianebis miznebSi, codnasa da strategiebSi.
modiT,

ganvixiloT

konkretuli

garemoebebi,

romlebSic

adamianebis

gansxvavebuli miznebi iwveven gansxvavebul Sedegebs: mkvlevarebma aCvenes, rom

siaxlovis miznebs gavlena aqvT urTierTobebisgan miRebul dakmayofilebaze.

saidan viciT
siaxlovis miznebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebSi
rodesac zogierTi adamiani sasiyvarulo urTierTobas iwyebs, misi umTavresi
mizania siaxlovis Seqmna: maT surT, aRmoCndnen iseT garemoSi, sadac SeZleben

624

urTierTdamokidebulebis

gamovlenas

da

TviTgaxsnas.

sxva

adamianebi

aseve

dainteresebulni arian imiT, rom hqondeT urTierTobebi, magram maTTvis es

urTierTobebi

warmoadgens

gzas

ufro

metad

sasurveli

moqmedebebisken

(magaliTad, wveulebebisken, sqesobrivi urTierTobebisken), vidre siaxlovisken.

siaxlovis

miznis

siZliereSi

am

gansxvavebebis

Sesafaseblad

mkvlevarebma

sTxoves 60 students, epasuxaT iseTi debulebebisTvis, rogoricaa "sasiyvarulo

urTierTobaSi

vcdilob

Cemi

yvelaze

gaziarebas"

(Sanderson & Cantor, 1997).

rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

dro,

siRrmiseuli
studentebma

romelsac

isini

azrebisa
iseTi

da

grZnobebis

faqtebic

realurad

aRniSnes,

atarebdnen

Tavis

partniorebTan gansxvavebul situaciebSi, iseve rogorc sakuTari dakmayofileba

urTierTobebiT. monacemebma naTeli suraTi aCvena: im adamianebis dakmayofileba
urTierTobebisgan, romlebsac ufro Zlieri siaxlovis miznebi hqondaT, naklebad
iyo damokidebuli im drois xangrZlivobaze, romlis gatarebac maT realurad
SeeZloT

Tavis

partniorebTan;

maTi

Sefaseba

urTierTobebisgan

miRebuli

dakmayofilebisa SedarebiT maRali iyo, miuxedavad imisa, bevr dros atarebdnen

isini erTad Tu cotas. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis miznebis mqone
individebis dakmayofileba urTierTobebisagan SedarebiT dabali iyo, rodesac
isini cota dros atarebdnen partniorebTan.
xedavT, rogor gamomdinareobs es paterni individis miznebisagan? ufro Zlieri
siaxlovis miznebis mqone adamianebi Zlierad motivirebulni arian, rom rac
SeiZleba

meti

miiRon

im

droisgan,

romlis

gatarebac

SeuZliaT

Tavis

partniorebTan. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis miznebis mqoneT, SesaZloa,

ar

SeeZloT

sakmarisi

koncentracia,

raTa

damakmayofilebeli

urTierToba

SeinarCunon uxvi interaqciebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven SegiZliaT amoicnoT

pirovneba

im

konsistenturobiT,

romliTac

adamianebi

iqcevian

axlo

urTierTobebSi.
socialuri daswavlisa
daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba
socialuri

daswavlisa

da

kognituri

Teoriebis

winaaRmdeg

gamoTqmuli

kritikis erT-erTi Tvalsazrisi isaa, rom isini xSirad ugulebelyofen emociebs,

rogorc pirovnebis mniSvnelovan komponents. fsiqodinamikur TeoriebSi SfoTvis
msgavsi emociebi centralur rols TamaSoben. socialuri daswavlisa da kognitur
TeoriebSi emociebi ganixileba mxolod, rogorc azrebisa da qcevis Tanmdevi

625

produqti an ubralod gaerTianebulia sxva tipis azrebTan, imis nacvlad, rom maT
damoukidebeli
centraluria

mniSvneloba
pirovnebis

mieweros.

maTTvis,

funqcionirebaSi,

es

visi

azriTac

emociebi

naklia.

kognitur

seriozuli

Teoriebs imis gamoc akritikeben, rom isini srulad ar aRiareben aracnobieri

motivaciis gavlenas qcevasa da emociebze.
kritikis meore Tvalsazrisi fokusirebulia pirovnuli konstruqtebis da
kompetenciebis Seqmnis gzis axsnebis bundovanebaze. kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebs
xSirad bevri araferi hqondaT saTqmeli zrdasruli pirovnebis ganviTarebiTi
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; maTi aqcenti individis mier qcevis awmyo garemoebebis
aRqmaze Crdilavs individis istorias. es kritika kerZod kelis (Kelly) Teoriazea
mimarTuli, romelic aRweril iqna ufro rogorc konceftualuri sistema, vidre
rogorc

Teoria,

radgan

is

fokusirebulia

struqturaze

da

procesebze

da

TiTqmis arafers ambobs pirovnuli konstruqtebis Sinaarsze.

am

kritikis

miuxedavad,

pirovnebis

kognituri

ekuTvniT Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi. kelis

Teoriebs

Teoriam gavlena

mTavari

wvlili

iqonia kognituri

Terapevtebis did ricxvze. miSelis mier situaciis maxasiaTeblebis gacnobierebam

moitana ori komponentis

interaqciis

ukeTesi gageba: imisa,

Tu ra Semoaqvs

adamians qceviT garemoSi, imasTan, rasac iwvevs adamianSi qceviTi garemo. banduras
ideebma gamoiwvia maswavleblebis mier moswavleebis ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba da
daexmara

maT

janmrTelobis,
pirovnebis

axal
biznesis

mkurnalobasTan
da

konsistentobis

sportis
Zieba

erTad

sferoSi.

gadaiyvana

da

warmatebisaTvis
bolos,

kentoris

cxovrebiseuli

mieRwiaT
Teoriam

miznebisa

da

socialuri strategiebis doneze.

mogawodaT Tu ara pirovnebis am kogniturma Teoriebma axali ideebi Tqveni
sakuTari pirovnebis da qcevis Sesaxeb? Tqven nel-nela naxavT, Tu rogor daiwyebT
sakuTari Tavis gansazRvras nawilobriv garemosTan interaqciebze dayrdnobiT.
axla SevudgebiT Teoriebs, romlebic kidev ufro Sors wagiyvanen Tqveni Tavis
gansazRvraSi.
Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis da

kognituri Teoriebi iziareben mosazrebas, rom

adamianebis moqmedebebze gavlenas axdens garemos SemTxveviTi maxasiaTeblebi.

uolter

miSelis

azriT,

garemos

specifikur

movlenebs

adamianebi pasuxoben

626

sakuTar kodirebebze, molodinebze da Sexedulebebze, emociebze, miznebsa da

Rirebulebebze, da unarebsa da TviTmaregulirebel gegmebze dayrdnobiT. albert
banduram warmoadgina adamianis, garemos da qcevis reciprokuli urTierTqmedebis
Teoria;

TviTefeqturoba

ganxorcielebuli

udides

qcevebis

rols

gansazRvraSi.

TamaSobs

nensi

kentoris

adamianebis
Teoriis

mier

mixedviT,

adamianebi gansxvavdebian cxovrebis miznebis arCevis mxriv, Tavisi codnis mxriv

da im strategiebis mxriv, romlebsac iyeneben Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad.
me-s (SELF) Teoriebi
axla

mivadeqiT

pirovnebis

Teoriebs,

romlebic

yvelaze

metad

uSualod

pirovnulia: isini pirdapir exebian imas, Tu rogor marTavs TiToeul individi mis

me-s. ra aris Tqveni me-s koncefcia? ras fiqrobT, Tanmimdevrulad reagirebs Tu

ara samyaroze Tqveni me? cdilobT Tu ara Tqveni megobrebisaTvis da ojaxisaTvis
konsistenturi, myari me-s warmoCinebas? ra zemoqmedeba aqvs dadebiT da uaryofiT
gamocdilebas

imaze,

Tu

ras

fiqrobT

sakuTari

me-s

Sesaxeb?

am

kiTxvebis

ganxilvas mokle istoriuli mimoxilviT daviwyebT.

me-s analizis Tavgamodebuli adreuli damcvelia uiliam jemsi (William James,

1890).

jemsma

me-gamocdilebis

sami

komponenti

gamohyo:

materialuri

me

(sxeulebrivi me, garSemomyofi fizikuri sagnebis msgavsad), socialuri me (Tqveni

codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gxedaven sxvebi), da sulieri me (me, romelic
Tvalyurs adevnebs pirad azrebsa da grZnobebs). jemss sjeroda, rom yvelaferi,
rasac adamiani ukavSirebs Tavis identobas, garkveuli azriT, misi me-s nawili
xdeba. amiT aixsneba, Tu ratom aqvT adamianebs TavdacviTi reaqcia, rodesac
akritikeben maT megobrebs an ojaxis wevrebs _ maTi me-s nawilebs. me-s koncefcia,
aseve,

centraluri

iyo

fsiqodinamikuri

TeoriebisaTvis.

me-insaiti

fsiqoanalitikuri mkurnalobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo froidis TeoriaSi,

iungi ki xazs usvamda imas, rom me-s srulyofili ganviTarebisaTvis adamianma
unda miiRos da integracia moaxdinos misi cnobieri da aracnobieri cxovrebis
yvela aspeqtisa.
rogor ganixilaven me-s Tanamedrove TeoriaSi? Cven jer aRvwerT me-s kognitur
aspeqtebs: me-s koncefciebs da SesaZlebel me-ebs. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu ra
gzebiT

warudgenen

adamianebi

samyaros

Tavis

me-s.

da

bolos,

SevexebiT

627

mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba me-ze Sexedulebebi kulturebis

mixedviT.

me-s koncefciebis dinamikuri aspeqtebi

koncefcia warmoadgens dinamikur fsiqikur struqturas, romelic axdens
me-s koncefcia
intrapersonaluri da interpersonaluri qcevebisa da procesebis motivirebas,
interpretirebas, organizebas, mediacias da regulacias. me-s koncefcia mraval
komponents

moicavs.

maT

Sorisaa

Tqveni

mogonebebi

sakuTari

Tavis

Sesaxeb;

mosazrebebi Tqveni niSan-Tvisebebis, motivebis, Rirebulebebis da unarebis Sesaxeb;

idealuri me, rogoric yvelaze metad gsurT, rom gaxdeT; SesaZlebeli me-ebi,
rogoradac

gaxdomas

uaryofiTi

Sefasebebi

SesaZleblad

ganixilavT;

(TviTSefaseba)

da

Tqveni

warmodgenebi

Tavis
imis

dadebiTi

Sesaxeb,

Tu

an
ras

fiqroben Tqvenze sxvebi (Brown, 1009; McGuire & McGuire, 1988). me-8-e TavSi Cven
ganvixileT

sqemebi,

rogorc

"codnis

paketebi",

romlebic

ganasaxiereben

kompleqsur ganzogadebebs garemos struqturis Sesaxeb. Tqveni me-s koncefcia

Seicavs sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb _ me-sqemebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT, sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb informaciis organizeba moaxdinoT, iseve, rogorc sxva sqemebi
gaZleven saSualebas, marToT Tqveni gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebi (Markus, 1977).
Tumca, me-sqemebi ara mxolod imaze axdenen gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informacias. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom es sqemebi, romlebsac
xSirad iyenebT sakuTari qcevis interpretaciisaTvis, gavlenas axdens imazec, Tu
rogor gadaamuSavebT informacias sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb (Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987;
Markus & Smith, 1981). amgvarad, sxva adamianebis moqmedebebis interpretacias Tqven
imis safuZvelze axdenT, rac iciT da risic gjeraT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.
me-s koncefcia
koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis unarebis da atributebis Sesaxeb misi
fsiqikuri modeli.

me-s kognituri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti SeiZleba iyos sxva
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebsac Tqven adarebT Tqvens amJamindel me-s koncefcias.
hezel markusma (Hazel
Markus)) da misma kolegebma SesaZlebeli me-ebi gansazRvres,
(
rogorc "idealuri me-ebi, rogorebic Zalian gvinda gavxdeT. esenia, aseve, me-ebi,
rogorebic SegviZlia, rom gavxdeT da me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomisa gveSinia"
(Markus & Nurius, 1986, p. 954). SesaZlebeli me-ebs wvlili SeaqvT qcevis motivirebaSi
_

isini

biZgs

aZleven

moqmedebas

da,

amave

dros,

iZlevian

imis

ganxilvis

628

SesaZleblobas, Tu ra mimarTulebebi SeuZlia aiRos Tqvenma me-m _ ukeTesi Tu

uaresi.
ganvixiloT individebis mosazrebebi mSoblobisaTvis mzaobis Sesaxeb.
SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri me-ebi, rogoric adamians surs,
gaxdes, me-ebi, rogorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi, rogoradac
gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s kognituri aRqmis komponentebi.
TviTSefaseba

(Self-esteem)

me-s

mimarT

ganzogadebuli

SefasebiTi

damokidebuleba, romelic gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,

aseve qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs individualuri da socialuri
qcevebis speqtrze.
saidan viciT
SesaZlebeli me, rogorc mSobeli
mkvlevarebis jgufma Seqmna Sefasebis instrumenti, romelic gamiznuli iyo im
xarisxis gazomvisaTvis, romliTac axalgazrda zrdasrul adamianebs SeeZloT
sakuTari Tavis warmodgena mSoblad (Bloom, et al., 1999). kvlevaSi monawile kolejis
683-ma studentma gasca pasuxi srulebiT ar Semesabameba _ Zalian Semesabameba
skalis mixedviT iseT debulebebs, rogoricaa "momavalSi iseT adamianad vxedav
Tavs, romelic SesaZloa daqorwindes, magram ar moisurvebs Svilebis yolas". im
mizniT,

rom

relevanturi

studentebi
debulebebi

ver

mimxvdariyvnen

gabneuli

iyo

ufro

kvlevis
grZel

mizans,

mSoblobis

kiTxvarSi.

kiTxvaris

Sevsebis Semdeg TiToeul students eniWeboda mSoblis SesaZlebeli me-s qula

(parent possible-self score - PPS). saSualod, qalebi da mamakacebi ar gasxvavdebodnen am
qulebis

mixedviT.

mamakacebis

Tumca,

qvejgufebi,

mkvlevarebma

romlebmac

gamohyves

gansakuTrebiT

rogorc
maRali

qalebis,

da

aseve

gansakuTrebiT

dabali qulebi miiRes. am qvejgufebis adamianebma Sefasebebi misces bavSvebis

videoCanawerebs,

sadac

bavSvebis

qceva

icvleboda

bednieridan

nerviulamde.

maRali PPS-is mqone studentebma, Sesabamisad, ufro dadebiTad Seafases bavSvebi,

vidre dabali PPS-is mqone studentebma.
SegiZliaT, gamoZebnoT mizezebi, ris gamoc adamianis unars, warmoidginos
Tavisi Tavi mSoblad, SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes am adamianis mier bavSvis
qcevis interpretaciaze?

629

TviTSefaseba da TviTprezentacia
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom zogierT adamians uaryofiTi me-s koncefcia aqvs,
romelic SeiZleba aseve davaxasiaToT, rogorc dabali TviTSefaseba. adamianis
TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s generalizebul Sefasebas. TviTSefasebas SeuZlia
Zlieri

gavlenis

moxdena

azrebze,

guneba-ganwyobilebaze

da

qcevaze.

dabali

TviTSefaseba SeiZleba, nawilobriv, daxasiaTdes, rogorc me-s Sesaxeb naklebi

darwmunebuloba. rodesac maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone individebs
sTxoves, SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi ramdenime niSnis ganzomilebebis mixedviT
(rogorebicaa logikuri, inteleqtualuri da mimzidveli), rogorc mosalodnelia,
dabali TviTSefasebis mqone individebma sakuTar Tavs mTlianobaSi ufro dabali
Sefasebebi misces (Baumgardner, 1990). Tumca, rodesac maT, aseve, sTxoves, Tavisi
Sefasebebis

zeda

da

qveda

sazRvrebis

Camoyalibeba,

dabali

TviTSefasebis

monawileebma ufro farTo diapazoni miuTiTes: maT me-s naklebad zusti gancda
hqondaT,

vidre

maRali

TviTSefasebis

mqone

monawileebs.

ase

rom,

dabali

TviTSefasebis fenomenis nawili SesaZlebelia iyos grZnoba, rom Tqven ubralod

bevri ar iciT Tqveni me-s Sesaxeb. me-s Sesaxeb codnis nakleboba aZnelebs imis
winaswarmetyvelebas,

miaRwevs

Tu

ara

adamiani

warmatebas

cxovrebiseul

miswrafebebSi.
TvalsaCinoa, rom adamianebis umetesoba Zalian cdilobs TviTSefasebis da me-s
koncefciis

integrirebulobis

SenarCunebas

(Steele,

adamianebi

1988).

TviTgaumjobesebis mraval formas mimarTaven (Banaji & Prentice, 1994). magaliTad,

rodesac

Tqven

eWvi

geparebaT

davalebis

Sesrulebis

sakuTar

unarSi,

SesaZlebelia, TviTuunarobis (self-handicapping) qcevas mimarToT. Tqven Segnebulad

uwevT

sabotaJs

sakuTar

qmedebas!

am

strategiis

mizania,

warumateblobis

SemTxvevaSi gqondeT gamzadebuli sapatio mizezi, romelic ar gulisxmobs unaris

naklebobas (Higgins et al., 1990; Jones & Berglas, 1978). ase rom, Tu geSiniaT imis gageba,
gaqvT Tu ara is, rac saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamocdis CabarebisaTvis, SeiZleba
megobrebTan dro gaataroT mecadineobis magivrad. am gziT, Tu Tqven warmatebas
ar miaRwevT, SegeZlebaT amis gadabraleba mcire Zalisxmevaze, imis gamorkvevis
gareSe, gqondaT Tu ara sinamdvileSi warmatebis miRwevis unari.
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblobis molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi
qceviTi

reaqciebisa

da

qcevis

axsnis

ganviTarebis

procesi,

romlebic

630

minimumde daiyvans unarebis deficits, rogorc warumateblobis SesaZlebel

mizezs.

saidan viciT
TviTuunaroba kolejis studentebSi
orma mkvlevarma sTxova kolejis studentebs, daefiqsirebinaT Tavisi pozicia
(veTanxmebi/ar veTanxmebi) TviTuunarobis gamzomav debulebebTan mimarTebaSi:
"bevrad mets gavakeTebdi, Tu mets vecdebodi"; "mgoni, ufro metad xasiaTs
daqvemdebarebuli adamiani var, vidre sxvebis umetesoba"; "vcdilob, saqmeebi
ukanasknel wuTamde gadavdo". maTi pirveli gamocdis win, studentebs hkiTxes, Tu
ra niSani iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli. gamocdis Semdeg maT mcdari pasuxebi
Seatyobines,

TiTqos

maTi

niSani

naxevari

quliT

ufro

dabali

iyo,

vidre

"sasurveli" (magaliTad, Tu maT "4" isurves, maT uTxres, rom maT "4-" miiRes). am
momentSi mkvlevarebma Seafases studentebis

TviTSefaseba. Tu TviTuunaroba

icavs TviTSefasebas, unda gvqonoda molodini, rom maRali TviTuunarobis mqone

adamianebis

TviTSefaseba

nakleb

zians

aradamakmayofilebeli niSnebi miiRes. es

gamoavlines

kvlevis

dakavSirebuli
gamovlinda
mkvlevarebis

iyo

mamrobiTi
maRal

raime

aris zustad

sqesis

minawileebma:

TviTSefasebasTan.

korelacia

mosazrebiT,

ganicdida,

mamakacebs

me-s

qal

da

TviTuunaroba

studentebSi

TviTSefasebas

xifaTisagan

maT

is paterni, romelic
maRali

Tumca,

TviTuunarobasa

rodesac

dacvis

ufro

ar

Soris.
Zlieri

tendencia aqvT (Rhodewalt & Hill, 1995).

ganixileT am kvlevis Sedegebi Tqven sakuTar qcevasTan mimarTebaSi. mimarTavT
Tu ara TviTuunarobas? im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es icavs Tqvens TviTSefasebas
(gansakuTrebiT Tu mamakaci xarT), es mainc aisaxeba Tqvens niSnebze! (sxvaTa
Soris, mas Semdeg, rac kvleva dasrulda, mkvlevarebi dawvrilebiT gaesaubren
monawileebs,

rac

moicavda

motyuebis

miznis

axsnas

da

namdvili

niSnebis

miwodebas.)
TviTuunarobis fenomeni, aseve, migviTiTebs, rom TviTSefasebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi dakavSirebulia TviTprezentaciasTan. TviTuunaroba ufro metad aris
mosalodneli

maSin,

rodesac

adamianebma

ician,

rom

Sedegebi

sajarod

xelmisawvdomi iqneba (Self, 1990). asea Tu ise, rogor unda ifiqros vinmem cudad

631

Tqvens Sesaxeb, rodesac winaaRmdegoba, romelic SegxvdaT, esoden TvalsaCinoa?

TviTprezentaciis

msgavsi

sakiTxebi

gvexmareba,

avxsnaT

maRali

da

dabali

TviTSefasebis mqone individebs Soris qceviTi gansxvavebebi (Baumeister et al., 1989).

maRali TviTSefasebis adamianebi samyaros sakuTar Tavs warudgenen, rogorc
ambiciur, agresiul, riskze wamsvlel adamians. dabali TviTSefasebis adamianebi
sakuTar Tavs waradgenen, rogorc frTxils da windaxeduls. aq mniSvnelovania,
rom es pozicia gankuTvnilia sajarod wardgenisTvis anu misi e.w. momxmarebeli
sazogadoeba unda iyos.
saidan viciT
TviTSefasebis sajaro saxe
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebs miecaT TamaSSi gavarjiSebis
SesaZlebloba imdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi, ramdenic maT surdaT. amis Semdeg maT
ori

wuTis

ganmavlobaSi

unda

eTamaSaT.

monawileebis

nawili

varjiSobda

eqsperimentatoris dakvirvebis qveS; meore nawili _ damkvirveblis gareSe. orive

SemTxvevaSi gaizoma dro, romelic maT gavarjiSebaSi gaatares (gazomva moxda
Riad, eqsperimentatoris daswrebis SemTxvevaSi da SeumCnevlad, misi aryofnis
SemTxvevaSi). Sedegebi naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.5.
14.5 sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi, maRali
TviTSefasebis individebi daaxloebiT imis naxevar dros varjiSobdnen, rasac
dabali

TviTSefasebis

mqone

monawileebi.

damkvirveblis

gareSe

varjiSis

SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi Sebrunebuli iyo; isini ufro didxans varjiSobdnen, vidre

dabali TviTSefasebis individebi (Tice & Baumeister, 1990).
cxrili 14.5. varjiSis saSualo xangrZlivoba maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis
adamianebisaTvis
TviTSefaseba

sajarod

damkvirveblis
gareSe

maRali

123

448

dabali

257

387

-134

+61

SeniSvna: xangrZlivoba gazomilia wamebSi.

es Sedegi gasagebia TviTprezentaciis TvalsazrisiT. maRali TviTSefasebis
adamianebs SeiZleba surdeT, ise gamoCndnen, rom TiTqos warmatebas aRweven Zalian

632

mcire momzadebis Sedegadac ki ("Cemnair adamians ar sWirdeba varjiSi!") da Tuki

isini warmatebas ver miaRweven, maT SeiZleba kvlav mimarTon TviTuunarobas
("Tqven xom naxeT, ra cota vivarjiSe!").
konstruqcia
me-s kulturuli konstruqcia
aqamde Cveni msjeloba me-s relevantur konstruqtebs exeboda, rogoricaa
TviTSefaseba

da

me-ebi,

SesaZlebeli

romlebic

sakmaod

farTod

gamoiyeneba

adamianebSi. Tumca, me-s mkvlevarebma daiwyes imis Seswavlac, Tu rogor gavlenas

axdens me-s koncefciasa da me-s ganviTarebaze gansxvavebuli kulturuli zewola.
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli kvleva ar
SegiqmnidaT diskomforts: Teoriebi da konstruqtebi Seesabameba imas, Tu rogor
moiazreben
aRmocendeba

dasavluri

me-s.

kulturebi

dasavluri

me

Tumca,

im

individualisturi

tipis

kultura,

kultura

saidanac

umciresobas

warmoadgens msoflios mosaxleobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis daaxloebiT 70%

koleqtivistur kulturebs moicavs. individualisturi kulturebi xazs usvamen

individis moTxovnilebebs, maSin, rodesac koleqtivisturi kulturebi _ jgufis
moTxovnilebebs (Triandis, 1994, 1995). es yovlismomcveli aqcenti mniSvnelovnad
moqmedebs imaze, Tu rogor moiazrebs am kulturebis yoveli wevri Tavis me-s:
hezel markusi da Sinobu kitaiama (1991; Kitayama et al., 1995; Markus et al., 1997)
amtkicebdnen, rom yoveli kultura me-s gansxvavebul gagebas (construals) aZlevs
safuZvels:
o individualisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren damoukidebeli me-s gagebas
_ "damoukideblobis kulturuli miznis miRweva moiTxovs sakuTari Tavis
ganmartebas,

rogorc

individisa,

romlis

qceva

organizebulia

da

mniSvnelovneba eniWeba, ZiriTadad, adamianis sakuTar azrebTan, grZnobebTan

da

qmedebebTan

mimarTebaSi

da

ara

sxvebis

azrebTan,

grZnobebTan

da

qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi" (Markus & Kitayama, 1991, p. 226).

o koleqtivisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
gagebas _ "urTierTdamokidebulebis gancda iwvevs sakuTari Tavis danaxvas,
rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis nawilisa da imis aRiarebas,
rom

adamianis

organizebulia

qceva
imiT,

gansazRvrulia,
Tu

ras

aRiqvams

damokidebulia
moqmedi

piri

grZnobebad da moqmedebebad" (Markus & Kitayama, 1991, p. 227).

da

sxvebis

didwilad
azrebad,

633

mkvlevarebma

mravalgzis

daadastures

am

gansxvavebebis

realuroba

da

Sedegebi.
damoukidebeli

me--s gageba (Independent construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia,

me

rogorc individisa, romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa, organizebulia adamianis

sakuTar azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi, da ara sxvebis
azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi.
urTierTdamokidebuli
urTierTdamokidebuli

me-s

gageba

(Interdependent

construals

of

self)

me-s

konceptualizacia, rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis nawilisa;

imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia da didwilad
organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad
da moqmedebebad.

me-s

erT-erT

kros-kulturul

kvlevaSi

gamoiyenes

gazomvis

instrumenti

saxelwodebiT oci debulebis testi (Twenty Statements Test - TST) (Kuhn & McPartland,
1954). am testis Catarebisas monawileebs sTxoven, 20 gansxvavebuli pasuxi gascen
SekiTxvas "vin var me?". rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.6,
14.6 am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi,
rogorc wesi, eqvs gansxvavebul kategoriad iyofa. cxrilSi, aseve, warmodgenilia
kvlevis Sedegebi, sadac TST-s Sesrulebas sTxovdnen daaxloebiT 300 students
SeerTebuli Statebidan da indoeTidan (Dhawan et al., 1995). udidesi gansxvavebaa
cxrilSi im raodenobis mixedviT, romliTac adamianebi me-Sefasebebs akeTebdnen.
amerikelebi ufro xSirad akeTebdnen amas, rac Seesabameba maTi me-s damoukidebel
gancdas. indoelma studentebma gamoTqves bevrad ufro naklebi me-Sefasebebi da,
Tavisi urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gancdis Sesabamisad, airCies ramdenadme ufro
meti debulebebi socialuri identobis Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom qalebsa
da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebi jamSi sakmaod mcirea _ kultura ufro metad
mniSvnelovania. Tqven SeiZleba dafiqrdeT, Tu rogor moqmedebs koleqtivisturi
kulturebis me-s koncefciebze dasavluri kulturis Semotana. erT kvlevaSi
Sedarebulia TST-s pasuxebi kenielebisa, romlebic praqtikulad ar ganicdian
dasavluri

kulturis

gavlenas

samburus

da

maasais

mwyemsebis

tomebis

warmomadgenlebisa _ im kenielebis pasuxebTan, vinc gadasaxlda dasavluri tipis

dedaqalaq

nairobiSi.

tomebis

wevrebis

daaxloebiT

82%

pasuxebi

TST-ze

warmoadgenda socialur pasuxebs; nairobiSi momuSaveTa pasuxebis mxolod 58%

iyo socialuri pasuxebi, xolo nairobis universitetis studentebis pasuxebSi

634

mxolod

17

procenti

iyo

socialuri

(Ma & Schoeneman, 1997).

am

paternidan

gamomdinare, rodesac qveyanas Semoaqvs dasavluri produqtebi, man SeiZleba aseve

Semoitanos me-s dasavluri gageba.
cxrili 14.6. oci debulebis testis ( TST) pasuxebis kroskros-kulturuli Sedareba pasuxebis procenti TiToeul kategoriaSi
indielebi

kategori

magaliTebi

amerikelebi

mamrob mdedrob mamrobi mdedrob

iTi

iTi

Ti

iTi

34

28

26

26

yvela

fortepianoze

16

11

15

35

33

64

65

11

socialu

me var studenti.

ri

me var Svili.

identoba
ideolog

me

mjera,

iuri

adamiani kargia.

rwmenebi

me mwams RmerTis.

interese

me

bi

dakvra

miyvars

rom

me siamovnebas
maniWebs

axali

axali

adgilebis monaxuleba.
ambiciebi

me minda gavxde eqimi.

me

minda,

meti

viswavlo

fsiqologiaSi.
me-

me

patiosani

Sefasebe

Sromismoyvare var

bi

me maRali adamiani var.

me

vRelav

da

momavlis

Taobaze.
sxva

me

xmauriani

myavs.
me myavs ZaRli.

megobrebi

635

es kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom kulturebi, romlebsac adamianebi miekuTvnebian,

did gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor esmiT maT Tavisi me. Tqven ukve waikiTxeT am
gagebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil TavebSi. magaliTad, me-11-e TavSi Tqven
gaigeT, rom kultura gavlenas axdens moralur msjelobebze (Miller & Bersoff, 1992);
da me-13-e TavSi ki _ rom kultura zemoqmedebas axdens emociur gamoxatulebebze
(Stephan et al., 1996).

Tqven

kvlav

SexvdebiT

am

gansxvavebas

mogvianebiT

am

saxelmZRvaneloSi, rodesac, magaliTad, SevexebiT sakiTxs, moqmedebs Tu ara me-s

gageba siyvarulis Sesaxeb ideebze (ixileT me-17-e Tavi). axla ki gaecaniT kvlevas,
romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania me-s Sesaxeb TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT.
saidan viciT
kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da TviTkritika
zemoT

Cven

movitaneT

magaliTi,

rom

adamianebi

dasavlur

kulturebSi

cdiloben TviTgaumjobesebas _ TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebis Setanas.

Tumca es, rogorc wesi, ar Sedis koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgenlis
dRis

wesrigSi.

amis

magivrad,

me-s

urTierTdamokidebuli

gagebis

arseboba

SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos TviTkritikasTan. individi cdilobs koleqtivis

gaumjobesebas

sakuTari

individualuri

miRwevebis

mimarT

kritikuli

damokidebulebiT. am ideebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebis jgufma sTxova iaponel

studentebs
studentebs

_
_

koleqtivisturi

kulturis

warmomadgenlebs

individualisturi

kulturis

warmomadgenlebs,

da

amerikel

aReweraT

rac

SeiZleba meti situacia, rodesac maTi TviTSefaseba gaizarda an Semcirda.

warmatebis

situaciebi

sadiplomo

naSromis

iyo

debulebebi,

dacvaSi

saukeTeso

rogoricaa
Sefaseba

"rodesac
miviRe";

gamocdaSi

an

warumateblobis

situaciebs aRwerdnen debulebebi, rogoricaa "rodesac Cems sayvarel beisbolis

gunds an msaxiobs sajarod akritikeben". momdevno fazaSi studentebis sam axal
jgufs _ 63 iaponel students kiotodan, iaponia; 88 iaponel students, romlebic
droebiT swavloben oregonis universitetSi, iujinSi, oregoni da 102 TeTrkanian
students oregonis universitetidan _ sTxoves, waekiTxaT situaciebis aRwerebi
da ecadaT, sakuTari Tavis warmodgena am situaciebSi. maT sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT,
imoqmedebda Tu ara situacia maT TviTSefasebaze da, Tu ki, ra mimarTulebiT
(anu Semcirdeboda Tu gaizrdeboda). Semdeg maT es moqmedebis xarisxi unda

636

SeefasebinaT oTxsafexurian skalaze (1=+"sustad", - 4=+"Zlier").

eqsperimentis Sedegebi warmodgenilia suraTze 14.6. pirvel rigSi, miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom iaponeli studentebi _ rogorc iaponiaSi, iseve amerikaSi _ ufro
metad

aRniSnavdnen

gansxvavebas,

TviTSefasebis

romelic

Semcirebas.

Cven

es

gavakeTeT

aRmoCena

Seesatyviseba

me-s

damoukidebeli

im
da

urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebebs Soris. meore, efeqti ufro didia _ rogorc

TviTkritikisa

iaponel

studentebSi,

aseve

TviTgaumjobesebisa

amerikel

studentebSi _ maSin, rodesac situacia warmoiqmneba anu, rogorc mkvlevarebi

amboben,

situacia

proeqtis

pirvel

"damzadebulia"
fazaSi

maT

amerikeli

mSobliur

qveyanaSi.

studentebis

mier

es

niSnavs,

aRwerili

rom

situaciebi

yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels amerikelebis TviTgaumjobesebas; analogiurad,

iaponeli studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels
iaponelebis

TviTkritikas.

iaponeli

studentebi

iaponiaSi

macxovrebeli

da

bolos,

ramdenadme

nakleb

Tanamemamuleebi.

SeerTebul

StatebSi

TviTkritikulni
aq

SeiZleba

macxovrebeli

iyvnen,

vidre

aisaxebodes

maTi

amerikuli

kulturis gavlena iaponelebze maTi amerikaSi yofnis dros an im studentebis

TviTSerCeva,

romlebic

fiqrobdnen,

rom

SesabamisobaSi

movidodnen

amerikis

kulturasTan a.S.S.-Si yofnis dros (Kitayama et al., 1997).

suraTi 14.6. kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da TviTkritika

proeqtis
warmatebis

pirvel
da

fazaSi,

amerikelma

warumateblobis

situaciebs

uwodes

situaciebi.

meore

situaciebi.

"amerikaSi
fazaSi

da

iaponelma
TiTeul

damzadebuli"

studentebma

da

orive

studentebma

kulturaSi
"iaponiaSi

kulturidan,

aRweres

warmoSobil
damzadebuli"

iseve,

rogorc

studentebma iaponiidan, romlebic imyofebian amerikaSi, Seafases, Tu rogor

imoqmedebda maT TviTSefasebaze am situaciebSi moxvedra. saSualod, iaponeli
studentebi

ufro

uaryofiTi

cvlilebebiT,

orientirebulni

orientirebulni
iyvnen

maSin,

iyvnen

TviTkritikaze,

rodesac

amerikeli

TviTgaumjobesebaze,

TviTSefasebaSi

studentebi

TviTSefasebaSi

ufro

dadebiTi

cvlilebebiT. Sedegebi ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rodesac situaciebi Sesabamis

qveyanaSi warmoiSveboda. svetebSi moyvanili ricxvebi warmoadgenen im studentebis
procents, romlebmac dominanturi tendencia gamoavlines (magaliTad, iaponeli
studentebis

86%-ma

gamoavlina

TviTkritika,

rodesac

pasuxobda

iaponiaSi

637

damzadebul" situaciebs, maSin, rodesac amerikeli studentebis 87%-ma gamoavlina

TviTSefasebis SedarebiTi zrda

TviTgaumjobeseba, rodesac "amerikaSi damzadebul" situaciebs pasuxobda).

0,6
87%

0,4
0,2

75%

55%

0
62%

-0,2
75%

86%

-0,4
-0,6

Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, SeiZleba es Sedegebi TqvenTvis

Znelad gasagebi iyos. ratom unda iyos adamianebisaTvis sakuTari TviTSefasebis
gakritikeba ufro bunebrivi, vidre gaumjobeseba? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, aris, rom

me am TviTSefasebaSi ar aris imave mniSvneblobis: koleqtivisturi kulturis

warmomadgenlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba me koleqtivs.
momdevno ramdenime dReSi Tqven SegiZliaT, SeecadoT ganicadoT me-s orive gageba,
Tu daakvirdebiT imas, rogor moqmedebs Tqvens garSemo mimdinare movlenebi Tqvens

me-ze, rogorc individze da Tqvens me-ze, rogorc ufro farTo socialuri

struqturis wevrze.

me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba

me-s

Teoriebi

warmatebiT

afiqsireben

adamianebis

koncefciebs

sakuTari

pirovnebis Sesaxeb da imas, Tu rogor surT maT sxvebis mier iyvnen aRqmuli. ufro
metic, me-s kros-kulturul gagebaTa kvlevam didi gavlena iqonia imaze, Tu
rogor

afaseben

fsiqologebi

Tavisi

Teoriebis

universalurobas.

miuxedavad

amisa, is, vinc akritikebs me-s Teoriis pirovnebisadmi midgomas, gmobs imas, rom am
midgomas sazRvrebi ar aqvs. ramdenadac amdeni ram aris me-s da me-s koncefciis
relevanturi,

yovelTvis

ar

aris

naTeli,

romeli

faqtorebia

yvelaze

mniSvnelovani qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis. garda amisa, me-s xazgasma, rogorc

socialuri

konstruqtisa,

srulad

ar

Seesabameba

im

faqts,

rom

pirovnebis

zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba memkvidreobiT gadaeces. iseve, rogorc Cvens mier

638

aRweril sxva TeoriebSi, me-s Teoriebi aRweren mxolod zogierT rames, magram
ara yvelafers iqidan, rac Tqven pirovnebad gesaxebaT.
Sejameba

me-s koncefciebi warmoadgens mexsierebis stuqturebs, romlebic moicaven

sqemebs

me-s Sesaxeb

informacias

da

sakuTari

TviTSemowmeba

marTaven

Tavis

urCevniaT,

da

imas,

Tu

sxvebis

maSinac

ki,

rogor
Sesaxeb.

rodesac

gadaamuSaveben
rogorc

Semowmebuli

adamianebi

Cans,

adamianebs

me-s

koncefcia

uaryofiTia. adamianebi iyeneben SesaZlebel me-ebs, raTa Seadaron, rogorebi arian

axla da rogorebi SeiZleba iyvnen momavalSi. TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s
zogad Sefasebas; mas SeuZlia Zlierad imoqmedos azrebze, gunebaze da qcevaze.
adamianebi mimarTaven TviTuunarobas TviTSefasebis dasacavad. kros-kulturulma
kvlevam yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, Tu rogor ubiZgebs individualisturi da
koleqtivisturi

kulturebi

me-s

gansxvavebuli

gagebis

warmoqmnas.

individualisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT damoukidebeli me-s

gageba;

xolo

koleqtivisturi

kulturebis

warmomadgenlebs

urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba. es gagebebi moqmedeben imaze, Tu rogor afaseben

Tavis Tavs adamianebi da rogor aregulireben Tavis TviTSefasebas. me-s Teoriebis
kritikosebis azriT, isini yovelTvis ar iZlevian qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis
SesaZleblobas da sakmarisad ar aRiareben pirovnebis genetikur aspeqtebs.
fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi
me internetSi
yvelaze

rTuli

SekiTxva,

romelsac

adamianebi

sakuTar

Tavs

usvamen

internetSi Sesvlis win, Semdegia: vin unda viyo me dRes? internetSi cxovrebis
erT-erTi yvelaze kargad dokumentirebuli aspeqtia is, rom adaminebi TavisTvis
axal identobebs igoneben (McKenna & Bargh, 2000; Reid, 1998). rodesac adamiani CeTis
oTaxSi Sedis, man SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom urCevnia kaci iyos, vidre qali,
Savkaniani, vidre TeTri, 40 wlis, vidre 18-is, an warmatebuli aRmasrulebeli
struqturis muSaki, vidre kolejis meorekurseli studenti. bevri adamianis
cxovrebaSi internets Zalian naTlad Semoaqvs SesaZlebeli me-ebis koncefcia.
modiT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT am internetis me-ebis zogierT dadebiT Sedegze.
mravali adamiani Tvlis, rom "realur" cxovrebaSi sakmaod viwrod aris

639

gansazRvruli: ganmeorebadi interaqciebi ojaxTan, megobrebTan, ufrosebTan da

TanamSromlebTan

moiTxovs

misgan,

konsistenturi

iyos,

rac

SeiZleba

ar

Seesabamebodes im pirovnebas, romelic mas surs, rom iyos. adamianebisaTvis

sakmaod Znelia gamocdilebis axal sferoebSi gadasvla, maTi yoveldRiuri
socialuri

konteqstis

zewolis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

interneti

asustebs

am

socialur konteqsts (McKenna & Bargh, 2000). adamianebs SeuZliaT internetis

anonimurobis gamoyeneba, raTa gamoxaton axali interesebi an gamoikvlion axali
ideebi

im

SiSis

gareSe,

romelic

realuri

samyarosaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

SedegebiT aris gamowveuli. radikaluri cvlilebebis gareSe (magaliTad, imis

gancxadebis gareSe, rom igi qalia da ara mamakaci) adamians SeuZlia, gamoscados
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos mis idealur me-sTan.
metic, internetis anonimuroba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs, ufro meti
gamoamJRavnon

me-s

sakuTari

Sesaxeb,

vidre

isini

amas

moisurvebdnen

sxva

pirobebSi. gaixseneT me-13-e Tavidan, rom adamianebi dadebiT Sedegebs iReben

janmrTelobis

mxriv,

rodesac

isini

emociurad

ixsnebian

(Pennebaker, 1990).

interneti aseTi gamomJRavnebebis farTo SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs. adamianebs

SeuZliaT ipovon specializebuli CeTis oTaxebi an jgufebi, romlebic Riad
marTaven forumebs, sadac Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli sakuTari Tavis nebismierad
warmoCineba. garda amisa, aq SesaZlebelia socialur mxardaWeris miRebac.
mkvlevarebma faqtobrivad moaxdines imis dadastureba, rom adamianebis unars,
gamoxaton

sakuTari

Tavis

faruli

aspeqtebi,

SeuZlia

gamoiwvios

TviTmimReblobis gazrda. erT kvlevaSi moiZies informacia adamianebisgan, vinc

monawileobda

internetis

marginalizebuli
homoseqsualebi.
jgufebis

iseT

seqsualuri
mkvlevarebma

aqtiuri

jgufebSi,

romlebic

identobis
moaxerxes

monawileebisagan

gaTvaliswinebuli

pirebisaTvis,

anonimuri

(McKenna

&

rogorebic

monacemebis
Bargh,

1998).

iyo
arian

Segroveba

am

monacemebidan

gamomdinare, am jgufebSi monawileobam gazarda TviTmimRebloba. faqtobrivad,

respondentebis

37%-ma

jgufSi

monawileobis

Sedegad

sxvebs

gauziares

marginalizebuli identobis saidumloeba.

Cven
unarze,

yuradRebas
gaaRrmavon

vamaxvilebdiT

me-s

gaazreba

internetis
da

dadebiT

CaerTon

aspeqtebze: adamianebis

TviTgaxsnaSi,

rasac

mohyveba

janmrTelobasTan da TviTmimReblobasTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebi. magram, ra

640

Tqma unda, arsebobs garkveuli saSiSroebebic. anonimurobam SeiZleba miiyvanos

adamianebi

sakuTari

cxovrebis

iseT

fragmentaciamde,

romelic

gamoiwvevs

disadaptaciis qcevas (Reid, 1998). Cven adrec aRvniSneT, rom zogi mkvlevari
morcxvobis prevalentobis zrdas internetis xelmisawvdomobas miawers. da mainc,
imedia,

rom

adamianebis

umetesoba

sargebels

naxavs

im

SesaZleblobebisgan,

romlebsac, gazviadebis gareSe, iZleva interneti TviTgamokvlevis TvalsazrisiT.

pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba

ar

arsebobs

pirovnebis

erTiani,

unificirebuli

Teoria,

romelsac

fsiqologebis umetesoba daeTanxmeboda. mravalferovani Teoriebis ganxilvisas

araerTxel gamovlinda maT Soris ramdenime gansxvaveba, rac ZiriTad daSvebebSi
mdgomareobs. sasargeblo iqneboda, Segvejamebina xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba pirovnebis Sesaxeb daSvebebSi da is midgomebi, romlebic safuZvlad
udevs yovel am daSvebas:
1.

memkvidreoba

Tu

garemo.

rogorc

naxeT

fsiqologia

qveTavSi

da

cxovreba, am gansxvavebas uwodeben, aseve, buneba Tu aRzrda. ra ufro

mniSvnelovania

pirovnebis

ganviTarebisaTvis:

genetikuri

da

biologiuri

faqtorebi Tu garemos gavlenebi? pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi iyofoda am

sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT;

froidis

Teoria

Zlier

aris

damokidebuli

memkvidreobiTobaze; humanisturi, socialuri daswavlis, kognituri da me-s

Teoriebi xazs usvamen garemos, rogorc qcevis determinants, an garemosTan
urTierTqmedebas, rogorc pirovnebis ganviTarebisa da pirovnebaTa Soris
gansxvavebebis wyaros.
2.

daswavlis

procesebi

Tu

qcevis

Tandayolili

wesebi.

romel

mosazrebas unda mieniWos upiratesoba: rom pirovneba icvleba daswavlis

gziT Tu rom pirovnebis ganviTareba mihyveba Sinagan gegmas? pirovnebis
niSnis Teoriebi kvlav sxvadasxva azrs emxroba am kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT.
froidis Teoria mxars uWers Sinagani determinaciis Tvalsazriss; maSin
rodesac humanistebi ayalibeben optimistur azrs, rom gamocdileba cvlis

641

adamianebs. socialuri daswavlis, kognituri da me-s Teoriebi, aSkarad,

mxars uWeren im Tvalsazriss, rom qceva da pirovneba icvleba daswavlili
gamocdilebis Sedegad.
3.

aqcenti warsulze, awmyoze Tu momavalze. pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi

xazs usvamen warsul mizezebs, Tandayolilsa Tu daswavlils; froidis

Teoria aqcents akeTebs adreul bavSvobaSi momxdar warsul movlenebze;
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi fokusirebulia warsul ganmtkicebebze da
awmyo SemTxveviTobebze; humanisturi Teoriebi mniSvnelobas aniWebs awmyo
realobas

an

momavlis

miznebs;

xolo

kognituri

me-s

da

Teoriebi

fokusirebulia warsulsa da awmyoze (da momavalzec, Tu CarTulia miznis

dadgena).
4.

cnobiereba Tu aracnobieri. froidis Teoria mniSvnelobas aniWebs

aracnobier
Teoriebi

procesebs;
ki

yuradRebas

humanisturi,

cnobier

uTmobs

am

socialuri dawavlis

procesebs.

pirovnebis

me-s

gansxvavebas;

niSnis

Teoriebs

am

da

kognituri

Teoria
mxriv

ar

mcire
aqvT

gamokveTili pozicia.
5.

Sinagani

dispozicia

Tu

garemos

situacia.

socialuri

daswavlis

Teoriebi xazs usvams situaciur faqtorebs; niSnis Teoriebi win wamoswevs

dispoziciur faqtorebs; xolo sxvebi uSveben interaqcias pirovnebiseul da
situaciur cvladebs Soris.
pirovnebis
SemecnebaSi.

Teoriis

niSnis

yovel

Teoriebi

tips

gansxvavebuli

gvawvdian

nusxas,

wvlili

romelic

Seaqvs

pirovnebis

aRwers

pirovnebis

nawilebsa da struqturebs. fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi amateben Zlier Zravas da

sawvavs,
adgilze

raTa

es

manqana

aTavseben.

amuSavdes.

socialuri

humanisturi

daswavlis

Teoriebi

Teoriebi

adamians

mZRolis

uzrunvelyofen

saWes,

mimarTulebis signalebs da sxva saregulacio mowyobilobas. kognituri Teoriebi

amateben

Sexsenebebs,

mogzaurobisaTvis,

rom

gavlenas

fsiqikuri
axdens

ruka,

imaze,

romelsac

Tu

rogor

mZRoli
aris

irCevs

dagegmili,

organizebuli da damaxsovrebuli mogzauroba. da bolos, me-s Teoriebi axseneben

mZRols, rom gaiTvaliswinos is STabeWdileba, romlesac misi manqanis tarebis
unari axdens mis mgzavrebsa da fexiT mosiaruleebze.
imisTvis, rom davasruloT pirovnebis Sesaxeb mimoxilva, axla ganvixiloT, Tu
rogor

xdeba

pirovnebis

Sefaseba.

Cven

aRvwerT

zogierT

gzas,

romliTac

642

fsiqologebi iZieben informacias pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebis speqtris Sesaxeb,

rac yovel individs unikalobas aniWebs.
Sejameba
pirovnebis Teoriebi gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu rogor aqcents akeTeben isini
memkvidreobiTobaze

garemosTan

SedarebiT;

daswavlis

procesebze

qcevis

Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu momaval

miznebze; cnobierebaze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da dispoziciebze situaciebTan
SedarebiT. yoveli Teoria gansxvavebul midgomas iZleva pirovnebis Secnobis
mxriv.
pirovnebis Sefaseba
dafiqrdiT im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebiTac gansxvavdebiT Tqveni saukeTeso
megobrebisagan.

fsiqologebs

ainteresebT

gansxvavebuli

Tvisebebi,

romlebic

axasiaTebs erT individs, ansxvavebs erT adamians sxvebisagan, an ansxvavebs erT

jgufSi myof adamianebs sxva jgufis wevrebisagan (magaliTad, morcxv adamians
Tamamisagan anda paranoiduls _ normalurisagan). pirovnebis gagebisa da aRweris
am mcdelobebs safuZvlad ori daSveba udevs: pirveli, rom arsebobs individebis
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic maT qcevas koherentulobas aniWebs da,
meore,

rom

es

maxasiaTeblebi

SeiZleba

Sefasdes

an

gaizomos.

es

daSvebebi

xorcSesxmulia pirovnebis testebSi, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT obieqtur da

subieqtur testebad.
obieqturi testebi
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis micema (qulebis miniWeba) da gamoyeneba
SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur
testSi Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli programebiT xorcieldeba.
saboloo Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, erTniSna cifria, romelic Tavsdeba erTaderTi
ganzomilebis

gaswvriv

(rogoricaa

adaptacia _ disadaptacia), an sxvadasxva

niSnebis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv (rogoricaa impulsuroba, damokidebuleba

an

eqstraversia).

es

monacemebi

SedarebaSi

mohyavT

normatiuli

SerCevis

monacemebTan.
pirovnebis kiTxvari (Personality inventory) _ TviTanagariSis meTodika, romelic
gamoiyeneba

pirovnebis

Sesafaseblad

da

moicavs

debulebaTa

CamonaTvals

643

pirovnebis azrebis, grZnobebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb.

TviTangariSis kiTxvari aris obieqturi testi, romelSic individebi pasuxoben

kiTxvaTa seriebs maTi azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi
pirveli TviTangariSis kiTxvari, vudvorTsis pirovnuli monacemebis furceli _
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (Seqmnili 1917 wels) Seicavda amis msgavs kiTxvebs:
"RamiT xSirad geSiniaT xolme?" (DuBois, 1970). dResdReobiT adamiani, romelic
avsebs pirovnebis kiTxvars, kiTxulobs debulebebs da aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad
Seesabameba an ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia misTvis TiToeuli maTgani.
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba minesotis multifazuri pirovnebis kiTxvari _
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory _ MMPI (Dahlstrom et al., 1975). is mraval klinikur
dawesebulebaSi gamoiyeneba pacientebis diagnozis damxmare instrumentad da maTi
mkurnalobis

mimarTulebis

misacemad. am kiTxvaris

maxasiaTeblebisa da misi

gamoyenebis ganxilvis Semdeg mokled SevexebiT NEO pirovnebis kiTxvars (NEO

Personality Inventory _ NEO-PI), romelic farTod gamoiyeneba Cveulebriv, praqtikulad
janmrTel mosaxleobasTan muSaobisas.
MMPI
MMPI Seiqmna minesotas universitetSi 1930-ian wlebSi fsiqologis starke
heTeueisa da fsiqiatris j. r. makkinlis mier (Hathaway & McKinley, 1940, 1943). misi
ZiriTadi mizania individebis diagnostireba fsiqiatriuli kategoriebis mixedviT.
pirveli testi 550 debulebisagan Sedgeboda, romelTac individebi axarisxebdnen,
rogorc maTTvis marTebuls an mcdars, an pasuxobdnen "ar SemiZlia pasuxis
gacema". am debulebaTa erTobliobidan SemuSavda skalebi, romlebic fsiqiatriul
dawesebulebebSi

pacientebis

mier

gamovlenili

problemebis

saxeobebs

Seesabameboda.
MMPI-s skalebi ar hgavda sxva arsebul pirovnebis testebs, radganac isini
SemuSavda

empiriuli

strategiis

gamoyenebiT

da

ara

intuitiuri,

Teoriuli

midgomiT, romelic im dros dominirebda. (gaixseneT Cveni adrindeli diskusia

testis

Teoriuli

da

empiriuli

konstruqciis

Sesaxeb.)

debulebebi

Sedioda

skalaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini aSkarad ganasxvavebdnen or jgufs magaliTad, Sizofreniul pacientebs da normalur sakontrolo jgufs. TiToeul
debulebas unda eCvenebina misi validuroba imiT, rom mas TiToeuli jgufis
wevrebi erTnairad upasuxebdnen, xolo ori jgufis wevrebi ki - gansxvavebulad.

644

amgvarad, debulebebi SerCeuli iyo ara Teoriul safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, Tu

rogor

mniSvnelobas

atarebdnen

isini

eqspertebisTvis),

aramed

empiriul

safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, ganasxvavebdnen Tu ara isini or jgufs).

aqvs

MMPI-s

gansakuTrebuli
ganvasxvavoT

10

klinikuri

klinikuri

skala,

jgufebi

normaluri

TiToeuli

Seqmnilia

(rogoricaa

sakontrolo

imisTvis,

individebi

jgufisagan.

testi

rom

SizofreniiT)
aseve

Seicavs

validurobis skalebs, romlebic gamoavlens saeWvo pasuxebs, rogoricaa aSkara

sicrue, uyuradReboba, Tavdacva anda aragulwrfeloba. rodesac xdeba MMPI-s
interpretacia, is, vinc tests atarebs, pirvel

rigSi amowmebs validurobis

skalebs, raTa darwmundes, rom testi validuria da Semdeg uyurebs danarCen

maCveneblebs. maCveneblebis paterni - romelia yvelaze maRali, rogor gansxvavdeba
isini erTmaneTisgan - qmnis "MMPI-s profils". individualuri profilebi dardeba
konkretuli jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel profilebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
kriminalebi da azartuli moTamaSeebi.
1980-ian wlebSi MMPI Zireulad gadasijes da axla mas MMPI-2 ewodeba (Butcher
et al., 1989; Butcher & Williams, 1992; Greene, 1991). MMPI-2-s axasiaTebs ganaxlebuli ena,
misi

Sinaarsi

ukeTesad

asaxavs

Tanamedrove

problemebs

da

monacemebi

normebisaTvis Segrovda axal populaciebSi. garda amisa, MMPI-2-Si damatebulia 15

axali Sinaarsobrivi skala, romelic gamoiyvanes, nawilobriv, Teoriuli meTodis
gamoyenebiT. 15 klinikurad relevanturi Temidan (rogoricaa SfoTva an ojaxuri
problemebi) TiToeulisaTvis debulebebi SeirCa or safuZvelze dayrdnobiT: iyo
Tu

ara

isini

Teoriulad

dakavSirebuli

TemasTan

da

qmnidnen

Tu

ara

statistikurad homogenur skalas, rac niSnavda, rom TiToeuli skala zomavs

erTaderT, unificirebul cnebas. MMPI-2-is klinikuri da Sinaarsobrivi skalebi
mocemulia cxrilebSi 14.7 da 14.8.
14.8 Tqven SeamCnevT, rom klinikuri skalebis
umetesoba zomavs ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebul cnebas da rom Sinaarsobrivi
skalebis saxelwodebebi martivia da naTeli.
MMPI-2-is upiratesobebia misi Catarebis simartive da ekonomiuroba da misi
vargisianoba fsiqopaTologiis diagnostirebisas (Butcher & Rouse, 1996). garda amisa,
debulebaTa erToblioba mravali mizniT SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. magaliTad,
Tqven

SegiZliaT

arakreatuli

SeadginoT

jgufebis

kreatulobis

moZebniTa

da

skala

MMPI-dan

im

individebis
debulebebis

kreatuli

da

gansazRvriT,

645

romlebsac maT gansxvavebulad upasuxes. wlebis ganmavlobaSi fsiqologebma am

gziT asobiT specialuri daniSnulebis skala Seadgines da gansazRvres maTi
validuroba.

mkvlevarebisaTvis

erT-erTi

MMPI-is

yvelaze

mimzidveli

maxasiaTebelia misi profilebis uzarmazari arqivi, Segrovebuli 50-ze meti wlis

manZilze. radganac yvela es adamiani standartizebulad iqna Semowmebuli erTsa
da imave debulebebze, isini SeiZleba SevadaroT rogorc tradiciuli klinikuri
skalebis mixedviT, aseve specialuri daniSnulebis skalebis mixedviT (Cveni axali
"kreatulobis" skalis msgavsad). MMPI-is es arqivebi mkvlevarebs saSualebas
aZlevs,

Seamowmon

Catarebuli,

hipoTezebi

SesaZloa,

MMPI-ze,

bevrad

adre,

romelic

vidre

mravali

gaCndeboda

wliT

adre

warmodgena

iyo

gasazomi

konstruqtis Sesaxeb.
cxrili 14.7. MMPI-2
2 klinikuri skalebi
ipoqondria (Hs): paTologiuri SfoTva sxeulebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb
depresia (D): pesimizmi, uimedoba, moqmedebisa da azrovnebis Seneleba
konversiuli

isteria

(Hy):

mentaluri

problemebis

aracnobieri

gamoyeneba

konfliqtebisa Tu pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT

asocialuri

fsiqopaTiis

skala

(Pd):

socialuri

normebis

ignorireba;

zedapiruli emociebi; gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebis unaris ar qona

maskulinoba-feminuroba (Mf): mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris gansxvavebebi
paranoidaluroba (Pa): iWvneuloba, gandidebis an devnis mania
fsiqasTenia

(Pt):

obsesiebi;

kompulsiebi;

SiSebi;

danaSaulis

gancda;

gadauwyveteloba
Sizofrenia (Sc): ucnauroba, uCveuli azrebi an qceva; sakuTar TavSi Caketva;
halucinaciebi; iluziebi
hipomania

(Ma):

emociuri

agznebuloba;

ideebis

araTanmimdevruloba;

moWarbebuli aqtivoba
socialuri introversia (Si): morcxvoba; sxvebis mimarT interesis ararseboba;
arasaimedooba
cxrili 14.8. MMPI-2
2 Sinaarsobrivi skalebi
SfoTva

antisocialuri qmedebebi

646

SiSebi

tipi A (adamiani, romelic uzomod bevrs muSaobs)

obsesiuroba

dabali TviTSefaseba/TviTpativiscema

depresia

socialuri diskomforti

janmrTelobasTan

ojaxuri problemebi

dakavSirebuli sazrunavebi
ucnauri azrebi

muSaobis dros winaaRmdegobebi

gabrazeba /risxva

mkurnalobis uaryofiTi indikatorebi (uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba eqimebisa da mkurnalobis mimarT)

cinizmi

antisocialuri qmedebebi

Tumca, MMPI-2-sac aqvs Tavisi kritika. magaliTad, misi klinikuri skalebi

gaakritikes maTi heterogenurobis gamo (isini zomaven erTdroulad ramdenime
rames). aseve, mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom cvlilebebi, romlebic Sevida Sesworebul
MMPI-2-Si sawyis MMPI-sTan SedarebiT, ar aris sakmarisi pirovnebis Teoriis
winsvlis asaxvisaTvis; testi kvlav axlos dgas Tavis empiriul warmoSobasTan
(Helmes & Reddon, 1993). SesaZlebelia, MMPI-2 gaakritikon zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
radgan adamianebi mravali mizniT cdiloben mis gamoyenebas. MMPI-2-is zogierTi
skala, rogoricaa depresiis skala, aRwevs validurobis misaReb dones (Boone,
amis

1994).

sapirispirod,

wamaldamokidebulebis

(substance

abuse)

winaswarmetyvelebisadmi miZRvnili skalebi ar aris iseTi validuri, rogorc

ufro specifikuri Sefasebis instrumentebi (Svanum et al., 1994). rogorc nebismieri
Sefasebis
Seafason

instrumentis
MMPI-is

SemTxvevaSi,

da MMPI-2-is

mkvlevarebma

gamoyenebis

didi

sandooba

da

sifrTxiliT

unda

validuroba

yovel

problemebis

mqone

konkretul SemTxvevaSi (Greene et al., 1997).

es

pirovnebis

individebis

kiTxvarebi

SefasebisaTvis.

Seqmnili
momdevno

iyo
or

klinikuri

qveTavSi

Cven

aRvwerT

zogadad

pirovnebis, ara pacientebis, SefasebisaTvis ufro Sesabamis instrumentebs.

NEO PI
NEO pirovnebis kiTxvari (NEO Personality Inventory - NEO PI) aseve Seiqmna pirovnebis
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad araklinikur zrdasrulebis populaciaSi. is zomavs

647

pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian models, romelic Cven zemoT ganvixileT. Tu Tqven

CagitardaT NEO PI, Tqven miiRebdiT profilis furcels, romelic giCvenebdaT
Tqvens standartizebul maCveneblebs did normatiul SerCevasTan SedarebiT xuTi
ZiriTadi

ganzomilebidan

TiToeulze:

neiroticizmi,

eqstraversia,

Riaoba,

TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da patiosneba (Costa & McCrae, 1985). NEO PI-s Sesworebuli
versia

afasebs

30

calkeul

niSans,

romelic

organizebulia

xuTi

ZiriTadi

faqtoris mixedviT (Costa & McCrae, 1992b). magaliTad, neiroticizmis ganzomileba

dayofilia eqvs elementarul skalad: SfoTva, mtruloba, depresia, morcxvoba,
impulsuroba da mowyvladoba. bevrma kvlevam aCvena, rom NEO PI-s ganzomilebebi
homogenuria, axasiaTebT maRali sandooba da kargi konstruqtuli da kriteriumis
mixedviT validoba (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; Furnham et al., 1997). NEO PI gamoiyeneba
pirovnebis stabilobisa da cvalebadobis Sesaswavlad cxovrebis manZilze, iseve
rogorc

pirovnuli

janmrTelobasTan

maxasiaTebelebis

da

mravalferovan

damokidebulebis
cxovrebiseul

sakvlevad

movlenebTan,

fizikur
rogoricaa

warmateba karieris mxriv anda adreuli gasvla pensiaze.

xuTfaqtorian modelze dafuZnebuli axali kiTxvari, didi xuTeulis kiTxvari
_ Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) Seiqmna im mizniT, rom gansxvavebul kulturebs Soris
validuroba

yofiliyo.

fsiqometruli

skala

maCveneblebi

SeimuSaves

amerikuli

italiaSi,
da

magram

espanuri

mas

aqvs

msgavsi

populaciebisaTvis

da

Sesabamisi normebis dadgena xdeba franguli, germanuli, Cexuri, ungruli da

polonuri TargmanebisaTvis (Barbaranelli et al., 1997; Caprara et al., 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom BFQ maRal korelaciaSia NEO PI-sTan, is mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavdeba
misgan. faqtori 1 masSi figurirebs, rogorc "energia" an "aqtivoba" da ara
"eqstraversia" (damTmobobis socialur aspeqtebTan gadafarvis Sesamcireblad).
BFQ Seicavs skalebs imis Sesamowmeblad, xom ar ixreba respondentis pasuxebi
socialurad sasurveli pasuxebisaken. is NEO PI-ze martivia, radganac mxolod
ori elementaruli skala aqvs TiToeuli faqtorisaTvis. magaliTad, "energia"
Sedgeba

"dinamizmisa"'

da

"dominantobis"

skalebisagan.

pirveli

intrapersonaluria, meore ki _ interpersonaluri. ramdenadac fsiqologia sul

ufro globaluri xdeba, aseTi Sefasebis instrumentebi, romlebic erTnairad
kargad

muSaoben

enobrivi

da

erovnuli

barierebis

miuxedavad,

arsebiTia

648

mniSvnelovani

kros-kulturuli

kvlevebis

warmoebisaTvis

pirovnebisa

da

socialur fsiqologiaSi.
proeqciuli

individs

testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic

uCveneben

orazrovani/abstraqtuli

stimulebis

erTobliobas

da

sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis interpretacias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi

avlens mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da konfliqtebs.
proeqciuli testebi
testebi
rodisme
konturi?

Tu

Tu

dayrdnobili

SegixedavT

Tqvens

RrublisaTvis

megobrebs

SiSveli

sTxovdiT,

figura

an

da

daginaxavT

SeexedaT,

drakoni.

saxe

maT

msgavs

an

cxovelis

SeiZleba

fenomens

daenaxaT

eyrdnobian

fsiqologebi pirovnebis SefasebisaTvis proeqciuli testebis gamoyenebisas.

rogorc axlaxans vnaxeT, obieqtur testebs oridan erTi forma aqvT: isini an
sTavazoben respondentebs debulebebis seriebs da sTxoven maT, martivi pasuxi
gascen (rogoricaa "WeSmaritia", "mcdaria" an "ar SemiZlia pasuxis gacema") an
sTxoven

respondentebs,

mixedviT

(rogoricaa

sakuTari

Tavis

Sefasebas

"mSfoTvare/mSvidi").

garkveuli

amgvarad,

ganzomilebebis

respondenti

iZulebulia,

airCios winaswargansazRvruli pasuxebidan erT-erTi. sapirispirod, proeqciuli

testebi ar Seicaven pasuxebis winaswargansazRvrul diapazons. proeqciul testSi

pirovnebas

warudgenen

stimulebis

seriebs,

romlebic

ganzrax

bundovani/orazrovania. aseTia, magaliTad, abstraqtuli nimuSebi, dausrulebeli

suraTebi, an naxatebi, romelTa interpretaciac mravalnairad aris SesaZlebeli.
adamians SeiZleba sTxovon, aRweros abstraqciebi, daasrulos suraTebi an mohyves
istoriebi

naxatebis

Sesaxeb.

pirvelad

proeqciuli

testebi

gamoiyenes

fsiqoanalitikosebma, romlebic imedovnebdnen, rom aseTi testebi gamoavlendnen

maTi

pacientebis

aracnobier

pirovnul

dinamikas.

radganac

stimulebi

bundovania/orazrovania, maTze gacemuli pasuxebi nawilobriv gansazRvrulia imiT,

rac

adamians

motivebi

Semoaqvs

da

idiosinkratuli

proecirebulia

situaciaSi

konfliqtebi

mravalferovani interpretacia.

saxeldobr,

cxovrebis

(damaxasiaTebeli,
stimulebze,

nebas

Sinagani

gamocdilebidan.

ganmasxvavebeli)
aZlevs

pirovnebis

grZnobebi,
es

piradi

pirovnuli,

aspeqtebi,
Semfasebels,

romlebic
gaakeTos

649

proeqciuli testebi Sedis im Sefasebis instrumentebSi, romlebic yvelaze

xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikosi fsiqologebis mier (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al.,
1984;

Piotrowski et al.,

aseve

1985).

isini

ufro

xSirad

gamoiyeneba

SeerTebuli

Statebis farglebs gareT, magaliTad, holandiaSi, hong kongSi da iaponiaSi,

vidre MMPI-s msgavsi obieqturi testebi (Piotrowski et al., 1993). xSirad ver xerxdeba
obieqturi

testebis

adeqvaturi

Targmani

da

adeqvaturi

standartizeba

araamerikul populaciebze. proeqciuli testebi naklebad mgrZnobiarea enobrivi

cvlilebebis mimarT. Tumca, radganac proeqciuli testebi ase gavrcelebulia,
kritikosebi xSirad eWvoben, rom isini aravalidurad gamoiyeneba. ori yvelaze
metad gavrcelebuli testis

- rorSaxis testisa (Rorschach test) da Tematuri

apercefciis testis - Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ganxilvisas Cven SevexebiT

validurobis am sakiTxebs.

rorSaxis testi
rorSaxis testSi, romelic 1921 wels SeimuSava Sveicarelma fsiqiatrma herman
rorSaxma

(Hermann Rorschach)

bundovani

stimulebi

warmodgenilia

simetriuli

melnis laqebis saxiT (Rorschach, 1942). zogi maTgani Sav-TeTria da zogi _ feradi
(ixileT

suraTi 14.7).
14.7

testis

msvlelobisas

respondents

uCveneben

laqas

da

ekiTxebian "ra SeiZleba es iyos?". respondentebs arwmuneben, rom ar arsebobs

swori an mcdari pasuxebi (Exner, 1974). mkvlevarebi zedmiwevniT afiqsireben, ras
amboben adamianebi, ramdeni dro sWirdebaT pasuxis gasacemad, mTlianad ra dro
exarjeba respondents TiTo laqaze da rogor uWiravT baraTi. Semdeg, meore
fazaSi, romelsac gamokiTxva ewodeba, respondents axseneben wina pasuxebs da
sTxoven, detalurad daamuSavos isini.
pasuxebi fasdeba sami

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis

mixedviT: (1) lokacia, anu

pasuxSi aRniSnuli baraTis nawili _ mTlian stimuls exeba respondenti Tu mis

nawils da aRniSnuli detalebis zomebi; (2) pasuxis Sinaarsi _ danaxuli obieqtis
da moqmedebebis buneba; da (3) determinantebi _ baraTis romelma aspeqtebma
(rogoricaa feri da Crdilebi) misca biZgi pasuxs. Semfaseblebma, aseve, SeiZleba
aRniSnon, rogori iyo pasuxebi: originaluri da unikaluri Tu popularuli da
konformuli.
Tqven SesaZlebelia ifiqroT, rom melnis bundovani laqebi biZgs miscemen
iseTi pasuxebis mravalferovnebas, romlebic intepretacias ar eqvemdebarebian.

650

sinamdvileSi, mkvlevarebma Seqmnes rorSaxis pasuxebis yovlismomcveli Sefasebis

sistema,

romelic

gansxvavebul

testis

Camtareblebs

Soris

mniSvnelovani

Sedarebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva (Exner, 1991, 1993; Exner & Weiner, 1994). es
Sefasebis

sistema

azustebs,

magaliTad,

Sinaarsobrivi

pasuxebis

zogad

kategoriebs, rogoricaa mTliani adamiani (pasuxi moicavs an gulisxmobs adamianis

figuris formas) da sisxli (pasuxi moicavs an adamianis, an cxovelis sisxls).
pasuxebis

nimuSebi

warmatebiT

daukavSires

maxasiaTeblebs, ise _ fsiqopaTologias. da

rogorc
mainc,

normaluri

Sefasebis

pirovnebis

sistemasTan da

rorSaxis testTan dakavSirebiT mainc rCeba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba (Exner, 1996;

Meyer, 2000; Wood et al., 1996a, 1996b).
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) Tematuri apercepciis testi
henri miureis (Henry Murrey) mier 1938 wels Seqmnil Tematuri apercefciis
testSi respondentebs uCveneben orazrovani scenebis suraTebs da sTxoven, Seqmnan
am scenebis Sesaxeb istoriebi, romelic aRwers, Tu ra adamianebi moqmedeben da
fiqroben am scenebSi, ram gamoiwvia TiToeuli movlena da rogor dasruldeba
yoveli situacia (ixileT suraTo 14.8).
14.8 pirovneba, romelic atarebs TAT-s, afasebs
rogorc istoriebis struqturasa da Sinaarss, aseve, ambis momyoli individis
qcevas, raTa aRmoaCinos respondentis zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, motivacia da
pirovnuli

maxasiaTebeli.

magaliTad,

eqsperimetatorma

SesaZloa

Seafasos

pirovneba, rogorc patiosani, Tu mis mier moyolil ambavSi aRwerilia adamianebi,

romlebic

cxovrobdnen

seriozulad

da

gamoiyeneboda

movaleobebis

dalagebulad.

individualuri

mixedviT

gaixseneT

me-12-e

gansxvavebebis

da

Tu

ambebi

Tavidan,

rom

gamosavlenad

moyolil
TAT-i

iseT

iqna

xSirad

dominantur

moTxovnilebebSi, rogoricaa Zalauflebis, afiliaciis da miRwevis moTxovnileba

(McClelland, 1961). kvlevis aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi TAT-i damkvidrda, rogorc
miRwevis moTxovnilebis validuri sazomi (Sprangler, 1992).
Cven

SemogTavazebT

sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT.

ramdenime
dainaxeT

daskvniT
Tu

ara

SeniSvnas
kavSiri

am

pirovnebis

Sefasebis

pirovnebis

Sefasebis

instrumentebsa da zemoT ganxilul pirovnebis Teoriebs Soris? Cveni daskvna iyo,

rom

Teoriebis

yoveli

tipi

saukeTesod

aSuqebda

adamianuri

gamocdilebis

gansxvavebul aspeqtebs. pirovnebis testebis Sesaxebac msgavsi daskvnis gamotana

SegviZlia: yovel maTgans aqvs potenciali, mogvawodos individis pirovnebaSi

651

unikaluri Cawvdomis SesaZlebloba. klinicistebi pirovnebis Sefasebisas yvelaze

xSirad testebis kombinacias iyeneben; rorSaxi da MMPI, magaliTad, SeiZleba
komplementarulad ganvixiloT (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984; Piotrowski et al.,
1985).

xSirad

pirobebi

kompiuterul

iseTia,

analizze

specifikuri

Sedegebis

eqspertizam

da

rom

profilebi,

dayrdnobiTac
zusti

ki,

romlebic

saSualebas

winaswarmetyveleba.

daxelovnebulma

intuiciam

unda

sxva

miiReba

obieqtur,

iZleva,

gakeTdes

pirobebSi

Seavson

klinikurma

obieqturi

normebi.

praqtikaSi, saukeTeso winaswarmetyveleba xdeba, rodesac kombinirebulia yoveli

midgomis Zlieri mxareebi.
Tavis

dasawyisSi

vTqviT,

rom

pirovnebas

ver

gavzomavT

mis

Tavze

gamoburculobebis SegrZnebiT. Tumca, Cven, aseve, gTxoveT, gefiqraT garkveul

sakiTxebze:

Tu

fsiqologebi

Tqven

Segiswavlidnen,

Tqveni

pirovnebis

rogor

portrets daxatavdnen isini? romel adreul gamocdilebebs gamoyofdnen isini,

rogorc Tqvens qcevaze da fiqrebze gavlenis mqones? ra pirobebs zemoqmedebs
Zlierad

Tqvens

gangasxvavebT

azrebsa

Tqven

sxva

da

qcevaze

Tqvens

individebisagan,

amJamindel

romlebic

mraval

cxovrebaSi?
Tqvens

ra

msgavs

situaciaSi funqcionireben? Tqven axla xvdebiT, rom pirovnebis Teoriebis yoveli

tipi iZleva zogad CarCos, romlis farglebSic SegiZliaT am kiTxvebze pasuxebis
Camoyalibeba.

dauSviT,

rom

axla

marTlac

dadga

is

dro,

rodesac

Tqveni

fsiqologiuri portreti unda daxatoT. saidan daiwyebdiT?

Sejameba
pirovnebis obieqturi testebi moicaven Catarebisa da Sefasebis SedarebiT
standartizirebul da gansazRvrul teqnikas. MMPI-2-s axasiaTebs Tanamedrove ena
da Sinaarsi, romelic asaxavs klinikuri Teoriisa da Sefasebis winsvlas. NEO-PI
da BFQ zomaven normaluri pirovnebis funqcionirebis aspeqtebs. proeqciuli
testebi individebs warudgenen bundovan stimulebs, raTa gamoavlinon Sinagani
gancdebi, motivebi da konfliqtebi. mkvlevarebma gamoimuSaves rorSaxis melnis
laqebze pasuxebis Sefasebis yovlismomcveli sistema. TAT-i warmoadgens miRwevis
moTxovnilebis validur sazoms.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
pirovnebis tipis da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi

652

zogierTi mecnieri axdens adamianebis kategorizacias sul an araferi tipebis

mixedviT, romlebic daSvebulia, rom ukavSirdeba konkretul damaxasiaTebel
qcevas.

sxva mecnierebi pirovnebis Semadgenel agurebad miiCneven pirovnul niSnebs uwyveti ganzomilebebis gaswvriv arsebul maxasiaTeblebs.

xuTfaqtoriani modeli warmoadgens
asaxavs

urTierTobas

zogadi

pirovnebis

pirovnuli

aRweriT sistemas, romelic

niSnebis

sityvebs,

Teoriul

koncepciebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris.

tyupebisa da naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebi naTelhyofen, rom pirovnuli niSnebi
nawilobriv memkvidreobiTia.

adamianebi amJRavneben qceviT konsistentobas, rodesac situaciebi ganisazRvreba
relevanturi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi

froidis fsiqodinamikuri Teoria adamianuri motivaciis wyarod instinqtur
biologiur energias miiCnevs.

froidis Teoriis bazisuri cnebebi moicavs fsiqikur energias, rogorc qcevis
mabiZgebels

da

warmmarTvels,

adreul

gamocdilebebs,

rogorc

pirovnebis

mTavar msazRvrelebs mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, fsiqikur determinizms da

Zlier aracnobier procesebs.

pirovnebis

struqtura

Sedgeba

idisagan,

superegosagan

da

Semarigebeli

egosagan.

miuRebeli

impulsebi

represirdeba

da

viTardeba

egos

dacvis

meqanizmebi

SfoTvis Sesamcireblad da TviTSefasebis SesanarCuneblad.

postfroidistebma, rogorebic arian adleri, horni da iungi, ufro metad
gaamaxviles

yuradReba

egos

funqcionirebaze

da

socialur

cvladebze

da

naklebad - seqsualur ltolvebze. maT pirovnebis ganviTareba mTeli cxovrebis

manZilze mimdinare procesad miaCniaT.
humanisturi Teoriebi

humanisturi

Teoriebi

fokusirebulia

TviTaqtualizaciaze

individis

potencialis zrdaze.

es Teoriebi holisturia, dispozociuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri.

653

humanisturi

tradiciis

Tanamedrove

Teoriebi

fokusirebulia

individis

cxovrebiseul ambebze.
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi

socialuri

daswavlis

Teoriis

mimdevrebi

qcevaSi

da

pirovnebebs

Soris

individualur gansxvavebebs ganixilaven, rogorc gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis

gamocdilebis Sedegs.

kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebi xazs usvamen aRqmasa da garemos subieqtur
interpretaciaSi individualur gansxvavebebs.

uolter miSelma ikvlia qcevis safuZvlebi, rogorc adamianebsa da situaciebs
Soris urTierTobebi.

albert banduram aRwera reciprokuli determinizmi adamianebs, garemos da
qcevas Soris.

nensi kentoris Teoriam xazi gausva miznebis, codnis da strategiebis gavlenas
adamianebis qcevaze.
( -is) Teoriebi
me-s (self
me-s Teoriebi fokusirebulia me-s koncefciis mniSvnelobaze pirovnebis sruli
SecnobisaTvis.

me-s

koncefcia

pirovnuli

da

aris

dinamikuri

mentaluri

interpersonaluri

qcevisa

struqtura,
da

romelic

axdens

procesebis

motivacias,

xerxebSi,

romlebiTac

interpretacias, organizebas, mediacias da regulacias.

mravali

individualuri

gansxvaveba

aisaxeba

Cveul

adamianebi warmoadgenen sakuTar Tavs socialur situaciebSi.

kros-kulturuli kvlevidan gamomdinare, individualisturi kulturebi xels
uwyoben damoukidebeli me-s gagebas, xolo koleqtivisturi kulturebi ki urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebas.
pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba

pirovnebis Teoriebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs davupirispiroT im mxriv, Tu rogor
aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze garemosTan SedarebiT; daswavlis
procesebze qcevis Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul mizezebze, awmyo
qcevaze

Tu

momaval

miznebze;

cnobierebze

dispoziciebze situaciebTan SedarebiT.

aracnobierTan

SedarebiT

da

654

TiToeul Teorias gansxvavebuli wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis SecnobaSi.

pirovnebis Sefaseba

pirovnebis

maxasiaTeblebi

fasdeba

rogorc

obieqturi,

aseve

proeqciuli

testebiT.

yvelaze

gavrcelebuli

obieqturi

testi,

MMPI-2,

gamoiyeneba

klinikuri

problemebis diagnostikisaTvis.

NEO-PI da BFQ

pirovnebis ufro axali obieqturi testebia, romlebic zomaven

pirovnebis xuT ZiriTad ganzomilebas.

pirovnebis

proeqciul

testebSi

adamianebs

sTxoven,

upasuxon

stimulebs.

ori mniSvnelovani proeqciuli testia rorSaxis testi da TAT-i.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. analitikuri fsiqologia
2. SfoTva
3. arqetipi
4. koleqtiuri aracnobieri
5. konsistentobis paradoqsi
6. ego
7. egos dacvis meqanizmebi
8. xuTfaqtoriani modeli
9. fiqsacia
10. idi
11. damoukidebeli me-s gageba
12. urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba
13. libido
14. pirovneba
15. pirovnebis kiTxvari
16. pirovnebis tipebi
17. SesaZlebeli me-ebi
18. proeqciuli testi
19. fsiqikuri determinizmi
20. fsiqobiografia

bundovan

655

21. pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi

22. reciprokuli determinizmi
23. represia
24. TviTaqtualizacia
25. me-s koncefcia
26. TviTefeqturoba
27. TviTpativiscema
28. TviTmavnebloba
29. morcxvoba
30. socialuri inteleqti
31. superego
32. niSnebi
33. upirobo dadebiTi pativiscema
34. aracnobieri

sasurveli suraTebis
suraTebis da fotoebis sia
1. suraTi 11. gv. 431
2. suraTi 14.7 - rorSaxis erT-erTi laqa
3. suraTi 14.8 - TAT-is erT-erTi suraTi

Tavi 15. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

ra aris paTologiuri

obieqturobis problema

istoriuli perspeqtivebi

fsiqopaTologiis etiologia

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia

klasifikaciis miznebi

DSM-IV-TR

656

fsiqologia

Cven cxovrebaSi: marTla gvicavs Seuracxadoba?

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: tipebi

SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: mizezebi

guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: tipebi

guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: mizezebi

depresia: sqesTa Soris gansxvavebani

suicidi

pirovnuli aSlilobebi

disociaciuri aSlilobebi

fsiqologia

XXI saukuneSi: marTla arsebobs Tu ara internetomania?

Sizofreniuli

aSlilobebi

Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi

Sizofreniis mizezebi

fsiqikuri

sakvanZo

daavadebis daRi (stigma)

sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

minda mogiTxroT, Tu rogoria Cven droSi funqcionalur Sizofrenikad yofna

da rasTan uxdebaT Sejaxeba Cemnairi fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamianebs.
me 30 wlis var, vcxovrob marto da vmuSaob naxevar ganakveTze, radganac Tan
kolejSi vswavlob. Cemi avadmyofobis gamo, ar maqvs meddad muSaobis ufleba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom kolejSi vswavlob da pacientebis movlis gamocdilebac
maqvs. kolejSi momsaxurebis sferoSi vspecializdebi, raTa sxvebs problemebis
mogvarebaSi davexmaro, radganac rodesac pirvelad gavxdi avad, Zalian cudad
viyavi da amitomac kargad vici, ra aris es, rogori tanjvaa es.

657

sakmaod normalurad vcxovrob da veravin amCnevs, rom fsiqikurad var avad,

sanam me TviTon ar vityvi xolme amis Sesaxeb... Cemi dac (ara tyupiscali) ukve 12
weliwadia avad aris da uars ambobs wamlebis miRebaze, radgan uaryofs, rom es
daavadeba aqvs. me 5 welia avad var. avadmyofobis pirvel wels, rodesac
vkiTxulobdi wigns arasodes Segpirebivar vardebis baRnars, davrwmundi, rom
marTlac avad viyavi. Semdeg gamovkeTdi antifsiqoturi medikamentebis wyalobiT.
Cemi

azriT,

pacientsac

da

sazogadoebasac

ganaTleba

sWirdeba

fsiqikur

daavadebebSi, radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer

arasworadac esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi. aseve reagireben ojaxi, meuRle,
megobrebi Tu socialuri samsaxurebi Cvennairi adamianebis maTTvis jer kidev
ucnob Taviseburebebze. zogierT Cvenganze wamlebi kargad moqmedebs.
SemiZlia

mogiyveT

im

gansxvavebis

Sesaxeb,

romelic

arsebobs

Cemi

avadmyofobis gamo xmaursa da realur xmaurs Soris, radganac me vkiTxulobdi

amis Sesaxeb da Seviswavle Cemi Tavi. viyeneb saRi azris wess. Zalian vcdilob,
rom

davimaxsovro,

Tu

rogorebi

arian

adamianebi

da

rogoria

samyaro

realurad, sinamdvileSi. avadmyofoba amokrefs xolme Zalze sulelur da

momabezrebel absurdebs, wamlebi Zlierad moqmedebs Cemze da Cem organizmze,
amitom ar maqvs ise bevri Semawuxebeli avadmyofuri simptomebi...
wamlebis miRebamde halucinaciebi da absurdebi nebismier sferos SeiZleboda
miswvdomoda da survilisamebr Seecvala isini. wamlebis moqmedebis dawyebamde
vgrZnobdi, rom es mTel tvins eufleboda da vyvirodi, vtirodi da mindoda Cemi
gonebisa da cxovrebis dabruneba...
nebismiers,

visac

cxovrebaSi

raimes

miRweva

surs,

sakuTari

Tavis

damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba esaWiroeba. avadmyofi adamianis garda, me pirovnebac

var.
ra reaqcia gqondaT axalgazrda qalis sityvebs rom kiTxulobdiT winamdebare
saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisadmi miwerili werilidan? Tu Tqveni reaqcia Cvensas
hgavs,

maSin

gamowveul

es

misi

mraval

mdgomareobiT

problemasTan

gamowveuli
gamklavebis

sevdis,
misi

fsiqikuri

dabejiTebuli

daavadebiT
surviliT

aRtacebis, risxvis, vinc mas avadmyofis iarliys awebebs imis gamo, rom xandaxan
gansxvavebul

qcevas

axorcielebs,

da

mdgomareobis

gasaumjobesebeli

medikamentebisa da Terapiis arsebobiT gamowveuli imedis narevi iqneboda. es

658

mxolod mwiri CamonaTvalia im emociebisa, romelic euflebaT klinikaSi da

kvlevebiT dakavebul fsiqologebsa da fsiqiatrebs, rodesac isini fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis bunebis Secnobasa da mkurnalobas cdiloben.
winamdebare Tavi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis bunebasa da mizezebs Seexeba: ras
warmoadgens

fsiqologiuri

aSliloba,

ratom

viTardeba

da

rogor

aris

SesaZlebeli misi ganviTarebis mizezebis axsna. Semdegi Tavi agebulia am codnaze

da masSi aRwerilia is strategiebi, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqikuri daavadebebis
mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikisTvis. kvleva aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si axalgazrdebisa
da Suaxnis moqalaqeTa 50%-s mTeli cxovrebis manZilze erTxel mainc aReniSneba
fsiqologiuri aSliloba (Kessler et al., 1994). amrigad, mravali Tqvengani, vinc
waikiTxavs am wigns, sasargeblo codnas miiRebs fsiqopaTologiis Sesaxeb, Tumca,
calkeuli faqtebiT SeuZlebelia im seriozuli zegavlenis aRwera, romelsac
fsiqologiuri

aSliloba

individebisa

da

ojaxebis

yoveldRiur

cxovrebaze

axdens. mocemul TavSi, ganvixilavT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis kategoriebs,

SevecdebiT
aSlilobiT

im

realuri

cxovreba;

adamianebis

gagiziarebT

aRweras,
maT

gavakeTeT es Tavis dasawyisSi. daviwyoT

romelTac

sityvebsa

paTologiis30

da

yoveldRe

uwevT

gamocdilebas,

am

rogorc

cnebis ganxilviT.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

rodisme ginerviuliaT zedmetad? yofilxarT daTrgunuli an SeSfoTebuli
yovelgvari realuri mizezis gareSe? SegSinebiaT iseTi ramis, ris Sesaxebac
danamdvilebiT

icodiT,

rom

ar

iyo

saSiSi?

gifiqriaT

TviTmkvlelobaze?

migimarTavT alkoholisTvis an narkotikebisTvis problemisgan Tavis dasaRwevad?

TiTqmis yvela Cvengani erT-erT kiTxvaze mainc gascemda dadebiT pasuxs, rac imaze
miuTiTebs,

rom

TiTqmis

yvela

Cvengans

ganucdia

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobis

simptomebi. winamdebare Tavi Seexeba fsiqologiuri funqcionirebis im diapazons,

romelic ganixileba, rogorc arajanmrTeli an paTologiuri da romelsac xSirad

fsiqopaTologias

an

fsiqologiur

aSlilobas

uwodeben.

fsiqopaTologiuri

funqcionireba moicavs emociuri, qceviTi an azrovnebiTi procesebis darRvevebs,

rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli distresi an rac blokavs/aferxebs mniSvnelovani
miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas. paTofsiqologia31 fsiqologiuri kvlevebis is
30

abnormality.
Abnormal Psychology iTargmna, rogorc paTofsiqologia, romelSic moiazreba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
da qcevis darRvevebi (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
31

659

sferoa, romelic yvelaze uSualod Seexeba azrovnebis, ganwyobilebisa da qcevis

individualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobas.
am

qveTavs

daviwyebT,

paTologiuri-s

Semdeg

gavadevnebT,

Tu

ki

gansazRvrebis

obieqturobis

rogor

problemas

viTardeboda

es

ufro

detaluri

SevexebiT.

gansazRvreba

ganxilviT

bolos

ki

kacobriobis

Tvals

istoriis

aswleulebis manZilze.
ra aris paTologiuri
ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT, rom mocemuli pirovneba paTologiuria anu

itanjeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobisgan? rogor wyveten fsiqologebi da klinikaSi

momuSave sxva praqtikosebi, Tu ra aris paTologiuri? aris ki yovelTvis naTeli,
Tu

rodis/ra

paTologiuris

momentSi

gadainacvlebs

kategoriaSi?

mocemuli

qceva

individis

normaluris

kategoriidan

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobis

Sesaxeb daskvna, Cveulebisamebr, individis qcevis Sefasebas efuZneba am daskvnas

garkveuli specialuri avtoritetisa da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi akeTeben. am
fenomenis aRsawerad gamoyenebuli terminebi, rogoricaa fsiqikuri aSliloba,
fsiqikuri daavadeba Tu paTologia, damokidebulia konkretul Tvalsazrisze,
Semfaseblis

codnasa

da

mis

kulturul

gamocdilebaze,

situaciaze

da

im

pirovnebis statusze, romlis Sesaxebac keTdeba daskvna.

fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopatological functioning) _ darRvevebi

emociur, qceviT an azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli

distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.
paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic

fokusirdeba gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis individualuri

paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.

ganvixiloT Svidi kriteriumi, romelic qcevisaTvis paTologiuris statusis

misaniWeblad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000; Rosenhan & Seligman, 1989).
1.

distresi an uunaroba. individi ganicdis pirovnul distress an axorcielebs

usargeblo qcevas, rasac Tan sdevs fizikuri an fsiqologiuri gauaresebis riski,

an

qcevis

Tavisuflad,

nebismierad

ganxorcielebis

SesaZleblobis

dakargva.

660

magaliTad, mamakacs, romelic ver gadis saxlidan oflis mosvlis gareSe, ar

SeeZleba mimdinare cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRweva;
2.

araadekveturoba. individis qceva abrkolebs miznis miRwevas, ar emsaxureba

pirovnul keTildReobas, an Zalian aferxebs sxvaTa miznebsa da sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebebs. individi, romelic imdenad svams, rom ar SeuZlia samuSaos
SenarCuneba,

an

romelic

safrTxis

winaSe

ayenebs

sxvebs

Tavisi

problemiT,

araadekvatur qcevas axorcielebs;

3.

araracionaluroba/iracionaluroba.

individi

moqmedebs

an

laparakobs

sxvebisTvis gaugebrad an araracionalurad. adamiani, romelic pasuxobs obieqtur

realobaSi ararsebul xmebs, araracionalurad/iracionalurad iqceva;
4.

araprognozirebadoba. individi

araprognozirebadad

an

araTanmimdevrulad

iqceva situaciidan situaciaSi, TiTqos kontroli ekargebodes qcevaze. bavSvi,

romelic

yovelgvari

TvalsaCino

mizezis

gareSe

muSts

urtyams

fanjaras,

araprognozirebad qcevas axorcielebs;

5.

araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba. individis mier ganxorcielebuli

qceva statistikur iSviaTobas warmoadgens da arRvevs misaRebi an sasurveli

qcevis

socialur

mivyavarT

standartebs.

paTologiuris

Tumca,

mxolod

fsiqologiur

statistikur

daskvnamde.

uCveulobas

magaliTad,

ar

geniosebis

inteleqtis done ukiduresad iSviaTia, magram es sasurveladac aris miCneuli.

meore

mxriv,

ukiduresad

arasasurvelad

iTvleba;

dabali

inteleqti,

amitom

xSirad

aseve,

mas

iSviaTobaa,

paTologiuris

magram

es

kategorias

miakuTvneben;
6.

damkvirveblis diskomforti. individi diskomforts uqmnis sxvebs imiT, rom

garkveulad afrTxobs an distress badebs maTSi. Sua quCaSi mimavali, sakuTar

TavTan

xmamaRal

kamaTSi

CarTuli

qali

damkvirveblis

diskomforts

iwvevs

mZRolSi, romelic misTvis gverdis avlas cdilobs;

7.

zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva. individi arRvevs molodins imis

Taobaze,

Tu

rogor

unda

moiqces

socialuri

normebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

am

kriteriumis mixedviT, adamianebs SeiZleba paTologiuri vuwodoT, Tu maT ar

surT muSaoba anda ar swamT RmerTis. paTologiuris es kriteriumi relevanturia
samarTlebriv
cxovrebaSi.

situaciebSic.

am

Temas

eZRvneba

CanarTi

fsiqologia

Cvens

661

SegiZliaT
myisierad

dainaxoT,

aSkara

Tu

ratom

yvela

ar

aris

paTologiuris

damkvirveblisTvis?

es

ganvixiloT,

kriteriumebi

mxolod

bolo

kriteriumi. xarT fsiqikurad avad, Tu ar gsurT muSaoba maSinac ki, rodesac es

paTologiurad iTvleba sazogadoebis normebis mixedviT? an ganvixiloT ufro
seriozuli simptomi. Cvens kulturaSi cudia, Tu halucinaciebi gvaqvs, radganac
isini fsiqikuri darRvevebis niSnebad aRiqmeba, magram es kargia im kulturebSi,
sadac halucinaciebi interpretirdeba, rogorc spiritualuri Zalebdan momdinare
mistikuri xilvebi. sworia es daskvna? winamdebare Tavis bolos ganvixilavT
zogierT uaryofiT Sedegsa da safrTxes, romelic aseTi sazogadoebis mier
regulirebad msjelobebsa da maTze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs ukavSirdeba.
Cven

ufro

meti

darwmunebulobiT

mivakuTvnebT

qcevas

paTologiuris

kategorias, rodesac gvaqvs da dasabuTebulia erTze meti indikatori. rac ufro

ukiduresad

da

mkveTrad

aris

gamoxatuli

indikatorebi,

miT

ufro

metad

darwmunebulni SeiZleba viyoT, rom isini paTologiur mdgomareobaze miuTiTeben.

arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar aris aucilebeli piroba, romelic saerTo
iqneboda paTologiuris yvela SemTxvevisaTvis. magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvisas,
romelic Seexeboda stenfordis damamTavrebeli kursis studentis mier Cadenil
mkvlelobas, aRweraSi ar iyo arc danaSaulis grZnoba da arc sindisis qenjna; am
studentma ki CaquCiT mokla maTematikis profesori da Semdeg misi kabinetis karze
gaakeTa

warwera:

dRes

ar

aris

miRebis

saaTebi.

ararsebobisda miuxedavad, ar unda viyoymanoT, rodesac

paTologiuris
aRebuli

pirovnuli

tanjvis

am ukidures qcevas

kategoriaSi movaTavsebT. isic marTalia, rom arc erTi calke

kriteriumi

TavisTavad

ar

aris

sakmarisi

piroba

imisaTvis,

rom

paTologiuri qcevis yvela SemTxveva ganvasxvavoT normis farglebSi arsebuli

qcevis variaciebisgan. normalursa da paTologiurs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris
imdenad qcevis or damoukidebel tips Soris arsebuli gansvla (gansxvaveba),
ramdenadac is xarisxi, ra xarisxiTac pirovnebis qmedeba Tanxvdeba paTologiuris
SeTanxmebul

kriteriumTa

erTobliobas.

umjobesia,

fsiqikuri

aSliloba

ganvixiloT, rogorc kontiniumi fsiqikur janmrTelobasa da fsiqikur daavadebas

Soris, rogorc naCvenebia 15.1 suraTze.
ramdenad misaRebia TqvenTvis paTologiuris Sesaxeb es mosazrebebi? miuxedavad
imisa, rom kriteriumebi sakmarisad mkafiod aris gamokveTili, fsiqologebs mainc
afiqrebT obieqturobis problema.

662

sur. 15.1 fsiqikuri janmrTelobis kontiniumi

vinaidan normasa da paTologias Soris gansxvaveba fardobiTi ufroa, vidre

absoluturi,

sasargebloa

fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis,

rogorc

kontiniumis

ganxilva. erT boloSi moTavsebulia qcevebi, romlebic gansazRvravs optimalur

fsiqikur

janmrTelobas;

meore

boloSi

ki

qcevebi,

romlebic

minimalur

fsiqikur

janmrTelobas aRweren. maT Soris moTavsebulia TandaTanobiT mzardi

araadapturi qcevebi.
individualuri, jgufuri da garemos faqtorebi erTad efeqturad

optimaluri

muSaobs da uzrunvelyofs:

fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba

subieqtur kargad yofnas;

optimalur ganviTarebas da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis

gamoyenebas;

marTlmsajulebasTan Tavsebadi miznebis miRwevas;

fundamenturi Tanasworobis mdgomareobebs.

minimaluri
fsiqikuri

individualuri, jgufuri da garemos faqtorebi erTmaneTTan

janmrTeloba

konfliqtSi modian da iwveven:

subieqtur distress;

gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gauaresebas an arasakmaris ganviTarebas;

warumateblobas miznis miRwevaSi;

destruqciul qcevas;

usamarTlobis ganmtkicebas.

obieqturobis problema
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul individs fsiqologiurad aSlili an
paTologiuri vuwodoT, yovelTvis qcevis Sesaxeb msjelobas warmoadgens. mravali
mkvlevris

mizania

mikerZoebis

gareSe.

am

msjelobebisTvis

zogierTi

obieqturobis

fsiqologiuri

miniWeba,

yovelgvari

aSlilobisaTvis,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad, depresia an Sizofrenia, diagnozi xSirad akmayofilebs obieqturobis

standartebs.

sxva

SemTxvevebi

ufro

metad

problemuria.

rogorc

vnaxeT

fsiqologiis Seswavlisas, qcevis mniSvneloba erTdroulad ganpirobebulia misi

SinaarsiTa da misi konteqstiT. erTi da igive moqmedeba sxvadasxva garemoSi

663

sruliad

gansxvavebuli

mniSvnelobebis

matarebelia.

vTqvaT,

mamakaci

kocnis

mamakacs. es SeiZleba iyos homoseqsualistTa urTierTobis maniSnebeli aSS-Si,

misalmebis rituali safrangeTSi an mafiis sasikvdilo kocna siciliaze. qcevis
mniSvneloba yovelTvis damokidebulia konteqstze.
vnaxoT, ratom aris obieqturoba aseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. istoria savsea
iseTi

situaciebis

magaliTebiT,

romelSic

paTologiuris

Sesaxeb

daskvna

individTa moraluri an politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas emsaxureboda.

magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT 1851 wels samedicino JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia
negroiduli rasis daavadebebi da fizikuri Taviseburebebi. doqtori samuel
qarTraiTi

(Dr. Samuel Cartwright)

luizianas

samedicino

asociaciis

mier

iyo

daniSnuli afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli monebis ucnauri praqtikis kvlevis

komitetis

Tavmjdomared.

kvlevis

Sedegad

dagrovil

iqna

monobis

praqtikis

gasamarTlebeli utyuari mecnieruli mtkicebulebani. aRmoCenil iqna zogierTi

daavadeba,
aRmoCena

romelic

is

iyo,

manamde ucnobi

iyo

TeTrkanianTa

rom Savkanianebi TiTqosda

rasisaTvis. erT-erTi

daavadebulni

iyvnen

sensoruli

daavadebiT, rac maT dasjisas tkivilisadmi ugrZnobs xdida (amitom ar unda

daezogaT isini). komitetma, aseve, aRmoaCina daavadeba drapetomania (drapetomania)
anu

Tavisuflebis

Ziebis

mania

fsiqikuri

aSliloba,

romelic

batonisgan

gaqcevas aiZulebda zogierT monas. saWiro iyo gaqceuli monebis daWera, raTa
saTanadod emkurnalaT daavadebisaTvis (Chorever, 1891)!
SedarebiT
politikuri

axlo

warsulSi

disidentebis

sabWoTa

maTi

kavSiris

miuRebeli

liderebs

devianturi

wesad

hqondaT

ideologiis

gamo

fsiqikurad aSlilad gamocxadeba da maTi gagzavna moSorebul fsiqiatriul

saavadmyofoebSi xangrZlivi periodiT.
Tu

individs

erTxel

tendencia,

rom

Sesabamisi

interpretacia

miawebeben

SemdgomSi

mis
miscen.

paTologiuris

mier

iarliys,

ganxorcielebul

devid

rozenhanma

adamianebs

qcevasac

am

(David Rozenhan)

aqvT

daskvnis
da

misma

kolegebma aCvenes, rom SeiZleba SeuZlebeli iyos Seracxadad yofna Seuracxad

adgilze.
saidan viciT
Seracxadad darCena Seuracxad adgilze

664

rozenhanma

da

saavadmyofoSi

moaxerxes

halucinaciebis
paranoiduli
miRebis

Svidma

Seracxadma
pacientis

simulirebiT.

Sizofreniis

Semdeg

isini

an

adamianma

statusiT

sxvadasxva

moxvedra

maniakalur-depresiuli

sruliad

erTi

fsevdopacients

rvave

normalurad

fsiqiatriul
simptomis

miRebisas

aSlilobis

iqceodnen,

Tumca,

dausves
diagnozi.

rozenhanis

dakvirvebis mixedviT, rodesac Seracxadi adamiani Seuracxad adgilze xvdeba,

ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom isic Seuracxadad miiCnion; misi nebismieri qcevis
xelaxali

interpretireba

konteqstis

Sesabamisad

xdeba.

fsevdopacientebi

racionalurad rom uxsnidnen saavadmyofos TanamSromlebs TavianT situacias, maT

inteleqtualuri

dacvis

gamoyenebas

miawerdnen,

dakvirvebebis

Canawerebis

warmoebas ki Caweris sindromad miiCnevdnen. fsevdopacientebma TiTqmis sami

kvira gaatares palatebSi da arc erTi CauTvliaT saavadmyofos TanamSromlebs
Seracxadad. rodesac maT sabolood daixsnes Tavi (mxolod meuRleebisa da
kolegebis daxmarebiT), saavadmyofodan gawerisas maTi diagnozi isev Sizofrenia
iyo, Tumca, remisiis periodSi; amrigad, maTi simptomebi aRar iyo aqtualuri.
rozenhanis

kvlevebma

aCvena,

Tu

rogor

aris

damokidebuli

paTologiebis

Sesaxeb mosazreba Tavad qcevis miRma arsebul faqtorebze.

fsiqiatr tomas szaszis (Thomas Szasz) TvalsazrisiT, fsiqikuri daavadeba arc ki
arsebobs _ es miTia (1961, 1977, 1995). szaszi amtkicebs, rom fsiqikuri daavadebis
arsebobis

damadastureblad

gamoyenebuli

simptomebi

mxolod

da

mxolod

samedicino iarliyebia, romelic socialur problemebSi _ devianturi (normidan

gadaxrili)
Carevis

adamianebis

sanqcias

mier

iZleva.

socialuri

erTxel

normebis

daasvamen

ra

darRvevaSi
daRs,

am

profesiuli

adamianebs

maTi

gansxvavebulobis problemis gamo an rbilad da Tbilad eqcevian, an uxeSad da

sastikad, arsebuli status-qvos darRvevis safrTxis gareSe.
klinicistTa mcire jgufi Tu midis ase Sors, ZiriTadad imitom, rom kvlevaTa
da mkurnalobaTa didi nawili pirovnuli distresis gagebasa da Semsubuqebaze
fokusirdeba. winamdebare TavSi aRweril aSlilobaTa umetesobis SemTxvevaSi
individebi TavianT qcevas paTologiurad an garemosadmi mcired Seguebulad
miiCneven.

amgvarad,

arsebobdes

am

msjelobas

paTologiuris

mivyavarT

sruliad

mosazrebamde,

obieqturi

rom

Sefaseba.

SeuZlebelia
fsiqologiuri

aSlilobis TiToeuli tipis aRwerisas unda SeecadoT imis gagebas, Tu ratom

665

sjeraT

klinicistebs,

qceviTi

paterni,

rom

simptomTa

individisTvis

ufro

erToblioba,
seriozuli

romliTac
movlenaa,

warmodgenilia

vidre

ubralod

socialuri normebis darRveva.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis konteqstze Seqmnili warmodgenis dasasruleblad
axla

paTologiuris

cnebisa

da

paTologiuri

qcevis

mkurnalobis

zogierT

istoriul moments SevexebiT. amis Semdeg ki mivubrundebiT im zogad mizezobriv

faqtorebs, romelTac mkvlevrebi Abnormality-is gamomwvev Zalebad miiCneven.
istoriuli perspeqtivebi
istoriis manZilze adamianebs eSinodaT fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis, radgan
eSmaks ukavSirebdnen maT. am SiSis gamo isini agresiulad epyrobodnen avadmyofebs
da

gadamwyvet

ucnaurad

an

zomebs

iRebdnen

paTologiurad

yvela

im

miiCnevdnen.

qcevis

aRmosafxvrelad,

adamianebi,

romlebic

romelsac

aseT

qcevebs

axorcielebdnen, sapyrobileebSi xvdebodnen da ganwirulni iyvnen radikaluri

samedicino mkurnalobisTvis. fsiqikur avadmyofobasa da eSmaks Soris kavSiris
arsebobis Sesaxeb crurwmenebi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc kacobriobis istoria.
arqeologebs

aRmoCenili

aqvT

preistoriuli

gaxvretili

Tavis

qalebi.

es

aRmoCenebi, SesaZloa, miuTiTebdes Cvens winaprebSi arsebul rwmenaze, rom aseTi

naxvretebi individSi Casaxlebul demonebs gaqcevis saSualebas aZlevda.
Semdgom,

Sua

saukuneebSi

arsebuli

Selocvebi

mowodebuli

iyo

isteriis

Sesamsubuqeblad, romlis simptomebi iyo paralizeba an tkivilebi, Tavbrusxvevebi,

koWloba da sibrmave. Tavdapirvelad fiqrobdnen, rom isteriiT mxolod qalebi
avaddebodnen, daavadebis mizezs ki eSmakis kontrolis/zegavlenis qveS moqceuli
moxetiale saSvilosno warmoadgenda (Veith, 1965). miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor Cans
qvemoT

warmodgenil

SelocvaSi

rwmena

fsiqologiur

aSlilobebSi

demonuri

Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb.

o, saSov, saSov, saSov, cilindrulo saSov, wiTelo saSov, TeTro saSov,

msuqano saSov, sisxlmdeno saSov, farTo saSov, gaberilo saSov, o, demonuro...
mogiwodeb Sen, o, saSov, wminda samebis saxeliT dabrunde im adgilze, saidanac
arc unda daiZra da arc waxvide... da dabrunde risxvis gareSe im adgilze,
sadac

Tavdapirvelad

dagafuZna

citirebulia Nietzel et al.-Si, 1991, p.19).

maRalma

RmerTma.

(Zilboorg and Henry, 1941,

666

1692 wels salemis kolonia masaCusetSi mraval axalgazrda qals aReniSneboda

konvulsiebi, pirRebineba da sisuste. isini aRwerdnen SeboWilobis, Cxvletisa da
dakbenilobis

SegrZnebebs.

mravali

maTgani

droebiT

dabrmavda

an

dayruvda;

zogierTebi haerSi frenis xilvebsa da SegrZnebebs aRwerdnen. aseTma ucnaurma

simptomebma

axsnis

farTomasStabian

Ziebas

STaberes

suli.

mravali

adamiani

Tvlida, rom simptomebi eSmakis moqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgenda, rasac is miwieri

grZneulebis ZalisxmeviT axalgazrda qalebis gonebasa da sxeulze zemoqmedebiT
aRwevda. am Teoriebs jadoqrobis panika da grZneulebad wodebuli

20-ze meti

qalis egzekucia mohyva.

XVIII saukunemde dasavlur sazogadoebebSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs
ugono qmnilebebad miiCnevdnen, romelTa gakontroleba mxolod jaWvebiTa da
fizikuri discipliniT iyo SesaZlebeli. saavadmyofoebSi zrunvis nacvlad maT
damnaSaveebTan erTad amyofebdnen sapyrobileebSi. axla vnaxoT, rogor daiwyo
Secvla am mdgomareobam.

samedicino modelis warmoqmna

XVIII

saukunis

meore

naxevarSi

paTologiuri

qcevis

mimarT

axali

damokidebuleba gaCnda _ adamianebma fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone individTa

avadmyofebad, daavadebiT datanjulebad ufro daiwyes aRqma, vidre Sepyrobilebad

an uzneoebad. amis Sedegad TandaTanobiT SeuracxadebisTvis keTilganwyobili
pirobebis Sesaqmnelad mTeli rigi reformebi

ganxorcielda. filip pineli

(Philippe Pinel, 1745-1826) erT-erTi pirveli klinicisti iyo, romelmac am ideebis

gamoyenebiT
mcdeloba

fsiqologiuri
ganaxorciela

sirTuleebis
da

klasifikaciis

sayrdenad

aiRo

sistemis

mosazreba

imis

ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb,

rom

azrovnebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis aSlilobebi bevrad hgavs fizikur,

organul

daavadebebs.

damaxasiaTebel

aseTi

simptomTa

sistemis

mixedviT,

erToblioba,

TiToeul

romelic

daavadebas

ganasxvavebs

mas

gaaCnia
sxva

aSlilobisgan da janmrTeli funqcionirebisgan. aSlilobebi klasificirebulia

dakvirvebadi
pirobebis,

simptomebis
aSlilobis

paternebis,
bunebrivi

darRvevis

mimdinareobisa

daqvemdebarebulobis

mixedviT.

aseTma

bunebismetyvelTa

gamoyenebuli

biologiuri

mier

dasawyisisTvis
da

arsebuli

mkurnalobisadmi

saklasifikacio
saklasifikacio

sistemebma,
sistemebis

667

Seqmnis

Semdeg,

modelireba

ganicada

da

mowodebuli

iyo

klinicistebisTvis

gavrcelebuli aSlilobebis gacilebiT iolad amocnobaSi daxmarebis gasawevad.

etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis mizezebi an masTan dakavSirebuli

faqtorebi.
1896 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma emil krepelinma (Emil Kraepelin, 1855-1926) Seqmna
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis pirveli realurad amomwuravi klasifikaca. vinaidan
swamda, rom fsiqologiur problemebs fizikuri safuZveli hqonda, man samedicino
diagnozis

suliskveTebiT

aRwera

fsiqologiuri

diagnostirebisa

da

klasifikaciis procesi; im suliskveTebiT, romelic dResdReobiTac arsebobs

(Rosenhan & Seligman, 1989). misi Sexedulebebi yvelaze iolad da swrafad damkvidrda
fsiqiatrebis terminologiaSi _ saubaria fsiqikur daavadebaze da fsiqikurad
daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnalobaze maTi daavadebuli tvinebis gankurnebis
imediT.

fsiqologiuri modelebis warmoqmna

samedicino

midgomis

alternatiuli

fsiqologiur mizezebsa da

mimdinareoba

paTologiuri

mkurnalobaze fokusirdeba. es

mosazreba

qcevis
kargad

gamoikveTa XVIII saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, rasac xeli Seuwyo franc mesmeris

(Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815)

STambeWdavma

Sromebma.

mesmers

miaCnda,

rom

mraval

aSlilobas, maT Soris isteriasac, mis mier cxovelur magnetizmad wodebuli

idumalebiT moculi Zalis nakadSi gaCenili darRvevebi iwvevda. man aRmoaCina
cxoveluri magnetizmis Seswavlis ramdenime axali teqnika, maT Soris erT-erTi
TandaTanobiT

cnobili

gaxda,

rogorc

hipnotizmi,

rac,

Tavdapirvelad,

mesmerizmad moixsenieboda misi aRmomCenis sapativcemulod (Darnton, 1968; Pattie, 1994).

miuxedavad imisa, rom mesmeris zogadi Teoria cxoveluri magnetizmis Sesaxeb
diskreditirebul iqna, hipnozis miseuli teqnika mravalma mkvlevarma gadaiRo da
aiTvisa. maT Soris iyo cnobili frangi nevrologi Jan Sarko (Jean Charcot, 18251893). Sarkom aRmoaCina, rom isteriis zogierTi simptomis likvidireba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, kidurebis paralizeba, SesaZlebelia, rodesac pacienti hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozs janmrTel individebSi isteriis simptomebis

gamowvevac ki SeuZlia, riTac kargad aCvenebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebis rols im

668

problemebis

warmoqmnaSi,

romelTac

mxolod

fizikuri

safuZvlis

mqoned

miiCnevdnen.
Sarkos

erT-erTma

studentma,

zigmund

froidma

ganagrZo

hipnoziT

eqsperimentireba. igi am eqsperimentebs pirovnebisa da paTologiis Sesaxeb Tavisi

fsiqodinamikuri
zegavlenas

Teoriis

SemuSavebisTvis

fsiqopaTologiis

bunebisa

iyenebda,

da

romelic,

mizezebis

Sesaxeb

aseve,

axdens

Tanamedrove

Teoriebze. (man SemdgomSi Sewyvita praqtikaSi hipnoTerapiis gamoyeneba da xeli

mihyo fsiqoanalizs, rogorc fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis meTods).
paTologiuris
fsiqikuri

Sesaxeb

daavadebebis

kombinirebul

variants

Tanamedrove
samedicino

warmoadgens.

da

mosazrebebi,

umravles

fsiqologiuri

qvemoT

swored

SemTxvevaSi,

modelebis

aspeqtTa

paTologiuris

mizezebis

axsnis am ZiriTad saxeebze visaubrebT.

fsiqopaTologiis etiologia
etiologia

exeba

fsiqologiuri

da

samedicino

problemebis

ganviTarebis

mizezebsa da xelSemwyob faqtorebs. Tu viciT, ratom Cndeba aSliloba, saidan

momdinareobs is da ra zegavlenas axdens azrovnebaze, emociebsa da qceviT
procesebze,

SesaZlebeli

xdeba

mkurnalobis

da,

saukeTeso

SemTxvevaSi,

misi

prevenciis axali gzebis povna. TiToeuli aSlilobis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovani

sakiTxi

iqneba

mizezebis

analizi.

qvemoT

mizezobrivi

faqtorebis

or

did

kategoriaze _ biologiursa da fsiqologiurze _ visaubrebT.

biologiuri midgomebi
samedicino
midgomis

modelis

daSvebis

tradiciebze

Camoyalibebuli

Tanaxmad, fsiqologiuri

Tanamedrove

darRvevebi

biologiuri

gamowveulia

bazisuri

biologiuri faqtorebiT. biologi mkvlevrebi da klinicistebi xSirad ikvleven

Tavis

tvinis

struqturul

anomaliebs,

biologiur

procesebsa

da

genetikur

zegavlenebs.
Tavis tvini rTuli organoa, romlis urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebi myife
balansSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. mis qimiur gadamtanebSi _ neirogadamtanebSi an
mis qsovilSi momxdar mcireoden cvlilebasac ki SeiZleba mniSvnelovani Sedegi
mohyves. am cvlilebebis mizezi mravali ram SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris genetikuri
faqtorebi,

Tavis

tvinis

dazianeba

da

infeqcia.

wina

TavebSi

vnaxeT,

rom

669

Tanamedrove teqnologia fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionalebs, qirurgiuli

Carevis gareSe, cocxali individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da specifikuri
bioqimiuri procesebis dakvirvebis saSualebas aZlevs. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT
biologiurad orientirebuli mkvlevrebi axal kavSirebs ikvleven fsiqologiur
aSlilobebsa da Tavis tvinis specifikur anomaliebs Soris. amasTanave, qceviTi
genetikis

sferoSi

mimdinare

miRwevebma

gaaumjobesa

specifikur

genebsa

da

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis SesaZlebloba. SevecdebiT

ra

paTologiuris

sxvadasxva

formebis

bunebis

Secnobas,

winamdebare

TavSi

mimovixilavT biologiuri axsnis sxvadasxva tips.

fsiqologiuri midgomebi
fsiqologiuri
socialuri

faqtorebis

aSlilobebis
garemos

midgomebi

safuZvlad

faqtorebs

fsiqopaTologiis

rolze

fokusirdeba.

pirovnul

miiCneven.

ganviTarebaSi
am

fsiqologiuri

midgomebSi

da

fsiqologiuri

gamocdilebas, travmebs, konfliqtebsa da

Cven

ganvixilavT

paTologiis

sam

ZiriTad

fsiqologiur models: fsiqodinamikurs, bihevioralursa da kogniturs.

fsiqodinamikuri

modelis

modeli.

mixedviT,

biologiuri

fsiqopaTologiis

midgomis
mizezebi

msgavsad,

fsiqodinamikuri

pirovnebis

SigniT

aris

lokalizebuli, Tumca, zigmund froidis (am modelis avtoris) mixedviT, Sinagani

faqtorebi

fsiqologiuri

aRvniSneT,

froids

adamianisaTvis

ufroa,

miaCnda,

vidre

rom

damaxasiaTebeli

biologiuri.

mravali

fsiqikuri

rogorc

fsiqologiuri
konfliqtebisa

wina

TavebSi

aSliloba
da

egos

yvela
dacviTi

reaqciebis normaluri procesebis gamZafrebis Sedegia. fsiqodinamikuri modelis

mixedviT, adreuli bavSvobis gamocdileba orives

ayalibebs _ normalur da

paTologiur qcevasac.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis Tanaxmad, qceva motivirebulia xSir SemTxvevebSi
gaucnobierebeli

ltolvebiTa

da

survilebiT.

fsiqopaTologiis

gaucnobierebeli konfliqtebidan da azrebidan iRebs saTaves.

simptomebi

Tu aracnobieri

konfliqtur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da savsea daZabulobiT, pirovnebas SfoTva

da

sxva

aSlilobebi

Seawuxebs.

am

fsiqikur

konfliqtTa

umravlesoba

idis

araracionaluri, siamovnebis maZiebeli impulsebisa da super-egodan momdinare

internalizebuli

socialuri

iZulebebis

urTierTdapirispirebis

Sedegad

warmoiqmneba. Cveulebisamebr, am dapirispirebaSi momrigeblis rols ego asrulebs,

670

Tumca, bavSvobaSi paTologiis ganviTarebam SeiZleba Seasustos mis mier am

funqciis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba. erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi myofi motivebisTvis
da SfoTvisTvis Tavis aridebas individebi dacvis iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSavebiT
cdiloben,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

gandevna

an

uaryofa.

dacvis

meqanizmebis

moWarbebulad gamoyenebas Tan sdevs realobis damaxinjeba an TviT-damangreveli

qcevebi. individma SeiZleba imdenad didi raodenobis fsiqikuri energia daxarjos
SfoTvisa

da konfliqtisgan Tavis dasacavad, rom mcireodeni energiaRa Tu

darCeba nayofieri da komfortuli cxovrebisTvis.

bihevioraluri modeli.
modeli xazs usvamen ra dakvirvebad reaqciebs, bihevioristebi

naklebad saubroben hipoTetur fsiqodinamikur procesebze. maT miaCniaT, rom

paTologiuri qcevis SeZena janmrTeli qcevis msgavsad xdeba _ daswavlisa da
ganmtkicebis meSveobiT. isini yuradRebis miRma toveben Sinagan fsiqologiur
fenomenebsa da adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas, Tumca, xazs usvamen mimdinare
qcevasa da mimdinare mdgomareobebs da im ganmamtkiceblebs, romlebic inarCuneben
qcevas.

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebis

simptomebi

individebis

mier

TviT-

damangreveli an araefeqturi qcevebis daswavlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. nebismieri

arasasurveli,

paTologiuri

qcevis

garemoSi

arsebuli

SemTxveviTi

ganmamtkiceblebis moZiebiT mkvlevrebs an klinicistebs SeuZliaT maT Secvlaze

mimarTuli

mkurnalobis

gzebis

dasaxva

da

arasasurveli

qcevis

Caqroba.

araadapturi qceviT gamowveuli procesebis kvlevisas bihevioristebi klasikuri

da operantuli ganpirobebis modelebs eyrdnobian (ix. Tavi 7).
kognituri

modeli.

fsiqopaTologiisadmi

bihevioralur

TvalsazrisTan

erTad

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebis

saTaveebs

arsebuli

garemos

stimulebSi,

iyeneben.

kognitur
kognituri

midgomas
midgomis

xSirad
mixedviT,

yovelTvis

ver

aRmovaCenT obieqturad

ganmamtkiceblebsa

da

TvalsaCino

reaqciebSi.

mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da garemos

da ras fiqroben maT Sesaxeb. kognitur cvladebs Soris, romelTac SeiZleba
sworad

an

arasworad

mniSvnelovani

warmarTon

ganmamtkiceblebis

adapturi

qceva,

gakontrolebis

aris

xarisxis

pirovnebis
subieqturi

mier
aRqma,

safrTxis momtan movlenebTan gamklavebis SesaZleblobis pirovnuli rwmena da

movlenebis
kognituri

interpretacia
midgomis

situaciuri

mixedviT,

Tu

pirovnuli

fsiqologiuri

faqtorebis

problemebi

realuri

terminebiT.
situaciis

671

aRqmis

damaxinjebis, mcdari msjelobebis

an problemis

gadawyvetis

uSedego

mcdelobebis Sedegia.
sociokulturuli

midgoma.

fsiqopaTologiis

Sesaxeb

sociokulturuli

mosazreba xazs usvams kulturis rols paTologiuri qcevis gansazRvrasa da

etiologiaSi. Cven ukve SevexeT diagnostirebaze kulturis zegavlenas, rodesac
obieqturobis problemaze vsaubrobdiT. Cven vTqviT, rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi
erTsa da imave qcevas sxvadasxva interpretacia SeiZleba hqondes: zRurbli,
romelzec

garkveuli

qcevis

tipi

individisTvis

adaptaciaSi

problemebis

Semqmneli gaxdeba, nawilobriv, mis kulturul konteqstzea damokidebuli. rac

Seexeba

etiologias,

cxovroben
uwyoben

adamianebi,

gansakuTrebuli
SeiZleba

fsiqopaTologiis

mogvianebiT,

gansazRvravdes

calkeuli

klasifikaciis

kulturuli

Sesaxeb

tipebis
qveTavSi,

im
an

garemo
pirobebs,

pirobebi,
romlebic

qvetipebis

visaubrebT

gamoyofas.

aseT,

sadac
xels
Cven

kulturasTan

SeWidul sindromebze.
axla ukve SegiqmeniT zogadi warmodgena im ZiriTad midgomebze, romlebsac
mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri daavadebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb gvTavazoben. unda aRiniSnos,
rom, miaCniaT ra fsiqopaTologia mTeli rigi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis rTuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro da
ufro metad ikaveben interaqcionistul pozicias. ase magaliTad, genetikurma
predispoziciam neirogadamtanebis an hormonebis doneze zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba
mowyvladi gaxados pirovneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobisadmi, magram aSlilobis
srulad ganviTarebisTvis fsiqologiuri an socialuri stresi an daswavlili
qceva iyos saWiro.
Semdeg

nawilSi

im

mcdelobebze

gveqneba

saubari,

romelic

ganxorcielda

aSlilobebis sxvadasxva kategoriebis klasificirebisa da aRwerisaTvis.

Sejameba
paTologia

ganisazRvreba

mTeli

rigi

kriteriumebis

gaTvaliswinebiT:

distresi an uunaroba, araadapturoba, araracionaluroba, araprognozirebadoba,

araSablonuroba

da statistikuri iSviaToba, damkvirveblis doskomforti da

zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva. arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar

aris aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba fsiqikuri daavadebis gansazRvrisaTvis.
mkvlevrebis

upirvelesi

mizania

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebisadmi

obieqturi

672

mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba; es mizani rTulia, radganac paTologiuris Sesaxeb

daskvnebi xSirad aris damokidebuli konteqstze. kacobriobis TiTqmis mTeli
istoriis manZilze fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs arasworad epyrobodnen an
sapyrobileebSi amwyvdevdnen. mas Semdeg ganviTarda maTdami midgomis SedarebiT
adamianuri meTodebi, rac iseTma adamianebma, rogorebic iyvnen pineli, mesmeri da
krepelini,

am

aSlilobebis

kategorizaciasa

da

daavadebebad

mkurnalobas

ganxilva

eqvemdebarebodnen.

daiwyes.es

daavadebebi

fsiqikuri

daavadebis

etiologiis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, Cveulebisamebr, biologiuri da

fsiqologiuri faqtorebis interaqciul models mimarTaven xolme.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia

ratom aris sasargeblo fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikaciis sistemis
arseboba? ra upiratesobebs iZleva paTologiuris amomwuravi Sefasebis gziT misi
sxvadasxva

tipebis

paTologiurisTvis

erTmaneTisgan

gamijvna?

dakvirvebadi

qcevis

fsiqologiuri
paternis

diagnozi

aris

klasificirebisa

da

kategorizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri sistemis

farglebSi. aseTi diagnozis miReba gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre samedicino
diagnozis.

samedicino

monacemebze
sisxlis

SeuZlia

analizi

konteqstSi
dayrdnoba,

da

biofsia.

diagnostirebisas

rogoricaa,

eqims

magaliTad,

fsiqologiuri

iseT

fizikur

rentgenis

aSlilobebis

suraTi,

SemTxvevaSi

diagnozisTvis saWiro monacemebs individis moqmedebis interpretaciidan viRebT.

klinikosTa
diagnostikur

maqsimaluri
Sefasebebs

SeTanxmebulobisa
Soris

(konsistenturobis)

Tanmimdevrulobis

misaRwevad,

da

maT

fsiqologebma

diagnostirebisa da klasifikaciis sistema ganaviTares, romelic uzrunvelyofs

simptomebis detalur, zedmiwevniT aRweras imdenad, ramdenadac sxva kriteriumebi
exmareba praqtikosebs imis gadawyvetaSi, aris Tu ara pirovnebis qceva garkveuli
aSlilobis maniSnebeli.
fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis) _ fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis

dakvirvebuli qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad

micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
DSM-IV-TR _ amerikis fsiqiatriuli asociaciis amJamad momqmedi diagnostikuri

673

da statistikuri saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic klasificirebulia, ganmartebulia da

aRwerilia fsiqikuri aSlilobebi.
klasifikaciis miznebi
imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad sasargeblo iyos, diagnostikuri sistema Semdeg
sam sargebels unda iZleodes:

saerTo

stenografiuli

ena.

klinikosTa

da

fsiqopaTologiis

sferoSi

momuSave mklvlevarTa Soris swrafi da gasagebi urTierTobisTvis praqtikosebi

sayovelTaod

SeTanxmebuli

mniSvnelobebis

mqone

terminebs

eZeben.

diagnostikuri kategoria, rogoricaa depresia, didi raodenobis kompleqsur

informacias

aerTianebs,

romlSic

Sedis

damaxasiaTebeli

simptomebi

da

aSlilobis tipuri mimdinareoba. klinikur garemoSi, rogoricaa, klinikebi da

saavadmyofoebi,

diagnostikuri

sistema

fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis

profesionalebs ufro efeqturi komunikaciis saSualebas aZlevs im adamianebis

Sesaxeb, visac exmarebian. fsiqopaTologiis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis kvlevisas an
mkurnalobis

programebis

Sefasebisas

mkvlevrebi

unda

SeTanxmdnen

dasakvirvebeli aSlilobis Taobaze.

etiologiis gageba. idealur SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli aSlilobis diagnozma

naTeli unda mohfinos simptomebis gamomwvev mizezebs. samwuxarod, mravali

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobis

etiologiis

Sesaxeb

arsebiTi

uTanxmoebis

an

sakmarisi informaciis uqonlobis gamo Znelia am miznis miRweva.

ra

mkurnalobis dagegmva. diagnozma, aseve, unda gvikarnaxos, Tu mkurnalobis

tipebi

unda

klinikosebma

gamoviyenoT

aRmoaCines,

konkretuli

rom

aSlilobisaTvis.

garkveuli

mkurnaloba

mkvlevrebma

an

Terapia

da

ufro

efeqturad moqmedebs garkveuli tipis fsiqologiur aSlilobebze. magaliTad,

Sizofreniis dros sakmaod efeqtiani medikamentebi sruliad usargebloa da
zogjer

ufro

mkurnalobebis

amZimebs

kidec

efeqturobisa

da

mdgomareobas
specifikurobis

depresiis
Sesaxeb

SemTxvevaSi.

codnis

Semdgomi

gaRrmaveba daaCqarebs da ufro sandos gaxdis diagnostirebis process, rac

metad mniSvnelovania.
DSM-IV-TR
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze farTod miRebuli saklasifikacio sqema
amerikis

fsiqiatriul

asociacias

ekuTvnis.

mas

fsiqikuri

aSlilobebis

674

diagnostikuri da statistikuri saxelmZRvanelo ewodeba. meoTxe gamocemis (DSMIV, 1994) teqsturi gadasinjva 2000 wels gamoqveynda da mas klinikosebi da
mkvlevrebi

saxeliT

DSM-IV-TR-is

icnoben.

masSi

klasificirebulia,

gansazRvrulia da aRwerilia 200-ze meti fsiqikuri aSliloba.

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebisadmi

midgomebis

mravalferovnebiT

gamowveuli

diagnostikuri sirTuleebis Sesamcireblad DSM-IV-TR-Si yuradReba simptomTa

paternebis

aRwerasa

gamaxvilebuli,

vidre

da

aSlilobebis

etiologiur

mimdinareobebze

Teoriebsa

da

ufro

metad

mkurnalobis

aris

strategiebze.

wmindad aRweriTi xasiaTis terminebi klinikosebsa da mkvlevrebs problemebis

aRsawerad sayovelTao, saerTo enis gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs nacvlad imisa,
rom

SeTanxmebis

miuRwevlad

datovon

Sexvedrebi

da

ikvlion,

Tu

romeli

Teoriuli modeli ukeT xsnis arsebul problemebs.

DSM-is pirveli versia, romelic 1952 wels gamoCnda (DSM-I), ramdenime aTeul
fsiqikur daavadebas moicavda. 1968 wels gamosuli, gadasinjuli DSM-II ufro
metad Seesatyviseboda meore popularul sistemas _ msoflio janmrTelobis
organizaciis

daavadebaTa

internacionalur

klasifikacias

(ICD

International

Classification of Diseases). DSM-is meoTxe gamocema (DSM-IV, 1994) komitetebisa da

mecnierebis ramdenime wliani intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg gamovida. cvlilebebis
gansaxorcieleblad (1987 wels gamosul DSM-III-R-Si) am komitetebma dawvrilebiT
ganixiles fsiqopaTologiaSi dagrovili gamokvlevebis uzarmazari raodenoba da,
aseve, Seamowmes, Tu ramdenad muSaobda SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi realur
klinikur pirobebSi. DSM-IV, aseve, srulad Seesabameba ACD-is meaTe gamocemas.
DSM-IV-TR-Si (2000), DSM-IV-is teqsturi gadasinjvaSi, axali kvlevebis Sedegebic
aris mocemuli, Tumca, saerTod ar aris Secvlili DSM-IV-is klasifikaciis
struqtura.
fsiqologiur

aSlilobasTan

SesaZlo

kavSirSi

myofi

fsiqologiuri,

socialuri da fizikuri faqtorebis ganxilvisas klinikosebis dasaxmareblad

DSM-IV-TR ganzomilebebs anu RerZebs iyenebs, romlebzec mocemulia informacia
yvela am faqtoris Sesaxeb (ix. cxrili 15.1).
cxrili 15.1. DSM-IV-TR-is xuTi RerZi
RerZebi

informaciis klasi

aRwera

675

RerZi I

klinikuri aSlilobebi

es fsiqikuri aSlilobebi warmoadgens

qceviTi an fsiqologiuri problemebis
simptomebs an paternebs, romelic, rogorc
wesi, mtkivneulia da auaresebs
funqcionirebas romelime sferoSi. aq
Setanilia aSlilobebi, romlebic Tavs iCens
Cvilobis, bavSvobis an Wabukobis periodSi.

RerZi II

(a) pirovnuli

samyaros aRqmisa da masze reagirebis

aSlilobebi

disfunqcionaluri paternebi.

(b) gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba
RerZi

zogadi samedicino

am RerZze warmodgenilia fizikuri

III

mdgomareobebi

problemebi, romelic ukavSirdeba I da II

RerZebze aRwerili fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis gagebas an mkurnalobas.

RerZi

fsiqosocialuri da

am RerZze warmodgenilia is fsiqosocialuri

IV

garemos problemebi

da garemos stresorebi, romelmac SeiZleba

zegavlena moaxdinos aSlilobis
diagnostirebasa da mkurnalobaze da
gamojanmrTelebis albaTobaze.

RerZi V funqcionirebis

am RerZze warmodgenilia fsiqologiur,

mTlianobiTi Sefaseba

socialur da profesionalur sferoebSi

individis mimdinare funqcionirebis erTiani
done.

ZiriTad klinikur aSlilobaTa umravlesoba I RerZzea moTavsebuli. aq Sedis

yvela aSliloba, gonebrivi CamorCenilobis garda, romelic bavSvobaSi iCens Tavs.
II

RerZze

mocemulia

rogorc

gonebrivi

CamorCeniloba,

aseve,

pirovnuli

aSlilobebi. es problemebi SeiZleba Tan sdevdes I RerZis aSlilobebs. III RerZi

moicavs

informacias

zogadi

samedicino

mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad, diabeti, rac SeiZleba relevanturi iyos I an II RerZze ganTavsebuli

676

aSlilobis gagebisas an mkurnalobisas. IV da V RerZebi uzrunvelyofs damatebiT

informacias,

romelic

SeiZleba

sasargeblo

iyos

konkretuli

individisTvis

mkurnalobis kursis dagegmvisas an prognozis Sefasebisas (momavali cvlilebebis

winaswar ganWvretisas). IV RerZi afasebs fsiqosocialur da garemodan momdinare
problemebs,

romlebmac

SeiZleba

axsnas

pacientis

stresuli

reaqciebi

an

stresTan misi gamklavebis resursebi. V RerZze klinikosebi afaseben individis

funqcionirebis saerTo, zogad dones. DSM-IV-TR-is sistemis sruli diagnozi
TiToeuli RerZis ganxilvas unda moicavdes.

diagnostikuri kategoriebis ganviTareba

diagnostikuri

kategoriebi

da

maTi

organizebisa

da

warmodgenisTvis

gamoyenebuli meTodebi DSM-is yovel gadanisjvaSi icvleboda. es cvlilebebi

fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis

eqspertebis

umravlesobis

mosazrebaTa

cvlilebebs

asaxavs imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad risgan Sedgeba fsiqologiuri aSliloba

da sad unda gaiaros zRvarma aSlilobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs Soris. aseve, maTSi
asaxulia

sazogadoebaSi

paTologiuris

Sesaxeb

arsebuli

mosazrebebis

cvlilebebi.
TiToeuli DSM-is gadasinjvis procesSi gamoiricxa zogierTi diagnostikuri
kategoria, zogierTi ki, piriqiT, daemata kidec. magaliTad, DSM-III-is (1980w.)
SesavalSi amoRebulia nevrotul da fsiqotur aSlilobebs Soris gansxvavebis
tradiciuli ganmarteba. nevrotuli aSlilobebi anu nevrozebi Tavdapirvelad
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romlis drosac

pirovnebas ar aReniSneba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar avlens moWarbebul,

mkveTrad gamoxatul iracionalur azrovnebas an ar arRvevs qcevis ZiriTad
normebs, Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur distress. es kategoria gadmotanilia DSM-IIIdan.
fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac

uaresdeba individis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba azrovnebis, emociebisa da

aRqmis

sferoSi

warmoqmnil

sirTuleebSi;

aRar

gamoiyeneba,

rogorc

diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg.

gaigeboda, rogorc SedarebiT zogadi fsiqologiuri problemebi, romlis drosac
pirovnebas ar aReniSneboda tvinis paTologiis niSnebi, Warbad araracionaluri

677

azrovneba da ar arRvevda ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdida subieqtur distress

an

xasiaTdeboda

TviT-damangreveli

an

daZlevis

araadekvaturi

strategiebiT.

fsiqoturi aSlilobebi anu fsiqozebi nevrotuli problemebisgan gansxvavebulad

moiazreboda rogorc xarisxis, ise _ simwvavis mixedviT. miaCndaT, rom fsiqoturi
qceva mniSvnelovanwilad gadis socialuri normebis farglebidan da mas Tan
axlavs racionaluri azrovnebisa da zogadad emociur da azrovnebis procesebSi
arsebiTi, Rrma darRvevebi. DSM-III-is sakonsultacio komitetebi xvdebodnen, rom
terminebi nevrotuli aSlilobebi da fsiqoturi aSlilobebi Zalze ganzogadda
Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT da usargeblo gaxda, rogorc diagnostikuri kategoria
(Tumca, am terminebs mravali fsiqiatri da fsiqologi isev iyenebs pirovnebis
darRvevebis zogadi donis aRsawerad).
DSM-is gamocemebis manZilze calkeuli diagnozebic erTveboda da akldeboda
CamonaTvals.

amis

erT-erTi

saukeTeso

homoseqsualoba.

magaliTia

SegiZliaT

gaixsenoT XII Tavidan, rom 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis nusxidan homoseqsualurobis amoRebas. im dromde
homoseqsualoba DSM-Si Setanili iyo, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadeba.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: marTla gvicavs Seuracxadoba?

1981 wlis 30 marts msoflio SeZra aSS-is prezidentis _ ronald reiganis
mkvlelobis TiTqmis warmatebulma mcdelobam, romelic jon hiklim ganaxorciela.
1982 wlis ivnisSi, Sokma yvela zRvars gadaaWarba, rodesac naficma msajulebma
hinkli udanaSaulod cnes Seuracxadobis gamo. ramdenad misaRebi iyo es? ras
niSnavs, rom viRac Seuracxadia?
Seuracxadoba ar aris ganmartebuli DSM-IV-TR-Si; ar arsebobs misi sayovelTao
klinikuri

gansazRvreba.

samarTlebrivi

sistemis

metic,
cnebaa.

Seuracxadoba
samarTalSi

popularuli
Seuracxadobis

kulturisa

da

gaTvaliswinebis

praqtika 1843 wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac inglisSi deniel maknaTeni (Daniel
M`Naghten) mkvlelobaSi udanaSaulod cnes Seuracxadobis mizeziT. misi savaraudo
msxverpli britaneTis premier ministri iyo _ maknaTens swamda, rom mas RmerTma
Caagona mkvleloba (man SemTxveviT premier ministris nacvlad misi mdivani mokla).
bodvebis
verdiqtis

gamo igi cixis

Tanmdevma

nacvlad

risxvam

biZgi

fsiqiatriul
misca

saavadmyofoSi

lordTa

palatas,

moaTavses. am

rom

gamoekveTa

678

mimarTuleba,
farglebs.

e.w.

am

maknaTenis

wesis

wesi,

mixedviT,

romelic

damnaSave

gansazRvravda

ver

unda

Seuracxadobis

xvdebodes

mis

mier

ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis xasiaTsa da kategorias; anda Tu xvdeba, ar unda

icodes, rom rasac akeTebs, ar aris swori.
aris ki maknaTenis wesi damnaSaveobis an udanaSaulobis samarTliani sazomi?
fsiqikuri daavadebebis gagebaSi winsvlasTan erTad, mkvlevrebma ufro meti ician
im

garemoebebis

Sesaxeb,

romelSic

damnaSave

SesaZloa

ansxvavebdes

swors

mcdarisgan _ damnaSavem SesaZloa icodes, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba

arasamarTlebrivi an

arazneobrivi iyo,

magram

mainc

ver

SeZlos

moqmedebis

daTrgunva da misgan Tavis Sekaveba (disociaciis am tipis Sesaxeb SfoTviTi

aSlilobebis

ganxilvisas

visaubrebT).

xSirad,

magaliTad,

fobiebis

mqone

adamianebma ician, rom oboba maT arafers dauSavebs, magram ar xelewifebaT misi
danaxvisas panikuri qcevisagan Tavis Sekaveba. fsiqikuri daavadebis Sesaxeb aseTi
mosazreba samarTlebriv standartebSic iqna CarTuli, ramac imoqmeda hinklis
SemTxvevaSi. mis nafic msajulebs miaCndaT, rom hinkli ar akontrolebda Tavis
qcevas, romelic msaxiob judi fosteris akviatebidan momdinareobda.
gaanTavisufles Tu ara hinkli? araviTar SemTxvevaSi. igi vaSingtonis olqis wm.
elizabetis fsiqiatriul klinikaSi moaTavses da 2001 wlamde iq imyofeboda.
faqtobrivad, Seuracxadobis, rogorc dacvis, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi
ZiriTadi araswori gageba mkvlelebs Tavisuflad darCenis saSualebas aZlevs
(Caplan, 1992; Silver et al., 1994). Seuracxadobis sarCeliT udanaSaulod miCneul
individTa daaxloebiT 90% fsiqiatriul klinikebSi xvdeba. hinklis SemTxvevis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi individebs sazogadoebaSi mxolod mas Semdeg uSveben, rac
eqspertebi daadgenen, rom isini aRar arian saSiSni. dapatimrebisgan gansxvavebiT,
xSirad

winaswar

fsiqiatriul
darwmunebulni

ar

aris

gansazRvruli,

dawesebulebaSi.
unda

rogor

yofiliyvnen

Tu

fiqrobT,

fsiqiatrebi

ra

vadiT

hinklis
da

aTavseben

individs

SemTxvevaSi

ramdenad

fsiqologebi,

rom

hinklis

gamoSvebaze Tanxmoba ganecxadebinaT?

hinklis

SemTxvevis Sedegad

mravalma

sasamarTlom Secvala

Seuracxadobis

dacvis arsebuli standartebi: ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo Seuracxadobis gamo

udanaSaulod cnobis verdiqtis miRebis garTuleba (Appelbaum, 1994). iyo Tu ara es
cvlilebebi aucilebeli? praqtikuli motivebidan gamomdinare, pasuxi TiTqmis

679

ueWvelad aris ara. miuxedavad im didi yuradRebisa, romelsac sainformacio

saSualebebSi uTmoben Seuracxadobis moTxovnebs da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis
kargad informirebulobisa mis Sesaxeb, aseTi sarCelebi sakmaod iSviaTia (Blau et
al., 1993; Lymburner & Roesch, 1999). magaliTad, erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom
baltimorSi, merilendSi 60 432 sabraldebo aqtidan mxolod 190-ma damcvelma
(0.31%)

Seitana

Seuracxadobis

sarCeli

da

mxolod

maTgani

(4.2%)

iqna

dakmayofilebuli (Janofski et al., 1996). amgvarad, mcirea albaToba imisa, rom Tqven
odesme mogmarTaven TxovniT, rom dajdeT nafic msajulTa skamze da gansajoT,
meore

adamiani

Seuracxadia

Tu

ara,

magram

warmoidgineT,

rom

es

moxda.

magaliTad, Tqven msajuli iyaviT jefri dameris saqmis ganxilvisas, romelic

kanibaluri

ritualebiT

iyo

dakavebuli

da

romelic

Seracxadad

scnes.

(msajulebma uaryves Seuracxadobis dacva). rogor imoqmeda am TavSi miRebulma

informaciam Tqvens mosazrebebze?

fsiqiatri

eqspertebis

mosazrebebis

Secvla

kvlevebis

Sedegebma

gamoiwvia,

romelmac

aCvena homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis, zogadad,

fsiqikuri

janmrTeloba.

dResdReobiT

homoseqsualobas

ubralod

seqsualuri

TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT variantad miiCneven. is mxolod maSin Tanxvdeba DSM-IVTR-is diagnozs, rodesac individs aReniSneba mdgradi da SesamCnevi distresi
seqsualur orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p.582). diagnostikuri
kriteriumi, cxadia, gamoiyeneba im homoseqsualebis mimarT, visac awuxebs es
problema.
dabolos, DSM-is adreuli gamocemebis kritikosebs afiqrebdaT is faqti, rom
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevebSi yuradRebis miRma rCeboda kulturuli
variaciebi. DSM-IV-TR-Si aSlilobaTa umravlesobis aRwera moicavs informacias
Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara klinikuri) aRniSvna im

mdgomareobisa, romlis drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuridiulad

Seuracxadi an araqmediTi, arakompetenturi.
specifikuri kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. metic, danarTSi aRwerilia
daaxloebiT 25-mde kulturasTan SeWiduli sindromi: ganmeorebiTi, normidan
gadaxrili

qcevis

adgilobrivad

specifikuri

paternebi

da

Semawuxebeli

gamocdileba, romelic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes an ar ukavSirdebodes DSM-IV-is

680

garkveul diagnostikur kategorias (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p.898). qvemoT moyvanilia

ramdenime magaliTi:

Boufee delirante. aJitirebuli da agresiuli qcevis moulodneli amofrqveva,

SesamCnevi dabneuloba da fsiqologiuri agzneba (p.899); aRniSnulia dasavleT

afrikaSi, taitze;

Koro. moulodneli da intensiuri SfoTva imis Taobaze, rom penisi (an,

qalebis SemTxvevaSi, sasqeso bageebi da sarZeve jirkvlebi) mowydeba sxeuls,

ramac SesaZloa sikvdili gamoiwvios (p.900); aRniSnulia samxreT da aRmosavleT
aziaSi;

individis

Taijin Kyofusho.

sxeuli,

sxeulis

Seuracxmyofelia

intensiuri

nawilebi
sxva

an

SiSi

funqciebi

adamianebisaTvis

imis

Taobaze,

arasasiamovno,

Tavisi

rom

individis

samarcxvino

garegnobiT,

suniT,

an

saxis

gamometyvelebiT an moZraobiT (p.903); aRniSnulia iaponiaSi;

aRvwerT

ra

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobis

TiToeul

ZiriTad

formas,

mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom erTsa da imave qcevas yvela kultura ar miiCnevs

erTnairad normalurad an paTologiurad.
Sejameba
fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebis

klasificirebis

mizania

rogorc

sxvadasxva

aSlilobebis aRwerisa da ganxilvis sayovelTaod miRebuli stenografiuli enis

uzrunvelyofa, ise _ etiologiisa da mkurnalobis gegmis dadgena. DSM-IV-TR
warmoadgens

yvelaze

informacia

xuT

ganmavlobaSi

farTod

RerZzea

ganviTarda,

gamoyenebad

mocemuli.

raTa

sistema

saklasifikacio

diagnostikuri
ufro

sistemas;

kategoriebi

Tanmimdevruli

da

mTeli
droTa

gamosadegi

gamxdariyo.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
mas Semdeg, rac aRvwereT paTologiuris Sesaxeb msjelobis ZiriTadi farglebi,
mivadeqiT ZiriTad informacias _ iseTi ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresia da Sizofrenia. TiToeuli
kategoriis SemTxvevaSi jer aRvwerT, ras ganicdian Tavad daavadebuli individebi
da rogor aRiqvamen maT damkvirveblebi, Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xsnian

681

etiologiisadmi

biologiuri

da

fsiqologiuri

midgomebi

am

aSlilobebis

ganviTarebas.
arsebobs fsiqopaTologiis mTeli rigi sxva kategoriebi, romelTa ganxilvasac
ver davuTmobT dros, Tumca, qvemoT mocemulia maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovanTa
Sesaxeb mokle, Semajamebeli informacia.

nivTierebebis

gamoyenebis

aSlilobebi

moicavs

alkoholsa

da

qimiur

nivTierebebze damokidebulebasa da maT borotad gamoyenebas. nivTierebebis

borotad

gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb

mravali

sakiTxi

cnobierebis

mdgomareobebis

uaxloes konteqstSi ganvixileT (ix. Tavi VI).

somatoformul

aSlilobebSi

Sedis

fizikuri

(somaturi)

simptomebi,

rogoricaa kidurebis paralizeba an tkivilebi, fizikuri mizezis gareSe. es

kategoria moicavs isteriad wodebul simptomebs.

seqsualuri aSlilobebi seqsualuri Sekavebisa da disfunqciis problemebsa

da deviantur seqsualur praqtikas moiazrebs.

an

aSlilobebi, romlis diagnostireba, Cveulebisamebr, CvilobaSi, bavSvobaSi

WabukobaSi

xdeba,

moicavs

gonebriv

CamorCenilobas,

komunikaciur

aSlilobebs, rogoricaa: _ enabluoba da autizmi.

kvebis aSlilobebi, rogoricaa anoreqsia da bulimia, XII TavSia ganxiluli.

winamdebare
individebs

TavSi
calkeuli

SevafasebT

im

sixSires,

fsiqologiuri

ra

sixSiriTac

aSlilobebi.

monacemebi

aReniSnebaT
miRebulia

kvlevebidan, romelSic 20 000-ze meti adamiani monawileobda da, Sesabamisad,

fsiqikuri janmrTelobis Sesaxeb istoriebi populaciis didi SerCevebidan aris
miRebuli. diagramebSi asaxulia sxvadasxva aSlilobebis gavrceleba erTi Tvis,
erTi wlis da mTeli cxovrebis periodSi (Kessler et al., 1994; Regier et al., 1993a, 1993b).
citirebuli diagramebi da cxrilebi aRebulia National Comorbidity Study-dan (NCS),
romelSic 15-dan 54 wlamde 8 098 amerikeli monawileobda (Kessler et al., 1994).
miuxedavad imisa, rom am SerCevas mozrdilebad movixseniebT, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom

masSi

monawileobdnen

mozardebi

da

ar

monawileobdnen

ufrosi

asakis

mozrdilebi. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi erTsa da imave individebs

cxovrebis garkveul etapze erTdroulad erTze meti aSliloba aReniSnebodaT. es
fenomeni

komorbidulobis

saxeliT

aris

cnobili

(morbidulobas

daavadebis

arsebobas uwodeben, komorbidulobas ki _ daavadebaTa Tanaarsebobas). NCS-Si

dadginda, rom individTa 56%-s, romelic Tvlida, rom aqvT erTi aSliloba,

682

realurad

erTdroeulad

ori

an

meti

aSliloba

aReniSneboda.

mkvlevrebma

sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis komorbidulobis paternebis intensiuri

Seswavla daiwyes.
gaecnobiT

komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad

ra

sxvadasxva

fsiqologiuri darRvevebisaTvis tipur

erTze meti aSliloba.

simptomebsa

da

gamocdilebebs,

gagiCndebaT grZnoba, rom zogierTi maxasiaTebeli Tqvenc, yovel SemTxvevaSi

xandaxan mainc, an Tqvens irgvliv arsebul romelime Tqvens nacnobsac axasiaTebs.
Cvens mier aRwerili zogierTi aSliloba arc ise iSviaTad gvxvdeba, amitom
gasakviri

iqneba,

adamianuri

Tu

isini

sisusteebi,

kriteriumTa

nusxaSi

sruliad

romelTac

SexvdebiT.

am

ucxod

mogeCvenebaT.

konkretuli
msgavsebebis

bevrs

fsiqologiuri
gacnobiereba

axasiaTebs
aSlilobis

xels

Seuwyobs

paTofsiqologiis gagebas, magram unda gaxsovdeT, nebismieri aSlilobis diagnozi

mTel rig kriteriumebzea damokidebuli da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamocdil
profesionalebs
gamoiyenoT

saWiroebs.

axlad

gTxovT,

SeZenili

winaaRmdegoba

codna

gauwioT

megobrebisTvis

da

cdunebas

ojaxis

da

ar

wevrebisTvis

paTologiuris diagnozis dasasmelad. Tumca, Tu winamdebare Tavi fsiqikuri

sakiTxebis gamo SfoTvas dagitovebT, gaxsovdeT, rom studentebisaTvis kolejTa
da

universitetTa

umravlesobaSi

funqcionirebs

aseT

sakiTxebze

momuSave

sakonsultacio centrebi.
Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT SfoTvasa da depresias da SedarebiT mokled
visaubrebT pirovnul aSlilobebsa da disociaciur aSlilobebze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciebSi TiToeul Cvengan ganucdia SfoTva an SiSi.
Tumca, zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTva imdenad problemuri xdeba, rom efeqturad
funqcionirebasa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT tkbobaSi uSlis xels. dadgenilia,
rom

mozrdili

SfoTviTi
TiToeul

mosaxleobis

aSlilobebisTvis
am

erTmaneTisgan

aSlilobaSi

TiTqmis

25%-s

drodadro

damaxasiaTebeli

SfoTva

gansxvavdebian

gadamwyvet
SfoTvis

simptomebi
rols
gancdis

aReniSneba
(Kessler et

asrulebs,

sxvadasxva
al.,

1994).

Tumca,

isini

xarisxiT,

SfoTvis

simwvaviT/siRrmiTa da misi gamomwvevi situaciebiT. Cven mimovixilavT ZiriTad

kategoriebs, esenia: generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri aSliloba,

683

fobiuri aSliloba, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba da post travmatuli stresis

aSliloba.

generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba

rodesac pirovneba drois umetes nawils, sul mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze,
SfoTvaSi an nerviulobaSi atarebs, klinikosebi mas generalizebuli SfoTviTi
aSlilobis

diagnozs

situaciazea

fokusirebuli,

sayvareli

adamianis

specifikuri

usvamen.

rogoricaa:

kargad

simptomebi

xSirad

yofnis

SfoTva
_

ararealuri

Taobaze.

varirebs

specifikur

cxovrebiseul

SfoTva

SfoTvis

finansebis

gamoxatvis

pirovnebidan

gzebi

pirovnebamde,

an
_

magram

generalizebuli SfoTvis diagnozis dasmisaTvis pacients, sul mcire, sami sxva

simptomic unda aReniSnebodes, rogoricaa: _ kunTebis daZabuloba, gadaRliloba,
mousvenroba, susti koncentracia, gaRizianebadoba an Zilis problemebi.
SfoTviTi

aSlilobebi

xasiaTdeba

(Anxiety disorder) _

fsiqologiuri

agznebiT,

fsiqikuri

daZabulobis

aSlilobebi,

grZnobiT

da

romelic

TvalsaCino

mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili intensiuri daZabulobiT.

generalizebuli

SfoTviTi

aSliloba

(Generalized anxiety disorder) _

SfoTviTi

aSliloba, rodesac individi ganicdis SfoTvas an nerviulobs specifikuri

safrTxis an safrTxis momatni obieqtis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, sul mcire,
eqvsi Tvis manZilze.
panikuri

aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, rodesac individi

ganicdis moulodnel mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac intensiuri daZabulobis,

SiSisa an saSinelebis grZnobiT iwyeba.
agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi an Ria sivrceSi yofnis

ukiduresi SiSi, saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli an samarcxvino iyos.

generalizebuli
radganac

SfoTviTi

SeuZlebelia

aSliloba

pirovnebis

funqcionirebis

nerviulobis

gauaresebas

gakontroleba

an

iwvevs,
gverdze

gadadeba. SfoTvis wyaroebze koncentrirebis gamo individi veRar uTmobs sakmaris

yuradRebas

socialur

Tu

samsaxureobriv

valdebulebebs.

aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri simptomebic erTvis Tan.

panikuri aSliloba

am

sirTuleebs

684

generalizebuli
qronikulad

SfoTviTi

arsebobisgan

aSlilobisTvis

gansxvavebiT,

damaxasiaTebeli

panikuri

aSlilobis

SfoTvis

mqone

adamianebi

ganicdian moulodneli, mwvave panikis Setevebs, romelic mxolod ramdenime wuTi

SeiZleba grZeldebodes. es Setevebi intensiuri daZabulobis, SiSis an saSinelebis
grZnobebiT iwyeba. am grZnobebs Tan axlavs SfoTvis fizikuri simptomebi, maT
Soris

TviTregulirebadi

hiperaqtiuroba(rogoricaa

aCqarebuli

guliscema),

Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da xuTvis an daxrCobis SegrZnebebi. Setevebi

moulodnelia im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT ar iwvevs raime konkretuli situacia.
qvemoT mocemuli panikis Setevis dros gakeTebuli komentari dagexmarebaT imis
SefasebaSi, Tu ra sixSiriT ganicdis am aSlilobis mqone es pirovneba panikis
Setevebs:

o, me ver gavakeTeb amas. veravin damexmareba, veravin SeZlebs am grZnobis

gagebas.

es hgavs grZnobas,

romelic

Txemidan

fexis

TiTebamde

gagirbens

sxeulSi da me mZuls es grZnoba. Zalze SeSinebuli var... TiTqos vkvdebi an

raRac msgavsi. (Muskin & Fyer, 1981, p.81).
panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba maSin xdeba, rodesac individs aReniSneba
panikis

ganmeorebiTi

moulodneli

Setevebi

da,

amasTanave,

intensiurad

nerviulobs Semdgomi Setevebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze.

DSM-IV-TR-is

mixedviT,

panikuri

aSlilobis

diagnostireba

unda

moxdes

agorafobiis Tanmxlebi arsebobis an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. agorafobia aris

iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSi, saidanac
gaqceva rTuli an samarcxvino SeiZleba iyos. agorafobiis mqone individebs,
rogorc

wesi,

aSinebT

iseTi

adgilebi,

rogoricaa:

xalxmravali

oTaxebi,

saseirno adgilebi, avtobusebi da avtomagistralebi. maT xSirad eSiniaT, rom, Tu

saxlis gareT SeeqmnebaT garkveuli sirTuleebi, rogoricaa Sardis Seukavebloba
Sardis

buStze

kontrolis

dakargvis

gamo

an

panikis

Setevis

simptomebi,

SeuZlebeli iqneba daxmarebis miReba an samarcxvino situaciaSi aRmoCndebian. es

SiSebi zRudavs maT Tavisuflebas, ukidures SemTxvevebSi ki, sakuTari saxlebis
patimrebad gadaiqcevian xolme.
SeniSneT, Tu ratom aris dakavSirebuli agorafobia panikur aSlilobasTan?
panikis

Setevebis

mqone zogierTi

(magram ara yvela) adamianisTvis

momavali

Setevis saSiSroeba _ umweobis grZnoba misi dawyebisas _ SeiZleba sakmarisi

685

gaxdes

CaketilobisTvis. agorafobiis mqone pirovnebam SeiZleba datovos saxlis

usafrTxo garemo, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis ukiduresi SfoTvis TanxlebiT.

fobiebi
SiSi

aris

racionaluri

safrTxeze (rogoricaa

reaqcia

obieqturad

identificirebul

xanZari an yaCaRoba quCaSi), ramac

garegan

SeiZleba aiZulos

adamiani, rom gaiqces an gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT. amis sapirispirod,

fobiis mqone adamians aReniSneba specifikuri obieqtis, moqmedebis an situaciis
mdgradi da araracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT
xasiaTdeba da realobas safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
mraval adamians aSfoTebs obobebi an gvelebi (an mravalarCevniani testebic ki).
es msubuqi SiSebi ar aferxebs individTa yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, fobiebi
zegavlenas
miznebis

axdens

miRwevisaTvis

SezRudulma
individis

adaptaciaze,

fobiamac

iwvevs

aucilebel
ki

cxovrebaze.

mniSvnelovan

moqmedebebs.

SeiZleba

udidesi

DSM-IV-TR-Si

Zalze

gavlena

fobiebis

ori

distress

da

aferxebs

speficikurma,
moaxdinos
kategoriaa

aSkarad

konkretuli
aRwerili:

socialuri fobiebi da specifikuri fobiebi (ix. cxrili 15.2).

cxrili 15.2. gavrcelebuli fobiebi
ZiriTadi tipebi
socialuri fobiebi (raime

sqesobrivi
gansxvaveba
umravlesoba qalia

damamcireblis keTebis dros

gamovlenis tipuri asaki

mozardobis
periodi

dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnis

SiSi)
specifikuri fobiebi
cxovelebis tipi
katebi (ailurofobia)
ZaRlebi (kinofobia)
mwerebi (inseqtofobia)
obobebi (araknofobia)
gvelebi (ofidiofobia)

TiTqmis yvela
qalia

bavSvoba

686

mRrRnelebi (rodentofobia)
bunebrivi garemos tipi

umravlesoba an

Stormebi (brontofobia)

TiTqmis yvela

simaRleebi (akrofobia)

qalia

sisxlis-infeqciis-dazianebis tipi

bavSvoba

umravlesoba qalia

nebismieri asaki

TiTqmis yvela

bavSvoba an 20-iani

qalia

wlebis Sua periodi

sisxli (hematofobia)
nemsebi (belonofobia)
situaciuri tipi
daxuruli sivrceebi
(klaustrofobia)
rkinigza (saidrodromofobia)

socialuri fobia aris mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba

iseTi

sazogadoebrivi

situaciis

winaswar

warmodgenisas,

romelSic

individi

SeiZleba sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqti gaxdes. socialuri fobiis mqone adamians

samarcxvino

qcevis

ganxorcielebis

eSinia.

pirovneba

acnobierebs,

rom

SiSi

moWarbebuli da safuZvels moklebulia, magram SiSi mainc aiZulebs mas, rom Tavi
aaridos iseT situaciebs, sadac arsebobs sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqtad gaxdomis
SesaZlebloba.

socialuri

fobia

xSirad

TviT-damakmayofilebel

winaswar

ganWvretas gulisxmobs. individs SeiZleba imdenad eSinodes sxvaTa dakvirvebis

obieqtad yofnisa da uaryofis, rom warmoqmnili SfoTva sakmarisi iyos aqtivobis
realurad

gasauareseblad.

adamianebi

warmatebulni

maSinac

arian

ki,

rodesac

socialur

socialuri

garemoSi,

isini

ar

fobiis
uSveben,

mqone
rom

warmateba dadebiTad aisaxos maTze (Wallace & Alden, 1997). amerikel mozrdilTa
13.3%-s aReniSneba socialuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad identificirebul garegan

safrTxeze, ramac SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces an gadavides Setevaze

Tavdacvis mizniT.
fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis an situaciis mdgradi da

iracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT xasiaTdeba;

romelic realobas safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.

687

socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi, romelic

warmoiqmneba iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodgenisas, romelSic

individi sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
specifikuri
specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi, romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri

tipis obieqtebze an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.

specifikuri

fobiebi

Tavs

iCenen

zogierT

sxvadasxva

tipis

obieqtebze

an

situaciebze reaqciis saxiT. rogorc naCvenebia 15.2 cxrilSi, specifikuri fobiebi

dayofilia ramdenime qvetipad. magaliTad, cxoveluri tipis specifikuri fobiis
mqone

individs

SeiZleba

obobebze

hqondes

fobiuri

reaqciebi.

TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi fobiuri reaqcia SemaSinebeli obieqtis realurad arsebobisas an

warmodgenisas

warmoiqmneba.

kvlevis

mixedviT,

amerikel

mozrdilTa

11.3%-s

aReniSneba specifikuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).

obsesiurobsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone zogierTi adamiani iketeba azrebisa da qcevebis
specifikur paternebSi.

mxolod

raRac

erTi

wlis

win

17

wlis

jimi

mravalmxrivi

niWiT

dajildoebuli da farTo interesebis mqone normaluri Wabuki iyo. Semdeg,

TiTqmis

erTbaSad,

fsiqologiuri

uunarobis

gamo,

martosul

gariyulad,

socialuri cxovrebidan gamoTiSulad iqca. kerZod, mas banaobis akviateba

(obsesia) ganuviTarda. aikviata ra azri, rom WuWyiani iyo, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
ras SeigrZnobda, man drois udidesi nawilis gatareba warmosaxviTi WuWyis
CamobanaSi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad dabanvis rituali mxolod dasvenebis dReebsa
da saRamoebs ikavebda, magram male am qcevam imdenad daikava mTeli misi dro,
rom skolis mitovebasac ki aiZulebda.
jimi itanjeboda mdgomareobisgan, romelic obsesiurobsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis
saxeliT aris cnobili (obsessive-compulsive disorder _ OCD), romelic, monacenebis
mixedviT, amerikel mozrdilTa 2.5%-s aReniSneba cxovrebis romelime etapze (DSMIV-TR). obsesiebi (akviatebebi) aris azrebi, xatebi an impulsebi (rogoric iyo
jimis rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom WuWyiani iyo), romelic maTi gandevnis mcdelobisda
miuxedavad

mainc

meordeba

an

narCundeba.

obsesiebi

ganicdeba,

rogorc

arasasurveli SeWra cnobierebaSi, isini suleluri an autanelia da miuRebelia im

pirovnebisTvis, vinc ganicdis maT. Tqven SeiZleba gqondeT garkveuli tipis

688

msubuqi obsesiebis gamocdileba, rogoricaa wvrilmani safiqralebis akviatebebi,

vTqvaT, _ nadvilad Cavkete kari? an gamovrTe Tu ara gazqura? obsesiurkompulsuri

aSlilobis

mqone

adamianTa

obsesiuri

azrebi

gacilebiT

metad

iZulebiTia, met distress iwvevs da SeiZleba imoqmedos socialur da profesiul

saqmianobaze.

kompulsiebi (iZulebebi) ganmeorebiTi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebia (rogoric

iyo

jimis

banaoba),

romelic

obsesiebze

sapasuxod

xorcieldeba

garkveuli

wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT. kompulsuri qceva SiSis momgvrel raime

situaciasTan

dakavSirebuli

diskomfortis

Sesamcireblad

an

aRsakveTad

xorcieldeba, magram is an mizanSeuwonelia an _ aSkarad moWarbebuli. tipuri

kompulsiebi moicavs dabanvis dauZlevel swrafvas, sinaTlis an sxva xelsawyoebis
gamorTulobis gadamowmebas da sagnebisa da sakuTrebis gadaTvlas.
obsesiurobsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD) _ fsiqikuri

aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT anu akviatebuli, ganmeorebadi

azrebiT, warmodgenebiT an impulsebiT, romelic meordeba da ewinaaRmdegeba
gandevnis mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT anu ganmeorebadi, mizanmimarTuli
moqmedebebiT, romelic garkveuli wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT
xorcieldeba.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (Posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD) SfoTviTi

aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis ganmeorebadi mdgradi

gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT,
halucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT/fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks).
obsesiur-kompulsuri

aSlilobis

mqone

individebi,

sawyis

periodSi

mainc,

ewinaaRmdegebian kompulsiebs. simSvidis mdgomareobaSi ar vlindeba kompulsiebis

arseboba,

Tumca,

SfoTvis

gaCenisTanave,

dauZleveli

xdeba

daZabulobis

Semcirebaze mimarTuli ritualuri kompulsuri qcevis Zala. tkivilis nawili,

romelsac

am

fsiqikuri

iracionalurobis

an

problemis

moWarbebulobis

mqone
da

adamianebi
maTi

ganicdian,

Semcirebis

obsesiebis

unaris

arqonis

gacnobierebiT gamowveuli frustraciidan momdinareobs.

posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba

XIII TavSi warmogidgineT daskusia or qalbatons Soris, romlebic jer kidev
ebrZodnen gaupatiurebis Sedegebs. saubari asaxavda ori qalbatonis mimdinare

689

SfoTvas. erTi ambobda, rom SiSisa da risxvis xangrZlivi periodi gaiara da

esizmreboda, Tu rogor esxmodnen Tavs saerTo saZineblis win, megobrebi ki
idgnen, uyurebdnen da ar fiqrobdnen dasaxmareblad misvlas. meores, romelic
sirbilis

(varjiSis)

dros

gaaupatiures,

isev

eSinoda

sirbilis

ganaxlebis:

yovelTvis, roca sarbenad mivdivar, mudmivad meSinia. majiscema miormagdeba.

cxadia,

marto

aRar

davdivar

sarbenad,

magram

SiSi

jer

isev

rCeba.

am

qalbatonebs posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (posttraumatic stress disorder _ PTSD)

aqvT. es aris SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis
ganmeorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis gamomwvevi mogonebebiT,
sizmrebiT,

halucinaciebiTa

(flashbacks).

individebs

da

disociaciuri

PTSD

SeiZleba

xatebiT

anu

e.w.

ganuviTardeT

fleSbeqebiT

gaupatiurebaze,

sicocxlisaTvis safrTxis momtan cxovrebiseul movlenebze an Zlier dazianebaze,

travmaze anda stiqiur ubedurebaze reaqciis saxiT (Davidson et al., 1991; Kairbank et al.,
1993; Foa & Riggs, 1995; Green, 1994). adamianebs PTSD SeiZleba ganuviTardeT, rodesac
Tavad arian travmis msxverplni an rodesac xdebian msxverplis mowmeni. arsebobs
albaToba

imisa,

rom

mqone

PTSD-s

adamianebs

amavdroulad

sxva

fsiqopaTologiebic aReniSnebodeT, rogoricaa klinikuri depresia, nivTierebebis

borotad gamoyenebis problemebi da seqsualuri disfunqciebi.
kvleva aCvenebs, rom amerikel mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 8% cxovrebis manZilze
erTxel mainc avaddeba PTSD-iT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). mTlianobaSi mTeli mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT sami meoTxedi ganicdis movlenas, romelic SeiZleba travmatulad
miviCnioT,

rogoricaa

seriozuli

ubeduri

SemTxveva,

stiqiuri

ubedureba

an

fizikuri Zaladoba (Green, 1994). kolejis studentTa SerCevis 84%-ma aRniSna, rom
gamocdilebaSi hqondaT, sul mcire, erTi travmatuli movlena, daaxloebiT erTma
mesamedma ki _ oTxi da meti aseTi calkeuli movlena daasaxela (Vrana & Lauterbach,
1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebi da qalebi Tanabari sixSiriT ganicdian
travmatul movlenebs, qalebSi orjer metia PTSD-s ganviTarebis albaToba, vidre
mamakacebSi (Breslau et al., 1997). mamakacebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalebTan gansakuTrebiT
didia albaToba imisa, rom bavSvobaSi miRebuli travmis Sedegad ganviTardes
PTSD. mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben am sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gagebas.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba Zalian arRvevs individis cxovrebas. rogor
umklavdebian

mkvlevrebi

PTSD-sa

da

sxva

SfoTviTi

aSlilobebis

wyaroebis

690

aRmoCenis rTul amocanas? wyaroebis, mizezebis gagena fsiqologiuri distresis

Semsubuqebis imeds iZleva.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: mizezebi
rogor

xsnian

ganxilul

fsiqologebi

TiToeul

SfoTviTi

etiologiur

aSlilobebis

midgomaSi

ganviTarebas?

(biologiuri,

qvemoT

fsiqodinamikuri,

bihevioraluri da kognituri) erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul faqtorebze keTdeba

aqcenti. vnaxoT, Tu rogor Seaqvs TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli wvlili
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis bunebis garkvevaSi.

biologiuri
sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom SfoTvas biologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. erTerTi Teoria cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris garkveuli fobiebi, vTqvaT, obobebis
an

simaRleebis

magaliTad,

SiSi,

ufro

eleqtroobis,

kulturisTvis,

metad

SiSebi.

SemoTavazebul

gavrcelebuli,

vinaidan

iqna

mravali

mosazreba,

vidre
SiSi

rom

sxva

safrTxeebis,

saerToa

sxvadasxva

evoluciuri

warsulis

garkveul etapze garkveuli SiSebi zrdida Cveni winaprebis gadarCenis Sansebs.

SesaZloa, evoluciur warsulSi adamianebs Tandayolili hqondaT seriozuli
safrTxis

gamomwvevi nebismieri ramis SiSi. am mzaobis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, CvenSi

mocemulia erTxel SemaSinebelad aRqmul stimulze swrafad da daufiqreblad

reagirebis evoluciuri tendencia (Ohman, 1986; Seligman, 1971); Tumca, es hipoTeza ar
xsnis

im

obieqtebze

an

situaciebze

reaqciis

saxiT

ganviTarebul

fobiebs,

romelTac evoluciuri istoriis manZilze ar hqoniaT gadarCenisTvis mniSvneloba,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, nemsebis, manqanis tarebis an liftebis SiSi.
SfoTvis simptomebis garkveuli medikamentebiT aRkveTis an, piriqiT, gamowvevis
SesaZlebloba

SfoTviT

aSlilobebSi

biologiuri

faqtoris

rolis

damadasturebel monacemebs iZleva (Holland et al., 1999; Klerman et al., 1994). magaliTad,
gavixsenoT III Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinSi GABA neirogadamtanis Semcvelobis
Semcirebisas adamianebi xSirad ganicdian SfoTvas. rogorc XVI TavSi vnaxavT,
GABA-s

Semcvelobaze

moqmedi

nivTierebebi

warmatebiT

gamoiyeneba

SfoTviTi

aSlilobebis mkurnalobisas. mkvlevrebi isev agrZeleben am aSlilobebis Tavis

tvinSi arsebuli safuZvlebis sakvlevi teqnikebis Seqmnas (Malizia, 1999). magaliTad,
PET skanirebam gamoavlina gansxvaveba panikuri aSlilobis mqone da sakontrolo

691

jgufis individTa GABA receptorebis funqcionirebas Soris (Malizia et al., 1998). es

gansxvavebebi SeiZleba panikuri aSlilobis warmoqmnis axsnaSi dagvexmaros. MRI
teqnikis saSualebiT OCD-s mqone pacientTa Tavis tvinSi gamovlenil iqna Zalze
farTod gavrcelebuli paTologiebi, kerZod, mielinizirebuli nervuli boWkoebis
gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba, vidre normalur Tavis tvinSi (Jenike et al., 1996).
mkvlevrebi

dResdReobiTac

cdiloben

simptomebsa

OCD-s

da

Tavis

tvinis

paTologiebs Soris damokidebulebis gagebas.

dabolos, identuri da araidenturi tyupebis Seswavla SfoTviTi aSlilobis
xuTi kategoriidan oTxisadmi midrekilebis genetikur safuZvels iZleva (Skre et al.,
1993). magaliTad, identuri tyupebis wyvilSi panikuri aSlilobis ganviTarebis
albaToba orjer metia, igive aSlilobis araidentur tyupebTan ganviTarebis
albaTobasTan SedarebiT. SfoTviTi aSlilobebis erTaderT tips, romelsac ar
gaaCnia

genetikuri

faqtoris

wvlilis

damadasturebeli

monacemebi,

fobiebi

warmoadgens, sadac garemos faqtorebi ufro metad aris CarTuli.

fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri
simptomebi

modeli

warsulis

amodis

fsiqikuri

daSvebidan,

konfliqtebidan

rom

SfoTviTi

aSlilobebis

an

SiSebidan

momdinareobs.

simptomebi fsiqologiuri tkivilisgan individis dacvis mcdelobebs warmoadgens.

amgvarad, panikuri Setevebi aracnobieri konfliqtebis cnobierSi SeWris Sedegia.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, bavSvi cnobieridan gandevnis saxlis rTuli garemodan
gaqcevis

survils.

simbolizebuli

Semdgom

saxiT

cxovrebaSi

gamoxatavs

obieqtma

konfliqts,

an

situaciam,

SeiZleba

fobiis

romelic

gaaqtiureba

moaxdinos. xidi, magaliTad, SeiZleba im gzis simbolizacia iyos, romelic man

unda gaiaros saxlis samyarodan gare samyaroSi gasasvlelad. amitom xidis
danaxvam

aracnobieri

konfliqti

SeiZleba

cnobierSi

amoitanos,

rasac

fobiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSi da SfoTva mohyveba Tan. xidebisTvis Tavis

arideba

iqneba

bavSvobaSi

saxlSi

miRebul

gamocdilebasTan

dakavSirebuli

SfoTvisgan Tavisuflad darCenis simboluri mcdeloba.

obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi, obsesiuri qceva ganixileba,
rogorc masTan dakavSirebuli, SemaSinebeli survilebis an konfliqtebis mier
warmoqmnili SfoTvis gadanacvlebis mcdeloba. obsesiis, romelic simbolurad
akrZalul

impulss

gamoxatavs,

CanacvlebiT

pirovneba

garkveul

Semsubuqebas

692

aRwevs. magaliTad, zemoT aRwerili jimis mier gancdili WuWyis akviatebuli

(obsesiuri) SiSi SeiZleba seqsualurad aqtiurad yofnis survilsa da sakuTari
reputaciis gaWuWyianebis SiSs Soris warmoqmnili konfliqtidan momdinareobdes.
kompulsuri

saqmianoba,

romelic

mcire

ritualuri

moqmedebebis

Sesrulebas

gulisxmobs, individisTvis, aseve, aracnobieri konfliqtidan momdinare sawyisi

TemisTvis Tavis aridebis saSualebas warmoadgens.

bihevioraluri
SfoTvis bihevioraluri axsnebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor xdeba SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis

simptomebis

gamomuSaveba

da

ganmtkiceba.

mkvlevrebi

ar

eZeben

safuZvelSi myof aracnobier konfliqtebs an adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebebs,

radganac SeuZlebelia am fenomenebis pirdapir dakvirveba. rogorc VII TavSi
vnaxeT, bihevioristuli Teoriebi xSirad xsnian fobiebis ganviTarebas, romelTac
klasikurad

ganpirobebul

SiSebad

miiCneven:

gavixsenoT

patara

alberti,

romelsac jon vatsonma da rozali reinerma TeTri virTxis SiSi ganuviTares (ix.
gverdi X _ aq Caiwereba Sesabamisi gverdis nomeri VII Tavidan).

bihebioraluri axsnis

Tanaxmad, manamde neitraluri obieqti an situacia SemaSinebel gamocdilebasTan

Sewyvilebis saSualebiT fobiis stimulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu deda bavSvis
gvelTan miaxloebisas yviris gafrTxilebis niSnad, bavSvs SeiZleba gvelebis
fobia Camouyalibdes. am gamocdilebis Semdeg gvelebze fiqrmac ki SeiZleba
gamoiwvios SiSis talRa. fobias inarCunebs SfoTvis Semcireba/reduqcia, rasac
adgili aqvs SemaSinebeli situaciisTvis Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi.
obsesiur-kompulsuri
kompulsur

qcevas

aSlilobis

SeuZlia

bihevioraluri

akviatebul

(obsesiur)

analizi

aCvenebs,

rom

azrebTan

dakavSirebuli

SfoTvis Semcireba, riTic xdeba kompulsuri qcevis ganmtkiceba. magaliTad, Tu

qals nagavze xelis mokidebiT mowamvlis (kontaminaciis) eSinia, xelebis dabana
Seamcirebs SfoTvas, rac, Sesabamisad, ganmamtkicebelic iqneba. fobiebis msgavsad,
obsesiur-kompulsuri

aSlilobebis

SenarCuneba

SfoTvis

Semcirebis/reduqciis

saSualebiT xdeba, rac Tan sdevs kompulsur qcevebs.

kognituri
SfoTvis Taobaze kognituri mosazrebebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im perceptul
procesebsa da ganwyobebze, romelmac SeiZleba daamaxinjos pirovnebis winaSe
arsebuli safrTxis miseuli Sefaseba. man SeiZleba an gadaafasos safrTxis

693

xasiaTi an realuroba, an saTanadod ver Seafasos safrTxisadmi efeqturad

gamklavebis

sakuTari

SesaZleblobebi.

magaliTad,

socialuri

fobiis

mqone

adamianma farTo auditoriis winaSe sityviT gamosvlis win SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos
SfoTvas:

ra moxdeba, Tu damaviwydeba, ra unda vTqva? sulelad gamovCndebi mTeli am

xalxis winaSe. Semdeg ufro metad avnerviuldebi da gaoflianebas daviwyeb, xma
amikankaldeba da kidev ufro sulelurad gamovCndebi. rodesac ar unda mnaxon
am adamianebma am wuTidan, maT vemaxsovrebi, rogorc suleli adamiani, romelic
sityviT gamosvlas cdilobda.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs TavianTi distresi xSirad gardauvali
ubedurebis maniSneblad miaCniaT. maTma reaqciam SeiZleba Caketili wre Sekras:
pirovnebas eSinia ubedurebis, romelic SfoTvis momatebas iwvevs; es ki, Tavis
mxriv, amZafrebs SfoTvis SegrZnebas da ganamtkicebs pirovnebis SiSebs (Beck &
Emery, 1985).
es

kognituri

Seamowmes:

axsna

individebs

fsiqologebma
sjeraT,

rom

SfoTvisadmi

iseT

mgrZnobelobis

sxeulebriv

simptomebs,

gazomviT
rogoricaa

zedapiruli da xSiri sunTqva an gaxSirebuli guliscema, SeiZleba damRupveli

Sedegebi mohyves. SfoTvisadmi maRali mgrZnobelobis mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT
daTanxmebis tendencia iseT debulebebze, rogoricaa _ rodesac vamCnev, rom
guliscema mixSirdeba, vnerviulob, rom SeiZleba gulis Seteva damemarTos. erTerT

kvlevaSi

SfoTvisadmi,

mkvlevrebi
romelic

afasebdnen

aSS-is

sahaero

im

studentTa

akademiis

jgufis

kadetTa

mgrZnobelobas

ZiriTadi

wvrTnis

stresul kurss gadioda. am studentTa daaxloebiT 20%-s, romelsac SfoTvisadmi

mgrZnobelobis 90 procentilze maRali maCvenebeli daudginda, xuTkviriani kursis
ganmavlobaSi aReniSneboda panikis Seteva, mTliani jgufis darCenili nawilis 6%sgan gansxvavebiT (Schmidt et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierT
individs

imis

gamo

SeiZleba

daemarTos

panikis

Seteva,

rom

igi

sakuTar

sxeulebriv agznebas SiSis mniSvnelobis mqoned miiCnevs.

saidan viciT
SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis gadamuSaveba da panikuri aSliloba
kognituri

Teoriebis

mixedviT,

SfoTviTi

aSlilobebis

mqone

adamianebi

momatebul mgrZnobelobas unda avlendnen safrTxesTan dakavSirebul cnebebze.

694

panikuri

aSlilobis

fiziologiuri,

mqone

sxeulTan

individebisTvis
dakavSirebuli

am

cnebebSi

simptomebi

panikis

Sedis,

Setevis

magaliTad,

Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da Sekavebuli sunTqva. panikuri aSlilobis mqone

individebs mkvlevarTa jgufi warudgenda sityvebis rogorc am kategoriis, ise _
CamonaTvals (magaliTad, delikaturi, neli da megobruli) Zalze

sakontrolo

xanmokle drois, daaxloebiT wamis 1/100-is ganmavlobaSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT

TiToeul cdaSi wardgenili sityvebis aRdgena. panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis
pirTa Sedegebi udardeboda sakontrolo jgufSi miRebul Sedegebs. kognituri
Teoriis hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis pirebi
SeZlebdnen sxeulTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis CamonaTvalidan ufro metis cnobas,
vidre sakontrolo jgufSi. es hipoTeza dadasturda: panikuri aSlilobis mqone
pacientebma sxeulTan dakavSirebuli kategoriidan 2.6-ze meti sityva icnes maSin,
roca janmrTelma sakontrolo jgufma _ mxolod 0.7 sityva (Pauli et al., 1997).
kvlevis Sedegad, aseve, dadginda, rom SfoTvis mqone pacientebi xels uwyoben
SfoTvis SenarCunebas kognituri tendenciurobiT, rac wina planze swevs da metad
gamokveTils xdis SemaSinebel stimuls. es Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom SfoTvis
mqone pacientebs, SesaZloa, yuradRebisa da informaciis gaSifvris tendencia
axasiaTebT, rac gansakuTrebiT zrdis SemaSinebeli stimulis SemCnevis albaTobas
maSinac ki, rodesac es stimuli mxolod wamis 1/100-s grZeldeba.
TiToeuli ZiriTadi midgoma SfoTviTi aSlilobebisadmi etiologiuri mozaikis
mxolod nawils xsnis. TiToeuli mimarTulebiT mimdinare gamokvlevebi naTels
gaxdis mizezebs da, Sesabamisad, mkurnalobisken mimaval gzas. axla, rodesac ukve
gvaqvs bazisuri codna SfoTviTi aSlilobebis Sesaxeb, gadavideT paTologiuris
sami

didi

kategoriidan

Semdegis

ganxilvaze,

romelsac,

aseve,

detalurad

ganvixilavT. es aris guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi.

gunebaguneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi
aucileblad

geqnebodaT

cxovrebaSi

periodebi,

rodesac

Tavs

saSinlad

daTrgunulad an warmoudgenlad bednierad grZnobdiT. Tumca, zogierTi adamianis

SemTxvevaSi

ganwyobilebis

ukiduresi

gamovlinebebi

arRvevs

maTi

cxovrebis

normalur ritms. gunebaguneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba warmoadgens emociur darRvevas,

695

guneba
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder) _

rogoricaa Rrma depresia an

guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa Rrma

depresia,

romelic

depresia an maniasTan adgilmonacvle depresia.

monacvleobiT
mkvlevrebma

maniasTan

iCens

Tavs.

daadgines,

rom

mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 19%-s aReniSneba guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi (Kessler

et al., 1994). Cven aRvwerT or ZiriTad kategorias: klinikur depresiul aSlilobasa
da bipolarul aSlilobas.

klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba

depresias

fsiqopaTologiaSi

surdos

analogad

miiCneven,

radganac

Zalze

xSirad emarTebaT adamianebs da cxovrebis garkveul periodSi TiTqmis yvela

Cvengans ganucdia sruli aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ama Tu im
periodSi nebismier Cvengans udardia da uglovia sayvareli adamianis dakargva an
sevdiani da ganawyenebuli yofila sasurveli miznis miRwevaSi warumateblobis
gamo. es sevdiani grZnobebi mxolod erTi simptomia im simptomTa Soris, romelsac
ganicdian klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqone individebi (ix. cxrili 15.3).

cxrili 15.3 klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis

aSlilobis maxasiaTeblebi
maxasiaTebeli

magaliTi

disforiuli

sevda, daTrgunuloba, uimedoba; TiTqmis yvela Cveuli

ganwyobileba

saqmianobisadmi interesis an maTgan siamovnebis miRebis

unaris dakargva.

mada

umadoba; mniSvnelovani kleba wonaSi.

Zili

insomnia an hipersomnia (uZiloba an moWarbebuli

Zilianoba)

motoruli aqtivoba

SesamCnevi Senelebuloba (motoruli CamorCena) an

agznebuloba.

danaSaulis gancda

usargeblobis gancda; TviT-gankicxva/TviTgvema

koncentracia

azrovnebisa

da

koncentrirebis

Semcirebuli

unari;

696

gulmaviwyoba.
suicidi

akviatebuli fiqri sikvdilis Sesaxeb; suiciduri ideebi

an mcdelobebi.

depresiis
siRrmiTa

diagnozis

da

mqone

individebi

xangrZlivobiT

erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdebian.

Tu

arsebuli

mravali

simptomebis

maTgani

cxovrebis

garkveuli etapis mxolod ramdenime kviris manZilze ebrZvis klinikur depresias,

arseboben iseTebic, visTvisac es epizodur an qronikul xasiaTs atarebs wlebis
ganmavlobaSi.

guneba-ganwyobilebis

aSlilobebis

gavrcelebis

statistikis

mixedviT, qalTa 21%-sa da mamakacTa 13%-s cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi erTxel mainc

aReniSneba klinikuri depresia (Kessler et al., 1994).
depresia

uzarmazar

sazogadoebas.

fasad

evropaSi

ujdeba

Catarebul

Tavad

daavadebuls,

erT-erT

gamokvlevaSi

mis

ojaxsa

gamovlinda,

da
rom

rekurentuli depresiis mqone adamianebi mTeli TavianTi mozrdili cxovrebis

mexuTeds

klinikebSi

atareben,

xolo

maTi

20%

simptomebis

gamo

sruliad

araqmediTunariania da veRar axerxebs samuSaoze dabrunebas (Holden, 1986). aSS-is

fsiqiatriul

klinikebSi

yvela

diagnostirebul

daavadebaTa

umravlesobas

depresia warmoadgens, magram jer isev miCniaT, rom es ar aris diagnostirebisa da

mkurnalobis sruli suraTi. klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqone individTa
naxevarze naklebi Tu iRebs raime saxis profesiul daxmarebas (Regier et al., 1993b).

bipolaruli aSliloba
bipolaruli
bipolaruli aSliloba xasiaTdeba Rrma depresiuli periodebis maniakalur
epizodebTan

monacvleobiT.

maniakalur

epizodSi

pirovneba,

rogorc

wesi,

uCveulod mxned da eqspansiurad iqceva da aseve grZnobs Tavs, Tumca, xandaxan

individis wamyvani ganwyobileba gaRizianebadoba ufroa, vidre aweuli gunebaganwyobileba

da

winaaRmdegobas

enTuziazmi,
grZnobs.

gansakuTrebiT

maniakalur

ki

maSin,

periodSi

roca

individi

igi

raimenairad

xSirad

ganicdis

moWarbebul TviT-pativiscemas an ararealur rwmenas imisa, rom igi gansakuTrebul

SesaZleblobebsa
moTxovnilebis

Zalas

mkveTri

samsaxureobrivi
Sepyrobilia

da

ra

Tu

flobs.

Semcireba

sxva

individs
da

socialuri

maniakaluri

SeiZleba

SeiZleba
an

Warbad

siamovnebis

ganwyobilebiT,

aReniSnebodes

individi

Zilis

iyos

dakavebuli

momtani

saqmianobiT.

avlens

usafuZvlo

697

optimizms,

midis

usargeblo riskze, iZleva

nebismier dapirebas

da SeuZlia

yvelafris darigeba-gaCuqeba.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depressive disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis

aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daTrgunulobis intensiuri

grZnobiT bipolaruli depresiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
bipolaruli

aSliloba

(Bipolar

disorder)

guneba-ganwyobilebis

aSliloba,

romelic xasiaTdeba depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.

maniakaluri

romelic

epizodi

xasiaTdeba

(Manic episode) _
ukiduresi

bipolaruli

aRfrTovanebisa

aSlilobis
da

komponenti,

usazRvro

eiforiis

periodebiT, grandiozulobis grZnobebiTa da azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da

realuri pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
semi kolejis 20 wlis studentia, romelsac maniakaluri epizodis simptomebi
aReniSneba:

bolo periodSi semi Tavs fantastiurad grZnobda. mas imdeni energia hqonda,
rom TiTqmis arasodes sWirdeboda Zili da igi sruliad darwmunebuli iyo, rom
skolaSi saukeTeso moswavlea. mas anerviulebda, rodesac vinme Zalze nela
iqceoda; maT ar SeeZloT misi monologebis brwyinvalebis gageba da aravis
xelewifeboda misi tempiT cxovreba. sems hqonda finansebTan dakavSirebuli
aRmafrTovanebeli ideebi da ver xvdeboda, ratom ar cdilobdnen misi megobrebi
mis gegmebSi CarTvas.
rodesac mania Semcirebas iwyebs, semis msgavsi adamianebi maT mier dauokeblobis
periodSi Seqmnili usiamovnebebisa da zianis gamosworebas cdiloben. amgvarad,
maniakaluri epizodi TiTqmis yovelTvis Rrma depresiuli periodiT icvleba.
bipolaruli aSlilobebisas guneba-ganwyobilebis darRvevebis xangrZlivoba da
sixSire

varirebs

funqcionirebis

pirovnebidan

xangrZlivi

pirovnebamde.

periodebi

aqvT,

zogierT
romelTac

maTgans

normaluri

drodadro

xanmokle

maniakaluri an depresiuli epizodebi wyvets, Tumca arsebobs adamianTa mcire

raodenoba, romelTac gansakuTrebiT ar gaumarTlaT da romelTa cxovrebaSi
maniakalur

epizodebs

pirdapir

klinikuri

depresia

cvlis,

Semdeg

isev

maniakaluri faza brundeba da ase uwyvetad viTardeba dausrulebeli cikli,

romelic

angrevs

da

anadgurebs

Tavad

am aSlilobis

mqone adamianebs,

maT

ojaxebs, megobrebsa da TanamSromlebs. maniakalur periodSi maT SeiZleba waagon

698

mTeli

danazogi

danaSaulis

an

ucnobebs

grZnobas

guluxvi

Semdgom

saCuqrebi

depresiul

daurigon,

fazaze.

rac

gaamZafrebs

bipolaruli

aSliloba

gacilebiT iSviaTia, vidre klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba. is mozrdilTa 1.6%Tan aRiniSneba da Tanabrad nawildeba mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (Kessler et al.,
1994).
gunebaguneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: mizezebi
ra

faqtorebi

moqmedebs

guneba-ganwyobilebis

aSlilobis

ganviTarebaze?

am

kiTxvas biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da kognituri midgomebis

poziciebidan davsvamT. unda aRiniSnos, rom klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba,
misi gavrcelebulobis gamo, bipolarul aSlilobaze metad aris Seswavlili da
es garemoeba Cvens mimoxilvaSi aisaxeba.

biologiuri
garkveuli

tipis

biologiur

kvlevebis

faqtorze

Sedegebi

migvaniSnebs.

guneba-ganwyobilebis

magaliTad,

is

faqti,

aSlilobebSi

rom

sxvadasxva

nivTierebebiT SesaZlebelia maniakaluri da depresiuli simptomebis Semsubuqeba,

imaze miuTiTebs, rom bipolaruli aSlilobis or ukidures gamovlinebas Tavis
tvinis

gansxvavebuli

mdgomareoba

udevs

safuZvlad.

ori

qimiuri

agentis,

serotoninisa da norepinefrinis, Semcvelobis Semcireba depresias ukavSirdeba,

momateba ki _ manias, Tumca, jerjerobiT ar aris aRmoCenili guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebis

zusti

bioqimiuri

meqanizmi

(Duman et al., 1997).

mkvlevrebi

PET

skanirebas iyeneben maniakalur da depresiul fazebze Tavis tvinSi cerebraluri

glukozis

(saqaridis

saxeoba,

romelic

energiis

gamosanTavisufleblad

gamoiyeneba) metabolizmSi sxvaobis dasadgenad (ix. suraTi 15.2), magram aseTi

gansxvavebebi ganwyobilebis ori mdgomareobis Sedegi ufro SeiZleba iyos, vidre
mizezi.
sur. 15. 2. bipolaruli depresiis PET skanireba
PET skanireba maniakaluri fazis dros, depresiulTan SedarebiT, cerebraluri

glukozis metabolozmis ufro maRal dones aCvenebs. zeda da qveda rigze

depresiul fazaSi myofi pacientis monacemebia, Sua rigze ki _ maniakalur fazaSi
myofis.

699

matulobs

monacemebi

imis

Sesaxeb,

rom

guneba-ganwyobilebis

aSlilobaze

genetikuri faqtorebi axdens gavlenas (McGue & Christensen, 1997). tyupebis Seswavlam
aCvena, rom Tu identuri tyupebidan erT-erTi guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobiT
avaddeba, arsebobs 67%-iani Sansi, rom meore tyupiscalsac aRmoaCndes igive
aSliloba. es monacemi mxolod 20%-s udris araidentur tyupebSi, romelTac ar
aqvT identuri genetikuri masala (Ciaranello & Ciaranello, 1991; Gershon et al., 1987). iReben
ra

mosazrebas

guneba-ganwyobilebis

aSlilobebis

Tandayolilobis

Sesaxeb,

mkvlevrebi Taobidan Taobamde am daavadebis gadacemaze pasuxismgebeli genetikuri

masalis konkretuli lokalizaciis adgilis dadgenas cdiloben.
kvlevaTa

erT-erT

seria

pensilvaniaSi

emiSebis

Temis

warmomadgenelTa

bipolaruli aSlilobis paternze iyo mimarTuli (Egeland et al., 1987). emiSebi aseTi
kvlevebisTvis

idealuri

monawileebi

arian

maTi

didi

ojaxebis,

detaluri

genealogiuri Canawerebis warmoebis, genetikurad izolirebulobisa da maT Soris

iseTi qceviTi faqtorebis iSviaTobis gamo, rogoricaa alkoholizmi da Zaladoba,
(romelic zegavlenas moaxdenda monacemebze). am religiuri seqtis yvela 15 000
wevri XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi evropidan migrirebuli 30 wyvilis STamomavalia.
aris

tendencia,

rom

bipolaruli

depresia

Taobebis

manZilze

gamovlindes

zogierT, magram ara yvela ojaxSi. es kanonzomiereba mkvlevrebs aSlilobis mqone

da

misgan

Tavisufali

individebis

genetikuri

masalis

uSualod

Sedarebis

saSualebas aZlevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom naadrevi aRmoCnda bipolaruli genis

identificirebaSi

warmatebis

Sesaxeb

pirveli

moxsenebebi

(Kelsoe et al., 1989),

mkvlevrebi ar kargaven optimizms da Tvlian, rom es Sedarebebi moitans im

codnas, romelsac eZieben (Berrettini et al., 1997; Ginns et al., 1992; Kelsoe et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis erT-erTi tipis gagebisadmi biologiuri midgomis
TvalSisacemi magaliTi depresiis uCveulo formis kvlevidan modis. zogierT
adamians regularulad eufleba depresia zamTris TveebSi, gansakuTrebiT grZeli
skandinaviuri zamTris dros, rodesac dRe xanmoklea (ix. suraTi 15.3). gunebaganwyobilebis am darRvevas samarTlianad uwodes sezonuri afeqturi darRveva
(anu SAD _ seasonal affective disorder). mkvlevrebma Seqmnes Terapiuli teqnika, romelic
sruliad efeqturad amsubuqebs SAD-s: _ pacientebs sistematurad waredginebodaT
mkveTri TeTri manaTobeli sinaTle (Blehar & Rosental, 1989). mkvlevrebi amtkicenen,

700

rom sinaTliT Terapias SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos neirogadamtan serotoninze,

romelic, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, depresiis gamomwvev faqtorad aris miCneuli.

sur. 15.3. sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba

sezonuri

afeqturi

xanmokledRian

aSlilobis

sezonebze

mqone

aReniSnebaT.

individebs
diagramaze

depresiis

simptomebi

mocemulia

maRali

ukuproporciuli mimarTeba depresiis SemTxvevebsa (nawili A) da dRis sinaTlis

xangrZlivobas (nawili B) Soris.
saidan viciT
serotonini da sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba (saa)
saa-s mqone pacientebi yovel saRamos, sakuTar saxlSi sinaTlis Terapiis _
mkveTri manaTobeli sinaTlis orsaaTian kurss gadiodnen. mxolod is pacientebi
(14-dan 12 pacienti) monawileobdnen kvlevis meore etapSi, romelTac sinaTlis
Terapiam SedarebiT Seumsubuqa mdgomareoba. am etapze mowmdeboda hipoTeza imis
Sesaxeb, rom sinaTlis Terapia zegavlenas axdens Tavis tvinSi serotoninis
Semcvelobaze.
Semcvelobis
pacientebs

eqsperimentuli
Semcirebaze

ki

eqsperimentuli

mimarTul

serotoninis
jgufis

jgufis

pacientebi
dietaze

Semcvelobis

pacientebs

Tavis

dasves;

tvinSi

sakontrolo

SesananCunebeli

saa-s

simptomebis

serotoninis
jgufis

dieta

daeniSnaT.

recidivi

aReniSnaT,

sakontrolo jgufis pacientebs ki _ ara. es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom sinaTlis

Terapia Tavdapirvelad pasuxismgebeli iyo serotoninis Semcvelobis aRdgenaze,
ramac pacientebs aradepresiuli afeqtis gancdis saSualeba misca anu Tavidan
aacila depresiuli simptomatika (Neumesiter et. al., 1997).
Tqven, SesaZloa, moeliT, rom adamianebma wamlebi unda miiRon Tavis tvinSi
neirogadamtanebis moqmedebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad (zogierT maTganze XVI TavSi
visaubrebT), Tumca, es kvleva aCvenebs, rom sinaTlis Terapias iseTive efeqti
SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc zogierT fsiqoaqtiur wamals. mkurnalobis orive
saxeoba

medikamenturi

an

sinaTlis

Terapia

ganamtkicebs

mosazrebas

aSlilobis etiologiaSi biologiuri wonasworobis darRvevis rolis Sesaxeb.

701

amave dros, Tu SAD-is aRwerilobaSi sakuTar Tavs icnobT, gaerkvieT sakuTar

Tavsa da am problemaSi.
axla

vnaxoT,

damatebiT

ras

gacnobebT

guneba-ganwyobilebis

aSlilobebis

warmoSobis Sesaxeb sami ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri midgoma.

fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri midgomis mixedviT, depresiis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols
aracnobieri konfliqtebi da bavSvobidan momdinare mtruli grZnobebi asrulebs.
froids

depresiul

adamianebTan

TviTkritikasa

da

danaSaulis

grZnobasTan

uxdeboda Sejaxeba. mas miaCnda, rom Tavdapirvelad sxvaze, Semdeg ki sakuTar

Tavze

mimarTuli

risxva

warmoadgenda

am

TviTgankicxvis

wyaros.

es

risxva

bavSvobis gansakuTrebulad Zlier da damokidebul urTierTobas ukavSirdeba,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

pirovnebis

mSoblisa

moTxovnilebebisa

gancdili

danakargi,

grZnobebs,

romelic

da

realuri
axla

da

Svilis

molodinebis
iqneba

ukve

es

Tu

pirovnebis

urTierToba,

sadac

dakmayofildeba.
simboluri,
egoze

ar

xdeba

mozrdilobaSi

aaqtiurebs

miemarTeba

mtrul

da

Sedegad

bihevioraluri

midgoma

depresiisTvis damaxasiaTebel TviTgankicxvas iwvevs.

bihevioraluri
depresiis
pirovnebis

fesvebis
mier

aracnobierSi

miRebuli

dadebiTi

Ziebis
da

nacvlad,

uaryofiTi

ganmtkicebis

raodenobis

efeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas (Lewinsohn, 1975; Lewinsohn et al., 1985). am Tvalsazrisis

mixedviT, depresiuli grZnobebi maSin viTardeba, rodesac individi garemodan
arasakmaris dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da bevr sasjels iRebs danakargis an raime
sxva

mniSvnelovani

cxovrebiseuli

cvlilebebis

Semdeg.

sakmarisi

dadebiTi

ganmtkicebis gareSe pirovneba sevdiani da gulCaTxrobili xdeba. sevdianobis

mdgomareobas dasawyisSi sxvaTa mxridan momatebuli yuradReba da TanagrZnoba
ganamtkicebs

(Biglan,

ganmsWvalul

megobrebs

1991),

Tumca,

Rlis

Cveulebisamebr,

depresiuli

Tavidan

pirovnebis

TanagrZnobiT

uaryofiTi

guneba-

ganwyobileba da damokidebulebebi da mas Tavs aarideben. es reaqcia spobs

dadebiTi

ganmtkicebis

erT-erT

wyaros

da

pirovneba

ufro

metad

iZireba

depresiaSi. kvleva, aseve, aCvenebs, rom depresiul adamianebs dadebiTi ukukavSiris

702

verSefasebisa

da

uaryofiTi

ukukavSiris

gadafasebis

tendencia

axasiaTebs

(Kennedy & Craighead, 1988; Nelson & Craighead, 1977).

kognituri
kognituri midgomis farglebSi depresiis Sesaxeb ori Teoria arsebobs. erTi
Teoriis mixedviT, aRqmis sqemebis Camoyalibebas uaryofiTi (negatiuri) kognituri

sqema (ix. Tavi V) ganapirobebs _ adamianebs uaryofiTi mosazrebebi SeeqmnaT maT

cxovrebaSi mimdinare im movlenebze, romelzec pasuxismgeblobas grZnoben. meore,

axsnis stilis Teoria miiCnevs, rom depresias iwvevs individis rwmena imisa, rom
igi sakmaod an saerTod ver akontrolebs sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
movlenebs. TiToeuli am modelTagani xsnis depresiuli gamocdilebis zogierTi
aspeqts. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1983, 1985, 1988), depresiis wamyvanma mkvlevarma, ganaviTara
kognituri sqemebis Teoria. bekis mixedviT, depresiuli adamianebi sami tipis
uaryofiTi
uwodebs,

kogniciiT
esaa

gamoirCevian,

uaryofiTi

rasac

igi

kognitur

depresiul

Tvalsazrisi/Sexeduleba

sakuTar

Tavze,

triadas
mimdinare

movlenebsa da momavalze. depresiul adamianebs axasiaTebT tendencia imisa, rom

sakuTari Tavi garkveuli TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturad an naklovanad aRiqvan,
mimdinare movlenebs mouZebnon uaryofiTi axsna da sjerodeT mtanjveli da
sirTuleebiT aRsavse momavlis. uaryofiTi azrovnebis paterni Crdilavs yvela
gancdas

da

yovelTvis

depresiis

uaryofiT

kidev

Sedegs

erT

maxasiaTebels

moelis,

ver

iqneba

qmnis.

individi,

motivirebuli

romelic

raime

miznis

miRwevaze, rasac Tan sdevs depresiis gamokveTili maxasiaTebeli _ nebisyofis

paralizeba.
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _

axsnis

stilis
romelic

Teoriis

zianis momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi

mixedviT,

reaqciis ar qonis zogadi paterni, romelic

seligmens

(Martin

xSirad Tan erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac

Tavi

ekuTvnis,

individi ganicdis araSemTxveviTi,

sjeraT, sworad an mcdarad, rom

gardauvali uaryofiTi stimulis

ar

zemoqmedebas.

mniSvnelovani

XII)

SeuZliaT

gakontroleba.

martin

Seligman)

(ix.

individebs

maTTvis
momavlis
seligmenis

Teoria ganviTarda kvlevidan, romelSic naCvenebi iyo depresiismagvari simptomebi

703

ZaRlebSi (mogvianebiT ki, sxva saxeobebSic). seligmeni da maieri (1967) ZaRlebze

mtkivneuli da gardauvali eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen: rac ar unda eqnaT
ZaRlebs, Sokisgan gaqcevis gza ar arsebobda. ZaRlebs ganuviTardaT, rogorc
seligmenma da maierma uwodes, daswavlili umweoba.
umweoba daswavlili umweoba sami
tipis deficitiT xasiaTdeba: motivaciuri deficiti _ ZaRlebi ar Cqarobdnen
cnobili

moqmedebebis

dawyebas;

emociuri

deficitiT

isini

rigidulni,

gulgrilni, SeSinebulni da ubedurni Candnen; kognituri deficitiT _ isini

cudad

iTvisebdnen

axal

situaciebs.

iseT

situaciaSic

ki,

sadac

eZleodaT

SokisTvis Tavis aridebis SesaZlebloba, isini ar daiswavlidnen aseT qcevas (Maier

& Seligman, 1976).
seligmens

miaCnda,

rom

depresiuli

adamianebic

daswavlili

umweobis

mdgomareobaSi imyofebian: isini elian, rom, rac ar unda gaakeTon, yvelaferi

uSedego iqneba (Abramson et al., 1978; Peterson & Seligman, 1984, Seligman, 1975); Tumca, am
mdgomareobis warmoqmna didad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor xsnis individi
mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs. rogorc XII TavSi iTqva, arsebobs axsnis
stilis sami ganzomileba: Sinagani-garegani (internaluri-eqsternaluri), zogadi-

konkretuli

(globaluri-specifikuri)

ucvleli-cvalebadi

da

(stabiluri-

arastabiluri). vTqvaT, fsiqologiis gamocdaze dabali Sefaseba miiReT. Tqven

gamocdis uaryofiT Sedegs Sinagan faqtors miawerT (me Steri var), rac ufro
dagasevdianebT, vidre garegani faqtori (gamocda namdvilad Zneli iyo), ramac
SeiZleba gangarisxoT. Sedegis asaxsnelad Tqven SegeZloT inteleqtze metad
cvalebadi

Sinagani

mdgomareoba

ucvleli faqtorisTvis (siStere)

gavlenas

axdens,

Tqven

agerCiaT.

nacvlad

imisa,

rom

is

Sinagani,

migeweraT, romelic zogad anu Sors mimaval

SemofargleT

fsiqologiis

gamocdasTan

an

kursTan

dakavSirebuli axsna (me ar vvargivar fsiqologiis kursisaTvis). axsnis stilis

Teoriis Tanaxmad, individebi, romlebic warumateblobas Sinagan, ucvlel da
zogad mizezebs miaweren, mowyvladni arian depresiisadmi. es prognozi mravalgzis
dadasturda (Peterson & Seligman, 1984; Seligman, 1991).
depresiis orive kognituri TeoriisTvis misaRebia mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
is stili, romliTac depresiuli adamianebi ganixilaven sakuTar Tavsa da maT
cxovrebaSi

mimdinare

magaliTad,

adamianebs,

movlenebs,
zogadad,

amyofebs
axasiaTebT

maT

depresiul

TviT-dadasturebis

mdgomareobaSi.
anu

maTi

me-

704

koncefciis

Sesatyvisi

informaciis

moZiebis

tendencia

(Swann, 1990, 1997).

am

tendencias uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs depresiuli adamianebisaTvis.

saidan viciT
TviTdadastureba da depresia
mkvlevrebma

erTmaneTisgan

ganarCies

depresiuli iyo, meore jgufi

TviT-pativiscemiT

da

maRali

interviusTvis

mosamzadebel

sami

jgufi:

erTi

jgufi

_ aradepresiuli, magram xasiaTdeboda dabali

mesame

xasiaTdeboda

individTa

jgufi,

romelic,

TviT-pativiscemiT.
etapze

aseve,

TiToeuli

mTel

rig

aradepresiuli

jgufis

kiTxvarebze

iyo,

cdis

pirebma

gasces

pasuxi.

interviuze cdis pirebs uTxres, rom am kiTxvarebs orma studentma gasca pasuxi
da TiToeulze daiwera pirovnebis daxasiaTeba, rasac

win uZRvoda sruli

pirovnuli Sefaseba. realurad, cdis pirebs miawodes erTi da igive daxasiaTeba _

erTi

dadebiTi

(es

pirovneba

kargad

damkvidrebuli,

TviTdarwmunebuli

da

bednieria da a.S.) da erTi uaryofiTi (es pirovneba ubeduria, daurwmunebelia,

arakomfortulad grZnobs Tavs sxvebTan da a.S.). cdis pirebs moeTxovebodaT,
amoerCiaT, Tu romel srul Sefasebas waikiTxavdnen. Sedegebi 15.4 cxrilSia
mocemuli.

rogorc

xedavT,

depresiuli

cdis

pirebi

araTanabrad

iyvnen

dainteresebulni uaryofiTi Sesafebis wakiTxviT, dabali TviT-pativiscemis mqone

individebTanac gamovlinda uryofiTi ukukavSiris miRebisken midrekileba maSin,
roca

maRali

TviT-Sefasebis

mqone

individebi

aSkarad

dadebiT

ukukavSirs

aniWebdnen upiratesobas. cxrili 15.4 imasac aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zustad miaCndaT

TiToeul jgufs daxasiaTebebis dadebiToba da uaryofiToba. miaqcieT yuradReba,
rom mxolod depresiul cdis pirebs sjerodaT, rom uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba ufro
zusti iyo (Giesler et al., 1996).
Tqven SeiZleba moelodiT, rom depresiuli adamianebi sakuTari Tavis amowevas
Seecdebodnen

dadebiTi

ukukavSiris

moZiebiT.

es

eqsperimenti

aCvenebs,

rom,

piriqiT, isini TavianTi depresiis Sesabamis informacias eZeben, romelic TiTqmis

ueWvelad xels uwyobs depresiis SenarCunebas.
XVI TavSi vnaxavT, rom depresiis kognituri Teoriebidan miRebulma codnam
biZgi misca Terapiis warmatebuli formebis Seqmnas. amJamad depresiis Seswavlis
ori sxva mniSvnelovani aspeqti arsebobs: didi gansxvaveba mamakacebsa da qalebSi

705

depresiis gavrcelebaSi da kavSiri depresiasa da suicids (TviTmkvlelobas)

Soris.
cxrili 15.4 TviTangariSi
TviTangariSi da depresia
dabali TviT-

maRali TviT-

pativiscema

pativiscema

82

64

25

dadebiTi daxasiaTeba

5.67

6.60

9.70

uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba

7.89

6.48

2.45

Sereuli

-2.22

0.12

7.25

depresiuli
negatiuri Sefasebis amorCevis
procenti
arCeuli daxasiaTebis sizuste*

*sizustis reitingi 11 qulian skalaze gakeTda misi saerTod ararsebobidan (1)

maqsimalur (11) sizustemde.
depresia: sqesTa Soris gansxvavebani
depresiis kvlevis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxia is, Tu ratom emarTebaT
qalebs depresia mamakacebze orjer xSirad. suzan
suzan nolennolen-hoeqsemas (Susan NolenHoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999)

gonebamaxviluri

reaqciis

da

stils,

romliTac

mamakacebi

qalebi

SemoTavazeba

arian

uaryofiT

Seexeba
guneba-

ganwyobilebaze. am mosazrebis mixedviT, rodesac qalebi ganicdian sevdas, maT

axasiaTebT
mamakacebi

TavianTi
ki,

moSorebas

grZnobebis

piriqiT,

sxva

rameze

aqtiurad

SesaZlo

mizezebze

cdiloben

yuradRebis

fiqrisken

depresiuli

gadataniT

an

midrekileba;

grZnobebis

fizikuri

Tavidan

saqmianobebis

wamowyebiT, romlis drosac aRar fiqroben mimdinare emociur mdgomareobaze. am

modelis Tanaxmad, qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metad Cafiqrebuli, gansjiTi
(ruminative) reaqciis stili, TavianT problemebze akviatebulad fiqris tendencia
zrdis maT mowyvladobas depresiisadmi (Butler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994). kognituri
midgomis Tanaxmad, uaryofiT ganwyobilebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba aZlierebs
fiqrs

uaryofiTi

grZnobebis
individebSi,

movlenebis

Sesaxeb,

rac,

Tavis

raodenobasa

da/an

intensiurobas.

romlebic

zogadad

msjeloben,

mxriv,

kvleviT
fiqroben

zrdis

uaryofiTi

dasturdeba,
depresiaze,

rom
ufro

mosalodnelia mwvave depresiuli epizodebis ganviTareba (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-

706

Hoeksema et al., 1993). qalTa da mamakacTa Soris reaqciis stilis mixedviT arsebuli
gansxvaveba qalebs bavSvobaSi depresiis ganviTarebis didi risks uqmnis (NolenHoeksema & Girgus, 1994).
amerikis

fsiqologTa

asociaciis

iniciativiT

depresiisas

sqesobrivi

gansxvavebebis kvlevis gadasinjvam aCvena, rom depresiis maRali riski qalebSi

SeiZleba gagebul iqnas mxolod, rogorc mTeli rigi fsiqologiuri, socialuri,
ekonomikuri da biologiuri faqtorebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi (McGrath et al.,
1990). mraval kulturaSi zogierTi am faqtorTagani qalad yofnis gamocdilebas
ukavSirdeba, raSic moiazreba qalebze fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladobis an
siRaribeSi

cxovrebisa

da

bavSvebisa

da

asakovani

mSoblebis

momvlelis

funqciebis Semsruleblis ufro meti albaToba. aseTi gamokvlevebi miuTiTebs,

rom

depresiis

mizezi

SeiZleba

faqtorTa

rTuli

kombinacia

iyos

da

rom

normaluri qcevidan depresiisken mravali gza midis.

suicidi
gadarCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis survili damsxvreuli da ganadgurebulia...
dgeba dro, rodesac yvelaferi kargavs brwyinvalebas, rodesac ikargeba imedis
sxivi.

(Shneidman, 1987, p.57).

suicidaluri

axalgazrda

mamakacis

am

sevdian

gamonaTqvamSi asaxulia nebismieri fsiqologiuri aSlilobis ukiduresi Sedegi _

suicidi (TviTmkvleloba). miuxedavad imisa, rom depresiul adamianTa umravlesoba

ar

iklavs

Tavs,

analizi

aCvenebs,

rom

mTlianad

ganxorcielebul

TviTmkvlelobaTa 50-80% depresiul adamianTa mier ganxorcielebul mcdelobebze

modis

(Shneidman,

1985).

mTlianad

aSS-s

mosaxleobaSi

oficialurad

TviTmkvlelobad miCneul sikvdilTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 30 000-s Seadgens.

miaweren

ra

mraval

TviTmkvlelobas

ubedur

SemTxvevebs

an

sxva

mizezebs,

realuri raodenoba, albaT, ufro metia. miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTmkvleloba

aSS-is

yvela

asakis

mosaxleobaSi

sikvdilianobis

merve

wamyvani

mizezia,

SemTxvevaTa mesamedi 15-dan 24 wlis asakamde adamianebze modis (Murphy, 2000).

TiToeul ganxorcielebul TviTmkvlelobaze 8-20 suicidaluri mcdeloba modis.
kolejis

594

pirvelkurselTa

gamokvlevam

aCvena,

rom

26%-s

nafiqri

hqonda

TviTmkvlelobaze ukanaskneli 12 Tvis manZilze, 2%-ma realurad scada Tavis

mokvla amave periodSi, 10%-s ki cxovrebis garkveul periodSi ganxorcielebuli
hqonda Tavis mokvlis mcdeloba (Meehan et al., 1992). vinaidan depresias qalebSi

707

ufro xSirad vxvdebiT, ar aris gasakviri, rom qalebi Tavis mokvlas samjer ufro
xSirad cdiloben, vidre mamakacebi; Tumca, mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli
mcdeloba ufro xSirad aris warmatebuli. am gansxvavebas iwvevs is faqti, rom
mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben cecxlsasrol iaraRs, qalebi ki mimarTaven
naklebad mtkivneul saSualebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saZile abebi (Berman &
Jobes, 1991).
bolo

aTwleulebis

erT-erTi

sagangaSo

socialur

mozardTa

problemas

suicidi warmoadgens. yovel cxra wuTSi erTi mozardi cdilobs Tavis mokvlas
da yovel 90 wuTSi mcdeloba warmatebulia. yovel kviraSi 1 000 mozardis mier
Tavis mokvlis mcdelobidan 125 aRwevs mizans. 1960 wlidan amerikel mozardebSi
TviTmkvlelobis
Tavgamodebuli

sixSire

200-dan

mcdelobebisda

300%-mde

miuxedavad,

gaizarda
mozard

(Garland
vaJebSi

&

Zigler,

oTxjer

1993).
metia

warmatebuli suicidis SemTxvevebi, vidre mozard gogonebSi (Bingham et al., 1994).

sainteresoa, rom afrikuli warmoSobis amerikelebis orive sqesis mozardebSi
gacilebiT

naklebia

TviTmkvlelobis

sixSire,

TeTrkanianebTan

SedarebiT,

miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am monacemebis zusti axsna (Bingham et al., 1994;
Murphy, 2000). es rasobrivi gansxvaveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.
monacemebis rasobrivma, sqesisa da asakis niSnis mixedviT Sedarebam aCvena, rom
TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali riskis winaSe TeTrkaniani mowifuli mamakacebi
dganan, yvelaze mcire riskis winaSe ki _ afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli qalebi.
cxovrebis rogori stili ubiZgebs mozardebs TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisken?
orive

sqesisTvis

warmoadgens

winmswreb

(Gould

et

al.,

travmatul
1996).

sxva

movlenas

axlo

mniSvnelovanma

urTierTobis
movlenebma,

rRveva

romelic

sircxvilisa da danaSaulis grZnobas iwvevs, SeiZleba daTrgunos moumwifebeli

ego da mozardma TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba ganaxorcielos. aseT movlenaTa
ricxvSi Sedis, upirveles yovlisa, Tavdasxma, cema, gaupatiureba an dapatimreba.
metic, homoseqsuali da lesboseli mozardebi ufro meti riskis winaSe dganan,
vidre danarCenebi (Radkowsky & Siegel, 1997; Remafedi, 1999). suicidis aseTi maRali
sixSire ueWvelad asaxavs homoseqsualuri orientaciisadmi SedarebiT nakleb
socialur

mxardaWeras.

TviTmkvleloba

ukiduresi

reaqciaa,

romelsac

gansakuTrebiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mozards ar SeuZlia sxvebisaTvis

daxmarebis Txovna.

708

mozardTa

suicidi

aris

ara

imwuTieri

zegavlenis

Sedegad,

impulsurad

ganxorcielebuli aqti, aramed, Cveulebisamebr, Sinagani areulobisa da garegani

usiamovnebebis
umravlesoba

periodis
acnobebs

finaluri
sxvebs

an

stadia.
wers

suicidis

Tavisi

axalgazrda

ganzraxvis

msxverplTa

Sesaxeb.

amrigad,

TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb saubari yovelTvis seriozulad unda iqnes miRebuli

(Marttunen et al., 1998). suiciduri azrovnebisa da gancdebis amocnoba, ramac SeiZleba
warmoqmnas an gaaZlieros aseTi destruqciuli azrebi, pirveli nabijia prevenciis
mimarTulebiT. fsiqologi edvin Sneidmeni (Edwin Shneidmen, 1999), romelmac 40
weliwadi

miuZRvna

suiciduri

tendenciebis

mqone

adamianebis

Seswavlasa

da

mkurnalobas, askvnis, rom suicidi aRelvebuli da Seviwroebuli gonebis mier

autaneli da dausrulebeli tkivilis pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli Tavganwirvis
aqtia... faqtia, rom Cven SegviZlia tkivilis daameba, uaryofili moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofileba da suicidur azrovnebamde Seviwroebulobis Semcireba (1987, p.58).
suiciduri

ganzraxvebis

niSnebisadmi

mgrZnobiaroba

da

sakmarisi

Carevis

uzrunvelyofa arsebiTia rogorc mozardi, ise mowifuli adamianebis sicocxlis

gadasarCenad,

romelTac

sruli

TviTganadgurebis

garda

ver

ipoves

sirTuleebisgan Tavis daRwevis sxva saSualeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire,
zogadad, araTeTrkanianebSi ufro dabalia TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, arsebobs
erTi

gansacvifrebeli

TviTmkvlelobis

sixSire

gamonaklisi:
xuTjer

adgilobriv

aRemateba

mTeli

amerikel

mozardebSi

mosaxleobis

mozardebis

Sesabamis maCvenebels. suicidi TviTganadgurebaze mimarTuli qcevis erT-erTi

formaa da aSS-is adgilobriv amerikul TemebSi miRebuli destruqciuli qcevis
nawils warmoadgens (Strickland, 1997). adgilobrivi amerikeli fsiqologi tereza
lafroboizi (Teresa LaFromboise), romelic ikvlevda am problemas da ganaviTara
profilaqtikisa da mkurnalobis strategiebi, Tavis tomSi mozardTa suicidis
socialur

mizezebze

umuSevrobasTan

erTad,

saubrobs.

farTod

suicidis

sixSires

gavrcelebul
ganapirobebs

siRatakesa
ojaxebis

da

ngreva,

sayovelTao gaWirveba, didi raodenobis danakargebi (es SeiZleba iyos sikvdili,

ojaxidan wasvla an ganqorwineba), nivTierebebis borotad gamoyeneba, ojaxebis
momatebuli aramdgradoba da mniSvnelovani mzrunvelis dapatimreba (LaFromboise,
1988, p.9). garda amisa, adgilobriv amerikelebs sjeraT, rom sulier samyaroSi

709

myof TavianT winaprebTan uwyveti kavSiriT cxovreba gulisxmobs, rom sikvdili

arc ise saSiSia.
Cven

ukve

mimovixileT

aSlilobebi

da

visaubrebdeT,

mokled

fsiqopaTologiis

guneba-ganwyobilebis
ganvixiloT

ori

ZiriTadi

aSlilobebi.

pirovnuli

klasi:

sanam

aSlilobebi

da

SfoTviTi

Sizofreniaze
disociaciuri

aSlilobebi.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
pirovnuli aSliloba warmoadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv
(qronikul), xist, araadaptur paterns, romelic seriozulad auaresebs individis
funqcionirebis
mniSvnelovani

SesaZleblobas
distresis

socialur

gamowveva.

misi

da

sxva

amocnoba,

garemoSi

Cveulebriv,

da

SeuZlia

siWabukis

an

adreuli mowifulobis asakSi xdeba SesaZlebeli. pirovnuli aSlilobis mravali

saxeoba

arsebobs

(DSM-IV-TR-Si

mocemulia

10

sxvadasxva

tipis

pirovnuli

aSliloba). Cven ganvixilavT oTx maTgans: paranoidul, Teatralur, narcisistul

da antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas.
pirovnuli aSliloba _ Personality disorder _ aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis

qronikuli, xisti, araadapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad auaresebs individis

funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas socialur da sxva garemoSi.

paranoiduli

pirovnuli

aSlilobis

mqone

adamianebs

axasiaTebT

maTTan

kontaqtSi myofi pirovnebebis motivebisadmi undoblobis da eWvianobis mdgradi

paterni. isini eWvoben, rom sxva adamianebi maTTvis zianis miyenebasa da motyuebas
cdiloben.

maT

mniSvneloba

SeuZliaT

mouZebnon;

sruliad

moelian,

rom

uwyinar
maTi

situaciebs
megobrebi,

faruli

meuRle

usiamovno

an

mSoblebi

uRalateben maT.

Teatraluri pirovnuli aSliloba moWarbebuli emociurobiTa da yuradRebis

ZiebiT xasiaTdeba. am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs yovelTvis yuradRebis centrSi
surT yofna da Tu ver aRweven amas, yuradRebis misapyrobad raime araadekvaturis
gakeTeba

SeuZliaT.

isini

didi

TeatralurobiT

ayeneben

TavianT

moTxovnebs,

Tumca, naklebad interesdebian ukukavSiriT; amasTanave, umniSvnelo movlenebzec

moWarbebuli emociurobiT reagireben.

narcisuli

pirovnuli

aSlilobis mqone

adamianebi

sakuTari

mniSvnelobis

moWarbebuli grZnobiT, warmatebisa da Zalis fantaziebis siWarbiTa da mudmivi

710

aRtacebis obieqtad yofnis moTxovnilebiT gamoirCevian. am adamianebs xSirad

eqmnebaT problemebi pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebSi; maT aqvT tendencia, rom
sxvebTan

ormxrivi

uflebebis

mqoned

pasuxismgeblobis

gareSe

igrZnon

sxva

Tavi

da

gansakuTrebuli

adamianebi

keTilganwyobis,

sakuTari

miznebisaTvis

gamoiyenon. garda amisa, uWirT sxvaTa grZnobebis SemCneva da Tanagancda.

antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba gamoirCeva upasuxismgeblo an ukanono

qcevebis xangrZlivi paterniT, romelic arRvevs socialur normebs. Cveul qcevaTa
rigSi Sedis sicrue, qurdoba da Cxubi. antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobis
mqone adamianebs xSirad ar scxveniaT da ar awuxebT sindisis qenjna maT mier
Cadenili zianismomtani qcevebis gamo. socialuri normebis darRveva cxovrebis
adreuli periodidan iwyeba, es SeiZleba iyos klasSi areulobebis gamowveva,
CxubebSi

CarTva

gulgrilobiT

da

saxlidan

gamoirCeva.

gaqceva.

es

antisocialur

moqmedebebi
pirovnul

sxvaTa

uflebebisadmi

aSlilobas

xSirad

sxva

paTologiebic axlavs Tan. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi individTa daaxloebiT

25%-s,

romelic

akmayofilebda

opiumis

borotad

gamoyenebis

kriteriums,

antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobac daudginda (Brooner et al., 1997).

miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnuli aSlilobebi ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili,
vidre

sxva

tipis

aSlilobebi,

aris

monacemebi,

romelic

am

aSlilobebSi

genetikuri komponentis arsebobaze miuTiTebs (Livesley et al., 1993; Nigg & Goldsmith,
1994).

Tu

gavixsenebT

pirovnuli
me-14

maxasiaTeblebis

Tavidan

(ix.

gv.

Tandayolilobis

Sesaxeb

X _ aq Caiwereba Sesabamisi gverdi),

msjelobas
ar

unda

gagvikvirdes, rom am maxasiaTeblebis mqone aSlilobebic Tandayolilia. arsebobs

pirovnuli aSlilobebis gamomwvev garemo pirobebze mimarTuli kvlevebic (Norden
et al., 1995; Paris, 1997).

ganvixiloT

genetikisa

da

garemos

urTierTqmedebebi,

romlebic antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas iwveven.

saidan viciT
genetika, garemo da antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba
mkvlevarTa jgufma Seadgina SerCeva, sadac Sedioda 95 mamakaci da 102 qali,
romlebic

Svilad

aiyvanes

dabadebidan

ramdenime

dReSi.

Sesabamis

uwyebebSi

daculi monacemebi sakmaris informacias iZleoda maTi biologiuri mSoblebis

Sesaxeb, amitom mkvlevrebs SeeZloT daedginaT, romel cdis pirTa mSoblebs
aReniSnebodaT antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba. es monacemebi aSlilobaSi

711

genetikuri faqtoris wvlilis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebma mimRebi

ojaxebis

cxovrebis

pirobebis,

garemoebebis

Sesaxebac

moipoves

informacia:

interviuirebis saSualebiT sazRvravdnen, Tu romeli cdis pirebi gaizardnen

mimReb mSoblebTan araxelsayrel garemoSi; magaliTad, vis hqonda qorwinebis,
iuridiuli,
monacemebi

nivTierebebze
antisocialur

an

alkoholze

pirovnul

damokidebulebis

aSlilobaSi

garemos

problemebi.

wvlilis

es

Sefasebis

SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Sedegebma aCvena, rom mniSvnelovani iyo orive tipis

zegavlena: aSlilobis mqone biologiuri mSoblebis SvilebTan an araxelsayrel
garemoSi

gazrdil

cdispirebTan,

saSualod,

ufro

meti

iyo

antisocialuri

pirovnuli aSlilobis albaToba (Cadoret et al., 1995).

am Sedegebidan vxedavT, rom antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis
riskis winaSe pirovneba SeiZleba bunebam an aRzrdam, genetikurma an garemos
faqtorebma daayenos. amave dros, es aSliloba ar unviTardeboda im adamians,
romlis mSoblebsac aReniSnebodaT pirovnuli aSlilobebi an romelic rTul
garemo

pirobebSi

izrdeboda.

mkvlevrebs

kvlav

surT

imis

garkveva,

Tu

ra

ganapirobebs zogierTi adamianis mowyvladobasa da zogierTis moqnilobas.

disociaciuri aSlilobebi
disociaciuri
integraciis

aSliloba

darRveva.

aris

identurobis,

adamianebisTvis

mexsierebisa

mniSvnelovania,

rom

da

cnobierebis

akontrolebdnen

TavianT qcevas anu emociebs, azrebsa da moqmedebebs. TviTkontrolis aRqmisTvis

arsebiTia

individualurobis

SegrZneba

me-s

(self)

sxvadasxva

aspeqtebis

SeTanxmebuloba (konsistenturoba) da identurobis uwyvetoba drosa da sivrceSi.

fsiqologebs
sakuTar

miaCniaT,

konfliqtebs

uaryofen

sakuTari

rom

disociaciur

SeTanxmebulobisa
Tavis

nawilebs.

mdgomareobaSi
da

uwyvetobis

yovelgvari

individebi
daTmobis

organuli

gaurbian
gziT

da

disfunqciis

ararsebobis pirobebSi fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT gamowveul process, romelic

mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis daviwyebaSi mdgomareobs, disociaciur
amnezias uwodeben da is disociaciis erT-erTi magaliTia. fsiqologebma daiwyes
monacemebis

Segroveba

imis

Sesaxeb,

Tu

ra

xarisxiT

SeiZleba

axldes

Tan

mexsierebis aseTi danawevreba (disociacia) bavSvobaSi seqsualuri da fizikuri

Zaladobis SemTxvevebs (Spiegel & Cardena, 1991). mwvave/Rrma travmis sxva tipebi,
rogoricaa 1991 wels

oklendsa da berkliSi (kaliforniis

Stati) momxdari

712

xanZari, romelmac Seiwira 25 sicocxle da moitana milion dolarze meti zarali,

aseve iwvevs disociaciis simptomebs (Koopmen et al., 1996).
disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _ pirovnuli aSliloba, romelsac

axasiaTebs identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis darRveva.

disociaciuri amnezia
amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _ mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis

gaxsenebis unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, yovelgvari

organuli disfunqciis arsebobis gareSe.
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia)
( ) (Dissociative identity disorder DID) _

disociaciuri fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori an meti

calkeuli pirovneba; warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc Sedgenili (multiple)
pirovnuli aSliloba.
disociaciuri

identobis

aSliloba

(dia)

(Dissociative Identity Disorder _ DID),

warsulSi cnobili Sedgenili pirovnuli aSliloba (multiple personality disorder), aris

disociaciuri fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori an meti
calkeuli pirovneba. yovel mocemul momentSi erT-erTi maTgani dominanturia da
warmarTavs individis qcevas. disociaciuri identobis aSliloba popularul
enaze gaxleCili pirovnebis saxeliT aris cnobili da xandaxan mas SecdomiT

Sizofreniasac (aSliloba, romelsac Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT da vnaxavT, rom

am dros pirovneba xSirad uaresdeba, magram ar ixliCeba orad) uwodeben xolme.
dia-is SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli warmoqmnili pirovneba raime mniSvnelovani niSniT
originaluri me-s (self) sapirispiroa _ maT Soris gansvlas eqneba adgili, Tu
pirovneba morcxvi, SeboWilia, Tu sawyisi pirovneba sustia da seqsualurad
mimzidveli,

Tu

meore

mfrTxali

da

seqsualurad

gulubryviloa.

TiToeul

pirovnebas Taviseburad ganumeorebeli identoba, saxeli da qceviTi repertuari

aqvs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba mTeli rigi sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebisa,
romelic pirovnebas rTul cxovrebiseul situaciasTan gamklavebaSi exmareba.
qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti dia-is mqone qalis wamyvani pirovnebis angariSidan
(Mason, 1997, p.44):

rogorc talRebi atrialebs okeanes Signidan gareT da gadaalagebs wyals,

sxvadasxva CvenTagani trialebs wreze, modis da midis miqcevasaviT da miedineba
zogjer mSvidad, zogjer _ mSfoTvared. bavSvi aferadebs flomasterebiT. igi
gverdze iweva da adgils administrators uTmobs, romelic bankis angariSs

713

aTanxmebs. mcire xnis Semdeg mkvdari Cvili iwevs win da umoZraod wevs iatakze.
igi droebiT ase rCeba, magram aravis swydeba guli _ es misi droa. cocxali
Cvili xoxavs da Cerdeba mtverSi amogangluli. mzareuli sami dRis saWmels
amzadebs da

TiToeuls

calke paketSi

alagebs

_ Cven

yvelas sxvadasxva

midrekilebebi, miswrafebebi da antipaTiebi gvaqvs. SeSinebuli me xmamaRla

yviris, daWrili _ kvnesis, mgloviare _ moTqvams.
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi daayanoT am qalis adgilze da warmoidginoT, rogori
iqneba

amdeni

pirovnebebis

bavSvis,

mkvdari

Cvilis,

cocxali

Cvilis,

mzareulisa da a.S. _ erT TavSi moTavseba?

zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom disociaciuri aSlilobis

mqone pirovnebis

Semadgenili pirovnebebis ganviTareba gadarCenis arsebiT funqcias emsaxureba. diais msxverpli SeiZleba ecemaT, daemwyvdiaT an mietovebinaT im adamianebs, visac,
savaraudod, uyvarda igi; maT, viszec imdenad
SeeZloT

maTTan

SebrZoleba,

fsiqodinamikuri

Tvalsazrisis

maTgan

iyvnen damokidebulni, rom ar

wasvla

mixedviT,

es

da

maTi

msxverplebi

SeZulebac

ki.

danawevrebis

(disociaciis) saSualebiT simbolurad gaeqcnen gadatanil saSinelebas. ufro

Zlieri

Sinagani

xasiaTebis

SeqmniT

maT

daicves

TavianTi

ego

arsebuli

travmatuli situaciisagan. rogorc wesi, dia-is msxverpls warmoadgenen qalebi,

romlebic

bavSvobaSi,

seqsualurad
megobrebis

iqnen

mier.

xangrZlivi

Zalze

erT

periodis

Seuracxyofilni

kvlevaSi

kiTxvaris

ganmavlobaSi

mSoblebis,
saSualebiT

fizikurad

naTesavebis
mopovebul

an

an

axlo

iqna

448

klinikosis monacemi, romelTac gamocdilebaSi hqondaT disociaciuri identobis

aSlilobisa da klinikuri depresiis (gamoiyeneboda Sesadareblad) SemTxvevebze
muSaoba.

rogorc

15.5

cxrilSia

naCvenebi,

dia-is

355

SemTxvevaSi

wamyvani

maxasiaTebelia Seuracxyofa, romelic TiTqmis yvelasaTvis saerToa da romelsac

adgili aqvs 3 wlis asakidan da aT welze met xans grZeldeba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom 235 depresiul pacientTanac aRiniSneboda Seuracxyofis xSiri SemTxvevebi, es
maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad mcire iyo dia-is mqone individTa gamocdilebasTan
SedarebiT (Schultz et al., 1989). miuxedavad imisa, rom es monacemebi da zemoT
moyvanili pirovnuli angariSebi eWvgareSea, mravali fsiqologi mainc skeptikurad
uyurebs dia-is diagnozs (Lilienfeld et al., 1999; Spanos, 1994). ar arsebobs sando
monacemebi am aSlilobis gavrcelebis

Sesaxeb (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). skeptikosebi

714

xSirad gamoTqvamen masazrebas, rom Terapevtebs, visac swamT dia-s arsebobis,

SeuZliaT misi Seqmna _ es Terapevtebi Tavian pacientebTan, xSirad hipnoturi
zemoqmedebisas, saTanado kiTxvebis dasmiT biZgs aZleven Semadgenili pirovnebebis
warmoqmnas. sxva fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom sakmarisi monacemebi arsebobs dia-is
diagnozis sasargeblod, romelic aCvenebs, rom is ar aris mxolod gulmodgine
Terapevtebis mier Seqmnili produqti (Gleaves, 1996). yvelaze uwyinari daskvna
Semdegi SeiZleba iyos: dia-is diagnozis mqone adamanTa jgufSi zogi SemTxveva
namdvilia, WerSmaritia maSin, rodesac zogierTi SemTxveva Terapevtisgan aris
gaCenili.

cxrili 15.5. Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvis Sedegebi: disociaciuri

identobis aSlilobisa (DID) da depresiis Sedareba
kiTxvaris debuleba

DID (%)

depresia (%)

98

54

fizikuri

82

24

seqsualuri

86

25

fsiqologiuri

86

42

uaryofa

54

21

yvela zemoT CamoTvlili erTad

47

fizikuri da seqsualuri

74

14

(N=355)

(N=235)

Seuracxyofis SemTxveva
tipebi

Sejameba
SfoTviTi
aSliloba,

aSlilobebi
panikuri

posttravmatuli

xuT

aSliloba,

stresis

kategoriad
fobiebi,

aSliloba.

iyofa:

generalizebuli

obsesiur-kompulsuri

generalizebuli

SfoTviTi

aSliloba

SfoTviTi

da

aSliloba

qronikuli SfoTviT xasiaTdeba maSin, roca panikuri aSliloba mwvave SfoTvas

ukavSirdeba. fobiebs axasiaTebs imdenad Zlieri iracionaluri SiSi, rom isini
gansjis unarze zemoqmedeben. obsesiebi arakontrolirebadi, damangreveli azrebia,
kompulsiebi

ki,

aseve,

arakontrolirebadi

qcevebi.

travmatulma

movlenebma,

rogoricaa gaupatiureba an Rrma dazianeba, SeiZleba posttravmatuli stresis

715

aSlilobis ganviTareba gamoiwvios. mkvlevrebma aCvenes SfoTvis aSlilobebsa,

genetikur faqtorebsa da Tavis tvinis paTologiebs Soris kavSiris arseboba. am
aSlilobaTa fsiqologiur axsnebSi klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da kognituri
tendenciuroba moiazreba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi Sedis klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba _
fsiqopaTologiis
depresia

iwvevs

yvelaze

gavrcelebuli

guneba-ganwyobilebis,

forma

da

bipolaruli

Semecnebisa

da

motivaciis

aSliloba.
cvlilebebs.

bipolaruli depresiis mqone adamianebi ganicdian depresiisa da maniis periodebis

monacvleobas.
genetikuri

mkvlevrebma

komponenti

aCvenes,

iseve

rom

guneba-ganwyobilebis

ukavSirdeba

depresiasa

da

aSlilobis

manias,

rogorc

cvlilebebi Tavis tvinis funqcionirebaSi. depresiis Teoriebi xSirad amaxvileben

yuradRebas

kognitur

cxovrebiseul

interpretaciaze,

gamocdilebas.

romelsac

seriozuli

adamianebi

depresiis

maRali

aZleven
sixSire

TavianT
qalebSi,

SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos qalebisa da mamakacebis mier depresiaze reagirebis

gansxvavebul

gzebTan.

depresiuli

individebi

sakmaod

xSirad

fiqroben

TviTmkvlelobaze.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi azrovnebisa da qcevis araadapturi formebia; isini
SeiZleba

imdenad

socialur
mTlianobis

da

Rrma

iyos,

profesiul

darRvevebia.

rom

ziani

garemoSi.
miuxedavad

miayenos

normalur

disociaciuri
imisa,

rom

funqcionirebas

aSlilobebi

mkvlevrebi

identobis

disociaciuri

identobis aSlilobis mizezad bavSvobaSi gadatanil seqsualur Seuracxyofas

miiCneven, aSlilobis gavrcelebuloba sakamaTo rCeba.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: marTla arsebobs Tu ara internetomania?
SegimCneviaT, rom imaze met dros atarebT internetSi, vidre unda atarebdeT?
megobrebTan

internetis

saSualebiT

saubari

girCevniaT

maTTan

piradad

urTierTobas? internetze xarjavT dros, romelsac sxva mniSvnelovan saqmianobas

unda uTmobdeT, rogoricaa gamocdebisTvis mzadeba an Zili? SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
Tqven damokidebuli (addicted) xarT internetze?
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze internetomaniis sakiTxs didi adgili
eTmoba

popularul

presaSi:

es

axali

istoriebi

qmnian

(xSir

SemTxvevebSi)

mozardi vaJis xats, romelic realuri samyaros adamianebTan kontaqtze uars

ambobs da chat-oTaxebisa da MUD-is kiber-samyaroSi uCinardeba. zogierT mkvlevars

716

aRmoCenili

aqvs

saSualebebSi

realuri

Seqmnil

SemTxvevebi,

aseT xats.

maT

romelic

Tanxvdeba

internetomaniis

sainformacio

diagnozi

miusadages

(magaliTad, Young, 1998). sxva mkvlevrebi ufro skeptikurni rCebian am diagnozis,

rogorc fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipis, mimarT. vnaxoT, ratom:
rogorc aRvwereT, fsiqopaTologiis TiToeuli tipisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
individi aSkarad specifikuri tipis araadaptur qcevebs axorcielebdes, rogorc
aRniSnulia DSM-IV-TR-Si. Tumca, internetze damokidebulobis, internetomaniis,
SemoTavazebuli

diagnozis

SemTxvevaSi

gaugebaria,

Tu

konkretulad

romeli

qcevaa araadapturi im qcevaTa Soris, romelsac individi qselSi yofnis dros

axorcielebs. erT-erTi mkvlevris sityvebiT, _ Tu zogierTi adamiani mijaWvulia
internetze, mainc razea igi mijaWvuli? (Griffiths, 1998, p.72).
gadavxedoT

im

miznebs,

romelsac

emsaxureba

individebis

mier

internetis

gamoyeneba da mTeli rigi aqtivobebisa, romliTac isini dakavebulni arian xazze

yofnisas.

magaliTad,

adamianebi

qselSi

Sedian

informaciis

mosaZieblad,

saTamaSod da romantikuli an seqsualuri partniorebis sapovnelad. SeuZliaT ki

adamianebs,

damokidebulni

romelTac

internatomaniis

gamoyenebis

ufro

gaxdnen

miznebisa

diagnozs

specifikuri

da

aqtivobebis

usadageben?

aspeqtebi,

Tu

romelic

erTobliobaze,

arsebobs

internetis

fsiqologiuri

Seguebis

problemebs iwvevs? Tu es ukanaskneli mosazreba sworia, maSin arsebobs albaToba

imisa,

rom

mocemul

individs

aRmoaCndeba

fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis

profesionalebis mier ukve dadgenili ufro specifikuri diagnozi.

magaliTad,

rogorc vnaxeT, DSM-IV-TR-Si gansazRvrulia socialuri fobiis kategoria. ufro

miwanSewonili iqneboda, rom individisTvis, romelic zRudavs sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobas internet-urTierTobis sasargeblod, socialuri fobiis diagnozi
dagvesva da ara _ internetomaniis. adamianebis mier internetis moWarbebulad
gamoyenebis

gzebi

SeiZleba

warmoadgendes

cnobili

aSlilobebis

simptomebs,

Tumca, TavisTavad internetis Warbad moxmareba ver kvalificirdeba, rogorc

aSliloba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven ar uarvyofT im faqtis arsebobas, rom adamianTa mcire
procenti

internets

pirovnuli,

socialuri

da

profesiuli

cxovrebisTvis

saziano gzebiT iyenebs. magaliTad, kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebi, romlebic

intensiurad iyeneben internets, izolirebulad da martosulad grZnoben Tavs

717

(Kraut et al., 1998; Nie & Erbring, 2000). Tumca, risi frTxilad SemoTavazeba da gaazrebac
gvsurs,

aris

maxasiaTeblebi,

mosazreba

imis

romelic

iwvevs

fsiqopaTologias

samarTlianad

Sesaxeb,

rom

arsebobs

fsiqopaTologiis
uwodeben

internetis

specifikur

internetze

formas

zogadi
da

am

damokidebulebas

internetomanias.

Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rogoria depresiuloba an SfoTvis gancda maSinac
ki,

rodesac

umravlesobas

ar

gangvicdia

es

grZnobebi

aSlilobisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli simwvaviT. Sizofrenia ki aris aSliloba, romelic normaluri

funqcionirebisgan
Sizofreniuli

Tvisobrivad

aSliloba

gansxvavebul

fsiqopaTologiis

mdgomareobas

mwvave

formaa,

gulisxmobs.

romlis

drosac

dezintegrirebulia pirovneba, darRveulia azrovneba da aRqma, gasadavebulia

emociebi.

Sizofreniuli

aSlilobis

mqone

pirovneba

swored

iseTebi

arian,

rogorsac yvelaze xSirad warmovidgenT xolme sigiJisa da Seuracxadobis Sesaxeb

fiqris dros.
SizofreniiT daavadebuli mravali adamianisTvis avadmyofoba cxovrebiseuli
ganaCenia ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis gareSe, romelsac isini ganmartoebulni
da izolirebulni zidaven da
miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

iZulebulni arian yvelasgan moSorebiT icxovron.

Sizofrenia

SedarebiT

iSviaTia

aSS-is

mozrdili

mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.7%-s aReniSneba cxovrebis romelime etapze (Kessler et al.,

1994) _ es monacemi gulisxmobs, rom daaxloebiT ori milioni adamiani itanjeba
am

yvelaze

saidumloebiT

moculi

da

tragikuli

fsiqikuri

aSlilobiT.

fsiqiatriuli klinikebis adgilTa naxevari Sizofreniis mqone pacientebs ukaviaT,

radganac mravali maTgani Tavisi cxovrebis upetes nawils saavadmyofoSi atarebs,
normalur cxovrebaSi odesme dabrunebis mcire imediT.
mark voneguti (Mark Vonnegut), mweral kurt vonegutis vaJiSvili, 25 wlisac ar
iyo, rodesac Sizofreniis simptomebma iCina Tavi. samoTxis eqspres-Si (Eden
Express, 1975) igi sakuTari gamocdilebidan mogviTxrobs realobisgan gansvlisa da
saboloo gamojanmrTelebis Sesaxeb. erTxel, xexilis gasxvlisas misma realobam
damaxinjeba daiwyo:

718

damainteresa,

tkivils

xom

ar

vayenebdi

xeebs

da

mobodiSeba

daviwye.

TiToeulma maTganma pirovnebis saxe miiRo. damainteresa, romelimes movwondi

Tu ara. mTlianad mSTanTqa TiToeuli xis Tvalierebam da daviwye SemCneva, rom
isini yovelTvis imdenad msubuqad anaTebdnen, rom rbili, Signidan momdinare
sinaTlis naTeba totebis irgvliv ifrqveoda; da saidanRac warmoudgenlad
danaoWebuli, gardamavalferebiani saxe movida. Tavidan mxolod ganusazRvrel
manZilze

myof

uzarmazari

patara

gaxda.

mis

wertilad
garda

moCanda,

veRarafers

igi

win

vxedavdi.

moiwevda
guli

da

bolos

gamiCerda.

dro

usasrulod gaiWima. saxis Tavidan moSoreba vcade, magram man damcina... misTvis
TvalebSi Sexedva vcade da gavacnobiere, rom fexqveS miwa gamomecala (1975,
p.96).
vonegutis aRwera garkveul warmodgenas SegiqmniT Sizofreniis simptomebze.
Sizofreniis
asociaciebi

azrovneba

samyaroSi

Soreuli

da

yovelgvar

aralogikuri
sqemas

xdeba;

moklebulia.

ideaTa

xSirad

Soris

aRiniSneba

halucinaciebi,
halucinaciebi romelic warmosaxviT sensorul aRqmebs _ xatebs, sunebs an,
yvelze xSirad, bgerebs (Cveulebriv, xmebs) moicavs da romelTac pacientebi
realurad miiCneven. pirovnebas SeiZleba esmodes xma, romelic uwyvet komentars
ukeTebs mis qcevas, an ramdenime xmis saubari; damaxasiaTebelia bodvebic _ cru an
iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis

metyveleba

pirobebSi.

daukavSirebeli

an

SeiZleba

gamogonili

araTanmimdevruli

sityvebis

sityvier

gaxdes

salaTas

erTmaneTTan

daemsgavsos,

an

individi sulac damunjdes. emociebs gasadaveba axasiaTebs, qreba maTi garegani

gamoxatuleba

an

SeiZleba

situaciis

Seusabamo

iyos.

fsiqomotoruli

qceva

SeiZleba dezorganizebuli (grimasebi, ucnauri manerebi), poza ki _ rigiduli

gaxdes. mxolod zogierTi simptomis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki mosalodnelia
profesiuli

funqcionirebisa

da

pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis

gauareseba,

radganac pacienti socialurad gariyuli an emociurad gulgrili xdeba.

fsiqologebi

simptomebs

dadebiT

da

uaryofiT

kategoriebSi

aTavseben.

Sizofreniis mwvave anu aqtiuri fazis dros gamokveTilia dadebiTi simptomebi _

halucinaciebi,
dros

ki

bodvebi, araTanmimdevruloba

uaryofiTi

simptomebi

da

socialuri

dezorganizebuli
gariyuloba

da

qceva,

sxva

gasadavebuli

emociebi. zogierT individs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mark voneguti, Sizofreniis

mxolod

erTi

an

ori

mwvave

faza

aReniSneba

da

Semdeg

normalur,

Cveul

719

cxovrebas ubrundeba. sxvebs, romelTac xSirad qronikul avadmyofebad miiCneven,

axasiaTebT ganmeorebadi
Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder) _ fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma,

romelic xasiaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcionirebis rRveviT,

realobidan gansvliT, emociuri gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ cru aRqma, romelsac adgili aqvs obieqturi

gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi.

bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs

sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis pirobebSi.

mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xanmokle periodebiT an calkeuli mwvave
fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xangrZlivi periodebiT. yvelaze metad darRveuli
individebic ki ar imyofebian mudmivad mwvave bodviT mdgomareobaSi.
Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi
SizofreniisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

simptomebis

mravalferovnebis

gamo,

mkvlevrebi mas calkeuli tipebis erTobliobad miiCneven da ara _ erTeul

aSlilobad. 15.6 cxrilSi mocemulia Sizofreniis xuTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
qvetipi.
cxrili 15.6 Sizofreniuli aSlilobebis tipebi
Sizofreniis tipebi
dezorganizebuli

ZiriTadi simptomebi
araadekvaturi/araSesatyvisi qceva da emociebi;
araTanmimdevruli metyveleba.

katatoniuri

gayinuli, rigiduli an iolad agznebadi qceva.

paranoiduli

grandiozulobis an devnis mania.

aradiferencirebuli

simptomebTa Sereuli nakrebi azrovnebis

aSlilobebiTa da sxva tipis maxasiaTeblebiT.
ar aris warmodgenili ZiriTadi simptomebi, Tumca,

rezidualuri

aRiniSneba aSlilobis ganaxlebis Tanmxlebi,

meorexarisxovani simptomebi.

dezorganizebuli tipi

720

Sizofreniis am qvetipis SemTxvevaSi individs araTanmimdevruli azrovneba da

moWarbebulad

ucnauri

da

dezorganizebuli

qceva

axasiaTebs.

emociebi

gasadavebuli an situaciis Seusabamoa. xSirad pirovneba sulelurad an bavSvurad

iqceva, magaliTad, xiTxiTebs yovelvgari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe. metyveleba
SeiZleba imdenad araTanmimdevruli da uCveulo sityvebiTa da daumTavrebeli
winadadebebiT aRsavse gaxdes, rom dairRves sxva adamianebTan komunikacia. Tu
adgili aqvs bodvebs an halucinaciebs, isini ar Seexeba gasageb Temas.

mister F.B. 30 wels mitanebuli hospitalizebuli fsiqikuri pacienti iyo.

rodesac mas saxeli hkiTxes, man upasuxa, rom cdilobda mis daviwyebas,
radganac yovelTvis atirebda Tavisi saxelis gagoneba. Semdeg igi ramdenime
wuTis ganmavlobaSi gulamoskvniT tiroda. rodesac raime seriozulisa da
sevdianis Sesaxeb hkiTxes, mister F.B-m xiTxiTi da sicili daiwyo. rodesac
hkiTxes mniSvneloba andazisa When the cats away, the mice will play (qarTulad es
daaxloebiT ase JRers: rodesac kata midis, Tagvebi TamaSoben), man upasuxa: _
nakleb adgils ikavebs. katam ar icis, ras akeTebs Tagvi da Tagvma ar icis, ras

akeTebs kata. kata ufro saeWvo mxares warmoadgens, vidre Tagvi. dumbo kargi
biWi iyo. man dainaxa, rac katam gaakeTa, Tavisi Tavi katasTan daayena, amrigad,
xalxi aRar Sexedavda maT, rogorc komediantebs (Zimbardo, personal communication,
1957).
mister F.B-is maneruloba, depersonalizebuli, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba da
bodvebi am tipis Sizofreniis ZiriTadi niSnebia.

katatoniuri tipi
Sizofreniis katatonikuri tipis wamyvani maxasiaTebelia motoruli aqtivobis
darRveva. xandaxan am aSlilobis mqone adamianebi stuporSi arian gayinulni.
individebi

umoZraod,

xSirad

ucnaur

pozebSi,

rCebian

xangrZlivi

periodis

manZilze da ar/an sustad reagireben garemoSi mimdinare movlenebze. sxva dros es

pacientebi moWarbebuli motoruli aqtivobiT xasiaTdebian, romelic
umiznod

da

katatonikur

garegani
tips

gamRizianeblebis

ukiduresi

zemoqmedebis

negativizmic

axasiaTebs,

aramotivirebulad ewinaaRmdegeba yvela instruqcias.

paranoiduli tipi

gareSe

aSkarad

xorcieldeba.

romelic

aSkarad

721

Sizofreniis

am

tipis

mqone

adamianebs

rTuli

da

sistematuri

bodvebi

axasiaTebT, romlebic garkveul Temebzea mimarTuli:

devnis

bodva.

individebi

grZnoben,

rom

maT

mudmivad

uTvalTvaleben,

SeTqmulebas uwyoben da rom maT sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba.

grandiozulobis bodva. individebs sjeraT, rom isini mniSvnelovani da

amaRlebuli arsebani arian _ milionerebi, didi gamomgoneblebi an religiuri

figurebi,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

ieso

qriste.

devnis

bodvas

SeiZleba

grandiozulobis bodva axldes Tan _ individi didi pirovnebaa, magram mas

mudmivad ewinaaRmdegebian eSmakeuli Zalebi.

eWvianobis bodva. individi yovelgvari mizezis gareSe darwmunebulia, rom

megobrebi Ralatoben mas. isini igoneben TavianTi Teoriis Sesatyvis monacemebs

da adastureben bodvis simarTles.
paranoiduli

Sizofreniis

mqone

individebTan

simptomebis

gamovlena,

Sizofreniuli aSlilobis sxva tipebis simptomebTan SedarebiT, cxovrebis ufro

gviandel periodSi iwyeba. paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebi iSviaTad
axorcieleben aSkarad dezorganizebul qcevas, Tumca, maTi qceva daZabuli da
sruliad formaluria.

aradiferencirebuli tipi
Sizofreniis es krebiTi kategoria aRwers pirovnebas, romelsac aReniSneba
gamokveTili

bodvebi,

dezorganizebuli

halucinaciebi,

qceva,

rac

erTze

araTanmimdevruli
meti

tipis

metyveleba

kriteriumebs

an

an

Zalze

gaurkvevel,

bundovan tips Seesabameba. individis mier gancdil simptomTa am nazavSi ar xdeba

sxvadasxva Sizofreniuli reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan gamodiferencireba.

rezidualuri tipi
rezidualuri tipis diagnozis mqone individebs, Cveulebisamebr, Sizofreniis
ZiriTadi ganvlili epizodi awuxebT, Tumca, amasTanave, Tavisufalni arian iseTi
ZiriTadi
aSlilobis

dadebiTi
arseboba

simptomebisgan,
Tanmxlebi,

rogoricaa

meorexarisxovani

halucinaciebi
dadebiTi

an

an

bodvebi.

gasadavebuli

afeqtis msgavsi uaryofiTi simptomebiT vlindeba. rezidualuri tipis diagnozi

SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze, rom pirovnebis avadmyofoba remisiis fazaSi Sedis
anu faruli xdeba.

722

Sizofreniis mizezebi
sxvadasxva
mizezebze,

etiologiuri

misi

midgoma

ganviTarebis

Sizofreniis

sxvadasxva

gzebsa

Zalze
da

gansxvavebul

mkurnalobis

sawyis

sxvadasxva

mimarTulebebze miuTiTebs. gadavxedoT Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis

gzebis SecnobaSi sxvadasxva midgomebis mier Setanil wvlils.

genetikuri midgomebi
didi

xania

cnobilia,

rom

Sifozrenias

ojaxebSi

gavrcelebis

tendencia

axasiaTebs (Bleuler, 1978; Kallmann, 1946). kvlevis sami damoukidebeli mimarTuleba _

ojaxebis kvleva, tyupebis kvleva da gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavla _ erTsa da
imave daskvnamde midis: Sizofreniis gamovlenis albaToba im individebTan ufro
metia, visac genetikuri kavSiri aqvs am aSlilobis mqone adamianTan, vidre maTTan,
visac ar aqvs aseTi naTesauri kavSiri (Kendler & Diehl, 1993; Tsuang, 2000). 15.4 suraTze
mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis naTesavebisgan Sizofreniis miRebis riskis xarisxis
maCveneblebi.

es

monacemebi

Sizofreniis

mkvlevarma

irving

gotesmanma

(Irving

Gottesman, 1991) dasavleT evropaSi 1920-1987 wlebSi Caratebuli TiTqmis 40 sando

kvlevis

Sedegebis

gaerTianebiT

miiRo

da

maqsimalurad

viwro

kategoriebSi

moaTavsa. rogorc xedavT, monacemebi genetikuri naTesaobis xarisxis mixedviT

aris dalagebuli, rac maRal korelaciaSi imyofeba riskis xarisxTan. magaliTad,
rodesac orive mSobeli daavadebulia SizofreniiT, maT SvilebSi am aSlilobis
gamovlenis riski 46%-s udris, mTeli populaciis 1%-Tan SedarebiT. rodesac
mxolod erTi mSobelia avad, Svilebis daavadebis riski mkveTrad mcirdeba 13%mde.

aRsaniSnavia, rom albaToba imisa, rom identur tyupebs orives aRmoaCndeba

Sizofrenia, daaxloebiT samjer aRemateba araidentur tyupebSi am aSlilobis

gamovlenis albaTobas.
suraTi 15.4 Sizofreniis ganviTarebis genetikuri riski

grafikze naCvenebia Sizofreniis ganviTarebis riskis saSualo maCveneblebi.

monacemebi

mogrovda

mosaxleobaSi

ojaxebisa

ganxorcielda

da

tyupebis

1920-1987 wlebSi;

kvlevebiT,
gamovlinda

romelic
maRali

evropis

korelacia

riskis xarisxsa da genetikuri naTesaobis xarisxs Soris.

mkvlevrebi gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavlasac mimarTaven imis saCveneblad,
rom

genetikuri

faqtorebi

mniSvnelovan

zegavlenas

axdens

Sizofreniis

723

etiologiaze
Sizofreniis

(Kety
mqone

et

al.,

ganvixiloT

1994).

pacientTa

biologiur

kvleva,

da

mimReb

romelSic

fasdeboda

naTesavebSi

azrovnebis

aSlilobebis SemTxvevebis sixSire.

saidan viciT
azrovnebis aSlilobebi Sizofreniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb naTesavebSi
am kvlevaSi Sizofreniis mqone iseTi pacientebi aarCies, romelTac aSliloba
gaSvilebis

Semdeg

ganuviTardaT.

sakontrolo

SerCeva

Sezofreniis

mqoneTa

SerCevas Seesabameboda sqesisa da asakis mixedviT; sakontrolo SerCevaSi Semaval

cdis pirebs ar hqondaT fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdileba. Caweres
eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo SerCevebis cdis pirTa da maTi biologiuri
naTesavebis metyveleba, genetikis mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad, da maTi mimRebi
naTesavebis,

metyveleba,

garemos

mniSvnelovnobis

Sesafaseblad,.

am

verbalur

masalaze dayrdnobiT, TiToeul individs (aseve, mSoblebsa da naTesavebs) mieniWa

azrovnebis

aSlilobis

maCvenebeli,

risTvisac

gamoyenebul

iqna

azrovnebis

aSlilobis indeqsi (Thought Dosirder Index _ TDI). Sedegebi mocemulia 15.7 cxrilSi _
TDI-s

yvelaze

maRali

maCvenebeli

metad

darRveul

azrovnebaze

miuTiTebs.

Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom Sizofreniuli aSlilobis mqone naSvilebi cdis pirebis

biologiurma naTesavebma azrovnebis aSlilobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli miiRes,
vidre sakontrolo SerCevis naSvilebi cdis pirebis biologiurma naTesavebma.
Tumca, orive SerCevis naSvilebTa naTesavebi ar gansxavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan
azrovnebis

aSlilobis

mixedviT.

monacemebi

gvafiqrebinebs,

rom

genetikuri

faqtori garemos faqtorze metad miuTiTebs imaze, Tu vis aRmoaCndeba azrovnebis

aSlilobebi (Kinney et al., 1997).
TiTqmis

yvela

naSvilebi

individi

dabadebidan

mcire

xnis

Semdeg

daaSores

TavianT biologiur ojaxs. Sesabamisad, rasac ar unda gamoewvia Sizofreniis

mqone gaSvilebul individebSi azrovnebis aSlilobis Zalian maRali xarisxi da
SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli maT biologiur naTesavebSi, ver mivakuTvnebT mas
garemos faqtorTa rigs.
cxrili

15.7

azrovnebis

individebSi,
individebSi,
naTesavebSi

darRvevis

sakontrolo

maCveneblebi
SerCevis

Sizofreniis

naSvileb

mqone

individebsa

naSvileb
da

maT

724

azrovnebis darRvevis indeqsi

Sizofreniis mqone
naSvilebi

individebi
maTi biologiuri
naTesavebi

gansxvaveba

naSvilebi individebi

individebi
Tavad naSvilebi

sakontrolo SerCevis

4.82

1.15

3.67

1.37

0.99

0.38

1.44

0.82

0.62

1.11

1.31

-0.20

maTi biologiuri
dedmamiSvilebi da
naxevrad
dedmamiSvilebi
maTi mimRebi naTesavebi

es sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi erTiandeba da yalibdeba Semdegi daskvnis saxiT:

zogierTi individi Tandayolili, memkvidreobiT miRebuli genetikuri masalis
matarebelia,

romelic

mas

Sizofreniis

riskis

winaSe

ayenebs.

mkvlevrebi,

romelTac surT am paTologiuri genetikuri masalis gamocalkeveba, emiSebis

populaciaSi bipolaruli daavadebis genetikuri wyaroebis kvlevis ganxilvisas
aRwerili midgomis msgavs pozicias ikaveben. kvlevis mizania genebis im wilis
dadgena, romelic aSlilobis mqone individebs misgan Tavisufali individebisgan
ganasxvavebs.

mkvlevrebi

progress

aRweven

genTa

im

kombinaciebis

aRmoCenaSi,

romelic adamianebs Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs (Brzustowicz et al., 2000).

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom genetikur

msgavsebasa

da

Sizofreniis

risks

Soris

ueWvelad maRali korelaciaa, yvelaze didi genetikuri msgavsebis jgufebSic ki,

risk-faqtori 50%-ze naklebia (ix. suraTi 15.5). es imaze metyvelebs, rom genebis
rolis garda, garemos
Sizofreniis

mizezis

pirobebic aucilebelia aSlilobis ganviTarebisaTvis.

Sesaxeb

farTod

gavrcelebuli

hipoTeza

midrekileba-

stresis hipoTezis (diathesis-stress hypothesis) saxeliT aris cnobili. am hipoTezis

Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi riskis winaSe ayenebs individs, magram maT garemos
stresis

faqtorebic

(manifestirebuli)

unda

daerTos,

Sizofreniuli

raTa

potenciurma

aSlilobis

saxe

riskma

miiRos.

gamovlenili

ganvixileT

ra

725

Sizofreniis biologiuri aspeqtebi, axla am aSlilobis warmoqmnis damaCqarebeli

garemos stresorebis tipebze visaubrebT.
sur. 15.6 Sizofreniuli aSlilobis genetikuri riski

Sizofreniis mqone mSobelTa 100 bavSvisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 50-dan 10%-s aqvs
Sizofreniis ganmapirobebeli genetikuri struqtura. amasTan, daaxloebiT 5%-s
cxovrebis sawyis etapze, 5%-s ki Semdgom cxovrebaSi ganuviTarda aSliloba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom maRali riskis mqone cdis pirTa 40% ar daavadda SizofreniiT.
Tavs tvinis funqcionireba da biologiuri maniSneblebi
arsebobs Sizofreniisadmi meore biologiuri midgoma, romelic am aSlilobis
mqone individTa Tavis tvinSi arsebuli darRvevebis ZiebiT aris dakavebuli. am
mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvlevaTa umravlesoba Tavis tvinis gamosaxvis teqnikebs
eyrdnoba (ix. Tavi III), romelic Sizofreniis mqone da sakontrolo SerCevis
normaluri individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da funqcionirebis uSulod
Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva (Gur & Pearlson, 1993; Marsh et al., 1997; Vita et al., 2000).
magaliTad, magnituri rezonansis procedura imis saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, rom
Sizofreniis mqone individTa 50%-ze mets gadidebuli aqvs parkuWebi _ Tavis
tvinis struqturebi, romelSic miedineba cerebrospinaluri siTxe (Degreef et al.,
1992).

bavSvobaSi

gamovlenili

Sizofreniis

mqone

individebTan

mozardobis

periodSi aRiniSneba parkuWebis zomis progresuli zrda (Rapoport et al., 1997). garda
amisa,

gamosaxvis

teqnikebiT

dadgenilia,

rom

Sizofreniis

mqone

individebs

sakontrolo jgufisgan gansxvavebuli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi SeiZleba

axasiaTebdeT. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi Seswavlil iqna identuri tyupebis
SemTxvevebi,

rodesac

erT-erTi

an

orive

tyupiscali

SizofreniiT

iyo

daavadebuli (Berman et al., 1992). mxolod im individebs aReniSnebodaT Tavis tvinis

Sublis wilebis dabali aqtivoba normasTan SedarebiT, romelTac realurad
hqondaT Sizofrenia. kvlevis aseTi sqemiT genetika konstantad iqceva, rac am
aSlilobis kidev erTi biologiuri aspeqtis ganovlenis saSualebas iZleva.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben Sizofreniis biologiuri maniSneblebis CamonaTvalis
Sevsebas. biologiuri maniSnebeli daavadebis gazomvadi indikatoria, romelic
SeiZleba iyos, an arc iyos, mizezobrivi (Szymaski et al., p.99). sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, biologiuri maniSnebeli SeiZleba korelirebdes daavadebasTan, Tumca, ar
iwvevdes mis ganviTarebas. dResdReobiT ar aris cnobili arc erTi maniSnebeli,

726

romelic zustad iwinaswarmetyvelebda Sizofrenias, magram maniSneblebs didi

potenciuri

Rirebuleba

aqvT

diagnostirebisa

da

kvlevisaTvis.

magaliTad,

Sizofreniis mqone pirovnebebTan ufro metad mosalodnelia vizualuri velis

Tvalierebisas

Tvalebis

moZraobis

disfunqciis

gamovlena,

vidre

Cveulebriv

adamianebTan. SesaZlebelia am biologiuri maniSneblis raodenobrivi Sefaseba da

es Sefaseba ojaxebSi Sizofreniis arsebobas ukavSirdeba (Clementz & Sweeney, 1990;
Lencer et al., 2000). mkvlevrebi agrZeleben kvlevas Tvalebis moZraobis im specifikuri
elementebis aRmoCenis mimarTulebiT, romelic maqsimalurad zustad ganasxvavebs
Sizofreniis mqone individebs sxva fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone individebisgan
(Katsanis et al., 1997; Sweeney et al., 1994). biologiuri maniSneblebis zusti codna
mkvlevrebs am aSlilobis ganviTarebis risk-jgufebis gamovlenaSi daexmareba.
midrekilebamidrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress hypothesis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi

aSlilobis mizezis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis mixedviTac,

individSi genetikuri faqtorebi qmnian garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas,
magram garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma faqtorebma biZgi unda misces am
potencias, raTa gamovlindes.

Sizofreniis simptomTa farTo speqtrTan gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, aRar gikvirT

biologiuri

darRvevebis

Sizofreniis

mizezs

an

Sesabamisi
Sedegs

diapazonis

warmoadgendes.

arseboba,
rogor

romelic

uwyobs

xels

SeiZleba
garemos

maxasiaTeblebi risk-jgufSi Semaval adamianebs daavadebis ganviTarebaSi?

ojaxuri urTierToba, rogorc stresori

rogorc Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom Zalze specifikuri biologiuri faqtori
Sizofreniis sakmarisi mizezia, aseve, ver vityviT gadaWriT, rom fsiqologiuri
faqtori aucilebelia pirobaa amisaTvis.

sociologebi, ojaxis Terapevtebi da

fsiqologebi ikvleven ojaxSi roluri urTierTobebisa da komunikaciis stilis

gavlenas Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze. gamokvlevis mizania garemos im pirobebis
dadgena,

romelic

zrdis

Sizofreniis

albaTobas

da

risk-jgufSi

Semavali

individebis dacva am pirobebisgan.

mkvlevrebs gaaCniaT im TeoriaTa empiriuli dasabuTeba, romlebic xazs usvams
mSoblebis

urTierTobaSi

gadaxrebis

(deviaciebis)

zegavlenas

Sizofreniis

727

ganviTarebaze (Milkowitz, 1994; Wearden et al., 2000). am gadaxrebSi Sedis ojaxSi saerTo
yuradRebis ganawilebis SeuZlebloba; mSoblebis mier ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebis an gasagebi da zusti komunikaciis sirTuleebi.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom im ojaxis metyvelebis paternebi, sadac Sizofreniis mqone
wevri

cxovrobs,

naklebi

gulisxmierebiTa

da

naklebi

interpersonaluri

mgrZnobelobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre Cveulebrivi ojaxebis.

gadauWreli

rCeba

sakiTxi:

devianturi

ojaxis

struqtura

Sizofreniis

mizezia, Sizofreniis simptomebis mqone individze reaqciaa, Tu erTic aris da

meorec (Rosenfarb et al., 1995)? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi prospeqtul
(momavalze

orientirebul)

funqcionirebas,

raTa

naxon,

kvlevebs
Tu

axorcieleben:

romeli

isini

paterni

zomaven

uZRvis

win

ojaxis

Sizofreniis

ganviTarebas an mis ganmeorebas momavalSi. magaliTad, erT-erTi kvleva Seexeboda

pacientTa

naTesavebis

empaTiis

unars,

rac

maT

mier

pacientebis

guneba-

ganwyobilebis mdgomareobis wvdomisa da gagebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixateboda

(Giron & Gomez-Beneyto, 1998). ori wlis Semdeg im pacientebTan ufro meti iyo
Sizofreniis
dabali

simptomTa

done

gameorebis

aReniSnebodaT.

am

albaToba,

kvlevis

romelTa

Sedegebi

naTesavebsac

Tanxvdeba

sxva

empaTiis
kvlevebiT

miRebul monacemebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis faqtori mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs individis funqcionirebaSi simptomebis pirvelad gamoCenis Semdeg.
saidan viciT
emociis gamoxatva da simptomis gameoreba
Sizofreniis

dros

ojaxuri

komunikaciis

rolis

Sesaswavlad,

mkvlevrebma

gansazRvres cneba emociis gamoxatva. emociis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis mqoned

miiCnevdnen ojaxebs, Tu pacientis

mimarT mravlad

gamoiTqmeboda

kritikuli

komentarebi, Tu ojaxis wevrebi Warbad iyvnen CarTulni pacientis cxovrebaSi

(vTqvaT, iyvnen zedmetad mzrunvelni da momabezrebelni) da Tu maT zogadad
arakeTilganwyobili

damokidebuleba

hqondaT

pacientisadmi.

erT

kvlevaSi

Segrovda monacemebi Sizofreniis mqone 65 pacientis ojaxis Sesaxeb, romlebic

SedarebiT

stabilur

periodebSi

saxlSi

cxovrobdnen.

TiToeuli

ojaxi

fasdeboda emociis gamoxatvis moculobis mixedviT: rodesac cxra Tvis Semdeg

Seafases

pacientTa

mdgomareoba,

emociis

gamoxatvis

maRali

xarisxis

mqone

728

ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa 50%-s aReniSneboda ganmeorebiTi simptomatika maSin,

roca

analogiuri

ojaxebSi mcxovreb

mdgomareoba

emociis

pacientTa mxolod

gamoxatvis

17%-Tan

dabali

dafiqsirda.

xarisxis

mqone

TumcaRa, emociis

gamoxatvis zogierTi aspeqti sasargeblo aRmoCnda pacientebisaTvis. is pacientebi,

romelTa ojaxebic metad iyvnen CarTulni mis cxovrebaSi, cxra Tvis Semdeg
socialurad ukeT Seguebulni aRmoCndnen. albaT, rigiduli ojaxuri garemo
arTulebs saavadmyofodan gare samyaroSi gasvlas (King & Dixon, 1996).
es

kvleva

imeorebs

zogad

models:

Svilebis

mimarT

mSoblebis

kritikis,

mtruli damokidebulebisa da momabezreblobis SemcirebasTan erTad, Sesabamisad,

mcirdeba mwvave Sizofreniuli simptomebis gameorebis sixSire da ganmeorebiTi
hospitalizaciis saWiroeba (Wearden et al., 2000). qveteqsti isaa, rom mkurnaloba
mimarTul

unda

iqnes

mTel

ojaxze,

sistemaze,

rogorc

raTa

Seicvalos

daavadebuli Svilisadmi damokidebulebis stili.

Sizofreniis
mniSvnelovani

Cvens

mier

kvlevebis

ganxiluli

miuxedavad

mTeli

Riad

rigi

darCenili

interpretaciebis
kiTxvebi

gviCvenebs,

da
Tu

ramdenad bevria kidev Sesaswavli am mZlavri fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb.

garTulebul gagebas iwvevs is faqti, rom Sizofreniad wodebuli fenomeni,
albaT, ukeTesia ganvixiloT, rogorc aSlilobaTa jgufi, TiToeuli SesaZlo
calkeuli mizezebiT. genetikuri midrekileba, Tavis tvinSi mimdinare problemebi
da ojaxuri urTierTobebi _ TiToeuli maTgani ganisazRreba, rogorc monawile,
sul mcire, zogierT SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevrebs jer kidev gansasazRvri aqvT im
elementTa kombinirebis konkretuli gzebi, romelTac Sifozreniis ganviTarebamde
mivyavarT.
Sejameba
Sizofreniis simptomebSi Sedis aralogikuri azrovneba, halucinaciebi, bodvebi,
araTanmimdevruli
fsiqomotoruli
katatonikuri,

metyveleba,
qceva.

gasadavebuli

arsebobs

paranoiduli,

emociebi

Sizofreniis

xuTi

aradiferencirebuli

da

Sizofreniis genetikurad gadacemis utyuari dasabuTeba.

am

aSlilobasTan

SeWiduli

Tavis

tvinis

anomaliebi

da

dezorganizebuli

tipi:

dezorganizebuli,

rezidualuri.

arsebobs

garda amisa, mkvlevrebma

da

sxva

biologiuri

maniSneblebic aRmoaCines. ojaxuri urTierTobebis garkveulma paternebma, maT

729

Soris emociis gamoxatvam, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Sizofreniuli aSlilobis

warmoqmnas, mimdinareobas an gameorebas.
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi (stigma)
winamdebare
rogorc

Tavis

erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes

gasaidumloebulisa

da

mistikuris,

amocanas
Sesaxeb

fsiqikuri

daavadebis,

warmodgenis

gabaTileba

warmoadgenda. es dagexmarebaT, gaigoT, rom paTologiuri qceva sinamdvileSi

sruliad Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli movlenaa. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mqone adamianebs xSirad devianturis (normidan gadaxrilis) iarliys awebeben;
sazogadoeba

Zvir

sazRaurs

moiTxovs

maTgan,

vinc

scildeba

misi

normis

farglebs (ix. suraTi 15.7). Tumca, devianturis iarliyi ar Seesatyviseba arsebul

realobas: rodesac aSS-s axalgazrda da Sua asakis mozrdilebis 50%-s cxovrebis
manZilze erTxel mainc aReniSneba romelime fsiqiatriuli aSliloba (Kessler et al.,
1994).

fsiqopaTologia,

statistikurad

mainc,

SedarebiT

normis

farglebSi

Tavsdeba.
daRi (Stigma) _ individze an jgufze adamianebis uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli

savaraudo arasrulfasovnebis an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac damamcireblad

moqmedebs maTze.
normalur
miuxedavad,

cxovrebaSi
fsiqologiuri

fsiqopaTologiis
aSlilobebis

SeWris

mqone

sixSiris

adamianebs

dadgenisda

xSirad

iseT

daRs

asvamen, romelsac ar vxvdebiT fizikurad daavadebulTa SemTxvevaSi. daRi (stigma)

aris

samarcxvino

uaryofiTi

niSani;

fsiqologiur

damokidebulebebis

konteqstSi

erToblioba,

romelic

es

aris

pirovnebisadmi

mijnavs

mas,

rogorc

miuRebels (clausen, 1981). gavixsenoT Tavis dasawyisSi citirebuli sityvebi: _

pacientsa da sazogadoebas ganaTleba sWirdebaT fsiqikuri daavadebis Sesaxeb,
radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer arasworadac
esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi. sxva gamojanmrTelebuli pacienti wers: _
CemTvis fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi iseTive damangreveli iyo, rogorc Tavad
saavadmyofoSi yofna. igi cxadad aRwers Tavis pirad gamocdilebas:

fsiqikuri

daavadebis

mizeziT

saavadmyofoSi

moxvedramde

SesaSuri

cxovrebiT vcxovrobdi. Cemi albomi savse iyo jildoebiT, premiebiTa da

mosawvevebiT... fsiqikuri daavadebis krizisi birTvul afeTqebasaviT iyo Cems
cxovrebaSi.

yvelaferi,

rac

manamde

vicodi

da

siamovnebas

maniWebda,

730

moulodnelad Seicvala, ucnauri bunebrivi ukuprocesis msgavsad _ mSvenieri

peplidan Wuprisken. es iyo nawilobriv arCeulis, nawilobriv _ Tavsmoxveuli
Cemi cxovrebis xarisxis Sekaveba, SezRudva, Caketva. mravaljeradma uaryofam,
Cems irgvliv arsebuli sxvebis mouqnelobam da Cemma sakuTarma diskomfortma
da TviTcnobierebam ganmartoebuli Caketilobisken mibiZga.
fsiqikuri daavadebisgan gamojanmrTeleba da misi Sedegebi brZolas moicavda
_ brZolas winaaRmdeg Cemi sakuTari sxeulisa, romelic energiisgan daclilad
da

amtanobas

moklebulad

gamoiyureboda,

da

sazogadoebisa,

romelic

uxalisod miRebda (Houghtin 1980, pp.7-8).

fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone adamianebisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas
mravali wyaro aqvs: masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi fsiqiatriul pacientebs
Zaladobis Semcveli danaSaulisken midrekilebas miaweren; miRebulia xumroba
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebze; ojaxebi uaryofen erT-erTi wevris fsiqikur
sirTuleebs; samarTlebrivi terminologia xazs usvams fsiqikur uunarobas. garda
amisa, adamianebi Tavad asvamen sakuTar Tavs daRs imiT, rom malaven arsebul
fsiqologiur sirTuleebs an fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdilebas.
mkvlevrebma daadgines mTeli rigi gzebisa, romliTac fsiqikuri daavadebis
daRi uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cxovrebaze (Farina et al., 1996; Wright et al.,
2000). fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT klinikaSi moxvedrili 84 mamakacisgan Semdgar
SerCevaSi 6%-ma aRniSna, rom saavadmyofoSi moxvedris gamo dakarga samuSao; 10%-s
uari uTxres binis an oTaxis daqiravebaze; 37%-s sxvebi Tavs aridebdnen; 45%
aRniSnavda, rom fsiqikuri daavadebis gamocdilebas sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis
misayeneblad iyenebdnen. mxolod 6%-s ar hqonia uaryofis SemTxvevebi (Link et al.,
1997). mamakacTa am jgufma mkurnalobis erTwliani kursi gaiara, rasac maTi
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba mohyva, Tumca, wlis bolos
ar

aRiniSneboda

cvlilebebi

maT

mier

daRis

aRqmaSi:

miuxedavad

maTi

funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisa, pacientebs ukve aRar hqondaT garemosgan keTilad

mopyrobis molodini. am tipis kvlevam aCvena, rom mraval adamians ambivalenturi,
gaorebuli

damokidebuleba

swrafva da
daSveba.

aseT

aqvs

fsiqikuri

aSlilobebisadmi:

daxmarebisken

aSlilobis mqone adamianTa problemebisTvis iarliyis miwebebis

damokidebulebas

Semsubuqebac

moaqvs

da

daRic;

mkurnaloba

aumjobesebs cxovrebis xarisxs, daRi ki, amave dros, auaresebs mas (Rosenfield, 1997).

731

damatebiT sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamianebi

xSirad axdenen uaryofis molodinebis internalizacias (gaSinagnebas), ramac,
Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba uaryofiTi urTierTqmedeba gamoiwvios (Link et al., 1997).
ganvixiloT qvemoT aRwerili klasikuri eqsperimenti.
saidan viciT
uaryofis molodini
ocdacxra mamakacma, romlebic
klinikaSi

moTavsebulni,

manamde fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT iyvnen

sakuTari

surviliT miiRes

monawileoba

winamdebare

kvlevaSi. maT icodnen, rom kvleva yofil fsiqiatriul pacientebTan samuSaos

povnasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs exeboda. cdis pirebs

acnobes, rom maT

saqmiani dawesebulebidan mowveul kadrebis momzadebis specialistTan, trenerTan

mouwevdaT urTierToba. cdis pirTa erT naxevars uTxres, rom trenerma icoda
maTi statusis (yofili fsiqiatriuli pacientebi) Sesaxeb; meore naxevars ki
uTxres,

rom

pacientebad

treners
miaCnda.

isini

saavadmyofoSi

realurad,

treneri

myof

samedicino

eqsperimentatoris

an

qirurgiul

mokavSire

iyo,

romelmac araferi icoda imaze, Tu ra icodnen cdis pirebma misi codnis Sesaxeb.
amgvarad,

man

informacia

ar

maTi

icoda,

Tu

romeli

eqs-pacientobis

cdis

Sesaxeb.

piri

fiqrobda,

Sesabamisad,

rom

nebismieri

mas

hqonda

gansxvaveba

urTierTobaSi im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic erTad unda gaetarebinaT cdis

pirebsa da eqsperimentatoris asistents, SeiZleboda cdis pirTa molodinebisTvis
migvewera. aRmoCnda, rom pacientebi, romelTac sjerodaT, rom eqs-fsiqiatriuli
pacientebis iarliys atarebdnen, naklebs laparakobdnen sesiis ganmavlobaSi da
efeqturad warmoadgines Tavi erToblivi amocanis Sesrulebisas. metic, am jgufis
cdis pirebs asistentma ufro daZabuli da mSfoTvare uwoda imis codnis gareSe,
Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnebodnen isini (Farina et al., 1971).
aq mniSvnelovania daskvna, rom adamianebma, romelTac sjeraT, rom sxvebma maT
fsiqikuri

daavadebis

urTierTqmedeba,

rom

iarliyi

WeSmariti

miawebes,

diskomforti

SeiZleba

imgvarad

Secvalon

SeeqmnaT:

uaryofis

molodinma

internalizacia _ gaSinagneba da ara _ gaTaviseba, radgan gaTaviseba niSnavs cnobierebis komponentis

arsebobas _ adamiani cnobierad iTavisebs informacias, xolo gaSinagneba gulisxmobs iracionlauri
komponentis arsebobas, romelic cnobierebis miRma, avtomaturad Semodis.

732

SeiZleba

warmoSvas

uaryofa;

fsiqikuri

daavadeba

kidev

erT

samwuxaro

im

adamianTa

TviTganxorcielebad winaswarmatyvelebas SeiZleba iqces.

bolo

SeniSnva

daRis

Sesaxeb:

kvlevam

aCvena,

rom

damokidebulebebi, visac warsulSi kontaqti hqonia fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone

adamianTan,

naklebad

ganicdis

daRis

romlebmac

waikiTxes

Sizofreniisgan

moqmedebas.

magaliTad,

gankurnebuli

jimis

studentebi,

Sesaxeb,

ufro

optimisturad uyurebdnen mis momavals im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT ukve hqondaT

fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone individTan urTierTobis gamocdileba (Penn et al., 1999).
aseve, studentebis mier Sizofreniis mqone pacientebisgan momdinare safrTxis
Sefaseba

SedarebiT

naklebi

iyo,

Tu

maT

gamocdilebaSi

hqondaT

maTTan

urTierToba (Penn et al., 1999). vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare da Semdeg TavTan

gacnoba dagexmarebaT Tqveni mosazrebebis (Tu ras niSnavs, iyo fsiqikurad avad
da ras niSnavs iyo gankurnebuli) modifikaciasa da fsiqikurad daavadebuli
individebis mimarT tolerantulobisa da TanagrZnobis momatebaSi.
fsiqopaTologiasTan

gacnobisas

Tqven

SegeZloT

SegeTvisebinaT

normis,

realobisa da socialuri Rirebulebebis cnebebi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis

Secnobis, mkurnalobisa da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, profilaqtikis gzebis Ziebisas
mkvlevrebi

ara

cxovrebiseuli
fundamentur

marto

exmarebian

sixarulis

gagebas.

miRma

rogor

maT,

vinc

rCeba,

axdenen

itanjeba

aramed

am

aSlilobebisgan

afarToeben

fsiqologebi

da

adamianis

fsiqiatrebi

da

bunebis
araswori

fsiqikuri procesebis sworad warmarTvas da usargeblo qcevebis Secvlas? amas

Terapevtebisadmi miZRvnil Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT.

Sejameba
fsiqikurad
stigmam
SeiZleba

daavadebulad

pirovnebaTSorisi
warmoqmnas.

Semsubuqebis

wodebuli
da

sazogadoebrivi

pacientebi

SemTxvevaSic

ki

mravali

mkurnalobis

ganicdian

adamiani

itanjeba

gaucxoebis
Sedegad

stigmis

stigmisgan.

sxvadasxva

fsiqikuri

zemoqmedebas.

forma

daavadebis

metic,

Tavad

pacientebis molodinebma maTze sxvebis SesaZlo reaqciebis Taobaze, SeiZleba

gamoiwvios is uaryofiTi reaqciebi, risic ase eSiniaT maT.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

733

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

paTologiebis Sesaxeb daskvna keTdeba im xarisxis mixedviT, ra xarisxiTac

pirovnebis moqmedeba Tanxvdeba indikatorTa erTobliobas, romelSic Sedis
distresi,

araadekveturoba,

araSablonuroba,

araracionaluroba,

damkvirveblis

diskomforti

araprognozirebadoba,

da

socialuri

normebis

standartebis darRveva.

adreul periodSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs xSirad epyrobodnen,

rogorc demonebiT Sepyrobilebs an arasrulfasovan, adamianze dabla mdgom
arsebebs.

fsiqikuri

daavadebisadmi

gacnobierebiT,

rom

Tanamedrove

fsiqikuri

midgomebis

aSlilobebi

warmoqmna

daiwyo

avadmyofobaa,

imis

romelic

mkurnalobas saWiroebs.

arsebobs

mTeli

rigi

midgomebisa,

romelic

ikvlevs

fsiqopaTologiis

etiologias.

biologiuri midgoma Tavis tvinis paTologiebze, bioqomiur procesebsa da

genetikur zegavlenaze fokusirdeba.

fsiqologiur

midgomebSi

moiazreba

fsiqodinamikuri,

bihevioraluri,

kognituri da sociokulturuli modelebi.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saklasifikacio sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes
fsiqopaTologiisa

da

specifikuri

SemTxvevebis

zogadi

tipebis

Sesaxeb

komunikaciis saerTo, sayovelTaod miRebul parametrebs (common shorthand).

yvelaze farTod miRebul sadiagnostiko da saklasifikacio sistemas DSM-IV-TR
warmoadgens.

DSM-IV-TR

xuTRerZian

mravalganzomilebian

fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis

profesionalebs

sistemas
im

iyenebs,

fsiqologiuri,

rac

exmareba

fizikuri

da

socialuri faqtorebis ganxilvisas, romelic SesaZloa romelime konkretul

aSlilobas Seesabamebodes.
fsiqologiuri
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

734

SfoTviTi aSlilobebis xuTi ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs, esenia: generalizebuli,

panikuri,

fobiuri,

obsesiur-kompulsuri

da

posttravmaturi

stresis

aSliloba.

guneba-ganwyobilebis
gavrcelebul

aSlilobebSi

afeqtur

moiazreba

aSlilobas

emociis

klinikuri

darRvevebi.

depresiuli

yvelaze

aSliloba

warmoadgens maSin, roca bipolaruli aSliloba gacilebiT iSviaTia.

suicidi yvelaze xSiria depresiis mqone adamianebSi.

biologiuri

da

fsiqologiuri

axsna

SfoTviTi

da

guneba-ganwyobilebis

aSlilobebis etiologiis sxvadasxva aspeqts ganixilavs.

pirovnuli aSlilobebi warmoadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv

da xist paternebs, romelic auaresebs individis funqcionirebas.

disociaciuri aSlilobebi gulisxmobs pirovnuli identobis, mexsierebisa da

cnobierebis integralurad funqcionirebis darRvevas.
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi

Sizofrenia

fsiqopaTologiis

mwvave

formaa,

romelic

xasiaTdeba

aRqmis,

emociebis, qcevisa da metyvelebis ukiduresi darRveviT.

arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi qvetipi, esenia: dezorganizebuli, katatoniuri,

paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli da rezidualuri.

Sizofreniis

savaraudo

mizezebi

damamtkicebeli

sabuTebi

aRmoCenilia

sxvadasxva faqtorebSi, maT Soris aris genetikuri, Tavis tvinis paTologiebi

da ojaxuri procesebi.
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi

fsiqologiuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebs xSirad iseT iarliyebs awebeben,

romelsac ar vxvdebiT fizikurad daavadebuli adamianebis SemTxvevaSi.

miuxedavad

imisa,

cvlilebebamde

rom

fsiqologiuri

mivyavarT,

fsiqikur

aSlilobebis
daavadebasTan

cxovrebis xarisxze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

agorafobia

bipolaruli aSliloba

bodva

mkurnalobas

dadebiT

dakavSirebuli

daRi

735

generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba

guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba

daswavlili umweoba

disociaciuri amnezia

disociaciuri aSliloba

disociaciuri identobis aSliloba

DSM-IV-TR

etiologia

klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba

komorbidi

maniakaluri epizodi

midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza

nevrotuli aSliloba

obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba

paTofsiqologia

panikuri aSliloba

pirovnuli aSliloba

posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba

stigma (daRi)

fsiqoturi aSliloba

fsiqologiuri diagnozi

fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba

fobia

Seuracxadoba

Sizofreniuli aSliloba

SiSi

SfoTviTi aSliloba

socialuri fobia

specifikuri fobiebi

halucinaciebi

Tavi 16. pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

Terapiuli konteqsti
konteqsti

736

miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi

Terapevtebi da Terapiuli garemo
istoriuli da kulturuli konteqsti

fsiqodinamikuri Teoria
froidis fsiqoanalizi
neofroidianuli Terapiebi

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi

adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze?

bihevioraluri Terapia
kontrganpirobeba
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
generalizaciis teqnikebi

kognituri Terapiebi
kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla

fsiqologia 2121-e saukuneSi: Terapia kompiuteris saukuneSi

saukuneSi

egzistencialuregzistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
klientze centrirebuli Terapia
geStalt-Terapia

jgufuri Terapiebi
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi

biosamedicino Terapiebi
fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
farmakoTerapia

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?

Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefaseba
mkurnalobis Sefasebebi
prevenciis strategiebi

737

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiTiTadi cnebebi

avtobiografiaSi

mxeci

treisi

tomsoni

(1995)

aRwers

25

wlian brZolas

depresiasTan. am nawyvetSi tomsoni aRwers Tavis adreul urTierTobas qalTan,

romelsac sxvisi rCeviT mimarTa daxmarebisTvis.

is fsiqoTerapevti iyo. me mas amanda meihiud movixsenieb. Cven erTad unda

gagvetarebina Semdgomi aTi weliwadis umetesi nawili.
amanda iyo saSualo asakis, masiuri, gemovnebiT Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qali.
misi kilo, romelic Cem gamocdil smenas ar gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi
aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul daxvewilobaze mianiSnebda. misi ofisi
atlantis feSenebelur nawilSi, baqhedSi mdebareobda.
pirvel

Sexvedraze

SevTanxmdiT,

rom

Semxvdeboda

kviraSi

erTxel,

oTxSabaTobiT, saaTSi ormocdaTxuTmeti dolaris safasurad.

amanda

Wkviani

da

kompetenturi

qali

Canda,

romelsac

SeeZlo

CemTvis

daxmarebis gaweva. magram, rogorc Tavad miTxra, Terapia ar iqneboda advili da

oridan xuT wlamde intensiuri muSaoba dagvWirdeboda. ori-xuTi weli CemTvis
patimrobis tolfasi iyo.
dasawyisSi,

1977

wlis

zamTarSi,

masTan

yovelkvireuli

seansebi

Cemi

stabilurobis saSualeba iyo, radgan vicodi, rom Cem qaotur azrebs mousmendnen
da seriozulad aRiqvamdnen. gasul gazafxuls dawyebulma depresiam nel-nela
iklo.

gazafxulisTvis

Tavs

vgrZnobdi

ukeTesad

ara

bednierad,

magram

TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli fiqrebi aRar mawuxebda. axla vfiqrob, rom

Terapia realurad amuSavda.
Tumca, rodesac Zlierma krizisma gadaiara, seansebi deda-Svilis xangrZliv
brZolas daemsgavsa. amandasTan SemeZlo xmis amaRleba, rasac ver vaxerxebdi
dedasTan. saxlSi arasodes vyofilvar Cem nebaze; dedaCems imdenad esaWiroeboda
simSvide da usafrTxoeba, rom mozardisTvis Cveuli gasarTobebi _ lawiraki
biWebi, Cum-Cumad kanafis moweva, uxeSi, uxamsi musika _ anadgurebda mas, dedaCemi
amandam Caanacvla... amandas imisTvis uxdida dedaCemi fuls, rom CemTvis gaeZlo. es
Taviseburad SesaniSnavi sistema iyo _ erTTgvari pasiur-agresiuli janyi (gv. 6265).

738

am nawyvetSi mocemulia pirovnuli cvlilebebis Terapiis mravali TvalsaCino

maxasiaTebeli.

umniSvnelovanesia,

rom,

tomsonis

TqmiT,

man

fsiqoTerapiuli

kursis Sedegad Tavi ukeT igrZno, Tumca, es ar iyo myisieri Sedegi. tomsonis
depresia imdenad damangreveli iyo, rom mas uwyveti mkurnaloba esaWiroeboda.
aseve,

monaTxrobidan

Cans,

rom

Terapiuli

urTierTobebi

pirovnuli

urTierTobebia. amandas, fsiqoTerapevts, hqonda garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic

dasawyisSi

dadebiTad

moqmedebda

tomsonis

fsiqikur

janmrTelobaze,

magram

Terapiis msvlelobisas, amave Tvisebebma igi tomsonis dedis Semcvlelad aqcia.

winamdebare

TavSi

SevexebiT

TiToeul

dasaxelebul

Temas.

ganvixilavT

Terapiis tipebs, romlebic pirovnuli kontrolis aRdgenaSi exmareba mTeli rigi

aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs. davsvamT mravalismomcvel kiTxvebs: ra gavlenas
axdens

istoriuli,

aSlilobebis
kvleva

da

meTodebs?

kulturuli

mkurnalobaze?

praqtika,
rogor

da

rogor

rodesac

vimoqmedoT

socialuri

Zalebi

urTierTmoqmedebs

mkvlevarebi

qmnian

racionalurobas

da

fsiqologiuri

erTmaneTTan
amowmeben

moklebul

Teoria,

mkurnalobis

gonebaze,

rogor

SevcvaloT arakontrolirebadi qceva da emociebi, rogor gamovasworoT tvinis

anomaliebi?
winamdebare TavSi ganixilulia Terapiis ZiriTadi tipebi, romelsac iyeneben
janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi dakavebuli Tanamedrove profesionalebi. esenia
fsiqoanalizi, qcevis modifikacia, kognituri cvlilebebi, humanisturi Terapia da
farmakoTerapia. Cven ganvixilavT am meTodebis moqmedebis principebs. garda amisa,
SevafasebT, Tu ramdenad sandoa TiToeuli saxis Terapiis warmatebulobis Sesaxeb
mticebulebebi.
Terapiuli konteqsti
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod mravalgvari Terapia arsebobs. mravali
mizezis gamo iTxovs zogierTi adamiani (da zogic, saWiroebis miuxedavad, ar
iTxovs) daxmarebas. aseve, sxvadasxvagvaria Terapiis miznebi, is garemo, sadac
Terapia

xorcieldeba

nebismieri

aseTi

da

Careva

Tavad

Terapevtebic,

mowodebulia

misi

Tumca,

pirovnebis

cxovrebaSi

funqcionirebis

garkveuli

mimarTulebiT Sesacvlelad.
miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi
Terapiuli procesi SeiZleba moicavdes oTx ZiriTad Temas an mizans:

739

1. problemuri

diagnostireba,

momentebis

arsebuli

problemisTvis,

savaraudod, saTanado fsiqiatriuli (DSM-IV-TR) kategoriis gansazRvra da

aSlilobis klasificireba.
2. savaraudo etiologiis dasaxeleba aSlilobis SesaZlo mizezebis da
simptomTa funqciebis identificireba.
3. problemis

Semdgomi

ganviTarebis

prognozireba

anu

Sefaseba

mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi da mkurnalobis gareSe.

4. mkurnalobis garkveuli formebis SerCeva da ganxorcieleba, romliTac
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Semawuxebeli simptomebis Semcireba an gaqroba da, Tu
moxerxda, maTi mizezebis mospobac.
Tu tvins kompiuters SevadarebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fsiqikuri problemebi
Tavs iCens an hardwere-Si, an _ software-Si, romelic aprogramebs mis funqcionirebas.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis ori ZiriTadi tipi mimarTulia an erTze, an
_ meoreze.

biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _ fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis

mkurnaloba, romelic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri an fizikuri
Carevis

gziT,

rogoricaa

medikamentebiT

mkurnaloba,

qirurgia

an

eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia.

fsiqoTerapia

(Psychotherapy)

TerapiaTa

jgufidan

nebismieri,

romelic

gamoiyeneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod da fokusirebulia

konkretul

aSlilobasTan

dakavSirebuli

araswori

qcevis,

azrebis,

aRqmebisa da emociebis Secvlaze.

biosamedicino Terapiebi fokusirdeba hardware-is anu im meqanizmebis Secvlaze,
romelic safuZvlad udevs centraluri nervuli sistemis moqmedebas. mas farTod
iyeneben

fsiqiatrebi

da

eqimebi,

rodesac

cdiloben

tvinis

funqcionirebis

Secvlas qimiuri an fizikuri intervenciebiT; aq Sedis qirurgia, eleqtroSoki da

medikamentebi, romlebic uSualod zemoqmedebs tvini-sxeulis kavSirze.
fsiqologiuri Terapiebi, romelTac erTad fsiqoTerapias uwodeben, software-is
Secvlazea orientirebuli; misi samiznea adamianebis mier mcdarad daswavlili
sityvebi,

azrebi,

yoveldRiuri

interpretaciebi

cxovrebis

da

strategiebs.

ukukavSiri,
am

Terapiebs

romelic

ganapirobebs

axorcieleben

rogorc

740

klinikuri

fsiqologebi,

ise

fsiqiatrebi.

arsebobs

fsiqoTerapiis

oTxi

ZiriTadi saxe: fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri, kognituri da egzistencialurhumanisturi.

fsiqodinamikuri midgoma nevrotul tanjvas Sinagani, dauZleveli travmis an

konfliqtis garegan simptomad miiCnevs. fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebi fsiqikur
aSlilobebs ganmakurnebeli saubriT mkurnaloben, romlis drosac Terapevti
exmareba pirovnebas, rom man dainaxos kavSiri TvalsaCino simptomebsa da maT
SesaZlo gamomwvev gadauWrel dafarul konfliqtebs Soris.

bihevioraluri Terapia Tavad qcevas mkurnalobs, rogorc darRvevas, romelic

unda Seicvalos. aSlilobebi ganixileba, rogorc daswavlili qceviTi paternebi
da ara, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadebis simptomebi. qceva SeiZleba Seicvalos
sxvadasxva

gziT,

maT

Soris,

sasurveli

da

arasasurveli

reaqciebis

ganmamtkiceblebis SecvliT, gamomuSavebuli reaqciebis CaqrobiT da problemis

efeqtianad gadaWris modelebis uzrunvelyofiT.

kognituri Terapia cdilobs adamianis azrovnebis nakadis restruqturizacias,

rasac problemis mizezis Sesaxeb pirovnebis mier Seqmnili, xSirad damangreveli
TviT-damarwmunebeli

debulebebis

SecvliT

aRwevs.

restruqturirebuli

kogniciebi, Tavis mxriv, cvlis pirovnebis midgomas siZneleebis gansazRvrisa da

axsnisadmi, rac xSirad problemebis daZlevis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

egzistencialur-humanistur

tradiciebze

aRmocenebuli

Terapiebi

pacientis

faseulobebze koncentrirdebian da mimarTulni arian TviT-aqtualizaciisaken,

fsiqologiuri

zrdisaken,

ganviTarebisaken.
gaumjobesebaze

isini
ufro

ufro

Sinaarsiani

pirovnebaTSorisi

arsebiTad

janmrTeli

fokusirdebian,

vidre

adamianebis

seriozuli

urTierTobebis
funqcionirebis

darRvevebis

mqone

individTa simptomebis koregirebaze.

Terapevtebi da Terapiuli garemo
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba, adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi
eZebs araformalur konsultantebs. es SeiZleba iyos ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi
megobari, piradi eqimi, advokati, sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRvaneloba an
sabWo. religiuri orientaciis adamianisTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasuliero piri.
sxvebi

rCevisTvis

mZRolebsa

da

mimarTaven
nebismiers,

da

esaubrebian

vinc

mousmens

barmenebs,
maT.

gamyidvelebs,

sazogadoebaSi

taqsis

arsebuli

741

araformaluri Terapevtebis mxrebze mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.

rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia, araprofesionalTa daxmareba
sakmaod didia.
miuxedavad
Terapias,

imisa,

vidre

rom

adre,

dResdReobiT

isini,

adamianebi

Cveulebriv,

mxolod

ufro
maSin

xSirad

mimarTaven

akiTxaven

fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis specialistebs, rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi mwvavdeba an

droSi xangrZlivdeba. am dros maT sxvadasxva saxis TerapevtTan SeuZliaT misvla.
fsiqologfsiqolog-konsultanti,
konsultanti
megzurobas,

rogoricaa

Cveulebriv,
profesiis

iseT

arCeva,

sferoebSi

skolis

uwevs

problemebi,

adamianebs
narkotikebix

moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti. xSirad, es konsultantebi muSaoben konkretul

problemebTan dakavSirebul garemoSi _ biznesis sferoSi, skolebSi, cixeebSi,
samxedroTa

momsaxurebis

centrebSi

an

raionul

klinikebSi.

isini

iyeneben

intervius, testebs da iZlevian rCevebs, raTa daexmaron adamianebs konkretuli

problemebis gadaWrasa da arsebuli sirTuleebis daZlevaSi.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistia, romelsac
amzadebs socialuri muSaobis skola da mowodebulia fsiqiatrebTan da klinikur
fsiqologebTan

TanamSromlobisTvis.

mravali

fsiqiatrisa

da

fsiqologisgan

gansxvavebiT, am konsultantebs naswavli aqvT adamianTa problemebis socialuri

konteqstis

gaTvaliswineba

da

amitom

SeuZliaT

Terapiis

procesSi

ojaxis

wevrebis CarTva an, sul mcire, klientis ojaxur Tu samuSao garemosTan gacnoba.
RvTismsaxuriRvTismsaxuri-konsultanti religiuri jgufis wevria, romelic fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis

mkurnalobaSi

specializirdeba.

xSirad

es

konsultantebi

sulierebaze zrunvas problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianeben.

klinikuri
specializirdeba

fsiqologi

aris

fsiqologiuri

specialisti,
problemebis

romelic

Sefasebasa

da

universitetSi
mkurnalobaSi;

klinikis pirobebSi, superviziis CaTvliT, gavlili unda hqondes internatura da

unda hqondes filosofiur an fsiqologiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris32 akademiuri
xarisxi. am fsiqologebs gacilebiT farTo codna aqvT fsiqologiaSi, testirebasa
da kvlevaSi, vidre fsiqiatrebs.

32

arsebobs doqtoris ori saxis xarisxi: (1) Ph.D _ filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori; eniWeba
nebismieri profesiis adamians, romelic akmayofilebs saTanado kriteriumebs; (2) magaliTad, M.D. _
xarisxi, romelic eniWeba romelime konkretuli specialobis mqone adamians, romelic aris Tavisi
saqmis profesionali da akmayofilebs saTanado kriteriumebs; am SemTxvevaSi medicinis
mecnierebaTa doqtori. (mTargmnelis SeniSnvna)

742

fsiqiatri

aris

specialisti,

romelsac

miRebuli

unda

hqondes

medicinis

doqtoris akademiuri xarisxisTvis saWiro sruli samedicino ganaTleba da, aseve,

doqtoranturis

dasrulebis

Semdeg

gavlili

unda

hqondes

specializacia

fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi.

fsiqoanalitikosi
akademiuri

aris

xarisxis

specializirdeboda

medicinis
mqone

fsiqikuri

an

filosofiur

Terapevti,
aSlilobebis

mecnierebaTa

romelic
gagebisa

doqtoris

doqtoranturaSi

da

mkurnalobisadmi

froidiseul midgomaSi.
CamoTvlili specialistebi sxvadasxva garemoSi muSaoben. es SeiZleba iyos
saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi, skolebi da kerZo ofisebi. humanisturi orientaciis
zogierTi Terapevti, ufro bunebriv garemoSi muSaobis mizniT, sakuTar saxlSi
amjobinebs

jgufuri

seansebis

Catarebas.

TerapiebisTvis,

romelic

klientis

garemocvis CarTvasac gulisxmobs mkurnalobis procesSi, SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTi

adgilebi, rogoricaa calke Sesasvlelis mqone oTaxebi an samlocvelo saxlebi.
da bolos, Terapevtebi, romlebic klientebTan in vivo TerapiiT muSaoben, arsebul
problemebTan

asocirebul

garemoSi

amjobineben

muSaobas.

magaliTad,

klientebTan, romelTac frenis eSiniaT, TviTmfrinavSi muSaoben, sociofobiis

mqone klientebTan ki _ xalxmraval savaWro centrebSi.
Terapiaze mosul adamians, rogorc wesi, klients an pacients uwodeben. termins
pacienti

is

specialistebi

iyeneben,

romlebic

fsiqologiuri

problemebis

mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT udgebian, termins klienti ki _ isini, vinc

fsiqologiur aSlilobebs cxovrebiseul problemebad miiCneven da ara fsiqikur
daavadebad. Cven TiToeuli midgomis ganxilvisas misTvis damaxasiaTebel termins
gamoviyenebT:

pacients

biosamedicino

da

fsiqoanalituri

TerapiebisTvis

da

klients _ sxva danarCenisTvis.

vidre

Tanamedrove

SevCerdebodeT,

jer

Terapiebsa
ganvixiloT

da

Terapevtebze

fsiqikurad

ufro

dawvrilebiT

daavadebulTa

mkurnalobis

ganviTarebis istoriuli pirobebi, Semdeg gavafarTovoT dasavluri kulturisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

xedvis

kuTxe

da

sxva

kulturebSi

miRebul

mkurnalobis

praqtikasac gavecnoT.

fsiqologfsiqolog-konsultanti

(Counseling

psychologist)

fsiqologi,

romelic

specializirdeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, saskolo

743

problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti.

klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker) specialuri programiT

momzadebuli fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic adamianTa
problemebs socialur konteqstSi ganixilavs.

RvTismsaxuriRvTismsaxuri-konsultanti
konsultanti

(Pastoral

counselor)

religiuri

fenis

warmomadgeneli, romelic specializirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis

mkurnalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas problemaTa praqtikul
gadawyvetasTan aerTianebs.

klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) pirovneba, romelsac miRebuli

aqvs doqtoris xarisxi fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba fsiqologiuri
problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi.

fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) pirovneba, romelsac aqvs medicinis doqtoris

xarisxi

da

specializacia

doqtoranturis
fsiqikur

da

dasrulebis
emociur

Semdeg

aSlilobebSi.

gavlili

aqvs

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebis samkurnalod fsiqiatrs SeuZlia medikamentebis daniSvna.

fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba, romelsac aqvs medicinis an

filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doqtoranturaSi
specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.

pacienti (Patient) termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis

mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialistebi,
romlebic fsiqologiuri problemebis mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT
udgebian.

klienti (Client) termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis

mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialistebi,
romlebic

fsiqologiur

aSlilobebs

miiCneven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad.

istoriuli da kulturuli konteqsti

cxovrebiseul

problemebad

744

rogor

gimkurnalebdnen

gasul

saukuneebSi,

Tu

fsiqologiuri

problemebi

SegeqmnebodaT? Tu evropasa an aSS-Si icxovrebdiT, metad mosalodneli iqneboda,

rom mkurnaloba uSedego yofiliyo, Tumca, arc gavnebdaT rames. sxva kulturebSi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, Cveulebisamebr, religiur da socialur
faseulobaTa

ufro

farTo

konteqstSi

ganixileboda

da

ufro

adamianur

mopyrobasac imsaxurebda.

dasavluri mkurnalobis istoria

XIV saukunis dasavleT evropaSi mosaxleobis zrdam da migraciam umuSevroba
da socialuri gaucxoeba gamoiwvia, rasac, Tavis mxriv, siRaribe, danaSauli da
fsiqologiuri problemebi mohyva. maleve gaixsna specialuri dawesebulebebi,
sadac sazogadoebis sami axali usargeblo kategoriis _ RaribTa, damnaSaveTa
da fsiqikurad daavadebulTa _ warmomadgenlebs aTavsebdnen.
1403

wels

londonis

beTlemis

wminda

mariamis

hospitalma

fsiqologiuri

problemebis mqone pirveli pacienti miiRo. momdevno 300 wlis manZilze sulierad
daavadebul pacientebs jaWvebiT abamdnen, awamebdnen da garkveuli sazRauris
fasad

xalxs

gasarTobadac

transformirebuli dasaxeleba

uCvenebdnen.
bedlemi33

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

beTlemis

qaosis sinonimad iqca, hospitalSi

gamefebuli saSineli uwesrigobisa da pacientebisadmi araadamianuri mopyrobis

gamo (Foucault, 1975).
fsiqologiuri

problemebisadmi,

fsiqikuri

rogorc

daavadebebisadmi,

damokidebuleba evropaSi mxolod XVIII saukunis bolosTvis gaCnda. 1801 wels

frangi

eqimi

filip

pineli

(Philippe Pinel)

werda:

fsiqikurad

daavadebuli

adamianebi, romlebic ar arian damnaSaveni da ar imsaxureben sasjels, avadmyofebi

arian,

romelTa

samwuxaro

mdgomareoba

imsaxurebs

yvelanair

zrunvasa

da

yuradRebas, romelic nebismier tanjul adamianur arsebas ekuTvnis. unda vecadoT,

rom maT umartivesi saSualebebiT davubrunoT saRi goneba. (Zilboorg & Henry, 1941,
pp. 233-324).
amerikis

SeerTebul

StatebSi

fsiqologiuri

darRvevebis

mqone adamianebs,

maTive da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, izolaciaSi amyofebdnen, Tumca, ar

mkurnalobdnen.
mecnierebis
33

XIX

dargma,

saukunis

Sua

garkveuli

badlam inglisurad bad_ cudi.

wlebSi,

ndoba

da

rodesac

fsiqologiam,

pativiscema

moipova,

rogorc
qveyanaSi

745

mkurnalobis kulti gaCnda. im periodSi Seuracxadobas garemodan momdinare

stresis Sedegad miiCnevdnen, rasac axlad ganviTarebadi qalaqebis aurzaursa da
areulobas ukavSirebdnen. Sesabamisad, sigiJes socialur problemad aRiqvamdnen,
romelsac iseve esaWiroeboda fsiqikuri higieniT (Mental Hygiene) mkurnaloba,
rogorc gadamdeb fizikur daavadebas _ fizikuri higieniT.
1900-ian wlebSi kliford birsma (Clifford Beers) dasabami misca fsiqikuri higienis
moZraobas. droTa ganmavlobaSi
axali

fsiqikurad

daavadebul

pacientTa

SezRudvas

sareabilitacio mizani gamouCnda. suliT avadmyofTa TavSesafrebi am

socialur-politikuri

moZraobis

ZiriTad

elementad

iqca.

maT

aTavsebdnen

soflad, qalaquri cxovrebis stresisgan moSorebiT mowyobil aseT TavSesafrebSi

ara

marto

dacvis, aramed

mkurnalobis

mizniTac

samwuxarod,

(Rothman, 1971).

mravali aseTi TavSesafari maleve gadaiWeda. reabilitaciis

humanuri mizani

ucnauri adamianebis daSorebul adgilebSi moTavsebiT Seicvala. es uzarmazari

fsiqiatriuli

dawesebulebebi,

mcirediT

gansxvavdeboda

Tu

arasakmarisi
darRvevebis

odenobis
mqone

momsaxure

personaliT,

individebisTvis

gankuTvnili

konteinerisgan (Scull, 1993). 1960-iani wlebidan reformatorebma aseTi TavSesafrebis

winaaRmdeg

daiwyes

gamosvla,

sul

mcire,

im

fsiqiatriuli

pacientebis

deinstitucionalizaciis sasargeblod, visac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da

saTanado

sazogadoebrivi

mxardaWeris

pirobebSi

normalurad

SeeZloT

funqcionireba. samwuxarod, mravali deinstitucionalizebuli anu fsiqiatriuli

klinikidan gawerili pacienti ver iRebs saTanado daxmarebas Tavis sacxovrebel
adgilze. magaliTad, gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom seriozuli fsiqikuri daavadebis
mqone 438 individidan 24% usaxlkaro iyo (Kuno et al., 2000).

kulturuli
lturuli simboloebi da gankurnebis rituali
ku
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis istoriuli tendenciebis mimoxilva
dasavluri mosazrebebiTa da praqtikebiT Semoifargleboda, romelic xazs usvams
individis unikalurobas, damoukideblobas da warmatebasa Tu warumateblobaze
pirovnul pasuxismgeblobas. demonologia da daavadebis modeli igive aqcents
akeTebs da fsiqikur aSlilobas ganixilavs, rogorc pirovnebis SigniT mimdinare
process da individis marcxs.
mravali

sxva

anTropologebma

kultura
gaaanalizes

ar

iziarebs

am

fsiqologiuri

mosazrebas
aSlilobebis

(Triandis,
axsnebi

1995).
da

746

mkurnalobisadmi midgomebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi (Bourguignon, 1979; Evans-Pritchard,

1937; Kluckhohn, 1944; Marsella, 1979). magaliTad, afrikul msoflmxedvelobaSi aqcenti
keTdeba

TanamSromlobaze,

urTierTdamokidebulebaze,

tomis

gadarCenaze,

bunebasTan erTianobasa da jgufur pasuxismgeblobaze (Nobles, 1976). fsiqikurad

daavadebuli adamianebis sazogadoebidan CamoSorebiT mkurnaloba ewinaaRmdegeba
mravali

araevropuli

kulturis

azrovnebas.

mraval

afrikul

kulturaSi

gankurneba socialur konteqstSi xorcieldeba; procesSi CarTulia daavadebulis

rwmena, ojaxi, samuSao da Cveuli garemo. Terapiis procesSi jgufuri mxardaWeris
gamoyenebis
procedurad

afrikuli

praqtika

Camoyalibda,

sadac

daixvewa

da

mkurnalobaSi

qselur

Terapiad

CarTulia

pacientis

wodebul
mTliani

garemocva _ naTesavebis, TanamSromlebisa da megobrebis CaTvliT (Lambo, 1978).

bevr kulturaSi fsiqikuri da fizikuri daavadebebis mkurnaloba religiasa da
jadoqrobas ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, romelTac Samanebs uwodeben,
gansakuTrebul mistikur Zalas floben TavianTi daavadebuli TanamoZmeebisTvis
daxmarebis gasawevad. Samanizmi uZvelesi da mZlavri spiritualuri tradiciaa,
romelic TiTqmis 30 aTasi wlis manZilze gamoiyeneba. Samanistur tradiciaSi
tanjvasa da avadmyofobas uZlurebis Sedegad miiCneven. kulturuli rwmenis es
sistema bedisweris an iRbalis im uxilavi Zalebis personalizacias axdens,
romelic zemoqmedebs individis cxovrebaze da problemebs uqmnis mas. aseTi
personalizacia

borot

Zalebze

uSualo

zemoqmedebis

da

savaraudo

saswaulmoqmedi mkurnalis mxridan daxmarebis saSualebas iZleva (Middleton, 1967).

xSirad

paTologiuri

mdgomareoba,

romelsac

daavadebuli

adamianis

Sepryrobilobis Sedegad miiCneven, icvleba mkurnali Samanis Terapiuli CareviT.

Zrwolvis gamosawvevad da cnobierebis mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad gamoiyeneba
dolebze dakvra, Selocvebi da sxva ritualebi, rac axali codnisa da Zalis
Ziebisken mimarTavs individs (Wash, 1990).
xalxuri gankurnebis ceremoniebSi mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba simboloebs,
miTebsa

da

ritualebs

(Levi-Strauss, 1963).

ritualuri

gankurnebis

ceremonia

gankurnebis process gansakuTrebul emociur intensiobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens.

is aZlierebs pacientis STagonebadobas da mniSvnelovnebis gancdas, SeSlilobis
dasamarcxeblad zebunebriv ZalebTan akavSirebs daavadebul adamians, Samansa da
Tems (Devereux, 1961). erT-erT Terapiul teqnikas, romelsac gankurnebis mraval

747

ceremoniaSi

cnobierebis disociacia ewodeba. am dros daavadebuli

iyeneben,

adamiani an morwmune mkurnali cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobaSi gadadis.

dasavluri TvalsazrisiT, disociacia TavisTavad aris fsiqikuri aSlilobis
simptomi, romelic prevencias an gamosworebas saWiroebs. sxva kulturebSi ki
cnobierebis

Secvlil

mdgomareobaSi

keTili

sulebi

esaubreba

adamians

da

boroti ganidevneba. cnobierebis ritualuri Secvla niu iorkis puertorikeli

espiritistas (Espiritistas) kultis RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiyeneba. maT gankurnebis
ceremoniaSi Sedis adamianis miRma arsebul keTil sulebTan urTierToba (Garrison,
1977).
miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

Samanebi

da

sxva

mkurnalebi

gansakuTrebul

asruleben gankurnebis ritualebSi, makurnebeli Zala xSirad

rols

scildeba erT

konkretul mkurnals da gacilebiT did spiritualur Zalebs uerTdeba (Katz, 1982,

1993). fijize gavrcelebuli gankurnebis meTodebis aRwerisas fsiqologi riCard
kaci (Richard Katz) wers: sulebTan kavSiri im Zalebisadmi damyolobas moiTxovs,
romelic scildeba erT konkretul mkurnals da gankurnebaSi mkurnalis wvlilis
Tavmdablur Sefasebas moiazrebs. fijeli mkurnali ar amtkicebs, rom Tavad
flobs manas (Temis winaprebisgan miRebul sulier Zalas) da mis makurnebel
moqmedebas ar aRiqvams sakuTar damsaxurebad (gv. 327-328). kaci naTlad gvaCvenebs
TvalsaCino sxvaobas aRwerilsa da dasavlur praqtikas Soris: dasavlel eqims
ki,

piriqiT,

pretenzia

kompetenturobas

anu

aqvs

imis

mkurnalobisa

codnas,

Tu

ra

da

aris

gankurnebis
gasakeTebeli,

kontrolze.
an,

ukidures

SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari ucodinarobis ardanaxvas, ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba,

vidre adamianis bunebriv mowyvladobas daavadebisadmi (gv. 28).
zogierTi es aradasavluri midgoma gzas ikvlevs dasavluri mkurnalobis
praqtikaSi

(Katz, 1982,

1983).

amis

naTeli

magaliTebia

im

uaxles

Terapiul

midgomebSi socialur garemosTan urTierTqmedebis koncefciis gavlena da ojaxur

garemosa

da

mxardamWer

garemocvaze

mimarTuloba,

romlebic

xazs

usvamen

sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris sistemisa da ojaxuri Terapiis mniSvnelovnebas. sxva

dasavleli praqtikosebi SamanebTan erTad muSaoben, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
dasavluri

fsiqoTerapiisa

koleqtivisturi
sazogadoebriv

(romelSic

sazogadoebebis
konteqstSi

Terapiebis

moazrebs)

TviT-analizi
(romelic

integrireba.

es

moiazreba)

da

individs

arsebul

mcdeloba

Terapias,

748

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, klientTa ufro farTo speqtrisTvis xdis misaRebs

(Kraut, 1990).
istoriuli
mimoxilvis

tendenciebisa

Semdeg,

ufro

da

zogierTi

dawvrilebiT

kulturuli

ganvixiloT

variaciis

Tanamedrove

mokle

praqtikaSi

gamoyebuli Terapiebi.

Sejameba
Terapiuli garemos mTavari mizania fsiqikuri daavadebis mizezebis gansazRvra
da mkurnalobis dagegmva. arsebobs biologiuri da fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis
Terapiebi. Terapevtebi bevrgan muSaoben da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiul meTodebs
iyeneben. dasavlur kulturaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs, Tavdapirvelad,
sazogadoebisgan

izolirebulad

amyofebdnen.

fsiqikuri

daavadebis,

rogorc

gankurnebadi avadmyofobis, modelis ganviTarebas ufro adamianuri mkurnalobis

meTodebis Seqmna mohyva. mravali aradasavluri kultura xazs usvams farTo
sazogadoebriv

da

spiritualur

konteqsts,

sadac

viTardeba

da

ikurneba

fsiqikuri daavadeba. dasavleli praqtikosebi am sxva kulturebidan TandaTanobiT

iTviseben sazogadoebrivi mkurnalobis zogierT models.
Samanizmi

(Shamanizm)

spiritualuri

tradicia,

romelic

moiazrebs

mkurnalobas da sulier samyarosTan kontaqts.

ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) ceremonia, romelic mkurnalobis
process gansakuTrebul emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi

fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebis SemTxvevaSi uSveben, rom pacientis problemebs

aracnobier impulsebsa da cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan momdinare SezRudvebs
Soris warmoqmnili daZabuloba warmoSobs, aSlilobis birTvsa da saTaveebs ki
Tavad daavadebul pirovnebaSi eZieben.
froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalizi

im

saxiT,

rogoric

Seqmna

zigmund

froidma

(Sigmund Freud),

warmoadgens intensiur da droSi gaxangrZlivebul Terapiul teqnikas, romelic

ikvlevs

nevrotuli

da

mSfoTvare

pirovnebis

aracnobier

motivebsa

da

749

konfliqtebs. rogorc wina TavebSi vnaxeT, froidis Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi

aSlilobebi im Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis unaris ar qonas
warmoadgens, romelic warmoiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur impulsebsa da

superegos internalizirebul (anu gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris.

fsiqoanalizis mizania intrafsiqikuri harmoniis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis
metad

superegos

gacnobierebas,

moTxovnebisadmi

zedmetad

damyolobis

Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZlierebas gulisxmobs.

TerapevtisTvis

represiis

umniSvnelovanesia,

gandevnis

anu

ganixileba, rogorc
raRac

ar

aris

process

aracnobieridan

wesrigSi.

gaarkvios,
konfliqtebTan

gandevnil

fsiqoanalitikosis

konfliqtebs

iyenebs

pacienti

gamklavebisas.

simptomi

wamosuli Setyobineba

Soris

amocanaa,

arsebuli

imis

Sesaxeb, rom

daexmaros

aRmoaCeninos34

gandevnili azrebis cnobierebaSi amotanaSi da

da

rogor

pacients

arsebul simptomebsa

kavSiri.

fsiqodinamikuri

TvalsazrisiT, Terapia warmatebulia, pacienti ki _ gamojanmTelebuli mxolod

maSin,

rodesac

igi

adreul

bavSvobaSi

ganxorcielebuli

gandevnisgan

gaTavisufldeba. vinaidan Terapevtis ZiriTadi mizania pacientisTvis im kavSiris

danaxvisken anu insaitisken wayvana, romelic awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da
warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs, fsiqodinamikur Terapias xSirad insaitur
Terapiasac uwodeben.
tradiciuli

fsiqoanalizi didi xnis win gandevnili (anu daviwyebuli)

mogonebebis aRdgenisa da mtkivneuli grZnobebis gavliT efeqtian gadawyvetamde

misvlis

mcdelobaa.

Sesabamisad,

es

aris

droSi

gaxangrZlivebuli

anu

grZelvadiani Terapia (romelic SeiZleba, sul mcire, ramdenime weliwadi _

kviraSi

xuT

seansamde

grZeldebodes).

garda

amisa,

is

saWiroebs

kargi

metyvelebis mqone introspeqciul pacientebs, romelic sakmarisad Zlierad arian

motivirebulni

TerapiisTvis

(fsiqodinamikuri
Semoklebulia
gacnobierebasa

Terapiis

Terapiuli
da

maT

da

SeuZliaT

SedarebiT
procesis

soliduri

gviandel

xangrZlioba.)

mogvarebaSi

Tanxis

formebSi
gandevnili

pacientisTvis

gadaxda.
gacilebiT

konfliqtebis

daxmarebis

gasawevad

fsiqodinamikuri tradiciebiT momuSave Terapevtebi iyeneben sxvadasxva teqnikebs;

34

aq originalur teqstSi gamoyenebulia sityva insight, romelic wvdomas da intuicias niSnavs.

es termini Targmanis gareSec xSirad gamoiyeneba amave konteqstSi (magaliTad, emociuri insaiti
an inteleqtualuri insaiti) Tumca, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi umjobesad CaiTvala misi Targmna
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna).

750

esenia:

Tavisufali

asociaciebi,

winaaRmdegobis

analizi,

sizmrebis

analizi,

gadatanisa da kontrgadatanis analizi.

fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) fsiqodinamikuri Terapia, romelic Seqmna
froidma; es aris intesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika, romelic
mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoTvare individebis aracnobieri motivebisa
da konfliqtebis gamosakvlevad.
insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) teqnika, romliTac Terapevts pacienti
mihyavs im kavSiris danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken, romelic
awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs.
Tavisufali
pacienti

asociacia

uwyvetad,

(Free association)

gaazrebis

gareSe

Terapiuli
saubrobs

meTodi,
sakuTar

rodesac
azrebze,

survilebze, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebze.

kaTarzisi (Catharsis) Zlieri, magram, rogorc wesi, gandevnili emociebis
gamoxatvis procesi.

Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi da kaTarzisi

ZiriTad

meTods,

gamokvlevisa

da

romelic

gandevnili

fsiqoanalizSi
masalis

gamoiyeneba

aracnobieris

gamonTavisuflebisTvis,

Tavisufali

asociaciebis meTodi ewodeba. pacienti, romelic moxerxebulad zis skamze an wevs

taxtze, SeZlebisdagvarad aTavisuflebs gonebas da uwyvetad aRwers sakuTar
azrebs, survilebs, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebs. pacients sTxoven, rom
aRweros TavSi

mosuli nebismieri azri Tu grZnoba, ganurCevlad

imisa, Tu

ramdenad mniSvnelovnad eCveneba is mas.

froids miaCnda, rom asociaciebi ganpirobebulia da ar aris SemTxveviTi.
analitikosis

amocanaa,

Tvali

gaadevnos

maT

da

ubralo

sityvebis

miRma

nagulisxmevi realuri mniSvnelobebi dainaxos. pacients eZleva Zlieri grZnobebis

gamoxatvis

saSualeba,

romelic,

rogorc

wesi,

avtoritetul

figurebzea

mimarTuli da romelic gandevnil iqna dasjis an samagieros mizRvis SiSiT.

nebismier emociur ganmuxtvas, romelic xdeba Terapiul garemoSi am an sxva
procesis Sedegad, kaTarzisi ewodeba.

winaaRmdegoba

751

fsiqoanalitikosi gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebs

sakiTxebs, romelTa

ganxilvac ar surs pacients. Tavisufali asociaciebis dros garkveul momentSi

pacienti avlens
mosazrebebze,

winaaRmdegobas anu mas

survilebsa

Tu

ar

surs, an ar SeuZlia garkveul

gamocdilebaze

saubari.

aseT

winaaRmdegobas

aracnobiersa da cnobiers Soris barierad miiCneven. es masala (anu masala,

romelsac barieri akavebs da ar amodis Tavisuflad asociacirebis dros) xSirad
individis seqsualur cxovrebas (aq Sedis yvelaferi, rac mas siamovnebas aniWebs)
an mSoblebisadmi mtrul, ganawyenebul damokidebulebas ukavSirdeba. saboloo
jamSi, rodesac gandevnili masala zedapirze amodis, pacienti, rogorc wesi,
amtkicebs, rom is umniSvnelo, absurduli, araSesatyvisi an Zalze arasasiamovnoa
imisaTvis, rom ilaparakos masze. Terapevti ki sruliad sapirispiros fiqrobs.
fsiqoanalizis mizania, daZlios winaaRmdegoba da pacients misces SesaZlebloba,
Tvali gausworos am mtkivneul azrebs, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebas.

sizmris analizi
fsiqoanalitikosebs miaCniaT, rom sizmari pacientis aracnobieri motivebis
Sesaxeb informaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. rodesac adamians sZinavs,
superego SedarebiT naklebad akontrolebs ididan momdinare miuRebel impulsebs,
amitom motivebi, romelTa gamoxatvac ver xerxdeba cxadSi, SeiZleba sizmris
saxiT gamovlindes. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, sizmars ori saxis Sinaarsi aqvs:

manifesturi anu xiluli Sinaarsi, romelic gaRviZebis Semdeg axsovs adamians da

latenturi anu faruli Sinaarsi _ realuri motivebi, romlebic gamovlenas
cdiloben,

Tumca,

imdenad

mtkivneuli

da

miuRebelia,

rom

damaxinjebulad,

simboloebis saxiT gamoixateba. Terapevti am dafaruli motivebis gamovlenas

sizmris analiziT cdilobs; es aris Terapiuli meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs
pirovnebis sizmris Sinaarsis garCevas da miznad isaxavs safuZvlad mdebare an
damaxinjebuli

motivebis,

mniSvnelovani

cxovrebiseuli

gamocdilebisa

da

survilebis simboluri mniSvnelobebis gamovlenas.

gadatana da kontrgadatana
fsiqoanalituri Terapiis intensiuri kursis dros pacients, rogorc wesi,
Terapevtis

mimarT

identificireba

emociuri

warsulSi

reaqcia

uyalibdeba.

gadatanili

emociuri

xSirad

xdeba

konfliqtis

Terapevtis
centralur

figurasTan _ umeteswilad, mSobelTan an seqsualur partniorTan. am emociur

752

reaqcias gadatana anu transferi ewodeba. gavixsenoT nawyveti treisi tomsonisa

da misi Terapevtis, amandas urTierTobis Sesaxeb _ is naTlad axdenda mis
identificirebas

dedasTan

(dedaCemi

amandam Caanacvla...).

gadatanas

ewodeba

dadebiTi, rodesac Terapevti siyvarulis an aRtacebis obieqti xdeba; gadatana

aris uaryofiTi, rodesac igi mtruli damokidebulebis an Suris obieqtad iqceva.
xSirad xdeba, rom pacientis damokidebuleba ambivalenturia da dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis nazavs warmoadgens. gadatanasTan gamklaveba rTuli amocanaa
analitikosisTvis, Tundac, pacientis emociuri mowyvladobis gamo. miuxedavad
amisa, es aris mkurnalobis arsebiTi da
gamocdilebasa
gacnobierebiT,

da

damokidebulebebSi

Terapevti

exmareba

umniSvnelovani nawili. warsulis

realuri

pacients

wyaros

masze

moZiebiTa

gadatanili

da

grZnobebis

interpretirebaSi (Henry et al., 1994).

pacientze Terapevtis reqciaSic CarTulia piradi grZnobebi. kontrgadatana anu
kontrtransferi Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac Terapevts moswons an ar
moswons pacienti, radgan pacienti mis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani figuris msgavsad
aRiqmeba. kontrgadatanis damuSavebisas Terapevti SeiZleba sakuTari aracnobieri
mamoZravebeli Zalebis gacnobierebamde mivides. igi pacientis cocxal sarked
iqceva, pacienti ki, Tavis mxriv, misTvis iZens amave funqcias. Tu Terapevti ver
axerxebs kontrgadatanis efeqtis gacnobierebas, Terapia SeiZleba warumatebeli
gamodges

(Winarick,

datvirTulobisa

am

1997).

da

pacientis

saxis

Terapiuli

mowyvladobis

gamo,

urTierTobis
Terapevtma

emociurad

mkacrad

unda

daicvas zRvari, romelic pacientze profesiul zrunvasa da mis problemebSi

pirad

CarTulobas

SeiZleba

Soris

daarRvios

gadis.

balansi,

cxadia,

rac

rom

unda

Terapiulma

gaacnobieros

situaciam

da

iolad

gaiTvaliswinos

Terapevtma.
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
froidis mimdevrebma SeinarCunes misi mravali ZiriTadi idea, Tumca, zogierTma
principma

da

praqtikulma

meTodma

modificieba

ganicada.

zogadad,

neofroidistebi, froidTan SedarebiT, ufro met aqcents akeTeben: (1) pacientis

awmyo

socialur

garemoze

(da

naklebad

fokusirdebian

warsulze);

(2)

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mimdinare gavlenaze (da ara mxolod bavSvobis

konfliqtebze); (3) socialuri motivaciis rolsa da pirovnebaTSoris sasiyvarulo

753

urTierTobebze (da naklebad fokusirdebian biologiur instinqtebsa da egoistur

moTxovnilebebze); (4) egos funqcionirebis mniSvnelovnebaze da me-koncefciis
ganviTarebaze

(da

nakleb

yuradRebas

aqceven

idsa

da

superegos

Soris

konfliqts).
me-14-e TavSi vaxseneT ori cnobili neofroidisti _ karl gustav iungi da
alfred

adleri.

SedarebiT

Tanamedrove

fsiqodinamikur

neofroidianul

mosazrebebzec rom Segveqmnas warmodgena, gavecnoT hari stek salivanis, melani

kleinisa da hainc kohutis Sromebs (froidis wris sxva wevrebis Sesaxeb ix.
Ruitenbeek, 1973).
winaaRmdegoba
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas pacients ar surs
an ar SeuZlia garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze
saubari.
sizmrebis

analizi

interpretacia,

(Dream

riTac

analysis)

xdeba

sizmrebis

pacientis

fsiqoanalituri

aracnobieri

motivebisa

da

konfliqtebis wvdoma.
gadatana (Transference) procesi, rodesac fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas
pacienti

Terapevtze

warsuli

emociuri

mimarTavs

im

konfliqtis

grZnobebs,
centralur,

romelic

Tavdapirvelad

mniSvnelovan

figuraze

miemarTeboda.
kontrgadatana
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) situacia, rodesac fsiqoanalitikoss
pirovnuli grZnobebi uCndeba pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients sakuTar
cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani adamianis msgavsad aRiqvams.
hari stek salivans (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953) miaCnia, rom froidis Teoriasa da
TerapiaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri urTierTobebis roli da miRebis,
pativiscemisa da siyvarulis moTxovnilebebi. misi azriT, fsiqikuri aSlilobebi
moicavs ara marto travmatul intrafsiqikur procesebs, aramed _ problemur
interpersonalur urTierTobebsa

da Zlier socialur zewolasac

ki. patara

bavSvs usafrTxoebis grZnoba da sxvebis mxridan zrunva da siTbo esWiroeba.

SfoTva da sxva fsiqikuri daavadebebi mSoblebTan da mniSvnelovan sxvebTan
urTierTobebSi

usafrTxoebis

ararsebobidan

momdinareobs.

salivanis

azriT,

sakuTar me-ze warmoadgenaTa sistema mowodebulia SfoTvis optimaluri donis

SesanarCuneblad.

es

sistema

bavSvis

pirovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobebis

754

gamocdilebidan momdinareobs da organizebulia me-s cnebis irgvliv; masSi Sedis:

kargi-me

(asocirebulia

daZabulobidan,

dedis

romelsac

siTbosTan),

is

bavSvTan

cudi-me

(asocirebulia

urTierTobisas

avlena),

dedis

ara-me

(disociaciuri me, romelic miuRebelia danarCeni me-sTvis).

aseT interpersonalur Tvalsazrisze dafuZnebuli Terapia moicavs Terapevtis

ganwyobebisadmi pacientis grZnobebze dakvirvebas. Terapiuli interviu ganixileba,

rogorc

socialuri

zemoqmedebs

garemo,

erTmaneTze.

sadac

pacienti

orive

mxaris

frTxilad

grZnobebi

mihyavT

iqamde,

da

ganwyobebi

rom

gamoTqvas

sakuTari varaudebi Terapevtis ganwyobebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, salivanisTvis

Terapiuli situacia, upirvelesad, iseTi situaciaa, sadac Terapevti siyvaruliT
swavlobs da aswavlis (Wallach & Wallach, 1983).
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze?
1969 wlis 22 seqtembers, CrdiloeT kaliforniaSi, rva wlis suzan neisoni
gauCinarda. amave wlis dekemberSi ipoves misi gvami. oci wlis manZilze
aravin

icoda,

vin

mokla

igi.

1989

wels

mxaris

gamomZieblebs

suzanis

megobari eilin franklin-lipskeri daukavSirda. eileinma uTxra maT, rom

fsiqoTerapiis

daxmarebiT,

man

aRidgina

didi

xnis

win

gandevnili,

daviwyebuli saSineli mogonebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeemTxva suzans. 1990

wlis Semodgomaze eilinma daadastura, rom oci wlis win man sakuTari
TvaliT naxa, rogor gaaupatiura suzani misma mamam, jorj franklinma da
Semdeg sikvdilamde rogor urtya qvis keti. (Marcus, 1980, Workman, 1990). eilinma
isic Tqva, rom mama mokvliT daemuqra, Tu vinmes uambobda nanaxis Sesaxeb. es
Cveneba sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom jorj franklini damnaSaved ecnoT
damamZimebel viTarebaSi Cadenil mkvlelobaSi.
Teoriulad Tu vimsjelebT, rogor daifara mogonebebi 20 wlis manZilze?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi gandevnili mogonebebis froidiseul koncefciaSi iRebs
saTaves.

rogorc

aRvniSneT,

froidi

(1923)

fiqrobda,

rom

adamianis

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis zogierTi mogoneba sakmaris safrTxes uqmnis

mis keTildReobas, amitom es mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan. klinikur
fsiqologebs xSirad SeuZliaT, rom daexmaron klients sakuTari cxovrebis

755

gakontrolebaSi.

amisaTvis

interpretirdeba,

rogorc

cxovrebis
gandevnili

damangreveli

mogonebebis

paternebi

Sedegi.

Terapiis

mniSvnelovan mizans, am gandevnil mogonebebiTan mimarTebaSi kaTarzisis

miRweva warmoadgens.
magram gandevnili mogonebebi yovelTvis ar rCeba Terapevtis kabinetSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze masmediaSi intensiurad saubroben gandevnili
mogonebebis

STambeWdavi

gacnobierebis

SemTxvevebze.

drois

xangrZlivi

periodis gasvlis Semdeg individebi moulodnelad detalurad ixseneben

SemaZrwunebel movlenebs, rogoricaa mkvlelobebi an bavSobaSi gadatanili
seqsualuri Zaladoba. SesaZlebelia, rom es yvelaferi marTali iyos? me-8-e
TavSi ganxiluli mowmeTa mexsierebis kvleva skepticizmis safuZvels iZleva
(Loftus, 1993; Loftus & Ketcham, 1994, Lynn & Payne, 1997). xsenebuli kvlevidan
SegviZlia

gavixsenoT,

rom

adamianebi

WeSmarit

mogonebebad

miiCnevdnen

xelovnuli wyarodan miRebul informacias. es maSinac xdeboda, rodesac maT,

rogorc mowmeebs, afrTxilebdnen, rom isini SecdomaSi Seiyvanes. Sesabamisad,
mogonebis arseboba TavisTavad ar iZleva misi wyaros ueWveli sandoobis
mtkicebis safuZvels.
faqtobrivad,
mogonebebis

ukanasknel

Sesaxeb

wlebSi,

xSiri

saubari

popularul
SeiZleba

mediaSi

Tavad

gandevnili

iqces

xelovnul

wyarod. televiziiT nanaxi individis pirovnul mogonebad SeiZleba iqces,

Tu mas aRar axsovs, rom es televizorSi naxa. amrigad, gandevnili mogonebis
mediaSi

mosmenilma

daxasiaTebam

zogierTi

individi

igive

mogonebebis

gaxsenebamde SeiZleba miiyvanos. individma, praqtikulad, dakarga mogonebis

wyaro, magram SeinarCuna
romelTac

sjeraT

Sinaarsi (Johnson et al., 1993). fsiqoTerapevtebma,

gandevnili

mogonebebis,

fsiqoTerapiis

meqanizmebis

saSualebiT, SeiZleba isini Caunergon kidec pacients (de Rivera, 2000; Sarbin,
1997).
jamSi,

magaliTad,
uari

mkvlevarebma

Tqves

Seiswavles

sakuTar

gauupatiurebia

bavSvobaSi.

gaupatiurebaze

ararealuri

qalebi,

braldebebze

es

qalebi

iyo.

es

da

mixvdnen,

romlebmac,
aRiares,
rom

gamokvlevebi

maTi

saboloo

rom

aravis

mogonebebi

adasturebs,

rom

Terapevtebi xSirad ubiZgeben pacientebs aseTi mogonebebis aRmoCenisken da

sityvier waxalisebas ar iSureben, rodesac mogoneba gamomzeurdeba (de

756

Rivera, 1997). aseTi SemTxvevebi afiqrebinebs klinicistebs, rom Seswavlil

unda iqnas Terapiis procesSi CarTuli socialuri Zalebi, raTa gaarkvion,
Tu rogor xorcieldeba Terapevtis Teoria pacientis realobaSi (Lynn et al.,
1997).
gandevnili

mogonebebis

aRdgenis

Seamsubuqos

fsiqoanalitikosTa

aRdgenili

mogonebebis

rwmenam

pacientebis

garkveuli

SeiZleba

mniSvnelovnad

mdgomareoba.

nawili

faqtobrivad,

adreuli

travmatuli

gamocdilebis sando asaxvas warmoadgens (Schooler & Eich, 2000; Williams, 1995).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu davinteresdebiT, SeuZlia Tu ara warsulis gandevnil
mogonebebs

awmyo

diskomfortis

axsna,

darwmunebulni

unda

viyoT,

rom

pasiurad ar viRebT Cveni cxovrebis viRaciseul versias. jorj franklinis

sabednierod, eWvi Seitanes misi qaliSvilis gandevnil mogonebebSi, rac
sakmarisi gaxda verdiqtis uarsayofad.
melani

kleini

(1975)

gaemijna

froidis

mosazrebas

oidiposis

konfliqtis

fsiqopaTologiis ZiriTad wyarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. vinaidan froidi oidipuri

periodidan (4-5 wlis asaki) momdinare nevrotul simptomebze fokusirdeboda,
Terapiuli

Carevis

amocana

iyo

am

aracnobieri

seqsualuri

konfliqtebis

interpretireba da saaSkaraoze gamotana. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti sirTuleebs

awydeboda

im

pacientebTan

muSaobisas,

romelTa

konfliqtebi

verbaluri

mexsierebis ganviTarebamde gacilebiT adreuli periodidan iRebda saTaves, rac

xSirad, Tavis mxriv, gacilebiT mkveTrad gamoxatuli paTologiis mizezi xdeboda.
es pacientebi xSirad itanjebodnen ararealurobis, sicarielis da cxovrebis
sazrisis

dakargvis

grZnobebiT.

kleins

miaCnda,

rom

superegos

primitiuli

formebi cxovrebis pirvelive TveebSi Cndeba. igi amtkicebda, rom oidiposis

seqsualuri
faqtoris,

konfliqtis,
nacvlad

rogorc

sqesobrivi

fsiqikis

umniSvnelovanesi

mikuTvnebulobis

maorganizebeli

gacnobierebas

win

uswrebs

sikvdilis instinqti, rac Sinagani agresiuli impulsis gaCenas iwvevs da romelic,

aseve, mniSvnelovania fsiqikis organizebisTvis. kleini, aseve, amtkicebda, rom
fsiqikis ori fundamenturi maorganizebeli Zalaa agresia da siyvaruli, agresia

anawevrebs da siyvaruli aerTianebs fsiqikas. samyaros agresiuli danawevrebisas

xdeba

arasasurvelis

erTianobasa

da

uaryofa

mTlianobas.

da

sasurvelis

kleinisTvis

SenarCuneba;

siyvaruli

siyvaruli

mxolod

badebs

erotikuli

757

ltolvebis ganxorcieleba ki ar iyo, aramed _ WeSmariti sikeTe da namvdili

zrunva

sxvebze.

sayvarel

Tumca,

adamianebze

es

cnobieri

mimarTuli

siyvaruli

savaraudo

dakavSirebulia

destruqciuli

sinanulTan

siZulvilisa

da

potenciuri Zaladobis gamo. amrigad, kleinma axsna erT-erTi udidesi saidumlo,

romelsac awydeba yvela adamiani _ siyvaruli da siZulvili _ Cveni pirovnuli
samoTxe da jojoxeTi _ ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan (Frager & Fadiman, 1998, gv. 135).
kleinis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis samSeneblo
agurebs siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
adamianebTan

urTierToba

qmnis

fsiqoanalituri

Teoriisa

da

praqtikis

centralur mosazrebad iqca da obieqtiobieqti-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory)

ewoda. kleinma, aseve, pirvelma gamoiyena agresiuli da seqsualuri ltolvebis
damarwmunebeli interpretacia fsiqoanalizis pacientebTan.
fsiqodinamikuri
froidis

Terapiebi,

koncefciebs,

isev

aniWeben

ra

viTardeba.

sxvadasxva
erT-erTi

xarisxis

mniSvnelobas

umniSvnelovanesi

axali

mimarTulebaa me-s (self) mimarT Tanamedrove interesi; kerZod, interesis sagans

Seadgens

is,

warmodgenis

Tu

rogor

xdeba

Camoyalibeba,

individis

rogor

aRiqvams,

me-koncefciis
rogor

anu

ganicdis

sakuTar
mas

Tavze

mocemuli

pirovneba da rogorc xdeba, rom xandaxan is sxvaTa mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqtad

iqceva,

romelsac

dacva

sWirdeba.

am

mimarTulebis

wamyvani

damcveli

da

fsiqoanalizSi obieqti-urTierTobis skolis damaarsebelia hainc kohuti (1977;

Siegel, 1996).

misi saavtoro

Terapia

fokusirdeba

imis

garkvevaze,

Tu

rogor

saWiroebs me-s sxvadasxva aspeqtebi me-obieqtebs _ gulisxmier adamianebs da

mniSvneloban sagnebs, rac nebismier adamians sWirdeba optimaluri pirovnuli
funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad. me-fsiqologiis am formisTvis mniSvnelovania mes gamocdileba da, gansakuTrebiT, is gamocdileba, romelic me-s fragmentacias
iwvevs.

Sesabamisad,

Terapevtis

amocanaa,

SeZlebisdagvarad

Rrmad

Cawvdes

sxvadasxva fsiqologiur mdgomareobas, romelsac ganicdis klienti da, amasTan,

gaiTvaliswinos klientis gancdebis miseuli (klientiseuli) xedva (Chicago Institute
for Psychoanalysis, 1992).
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom fsiqoanalitur Terapias miznis misaRwevad xSirad
drois xangrZlivi periodi sWirdeba. Tumca, xSirad adamianebi iseTi aSlilobebiT
itanjebian,

romelic

gacilebiT

swraf

gankurnebas

saWiroebs.

bihevioraluri

758

Terapia,

romelsac

axla

ganvixilavT,

simptomebisgan

swafad

gaTavisuflebis

SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Sejameba
fsiqodinamikuri

Terapiebi

zigmund

froidis

aracnobieri

konfliqtisa

da

gandevnis Teoriidan iReben saTaves. Terapevtebi pacientTan kaTarzisis miaRwevad

da fsiqikuri energiis gamosaTavisufleblad sxvadasxva teqnikebs iyeneben, maT
Soris Tavisufal asociaciebs, sizmrebis analizs da gadatanis interpretacias.
neofroidianeli Terapevtebi SedarebiT met mniSnelobas aniWeben pacientis awmyo
socialur garemos, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimdinare gavlenas, socialuri
motivaciis rols, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebs da me-koncefciis ganviTarebas.
obieqtiobieqti-urTierTobis

Teoria

(Object relation theory)

fsiqoanalitikuri

Teoria, romelic momdinareobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb,

rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis samSeneblo agurebs siyvarulisa da
siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamianebTan _
urTierToba qmnis.
bihevioraluri Terapia
Tu fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi hipoTetur Sinagan mizezebze fokusirdebian,
bihevioralur

TerapiaTa

yuradRebis

warmoadgens.

bihevioraluri

sagans

orientaciis

dakvirvebadi
Terapevtebi

garegani

qceva

amtkiceben,

rom

paTologiuri qcevebis SeZena iseve xdeba, rogorc normaluris _ daswavlis

procesiT, romelic ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT
xorcieldeba. bihevioraluri Terapevtebi iyeneben ganpirobebisa da ganmtkicebis
principebs, fsiqikur aSlilobebTan asocirebuli arasasruveli qcevis paternebis
modificirebis mizniT.
terminebi
sinonimebad

bihevioraluri (qceviTi)
(qceviTi) Terapia da
gamoiyeneba.

oriveSi

moiazreba

qcevis modifikacia xSirad

daswavlis

principebis

meToduri

gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasruveli qcevis sixSiris

Semcirebis

mizniT.

pirovnuli

problemebis

(akviatebebi),

bihevioraluri

depresia,

farTo

Terapia

speqtrze,

damRupveli

muSaobs
sadac

miswrafebebi

devianturi

Sedis

fobiebi,

(magaliTad,

qcevebisa

da

kompulsiebi

alkoholizmi

an

759

narkotikebi), agresia da delikventuri qcevebi. zogadad, bihevioraluri Terapia

specifikur

problemebTan

ukeT

muSaobs,

vidre

zogadi

xasiaTis

pirovnul

problmebTan: fobiis SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT efeqtiani iqneba, vidre _ zogadi,

usagno SfoTvisas.
Terapiebi warmoiqmna ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis Teoriidan, romelic
pragmatuli,

empiriuli

kvlevis

tradiciebzea

dafuZnebuli.

yvela

cocxali

organizmis umTavresi amocanaa, daiswavlos aqtualur socialur da fizikur

garemos

moTxovnebTan

problemebis

efeqtianad

SesaZlebelia
TerapiiT.

daswavlis

samizne

simptomad.

adaptaciis

qceva

simptomi

daZleva,

xerxebi.
misi

(an

xelaxali

ar

ganixileba

Tavad

aris

Tu

organizmma

araadapturi
daswavlis)
raime

problema.

ver

reaqciebis

principebze

safuZvlad

koregireba
dafuZnebuli

mdebare

fsiqodinamikosi

daiswavla

procesis

Terapevtebis

prognozis mixedviT, mxolod garegani qcevis koregirebiT, realuri Sinagani

problemis gamovlenis gareSe, mxolod simptomis Canacvlebamde mivalT anu Tavs
iCens axali fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri problema. Tumca, gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom bihevioraluri TerapiiT paTologiuri qcevis aRkveTis Semdeg aRar xdeba
axali simptomebiT misi Canacvleba (Kazdin, 1982; Wolpe, 1986). piriqiT, samizne
simptomebis gaqrobis Semdeg pacientebi xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom sxva, naklebad
mniSvnelovani simptomebic gaqra (Sloane et al., 1975, gv. 219).
axla ganvixiloT bihevioraluri Terapiis sxvadasxva formebi, romelTac Sveba
moaqvT daavadebuli adamianebisTvis.
qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) ixileT qcevis modifikacia.
qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) daswavlis principebis meToduri
gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasruveli qcevis
sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) Terapiuli teqnika, romliTac xdeba
gamomuSavebuli axali reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canacvleba.
sistematuri
Terapiuli

desensitizacia
teqnika,

rodesac

(Systematic

desensitization)

relaqsirebul

bihevioraluri

mdgomareobaSi

SemaSinebel

stimulTan SexvedriT klients aswavlian SfoTvis ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.

kontrganpirobeba

760

ratom

SfoTavs

stimulTan)

zogierTi

Sexvedrisas,

adamiani

rogoricaa

iseTi

oboba,

uwyinari
araSxamiani

gamRizianebelTan
gveli

an

(anu

socialuri

kontaqti? bihevioraluri axsna aseTia: SfoTva warmoiqmneba ganpirobebis martivi

principebis mixedviT, romelic me-7-e da me-15-e TavSi ganvixileT. Zlieri emociuri
reaqciebi, romelic yovelgvari mizezis gareSe angrevs pirovnebis cxovrebas,
xSirad

ganpirobebulia

pirovnebis

mier

warsulSi

SeumCnevlad

daswavlili

reaqciebiT. kontrganpirobebisas Zveli, araadapturi reaqciis Canacvlebis mizniT,

xdeba

axali

reaqciis

gamomuSaveba.

bihevioraluri

Terapiis

Sesaxeb

pirvel

CanawerebSi swored aseT logikas vxvdebiT. meri qover jonsma (Mary Cover Jones,
1924)

aCvena,

rom

pirobiTi

refleqsis

gamomuSavebiT

anu

ganpirobebiT

SesaZlebelia SiSis gadaCveva35. (qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi SevadaroT patara

albertis magaliTs me-7-e Tavidan)

misi pacienti iyo 3 wlis biWuna, saxelad piteri, romelsac gaurkveveli

mizeziT

eSinoda

kurdRebis.

Terapia

moicavda

oTaxis

erT

mxares

piteris

gamokvebas, meore mxares ki kurdReli iyo moTavsebuli. mTeli rigi seansebis

ganmavlobaSi kurdRels TandaTanobiT uaxlovebdnen mas. sabolood, SiSi gaqra
da piteri Tavisuflad TamaSobda kurdRelTan.
qover

jonsis

Semdeg,

sxvadasxva

teqnikebs

situaciaSi

daZirvas37

_
da

bihevioristi
sistematur

aversiul38

Terapevtebi

iyeneben

desensitizacias,

kontrganpirobebis

imploziur36

Terapias,

Terapias.

sistematuri
sistematuri desensitizacia da sxva eqspoziciuri Terapiebi
nervuli sistema erTdroulad ver iqneba modunebulic (anu relaqsirebuli) da
agznebulic, radgan SeuZlebelia urTierTsapirispiro procesebis erTdroulad
aqtivireba. es martivi debuleba centraluria reciprokuli (urTierT) Sekavebis

TeoriisTvis, romelic samxreT afrikelma fsiqiatrma jozef volfem SemogvTavaza

(Joseph Wolpe, 1958, 1973). avtori mas SiSebisa da fobiebis samkurnalod iyenebda.
volpe Tavis pacientebs kunTebis modunebas da Semdeg maTTvis SiSis momgvreli

35

unlearned sityva-sityviT SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc gamoswavla (). vinaidan aseTi

sityva literaturul qarTulSi ar arsebobs, amitom iTargmna, rogorc gadaCveva. (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
36
implosion inglisuridan, SigniT mimarTuli afeTqeba, implozia.
37
flooding _ inglisuridan, CaZirva, daZirva, siWarbe.
38
aversion _ inglisuridan, zizRi, zizRis obieqti.

761

situaciis warmosaxvas aswavlida. isini amas TandaTanobiT anu gradualurad

akeTebdnen _ Soreuli asociaciebidan SemaSinebeli obieqtebis uSualo xatebamde.
relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel stimulTan gradualuri fsiqologiuri
Sexvedra Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic sistematuri desensitizaciis saxeliT aris
cnobili.
desensitizaciuri Terapia sami ZiriTadi etapisgan Sedgeba. (1) klienti axdens
SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da ierarqiulad alagebs maT _
yvelaze sustidan yvelaze Zlieramde. magaliTad, cxrilSi 6.1 mocemuli ierarqia
ekuTvnis

students,

romelSic

testireba

Zlier

SfoTvas

iwvevs.

yuradReba

miaqcieT, rom gamocdis uSualo molodini (debuleba 14) man ufro stresulad
miiCnia, vidre Tavad gamocdaze gasvla (debuleba 13). (2) klients aswavlian
kunTebis TandaTanobiT Rrmad modunebas. modunebis swavlebas anu relaqsaciis
trenings

ramdenime

seansi

sWirdeba,

romlis

drosac

klienti

swavlobs

daZabulobisa da modunebulobis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTisgan garCevas da SfoTvis

moxsnas, fizikuri da fsiqikuri modunebis misaRwevad. (3) bolos iwyeba Tavad
desensitizaciis procesi: relaqsirebuli klienti cxadad warmoidgens SfoTvis
gamomwvevi stimulebis nusxidan yvelaze sust stimuls. Tu mas amis gakeTeba
diskomfortis gareSe SeuZlia, gadadis Semdeg, SedarebiT Zlier stimulze.
cxrili 16. 1. testirebaze SfoTvis mqone studentis mier Sedgenili SfoTvis
gamomwvevi stimulebis ierarqia (SfoTvis mzardi TanmimdevrobiT)
1. erTi Tve gamocdamde.
2. ori kvira gamocdamde.
3. erTi kvira gamocdamde.
4. xuTi dRe gamocdamde.
5. oTxi dRe gamocdamde.
6. sami dRe gamocdamde.
7. ori dRe gamocdamde.
8. erTi dRe gamocdamde.
9. gamocdis wina Rame.
10. gadmobrunebulad awyvia sagamocdo testis furclebi.
11. sagamocdo testebis darigebis molodini.
12. sagamocdo oTaxis daxurul karTan dgoma.

762

13. uSualod testirebis procesi _ kiTxvebze pasuxebis

gacema.
14. gamocdis dRes universitetSi misvlis procesi.

garkveuli

raodenobis

seansebis

Semdeg

SesaZlebeli

xdeba

stimulTa

CamonaTvalSi pirvel adgilze myofi (anu yvelaze metad damTrgunavi) situaciis

SfoTvis gareSe warmodgena. desensitizaciis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mTeli rigi problemebisas, romelic SeiZleba adamians Seeqmnas, maT Soris iseTi
generalizebuli SiSebis dros, rogoricaa scenis SiSi da impotencia (Emmelkamp,
1990; Spiegler & Guevremont, 1998). mravali SefasebiTi kvleva aCvenebs, rom am tipis
bihevioraluri

Terapia

gansakuTrebiT

kargad

muSaobs

fobiebis

mqone

pacientebTan.
imploziuri

Terapia

sistematuri

desensitizaciisgan

diametralurad

gansxvavebuli midgomaa. nabij-nabij, gradualuri winsvlis nacvlad, usafrTxo

garemoSi

klients

dasawyisSive

waredgineba

yvelaze

SemaSinebeli

stimuli

(SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulTa ierarqiuli CamonaTvalidan). Terapiuli situacia

isea mowyobili, rom is ver gaeqceva SemaSinebel stimuls. Terapevti aRwers
klientis SiSTan dakavSirebul ukiduresad SemaSinebel situacias, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, mTel sxeulze Semoxveuli gvelebi da aiZulebs klients, rom man
srulad

warmoidginos,

SeZlebisdagvarad

Zlierad

ganicados

es

situacia.

iTvleba, rom aseTma warmosaxvam panikis afeTqeba unda gamoiwvios. vinaidan es

afeTqeba

Sinagania

(individis

SigniT

xdeba),

process

implozias anu SigniT

mimarTul afeTqebas uwodeben; aqedan momdinareobs saxelwodebac imploziuri

Terapia. rodesac situacia mravaljer meordeba, stimuli kargavs Zalas da veRar
axerxebs

SfoTvis

gamowvevas.

rodesac

SfoTva

aRar

warmoiqneba,

qreba

is

763

araadapturi

qcevac,

romelic

misTvis

Tavis

asarideblad

gamoiyeneboda.

am

proceduris ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom klients ar eZleva SfoTvis gamomwvevi

situaciis uaryofis, misTvis Tavis aridebis Tu misgan ramenairad Tavis daRwevis
saSualeba. igi aRmoaCens, rom stimulTan kontaqti sulac ar iwvevs im uaryofiT
Sedegs, rasac moeloda (Stampfl & Levis, 1967).
situaciaSi daZirva implozias hgavs, im gansxvavebiT, rom am dros klients, misi
TanxmobiT,

realurad

aTavseben

SiSis

momgvrel

situaciaSi.

magaliTad,

klaustrofobiis mqone pirovnebas bnel sxvenze aTavseben, bavSvs, romelsac wylis

eSinia _ auzSi.
saidan viciT
daZirvis Terapia sahaero buStebis fobiis dros
bils, kolejis 21 wlis students, sahaero buStis gaskdomis xmis eSinoda.
amitom is Tavs aridebda iseT situaciebs, sadac SeiZleboda gaegona buStis
gaskdomis xma _ cekvis saRamoebs, wveulebebs da sportul RonisZiebebs.
bilma Tanxmoba ganacxada fobiis dasaZlevad daZirvis Terapiis gavlaze.
Terapia Sedgeboda sami Tanmimdevruli seansisgan _ bili Terapevts xvdeboda
yovel dRe, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi. am periodSi aTasobiT buSti gaskda.
pirveli seansis dasawyisSi bilma subieqturi diskomfortis maRali done
aCvena _ 100 qula (100 qulian skalaze, sadac 0 aRniSnavda srul simSvides,
100 _ ukiduresad SeSinebuls). roca pirveli man subieqturi diskomforti
mxolod 5 quliT gamoxata (imave 100 qulian skalaze); ukanaskneli 115 buSti
man Tavisi xeliT gaxeTqa. daZirvis Terapiis Sedegad bili aRar aridebda
Tavs mxiarul, buStebiT savse situaciebs (Houlihan et al., 1993).
daZirvis Terapiis kidev erTi forma warmosaxviT iwyeba. am SemTxvevaSi klients
SeuZlia mousminos Canawers, romelSic erTi an ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi Zalze
dawvrilebiT

yvebian

fobiis

Sesatyvisi

ukiduresad

SemaSinebeli

situaciis

Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac SeZrwuneba da SiSi Cacxreba, klients aTavseben SiSis
momgvrel

situaciaSi,

romelic,

cxadia,

aRar

aris

imdenad

SemaZrwunebeli,

ramdenadac Tavad mis mier warmosaxuli situacia. daZirva gacilebiT efeqturia,

vidre sistematur desenzitizacia, rodesac saqme exeba zogierT iseT qceviT
problemas, rogoricaa agorafobia. amasTan, praqtikuli gamocdilebis mixedviT,
klientTa umravlesobasTan miRebuli Sedegi mdgradia (Emmelkamp & Kuipers, 1979).

764

sistematuri desensitizaciis, imploziuri Terapiisa da daZirvis TerapiisTvis

_ yvelasTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo komponenti _ eqspozicia anu stimulis
wardgena.

warmosaxviT

iqneba,

realuri

kontaqtiT

Tu

uaxlesi

meTodiT

virtualurad (Rothbaum et al., 1995), klients waredgineba is obieqti an situacia,

romelic mas SiSs gvris. eqspoziciuri Terapia obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis
SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, qalbatoni, romelsac akviatebuli hqonda
azri WuWyis Sesaxeb (anu xasiaTdeboda WuWyis obsesiiT),
iZulebiT (anu kompulsurad) ibanda xelebs daskdomamde da dasisxlianebamde. igi
zogjer

Tavis

mokvlazec

ki

fiqrobda,

imdenad

gausaZlisi

iyo

aSliloba,

romelmac sruliad mowyvita normaluri cxovrebis ritms. bihevioristi Terapevtis

meTvalyurebis qveS es qalbatoni pirispir Seejaxa im obieqtebs, romelic yvelaze
metad aSinebda _ WuWysa da nagavs da TandaTanobiT xeliTac ki Seexo. man isic ki
moaxerxa, rom xuTi dRis manZilze ar daibana xelebi da saxe. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom am SemTxvevaSi bihevioralur Terapias damatebiTi komponenti aqvs _ reaqciis

prevencia. klients ara marto warudgines SiSis gamomwvevi stimuli (WuWyi da

imploziuri Terapia (implosion therapy) bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika,
romelic miznad isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Semcirebas, rac
klientisTvis warmosaxviTi SemaSinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) fobiebisTvis gankuTvnili Terapia, rodesac
klients, misi TanxmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad SemaSinebeli
stimuli.
nagavi), aramed man aRkveTa kidec kompulsuri qceva (xelebis dabana), romelic,
Cveulebisamebr, amcirebda SfoTvas. am TerapiiT qalbatonma iswavla SfoTvis
Semcireba kompulsuri qcevis ganxorcielebis gareSe.

aversiuli Terapia
zemoT aRwerili eqspoziciuri Terapiis formebi klients uSualod realurad
uwyinar stimulTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. magram ra unda movimoqmedoT maT
dasaxmareblad, visac saziano stimulebi izidavs? narkotikebze damokidebuleba,
seqsualuri

perversiebi

SemTxvevaSic

devianturi

aversiuli

Terapiisas

da

umarTavi

qcevis

iyeneben

Zaladoba

aRmZvrelad

is

problemebia,

mimzidveli

kontrganpirobebis

stimuli

procedurebs,

romelTa
gvevlineba.

raTa

moxdes

765

mocemuli

stimulis

Sewyvileba

mZlavr

damazianebel

stimulTan,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad, eleqtruli Soki an safaRaraTo abebi. amavdroulad, igive uaryofiT

reaqciebs iwvevs mimzidveli stimuli. Sedegad pirovnebas uyalibdeba aversiuli
reaqcia am mimzidveli stimulis mimarT _ ezizReba is da am zizRiT Caanacvlebs
stimulis adrindel sasurvelobas. magaliTad, aversiuli Terapia gamoiyeneba iseT
individebTan,
Tavis

TviT-damazianebel

romlebic

mravaljeradi

ganxorcielebis

dartyma

dros,

an

individs

qcevebs

mirtyma
msubuq

axorcieleben,

sxva

sagnebze.

eleqtrul

rogoricaa

aseTi

dartymas

qcevis

ayeneben.

es

mkurnaloba efeqtianad amcirebs TviT-damazianebel qcevas zogierTi, magram ara

yvela, pacientis SemTxvevaSi (Duker & Seys, 1996).
ukiduresi

formis

aversiuli

Terapia

wamebas

gavs.

sainteresoa,

ratom

eqvemdebarebian adamianebi sakuTari nebiT am proceduras? Cveulebriv, isini amas

mxolod imitom akeTeben, rom realurad xedaven _ aseTi qcevis paternis droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli Sedegebi daangrevs maT janmrTelobas, karieras an ojaxur
cxovrebas. garda amisa, aseTi Terapiis gavlis mizezi instituciuri zewolac
SeiZleba

gaxdes,

rogorc

xdeba,

magaliTad,

patimrebisTvis

gankuTvnil

mkurnalobis zogierT programaSi. mravali kritikosis azriT, aversiul TerapiaSi

gamoyenebuli mtkivneuli procedurebi: (1) zedmet Zalauflebas aZlevs Terapevts;
(2) damsjeli RonisZiebebi ufroa, vidre _ Terapiuli; (3) ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba
iseT dawesebulebebSi, sadac adamianebs TiTqmis ar aqvT arCevanis ufleba da
maTgan

aravin

iRebs

proceduris

Catarebis

nebarTvas.

ukanasknel

wlebSi,

instituciur sareabilitacio programaSi CarTuli aversiuli Terapiis gamoyeneba

eTikuri kodeqsiTa da Statis39 kanoniT regulirdeba. imedia, aseTi SezRudvebis
pirobebSi aversiuli Terapia Terapiuli ufro iqneba, vidre _ iZulebiTi da
Zaladobrivi.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
kontrganpirobeba gamosadegia, rodesac SesaZlebelia erTi reaqciis Canacvleba
meore

reaqciiT.

qcevis

modifikaciis

sxva

meTodebi

efuZneba

operantuli

ganpirobebis principebs, romelic b. f. skineris (B. F. Skinner) mier dawyebuli

kvlevebis
gulisxmobs
39

tradiciebze
mkurnalobis

Camoyalibda.
zogad

pirobiTi

strategias,

saubaria aSS-s Statebze (mTargmnelis SniSvna).

ganmamtkiceblebis
ganmamtkiceblebis

romelic

mimarTulia

marTva
qcevis

766

Secvlaze misi Sedegebis modificirebis gziT. bihevioralur TerapiaSi pirobiTi

ganmamtkiceblebis marTvis ori ZiriTadi teqnika arsebobs: dadebiTi ganmtkicebis

strategia da Caqrobis strategia.

dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia
rodesac reaqcias dauyovnebliv, uSualod mohyveba waxaliseba, mosalodnelia,
rom

es

reaqcia

ganmeordes

da

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

gaxSirdes.

operantuli

daswavlis es ZiriTadi principi Terapiul strategiad iqca, rodesac gamoiyenes

sasurveli qcevis sixSiris Sesacvlelad mas Semdeg, rac am qcevam arasasurveli
qceva

Caanacvla.

qcevis

problemebze

muSaobisas

STambeWdavi

Sedegi

miiRes,

rodesac dadebiTi ganmtkicebis procedura gamoiyenes. SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT me-7-e

TavSi

ganxiluli

ori

magaliTi.

Cven

aRvwereT,

rogor

gamoiyenes

qcevis

formireba autisti bavSvis cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. pacienti sami wlis

biWuna

iyo,

romelsac

saTvale

unda

etarebina.

Terapevtma

pirobiT

ganmamtkiceblad xmauriani saTamaSo gamoiyena, raTa is nel-nela, TandaTanobiT

mieaxlovebina saTvalemde. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Jetonebis ekonomikaze, rodesac
winaswar aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad, sakuTari Tavis movla da medikamentebis
miReba)

sasurveli

ganxorcielebisas

qceva
individs

da

momsaxure

Jetons

personali

aZlevs.

es

samizne

Jetonebi

qcevis

mogvianebiT

yoveli
SeiZleba

gaicvalos mTel rig waxalisebebsa da privilegiebze (Kazdin, 1994; Martin & Pear, 1999).
waxalisebis aseTi sistemebi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis iseTi qcevebis
Sesacvlelad, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis movla, wesrigisa da sisufTavis dacva
saarsebo garemoSi da xSiri dadebiTi socialuri urTierTqmedebebi.
aversiuli

Terapia

gamoiyeneba

saziano

(Aversion therapy) qceviTi

stimulebisaken

Terapiis

midrekilebis

tipi,

mqone

romelic

adamianebis

samkurnalod.
pirobiTi

ganmamtkiceblebis

mkurnalobis

strategia,

marTva
romelic

(Contingency

menegement)

gulisxmobs

qcevis

zogadi
Secvlas

Tanmimdevruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.

sxva

midgomaSi

Terapevti

gamorCeulad

ganamtkicebs

arasasurveli

qcevis

sapirispiro qcevas. am teqnikas warmatebiT iyeneben narkotikebze damokidebuli

adamianebis mkurnalobisas.

767

saidan viciT
bihevioraluri mkurnaloba narkotikebze damokidebulebisas
mkvlevarebma

moZebnes

damokidebulebisgan

70

mamakaci

gankurneba

da

surda.

qali,

romelsac

TiToeulma

kokainze

monawilem

gaiara

sakonsultacio seansebi, raTa gacnobodnen am damokidebulebis gadalaxvis

strategiebsa da unar-Cvevebs. garda amisa, 36 monawiles aZlevdnen specialur
baraTebs yovel jerze, rodesac analizi aCvenebda, rom maTi Sardi ar
Seicavda narkotikul nivTierebas. TiToeuli baraTis Rirebuleba 25 cents
Seadgenda

da

mis

sanacvlod

SeiZleboda

sabiTumo

saqonlis

SeZena.

dasawyisSi Sardis yoveli uaryofiTi analizis SemTxvevaSi monawileebs 10

baraTs

aZlevdnen.

uaryofiTi

iyo,

mas

Semdeg,

yovel

rac

Semdeg

maTi

jerze

Sardis

analizi

baraTebis

isev

raodenoba

da

isev

izrdeboda.

monawileTaTvis baraTebi pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad iqca, romelic Seawyviles

narkotikis gareSe yofnasTan. danarCen 34 monawilesac aZlevdnen baraTebs,
Tumca,

maTi

yofnasTan:

ganmamtkicebeli

SeuwyvilebelTa

ar

iyo

jgufis

Sewyvilebuli
TiToeuli

narkotikis

wevri

gareSe

mimagrebuli

iyo

SewyvilebulTa jgufis romelime wevrze da orive erTnairi odenobiTa da

erTdroulad
gamomdinare,

iRebda

ganmtkicebas

SegviZlia

(baraTebs).

darwmunebulni

viyoT,

kvlevis
rom

aseTi

baraTebis

sqemidan
nebismieri

efeqti Sewyvilebis Sedegi iyo da ara mxolod ganmtkicebis. faqtobrivad,

pirobiTi

ganmamtkiceblisa

(baraTebis)

da

sasurveli

qcevis

(narkotikis

gareSe yofna) Sewyvileba mdgradi aRmoCnda: kvlevis dasasrulisTvis da

kvlevidan

erTi

SeuwyvilebelTa

wlis

Semdegac

jgufis

SewyvilebulTa

wevrebisgan

gansxvavebiT,

jgufis
uwyveti

wevrebi,

warmatebiT

axerxebdnen narkotikisgan Tavis Sesavebas (Higgins et al., 2000).

SeiZleba,

SeamCnieT,

rom

aq

igive

principi

moqmedebs,

rac

arasasurveli

reaqciis sasurveliT Canacvlebisas (razec zemoT visaubreT): adapturi qcevis

albaTobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba daswavlis ZiriTadi principebi.

Caqrobis strategia
ratom agrZeleben adamianebi imis keTebas, rasac tkivili da tanjva moaqvs
maSin, roca sxvagvarad moqcevis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT? pasuxi aseTia: qcevis
mraval formas mravalricxovani da sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi aqvs _ zogierTi

768

maTgani dadebiTia da zogic _ uaryofiTi. xSirad axerxebs SeumCneveli dadebiTi

ganmamtkicebeli

qcevis

SenarCunebas,

misi

aSkarad

uaryofiTi

Sedegebis

miuxedavad. magaliTad, bavSvma, romelsac sjian cudi saqcielisTvis, SeiZleba

ganagrZos cudad moqceva, Tu dasja misTvis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderTi
formaa.
Caqrobis
qcevebis

strategia

gamosadegia

SenarCuneba

TerapiaSi

gaurkveveli

maSin,

ganmamtkicebeli

rodesac

disfunqciuri

garemoebebiT

xdeba.

am

ganmamtkiceblebis gamovlena situaciis zedmiwevniTi analiziT SeiZleba. Semdeg

ise

xdeba

programis

Sedgena,

rom

arasasurveli

qcevis

ganxorcielebisas

SeuZlebeli gaxdes maTi gamoCena. Tu SesaZlebelia am midgomis gamoyeneba da Tu

klientis garemocvaSi myofi adamianebi, romlebic uneburad ganamtkiceben qcevas,
TanamSromloben TerapevtTan, Caqrobis procedura amcirebs qcevis sixSires da
droTa ganmavlobaSi, TandaTanobiT sruliad gaaqrobs mas. ganvixiloT klasis
magaliTi.

mkvlevarebma

araadaptur

qcevaze

mkvlevarebma

miaRwies,

gaarkvies,

rom

ganmamtkiceblad
rom bavSvebi

dawyebiTi
moqmedebda

yuradRebas

skolis

oTxi

moswavlis

TanaklaselTa

yuradReba.

iCendnen

am oTxi

moswavlis

misaRebi qcevebisadmi da uyuradRebod tovebdnen arasasurvel qcevebs. amiT maT

SeZles moswavleTa araadapturi qcevis paternebis Caqroba (Broussard & Northup, 1997).
aramizanmimarTuli
waxalisebac

ki

ganmtkicebiT

SeiZleba.

Sizofreniuli

ganvixiloT

aseTi

qcevis

situacia:

SenarCuneba

mraval

da

fsiqiatriul

klinikaSi dadgenili wesia, rom momsaxure personali xSirad ekiTxeba pacientebs:

rogor grZnobT Tavs? rac socialuri komunikaciis erTgvari formaa. pacientebs
xSirad arasworad esmiT es SekiTxva da hgoniaT, rom amiT momsaxure personals
diagnozisTvis

saWiro

informaciis

miReba

surs.

amitom

sakuTar

azrebze,

grZnobebze, ucnaur simptomebsa da halucinaciebze iwyeben laparaks. aseT pasuxebs

sawinaaRmdego
pacientebi

Sedegi

sakuTar

moaqvs;
TavSi

momsaxure
arian

personali

Caflulni

da

mihyavs

daskvnamde,

aranormalurad

rom

iqcevian.

faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom rac ufro ucnaur simptomebs da sityvier masalas

miawvdian pacientebi, miT met yuradRebas miiReben momsaxure personalisgan, rac,
Tavis mxriv, ganamtkicebs ucnauri simptomebis ganmeorebiT gamoxatvas. klasikur
gamokvlevaSi naCvenebi iqna Sizofreniuli qcevis STambeWdavi Semcireba, rodesac
momsaxure personals mieca martivi instruqcia _ moexdinaT qcevis ignorireba da

769

mxolod normalurad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi mieqciaT pacientebisTvis yuradReba

(Ayllon & Michael, 1959).
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
bihevioraluri

Terapiebis

diapazoni

gaafarToves

socialuri-daswavlis

Teoretikosebma, romlebic miuTiTebdnen, rom adamianebi sxva adamianebis qcevaze

dakvirvebiT swavloben. axal situaciebSi qcevis wesebs xSirad iseTi simboluri
saSualebebiT vswavlobT da viyenebT, rogoricaa realur cxovrebaSi, filmebsa
Tu televiziiT sxva adamianebis gamocdilebaze dakvirveba. socialuri daswavlis
Terapia mowodebulia problemur qcevaTa paternebis modificirebisTvis iseTi
pirobebis

SeqmniT,

sadac

klienti

xedavs,

Tu

rogor

waxalisdeba

modeli

ganxorcielebuli sasurveli qcevisTvis. daswavlis aseTi gaSualebuli procesi

gansakuTrebiT

Rirebulia

fobiebis

daZlevisa

da

socialuri

Cvevebis

Camoyalibebisas. wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, rom socialuri daswavlis es Teoria,

ZiriTadad, albert banduras (Albert Bandura) naSromebSi damuSavda (1977; 1986). aq
misi midgomis mxolod or aspeqtze SevCerdebiT: modelis mibaZvasa da socialuri
unar-Cvevebis SemuSavebaze.

modelis mibaZva
socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mtkicebiT, individebi reaqciebs dakvirvebis
meSveobiT daiswavlian. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fobiebis mqone adamianebs unda
SeeZloT, rom modelis qcevis mibaZviT gadaeCvion SiSis reaqcias. magaliTad,
gvelebis SiSis mkurnalobisas Terapevti jer aCvenebs klients, rom SedarebiT
usafrTxo garemoSi SesaZlebelia gvelTan uSiSrad miaxloveba; es SeiZleba iyos
galiasTan axlos misvla an misTvis xelis Sexeba. amis Semdeg klients CvenebiTa
da waxalisebiT exmarebian, rom gaimeoros igive qceva. TandaTanobiT formirdeba
miaxloebis qceva. sabolood, klients SeuZlia, rom gveli xelSi aiyvanos da mas
sxeulze

Tavisuflad

moZraobis

saSualeba

misces.

klients

aranairi

qcevis

ganxorcielebas ar aiZuleben. nebismier momentSi warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobis

daZleva miaxloebis qcevis wina, warmatebul, naklebad SemaSinebel safexurze
dabrunebiT xdeba.
socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning therapy) mkurnalobis forma,
rodesac

klienti

uyurebs,

Tu

rogor

iRebs

modeli

waxalisebas

770

sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.

modelireba
teqnika,

monawileobis

rodesac

meSveobiT

Terapevti

uCvenebs

(Participant modeling)
sasurvel

qcevas

Terapiuli
da

klients

mxardamWeri waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis

gameorebaSi.
qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) procedura, romelic mowodebulia
ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis; rodesac
CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis programaSi, igulisxmeba,
rom klienti gonebaSi imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tanmimdevrobas.
ramdenad Zlierad moqmedebs monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba,
modelireba kargad Cans
kvlevaSi, romelSic es teqnika Seadares simbolur modelirebas, desensitizaciasa
da

sakontrolo

jgufis

mdgomareobas.

simboluri

modelirebiT

Terapiisas

pacientebi, romelTac naswavli hqondaT relaqsacia, uyurebdnen films, sadac

ramdenime modeli uSiSrad epyroboda gvelebs. Tu ekranze nanaxi maTSi SfoTvas
iwvevda,

SeeZloT,

nebismier

dros

gaeCerebinaT

filmi

da

modunebuliyvnen.

sakontrolo jgufSi ar yofila Terapiuli Careva. rogorc 16.1 suraTidan Cans,

monawileobis

meSveobiT

modelireba

aSkarad

yvelaze

warmatebuli

iyo

am

teqnikebs Soris. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis jgufis 12-dan 11 monawile

ganikurna gvelebis SiSisgan (Bandura, 1970).
suraTi 16.1. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis Terapia

fotoze gamosaxuli cdis piri jer models uyurebda, romelic TandaTanobiT

uaxlovdeboda gvels. Semdeg Tavad gaimeora igive qceva. saboloo jamSi, mas
SeeZlo gvelis xelSi aReba da sakuTar sxeulze misTvis moZraobis saSualebis
micema. grafikze asaxulia cdis piris mier ganxorcielebuli miaxlovebis qcevaTa
raodenoba monawileobis meSveobiT Terapiamde (rac yvelaze efeqturi aRmoCnda)
da Semdeg; es qceva waredgina danarCeni ori Terapiuli teqnikis da sakontrolo
jgufsac.
socialuri unarunar-Cvevebis SemuSaveba
socialuri
warmoadgens
efeqturad

daswavlis
araadekvaturi

funqcionirebis

TerapevtTa

mier

socialuri
swavleba.

Semotanil

Cvevebis

fsiqikuri

mqone

umTavres

siaxles

adamianebisTvis

aSlilobis

mqone

ufro

adamianebi

771

mraval sirTules awydebian; Cveulebriv, janmrTel adamianebsac xSirad eqmnebaT

problemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini uxerxulad grZnoben Tavs sxvebTan
urTierTobisas, mouxerxeblebi arian, an ar SeuZliaT sakuTari poziciebis dacva.

socialuri unar-Cvevebi anu urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi reaqciaTa erTobliobaa,

romelic

adamianebs

socialuri

miznebis

efeqturad

miRwevis

SesaZleblobas

aZlevs, rodesac isini mimarTaven sxvebs an urTierTqmedeben sxvebTan. am unarCvevebSi Sedis imis codna, Tu (1) ra (Sinaarsi) vTqvaT da movimoqmedoT mocemul
situaciaSi, raTa gamoviwvioT sasurveli reaqcia (Sedegi); (2) rogor (stili)
vTqvaT da moviqceT; (3) rodis (dro) vTqvaT da vimoqmedoT. urTierTobis unarCvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa sakuTar TavSi
daurwmunebloba _ sakuTari mosazrebebisa Tu survilebis gamoxatva da dacva
pirdapir, gasagebad da agresiis gareSe (Alberti &Emmons, 1990; Bower & Bower, 1991). am
problemis daZlebaSi dasaxmareblad socialuri daswavlis mravali Terapevti
gvirCevs qcevis repeticias _ imis TvalsaCinod warmoadgenas, Tu rogor unda
moviqceT mocemul situaciaSi da ra sasuveli dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba Cven
mier ganxorcielebul qcevas (Yates, 1985).
mozrdilTa paTologiur qcevas xSirad win uswrebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis
nakleboba

bavSvobaSi

(Oden & Asher, 1977).

amitom

mkvlevarTa

da

TerapevtTa

mniSvnelovani Zalixmeva mimarTulia Caketil da fsiqikuri problemebis mqone

bavSvebSi sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis ganviTarebaze (Fantuzzo et al., 1996; Pfiffer &
McBurnett, 1997).
SesaZlebeli

erT-erTma
iyo

gamokvlevam

urTierTobis

aCvena,

Cvevebis

rom

drois

swavleba

xanmokle

periodSi

winasaskolo

asakis

bavSvebisTvis, romelTac socialurad izolirebulad Tvlidnen.

saidan viciT
sxvasTan urTierTobisas sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis daswavla
skolis 24 moswavle SemTxveviTad moxvda sam sxvadasxva situaciaSi: maT
unda eTamaSaT Tavisive asakis mewyvilesTan, 1-1,5 wliT umcros mewyvilesTan
da marto, mewyviles gareSe (sakontrolo). erTi Tvis manZilze wyvilebi
saTamaSod

Sekribes

aTjer

grZeldeboda. iwereboda

da

TiToeuli

maTi qceva

Sexvedra

mxolog

20

wuTi

saklaso oTaxSi eqsperimentamde da

Semdeg. aRmoCnda, rom zemoT aRwerilma Carevam Zlieri gavlena moaxdina.

umcros mewyvilesTan TamaSis SesaZleblobam gaaormaga da sxva bavSvebis

772

saSualo maCvenebels miuaxlova TanaklaselebTan urTierTobis sixSire im

bavSvebTan,

romlebic

Caketilebad

TamaSis

gamocdilebamac

TanatolTan
magram

Zalze

mcired.

da

mkvlevarebma

arakontaqturebad

gazarda
daaskvnes,

bavSvebis
rom

iTvlebodnen.

sociabiluroba,

erTi-erTze,

wyvilSi

TamaSis situacia morcxv bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rom socialurad

usafrTxod igrZnon Tavi da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulebi iyvnen sxvasTan
urTierTobisas.

maT

SeeZloT

xelmZRvanelis

rolSic

gamoecadaT

Tavi

mewyvilis umcrosi asakidan gamomdinare, usafrTxo situaciaSi TamaSisas

(Furman et al., 1979).
sxva gamokvlevaSi emociuri problemebis mqone hospitalizirebul bavSvebs,
socialuri

unar-Cvevebis

gavarjiSebis

Sedegad,

gauumjobesdaT

socialur

situaciebSi qcevis verbaluri da araverbaluri komponenti (Matson et al., 1980).

bavSvebs

aswavles

sxvadasxvagvar

socialur

situaciebSi

saTanado

sityvieri

pasuxebis gacema (daxmarebis gaweva an komplimentis Tqma, TxovniT mimarTva). maT,

aseve, aswavles saTanado emociebis demonstrireba (magaliTad, gaRimeba Seqebisas),
saubrisas sworad moqceva (mosaubrisken saxiT mibruneba) da Tvalebis kontaqtis
damyareba (mosaubrisTvis TvalebSi yureba). es gaumjobesebuli socialuri unarCvevebi gavrcelda (anu generalizirda) im situaciebzec, romelic ar Sedioda
saswavlo programaSi: bavSvebi gamomuSavebul unar-Cvevebs palatebSic iyenebdnen.
es dadebiTi Sedegi Tveebis manZilze SenarCunda.
generalizaciis teqnikebi
biheviorist

Terapevtebs

ganaxorcieleben
yoveldRiur

maTi

klientebi

cxovrebaSi

mniSvnelovania,

yovelTvis

radgan

(Kazdin,

ainteresebT

Terapiul
1994).

mkurnalobis

es

Semdegi

garemoSi
sakiTxi

efeqtianobis

sakiTxi:

ramdenad

daswavlil
yvela

qcevebs

TerapevtisTvis

nebismieri

sazomi

unda

moicavdes grZelvadian cvlilebebs, romelic SenarCundeba mas Semdegac, rac

klienti datovebs Terapevtis taxts, klinikisa Tu laboratorias.
rodesac Terapiul programaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli klientis realuri
cxovrebis
cvlilebebi

mniSvnelovani
SeiZleba

mxareebi,

daikargos

Terapiis

droTa

procesSi

ganmavlobaSi,

qcevaSi

Terapiis

miRweuli
dasrulebis

Semdeg. am TandaTanobiTi danakargis Tavidan asacileblad, miRebuli praqtikaa

generalizaciis teqnikebis SemuSaveba da maTi Terapiul procedurebSi CarTva. es

773

teqnikebi mowodebulia, raTa maqsimalurad miuaxlovnon erTmaneTs Terapiuli

garemos da realuri cxovrebis samizne qceva, ganmamtkiceblebi, modelebi da
stimulis moTxovnebi. magaliTad, klientebs aswavlian qcevebs, romelic mis Cveul
garemoSic

ganmtkicdeba,

waxaliseba

eZlevaT

iqneba

es

parcialuri

Tavazianobis

gamoCena

(nawilobrivi)

Tu

windaxeduleba.

ganmtkicebis

ganrigiT,

raTa

miRebuli Sedegi realur situaciebSic SenarCundes, sadac ganmtkiceba yovelTvis

ar

mosdevs

TandaTanobiT

qcevas.

amcireben

sagrZnobi

garegani

gamtkicebis

molodins da, amasTan, aCveven socialur miRebasa da SedarebiT bunebriv Sedegebs,

maT Soris sakuTari Tavisadmi wamaxalisebel gamonaTqvamebs.
magaliTad,

bihevioristma

Terapevtebma

TandaTanobiTi

Semcirebis

meTodi

gamoiyenebs 7 wlis biWunasTan muSaobisas, romelic xSirad paravda nivTebs

Tanaklaselebs (Rosen & Rosen, 1983). biWs sjidnen, Tu Semowmebis Sedegad masTan
sxva

bavSvebis

gadacvlac

nivTebs

SesaZlebeli

poulobdnen,
iyo

iseT

an

qulebiT

sasiamovno

ajildovebdnen

ganmamtkiceblebze,

(romelTa
rogoricaa

damatebiTi dasveneba), Tu mas aseTi nivTebi ar hqonda. dasawyisSi 15 wuTSi

erTxel

amowmebdnen.

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

SemowmebaTa

ricxvi

TandaTanobiT

Seamcires da biWis Semowmebebs Soris intervali 2 saaTamde gazardes, sabolood

ki, sruliad Sewyvites. mas Semdegac ki, rac sruliad Sewyvites ganmamtkiceblebiT
uSualo manipulacia, biWs aRaraferi mouparavs.
kognituri

Terapiebis

dafiqrdiT da

gaiazreT,

ganxilvamde,
ra

arsebiTi

erTi

wuTiT

SexedeT

gansxvavebaa Cvens

mier

cxrils

16.2,

ganxilul

or

fsiqoTerapiul mimdinareobas _ fsiqoanalitursa da bihevioralurs _ Soris.

Sejameba
adapturi

qcevis

Sesamcireblad

sixSiris

gasazrdelad

bihevioraluri

Terapia

da

araadapturi

daswavlis

qcevis

sixSiris

principebs

iyenebs.

kontrganpirobebis meTodebSi Sedis sistematuri desensitizacia, implozia da

daZirva. TiToeuli Terapiuli meTodis arsebiTi nawilia eqspozicia anu stimulis
wardgena. aversiuli Terapiisas xdeba aversiuli stimulisa da arasasurveli
qcevis

Sewyvileba.

pirobiTi

ganmamtkiceblebis

marTvisas,

samizne

qcevis

gasaZliereblad an Sesasusteblad, gamoiyeneba dadebiTi ganmtkiceba da Caqrobis

strategia. socialuri daswavlis Terapiis gamoyenebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa
fobiebis

moxsna;

individebs

SiSis

daZleva

modelis

mibaZviT

SeuZliaT.

774

Terapevtebi socialuri daswavlis teqnikebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSavebis

mizniTac iyeneben.
cxrili 16.2 fsiqoTerapiisadmi fsiqoanalituri da bihevioraluri midgomebis
Sedareba
sagani

fsiqoanalizi

bihevioraluri Terapia

adamianis

biologiuri instinqtebi,

sawyisi buneba

pirvel rigSi, seqsualuri

sxva cxovelebis msgavsad,

da agresiuli, romelTac

adamianebi mxolod swavlis

dauyovneblivi

SesaZleblobiT ibadebian;

gamonTavisufleba

daswavlis procesi igive

esaWiroebaT da aiZuleben

principebs emorCileba

adamians, rom

adamianTan, romelsac yvela

daupirispirdes socialur

sxva saxeobis SemTxvevaSi.

realobas.
normaluri

ganviTareba xdeba

adapturi qcevebi

adamianuri

Tanmimdevrul stadiebze

daiswavleba ganmtkicebiTa

ganviTareba

konfliqtebis gadawyvetis

da mibaZviT.

Sedegad. identifikaciisa
da internalizaciis gziT
yalibdeba egos mxridan
zrdasrulisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli marTvis
meqnizmebi da xasiaTis
struqturebi.
fsiqopaTolog paTologiaSi aisaxeba

problemuri qceva

iis buneba

konfliqtis araadekvaturi

momdinareobs araadapturi

gadawyveta da ganviTarebis

qcevebis arasworad

adreul stadiebze

daswavlidan. simptomi aris

fiqsacia, amis Sedegia

problema da ar arsebobs

Zalian Zlieri impulsebi

aranairi safuZvlad

da/an maTi Sesustebuli

mdebare daavadeba.

775

kontoli.
Terapiis

fsiqoseqsualuri

aRikveTeba simptomaturi

mizani

mowifulobis miRweva, egos

qceva da Canacvldeba

funqciebis gaZliereba da

adapturi qcevebiT.

aracnobieri da gandevnili
impulsebis mxridan
kontrolis Sesusteba.
gamokveTili

gamocdilebaSi arsebuli

Terapia mimarTulia

fsiqologiuri motivebi, grZnobebi,

qcevaze da dakvirvebad

sfero

fantaziebi da kogniciebi.

grZnobebsa da moqmedebebze.

drois aspeqti

wasrulis konfliqtebisa

ainteresebT mxolod

da gandevnili grZnobebis

klientis qcevis

cnobierebaSi amotanaze,

ganmtkicebis istoria.

garCevasa da gaazrebaze

ikvleven da mkurnaloben

orientacia.

awmyoSi realurad arsebul

qcevas.

aracnobieri

es aris fsiqoanalizis

ar ainteresebT

masalis roli

centraluri sakiTxi,

aracnobieri procesebi da

romelsac

cnobieri subieqturi

neofroidianebeli

gamocdileba.

SedarebiT nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
insaitis

insaits centraluri

insaiti zedmetia da/an ar

roli

adgili ukavia; Cndeba

aris saWiro.

makoregirebel emociur
gamocdilebaSi.
Terapevtis

Terapevti moqmedebs,

Terapevti moqmedebs,

roli

rogorc gamomZiebeli: eZebs

rogorc treneri: exmareba

pirvelad, sawyisi

klients Zveli qcevisgan

konfliqtebisa da

gadaCvevasa da/an axali

776

winaaRmdegobis warmoqmnis

qcevis daswavlaSi.

mizezebs; gamijnuli da

mniSvnelovania

neitraluri, xels uwyobs

ganmamtkiceblebis marTva;

gadatanis reaqciis

naklebi mniSvneloba

ganviTarebas.

eniWeba pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobas.

kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri TerapiiT cdiloben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas,
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis SecvliT.
es Terapia efuZneba Semdeg daSvebas: paTologiuri qcevis paternebi da emociuri
distresi momdinareobs problemebidan, romelic exeba imas, Tu ras (kognituri
Sinaarsi) fiqroben da rogor (kognituri procesi) fiqroben adamianebi. kognituri
Terapia fokusirdeba sxvadasxvagvari SemecnebiTi procesebis cvlilebebsa da
kognituri

gadastruqturebis

sxvadasxva

meTodebis

swavlebaze.

am

midgomis

zogierTi nairsaxeoba me-13-e TavSi ganvixileT, rogorc stresTan gamklavebisa da

janmrTelobis

gaumjobesebis

saSualebebi.

am

qveTavSi

aRvwerT

kognituri

Terapiis or ZiriTad formas: kognitur bihevioralur modifikacias (sakuTari

Tavis

rwmenis

warmodgenebis

anu

TviT-efeqturobis

sistemebis

Secvlas

gamomuSavebis
(depresiis

CaTvliT)

kognituri

da

mcdari

Terapiisa

da

racionalur-emociuri Terapiis CaTvliT). Y

kognituri

romliTac

Terapia (Cognitive therapy) fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis forma,

cdiloben

problemuri

grZnobebisa

da

qcevebis

Secvlas,

mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis

SecvliT.

kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia

Cven is varT, rasac STavagonebT sakuTar Tavs, rom unda viyoT da vakeTebT
imas,

rac

gvgonia,

rom

unda

vakeToT.

es

aris

kongitur

bihevioraluri

midifikaciis sawyisi piroba. am Terapiul midgomaSi gaerTianebulia, erTi mxriv,

777

motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da ganwyobebis gavlenaze kognituri aqcenti da,

meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioraluri aqcenti.
arasasurveli,

miuRebeli

qcevis

paternebi

kognituri

modificirdeba

gadastruqturebis gziT _ sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi gamonaTqvamebis SecvliR

konstruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT.

kognitur

bihevioraluri

modifikacia

(Cognitive

behavior

modification)

Terapiuli midgoma, romelic aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa

da

ganwyobebis

gavlenaze

kognitur

aqcents

da,

meore

mxriv,

qcevis

modifikaciisas pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.

mocemuli

Terapiuli

midgomis

kritikuli

nawilia

fsiqoTerapevtisa

da

klientis mier imis garkveva, Tu ras fiqrobs klienti da rogor gamoxatavs

problemas, romelic unda mogvardes Terapiis procesSi. mas Semdeg, rac Terapevti
da klienti gaarkveven, Tu ra saxis azrebi ubiZgeben klients araproduqtuli an
disfunqciuri

qcevisken,

isini

iwyeben

axali,

konstruqciuli

debulebebis

SemuSavebas da TviT-pativiscemis Semamcirebeli an SfoTvis gamomwvevi TviTganmkicxavi

debulebebis

negatiuri

debuleba

Semcirebas

saSinlad

(Meichenbaum, 1977, 1985, 1993).

mosawyeni

viyavi

wveulebaze;

magaliTad,
aRarasodes

dampatiJeben, Canacvldeba konstruqciuli kritikiT: Tu minda, rom sainteresod

gamoviyurebode,
saubris

momavalSi

dasawyebad,

gamovexmauro

raime

gaviwafo

maspinZlis

damaintrigebeli
kargi

frazebi

anegdotis

monaTxrobs.

unda

movifiqro

da

cocxlad

moyolaSi

ganvlili

situaciebis

uaryofiTi

momentebis Zebnis nacvlad, romelTac veRar Secvlis, klients aswavlian momavali

movlenebis dadebiT aspeqtebze fokusirebas.
kognitur

bihevioraluri

modifikacia

klients

qcevis

warmatebulobaze

ganawyobs. Terapevtebma ician, rom am molodinebis Seqmna zrdis adamianebis

mxridan

efeqturad

misaRwevad

moqcevis

realisturi

albaTobas.

strategiebis

miRwevadi

SemuSavebis

da

miznebis
Sedegebis

dasaxvis,

maT

realisturad

Sefasebis gziT viTardeba gawafulobis SegrZneba da sakuTari Tavis rwmena anu

TviT-efeqturoba (Bandura, 1992, 1997). rogorc me-14-e TavSi vnaxeT, TviT-efeqturoba

mravalmxriv moqmedebs aRqmaze, motivaciasa da qcevaze. sakuTari Tavis rwmenis
Sefaseba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas gaiRebT da ramdenad didxans
SeewinaaRmdegebiT warmoqmnil cxovrebiseul siZneleebs (Schwarzer, 1992). qcevis

778

modelirebis zemoT aRwerili procedura individebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom

gaiZlieron sakuTar qcevaSi darwmunebulobis gancda anu bihevioraluri TviTefeqturoba:

isini

ganxorcieleba.

amis

darwmunebulobis
Terapia

daiswavlian,

cvlis

rom

xelewifebaT

sapirispirod,

anu

kognituri

klientis

garkveuli

azrebsa

sakuTar

TviT-efeqturobis

mosazrebebs

sakuTari

da

saxis

qcevebis

warmodgenebSi

gamuSavebaze

mimarTuli

SesaZleblobebis

Sesaxeb.

magaliTad, erT gamokvlevaSi im studentebma, romelTac sjerodaT, rom amocana,

romelic

maTgan

gadawyvetilebis

miRebas

iTxovda,

gaaumjobesebda

maT

SesaZleblobebs, gacilebiT ukeT warmoaCines sakuTari Tavi, vidre maT, visac

miaCnda,

rom

es

amocana

mxolod

ukve

arsebuli

SesaZleblobebis

Sefasebis

saSualeba iyo (Wood & Bandura, 1989). am kvlevaSi iseTi azrebi, rogoricaa me
SemiZlia viswavlo amis ukeTesad gakeTeba, realurad exmareboda studentebs
amocanis ukeT SesrulebaSi.
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
zogierTi

kognitur

bihevioraluri

Terapevti,

pirvel

rigSi,

rwmenebis,

ganwyobebisa da azrTa Cveuli paternebis Secvlazea mimarTuli. isini amtkiceben,

rom

mravali

fsiqologiuri

problema

momdinareobs

sxva

adamianebTan

da

movlenebTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi araarekvaturi damokidebulebidan.

mcdar

azrTa

nakadi

SeiZleba

efuZnebodes

(1)

usafuZvlo,

arakeTilgonier

ganwyobebs (idealurad swavla studentis umniSvnelovani Tvisebaa); (2) mcdar

winapirobebs (Tu yvelafers gavakeTeb, rasac momTxoven, popularuli gavxdebi)
da (3) xist wesebs, romelTac qceva avtomatur reJimSi gadahyavT ise, rom qcevis
ukve arsebuli paternebi maSinac ki meordeba, roca realurad ukve usargebloa
(unda davemorCilo xelmZRvanelobas). emociur distress anu sulier tanjvas
badebs araswori warmodgenebi da arsebuli realobisa da sakuTari warmosaxvebis
(an molodinebis) erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis unaris ar qona.

depresiis kognituri Terapia

kognitivisti fsiqoTerapevti pacients exmareba, rom azrovnebis damaxinjebuli,
araswori

paternebi

meTodebiT.

aaron

Caanacvlos

bekma

problemebis

(Aaron Beck, 1976)

gadawyvetis

warmatebiT

ufro

gamoscada

efeqturi
da

moargo

kognituri Terapia depresiis mkurnalobas. mkurnalobis formula man martivad

Camoayaliba:

Terapevti

exmareba

pacients

damaxinjebuli,

mcdari

azrebis

779

gamovlenasa da miRebuli gamocdilebis formulirebis ufro realisturi gzebis

aTvisebaSi (gv. 20). magaliTad, depresiul individebs SeiZleba sTxovon, rom
daweron

is

uaryofiTi

azrebi,

romlebic

sakuTari

Tavis

mimarT

uCndebaT;

gaarkvion da gaiazron, ratom aris es TviTkritikuli gamonaTqvamebi usafuZvlo

da SeimuSavon SedarebiT realisturi (da naklebad damangreveli) warmodgenebi
sakuTar Tavze.
bekis azriT, depresia imitom xangrZlivdeba droSi, rom adamianebma araferi
ician im uaryofiTi avtomaturi azrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic, Cveulebriv, maTgan
damoukideblad warmoiqneba; avtomaturi azrebis magaliTebia: verasodes viqnebi
iseTive kargi, rogoric Cemi Zmaa, rom gaigon simandvileSi rogori var, aravis
veyvarebi, arc

ise Wkviani var, rom rames

mivaRwio

skolaSi, sadac

aseTi

gacxarebuli brZolaa pirvelobisTvis. Terapevti axorcielebs oTx taqtikur

svlas, romelic mowodebulia depresiis kognituri safuZvlis Sesacvlelad (Beck
& Rush, 1989; Beck et al., 1979).

eWv qveS ayenebs klientis sayrden daSvebebs sakuTari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb;

afasebs klientis xelT arsebul mtkicebulebebs, romlebic adastureben an

uaryofen avtomaturi azrebis sizustes;

gadaaqvs braleuloba situaciur faqtorebze da ar miawers mas klientis

mouxerxeblobas an arakompetenturobas.

ganixilavs im rTuli amocanebis gadawyvetis alternatiul gzebs, romelTa

uSedegod

gadawyveta

SeiZleboda

uaryofiT

gamocdilebad

qceuliyo

klientisTvis.
bihevioraluri Terapiebis msgavsad, am TerapiaSic centraluri adgili ukavia
klientis mimdinare mdgomareobas.
depresiul mdgomareobaSi yofnis erT-erTi uaresi Tanmxlebi movlenaa misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli uaryofiTi grZnobebiT cxovrebis aucilebloba da apaTiuroba.
sakuTari uaryofiTi guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi mexsierebaSi
acocxlebs yvelafers, rac ki odesme cudi momxdara cxovrebaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv,
kidev ufro amwvavebs daTrgunulobis gancdas. depresiuli adamianebi samyaros
depresiis Savi saTvaliT uyureben _ kritikas xedaven iq, sadac ar aris; Seqebas
sarkazmad aRiqvamen, rac kidev erTi mizezia imisTvis, rom depresiulebi iyvnen.
kognituri Terapiebi aCereben depresiis am daRmaval spirals imiT, rom exmarebian

780

klients, ufro metad ar CaiZiros depresiaSi Tavad depresiis gamo (Teasdale, 1985).
kognituri Terapiebis daxvewis mizniT, mkvlevarebi agrZeleben depresiis gancdaSi
siRrmiseuli azrobrivi (insaitis) wvdomis gamoyenebas (Jacobson et al., 1996; Teasdale et
al., 1995).

magaliTad,

erT-erTi

gamokvleviT

dasabuTda,

rom

Terapia

yvelaze

efeqturia maSin, rodesac misi maxasiaTeblebi miesadageba klientis mosazrebebs

sakuTari depresiulobis mizezebis Sesaxeb (Addis & Jacobson, 1996). am codnis
gaTvaliswinebiT, klinicistebs yoveli individualuri klientisTvis saTanado
mkurnalobis misadageba SeuZliaT.

racionalurracionalur-emociuri Terapia
kognituri Terapiis erT-erTi adreuli formaa racionalurracionalur-emociuri Terapia
(reT)), romelic albert eliss (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1995; Windy & Ellis, 1997) ekuTvnis.
racionalur-emociuri
romelic

Terapia

pirovnebis

Secvlis

yovlismomcveli

sistemaa,

im iracionaluri azrebis tranformacias efuZneba, romelic iwvevs

arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri

SfoTva.

klientebs

SeiZleba

hqondeT

gamyarebuli

ZiriTadi

faseulobebi,

romlebic moiTxoven, rom iyvnen warmatebulni da aRiarebulni; amtkiceben, rom

maT samarTlianad unda moeqcnen da karnaxoben maT, rom irgvliv yvelaferi ufro
sasiamovno unda iyos.
racionalur-emociuri TerapiiT momuSave praqtikosi aswavlis klients, Tu
rogor unda gadaastruqturos yvela saWiroa, valdebuli xar da ase unda
iyos, romelic mis qcevas akontrolebs da ar aZlevs sakuTari survilisamebr
cxovrebis saSualebas. Terapevtis amocanaa, daanaxos klients, rom emociuri
reaqcia, romelic Tan sdevs nebismier movlenas, sinamdvileSi am movlenis Sesaxeb
klientisTvis ucnobi warmodgenebis arsebobis Sedegia; amiT Terapevti klientis
Caketil
orgazmis

cnobierebaSi
ararseboba

SeWras

cdilobs.

(movlena)

iwvevs

magaliTad,

sqesobrivi

daTrgunulobisa

da

aqtis

dros

TviT-gankicxvis

emociur reaqcias. emociuri reaqciis gamomwvevi warmodgenebis daaxloebiT aseTia:

ar vvargivar seqsualuri cxovrebisTvis, albaT, impotenti var, radgan ise ver
moviqeci, rogorc unda movqceuliyavi. Terapiis dros es (da sxva) warmodgenebis
Riad ganixileba racionaluri konfrontaciiTa da
mizezebis

garCeviT,

rogoricaa

gadaRla,

momxdari movlenis iseTi sxva

alkoholis

zemoqmedeba,

mcdari

warmodgenebi sqesobrivi aqtis msvlelobaze anda mocemul dros an am konkretul

781

partniorTan urTierTobis damyarebis survilis arqona. konfrontaciis teqnikas

Terapiuli

zemoqmedebis

sxva

formebi

mohyveba,

romliTac

xdeba

dogmaturi,

iracionaluri azrovnebis Canacvleba racionaluri, situaciurad ganpirobebuli

ideebiT.
racionalur-emociuri

Terapia

mimarTulia

individisTvis

sakuTari

Rirebulebisa da potencialis SegrZnebis gaZlierebaze, romlis realizeba mas

Semdeg

gaxdeba

SesaZlebeli,

rac

igi

Tavs

daaRwevs

pirovnuli

zrdis

damabrkolebel mcdar warmodgenaTa sistemas. am TvalsazrisiT, mas bevri aqvs

saerTo humanistur TerapiebTan, romelTac axla ganvixilavT.

racionalur) (Rational-emotive therapy RET) pirovnebis

racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT)
(
Secvlis

yovlismomcveli

sistema,

romelic

im

iracionaluri

azrebis

tranformacias efuZneba, romelic iwvevs arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri

muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva.

Sejameba
kognituri Terapiebis msvlelobisas adamianebis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebas
imis

SecvliT

cdiloben,

Tu

ras

da

rogor

fiqroben

isini

cxovrebiseul

movlenebze. kognitur bihevioraluri modifikaciisas icvleba arasasurveli qcevis

paternebi; amisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb uaryofiT gamonaTqvamebs cvlian
konsqtruqciuli,

qmediTi

gamonaTqvamebiT.

depresiis

kognituri

Terapiisas

aRkveTen avtomatur azrebs, cvlian klientis azrebis Cveul nakads da mimdinare

movlenebis mizezebis axsnis Cveul paternebs. racionalur-emociuri Terapia xels
uwyobs klients cnobierebaSi barierebis daZlevasa da sakuTari survilebiT
cxovrebis dawyebaSi.
egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis problemebi, Sinaarsiani adamianuri urTierTobebis
arqona da iseTi mniSvnelovani miznebis ararseboba, romelTaTvisac Rirs brZola
_ tipiuria egzistencialuri krizisebisTvis _ ase fiqroben adamianis bunebisadmi
humanisturi da egzistencialuri midgomis momxreebi. es mosazrebebi gaerTianda
Terapiis

ganzogadebul

saxeobaSi,

romelic

saerTo, yofierebis ZiriTad problemebze.

mimarTulia

yvela

adamianisTvis

782

rogorc
mTliani

me-14-e

TavSi

pirovnebis

vnaxeT,

cneba,

humanisturi

romelic

Teoriebis

mudmivi

birTvs

cvlilebisa

da

warmoadgens
Camoyalibebis

procesSi imyofeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom garemo da memkvidreobiToba garkveul

SezRudvebs

awesebs,

adamianebi

Tavad

irCeven,

rani

iyvnen;

amisaTvis

qmnian

faseulobaTa sistemebs da sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi axorcieleben maT. Tumca,

arCevanis

Tavisuflebas

pasuxismgeblobac

axlavs

Tan.

vinaidan

adamianebi

bolomde mainc ver acnobiereben TavianTi qcevis yvela SesaZlo Sedegs, SfoTva
da

sasowarkveTa

potencialis

euflebaT.

srulad

maT

danaSaulis

realizebis

gancdac

SesaZleblobebis

stanjavT,

xelidan

sakuTari

gaSvebis

gamo.

egzistencialuri fsiqologiis klinikisTvis gankuTvnili axali versia, romelic

aerTianebs mis mravalferovan Temebsa da midgomebs, efuZneba mosazrebas, rom
Tanamedrove cxovrebis damabneveli realoba adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel ori
ZiriTadi saxis daavadebas aZlevs dasabams. depresiuli da obsesiuri sindromebi
realobidan wasvlas asaxavs, sociopaTuri da narcisistuli sindromebi ki _ am
realobis eqspluatacias (Schneider & May, 1995).
fsiqoTerapevtebi,

romlebic

praqtikaSi

iyeneben

adamianis

bunebis

zogadi

Teoriis principebs, exmarebian klientebs, gansazRvron sakuTari Tavisufleba,

ganicadon da daafason yvela maTi arsebuli, moqmedi me da mimdinare momentis,
imwuTieri

gaelvebis

individualurobis

simdidre

damkvidreba

da

da

mravalferovneba;

gamonaxon

sakuTari

SeZlon

sakuTari

potencialis

srulad

realizebis (TviT-aqtualizaciis) gzebi. egzistencialur midgomaSi mniSvnelovania

mimdinare cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelic pirovnebas gamocdilebaSi eZleva.
egzistencialur-humanisturma

filosofiam,

aseve,

dasabami

misca

moZraobas

adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis,

ganviTarebisTvis romelic amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
Camoyalibda

XX

saukunis

60-iani

wlebis

bolos.

am

moZraobaSi

gaerTianda

saSualo adamianis potencialis ganviTarebis meTodebi, rac miznad isaxavda mis

ufro

srulad

gamoyenebasa

da

pirovnuli

gamocdilebis

mniSvnelovnad

gamdidrebasa da gamravalferovnebas. am moZraobis wyalobiT, Terapia, romelic

Tavdapirvelad
adamianebisTvis,

mowodebuli
gafarTovda

iyo
da

fsiqologiuri

gamoyenebadi

gaxda

aSlilobebis
fsiqikurad

mqone

janmrTeli

adamianebisTvisac, romelTac surdaT, rom yofiliyvnen metad efeqturebi, metad

produqtulebi da gacilebiT ufro bednieri adamianebi.

783

Cven ganvixilavT humanistur-egzistencialur tradiciebze ganviTarebul sam

Terapiul

midgomas:

klientze

centrirebul

Terapias,

jgufur

Terapiasa

ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapias.

moZraoba adamianis
adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (Human-potential movement) _
Terapiuli moZraoba, romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da praqtikul
saqmianobas, rac xels uwyobs saSualo adamianis potencialis gamovlenas,
misi

ufro

srulad

gamoyenebisa

da

pirovnuli

gamocdilebis

mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da gamravalferovnebis mizniT.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi
Terapia kompiuterebis saukuneSi
fsiqoTerapiisadmi
daganaxoT

misi

miZRvnili

Tavis

qmediTunarianoba

erT-erTi

da

mniSvnelovani

efeqtianoba:

mizania,

gamokvlevebisa

da

praqtikuli SemTxvevebis aRweriT SegviZlia, dagarwmunoT, rom realurad

SesaZlebelia

fsiqologiuri

tanjvis

Semsubuqeba.

21-e

saukunis

dasawyisisTvis kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam da kompiuterebis

iolad xelmisawvdomobam SesaZlebeli gaxada fsiqologTa da fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis

sferoSi

dakavebul

praqtikosTa

xelT

arsebuli

im

saSualebebis diapazonis gafarToveba, romlebic Terapiuli cvlilebebis

misaRwevad gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, dResdReobiT mraval adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba, saubriT
gankurnebis _ iseTi interaqtiuli Terapiis, romelic froidma da misma
mimdevrebma ganaviTares Terapevtisa da pacientis pirispir urTierTobis
pirobebSi _ gamocdileba eleqtronuli fostiT an internetiT miiRos (Fink,
1999;

King

Terapiisas

&

Moreggi,

Terapevti

1998).
da

kompiuteris

klienti

gamoyenebiT

eleqtronuli

ganxorcielebuli

fostiT

ukavSirdebian

erTmaneTs. mkvlevarebma Tavidanve miuTiTes internetiT Terapiis potenciur

naklovanebebsa da sargebelze. maTi azriT, aseTi Terapiis nakli isaa, rom
SezRuduli da damaxinjebuli informaciis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi Terapevtma
SeiZleba araswori diagnozi dasvas, gadamowmebis saSualeba ki mas ar eqneba,
rogorc es SesaZlebelia pirispir situaciaSi (King & Moreggi, 1998). garda
amisa,

momxmareblebs

iSviaTad

SeuZliaT

internet-fsiqologTa

da

784

kompetenturobis gadamowmeba; kibersivrceSi eqspertoba nebismierma SeiZleba

daibralos.

miuxedavad

am

naklovanebebisa,

eleqtronuli

fostiT

ganxorcielebuli Terapia unikalur SesaZleblobebs aZlevs Terapevtebsa da

maT klientebs. magaliTad, bevr Terapevts miaCnia, rom am formis Terapiis
fardobiTi

anonimuroba

klientebs

yvelaze

Semawuxebeli

problemebis

gacilebiT swrafad da sircxvilis gareSe gamovlenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs;

isini SeiZleba gacilebiT gulwrfelni iyvnen, roca ar uwevT sakuTar
monaTxrobze Terapevtis dakvirvebadi reaqciebis gamo nerviuloba (Grohol,
1998).

kibersivrceSi

gaTvaliswinebiT,

saerTaSoriso

Terapiis

yvela

mkvlevarebma

uaryofiTi

Camoayalibes

internet-sazogadoeba,

da

dadebiTi

fsiqikuri

romelic

mxaris

janmrTelobis

mowodebulia

internet-

Terapiis praqtikuli da eTikuri SezRudvebis Sesaswavlad.

garda

amisa,

Terapevtebi

igoneben

internetisa

da

kompiuterebis

gamoyenebis axal saSualebebs, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba ufro viwro

profilis Terapiuli daxmarebis gaweva (magaliTad, Newman et al., 1999; Strm et
al., 2000). magaliTad, mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma Seqmna kompiuteruli programa,
romelic mowodebuli iyo panikuri aSlilobis kognitur bihevioraluri
mkurnalobisTvis (Newman et al., 1997). eqsperimentSi Sedarda cdis pirTa ori
jgufis

mkurnalobis

monacemebi:

erT

jgufs,

nawilobriv,

kompiuteris

daxmarebiT umkurnales, meorem ki _ tradiciuli Terapiis srul kursi

gaiara. orive SemTxvevaSi mkurnaloba moicavda bihevioralur komponents _
SemaSinebeli situaciebis wardgenas da relaqsacias da kognitur komponents
_ kognitur gadastruqturebas. Terapiuli programa CatvirTuli iyo jibis
portatul kompiuterebSi. amitom klientebs, msubuqi wonis gamo, yvelgan
SeeZloT maTi tareba. kompiuteruli programa uzrunvelyofda sxvadasxva
saxis mxardaWeras; maT Soris iyo moduli, romelsac ekranze gamohqonda
gamonaTqvamebi

sakuTari

Tavis

Sesaxeb

da

SeTavazebebi

azrovnebis

mimarTulebis Secvlis Taobaze. aseve, iyo moduli, romelic axleburad

sunTqvis Cvevas karnaxobda klients. orive Terapia warmatebuli aRmoCnda:
mkurnalobidan

eqvsi

Tvis

Semdeg

orive

jgufs

SenarCunebuli

hqonda

TerapiiT miRweuli Sedegebi. magaliTad, orive tipis mkurnalobis Semdeg

monawileTa 67%-s aRar aReniSneboda panikuri Setevebi. aseTi gamokvlevebi

785

imeds

gvaZlevs,

rom

Terapevtis

Semcvleli

kompiuteruli

programebiT

mkurnalobis kursis gavla klientebs nebismier dros SeeZlebaT.

rogorc winamdebare TavSi vnaxeT, arsebul fsiqoTerapiaTa umravlesobis
ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobas Terapevtisa da pacientis Tu klientis
pirispir

urTierToba

Seadgenda.

21-e

saukunis

dasawyisSi

mkvlevarebi

cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ra situaciebSia SesaZlebeli, rom kompiuterebi da

interneti am pirispir urTierTobis sasargeblo damxmare gaxdes.
veb gverdebi:

www.ismho.org

fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis

saerTaSoriso

internet-

sazogadoebis veb gverdi.

www.metanoia.org/imhs/

wamyvani

veb

gverdi,

sadac

mocemulia

dadasturebuli saTanado kvalifikaciis mqone TerapevtTa CamonaTvali.

klientze centrirebuli Terapia

klientze centrirebulma Terapiam, romelic karl rojersma (Carl Rogers, 1951,

1977) SemogvTavaza, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor xedaven
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Terapevtebi klient-Terapevtis urTierTobas. klientze
centrirebuli Terapiis upirvelesi mizania pirovnebis jansaRi fsiqologiuri
zrdis waxaliseba da xelSewyoba.
es midgoma efuZneba daSvebas, rom yvela adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis _ sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis _ umTavresi tendenciiT.
rojersi darwmunebuli iyo, rom organizmi bunebrivad iswrafvis yvela sakuTari
SesaZleblobis realizaciisken, raTa gaZlierdes da gaumjobesdes (1959, gv. 196).
jansaR ganviTarebas abrkolebs araswori daswavlis paternebi; amasTan, pirovneba
eTanxmeba sxvebis mier mis mimarT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs nacvlad imisa, rom
mousminos da miendos sakuTar gonebasa da sxeuls. konfliqti, bunebrivad
dadebiT me-s xatsa da Tavsmoxveul uaryofiT kritikas Soris, SfoTvasa da
ubedurebis gancdas badebs. es konfliqti anu Seusabamoba SeiZleba cnobierebis
farglebs miRma mimdinareobdes, amitom adamiani Tavs ubedurad da
gaufasurebulad grZnobs, Tumca, ar icis, ratom.
rojersianuli Terapiis amocanaa iseTi Terapiuli garemos Seqmna, romelic
klients saSualebas aZlevs, naxos, Tu rogor unda moiqces sakuTari Tavis

786

gasaumjobeseblad da TviT-aqtualizaciisTvis. vinaidan iTvleba, rom adamiani

bunebiT keTili da kargi arsebaa, Terapevtis amocana, ZiriTadad, isaa, rom
klients daxmareba gauwios im dabrkolebebis gadalaxvaSi, romelic zRudavs
bunebrivad dadebiTi midrekilebebis gamovlenas. ZiriTadi Terapiuli strategiaa
klientis grZnobebis danaxva, miReba da gageba, rac upirobo keTilganwyobis _
gankiTxvis gareSe miRebisa da pativiscemis _ atmosferoSi xdeba. Terapevtic
Tavisuflad gamoxatavs klientTan sakuTar azrebsa da grZnobebs. aseTi
gulwrfelad gaxnili situaciis gansamtkiceblad Terapevti cdilobs, rom
Tavadac ganimsWvalos klientis grZnobebiT. aseTi empaTiisTvis saWiroa, rom
Terapevti klients epyrobodes, rogorc pativsacem, qmediTunarian pirovnebas,
romelic ki ar unda ganikiTxos an Seafasos, aramed romelsac unda daexmaros
sakuTari individualobis aRmoCenaSi (Meador & Rogers, 1979).
Terapevtis damokidebuleba da emociuri stili klientis waxalisebis
saSualebaa, rom man kidev erTxel gadaxedos pirovnuli konfliqtis WeSmarit
wyaroebs da gaTavisufldes gavlenisgan, romelic abrkolebs TviT-aqtualizacias.
Tu Terapevtebi, romlebic sxva TerapiebiT muSaoben, axdenen mosmenilis
interpretacias, iZlevian pasuxebs an miTiTebebs, Terapevti, romelic klientze
centrirebuli TerapiiT muSaobs, mxardamWeri da monawile msmenelia, romelic
msjelobs da xandaxan formas ucvlis klientis SefasebiT gamonaTqvamebsa da
gamoxatul grZnobebs. klientze centrirebuli Terapia cdilobs, rom

aradireqtiuli iyos _ is mxolod exmareba klients sakuTar TavSi garkvevasa da

sakuTari me-s miRebaSi.
klientze

centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered therapy) mkurnalobisadmi

humanisturi midgoma, romelic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqologiur

zrdas;

efuZneba

mosazrebas,

rom

yvela

adamiani

xasiaTdeba

TviT-

aqtualizaciis umTavresi tendenciiT.

geStaltgeStalt-Terapia

(Gestalt therapy) Terapia, romelic mimarTulia pirovnebis

gamTlianebis mizniT gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.

rojerss miaCnda, rom Tu adamianebs sxvebTan Tavisuflad urTierTobisa da
sakuTari Tavis miRebis SesaZleblobas mivcemT, maT Tavad SeeZlebaT sakuTari
fsiqologiuri sijansaRis aRdgena. am optimisturma mosazrebam da Terapevtis,

787

rogorc mzrunveli eqspertis, da klientis, rogorc pirovnebis, humanurma

urTierTobam mraval praqtikos-Terapevtze moaxdina gavlena.
geStaltgeStalt-Terapia
geStalt-Terapia, pirovnebis mTlianobis aRdgenis mizniT, mimarTulia gonebisa
da sxeulis gaerTianebaze (gavixsenoT, aRqmisadmi geStalt-fsiqologiuri midgoma,
romelzec me-5-e TavSi gvqonda saubari). misi mizania sakuTari Tavis Secnoba anu
TviT-Semecneba, rac Semdegnairad miiRweva: klients exmarebian, rom gamoxatos
Sekavebuli grZnobebi da aRiaros warsulis konfliqtebis Semdeg darCenili
daumTavrebeli saqmeebis arseboba, romlebic mas axal urTierTobebSi gadaaqvs da
romelTa damTavreba aucilebelia pirovnuli zrdis gasagrZeleblad. geStaltTerapiis fuZemdebeli _ fric perlzi (Fritz Perlz, 1969) Tavis klientebs
konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli fantaziebisa da Zlieri grZnobebis gaTamaSebas
sTxovda. isini aseve, aRadgendnen sakuTar sizmrebs, romelTac perlzi maTi
pirovnebis aracnobierSi gandevnil nawilad miiCnevda. perlzi ambobda: Cven

xelaxla unda vaRiaroT da Cvenad miviRoT sakuTari pirovnebis es proecirebuli,

danawevrebuli nawilebi da Cvenad unda miviRoT is dafaruli potenciali,
romelic sizmarSi iCens Tavs (1969, gv. 67).
geStalt-Terapiuli Sexvedrebis dros xdeba monawileTa waxaliseba, rom
aRadginon kontaqti TavianT WeSmarit Sinagan xmebTan (Hatcher & Himelstein, 1996).
geStalt-Terapiis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil meTods carieli skamis teqnika
ewodeba: Terapevti klientTan axlos dgams cariel skams. klientma unda
warmoidginos, rom skamze moTavsebulia romelime grZnoba, pirovneba, obieqti an
situacia. igi esaubreba skamze mjdoms. magaliTad, klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom skamze misi deda an mama zis; is maT mimarT gamoxatavs
grZnobebs, romelTac sxvagvarad ar gamoxatavda. Semdeg klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom axla es grZnobebi sxedan skamze da maT gaesaubros imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvT maT klientis cxovrebaze. es teqnika saSualebas
aZlevs klients, daupirispirdes da gamoikvlios gamoxatvis gareSe darCenili
Zlieri grZnobebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendnen mis fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze.
Sejameba

788

egzistencialur-humanistur TerapiebSi xazgasmulia mTliani pirovnebis cneba,

romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. karl rojersma
Seqmna klientze centrirebuli Terapia, romelic miznad isaxavs aradireqtiuli
garemos Seqmnas, sadac klienti SeZlebs araswori swavlis paternebis daZlevas da
sakuTari Tavis gaumjobesebisa da TviT-realizaciis miRwevas. geStalt-Terapia
xels uwyobs jgufis monawileebs gonebisa da sulis gamTlianebaSi, rasac
grZnobebis gamoxatviTa da konfliqtebis gacnobierebiT aRwevs. mravali adamiani
sargeblobs TviT-daxmarebis jgufebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeriT.
jgufuri Terapiebi
mkurnalobisadmi yvela aqamde ganxiluli midgoma, pirvel rigSi,
iTvaliswinebda Terapevti-pacientis an Terapevti-klientis pirispir, erTi-erTze
urTierTobas. miuxedavad amisa, dResdReobiT mravali adamiani iRebs Terapiul
daxmarebas, rogorc jgufis wevri. jgufuri Terapiis ganviTarebis ramdenime
mizezi arsebobs; aqve unda iTqvas, rom jgufuri Terapia zogjer SeiZleba ufro
efeqtiani iyos, vidre individualuri Terapia (Fuhriman & Burlingame, 1994). jgufuri
Terapiis zogierTi upiratesoba praqtikuli xasiaTisaa: is ufro iafia da mcire
raodenobis fsiqoTerapevtebs meti klentisTvis SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva.
danarCeni upiratesobebi jgufuri garemos Zalas anu jgufis efeqts ukavSirdeba:
jgufi (1) SedarebiT usafrTxo garemos qmnis im adamianebisTvis, vinc iolad
eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS da Tavad ver axerxeben maTgan Tavis daRwevas; (2)
iZleva saSualebas, rom jgufSi mimdinare procesebma gavlena moaxdinos
calkeuli monawileebis araadaptur qcevaze; (3) SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
rom Terapiuli seansebis msvlelobisas daakvirdnen da gaivarjiSon
pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi; (4) uzrunvelyofs pirveladi
ojaxuri jgufis analogias, rac emociuri gamocdilebis koregirebis saSualebas
iZleva.
jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi wanamZRvari gansxvavdeba individualuri Terapiis
wanamZRvrebisgan. jgufuri Terapiis socialuri garemo SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs:
viswavloT sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoxatva iseTi formebiT, rom isini
sxvebisTvisac gasagebi gaxdes; vnaxoT, ramdenad gansxvavdeba Cven mier sxvebze
moxdenili STabeWdileba imisgan, rogori STabeWdilebis moxdenasac vcdilobdiT
an imisgan, rogoric warmogvidgenia sakuTari Tavi. garda amisa, jgufi

789

TvalsaCinod gvaCvenebs da gvarwmunebs, rom Cveni simptomebi, problemebi da

devianturi qcevebi ar aris erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli _ isini sakmaod xSiria
da adamianTa did raodenobas axasiaTebs. vinaidan adamianebs ar uyvarT sxvebTan
TavianT uaryofiT mxareebze saubari da sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi informaciis
gacema, mosalodnelia, rom erTi da igive problemis mqone mraval adamians
egonos, rom is aris erTaderTi, visac es problema aqvs. jgufur situaciaSi
gamocdilebis gaziareba exmareba adamianebs, gaaqarwylon es pluralisturi
umecreba _ mravali maTganisTvis saerTo mcdari warmodgena unikalur,
ganumeorebel marcxze. garda amisa, jgufuri Terapiis procesSi dawyebuli
urTierToba da urTierTdaxmareba SeiZleba mkurnalobis dasrulebis Semdegac
gagrZelebs.
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia
jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgeba erTmaneTisTvis ucxo adamianebisgan, romlebic
jgufSi

modian

garkveuli

droebiTi

sargebeli

urTierTobebis

misces

maT.

ojaxuri

dasamyareblad,
wyvilebisa

da

ramac

SeiZleba

ojaxis

Terapiis

SemTxvevaSi Terapiul garemoSi Semodian mravalmxrivi kavSirebiT gamyarebuli,

ukve arsebuli erTeulebi.
qorwinebaSi warmoqmnili problemebis Taobaze ojaxuri wyvilebis konsultacia
gulisxmobs

partniorTa

Soris

informaciis

gacvlis

Cveuli

paternebis

gamovlenas da Semdeg maTi urTierTqmedebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas (Napier, 2000).

wyvilTan

erToblivi

SexvedrebiT,

xSir

SemTxvevebSi,

maTi

urTierTqmedebis

videofirze CaweriTa da Semdeg Canaweris garCeviT, Terapevts SeuZlia daexmaros

maT urTierTobis im verbaluri da araverbaluri stilebis danaxvasa da garCevaSi,
romelsac isini iyeneben erTmaneTze upiratesobis mopovebis an marTvis anda
erTmaneTis dabnevis da SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT. TiToeul mxares aswavlian, Tu
rogor unda ganamtkicos meoresTan sasurveli reaqciebi da yuradRebis gareSe
datovos arasasurveli reaqciebi. garda amisa, isini iTviseben aradireqtiuli
mosmenis unar-Cvevebs, raTa daexmaron partniors grZnobebisa da azrebis naTlad
gamoxatvaSi. qorwinebis problemebis mogvarebisTvis wyvilebis Terapia gacilebiT
efeqturia, vidre individualuri Terapia mxolod erTi partniorisTvis. amasTan,
Sedegebi

aCvenebs,

rom

mcirdeba

ojaxuri

inarCunebs qorwinebas (Shadisn et al., 1993, 1995).

krizisebis

raodenoba,

wyvili

ki

790

ojaxuri Terapiis klietia mTliani ojaxi, romelsac aqvs Tavisi birTvi, xolo
ojaxis TiToeuli wevri ganixileba, rogorc urTierTqmedebaTa sistemis wevri
(Schwebel

&

Fine,

ojaxis

1994).

fsiqoTerapevti

muSaobs

ojaxis

Sewuxebul,

aforiaqebul wevrebTan da exmareba maT imis garkvevaSi, Tu ra uqmnis erT an

ramdenime maTgans problemebs. Terapiis mizania adamianebs Soris fsiqologiuri

manZilebis

da

erTi

mTlianis

saxiT

moqmedi

adamianebis

pirovnebaTSorisi

dinamikis Secvla, rac gansxvavdeba cakleuli araadapturi individebis qcevis

Secvlisgan. ganvixiloT ojaxis Terapiis magaliTi, romelic mozardebis mier
narkotikebis moxmarebis mizeziT ganxorcielda.
saidan viciT
ojaxis Terapia da mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmareba
mozardebis

mier

narkotikebis

moxmarebis

Sesamcireblad

mkvlevarTa

jgufma gadawyvita jgufuri Terapiis gamoyeneba. maTi ZiriTadi hipoTeza iyo:

kvlevaSi

monawile

mozardebi

maSin

ufro

Seamcirebdnen

narkotikebis

moxmarebas, Tu mTlianad Seicvleboda maTi ojaxuri garemo. amitom ojaxis

Terapiis samizne iyo rogorc mozardTa moqmedebebis gamosworeba, ise _
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. eqvsTviani
mkurnalobis kursis dasawyisisTvis ojaxebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina, rom
mSoblebisTvis
(magaliTad,
sWarbobda

Cveuli

uaryofiTi
dadebiT

uaryofiTi
emociebis

qmedebebs

qcevebi
gamoxatva,

(magaliTad,

SvilebTan
sityvieri
optimizmisa

urTierTobisas
agresia)
da

72%

siyvarulis

gamoxatvas) _ 53%; Terapiis dasasrulisTvis ki, dadebiTma urTierTobis

Cvevebma _ 77%
Svilebma,

gadaaWarba uaryofiTs _ 47%. garda amisa, im mSoblebis

romlebmac

aRzrdis

stilis

zogadi

gaumjobeseba

aCvenebs,

mniSvnelovnad Seamcires narkotikebis moxmareba (Schmidt et al., 1996).

es gamokvleva ojaxis Terapiis mniSvnelovnebis TvalsaCino magaliTia. vinaidan
mTel ojaxTan muSaobdnen, Terapiulma Carevam Secvala garemos is faqtorebi,
romelmac,

SesaZloa,

miiyvanes

kidec

mozardi

narkotikebis

gasinjvamde

da

Semcireba

da

moxmarebamde.
ojaxis

Terapias

SeuZlia

ojaxSi

arsebuli

daZabulobis

calkeuli wevrebis funqcionirebis gaumjosebeba imiT, rom daexmaros klientebs

da daanaxos maTi urTierTobis rogorc dadebiTi, ise _ uaryofiTi aspeqtebi.

791

virjinia satiri (Virginia Satir, 1967), ojaxis Terapiis meTodebis avtori, aRniSnavda,
rom ojaxis TerapiiT dakavebuli fsiqoTerapevti mraval rols asrulebs: is aris
Terapiul
amxsneli;

seansebze
is

aris

ganxorcielebuli
gavlenis

urTierTqmedebebis

wyaro, Suamavali

da

interpretatori

arbitri.

ojaxis

da

TerapiiT

dakavebul praqtikosTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom Terapiis procesSi ganxiluli

da mogvarebuli problemebi situaciuri xasiaTisaa da warmoadgens adamianebs
Soris warmoqmnil siZneleebs an socialuri urTierTqmedebis problemebs, da ara
_

pirovnebebis

dispoziciur

aspeqtebs.

es

siZneleebi

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rodesac ojaxis wevrebi iZulebulni xdebian Seasrulon an

Tavis Tavze aiRon arasasiamovno rolebi. ojaxis bunebrivi ganviTarebis procesSi
_ iqneba es samuSaos dakargva, bavSvis skolaSi miyvana, qorwineba Tu bavSvis
dabadeba

sruliad

SesaZlebelia

urTierTqmedebis

araefeqturi

formebis

Camoyalibeba. ojaxis Terapevtis amocanaa ojaxis struqturis garkveva da masze

moqmedi Zalebis (da es Zalebis SeiZleba uamravi iyos) gamovlena. is muSaobs
ojaxis

wevrebTan

elementebis

da

am

muSaobis

mizania

gaqroba da axali, ufro

disfunqciuri

struqturuli

struqturebis

SemuSaveba da

efeqturi

ganmtkiceba (Fishman, 1993).

sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi
fsiqoTerapiis
jgufebisadmi

ganviTarebaSi

interesis

amaRelvebeli

gaZliereba.

periodi

yovelwliurad

TviT-daxmarebis

iyo

amerikis

daaxloebiT

10

milioni mozrdili moqalaqe dadis aseTi jfugebis Sexvedrebze (Kessler et al., 1997).
mxardamWeri

jgufebis

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

Sexvedrebi,

jgufis

rogorc

wamyvanebi

ar

wesi,

arian

ufasoa,

gansakuTrebiT

janmrTelobis

dacvis

im

sferoSi

momsaxure profesionalebi. aseTi jgufebi adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, Sexvdnen

msgavsi problemebis mqone sxva adamianebs, romlebic agrZeleben cxovrebas da
xandaxan

wamratebebsac

pirvelad

gamoiyena

aRweven.

specialur

organizaciam

jgufebSi

anonimuri

TviT-daxmarebis

alkoholikebi

(AA),

idea
Tumca,

alkoholizmis farglebidan gaitana da ganavrco XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi

dawyebulma

qalTa

moZraobam,

romelic

mowodebuli

iyo

sazogadoebrivi

cnobierebis gaZlierebisTvis. dResdReobiT mxardaWeris jgufebi oTxi ZiriTadi

kategoriis problemebze muSaoben: damokidebulebis sxvadasxva formebi, fizikuri
daavadebebi

da

fsiqikuri

aSlilobebi,

cxovrebiseuli

cvlilebebi

da

sxva

792

krizisebi, seriozuli problemebis mqone megobrebis an naTesavebis gamo miRebuli

travmebi.

ukanasknel

wlebSi

adamianebma

daiwyes

internetis,

rogorc

TviT-

daxmarebis jgufebis kidev erTi formis, gamoyeneba. zogadad, TviT-daxmarebis

internet-jgufebi imave sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni, romliTac maTi fizikuri
oreulebi

(Davison et al., 2000).

Sexvedris

adgils

romelTac

avadmyofobis

Tumca,

warmoadgens
_

interneti

iseT

gansakuTrebiT

mdgomareobaSi

magaliTad,

qronikuli

myofi

mniSvnelovan

adamianebisTvis,

gadaRlis

sindromis

an

gafantuli sklerozis _ gamo SezRuduli aqvT gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba.

jgufis Sexvedrebze fizikurad misvlis SeuZlebloba aRar arTmevs adamianebs
TviT-daxmarebis jgufebis muSaobidan sargeblis miRebis saSualebas.
mkvlevarebi did yuradRebas uTmoben imis garkvevas, Tu ra Taviseburebebi unda
hqondes TviT-daxmarebis jgufs, rom maqsimaurad efeqturi iyos. rogorc maTi
moRvaweobidan Cans, aseTi jgufebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben TavianTi
wevrebisTvis: magaliTad, adamianebs unergaven imeds da rwmenas, rom SeuZliaT
sakuTari

problemebis

cxovrebiseuli

gakontroleba;

sirTuleebiT

uzrunvelyofen

gatanjuli

socialur

adamianebisTvis;

mxardaWeras

uzrunvelyofen

aSlilobebisa da mkurnalobebis Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlas (Riessman, 1997; Schiff

& Bargal, 2000). Tu gadawyvetT aseT jgufSi monawileobas, gaiTvaliswineT, rom es
jgufebi gansakuTrebiT kargad moqmedebs adamianebis mier sakuTari keTildReobis
gancdaze, rodesac

isini kmayofilni arian SexvedrebiT (Schiff & Bargal, 2000).

magaliTad, erTi gamokvlevis Sedegad cnobili gaxda, rom is adamianebi, romelnic

gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen anonimur alkoholikTa sazogadoebas mas Semdeg, rac
alkoholizmis mkurnalobis kursi gaiares, alkoholisken miswrafebis ganaxlebis
gansakuTrebiT

naklebi

sazogadoebasTan
TvalsazrisiT,

mWidro
sakuTari

midrekilebiT
urTierToba
qcevis

xasiaTdebodnen.
individebs,

sisworeSi

naTelia,

alkoholizmis

darwmunebulobis

rom

am

kontrolis
ganmtkicebis

SesaZleblobas aZlevs (Morgenstern et al., 1997).

TviT-daxmarebis

ganviTarebaSi

mniSvnelovani

wvlili

Seitana

jgufuri

Terapiebis gamoyenebam ukurnebeli daavadebebis mqone adamianebTan. aseTi Terapiis

mizania,

daexmaros

pacientebsa

da maT

ojaxebs,

rom

avadmyofobis

periodSi

SeZlebisdagvarad savse cxovrebiT icxovron, realisturad Sexedon gardauval

sikvdils da Seeguon ukurnebel sens (Fobair, 1997; LrGrand, 1991). ganukurnebel
pacientebTan

aseTi

mxardamWeri

jgufebis

muSaobis

zogadi

mimarTulebaa

793

aswavlon maT, Tu rogor icxovron savse cxovrebiT im momentamde, rodesac isini

ityvian mSvidobiT (Nungesser, 1990).
jgufuri

Terapiebi

bolo

magaliTia

Cven

mier

ganxiluli

Terapiebisa,

romlebic mxolod fsiqologiur mkurnalobazea dafuZnebuli _ mkurnalobaze,

romelic zemoqmedebs tvinis software-ze. axla SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu rogor
muSaoben biosamedicino Terapiebi, gonebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, sxeulisa da
tvinis hardware-is Secvlaze,
Sejameba
jgufuri
zrunvas;

Terapiebi

amasTan,

SesaZleblobas.
problemebze,
sistemebSi

ufro

iZleva

ojaxuri

romlebic

wrmoqmnili

xelmisawvdoms

socialuri
wyvilebisa

ukavSirdeba
siZneleebis

da

xdis

qcevebis
ojaxis

Seguebas
Sedegebs.

da

fsiqikur

dakvirvebisa
Terapia

da

aTvisebis

muSaobs

individis

warmoadgens

Terapiis

janmrTelobaze

mizania

urTierTobebis
wyvilebsa

da

ojaxebSi urTierTobebis sistemebis Secvla. mravali adamiani TviT-daxmarebis

jgufebSi iRebs fsiqologiur mxardaWeras. es jgufebi individebs aZleven imeds,
socialur mxardaWeras da informacias rogorc fizikur, ise _ kibersivrceSi.

biosamedicino Terapiebi
tvinis ekologia myife balansiT xasiaTdeba. rodesac tvinSi rame arasworad
xdeba, Cven vxedavT qcevis paTologiuri paternebs an ucnaur kognitur da
emociur reaqciebs. garemos, socialur Tu qceviT darRvevebs, rogoricaa
narkotikebi da Zaladoba, aseve, SeuZlia tvinis qimiis da moqmedebis Secvla.
biosamedicino Terapiebi, umeteswilad, fsiqikur aSlilobebs tvinis hardware-is
problemebad miiCneven. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Semsubuqebisadmi
sami saxis biosamedicino midgomas aRvwerT: fsiqoqirurgias, eleqtrokonvulsiur
Soks da farmakoTerapias.
fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
los anjeles Taims-is saTauri iuwyeboda: tvinSi moxvedrili tyvia adamians
fsiqikuri

daavadebisgan

kurnavs

(2/23/188).

statia

mogviTxrobda

19

wlis

794

axalgazrda
itanjeboda.

mamakacis

Sesaxeb,

TviTmkvlelobis

kalibriani

tyvia.

simptomatikisgan

obsesiur-kompulsuri

mcdelobisas

saintereso
da

romelic

iyo,

uvneblad

rom

man

is

SeunarCunda

pirdapir

gadarCa,

SublSi

ganikurna

gonebrivi

aSlilobiT
isrola

22

paTologiuri

SesaZleblobebi, Tumca,

problemis zogierTi mizezi jer kidev arsebobda.

es SemTxveva gviCvenebs biosamedicino Terapiis erT-erTi yvelaze pirdapiri
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas: qirurgiul Carevas tvinSi. aseTi Careva gulisxmobs
tvinis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis CaWras an mcire nawilis amokveTas. xSirad es
ukanaskneli gzaa iseTi fsiqopaTologiebis mkurnalobisas, romelTa daZleva ver
moxerxda
zogadi

sxva,

ara

terminia,

aseTi

ukiduresi

romelic

Terapiuli

aerTianebs

tvinis

zemoqmdebiT.
qsovilze

fsiqoqirurgia

ganxorcielebul

qirurgiul procedurebs, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis

mizniT. Sua saukuneebSi fsiqoqirurgia niSnavda sisulelis marcvlis amokveTas
SeSlilTa tvinebidan, rac xatovnad aris asaxuli maSindel graviurebsa da
ferwerul tiloebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqoqirurgiul procedurebSi Sedis: korZiani sxeulis boWkoebis
amokveTa mwvave epilefsiuri gulyrebis Sesamsubuqeblad, razec vsaubrobdiT me-3e

TavSi;

limburi

sistemis

funqcionirebis

ganmapirobebeli

gzebis

CaWra

(amigdalotomia) da prefrontaluri lobotomia. fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili

formaa prefrontaluri lobotomia _ operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis
tvinis

Sublis

wilebisa

da

diencefalonis

SemaerTebeli

nervuli

boWkoebi,

gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi. procedura

SeimuSava

egaS

mkurnalobis

moniSma

sakuTar

(Egas Moniz).

meTodSi,

man

romelic,

1949

wels

rogorc

nobelis

Canda,

premia

cvlida

miiRo

fsiqikurad

daavadebul adamianTa finqcionirebas.

Tavdapirvelad
pacientebi

da

lobotomiis

kompulsiuri

kandidatebi
da

SfoTviTi

iyvnen

agznebadi

aSlilobebis

Sizofreniuli

mqone

pacientebi.

fsiqoqirurgiis efeqti STambeWdavi iyo: proceduris Semdeg saxeze iyo axali

pirovneba, romelic ar xasiaTdeboda Zlieri emociuri agznebiT da, Sesabamisad,
arc yovlismomcveli SfoTviT, danaSaulis gancdiTa da risxviT itanjeboda.
Tumca, operacia samudamod anadgurebda adamianis bunebis arsebiT maxasiaTeblebs:
pacientebi,
sakuTar

romelTac

unikalur

lobotomiis

pirovnul

procedura

maxasiaTeblebs.

hqondaT

gavlili,

lobotomiis

Semdeg

kargavdnen
maT

aRar

795

SeeZloT

momavlis

mosazrebebisadmi,

dagegmva,

axasiaTebdaT

infantilizmi,

gulgriloba

inteleqtualuri

da

garSemomyofTa

emociuri

gasadaveba;

es

iyvnen adamianebi sakuTari me-s mTlianobis gancdis gareSe. (moniSis erT-erTi

pacienti imdenad gaognebuli da ganawyenebuli iyo aseTi moulodneli SedegebiT,
rom esrola kidec eqims, ris Semdegac is nawilobriv paralizebuli darCa.)
vinaidan fsiqoqirurgiis moqmedeba Seuqcevadia da vinaidan kargad aris cnobili
misi

mZime

uaryofiTi

Sedegebi,

dadebiTi

ki

naklebad

TvalsaCinoa,

misi

gamoyeneba Zalian SezRudulia.

eleqtrokonvulsiuri

Terapia

(ekT))

aris

Tavis

tvinze

eleqtruli

Sokis

gamoyeneba iseTi fsiqiatriuli aSlilobebis mkurnalobis mizniT, rogoricaa

Sizofrenia,

mania

da,

yvelaze

xSirad,

depresia.

meTodika

aseTia:

pacientis

safeTqlebze moqmedeben susti eleqtruli nakadiT (75-dan 100 voltamde) 1/10

wamidan erT wamamde manamde, sanam ar moxdeba konvulsia. konvulsia, Cveulebriv,
45-dan

60

wamamde

grZeldeba.

pacients

winaswar

amzadeben

aseTi

mtkivneuli

mkurnalobisTvis _ amSvideben xanmokle moqmedebis barbituratebiT da kunTebis

mosadunebeli pretaratebiT, rasac pacienti ugono mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs da
rac minimumamde amcirebs Zlier umarTav fizikur reaqciebs (Abrams, 1992).
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze warmatebuli aRmoCnda Rrma depresiis
simptomebis SemsubuqebisTvis (Sackheim et al., 2000). misi Rirseba, nawilobriv, isaa,
rom Zalze swrafad moqmedebs. rogorc wesi, sam-oTxdRiani mkurnalobis kursis
Semdeg depresiis simptomebi Sesustebas iwyebs, gansxvavebiT farmakoTerapiisgan,
romelic

erTi

an

ori

kviris

Semdeg

iwyebs

moqmedebas.

miuxedavad

amisa,

TerapevtTa umetesoba ekT-s mkurnalobis ukidures formad miiCnevs. is xSirad

gamoiyeneba, rogorc saswrafo gadaudebeli mkurnaloba, suicidur an cudad
nakveb depresiul pacientebTan da maTTan, vinc ar reagirebs antidepresantebze an
ver itans maT gverdiT movelenebs.

fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an

aRkveTis

mizniT

tvinis

qsovilze

ganxorcielebuli

qirurgiuli

procedurebi.

prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy) _ operacia, romlis drosac

iWreba Tavis tvinis Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli
nervuli

boWkoebi,

gansakuTrebiT,

TalamusTan

da

hipoTalamusTan

796

ganlagebuli boWkoebi; fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili forma.

eleqtrokonvulsiuri

Terapia

eleqtrokonvulsiuli

Sokis

(ekT)

(Electroconvulsive

gamoyeneba

therapy

Rrma

depresiis

aris

ase

ECT)

warmatebulad

samkurnalod.
Tu

ekT

ase

kargad

moqmedebs,

ratom

xSirad

demonizirebuli?

magaliTad, 1982 wels berklis (kaliforniis Stati) mcxovreblebma xma misces

fsiqikuri

aSlilobebis

samkurnalo

yvela

saxelmwifo

dawesebulebaSi

eleqtrokonvulsiuri Sokis gamoyenebis akrZalvas (SemdgomSi es gadawyvetileba

gabaTilda iuridiul safuZvlze). ekT-s mimarT samecniero wreebis uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis ZiriTadi mizezi isaa, rom ucnobia misi moqmedebis meqanizmebi. es
Terapia

gaCnda

Sizofrenia

pacientis

da

epilefsia.

dakvirvebisas,
epilefsiuri

romelsac

gulyrebis

erTdroulad

Semdeg

mas

hqonda

Sizofreniis

simptomebi umsubuqdeboda. klinicistebma ivaraudes, rom igive efeqtis miRweva

xelovnurad gamowveuli gulyrebiTac iqneboda SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa,
rom maTi daSveba nawilobriv gamarTlda _ ekT gacilebiT ukeTesad amsubuqebs
depresias, vidre Sizofranias _ mkvlevarebs jer kidev win aqvT am SemTxveviTi
dakvirvebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
garda amisa, kritikosebs ekT-s SesaZlo gverdiTi movlenebic aRelvebT (Breggin,
1979, 1991). eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia droebiT dezorientaciasa da mexsierebis
mTel rig darRvevebs iwvevs. pacientebi xSirad itanjebian amneziiT _ aRar axsovT
movlenebi,

romlebic

mkurnaloba,
rogorc

miT

wesi,

win

mZimea

aRidgenen

uswrebda

amneziac.

mkurnalobas;

Tumca,

mexsierebis

rac

gamokvlevam

Sinaarsebs

ufro

aCvena,

xangrZlivia

rom,

mkurnalobis

pacientebi

dasrulebidan

ramdenime Tvis manZilze (Cohen et al., 2000). metic, pacientebs, romelTac mTeli
cxovrebis

manzilze

eleqtrokonvulsiuri

Terapiis

100-ze

meti

procedura

hqondaT gavlili, ar aReniSnebodaT cvlilebebi funqcionirebaSi im pacientebTan

SedarebiT, romelTac arasodes gauvliaT aseTi procedura (Devanand et a., 1991).
dResdReobiT,

tvinis

muSaobis

xanmokle

Seferxebebis

minimizaciisTvisac

ki,

xSirad eleqtrokonvulsiuri SokiT tvinis mxolod erTi mxaris stimulacias

axdenen da isic _ mxolod metyvelebis gauaresebis albaTobis Sesamcireblad.
aseTi calmxrivi ekT efeqtiani antidepresantia.

797

axla vnaxoT, ratom gaxda farmakoTerapia fsiqopaTologiaSi biosamedicino

Carevis yvelaze polularuli forma.
fsiqofarmakologia

(Psychopharmacology)

fsiqologiis

dargi,

romelic

swavlobs qcevaze medikamentebis moqmedebas.

farmakoTerapia
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis istoriaSi uprecendento gadatrialeba
iyo

medikamentebis

aRmoCena,

romelTac

SeeZloT

mSfoTvare

pacientebis

damSvideba, autisti pacientebis kontaqtis aRdgena realobasTan da fsiqoturi

pacientebis halucinaciebis daTrgunva. es axali Terapiuli epoqa 1953 wels,
klinikebis

Terapiul

qlorpromazinis,

programebSi

SetaniT

daiwyo.

trankvilizatorebis,
medikamentebiT

gansakuTrebiT,

mkurnalobam

TiTqmis

dauyovnebliv moipova aRiareba da pacientis qcevis efeqturi Semcvlelis statusi.

fsiqofarmakologia
medimanetebis

fsiqologiis

moqmedebas.

dargia,

romelic

fsiqofarmakologiis

sferoSi

Seiswavlis
momuSave

qcevaze

mkvlevarebi

swavloben, Tu rogor moqmedeben medikamentebi zogierT biologiur sistemaze da

rogor icvleba reaqcia am zemoqmedebis Sedegad.

medikamentebiT mkurnalobis meTodebis aRmoCenam udidesi gavlena moaxdina

mZime aSlilobebis mqone pacientebis mkurnalobaze. fsiqiatriuli klinikebis
momsaxure

personals

aRar

sWirdeboda

mcvelebis

rolSi

yofna,

pacientebis

izolatorebSi moTavseba an maTTvis damamSvidebeli perangis Cacma; personalis

moraluri

saxe

gaumjobesda

mas

Semdeg,

rac

fsiqiatriul

dawesebulebebSi

fsiqikurad daavadebulTa ubralo patimroba reabilitaciiT Seicvala (swazey,

1974). metic, revoluciam, romelic medikamentebiT mkurnalobis danergvas mohyva,
didi gavlena iqonia aSS-s fsiqiatriuli klinikebis kontingentze. 1955 wlisTvis
naxevar milionze meti adamiani (romelic, saSualod, iq ramdenime weliwads
atarebda)

cxovrobda

qlorpromazinisa

da

sxva

fsiqiatriul
medikamentebis

dawesebulebebSi.
gamoyenebam

SeaCera

mkurnalobaSi
da

sapirispiro

mimarTuleba misca pacientTa raodenobis zrdas. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis

qveyanaSi

arsebul

fsiqiatriul

pacientTa

naxevarze

naklebi

imyofeboda

realurad fsiqiatriul klinikebSi da isic, saSualod, mxolod ramdenime Tvis

manZilze.

798

dReisaTvis

Terapiul

programebSi

sami

ZiriTadi

kategoriis

medikamentebi

gamoiyeneba: antifsiqoturi, antidepresantuli da anqsiolizuri naerTebi. rogorc

dasaxelebebidan Cans, es medikamentebi qimiuri gziT cvlian tvinis specifikur
funqciebs,

romlebic

pasuxismgebelia

fsiqotur

simptomebze,

depresiasa

da

ukidures SfoTvaze.

antifsiqoturi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi cvlis bodviTi mdgomareobebis, halucinaciebis,
socialuri gariyulobis (Caketilobis) da perioduli agznebadobis (aJitaciis)
Sizofreniul simptomebs (Dawkins et al., 1999). antifsiqoturi preparatebis moqmedeba
zRudavs neirogadamtan dofaminis aqtivobas tvinSi. iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa

qlorpromazini (aSS-Si savaWro dasaxeleba _

Torazini) da haloperidoli

(cnobilia, rogorc haldoli), amcirebs an Trgunavs dofanimuri receptorebis

mgrZnobelobas.

klozapini

(cnobilia,

rogorc

klizarili),

uaxlesi

wamyvani

antifsiqoturi preparatia, romelic uSualod amcirebs dofaminis aqtivobas da

zrdis

serotoninis

aqtivobis

dones,

romelic

akavebs

dofaminur

sistemas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es preparatebi amcireben tvinis aqtiobis zogad dones, isini
ar arian mxolod trankvilizatorebi. mravali pacientisTvis yvela es preparati
gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod agznebis Semasustebeli da damamSvidebeli. isini
aqroben

an

amcireben

Sizofreniis

dadebiT

simptomebs,

bodvebisa

da

halucinaciebis CaTvliT.
samwuxarod,
axasiaTebs.

antifsiqotur

vinaidan

preparatebs

dofamins

Tavisi

uaryofiTi

roli

aqvs

gverdiTi
motorul

moqmedeba
kontrolSi,

medikamenturi mkurnalobis kurss xSirad axlavs darRvevebi kunTebis muSaobaSi.

motoruli kontrolis _ gansakuTrebiT saxis kunTebis muSaobis _ gamorCeuli
darRvevaa gviani diskinezia, romelic antifsiqoturi preparatebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad viTardeba. aseTi gverdiTi movlenis mqone pacientebs aReniSnebaT ybis,
tuCebisa da enis uneblie moZraobebi. preparati klozapini ufro SerCeviTad
akavebs dofaminur receptorebs, rac amcirebs motoruli darRvevebis ganviTarebis
albaTobas. samwuxarod, im pacientTa 1-2%-Si, romelic klozapiniT mkurnalobda,
viTardeba

iSviaTi

daavadeba

agranuklocitozi,

gamoimuSavebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs.

rodesac

Zvlis

tvini

aRar

799

mkvlevarebi

agrZeleben

preparatebis

xangrZlivi

gamoyenebis

Sedegebis

Seswavlas; aseve, swavloben pacientis mier preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis Sedegebs.

preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis Semdeg recidivebis sixSiris maCvenebeli sakmaod
maRalia

pacientTa

or

mesameds

18

Tvis

ganmavlobaSi

axali

simptomebi

uviTardeba; Tumca, im pacientTa daaxloebiT erT mesamedTanac mosalodnelia

recidivebi, romlebic regulrulad iReben medikamentebs (Gitlin, 1990). amrigad,
antifsiqoturi preparatebi ar kurnavs Sizofrenias _ isini ar aqroben safuZvlad
mdebare fsiqopaTologias. sabednierod, isini sakmaod kargad axerxeben daavadebis
yvelaze damangreveli simptomebis kontrols.

antidepresantebi
antidepresantebi

aZliereben

neirogadamtanebis

norepinefrinisa

da

serotoninis _ aqtivobas (Holmes, 1994). tricikluri antidepresantebi, rogoricaa

tofranili

da

elavili,

amcireben

sinafsuri

napralidan

neirogadamtanebis

ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. bicikluri antidepresanti prozaki amcirebs serotoninis

ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. monoaminoqsidazas (mao) inhibitorebi zRudaven ferment
monoaminoqsidazas aqtivobas, romelic pasuxismgebelia norepinefrinis daSlaze
(metabolizmze). rodesac mao Sekavebulia, neirogadamtanTa meti raodenoba xdeba
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi.
antidepresantebi, Cveulebriv, warmatebiT xsnian depresiis simptomebs, Tumca,
gaumjobeseba ar aReniSneba pacientTa 30-40%-s (Hirschfeld, 1999). (es pacientebi
SeiZleba

eleqtrokonvulsiuri

Terapiis

kandidatebi

gaxdnen)

prozaks

intensiurad aqebdnen, rogorc saswaulmomqmed wamals, romelsac sxva danarCen

wamlebze gacilebiT mZlavri Terapiuli efeqti aqvs. zogierT fsiqiatrs usityvod
sjera prozakis efeqtianobis. Tavis Zalian popularul wignSi prozakis mosmena
(Kramer,

Listening to Prozac, 1993)

SemTxvevebs,

rodesac

gasaocari

pirovnuli

qalbatonis

SemTxveva,

fsiqiatri

pacientebma,
cvlilebebi
romelsac

piter

romelTac
ganicades.

krameri

tezs

krameri

prozaki

aRwers
hqondaT

magaliTisTvis
uwodebs.

mTel

tezi

rig

daniSnuli,
ganvixiloT

Tavad

gaecno

kramers da aRuwera sakuTari mZime cxovrebiseuli pirobebi da depresiis istoria.

prozakiT orkviriani mkurnalobis Semdeg tezi ukve sxva adamianad iqca:

800

Cems win iyo pacienti, romlis qcevis Cveuli stili STambeWdavad Secvliliyo.
is msubuqad saubrobda, aRar iyo daTrgunuli da kedelze akruli; piriqiT,
pepelasaviT dafarfatebda adamianebs Soris. iq, sadac sxvebis gulis mogebaze da
keTilganwyobis mopovebaze mimarTuli qceva iyo, axla sicocxlis siyvaruli da
mxiaruleba sufevda (Kramer, 1993, p. 11).
tezis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba Zalze STambeWdavi iyo, Tumca, prozakisa da
sxva fsiqoaqtiuri medikamentebis kritikosebi Relaven imis gamo, rom prozaki ara
marto

depresias

xsnis,

aramed

pacientebs

sakuTari

individualurobisa

da

SemoqmedebiTi sawyisisganac aTavisuflebs (Breggin & Breggin, 1994).

liTiumis

marilebi

efeqturi

aRmoCnda

bipolaruli

aSlilobebis

mkurnalobaSi (Schou, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ganicdian umarTavi moWarbebuli

agznebis periodebs, rodesac maTi energia, erTi SexedviT, amouwuravia, qceva ki _
ucnauri

da

TvalSisacemi,

dozebiT

gamoyavT.

gamojanmrTelebis
aSlilobis

mqone

maniakaluri

pacientTa
kargi
im

60-80%-s,

Sansi

aqvs

siWarbis
romlebic

mdgomareobidan
liTiumiT

(Walden et al., 1998).

adamianebisTvis,

romelTa

mkurnalobdnen,

Tumca,

mdgomareoba

liTiumis

bipolaruli

xSirad

irxeva

maniakalur da depresiul periodebs Soris, liTiumi naklebad efeqturia, vidre

mkurnaloba sxva preparatebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, valproati _ preparati,
romelic Tavdapirvelad gulyrebis Sesakaveblad Seiqmna.

anqsiolizuri saSualebebi
antifsiqoturi da antidepresiuli preparatebis msgavsad, anqsiolizuri anu
damamSvidebeli
doneebis

saSualebebi,

regulacias

axdens.

Cveulebriv,
sxvadasxva

tvinSi
saxis

neirogadamtanebis
SfoTviTi

aqtivobis

aSlilobis

dros

sxvadasxva saxis preparatia yvelaze efeqturi (Spiegel et al., 2000). generalizebuli

SfoTviTi aSliloba saukeTesod ikurneba benzodiazepinebiT, maT Soris valiumiT
an qsanaqsiT, romelic zrdis neirogadamtan gaem-is40 aqtiurobas. vinaidan gaem
aregulirebs

Semakavebel

neironebs,

misi aqtiurobis

zrdiT

mcirdeba

tvinis

aqtiuroba im ubnebSi, romelic Seesabameba generalizebul SfoTviT reaqciebs.

panikuri aSlilobebi _ agorafobia da sxva fobiebi _ SeiZleba ganikurnos
40

gamaaminoerbomJava _ GABA- GammaAminoBatterAcid

801

antidepresantebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevarebma jer ar ician, Tu ra

biologiuri meqanizmi udevs amas safuZvlad. obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba,
romelic serotoninis ukmarisobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios, gansakuTrebiT kargad
reagirebs

iseT

preparatebze,

rogoricaa

prozaki,

radgan

is

konkretulad

serotoninis moqmedebaze axdens gavlenas.

daniSnuleba fsiqoaqtiuri preparatebisTvis

Cven

mier

aRweril

medikamentebs,

romlebic

mowodebulia

sxvadasxvagvari

fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Sesamsubuqeblad, xSirad aZleven adamianebs

daniSnulebis

saxiT.

sazogadoebrivi

vinaidan

jandacvis

fsiqikuri

organizaciebis

janmrTelobis

dacva

TandaTanobiT

kompetanciis

sferoSi

gadadis

da

vinaidan miRebuli praqtikaa am sferoze xarjebis ekonomia, mcirdeba pacientTa

raodenoba, romlebic fsiqoTerapiuli daxmarebisTvis akiTxaven Terapevtebs; isini
fsiqoTerapias
anacvleben.

SedarebiT
axlaxans

iafi

saSualebiT

Catarebulma

medikamenturi

gamokvlevam,

romelic

mkurnalobiT
fsiqoaqtiuri

medikamentebis pacientebisTvis gamoweris tendencias Seexeboda, aCvena, rom aSS-Si

1985 wlidan 1994 wlamde periodSi 20%-iT moimata fsiqiatrebisTvis, pirveladi
samedicino

daxmarebis

eqimebisTvis

da

sxva

specialobis

medikosebisTvis

mimarTvebis ricxvma _ 32.7 milionidan 45.6 milion mimarTvamde (Pincus et al., 1998).
amasTan, adamianTa zogierTi jgufi ufro metad iRebs medikamentebs, vidre _
sxvebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi, romelic xuTi weliwadi grZeldeboda, mkvlevarebi
akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor niSnavdnen medikamentebs kaliforniis zogadi profilis
oTxi saavadmyofos pirveladi gadaudebeli daxmarebis samsaxuris (umeteswilad
TeTrkaniani) eqimebi. isini afroamerikelebs ufro meti raodenobis antifsiqotur
medikamentebs da ufro didi dozebiT uniSnavdnen, vidre sxva pacientebs. Tumca,
afroamerikeli

pacientebi

sulac

ar

iyvnen

ufro

saSiSni

an

ufro

metad

daavadebulni, vidre danarCenebi (segal et al., 1996). aseTi aRmoCenebi gviCvenebs, Tu

ratom miaCniaT farmakoTerapiis kritikosebs, rom medikamentebi yovelTvis ar
gamoiyeneba mxolod samedicino miznebisTvis.

rodis aris aucilebeli medikamentebiT mkurnaloba?

Cven

mokled

mimovixileT

fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebis

medikamenturi

mkurnalobis zogierTi SesaZlebloba. bevri garemoebaa, rodesac medikamenturi

mkurnalobis kursma SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesos daavadebuli adamianis

802

cxovreba. Tumca, farmakoTerapiis nebismieri kursi ar gamoricxavs fizikuri an

fsiqologiuri miCvevis SesaZleblobas da SesaZlo seriozul gverdiT movlenebs.
rogor afaseben adamianebi am faqtorebs Semsubuqebis albaTobasTan mimarTebaSi?
Cven, aseve, aRvniSneT, rom medikamentma SeiZleba Seamsubuqos simptomi, magram ver
gankurnos misi ganmapirobebeli paTologia. ramdenad arian adamianebi mzad, rom
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze miiRon medikamentebi?
am

kiTxvebs

kidev

ufro

aqtualurs

da

sainteresos

xdis

gamokvlevebi,

romlebic aCveneben, rom Terapiis zogierTi forma iseve moqmedebs tvinze, rogorc
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursi.
saidan viciT
bihevioraluri Terapiis Sedegad tvinSi momxdari cvlilebebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone monawileebs unda aerCiaT da
gaevloT medikamenturi Terapia (fluoqsetin hidroqloridiT) an
bihevioraluri Terapia (stimulis wardgena da reaqciis aRkveTa). emisiur
pozitronuli tomografiiT gadaiRes pacientebis tvini mkurnalobamde da
mkurnalobis Semdeg, ramac orive saxis Terapiis Semdeg tvinis
funqcionirebaSi erTnairi cvlilebebi aCvena (Baxter et al., 1992; Schwartz et al.,
1996).
am tipis kvlevebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebze migviTiTebs: aramedikamentur
Terapiebs

SeiZleba

medikamentebiT

iseTive

ganmakurnebeli

mkurnalobas,

Tumca,

efeqti

hqondes

medikamentebiT

tvinze,

rogorc

mkurnalobisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebis gareSe.

erTi

TerapiisTvis

upiratesobis

miniWeba

meoresTan

SedarebiT

xSirad

daavadebis simwvaveze da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis damtkicebul efeqtianobazea

damokidebuli.

magaliTad,

ganurCevlad

riskisa,

Sizofreniis

mkurnaloba

ubralod aucilebelia medikamentebiT, raTa pacientebs normalurad cxovrebis

mcireodeni SesaZlebloba mainc hqondeT. axla ganvixiloT meTodebi, romlebsac
mkvlevarebi Terapiis sxvadasxva formebis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben.
Sejameba
Tanamedrove praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba qirurgiuli procedurebi tvinze
fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebis

Sesamsubuqeblad.

eleqtrokonvulsiuri

Terapia

803

sakmaod

efeqturia

damokidebuleba
antifsiqoturi,

Rrma

isev

depresiis

sakamaToa,

antidepresiuli

Sesamsubuqeblad.

adamianebi
da

eridebian

anqsiolizuri

Tumca,
am

vinaidan

saxis

preparatebi,

misdami

mkurnalobas.
rogorc

wesi,

Semamsubuqeblad moqmedeben; isini tvinSi neirogadamtanebis aqtiurobaze axdenen

gavlenas.

medikamenturi

mkurnalobis,

gansakuTrebiT,

antidepresantebis,

daniSvnebis ricxvma mkveTrad moimata bolo aTwleulis manZilze.

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?
davuSvaT, Tqvens cxovrebaSi dainaxeT problema da migaCniaT, rom misi daZleva
mxolod profesional klinicistTan urTierTqmedebiT aris SesaZlebeli. Cven
mravali saxis Terapiaze visaubreT. rogor unda gavarkvioT, romeli maTgani
imoqmedebs saukeTesod da SegimsubuqebT problemas? rogor davrwmundeT, rom

romelime maTgani saerTod imoqmedebs? am qveTavSi ganvixilavT gamokvlevebs,

romlebic

miznad

sxvadasxva

isaxavs

Terapiebis

calkeuli

Terapiebis

urTierTSedarebas.

am

Sedegianobis
kvlevebis

Semowmebas

zogadi

da

mizania

adamianebisTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvelaze efeqtiani saSualebis gamovlena. Cven,

aseve, mokled mimovixilavT prevenciis sakiTxs: ra da rogor unda gaakeTon
fsiqologebma winaswar, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli fsiqikuri daavadeba?
Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefaseba
britanelma fsiqologma hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1952) furori gamoiwvia: man
ganacxada, rom fsiqoTerapia saerTod ar moqmedebs! man mimoixila xelT arsebuli
yvela publikacia, sadac saubari iyo sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis Sedegianobaze
da aRmoaCina, rom im pacientebis mdgomareoba, romlebic aranair Terapias ar
iRebdnen, iseTive sixSiriT umjobesdeboda, rogorc im pacientebisa, romlebic
fsiqoanalitur an sxva saxis insaituri Terapiis kurss gadiodnen. man ganacxada,
rom nevrotuli problemebis mqone adamianTa daaxloebiT ori mesamedi TavisTavad
gamojanmrTeldeboda problemis gaCenidan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aizenkis gamowvevis sapasuxod mkvlevarebma Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefasebis
ufro

zusti

meTodologiebi

SeimuSaves.

aizenkis

kritikulma

gamonaTqvamebma

naTeli gaxada, rom mkvlevarebs saTanado sakontrolo jgufebi sWirdebaT. mTeli

rigi mizezebis gamo, individTa garkveuli procentis mdgomareoba, romelsac
esaWiroveba fsiqoTerapia, marTlac umjobesdeba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis
gareSe. spontanuri remisiis efeqti is bazisuri kriteriumia, romliTac unda

804

Sefasdes Terapiebis Sedegianoba. martivad rom vTqvaT, unda Candes, rom raRacis
keTeba gamojanmrTelebis SemTxvevaTa met procents iZleva, vidre _ arafris
keTeba.
aseve,

mkvlevarebi

cdiloben,

dagvanaxon,

rom

maT

mier

gamoyenebuli

mkurnaloba ufro mets akeTebs, vidre klientis sakuTari gankurnebis molodinis

gamoyenebaa. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT Cven mier adre ganxiluli placebo efeqtebi:
bevr SemTxvevaSi adamianebis fsiqikuri Tu fizikuri janmrTeloba mxolod imitom
umjobesdeba, rom isini moelian gaumjobesebas. Terapiuli situacia xels uwyobs
am rwmenis ganmtkicebas imiT, rom Terapevts mkurnalis specifikur socialur
rolSi ayenebs (Frank & Frank, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom Terapiis placebo efeqti
Terapiuli Carevis mniSvnelovani nawilia, mkvlevarebs, Cveulebriv, surT imis
Cveneba, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli Terapiis specifikuri forma ufro Sedegiania,
vidre placebo Terapia (neitraluri Terapia, romelic mxolod qmnis gankurnebis
molodins) (Enserink, 1999).
ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevarebi Terapiul Sedegianobas statistikuri meTodis _
meta-analizis
meqanizmiT

gamoyenebiT

uzrunvelyofs,

afaseben.

romelic

metameta-analizi

mkvlevarebs

mowodebulia

mravali

formaluri

sxvadasxvagvari

eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad. bevr fsiqologiur

eqsperimentSi
monawileTa
analizis

mkvlevari

svams

umravlesobaSi

cdis

pirebs

Cems

kiTxvas:
mier

eqsperimentebi

gamovlinda

Tu

ara

eqsperimentis

nawinaswarmetyvelebeli

movlena?

warmoadgenen.

SedegianobasTan

Terapiis

meta-

mimarTebaSi mkvlevari svams kiTxvas: gamoavlina Tu ara Sedegebis gamokvlevaTa

umravlesobam dadebiTi cvlilebebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxia Zalze damajerebeli
diax (Lipsey & Wilson, 1993; Shadish et al., 1997). rogorc Cans, Terapiuli kursebis
umravlesobas

sul

mciredi dadebiTi

efeqti

mainc

aqvs,

romelic

scildeba

SesaZlo mkurnalobis gareSe an placebo efeqtebis farglebs.

aseTi Sedegebis gamo, Tanamedrove mkvlevarebs naklebad afiqrebT, moqmedebs

Tu ara fsiqoTerapia; isini ufro metad arian dakavebulni iseTi sakiTxebiT,

rogoricaa: ratom moqmedebs fsiqoTerapia da aris Tu ara romelime konkretuli
mkurnaloba yvelaze efeqturi konkretuli problemisTvis da garkveuli tipis
pacientebisTvis (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996, Goldfried et al., 1990). unda aRiniSnos, rom
yovelTvis ar aris ioli im kvlevebis urTierTSedareba, romlebic sxvadasxva
Terapiebis Sesaxeb iZlevian monacemebs. Zneli gasaTvaliswinebelia TerapevtTa

805

gamocdilebebs Soris gansxavavebebi, Terapiis xangrZlioba, pirveladi diagnozis

sizuste, aSlilobis tipi, pacientis sirTuleebis simwvavesa da tipebs Soris
gansxvavebebi,

Sedegebis

gazomvis

meTodebi,

pacientis

molodinebisa

da

SeTavazebuli Terapiis urTierTTanxvedra da mkurnalobis dasrulebis Semdeg

pacientze dakvirvebis xangrZlioba _ da es mxolod mcire nawilia parametrTa im
grZeli CamonaTvalisa, romelic gaiTvaliswinebul unda iqnas. rogorc qvemoT
vnaxavT,

mkvlevarebi

jer

kidev

cdiloben

am

problemebis

daZlevas

da

fokusirdebian depresiis mkurnalobis sxvadasxva tipebis pirdapir Sedarebaze.

spontanuri

remisiis

efeqti

(Spontaneous-remission

effect)

fsiqikuri

problemebis mqone zogierT pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esaWiroveba

fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaumjobesdeba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis
gareSe;

bazisuri

kriteriumi,

romliTac

unda

Sefasdes

Terapiebis

Sedegianoba.
placebo

Terapia

procedurisgan

(Placebo therapy)
damoukidebeli

nebismieri

Terapia,

specifikuri

romelic

klinikuri

iwvevs

klienti

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
metameta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis Semowmebeli statiskituri meTodi,
romelic

iZleva

formaluri

meqanizms

mravali

sxvadasxvagvari

eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad.

mkurnalobis Sefaseba
depresiis farTo gavrcelebidan gamomdinare (ix. Tavi 15), mravali gamokvleva,
sadac

sxvadasxva

tipis

Terapiebis

urTierTSedarebas

axdenen,

depresiuli

adamianebis jgufebze tardeba. erTi gansakuTrebiT gabeduli proeqti daafinansa

da koordinireba gauwia fsiqikuri janmrTelobis nacionalurma institutma, aSS
(National Institute os Mental Health NIMH). am kvlevis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi iyo: (1)
xanmokle fsiqoTerapiis ori gansxvavebuli formis _ tricikluri medikamenturi
mkurnalobis

da

placebo

kontrolis

Sedegianobis

Sedareba;

(2)

28

profesionali Terapevtis mier Catarebuli mkurnalobis zusti gansazRvra da

standartizacia; amasTan, TiToeuli Terapevti specializirdeboda Terapiis oTxi
tipidan erT-erTSi da TiToeuli tipis mkurnaloba tardeboda sxvadasxva qalaqis
sam

sxvadasxva

dawesebulebaSi;

(3)

SemTxveviT

SeirCa

240

ambulatoriuli

806

pacienti, romelic akmayofilebda klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis standartul

kriteriumebs; (4) Sefasebis standartizirebuli procedurebi Terapiis procesisa
(magaliTad,

Terapiuli

seansebis

videoCanawerebis)

gasazomad gankuTvnili meTodikebis monitoringisTvis

kviriani

Terapiuli

procesis

ganmavlobaSi,

da

saboloo

Sedegebis

mkurnalobis dasawyisSi, 16

mkurnalobis

dasasrulisTvis

da

dasrulebidan 18 Tvis Semdeg; (5) Sedegebis damoukidebeli Sefaseba romelime

dawesebulebaSi, romelic ar monawilebda kvlevis arc erT fazaSi (Elkin et al., 1989).
afasebdnen

ori

saxis

fsiqoTerapias,

romelic

specialurad

Seiqmna

an

modificirda arasaavadmyofos pirobebSi depresiis samkurnalod. es ori xanmokle

Terapia iyo kognitur bihevioraluri Terapia da interpersonaluri fsiqoTerapia
_ fsiqodinamikuri orientaciis Terapia, romelic fokusirdeboda pacientebis
mimdinare

cxovrebasa

proceduraSi

(anu

da

pirovnebaTSoris

eqsperimentatorebma

ar

urTierTobebze.

icodnen,

romeli

ormag

pacienti

brma
romel

preparats iRebda) gamoiyenes tricikluri antidepresanti imipramini da placebo

kontrolis

preparati.

rogorc

medikamentebis,

ise

placebos

SemTxvevaSi

TiToeul pacients kviraSi erTxel naxulobda fsiqiatri, romelic minimalur

mxardamWer Terapias axorcieldebda.
Terapiis Sedegebis am samagaliTo kvlevis monacemebis erTi nawili mocemulia
suraTze 16.2. grafiki aCvenebs, rom Rrmad depresiuli pacientebis mkurnalobis
TiToeuli forma ufro Sedegiani iyo, vidre placebo; amasTan, antidepresiuli
medikamenti

yvelaze

bihevioralurma
moipoves
erTmaneTs

Sedegiani

Terapiebma,

(Klein & Ross, 1993).

adarebdnen

Sedegianobis
Semdgom

marto

da

kombinirebuli

Terapia

yvelaze

romelmac

gaiara

kvlevaSi

dadgenil

fsiqodinamikurma
mixedviT,

proeqtebSi

fsiqoTerapiis

fsiqoTerapiul

monawilidan,

aRmoCnda,

medikamentur

mkurnalobis

kriteriumebs

Sualeduri

mkvlevarebi

Sedegianobasa

mkurnalobas.

warmatebuli

akmayofilebda

da

mdgomareoba
da

kombinirebul
gamokvlevaSi

(Keller et al., 2000).

simptomebis
im

kongitur

afasebdnen

erT-erT

aRmoCnda
kursi,

da

519

Semsubuqebis

monawileTa

55%-is

mdgomareoba, vin mxolod medikamenturi mkurnaloba miiRo da im monawileTa 52%is mdgomareoba, vinc mxolod fsiqoTerapiiT mkurnalobda, xolo im pacientebidan,
vinc iRebda kombinirebul _ fsiqoTerapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas _ 85%-s
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis igive maCvenebeli hqonda.

807

suraTi 16.2. depresiis

Terapiebi
Terapiebi

depresiis simptomebi
yvelaze metad
tricikluri
preparati

medikamenturi
mkurnalobis Sedegad

fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia

Semcirda, Tumca,

kognituri
Terapia

simptomebi, aseve,
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda

placebo abebi
0

10

mkurnalobis
mimdinare
statusi

15

20

25

fsiqodinamikuri da

30

kognituri Terapiebis Sedegadac.

suraTi
klinikuri
dakvirveba

pirveladi
kvleva
Teoriuli
modeli

16.3.

ufro

Terapiis Seqmna

fsiqikuri/fizikuri

daavadebebis

mkurnalobis
gamocda
kontrolis
gareSe klinikis
kontongentze

Sedegiani

ganviTarebis

safexurebi
sawyisi
gamokvlevebi
laboratoriaSi

depresiis

mkurnalobis

Sesafaseblad Catarebuli kvlevebi

aCvenebs, rom orive _ biologiur da
axali Terapia
Terapia

fsiqologiur

mniSvnelovani

wvilili

fsiqikuri

kvlevebi
gviqmnis

Seaqvs

janmrTelobis

gaumjobesebaSi.
moklevadiani
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT

mkurnalobas

garda

naTel
im

amisa,

es

warmodgenas

meTodebze,

romelTa

gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros,

grZelvadiani
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT

Tu

romeli

saukeTeso

TiToeuli

aSlilobisTvis.
mocemulia

praqtikaSi
efeqtianobis
Sefaseba

Terapia
suraTze

iqneba
tipis
16.3

ganzogadebuli

808

ierarqiuli sqema imisa, Tu ra rols asrulebs Teoria, klinikaSi warmoebuli

dakvirveba da mecnieruli kvleva mkurnalobis (rogorc fsiqikuri, ise _ fizikuri
daavadebebis) nebismieri formis ganviTarebasa da SefasebaSi. is gviCvenebs, Tu ra
saxis sistematuri kvlevaa saWiro, rom klinicistebma ufro iolad gasazRvron,
Teoriis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad, marTlac cvlis rames Tu ara maT mier
gamoyenebuli Terapia. sqemis erT mxares xedavT klinikaSi warmoebuli dakvirvebis
Sedegebs _ klinicistis sakuTar gamocdilebas axali procedurebis gamoyenebisas.
Cveulebisamebr, mkurnalobis axali meTodebi dasawyisisTvis praqtikaSi, mkacri
eqsperimentuli kontrolis gareSe gamoicdeba. sqemis meore mxares xedavT Teoriis
ganviTarebas. Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs im meTodebis Sesaxeb, romelmac unda
gaamarTlos da imuSaos praqtikaSi, rac SeiZleba dadasturdes laboratoriuli
gamokvlevebiT. es ori saxis insaiti _ klinikuri da eqsperimentuli _ erTiandeba
da iZleva axal Terapias (Goldfried & Wolfe, 1996; Seligman, 1996).
winamdebare Tavis daskvniT qveTavSi SevexebiT cxovrebis mniSvnelovan princips:
rogori

Sedegianic

ar

unda

iyos

mkurnaloba,

xSirad

ukeTesia

daavadebis

prevencia, vidre misi mkurnaloba.

prevenciis strategiebi

ori megobari mdinaris piras seirnobda. uecrad, mdinarem gatacebuli bavSvi

Camoatara. erT-erTi maTgani Caxta mdinareSi da bavSvi gadaarCina. amis Semdeg
megobrebma ganagrZes seirnoba. moulodnelad, kidev erTi bavSvi Camohyva dinebas.
pirveli bavSvis gadamrCeni isev gadaeSva mdinareSi da isev gamoiyvana samSvidobos
mdinaris msxverpli. male mesame wyalwaRebulic gamoCnda. jer isev mSrali
megobari swrafad gauyva mdinaris napirs dinebis sapirispirod. maSvelma megobarma
gasZaxa: ei, sad midixar? mSralma megomarma upasuxa: vcdilob, im naZiralas
mivagno, vinc am bavSvebs wyalSi yris. (Wolman, 1975, p. 3)
am moTxrobis morali naTelia: problemis prevencia anu Tavidan acileba
saukeTeso

gadawyvetaa.

Cven

mier

ganxiluli

yvela

tradiciuli

Terapia

mimarTulia iseTi adamianis Secvlaze, romelsac ukve aqvs problema an romelic

araqmediTunariania. isini mas Semdeg iwyeben muSaobas, rac Tavs iCens problemuri
qceva da es gausaZlisi xdeba adamianisTvis. im droisaTvis, rodesac adamiani
gadawyvets

mkurnalobas

an

iZulebuli

gaxdeba,

rom

imkurnalos,

fsiqikuri

809

aSliloba ukve kargad aris mokalaTebuli da damangrevlad moqmedebs mis

yoveldRiur

funqcionirebaze,

sazogadoebriv

saqmianobaze,

samsaxursa

Tu

profesiul zrdaze.
fsiqologiuri

prevencia

problemebis

ramdenime

doneze

SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes (Rabins, 1992, Reiss & Price, 1996). pirveladi prevencia mimarTulia
mdgomareobis Tavidan acilebaze daavadebis ganviTarebamde. am mizniT, magaliTad,
SeiZleba gadaidgas nabijebi imisaTvis, rom davaswavloT individebs gamklavebis
unar-Cvevebi,
SeiZleba

romliTac

SfoTva

an

isini

depresia

garemos

uaryofiTi

gamoiwvion,

metad

aspeqtebisadmi,

adaptirebadni

romelmac

gaxdebian,

an

romelTa saSualebiTac SeeZlebaT maTi Secvla (Durlak & Wells, 1997; Kaplan, 2000).

meoradi

prevencia

xangrZliobis
dasawyisSive

mesameuli

cdilobs

Semcirebas.
gamovlenisa

prevencia

fsiqologiuri

ukve

es
da

cdilobs,

aSlilobis

ganviTarebuli

keTdeba

programebiT,

mkurnalobis
ar

dawyebis

dauSvas

xangrZliv

aSlilobis
romelic
da

amiT

mesameuli

an

aSlilobis

SesaZleblobas

recidivebi

zemoqmedebas.

simwvavis

iZleva.
zRudavs

prevenciuli

zomebisTvis saWiroa, rom ukve cnobili da SeZlebisdagvarad aRmofxvrili iyos

aSlilobis mizezebi.
dasaxelebuli
cvlilebebze

tipebis

mianiSnebda,

prevenciis
romelic

ganxorcieleba

fsiqikuri

mimarTulebam da ZiriTadma paradigmebma

cvlilebebia:

(1)

mkurnalobisTvis

im

janmrTelobis

ganicada.

prevenciis

msxvilmasStabian
dacvis

zogadma

umniSnelovanesi sistemuri
damateba;

(2)

daavadebebis

mkurnalobis viwro samedicino modelidan sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis ufro

farTo modelze gadasvla; (3) im situaciebsa da garemo pirobebze yuradRebis
gamaxvileba, romelic adamianebs riskis winaSe ayenebs da mijnavs maT riskjgufSi myofi adamianebisgan; (4) meti interesi Cveuli cxovrebiseuli garemos
situaciebisadmi, romelic xels uwyobs daavadebis ganviTarebas da naklebi _
predispoziciuri maxasiaTebelebis Ziebisadmi Tavad adamianebSi (Ammerman & Hersen,
1997; Kendrick et al., 1996).
samedicino modeli mowodebulia daavadebuli adamianebis mkurnalobisTvis;
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis modeli gulisxmobs daavadebebisa da avadmyofobis
garemoSi arsebuli mizezebis gamovlenasa da aRkveTas. am midgomiT, daavadebuli
individi ganixileba, rogorc maspinZeli an matarebeli _ mimdinare daavadebis
saboloo Sedegi. rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im garemo pirobebis Secvla,

810

romelic ganapirobebs daavadebis ganviTarebas, mogvianebiT aRar gaxdeba saWiro

adamianebis Secvla ZviradRirebuli, eqstensiuri mkurnalobiT. iseTi infeqciuri
daavadebebis mkveTri Semcireba, rogoricaa tuberkuliozi, yvavili da malaria, am
midgomis

wyalobiT

gaxda

SesaZlebeli.

rac

Seexeba

fsiqopaTologias,

am

SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia stresis mizezebis gamovlena garemosa Tu aqtivobis

organizaciaSi. SeiZleba maT Sesustebaze mimarTuli programis Seqmna da amiT im
adamianTa ricxvis Semcireba, vinc maTi moqmedebis samizne gaxdeba. klinikuri
ekologiis sfero afarTovebs biosamedicino Terapiebis sazRvrebs imiT, rom iseT
aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul
gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs _ es SeiZleba iyos qimiuri gamxsnelebi, xmauri,
sezonuri

cvlilebebi

da

radiacia

(Bell,

vinaidan

1982).

wvlili

Seaqvs

fsiqopaTologiaSi, zogierTma Terapevtma gaafarTova garemos cneba da masSi

CarTo garegani garemos41 yvela is maxasiaTebeli, romelic zemoqmedebs normalur
adaptaciaze yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (Ghadirian & Lehmann, 1993). aq Sedis kvebis
zemoqmdeba,

fsiqoaqtiuri

nivTierebebi,

terorizmi,

bunebrivi

ubedurebebi

da

socialuri mxardaWeris sistemebis ararseboba.

klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) fsiqologiis dargi, romelic iseT
aSlilobebs,

rogoricaa

SfoTviTi

aSliloba

da

depresia,

garemoSi

arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs

fsiqikuri aSlilobebis prevencia mravalmxrivi da rTuli amocanaa. masSi
moiazreba

ara

marto

individualur,

relevanturi

dawesebulebebis

mizezobrivi

da

faqtorebis

samTavrobo

gageba,

doneebze

aramed

warmoqmnili

winaaRmdegobis daZleva cvlilebebisken mimaval gzaze. aucilebelia seriozuli

samecniero kvleviTi Zalisxmeva prevenciuli RonisZiebebis xangrZlivi sargeblis
demonstrirebisTvis da fsiqopaTologiisadmi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis modelis
gamoyeneba,

raTa

gamarTleba

problemebis

winaSe,

romelic,

prevenciuli

programebis

moeZebnos
aseve,

saboloo

amisaTvis
dauyovnebel

mizania

gaRebul

xarjebs

gadawyvetas

sazogadoebis

yvela

sxva

saWiroebs.
wevrisTvis

fsiqikuri janmrTelobis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofa.

Sejameba
41

External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa
Sinagani garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

811

fsiqoTerapiiT
Carevis

dakavebuli

mkvlevarebi

cdiloben,

romeli formebi uzrunvelyofen saukeTeso

gamokvlevebis

analizi

aCvenebs,

rom

mTlianobaSi

gansazRvron,

Terapiuli

Sedegs. didi

raodenobis

fsiqoTerapia

Sedegiania.

farTomasStabiani kvlevebi, rogoricaa depresiis mkurnalobis kvleva (romelic

fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis nacionaluri institutis, aSS, koordinaciiT
ganxorcielda),

miznad

isaxavs

calkeuli

aSlilobebisTvis

maqsimalurad

Sedegiani konkretuli tipis mkurnalobis gamovlenas. ukeTesi Terapiuli meTodis

Seqmnis porcesi aerTianebs laboratoriuli kvlevebis aRmoCenebsa da klinikuri
gamocdilebis Sedegebs. prevenciuli mimarTuleba ubiZgebs klinicistebs, rom
Seecadon individebisTvis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da maTi garemos Secvlas
ise,

rom

SesaZlebeli

gaxdes

aSlilobis

ganviTareba

da

misi

Sedegebis

minimizacia.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
Terapia moiTxovs diagnozis dasmas da mkurnalobis kursis daniSvnas.
Terapia SeiZleba iyos samedicino an fsiqologiuri.
arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi: fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri,
kognituri da egzistencialur-humanisturi.
mravali sxvadasxva profesionali dakavebulia fsiqoTerapiiT.
warsulSi fsiqikuri aSilobebis mkurnaloba uxeSi da araadaminuri iyo.
fsiqikuri

aSlilobis

daavadebad

miCnevas

pacientTa

ufro

humanuri

kulturaSi

arsebobs

meTodebiT mkurnaloba mohyva.

kulturuli

antropologia

gviCvenebs,

rom

mraval

fsiqikuri alsilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobis meToebi, rac mniSvnelovani

gakveTili SeiZleba iyos dasavluri Terapiuli praqtikisTvis.
fsiqodinamiuri Terapiebi
fsiqodinamiuri

Terapiebi

Seiqmna

zigmund

froidis

fsiqoanalitikuri

Teoriis safuZvelze.
froidi xazs usvamda aracnobieri konfqlitebis rols fsiqopaTologiis
etiologiaSi. fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis mizania am konfliqtebis gadaWra.

812

am

Terapiis

mniSvnelovani

winaaRmdegobisadmi

mdgenelebia:

yuradReba,

Tavisufali

sizmrebis

asociaciebi,

analizi,

gadatana

da

kontrgadatana.
neofroidianelebi met aqcents akeTeben pacientis awmyo, mimdinare socialur
situaciaze, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze da me-koncefciaze.
bihevioraluri Terapiebi
bihevioraluri

Terapia

iyenebs

daswavlis

da

ganmtkicebis

principebs

problemuri qcevis modificirebisas an aRkveTisas.

kontrganpirobebis meTodebiT xdeba uaryofiTi qcevebis, rogoricaa, fobiuri
reaqciebi, Canacvleba ufro adapturi qcevebiT.
fobiebis

modifikaciis

yvela

teqnikisTvis

damaxasiatebeli

elementia

stimulis wardgena.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gamoiyeneba pirobiTi ganpirobebuloba
qcevis modificirebis mizniT; upiratesad iyeneben dadebiT ganmkticebasa da
reaqciis Caqrobas.
socialur-daswavlis TerapiaSi gamoiyeneba qcevis modelireba da socialuri
unar-Cvevebis

gavarjiSeba,

raTa

individebs

sakuTar

SesaZleblobebSi

darwmunebaSi daexmaron.
kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri
paternebis

Terapia
Secvlaze,

mimarTulia
romelic

uaryofiTi
individs

an

iracionaluri

sakuTari

Tavisa

azrebis

da

socialuri

moiTxovs

problemis

urTierTobebis Sesaxeb gaaCnia.

kognitur

bihevioraluri

modifikacia

klientisgan

Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa ufro metad konstruqciuli paternebis daswavlas da

axali teqnikebis sxva, Terapiulisgan gansxvavebul situaciebSi gamoyenebas.
kognituri Terapia warmatebiT gamoiyeneba depresiis mkurnalobisTvis.
racionalur-emocionaluri Terapia exmareba klientebs gaacnobieron sakuTari
iracionaluri mosazrebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uSlis
warmatebul cxovrebas.
egzistencialuregzistencialur-humanisturi Terapia

813

egzistencialur-humanistur

Terapiebi

individebs

TviT-aqtualizaciaSi

exmareba.
Terapevtebi cdiloben aradireqtiulni iyvnen, rodesac klients exmarebian
sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi warmodgenis SeqmnaSi, romelsac SeuZlia garemodan
momdinare kritikasTan gamklaveba.
geStalt-Terapia mimarTulia erTian pirovnebaze _ sxeulze, fsiqikaze da
sacxovrebeli garemo.
jgufuri Terapiebi
jgufuri

Terapia

saSualebas

aZlevs

adamianebs,

daakvirdnen

da CaerTon

socialur urTierTobebSi, rac Seamcirebs maT fsiqologiur problemebs.

ojaxis da ojqxuri wyvilebis Terapia muSaobs wyvilis an ojaxis situaciur
siZneleebsa da pirovnebaTSoris dinamikaze; aq wyvili an ojaxi ganixileba,
rogorc sistema, romelic gaumjobesebas saWiroebs.
sazogadoebrivi

da

internetis

TviT-daxmarebis

aZlevs individebs, miiRon informacia

jgufebi

SesaZleblobas

da socialuri mxardaWeris pirobebSi

sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuloba igrZnos.

biosamedicino Terapiebi
biosamedicino

Terapiebi

fsiqikuri

daavadebis

fiziologiuri

aspeqtebis

cvlilebaze orientirdebian.
radikaluri

da

Seuqcevadi

moqmedebis

gamo

fsiqoqirurgia

iSviaTad

gamoiyeneba.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri

Terapia

Zalze

efeqtiania

depresiul

pacientebTan,

magram is mainc sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba.

farmakoTerapiaSi

Sedis

antifsiqoturi

medikamentebi

SizofreniisTvis,

antidepresantebi da anqsiolizuri saSualebebi.

tradiciulma

fsiqoTerapiebma

da

medikamenturma

mkurnalobam

SeiZleba

tvinSi zogierTi erTnairi cvlileba gamoiwvios.

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?
Terapia?
kvleva aCvenebs, rom mravali Terapia ukeTes Sedegs iZleva, vidre drois
tyuilad xarjva an placebo Terapia.

814

Sefasebis

proeqtebi,

rogoricaa

depresiis

Terapiebis

NIMH-is

mier

warmoebuli kvleva, gvexmareba, rom vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra qmnis Terapiis

efeqtianobas.
prevenciis
ganviTarebis

strategiebi

aucilebelia

SesaCereblad

da

ukve

fsiqologiuri

warmoqmnili

aSlilobebis

minimizaciisTvis.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. aversiuli Terapia (p. 514)
2. qcevis repeticia (p. 516)
3. qcevis modifikacia (p. 512)
4. bihevioraluri Terapia (p. 512)
5. biosamedicino Terapia (p. 504)
6. kaTarzisi (p. 508)
7. klienti (p. 505)
8. klientze centrirebuli Terapia (p. 522)
9. klinikuri ekologia (p. 532)
10. klinikuri fsiqologi (p. 505)
11. klinikuri socialuri muSaki (p. 505)
12. kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia (p. 518)
13. kognituri Terapia (p. 517)
14. pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (p. 514)
15. fsiqolog-konsultanti (p. 505)
16. kontrganpirobeba (p. 512)
17. kontrgadatana (p. 509)
18. sizmris analizi (p. 509)
19. eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ECR) (p. 525)
20. daZirva (p. 513)
21. Tavisuafali asociacia (p. 508)
22. geStalt-Terapia (p. 522)
23. moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (p. 521)
24. imploziuri Terapia (p. 513)

aSlilobebis
Sedegebis

815

25. insaituri Terapia (p. 508)

26. meta-analizi (p. 529)
27. obieqti-urTierTobis Terapia (p. 511)
28. monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba (p. 516)
29. RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti (p. 505)
30. pacienti (p. 505)
31. placebo Terapia (p. 529)
32. prefrontaluri lobotomia (p. 525)
33. fsiqiatri (p. 505)
34. fsiqoanalitikosi (p. 505)
35. fsiqofarmakologia (p. 526)
36. fsiqoqirurgia (p. 525)
37. fsiqoTerapia (p. 504)
38. racionalur-emociuri Terapia (per) (p. 520)
39. winaaRmdegoba (p. 509)
40. ritualuri mkurnaloba (p. 507)
41. Samanizmi (p. 507)
42. socialuri daswavlis Terapia (p. 516)
43. spontanuri remisiis efeqti (p. 529)
44. sistemuri desensitizacia (p. 512)
45. gadatana (p. 509)
Tavi 17. socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
urTierTobebi

situaciis Zala
rolebi da wesebi
socialuri normebi
konformuloba
situaciis Zala: mxilebani faruli kameriT

fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi: rogor gavlenas axdenen jgufebi

gadawyvetilebis miRebaze?

socialuri realobis konstruireba

atribuciis Teoriis sawyisebi

816

atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma

sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
molodinebi da TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
qcevebi, romlebic amarTleben molodinebs

damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba

damokidebulebebi da qceva
darwmunebis procesebi
darwmuneba sakuTari aqtivobis saSualebiT
daTanxmeba

socialuri urTierTobebi
mowoneba
siyvaruli

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: urTierTobebi da interneti

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi

817

Cems siciliel papa salvatores Zalian uyvarda opera, magram metismetad

Raribi iyo, rom rodesme wasuliyo operis TeatrSi, Tavis axal samSobloSi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. amis sanacvlod, is yovel SabaTs usmenda saopero
gadacemebs metropoliten operidan patara radioTi, romelic Tavis fexsacmelebis
SesakeTebel saxelosnoSi, bronqsSi hqonda. is mTel xmaze rTavda radios, xolo
Tu opera italiuri iyo, tenoris partiebis umetesobas SemsrulebelTan erTad
TviTonac asrulebda. Tanac papa grZnobda imis aucileblobas, rom gaenaTlebina
es amerikelebi da isini saopero xelovnebis saswaulisTvis eziarebina. amitom,
Tavisi saxelosnos karebsac aRebda, raTa radios xma quCebs grialiT mosdeboda.
erT SabaT dRes, papaCemis netareba Tavxedi biWebis jgufma daarRvia, romlebic
mas sawyeni epiTetebiT amkobdnen: turtliano, saidanac mosulxar, iq waeTrie da
uaressac eubnebodnen.
isini ise xmamaRla Rrialebdnen, rom papam veRar SesZlo Tavisi sayvareli
operis, traviatas mosmena. is TviTonac lanZRavda maT, magram pasuxad ufro
daundobel dacinvasa da abuCad agdebas iRebda. garkveuli drois Semdeg biWebi
wavidnen, magram papas operis dasasrulis mosmeniT aranairi siamovneba aRar
miuRia.
Semdeg SabaTs, saaTis sizustiT, biWebi isev movidnen yviriliTa da lanZRviT.
amjerad papa salvatore gareT gamovida da biWebs uTxra: me saTanadod ver
Sevafase, Tu ra kargi xmebi gqoniaT, modiT gaagrZeleT yvirili, rac SegiZliaT
ufro xmamaRla da me TiToeul Tqvengans, warmodgenisaTvis, 25 cents gadagixdiT.
biWebmac

yvirili

daiwyes

da

sirenebiviT

naxevar

saaTs

mainc

gahyvirodnen

gauCereblad. papa salvatorem maT safasuri gadauxada da isinic gancvifrebulebi

da bednierebi gaiqcnen koka-kolisa da kinosTvis naSovni fuliT.
momdevno SabaTs, rodesac isini kvlav gamocxaddnen, papa salvatore gareT
gamovida da auwya biWebs, Tu rogor

moswonda maTi Rriali, Tanac ufro

xmamaRali, vidre operisa Tu mezoblad momuSave sanagve manqanebis xmaa, magram,

amasTan, isic uTxra, rom erTi sawyali mewaRe iyo da imis saSualeba ar hqonda,
rom maTTvis ise gadaexada, romorc imsaxurebdnen da rom dRevandeli SousTvis
mxolod 10 centis gaRebas SeZlebda.
Sen Cven patara bavSvebi xom ar ggonivarT bebruxanav? sulac ar vapirebT, Sou
mogiwyoT, iafad. Seitene Seni fuli. am sityvebiT isini moSordnen iqaurobas da,
Tumca, isev ilanZRebodnen, magram ufro dabal xmaze.

818

momdevno da yvela sxva SabaTs biWebma uari Tqves, elanZRaT beberi italieli
mewaRe, romelsac Ciradac ar agdebdnen da romelsac axla arxeinad SeeZlo,
yovel

SabaTs

esmina

Tavisi

operebisaTvis,

CaerTo

ise

xmamaRla,

rogorc

moisurvebda da Tavi ar Seewuxebina imaze fiqriT, rom mas myudroebas daurRvevda

an Seawuxebda uxeSi, crurwmenebiT savse jeelebis banda.
Tu Tqven aRtacebaSi mogiyvanaT papa salvatores saqcielma, hkiTxeT Tqvens
Tavs, ratom iyo is ase efeqtiani? ratom iyo, rom misma sawyisma safasurma 25
centma ase Secvala situacia? ratom moxda, rom sawyisi safasuris 10 centamde
dayvanam iZulebulni gaxada Tavxedebi, aRar gahkarebodnen papa salvatores da mis
operebs. rogorc ki Tqven SeecdebiT am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas, moeqceviT

socialuri fsiqologiis samyaroSi fsiqologiis im dargisa, romelic swavlobs

im saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi qmnian da marTaven socialur
situaciebs.
socialuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis is dargia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa
Soris

urTierTobebisa

da

urTierTdamokidebulebebis

gavlenas

maT

azrebze,

grZnobebze, aRqmebze, motivebsa da qcevebze.

socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) - fsiqologiis dargi, romelic
Seiswavlis

socialuri

cvladebis

gavlenas

individis

qcevebze,

damokidebulebebze (attitudes), aRqmebsa da motivebze; is, agreTve, Seiswavlis

jgufebs da jgufTaSoris fenomenebs.
socialuri

fsiqologebi

cdiloben

Cawvdnen

qcevis

arss

misi

socialuri

konteqstis farglebSi. socialuri konteqsti is cocsali, moZravi qselia da

romelzec aisaxeba socialuri cxovelis moZraobebi, Zalisxmeva Tu mowyvladi
adgilebi. ufro farTod Tu ganvmartavT, socialuri konteqsti Tavis TavSi
moicavs

sxvebis

urTierTqmedebebs,

realur,

wamosaxul

romlebsac

an

adamianebs

simbolur
Soris

arsebobas;

aqvT

adgili;

aqtivobebs
im

da

socialuri

garemocvis maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic xorcieldeba qceva, aseve, im molodinebsa

da normebs, romlebic warmarTaven qcevas mocemul garemoSi (Sherif,1981).
am da momdevno TavSi Cven ganvixilavT socialuri fsiqologiuri kvlevebis
ramdenime ZiriTad Temas. am Tavis pirvel nawilSi Cven visaubrebT im socialuri
situaciebis

Zalaze,

romelic

akontrolebs

adamianis

qcevas.

MmimovixilavT

mravali kvlevis masalebs, romlebiTac dasturdeba, rom socialuri situaciis

819

umniSvnelo maxasiaTeblebsac ki mniSvnelovani gavlenis moaxdena SeuZliaT imaze,

Tu ras fiqrobT an rogor moqmedebT. Semdeg Cven davubrundebiT im xerxebs,
romliTac

xdeba

socialuri

realobis

konstruireba,

yalibdeba

da

icvleba

socialuri damokidebulebebi. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT mowonebisa da siyvarulis

urTierTobebs. Aam TavSi Cven movaxdenT imis ilustrirebas, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens fsiqologiuri kvlevebi Tqvens cxovrebaze. rogorc SemdgomSi, me-18-e
TavSi, naxavT, Cven gavafarToebT Cvens analizs pirovnulidan sazogadoebrivamde.
orive TavSi abstraqtuli Teoria Semowmebuli iqneba praqtikiT da SevecdebiT,
vupasuxoT

kiTxvas:

asrulebs

Tu

ara

fsiqologiuri

codna

raime

rols

adamianebisa da sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?

situaciis Zala

fsiqologia da cxovrebis wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom fsiqologebi, romlebic

cdiloben

qcevis

mizezebis

axsnas,

pasuxebs

Zalze

gansxvavebul

sferoebSi

eZebdnen. zogierTi maTgani genetikur faqtorebs swavlobs, sxvebi _ bioqimiur

faqtorebs da tvinSi mimdinare procesebs maSin, rodesac mesameni yuradRebas
garemos zemoqmedebaze amaxvileben. socialur fsiqologebs ki sjeraT, rom qcevis
ZiriTadi

ganmsazRvreli

mizezebi

im

socialuri

situaciis

maxasiaTeblebia,

romelSic is xorcieldeba. isini amtkiceben, rom socialuri situacia imdenad

Zlierad akontrolebs individis qcevas, rom xSirad prevalirebs pirovnebasa da
mis

warsul

gamocdilebaze,

faseulobebsa

da

Sexedulebebze.

rogorc

papa

salvatores zemoT moyvanili magaliTidanac Cans, socialuri situaciis zegavlena

imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom amas Cven, SesaZloa, verc ki vacnobierebdeT. am
qveTavSi, Cven ganvixilavT im klasikur kvlevebsa da uaxles

eqsperimentebs,

romlebic xsnian adamianis qcevaze Znelad SesamCnev, magram Zlieri zegavlenis

mqone situaciuri cvladebis moqmedebas.
rolebi da wesebi
romeli

socialuri

rolebia

TqvenTvis

misaRebi?

socialuri

roli

aris

socialurad gansazRvruli qcevis paterni, romlis ganxorcielebasac moelian

pirovnebisgan mocemul situaciaSi an jgufSi gunqcionirebisas. gansxvavebuli
situaciebi gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. rodesac
Tqven saxlSi xarT, SesaZloa, morgebuli gqondeT bavSvis an dis an Zmis

820

roli. rodesac saklaso oTaxSi xarT, Tqven iRebT studentis rols. sxva
SemTxvevaSi

Tqven,

SesaZloa,

iyoT

saukeTeso

megobari

an

Seyvarebuli.

SegiZliaT, Tvali miadevnoT, es gansxvavebuli rolebi rogor swrafad qmnian

gansxvavebuli

tipis

qcevebs,

TqvenTvis

met-naklebad

Sesatyvissa

da

xelmisawvdoms?
situaciebi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba imiT, rom adamianebi emorCilebian qcevebis
warmarTvel wesebs, anu iTvaliswineben specifiur moTxovnebs. zogierTi wesi

eqspliciturad, garegnuli-? niSnebiTaa gamoxatuli ("nu moswevT", "ar WamoT

klasSi"), an eqspliciturad daiswavleba bavSvobis asakSi (pativi eciT ufrosebs",
"ucxos ar gamoarTva kanfeti"). sxva wesebi aris implicituri. isini daiswavleba
garkveul

situciebSi

sxva

adamianebTan

urTierTobebisas.

ramdenad

xmamaRla

SeiZleba daukra Seni magnitofoni, ramdeniad SeiZleba sxva adamianTan miaxloeba,

rodis SeiZleba mimarTo maswavlebels an ufross saxeliT, an rogoria sasurveli
reaqcia komplimentze an saCuqarze yvela es aqtivoba damokidebulia situaciaze.
magaliTad, iaponeli saCuqars ar gaxsnis mCuqnelis TandaswrebiT imis SiSiT, rom,
SesaZloa, saTanadod ver gamoxatos madliereba, xolo ucxoelma, romelmac ar
icis am dauwereli wesis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, arasworad gaigos misi saqcieli da
CaTvalos is uxeSad da aragulisxmierad. SemdgomSi, rodesac liftSi moxvdebiT,
scadeT, gansazRvroT ra wesebs icnobT am situaciasTan dakavSirebiT. ratom aris,
rom aq adamianebi, Cveulebriv, xmadabla laparakoben an sulac Cumad arian?
socialuri rolebi (Social roles) qcevis socialurad gansazRvruli
paternebi, romlebsac moelian pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul garemoSi
an jgufSi funqcionirebs.
wesebi

(Rules)

garkveul

situaciaSi

garkveuli

saxiT

moqcevis

moTxovnebi.
Cveulebriv, Tqven, SesaZloa, arc ki icodeT wesebisa da rolebis zegavlenis
Sesaxeb, magram erTma klasikurma socialur-fsiqologiurma eqsperimentma, e.w.

stanfordis

cixis

eqsperimentma,

gamoavlina

zemoqmedeba. (Haney & Zimbardo,1977; Zimbardo, 1975;

Lovibond et al.,1979).
saidan viciT
socialuri rolebi fiqtiur cixeSi

am

Zalebis

ganmacvifrebeli

gameorebuli iqna avstriaSi

821

kaliforniaSi,

zafxulis

erT

kvira

dilas,

sirenis

xmam

daarRvia

kolejis student tomi viTlous myudroeba. policiis manqanam mkveTrad

daamuxruWaAmisi saxlis win. sul ramodenime wuTSi toms wauyenes braldeba
danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi, misces ganmarteba misi konstituciuri uflebebis
Sesaxeb, gaCxrikes da daades borkilebi. amis Semdeg igi registrirebul
iqna, aiRes misi TiTis anabeWdebi da Tvalebaxveuli gadaiyvanes stanfordis
sagrafos cixeSi. aq igi gaaSiSvles, Cautares dezinfeqcia da Caacves
kombinizonis msgavsi uniforma saidentifikacio nomriT 647 mkerdsa da
zurgze. kolejis sxva 8 studentic, aseve, iqna dakavebuli da danomrili.
tomi da misi Tanamesakneebi moxaliseebi iyvnen, romlebic gamoexmaurnen
gazeTSi gamoqveynebul gancxadebas da Tanxmoba ganacxades, monawileoba
mieRoT orkvirian eqsperimentSi, romelic iTvaliswinebda cixeSi yofnas.
monetis alalbedze agdebiT, moxaliseTa nawils daekisra patimris roli,
nawils ki zedamxedvelis.
eqsperimentis yvela monawile amorCeuli iqna moxalise studentTa didi
raodenobidan,

romlebic

gamokiTxvebis

safuZvelze

stabilur,

fizikurad

patimrebi,

eqsperimentis

vrceli

fsiqologiuri

miCneul

janmrTel

da

mimdinareobis

iqnen,

testirebisa

kanonmorCil,

saSualo,

normalur

periodSi

cixeSi

da

emociurad
adamianebad.

imyofebodnen,

zedamxedvelebi ki standartulad 8 saaTs muSaobdnen.

ra moxda mas Semdeg, rac studentebma gaiTavises maTze dakisrebuli
rolebi? zedamxedvelebi - is studentebi, romlebic pacifistebi da "kargi
biWebi"

iyvnen,

iqceodnen

agresiulad,

zogjer

sadisturadac

ki.

isini

mkacrad moiTxovdnen, rom patimrebi usityvod, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe

damorCilebodnen
privilegiebis

wesebs.

dakargva.

damorCilebaze

Tavdapirvelad

uaris

privilegiebSi

Tqmas

mohyveboda

Sedioda

kiTxvis,

weris da TanasaknelebTan saubris ufleba. mogvianebiT, patimrebis mxridan

mcire protestic ki iwvevda iseTi privilegiebis dakargvas, rogoric iyo
Wama, Zili da dabana. wesebisadmi daumorCileblobas, aseve, mohyveboda
iseTi

damamcirebeli

tualetis

xeliT

da

recxva,

uazro

samuSaoebis

azidvebi

zurgze

Sesruleba,

rogoric

zedamxedvelis

fexiT

iyo
da

karcerSi Casma. zedamxedvelebi mudmivad cdilobdnen moefiqrebinaT iseTi

822

axali sasjelebi, rom patimrebs Tavi ufro metad damcirebulebad egrZnoT.

patimris rolSi myofma, manmade fsiqologiurad stabilurma studentebma
sul

male

gamoamJRavnes

paTologiuri

qcevebi,

pasiur

winaaRmdegobas

uwevdnen damcirebas da Seeguen beds. 36 saaTic ar iyo gasuli, rom

patimarma 8412-ma, diliT CaxSobili buntis erT erTma liderma, daiwyo
TavSeukavebeli yvirili. mas aReniSneboda mZvinvarebis Setevebi, asrovnebis
dezorganizacia da Rrma depresia. Mmomdevno dReebSi kidev sam patimars
ganuviTarda

stresuli

fsiqosomaturi

simptomebi.

warmoSobis

MmexuTe

gamonayari

mTel

patimars

sxeulze

ki

mas

gauCnda

Semdeg,

rac

uaryofili iqna misi Txovna Sewyalebais Sesaxeb.

Aam dramatuli da moulodnelad Rrma emociuri da qceviTi efeqtebis gamo es
xuTi patimari, romelmac stresuli reaqciebi gamoavlines, droze adre iqnen
ganTavisuflebuli am uCveulo cixidan da fsiqologebi iZulebulni gaxdnen,
maTze dakvirvebis or kviriani vada eqvs dReze daeyvanaT. miuxedavad imisa, tomi
viTloum ganacxada, rom is aRar isurvebda, xelaxla mieRo monawileoba msgavs
eqsperimentSi, afasebs miRebul gamocdilebas, radgan bevri ram Seityo sakuTari
Tavisa

da,

saerTod,

adamianis

bunebis

studentebic,

ZiriTadad,

janmrTelni

situaciidan.

Mmomdevno

periodSic

Sesaxeb.

iyvnen

da

maTze

sabednierod,

advilad

is

da

sxva

am

mZime

gamovidnen

mravalwlianma

dakvirvebebma

ar

gamoavlina raime xangrZlivi negatiuri efeqti. monawileebma xeli Seuwyes Zalze

mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gaakeTebas: fiqtiur cixeSi Seqmnili situaciis Zalam
patimrebisa da zedamxedvelebis gonebaSi Seqmna axali socialuri realoba
namdvili cixis realoba.
stanfordis

cixis

"zedamxedvelebis"
dakvirvebad
saSualebiT,

eqsperimentis

qcevebi

situaciaSi
alalbedze

Sedegebis

erTmaneTisagan

(ix.

suraTi

ganawilda,

17.1).

mixedviT,

gansxvavdeboda
Tumca

nakisrma

praqtikulad

rolebi,

rolebma

"patimrebisa"

agdebuli

Seqmnes

da

yvela
monetis

gansxvavebebi

eqsperimentSi monawile studentebis statusebsa da uflebebs Soris, rasac Zalze

didi

mniSvneloba

uswavlebia

Tu

situaciaSi

yofilan

hqonda

rogor

sapatimros

unda

odesme,

situaciaSi.

moqceuliyvnen
miuxedavad

da

amisa,

monawileTaTvis

isini
yovelma

arc

realuri

maTganma

aravis
cixis

daiswavla

gansxvaveba Zalauflebis qonasa da arqonas Soris (Banuazizi & Movahedi 1975).

823

socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi, romlebic jgufs gaaCnia

Tavisi wevrebis mimarT maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis sasurvelobasTan da
SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
zedamxedvelis tipi aris is, vinc zRudavs patimris Tavisuflebas, marTavs maT
qcevas da aiZulebs maT, moiqcnen misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. es davaleba
warimarTeboda iZulebiTi wesebiT (coercive rules), rac Tavis TavSi gulisxmobda
daumorCileblobisaTvis

reagireba

moexdinaT

dasjis

socialur

gamoyenebas.

patimrebs

struqturaze,

romelic

SeeZloT,

mxolod

Zalismierad

qmnida

sapatimros garemos. ajanyeba an damorCileba patimrebis erTaderTi arCevania.

pirvelis

Sedegi

aris

dasja,

meorisa

ki

damoukideblobisa

da

Rirsebis

dakargva.
eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs msgavsi gansxvavebuli situaciuri Zalebis
zegavlena ukve gamocdili hqondaT TavianT adreul socialur urTierTobebSi:
mSobeli-Svili, maswavlebeli-moswavle, eqimi-pacienti, ufrosi-muSa, kaci-qali. maT
ubralod daxvewes da ganaviTares TavianTi adreuli qcevis paternebi am axal
konkretul situaciaSi. nebismier students nebismieri roli SeiZleba Sexvedroda.
zedamxedvelebis rolis Semsrulebeli studentebi gancvifrebulebi miuTiTebdnen,
Tu ramdenad advilad Seiferes sxva adamianebis makontrolebis roli. uniformis
Cacmac ki sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom kolejis pasiuri studentebi cixis
agresiul zedamxedvelebad gadaqceuliyvnen. ra tipis adamianad iqceviT, rodesac
ama Tu im rols aiRebT? sad mTavrdeba Tqveni pirovnuli me da sad iwyeba Tqveni
socialuri identuroba?

socialuri normebi
imis garda, rom jgufs Tavisi wevrebis roluri qcevebis mimarT aqvs garkveuli
molodinebi, mas aqvs, agreTve, molodinebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda
moiqcnen

jgufis

ganwyobebisa

da

Camoyalibebuli

wevrebi.
qcevebis

jgufis

specifikur

manifestirebuli

socialuri normebi.

wevrebis

socialuri

an

mimarT

moTxovnebs,
faruli

normebi,

romlebic

saxiT

SesaZloa,

socialurad

jgufis

arseboben,

exebodes

misaRebi
mier

ewodebaT

qcevebis

Zalze

824

farTo wres. Tu Tqven xarT demokratiuli partiis wevri, mosalodnelia, rom

Tqven gaiziaroT liberaluri politikuri Sexedulebebi, xolo Tu Tqven xarT
axalgazrda respublikeli, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tqven ufro konservatiul
Sexedulebebs

dauWerT

mxars.

socialuri

normebi,

agreTve,

qcevis

garkveul

standartebsis daacvasac gulisxmoben. magaliTad, Tu Tqven mimtani xarT, maSin

Tqven

momxmarebels

Tavazianad

unda

moeqceT,

miuxedavad

imisa,

ramdenad

arasasiamovno da momTxovnia is Tqvens mimarT.

romelime jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba, Cveulebriv, niSnavs mTeli rigi iseTi
normebis dacvas, romlebic aregulireben jgufis SigniT sasurveli qcevebis
ganxorcielebas. es ori gziT xdeba: Tqven amCnevT jgufis yvela wevris an maTi
umravlesobis

qcevebis

erTgvarobas,

an

akvirdebiT

negatiur

im

Sedegebs,

romlebsac imsaxureben jgufis is wevrebi, romlebic ugulebelyofen socialur

normebs.
normebi

ramdenime

mniSvnelovan

funqcias

asruleben.

mocemul

jgufur

situaciaSi moqmedi normebi emsaxureba wevrebis orientirebas da axdens maT

Soris socialuri interaqciebis regulirebas. urTierTobis TiToeul monawiles
SeuZlia

iwinaswarmetyvelos,

Tu

rogor

Semova

meore

monawile

mocemul

situaciaSi, rogor Caicvams, ras ityvis da, aseve, isic, Tu rogori qcevebia maTgan
mosalodneli, raTa daimsaxuron jgufis sxva wevrebis mowoneba. Tqven xSirad
Tavs uxerxulad grZnobT axal situaciaSi swored imitom, rom, xSirad, ar iciT
Tu

rogor

unda

moiqceT.

normidan

gadaxris

SemTxvevaSi,

garkveuli

Semwynarebloba, aseve, normis nawilia is zogjer sakmaod farToa, zogjer ki

Zalze

viwro.

magaliTad,

mokle

Sarvali

da

maisuri

Zalze

Seuferebeli

Cacmuloba iqneboda religiuri ceremoniisaTvis. aseve, socialuri normebidan

uxeSi gadaxra iqneboda msgavs ceremoniaze sacurao kostumiT gamoCena.
jgufis

wevrebs,

gansazRvron,
winaaRmdeg

is

yovel

Tu

SemTxvevaSi

konkretul

ramdenad
maT

situaciaSi,

SeiZleba

SesaZloa

Cveulebriv,

socialuri

iwvnion

jgufuri

SeuZliaT,

normebidan
iZulebis

gadaxra,

sami

iseTi

mtkivneuli Zala, rogoricaa: dacinva, uaryofa da xelaxali aRzrda.

konformuloba
rodesac Tqven iRebT socialur rols an emorCilebiT socialur normas, maSin
Tqven, garkveulwilad, iCenT konformulobas socialuri molodinebis mimarT.

825

konformuloba aris adamianebis tendencia, daeTanxmon jgufis wevrebis qcevebsa

da

Sexedulebebs.

gavleniTac

ratom

Tqven

axdenT

xarT

konformulebi?

socialuri

arsebobs

moTxovnebis

pirobebi,

ignorirebas

romelTa

da

iqceviT

damoukideblad? socialuri fsiqologebi ganixilaven ori tipis Zalas, romelsac

konformulobamde mivyavarT.

informaciuli gavlenis procesebi _ moTxovnileba, mocemul situaciaSi,
viyoT koreqtulebi da moviqceT swored.

normatiuli gavlenis procesebi gareSemyofTagan mowonebis, aRiarebis da
miRebis moTxovnileba.
qvemoT

aRvwerT

klasikur

eqsperimentebs,

romlebic

gavlenis

orive

tipis

sailustraciod gamodgeba.

informaciuli gavlena: m.Serifis

m.Serifis avtokinetikuri efeqti
mravali cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelSic Tqven qcevebTan dakavSirebuli
gadawyvetilebis
warmoidgineT,

miReba

rom

gixdebaT,

adamianebis

did

sakmaod
jgufTan

gaaurkvevelia.
erTad

MmagaliTad,

sadilobT

elegantur

restoranSi. magida TvalismomWreli sizustiT gawyobilia vercxlis dana-CangliT.

saidan

iciT,

romeli

Cangali

unda

ixmaroT,

rodesac

pirvel

Tav

saWmels

Semoitanen? Cveulebriv, Tqven, albaT, SexedavT wveulebis sxva wevrebs, raTa

saTanado arCevani gaakeToT. es aris informaciuli zegavlena.
muzafer Serifis (Muzafer Sherif, 1935) klasikuri eqsperimenti naTlad aCvenebs, Tu
rogor

SeuZlia

informaciul

zegavlenas

normis

kristalizacia

anu

formireba da gamyareba.
saidan viciT
informaciuli gavlena ayalibebs normebs
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT sinaTlis wertilis
moZraobis

odenoba,

romelic

realurad

ar

moZraobda,

magram

moZravad

aRiqmeboda sruliad bnel oTaxSi, vinaidan ar Canda aTvlis sxva wertilebi.

es aris aRqmis iluzia, romelic cnobilia avtokinetikuri efeqtis saxeliT.
individebis mier mocemuli Sefasebebi Zalian gansxvavebuli iyo. rodesac
cdis pirebi erT jgufad SeaerTes, romelTa Sorisac iyvnen ucnobebic,
romlebic xmamaRla msjelobdnen, Sefasebebi TandaTan erTmaneTs emTxveoda,

misi

826

anu individebis Sefasebebi sinaTlis wertilis moZraobis mimarTulebasa da

odenobasTan dakavSirebiT erTmaneTis msgavsi iyo. yvelaze saintereso ki is
iyo,

rom

rodesac

igive

monawileni

marto

darCnen

da

kvlav

sTxoves

Sefasebebis gakeTeba, maTi iseTive Sefasebebi moaxdines, rogoric jgufur

Sefasebebis pirobebSi.
Tu ki jgufSi normebi erTxel Camoyalibda, maT gaaCniaT ganmeorebis tendencia.
mogvianebiT Catarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom avtokinetikuri efeqtis es normebi
droSi mdgradi iyo erTi wlis Semdegac ki, rodesac monawilis gverdiT aRar
iyvnen

Zveli

jgufis

is

wevrebi,

romlebic

xmamaRla

gamoTqvamdnen

TavianT

Sefasebebs (Rohrer et al., 1954). Nnormebi gadaecema jgufis wevrebis erTi Taobidan
meores da adamianebis qcevaze gavlenas axdenen maSinac ki, rodesac ukve aRar
arsebobs jgufi, romelmac is SeimuSava (Insco et al., 1980). saidan viciT, rom normebs
SeiZleba (gaaCndeT) aseTi transgeneraciuli zegavlena hqondeT? avtokinetikuri
efeqtis Seswavlisas mkvlevarebi jgufis wevrebs TandaTanobiT cvlidnen axali
wevrebiT, manam, sanam ar moxdeboda maTi sruli ganaxleba. magram Sefasebis norma
igive rCeboda, maSinac ki, rodesac jgufis Semadgenloba mTlianad Secvlili iyo,
e.i. norma gadaecemoda axal Taobas (Jacobs& Campbell, 1961). atyobT, am eqsperimentis
Sedegebi

ramdenad

emsgavseba

realur

cxovrebaSi

momaval

Taobaze

normebis

gadacenis process?
konformuloba (Conformity) adamianebis tendencia, miiRon referentuli
jgufis sxva wevrebis qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence) jgufis efeqti, romelic
warmoiSoba

individis

survilis

icodes, rogor unda moiqces

normatuli

gavlena

safuZvelze,

iyos

koreqtuli,

swori

da

mocemul situaciaSi.

(Normative influence)

jgufis

efeqti,

romelic

warmoiSoba individis survilis safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowonebuli,

miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) jgufis wevrebis molodinebis
Tanxvedra, erToblivi msjelobis an aqtivobis pirobebSi.

normatuli gavlena: s. aSis efeqti

rogor

SeiZleba

imis

saukeTesod

demonstrireba,

rom

zogjer

adamianebi

konformulebi arian normatuli gavlenis gamo maTi survilis gamo, iyvnen

827

mowonebulni, miRebulni an aRiarebulni sxvebisgan? socialuri fsiqologiis erTerTma pirvelma Zalze mniSvnelovanma warmomadgenelma solomon aSma (Solomon Asch
1940,

1956)

Seqmna

situacia,

romelSic

eqsperimentis

monawileebi

daskvnas

akeTebdnen absoluturad gansazRvruli, naTeli fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone

pirobebSi,

Tumca,

gansxvavebulad

jgufis

xedavda.

wevrebis

kolejis

umetesoba

studenti

aRniSnavda,

vaJebsi

rom

daarwmunes,

realobas
rom

isini

monawileobas iRebdnen martivi vizualuri aRqmis kvlevaSi. maT aCvenes muyaos

baraTebi, romlebzec gamosaxuli iyo sami gansxvavebuli sigrZis xazi da sTxoves,
mieTiTebinaT, am samidan romeli xazi iyo standartuli xazis sigrZis (ix. nax.17.2).
xazebis sigrZe sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo erTmaneTisagan, ase rom, Secdomebs
naklebad hqonda adgili, amasTan, maTi SefardebiTi zoma yoveli axali seansis
dros icvleboda.
sur. 17.2 konformuloba s.aSis eqsperimentebSi

aSis eqsperimentis amsaxvel am fotoze Cans, rom gulubryvilo monawile #6

gaocebulia
gamoyenebuli

umravlesobis
tipiuri

mier

gakeTebuli

stimulebis

wyeba

mcdari

mocemulia

SefasebiT.
marcxena

eqsperinentSi

naxazze.

xolo

marjvena naxazze mocemuli mrudebi gamoxatavs konformulobas 12 kritikuli

cdis ganmavlobaSi, saidanac Cans martoxela

monawileebis Sedegebis Sedareba

winaswar SeTanxmebuli monawileebis Sedegebis SedegebTan, iseve rogorc

damoukidebloba

winaswar

SeTanxmebul

monawileebTan

SedarebiT.

maTi
swori

Sefasebebis dabali procenti gamoxatavs jgufis mcdari Sefasebebis mimarT

individis konformulobis maRal xarisxs.
saidan viciT

828

xazebis sigrZis iluzoruli aRqma?

eqsperimentis monawileni dasves naxevarwred, eqvsidan rvamde sxva
adamianTan erTad. monawileTaTvis es sruliad ucnobi adamianebi
eqsperimentis Tanamonawileebi iyvnen da moqmedebdnen eqsperimentatoris
mier winaswar
winaswar SemuSavebuli scenaris Sesabamisad. eqsperimentis pirveli
sami cdis ganmavlobaSi wreSi msxdomTagan yvela eTanxmeboda TiToeul
gamoTqmul swor Sedarebas. SemdegSi, meoTxe seansis dros ki pirvelma
Tanamonawilem ori xazi erTmaneTis tolad gamoacxada, Tumca, sruliad
cxadi iyo maT Soris gansxvaveba. aseve moiqca jgufis yvela sxva wevric
cdis piris garda. am students unda gadaewyvita, daTanxmeboda jgufis
danarCeni wevrebis azrs da yofiliyo konformuli, Tu darCeniliyo
damoukidebeli da mtkiced daecva is, rasac xedavda.
xedavda. 18 cdidan 12 cdaSi es
gulubryvilo studenti aseTi dilemis winaSe idga. cdis pirebi
gamoxatavdnen undoblobis niSnebsa da aSkara diskomforts, rodesac
upirispirdebodnen umravlesobas, romelic ase gansxvavebulad aRiqvamda
samyaros. ra unda eqnaT?
monawileTa
monawileTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi darCa sruliad damoukidebeli maT
50--80% (kvlevis
arasdros ar gamoumJRavnebiaT konformizmi. MmonawileTa 50
programis sxvadasxva stadiebze) erTxel mainc daeTanxma umravlesobis
yalb Sefasebebs maSin, rodesac monawileTa mesamedi umravlesobis
umravlesobis araswor
Sefasebebs daeTanxma kritikul cdaTa naxevar an met SemTxvevaSi.
s.

aSi

im

umravlesobas,

monawileebs,
uwodebs

romlebic

umetes

dezorientirebulebs

SemTxvevebSi
da

eWviT

eTanxmebodnen

marTulebs.

is

gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom adamianTa es kategoria ganicdida Zalze mZlavr

impulss, rom ar gamoCeniliyo umravlesobisgan gansxvavebulad (1952, gv. 396).
isini vinc daTmobaze wavidnen, xazs usvamdnen socialur zewolas da TavianT
konformulobas,

zogierTebi

ki

imasac

amtkicebdnen,

rom

xazebis

sigrZeSi

gansxvavebis miuxedavad, maT tolebad aRiqvamdnen.

sxva

kvlevebSi

aSi

axdenda

Semdegi

sami

faqtoris

varirebas:

ucnobi

umravlesobis sidide, iseTi monawileebis daswreba, romelic ar eTanxmebodnen

umravlesobas da fizikuri stimulebis Sedarebasa da umravlesobis pozicias
Soris

gansvlis

sidide.

man

aRmoaCina,

rom

mdgradi

konformulobis

efeqti

829

miiRweva maSin, rodesac ucnobi umravlesoba Sedgeba mxolod 3-5 adamianisagan.

MmaSin ki, rodesac gulubryvilo cdis pirs misces erTi mokavSire, romelic win
aRudga umravlesobis Tvalsazriss, konformulobis efeqti mkveTrad Semcirda,
rogorc es Cans 17.2 suraTidan. TanamoazresTan erTad gulubryvilo cdis pirs,
rogorc wesi, Seswevda unari, winaaRmdegoba gaewia zewolisTvis da ar dahyoloda
umravlesobas.

rogorc

mosalodneli

iyo,

umravlesobisgan

damoukidebloba

izrdeboda im SemTxvevaSic, rac ufro didi iyo winaaRmdegoba jgufis romelime

erT

wevrsa

da

jgufis

sxva

wevrebs

Soris.

sagulisxmoa,

rom

individebis

garkveuli raodenoba agrZelebs jgufisadmi damorCilebas maSinac ki, rodesac

xazebis sigrZeebs Soris sxvaoba maqsimalurad izrdeboda. (Ash, 1955,1956).
rogor unda gavigoT es Sedegebi? s. aSi Tavadac gakvirvebuli darCa im
xarisxiT, romliTac adamianebi ar iCendnen konformulobas (Friend et al., 1990).

is

Tavis kvlevebs ganixilavda, rogorc damoukideblobis kvlevebs. faqtobrivad,

monawileTa pasuxebis ori mesamedi swori da arakonformuli iyo. Tumca, s.aSis
eqsperimentebis
mesamedze
mcdaria

aRwerebis

keTdeba.
da

ar

am
eweva

umravlesobaSi

eqsperimentebis
angariSi

im

xazzgasma

garSemo
faqts,

swored

gakeTebul
rom

konformul
angariSebi

eqsperimentis

erT

xSirad

monawileebi

gansxvavebulni iyvnen. im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic arasdros iqceodnen

konformulad, daaxloebiT 25%, toli iyo im adamianebis raodenobisa, romlebic
yovelTvis an TiTqmis yovelTvis axorcielebdnen konformul qcevas.
amdenad, s.aSis eqspetebi gvaZlevs or damatebiT gakveTils: erTis mxriv, Cven
vxedavT, rom adamianebi mTlianad ar eqcevian normatiuli gavlenis qveS da
umravles

SemTxvevaSi

icaven

TavianT

damoukideblobas

(zogierTebi

ki

yovelTvis). Mmeore mxriv, Cven vnaxeT, rom adamianebi zogjer konformulebic

arian,

umravles

SemTxvevaSi

araorazrovan

situaciebSic

ki.

konformulobis

SesaZlebloba aris adamianis bunebis mniSvnelovani elementi.

konformuloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi konformulobis mravali SemTxveva asaxavs normatuli
da

informaciuli

zegavlenis

kombinaciebs:

miRebis, mowonebisa

da

aRiarebis

survili ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom saTanado ganwyobebisa da swori qcevis Sesaxeb

informaciis mosaZieb;ad mimarTon konkretul referentul jgufs. ganvixiloT
erTi eqsperimentuli magaliTi.

830

saidan viciT
konformulobis mcdeloba
texasis

universitetis

A&M

damokidebulebebis
umravlesoba.

Sesaxeb,

magaliTad,

studentebs

rasac

maT

miewodaT

amJRavnebda

uTxres,

rom

informacia

maTi

studentebi

im

Tanatolebis
sruliad

ar

eTamxmebian debulebas: "ar gavamarTlebdi megobars, romelmac aralegaluri

wamlebi

miiRo"

(sinamdvileSi,

studentebis

umravlesoba

sruliad

eTanxmeboda am debulebas). eqsperimentSi monawile studentTa umravlesobas

sTxoves am debulebis interpretireba. ras niSnavda me ar gavamarTlebdi.
es niSnavda, rom isini ar Seurigdebian narkotikis gamoyenebas Tu imas, rom
isini Sewyveten masTan megobrobas? amis Semdeg eqsperimentis monawileebs
sTxovdnen,

daefiqsirebinaT

TavianTi

damokidebuleba

debulebis

mimarT.

studentebis pasuxebis paternebi, umeteswilad, damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu

ramdenad

Zlierad

studentobasTan.

aigivebdnen

Zlieri

debulebisTvis iseTi

isini

Tavs

identifikaciis

xsenebuli

jgufis

interpretacia gaekeTebinaT,

universitetis

wevrebma

scades

am

romelic maT saSualebas

miscemda, ar eRalataT universitetis studentTa normebisaTvis. anu maTi

interpretacia
TavianTi

iyo

mkacri

megobrobis

Sewyvetis

damokidebulebebi.

im

mimarTulebiT
studentebma

da
ki,

gamoxates
romlebic

amJRavnebdnen A&M-is studentebTan dabal identifikacias, ar gamoamJRavnes

aseTi dramatuli damokidebuleba im

mosazrebis mimarT, romelsac maTi

azriT iziarebda A&M-is yoveli saSualo studenti (Wood et al.,1996).

am situaciaSi
situaciaSi studentebs, romlebisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo, rom yofiliyvnen
sxva studentebis msgavsni, miiRes informacia, romelic maT amxanagebTan
winaaRmdegobaSi ar moiyvanda. normatiulma procesebma ubiZga maT sakiTxis
interpretaciis imgvarad rekonstruqciisken, rom mocemuli informacia maTi
mxoflmxedvelobis Sesatyvisic yofiliyo. am kvlevidan Cans, rom Cven im
SemTxvevaSi ganvicdiT ufro Zlier informaciul zemoqmedebas, rodesac
informaciis wyaro CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze?

831

Tu Tqven odesme gicdiaT gadawyvetileba migeRoT, rogorc jgufis wevrs,

maSin

gecodinebaT,

rom

es

sakmaod

sawvalebeli

saqmea.

magaliTad,

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven axlaxan megibrebTan erTad naxeT filmi. Tumca

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven is mogewonaT, garCevis Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom
azri SegecvalaT da daeTanxmeT azrs, rom filmi aris warmoudgenlad
susti. tipiuria Tu ara azris aseTi cvlileba jgufuri garCevis Semdeg?
nuTu

jgufis

Sefasebebi

yovelTvis

gansxvavebulia

individebis

Sefasebebisagan? socialurma fsiqologebma aCvenes, rom arsebobs ori Zala,

romelic moqmedebs MmaSin, rodesac jgufi iRebs gadawyvetilebas; esenia:

jgufuri polarizacia da jgufuri azrovneba.

zemoT aRwerili SemTxveva aris jgufuri polarizaciis magaliTi: jgufma
gamoavlina iseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis tendencia, romelic ufro metad
ukiduresia, vidre iqneboda jgufis wevrebis mier cal-calke, erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. davuSvaT, jgufis TiToeul wevrs
sTxoveT filmisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoTqma. amis Semdeg, jgufis
msgavsad, Tqvenc eTanxmebiT erTaderT misaReb Sefasebas, romelic asaxavs
mTeli jgufis damokidebulebas. Tu jgufis Sefaseba ufro ukiduresia, vidre
calkeuli

wevrebis

Sefasebebis

saSualo,

maSin

es

iqneba

polarizaciis

SemTxveva. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria jgufis wevrebis sawyisi tendencia gamoTqvan frTxili an riskiani Sefasebebi jgufuri polarizaciis procesi
maT waiyvans meti sifrTxilis an meti riskis demonstrirebis mimarTulebiT.
mkvlevarebma gamoTqves mosazreba, rom jgufuri polarizacias safuZvlad
udevs

ori

tipis

procesi:

informacia-gavlenis

modeli

da

socialuri

Sedarebis modeli (Liu & Lataane 1998). informacia-gavlenis modelis mixedviT,

jgufis wevrebs sxvadasxva informacia SeaqvT gadawyvetilebaSi. Tu Tqven da
Tqvens

megobrebs

mcire,

magram

gansxvavebuli

mizezebi

gagaCniaT,

rom

daiwunoT filmi, maSin am mizezebis erTad Tavmoyra gamoiwvevs imas, rom

saboloo jamSi yvelani erTad Zalian daiwunebT mas.
socialuri Sedarebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom jgufis wevrebi cdiloben,
miizidon Tanatolebi
Tanatolebi imiT, rom jgufis idealebs warmoadgenen ufro
eqstremalurad, vidre es realuradaa. amgvarad, Tu Tqven TvliT, rom es
filmi aravis moewona, SegiZliaT SeecadoT, Tavi warmoadginoT

832

gansakuTrebiT gamWriax pirovnebad da gamoTqvaT ukiduresad uaryofiTi

Sexeduleba. Tu
Tu jgufis yvela wevri Seecdeba am gziT daafiqsiros jgufis
saerTo Sefaseba, Sedegad aucileblad miviRebT polarizacias.
jgufis polarizacia warmoadgens azrovnebis zogadi paternis _ jgufuri

azrovnebis _ erT-erT Sedegs,. irvin jenisma (Irving Janis, 1982) termini jgufuri
azrovneba gansazRvra, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi myofi jgufisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tendencia, konsensusis misaRwevad arasasurveli informaciis
gacxrilvisa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is Tanxvdeba lideris
mosazrebas.
i. jenisis jgufuri
jgufuri azrovnebis Teoria aRmocenda maSin, rodesac is
cdilobda gaeanalizebina iseTi istoriuli movlena, rogoric iyo amerikis
SesaZlo SeWra kubaSi 1960 wels. am SeWraze Tanxmoba prezidentma kenedim
misca mas Semdeg, rac man Caatara kabinetis sxdoma, romelzec SeWris
SeWris momxre
mrCevelebma minimumamde daiyvanes da daTrgunes sawinaaRmdego mosazreba. am
movlenis analizidan jenisma gamokveTa jgufuri aqtivobis mTeli rigi
maxasiaTeblebisa, romelmac, misi azriT, ganapiroba jgufis wevrebis
damorCileba jgufuri azrovnebisadmi. man
man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom,
magaliTad, jgufebi, romlebic Zlieri SeWidulobiT xasiaTdebian, emijnebian
ra eqspertebs da operireben lideris uSualo miTiTebebiT, miiReben jguguri
azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel gadawyvetilebebs. sxva mkvlevarebma jenisis
ideebis Semowmeba scades rogorc Semdgomi istoriuli movlenebis analizis,
aseve laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis saSualebiT (Esser,1998).
,1998). am kvlevebma
(
aCvena, rom jgufebi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladni arian jgufuri azris mimarT
maSin, rodesac axdenen koleqtiuri survilis _ mTeli
mTeli jgufisTavis misaRebi
dadebiTi mosazrebis SenarCunebis _ realizebas (Turner
(
& Praatkanis,, 1998).
jgufis wevrebs unda esmodeT, rom uTanxmoeba xSirad aumjobesebs jgufur
gadawyvetilebas, Tumca, is, SesaZloa amcirebdes jgufis pozitiur
TviTSefaseba. maSinac ki, rodesac is, erTi SexedviT, Sorsaa jgufis
pozitiuri grZnobisgan. SemdgomSi, rodesac CaerTvebiT jgufur RonisZiebaSi,
yuradReba gaamaxvileT, raTa SeZloT aRniSnuli procesebis SemCneva.
jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) jgufis tendencia, miiRos
miiRos iseTi

833

gadawyvetileba,

romelic

aris

ufro

eqstremaluri,

vidre

is

gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac calcal-calke miiRebdnen igive jgufis wevrebi.

jgufuri

azrovneba

(Groupthink)

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi

jgufis

tendencia, gafiltros arasasurveli monacemebi ise, rom miRweuli iqnas

konsensusi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is Seesabameba lideris Tvalsazriss.

umciresobis gavlena da nonkonformizmi

vinaidan umravlesobas miniWebuli aqvs resursebisa da informaciis kontrolis
SesaZlebloba, gasakviri araa, rom adamianebi regularulad konformulebi arian
maT mimarT. amasTan, isic

cnobilia, rom zogjer adamianebi mtkiced icaven

sakuTar Sexedulebebs. rogor xdeba es? rogor xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavs aRweven
jgufis

gavlenas

(aranormatiuli)?
Semoabrunos

da,

saerTod,

arsebobs

umravlesoba

rogor

raime
da

aris

pirobebi,

Seqmnas

axali

SesaZlebeli
sadac

raime

umciresobs

normebi?

rodesac

siaxle
SeuZlia,

amerikeli

mkvlevarebi koncentrirebulni iyvnen konformulobis kvlevebze, nawilobriv, imis

gamo,

rom

konformizmi

dakavSirebulia

demokratiul

procesebTan,

zogierTi

evropeli socialuri fsiqologi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda umciresobis

mier

umravlesobis

Secvlis

unars.

frangi

mkvlevari

serJ

moskoviCi

(Serge

Mosscovici) pirveli iyo imaT Soris, vinc umciresobis gavlenebis kvlevebi daiwyo.
saidan viciT
umciresobis Senelebuli zegavlena
erTerT-erT eqsperimentSi, romelSic monawileebs daurigdaT feradi
baraTebi TxovniT, mieTiTebinaT feri, umetesobam sworad gansazRvra is.
Tumca eqsperimentatoris ori Tanamonawile mwvaneze miuTiTebda, rogorc
cisferze. uryevi umciresobis
umciresobis poziciam Tavidan zegavlena ar moaxdina
umravlesobaze, magram SemdgomSi, eqsperimentis zogierTi monawile mwvane
feris Sefasebisas TandaTan cisfriken gadainacvla (Moscovici, 1976; Mosciovici
& Faucheux,1972)..

834

amdenad,

umciresobis

uryevma

Sexedulebebma,

bolos

da

bolos,

SesaZloa

safuZveli gamoacalos umravlesobis siZlieres (Moscovici, 1980, 1985).

es efeqtebi SegiZliaT, gaiazroT normatiul

da informaciul

zegavlenas

Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelzec ukve mogaxseneT. (Wood et

al.,1994). umciresobis jgufebs SedarebiT naklebi normatiuli gavlena aqvT, radgan
umravlesobis wevrebs, Cveulebriv, naklebad awuxebT, iqnebian Tu ara mowonebulni
an miRebulni umciresobis wevrebis mier. meore mxriv, umciresobis jgufebs mainc
gaaCniaT informaciuli zegavlena umravlesobaze. kerZod, maT ZaluZT, ubiZgon
umravlesobas sadao sakiTxis sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganxilvisken (Peterson& Nemeth,
samwuxarod,

1996).
aZlevs

informaciuli

SesaZleblobas,

daZlios

zegavlenis

es

umravlesobis

unari

umciresobas

warmomadgenelTa

iSviaTad

survili

ar

gaiTvaliswinon normisagan gadaxrili da SeuTanxmebeli Sexedulebebi (Wood, 2000).

sazogadoebaSi, adamianebis umravlesoba cdilobs, warmoCindes, rogorc status
quo-s

damcveli.

Cveulebriv,

umciresobis wevrebisa da im

siaxleebis

da

cvlilebebis

moTxovna

modis

pirebisagan, romlebsac imedi gaucruvdaT arsebul

sistemis mimarT an unari SeswevT axleburad gaiazron sakiTxi da moiazron

mimdinare

problemis

dafuZnebuli

gaadaWris

umravlesobis

alternatiuli

Sexedulebebsa

da

gzebi.

konfliqti

disidenturi

myarad

umciresobis

perspeqtivebs Soris: umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa im inovaciebisaTvis, romlebsac

dadebiTi socialuri Zvrebi mohyveba.
situaciis Zala: mxilebani faruli kameriT
socialurma

fsiqologebma

scades

socialuri

normebisa

da

socialuri

situaciebis Zalis demonstrireba iseTi eqsperimentebiT, romlebic aaSkaraveben,

Tu

ramdenad

iolad

SeiZleba

sazriani,

damoukidebeli,

racionaluri

da

sasiamovno adamianebis iseTi qcevis ganxorcielebamde miyvana, romelic Zalian

Sors iqneba optimalurisagan. Cven ukve vnaxeT socialuri situaciis gavlenis
iseTi saxe, rogoricaa socialuri roli, rogor aqcevs is Cveulebriv students
cixis agresiul zedamxedvelad. igive principis demonstrireba SeiZleba ubrali
xumrobis saSualebiTac. faruli kameris scenarebiT, romelic kargi intuiciis
mqone socialurma fsiqologma alan fantma Seqmna da ukve TiTqmis 50 welia, rac
gamoiyeneba. fantma aCvena, Tu rogor zustad misdevs adamianis buneba socialur
scenars. misi gadacemebis milionobiT telemayurebeli gulianad icinis, rodesac

835

uyurebs,

rom

rogorc

ki

adamiani,

ainTeba

romelic

abra

hamburgers

warweriT

"ar

miirTmevs,

WamoT";

rogor

rogor

wyvets

Cerdebian

Wamas,

adamianebi

SuqniSnis wiTel ferze, romelic inTeba fexiT mosiaruleTaTvis gankuTvnil

quCaze;

rodesac

sagzao

niSnis

avtomagistralze
delaveri

moZraobisas

daketilia

mZRolebi

danaxvisas

da

abruneben

rodesac

manqanebs

momxmareblebi

mxolod TeTr filebze dadian administraciis gancxadebis Sesabamisad, romlis

Tanaxmadac, Sav filebze siaruli akrZalulia. faruli kameris efeqtis erT-erT
saukeTeso ilustraciad iTvleba situaciuri qcevis makontrolirebeli Zalze
daxvewili wesi, e.w. oinebi liftSi. rodesac adamiani mgzavrobs liftiT, is
Tavdapirvelad emorCileba im dauwerel kanons, rom idges saxiT karisaken, magram
rodesac

danarCeni

mgzavrebi

dgebian

karisken

zurgiT, sacodavi

msxverplic

mihyveba axlad aRmocenebul normas da isic zurgs aqcevs Semosasvlels.

cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, minimaluri socialuri pirobebic ki sakmarisia,
raTa

gamoavlindes

Cveulebrivi

adamianebis

uCveulo

qcevebi.

Tqven

iciT,

gageRimaT imaze Tu Tqvenive msgavsi adamianebi maTTvis Cveuli situaciebis mcire

modifikaciis SemTxvevaSic ki ramdenad sulelurad iqcevian. Tqven impliciturad
emijnebiT maT, varaudobT ra, rom Tqven ase ar moiqceodiT. magram, am saxis
socialur

fsiqologiuri

kvlevebi

aCvenebs,

rom

savaraudod,

analogiur

SemTxvevebSi, Tqvenc iseve moiqceodiT, rogorc sxvebi. poeti jon doni werda:
aravin

aris

adamianebi

kunZuli,

yoveli

adamiani

urTierTdakavSirebulni

arian

erTi

mTliani

saziaro

kontinentis

situaciebiT,

nawilia.

normebiTa

da

wesebiT. SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor moiqceodiT iseT situaciaSi, sadac adamianebi

iqcevian borotad/cudad, sulelurad an iracionalurad, brZnuli pasuxi, albaT,
iqneba: ar vici, es

damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad

Zlieri

iqneba

situacia.
Cven mivediT seriozul daskvnamde, rom situaciebi arsebiT rols asruleben
adaminis

qcevis

determinaciaSi.

albaT,

Tqvenc

SegiZliaT,

gaixsenoT

cxovrebiseuli situaciebi, romelSic gaacnobiereT, rom Tqven da Tqveni megobari

ar eTanxmebiT erTmaneTs imis Taobaze, Tu rasTan gqondaT saqme. momdevno TavSi
Cven ganvixilavT mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva adamianebi erTi da imave
situaciis interpretacias sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen.
Sejameba

836

socialur situaciebi xSirad eqceva socialuri fsiqologebis yuradRebis

centrSi,

rogorc

eqsperimentma

qcevis

aCvena.

Tu

mniSvnelovan
rogori

determinantebs.

dramatuli

stanfordis

zegavlenis

moxdena

cixis
SeuZlia

socialur rolebs adamianis qcevaze. socialuri normebi gansazRvravs sasurvel

damokidebulebebsa da qcevebs. jgufuri gavlenis ori tipi aiZulebs adamianebs,
iyvnen konformulebi: informaciuli gavlena da normatuli gavlena. rogorc Cans
umciresoba umravlesobis Sexedulebebze gavlenas ufro informaciuli gavlenis
gziT axdens.
socialuri realobis konstruireba
warmoidgineT, rom unda gadakveToT studenturi qalaqis teritoria megobarTan
erTad,

romelic

ar

icnobs

fsiqologiis

Sesaval

kurss.

Tqven

xvdebiT

policiels, romelic uyviris students. Tqveni megobari ambobs: es policieli ar

unda iyos aseTi uxeSi, magram Tqven ki TqvenTvis fiqrobT: amgvarad moqcevas mas
aiZulebs misi roli. amrigad, Tqven da Tqveni megobari erTi da igive movlenas
uyurebT, magram mas sruliad sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias aZlevT. ai, swored
amas

vuwodebT

socialuri realobis konstruirebas. Tqven gamoiyeneT Tqveni

codna da gamocdileba, raTa masze dayrdnobiT mogexdinaT situaciis ganmarteba.

Tqven aageT socialuri realoba imiT, rom moaxdineT movlenis kogniturad da
emociurad reprezentireba.
modiT, moviSvelioT socialuri fsiqologiis klasikuri magaliTi, romelSic
Sexedlebebi

ubiZgebs

adamianebs,

momgebiani poziciidan dainaxon da

Taobaze,

Tu

Catarebul

ra

moxda

amerikuli

rom

da

igive

situacia

sxvadassxva

urTierTsapirispiro daskvnebi gaakeTon imis

sinamdvileSi.

fexburTis

erTi

matCs

kvleva
ligis

exeboda
or

ramdenime

gunds

Soris.

wlis

win

prinstonis

daumarcxebeli gundi sezonis ukanasknel matCs eTamaSeboda dartmuTis gunds.

TamaSi, romelSic prinstonis gundma gaimarjva, ormxrivad uxeSi iyo, mravali
sajarimoebiTa da seriozuli travmebiT. TamaSis Semdeg orive skolis gazeTma
mkiTxvels SesTavaza Zalze gansxvavebuli versiebi imisa, Tu ra moxda TamaSis
dros.
saidan viciT
SegviZlia ki rodesme vTqvaT, ra moxda sinamdvileSi?

837

socialuri fsiqologebis jgufma, romelic dainteresda im SefasebebiT,

romlebic studentur gazeTebSi iyo mocemuli, studentebs aCvena matCis
Canaweri da sTxova SeefasebinaT orive gundis mier ganxorcielebuli
darRvevebis

raodenoba.

TiTqmis

yvela

prinstonelma,

TamaSi

Seafasa,

rogorc uxeSi da binZuri. aravis Seufasebia is "sufTa da patiosan

TamaSad da umetesoba darwmunebuli iyo, rom es dartmuteli moTamaSeebis
brali

iyo.

amis

sapirispirod,

dartmuTeli

studentebis

umravlesobam

CaTvala, rom uxeS TamaSSi orive mxare Tanabrad iyo damnaSave da rom
TamaSi

iyo

prinstonelma

"uxeSi,

sufTa

studentebma

da

lamazi".

dainaxes,

rom

metic,

Canaweris

mowinaaRmdegem

naxvisas

orjer

meti

jarima miiRo, vidre maTma gundma, xolo dartmuTelma studentebma igive

Canaweris naxvisas dainaxes, rom jarimebis raodenoba Tanabari iyo (Hastorf
&Cantril, 1954).
gamokvlevam

cxadyo,

rom

socialuri

movlenis

situaciebi

mniSvnelovnebas

SeuZlebelia

obieqturad
iZenen

da

fexburTis

matCisnairi

moukerZoeblad

maSin,

rodesac

ganxilva.

rTuli

socialuri

seleqciurad

mayurebeli

aRiqvams imas, Tu ra moxda, imis Sesabamisad Tu ris danaxvas elodda an undoda..

fexburTis matCis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi erTi da igive aqtivobas uyurebdnen,
magram xedavdnen or gansxvavebul TamaSs.
imis

asaxsnelad,

gulSematkivrebi

Tu

esoden

rogor

mividnen

gansxvavebul

prinstoneli

interpretaciebamde,

da

dartmuTeli

mivubrundeT

aRqmis

sakiTxs. gavixsenoT me_5-e Tavi, sadac Tqven xSir SemTxvevaSi unda migemarTaT
codnisTvis,

rom

SemdegSi

mogexdinaT

gaurkveveli

perceptuli

obieqtebis

interpretacia. igive principi moqmedebs fexburTis matCis ganxilvis drosac:

adamianebi

iyeneben

interpretirebisaTvis,

warsulSi
magram

SeZenil

perceptuli

codnas
procesebis

mimdinare
obieqtad

movlenebis
adamianebi

da

situaciebi gvevlinebian. socialuri percepcia aris procesi, romliTac adamianebi

sxvTa

qcevebis

gagebasa

da

kategorizebas

axdenen.

am

paragrafSi

farTod

mimovixilavT socialuri percepciis or sakiTxs. pirvel rigSi, Cven ganvixilavT,

Tu

rogor

afaseben

adamianebi

im

Zalebs,

romlebic

gavlenas

axdenen

sxva

adamianebis qcevebze, maT kauzalur atribuciebs. Semdeg ki ganvixilavT, Tu rogor

xdeba, rom zogjer, socialuri percepcia emTxveva Cvens molodinebs.

838

atribuciis Teoriis warmoSoba

socialuri aRqmisas, yoveli adamianis winaSe mdgomi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
amocana aris socialuri movlenebis mizezebis dadgena. Tqven gsurT icodeT
cxovrebiseuli

movlenebis

mizezebi.

ratom

Sewyvita

Cemma

megobarma

gogonam

CemTan urTierToba? ratom miiRo samuSao man da ver miviRe me? ratom gaiyarnen
Cemi mSoblebi mravalwliani erTad cxovrebis
mivyavarT garkveuli moqmedebis,

movlenisa

Semdeg? yovel aseT kiTxvas

Tu Sedegis

SesaZlo

mizezobrivi

determinantebis analizamde. atribuciis Teoria aris zogadi midgoma, romelic

aRwers informaciis gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs socialuri aRmqmeli
mizezobrivi axsnisas.
atribuciis Teoria dasabams iRebs fric haideris (Fritz Heider) Sromebidan (1958).
f. haideri amtkicebda, rom adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi garkvevis mcdelobis
erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani

nawili

aris

is,

rom

isini

ganuwyvetliv

axdenen

socialuri movlenebis mizezobriv analizs. is Tvlida, rom yoveli adamiani

intuituri fsiqologia, romlic cdilobs, gaerkves adamianis bunebaSi, sakuTari

qcevebis mizezebSi, iseve, rogorc amas profesionali fsiqologi akeTebs. haideri
Tvlida, rom atribuciuli analizis ZiriTadi sakiTxi aris is rom gaarkvios Tu
ra iwvevs qcevas, sad aris misi mizezebi, pirovnebaSi (Sinagani anu dispoziciuri
kauzaloba) Tu situaciaSi (garegani anu situaciuri kauzaloba) da vin aris mis
Sedegebze pasuxismgebeli. rogor axdenen adamianebi aseT Sefasebebs?
harold kelim (Harold
Kelley 1967) moaxdina haideris mosazrebebis formalizeba _
(
gamoyo

cvladebi,

romlebsac

adamianebi

iyeneben

atribuciuli

daskvnebis

gakeTebisas. kelis ekuTvnis mniSvnelovani dakvirveba, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad

gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi axdenen kauzalur atribucias. Tqven iSviaTad gaqvT

sakmarisi

informacia

imis

Taobaze,

Tu

ratom

moiqca

adamiani

ase

da

ara

sxvanairad. keli fiqrobda, rom adamianebi winaaRmdegobas uweven gaurkvevlobas

imiT, rom agroveben informacias sxvadasxva movlenebidan da iyeneben kovariaciis

princips. kelis azriT, adamianebi gaurkvevlobas mravali movlenidan informaciis

dagrovebiTa da kovariaciis principis gamoyenebiT ewinaaRmdegebian. kovariaciis
principis

Tanaxmad,

adamianebi

garkveuli

mizezobrivi

faqtoris

dakavSirebas

axdendnen qcevasTan, Tu es faqtori yovelTvis arsebobda qcevasTan erTad, magram

arasdros ar arsebobda maSin, rodesac adgili ar hqonda qcevas. magaliTad,

839

warmoidgineT, rom seirnobT quCaSi da xedavT megobars, romelic

yviriliT

migiTiTebT cxenze. ris safuZvelze daaskvnidiT, rom is an gagiJda (dispoziciuri

atribucia) an rom xifaTi realuria (situaciuri atribucia)?
h.keli

gvTavazobs

kovariaciis

mosazrebas,

Sefasebebis

rom

adamianebi

safuZvelze

aseT

informaciis

daskvnebebs
sami

akeTeben

ganzomilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic Seexeba im adamians, romlis qcevis axsnasac isini

cdiloben. es ganzomilebebia: garkveuloba (distinctiveness, ganmasxvavebeli Zala),
konsistenturoba (consistency) da konsensusi (consensus).
garkveuloba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia qceva mocemuli
situaciisaTvis Tqveni megobari yovelTvis yviris cxenebis danaxvaze?
konsistenturoba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad meordeba qceva

mocemuli

situaciaSi - adrec uyviria Tu ara Tqvens megobars cxenis danaxvaze?

konsensusi miuTiTebs imaze Tu sxva adamianebic analogiurad iqcevian igive
situaciaSi Tu ara _ yvela adamiani cxenis danaxvaze xels iSvers misken da
yvirils iwyebs?
informaciis es samive ganzomileba garkveul rols asrulebs im dakvnebSi,
romlebsac

Tqven

erTaderTi

iyo,

akeTebT.
vinc

magaliTad,

yviroda.

warmoidgineT,

savaraudod

rogori

rom

Tqveni

megobari

atribuciuli

daskvnas

gaakeTebdiT, dispoziciurs Tu situaciurs?

f. haiderisa da h. kelis soliduri fundamenturi kvlevebis daxvewisa da
gavrcobis

mizniT

aTasobiT

kvleva Catarda

(Fiske &Taylor 1991). am

kvlevebis

umravlesoba exeba im pirobebis Seswavlas, romelSic atribucia gamomdinareobs,

Sesabamis informaciis Ziebidan. Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT im SemTxvevebis oTxi
tipi, romelsic Tqvens atribuciul daskvnaSi SesaZloa mikerZoeba Seiparos.

atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma

840

davuSvaT,

Tqven

megobars

saaTze

Sexvedraze

SeuTanxmdiT.

axla

rvis

naxevaria da Tqveni megobari jer ar mosula. rogor axsnidiT am faqts?

me darwmunebuli var, rom moxda raRac Zalian mniSvnelovani, ris gamoc man
ver SesZlo droze mosvla.
ra nelia. ar SeuZlia cota auCqaros?
Cven kvlav warmogidgineT arCevani dispoziciur da situaciur atribuciebs
Soris. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebi, saSualod, ufro meore tipis

dispoziciuri atribuciisken - arian midrekilni (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). es tendencia,

faqtobrivad, imdenad Zlieria, rom socialurma fsiqologma li rosma (Lee
Ross,
(
1977) mas atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma uwoda.
socialuri

aRqma/percepcia

(Social perception)

procesebi,

romelTa

safuZvelzec adamianebi igeben an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis pirovnul

atributebs.
atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) socialur-kognituri Teoria,
romelic

aRwers

informaciis

gamoyenebis

gzebs,

romelsac

iyenebs

socialuri aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.

kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) Teoria, romelic amtkicebs,
rom adamianebi qcevisa da misi mizezis dakavSirebas axdenen principiT: Tu
arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac da, piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es
mizezi ar iarsebebs qcevac.
atribuciis
ormxriv

fundamenturi

tendencias,

Secdoma

konkretuli

(afS),

qcevis

an

warmoadgens
misi

adamianebSi

Sedegis

mizezis

arsebul
Ziebisas,

gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebi (dadanaSauleba an ndoba) da saTanadod ar

Seafason situaciuri faqtorebi (garemo faqtorebis dadanaSauleba an ndoba).
ganvixiloT afS-s laboratoriuli kvlevis magaliTi. l. rossma da misma
kolegebma (1977) Seqmnes saxumaro TamaSis Collage Bowl-is eqsperimentuli versia,
romelSic

eqsperimentis

monawileni,

monetis

Sejibris monawileebad da kiTxvebis damsmelebad.

sur. 17.3.
saidan viciT

agdebis

safuZvelze,

iyofodnen

841

monetis agdeba qmnis codnis unarianobas

kiTxvis

damsmels

instruqcia

eZleoda,

daesva

gamomwvevi

kiTxvebi,

romlebze pasuxic man winaswar icoda. Sejibris monawile konkurenti

cdilobda, pasuxi gaeca SekiTxvebze, Tumca, xSirad uSedegod. TamaSis
bolos kiTxvis damsmelebma, Sejibris monawileebma da damkvirveblebma
(sxva

monawileebi,

romlebic

uyurebdnen

TamaSs)

Seafases

TamaSis

monawileTa orive mxaris codna. kvlevis Sedegebi asaxulia 17.3 suraTze.

rogorc

xedavT,

kiTxvis

damsmelebs

eCvenebaT,

rom

maT

da

Sejibris

monawileebma, codnis saSualo done gamoavlines maSin, roca Sejibris

monawileebma da damkvirveblebma kiTxvebis damsmelebis codna saSualoze
metad Seafases, vidre Sejibris monawileebisa. TviT monawileni sakuTar
codnas xSirad saSualoze ufro naklebadac ki afasebdnen.
rogor

mogwonT?

TavisTavad

upiratesobas

aniWebda

yofiliyaviT?).

da

xels

(gana

naTelia,
Tqvenc

uwyobda

ar

maT,

rom

situacia

isurvebdiT

gonebamaxvilad

kiTxvis

damsmels

kiTxvebis

damsmeli

gamoCeniliyvnen,

rasac

ugulebelyofdnen Sejibris monawileni da damkvirveblebi TavianT SefasebebSi.

swored es aris atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma.
atribuciis

fundamenturi

Secdoma

(Fundamental

attribution

error)

damkvirveblebis ormagi tendencia, daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli

da gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli adamianis qcevaSi.
SesaZloa, Tqven TviTon ipovoT afS-s magaliTebi, magram es yovelTvis ara aris
advili. es yovelTvis moiTxovs garkveeul mokvlevas imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT
qcevis situaciuri safuZvlebsi. situaciuri Zalebis gavlena qcevaze xSirad
SeumCenelia. MmagaliTad, Tqven ver xedavT situaciur normebs. Tqven xedavT
mxolod qcevebs, romelTac es normebi ganapirobebs. risi gakeTeba SeiZleba, rom
Tavidan

aiciloT

afS?

kerZod,

im

situaciaSi,

rodesac

aketebT

negatiur

dispoziciur atribucias, (ra nelia), Tqven unda daixioT ukan da hkiTxoT

sakuTar Tavs, xom ar arsebobda xelisSemSleli situaciuri faqtorebi, romlebic
gamoiwvevda

am

qcevas?

Tqven

SegiZliaT

aseT

varjiSs,

atribuciuli qvelmoqmedeba. xom xvdebiT ratomac?

pirobiTad,

uwodoT

Deleted: K

842

es rCeva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos imaTTvis, vinc dasavluri

tipis

sazogadoebaSi

nawilobriv,

cxovrobs,

kulturuli

radganac

wyaroebic

aqvs

monacemebi

adasturebs,

(Miller, 1984).

gaixseneT

rom

afS-s,

me-14-e

TavSi

ganxiluli diskusia me"-s (Self) konstruirebaSi kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebis

arsebobis Sesaxeb. rogorc iq avxseniT, dasavlur kulturaTa umetesoba moicavs
iseT maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic ayalibeben damoukidebeli me-s, aRmosavluri
kulturebis umravlesoba ki
_

moicavs iseT maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic ayalibeben

urTierTdamokidebulebis me-s. (Markus & Kitaiama, 1991). kvlevebma cxadyo, rom

rogorc

Sedegi

kulturebis

urTierTdamokidebulebebis

warmomadgenlebi

naklebad

kulturisa,

fokusirdebian

aradasavluri

situaciaSi

momqmed

pirovnebze. modiT, vnaxoT, ra gavlenas axdens es kulturuli gansxvavebebi axali

ambebis mowodebaze.
saidan viciT
atribuciebi finansuri skandalis Sesaxeb
mkvlevarebma SearCies statiebi amerikuli (The New York Times) da iaponuri
(Asahi Shimbun) gazeTebidan, sadac iuwyebodnen 1995 wlis iseT finansur
skandalze, rogoric iyo inglisis uZvelesi bankis _ beringsis gakotreba.
mkvlevaris asistentma, romelmac ar icoda kvlevis mizani, waikiTxa yvela
statia da SearCia iseTebi, sadac mocemuli iyo momxdaris mizezobrivi
axsna. amis Semdeg saqmeSi Cauxedav or asistents sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT
daskvna TiToeuli statiaze, Tu ra tipis iyos axsna dispoziciuri anu
iseTi, sadac brali pirovnebebs edebodaT, Tu situaciuri anu iseTi, sadac
brali organizacias edeboda. am ori gazeTSi gamoqveynebul statiebSi,
sakiTxisadmi

midgoma

mkveTrad

gansxvavebuli

aRmoCnda.

amerikeli

korespondenti cdilobda, gaekeTebina mkacrad dispoziciuri atribucia,

maSin,

rodesac

iaponeli

korespondenti

xazs

usvamda

situaciur

atribucias (Menon et all., 1999).

am cdis STambeWdavi maxasiaTebeli iyo is, rom dafiqsirda kulturuli
atribuciis

gansxvavebuli stilebi, romlebic aisaxeboda sagazeTo statiebis

Seqmnis dros. am kvleviT dadasturda isic, rom atribuciis kulturuli stilebi

gadaecema da SenarCundeba yvelaSi, vinc eqceva Sesabamisi kulturis mediis
gavlenis qveS.

843

mikerZoeba sakuTari Tavisadmi

monetis agdebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli eqsperimentis erT-erTi yvelaze
ganmacvifrebeli Sedegi iyo konkurentTa mier sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
uaryofiTi Sefaseba. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom adamianebi afS-s sakuTari Tavis
xarjzec ki uSveben (faqtobrivad, Tqven unda gaixsenoT me-15-e TavSi aRwerili
erTi Teoria depresiis wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac, depresiuli
adamianebi, sakuTari Tavis mimarT, zomaze ufro metad

axdenen uaryofiT

atribucias, vidre situaciuri faqtorebis mimarT). Tumca, umravales SemTxvevaSi,

adamianebi piriqiT iqcevian da mikerZoebas sakuTari Tavis mimarT iCenen. sakuTari
Tavisadmi mikerZoeba aiZulebs maT, yovelgvari warmateba sakuTar Tavs miaweron
da aicilon pasuxismgebloba warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi. Mumetes SemTxvevaSi,
adamianebi midrekilni arian, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi dispoziciuri atribucia
moaxdinon, xolo warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi - situaciuri (Gilovich,1991): jildo
Cemi unarebis gamo miviRe; Sejibri cudi msajobis gamo wavage.
sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebis SemTxvevebi Tqven sxva cxovrebiseul
situaciebSic SegiZliaT naxoT, rodesac msjelobT sakuTari qcevebis Sesaxeb.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor msjelobT swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. ras ityodiT
maRali Sefasebis miiRebisas da rogor imsjelebdiT dabali Sefasebis miRebisas?
gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom studentebs gaaCniaT tendencia, sakuTar Zalisxmevas
miaweron maRali Sefaseba, xolo gareSe faqtorebs _ dabali Sefaseba
(McAllister,1996). faqtobrivad, igive models iyeneben maswavleblebic: studentis
warmatebas isini sakuTar Tavs miaweren, warumateblobas ki _ ara. kidev erTxel
SexedeT, ra gavlenas SeiZleba axdendes atribuciis es paternebi Tqvens
miRwevebze? Tu warmatebebisas Tqven ar ifiqrebT garegan mizezebze (magaliTad,
pirveli gamocda advili iyo), SesaZloa, SecdeT da naklebi sibejiTe gamoiCiniT
Semdeg jerze; Tu warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi ugulebelyofT dispoziciuri
mizezebis rols (magaliTad, amden xans ar unda davrCeniliyavi wveulebaze),
SesaZloa, aseve, naklebi sibejiTe gamoiCinoT sxva dros. zemoT Cven, aseve, xazi
gavusviT rom, Tqven unda ecadoT Tavidan aiciloT afS maSin, rodesac sxvebis
qcevebis mizezebze fiqrobT. aseve, Tqven SegiZliaT SeamowmoT xolme Tqvens mier
gakeTebuli atribuciebi da ecadoT, Tavidan aiciloT yovelgvari mikerZoeba
sakuTari Tavis mimarT.

844

adamianebi, aseTive mikerZoebulobas iCenen jgufis wevrobis SemTxvevaSic. isini,

ufro xSirad, cdiloben jgufis warmatebebi sakuTar Tavze miiweren, xolo
warumateblobebi jgufis sxva wevreb daabralon. albaT, kmayofili darCebiT,
rodesac gaigebT, rom am efeqts zRvars megobroba udebs.
saidan viciTM
megobroba da sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, kreatulobis gasazom cdaSi
CarTuliyvnen megobarTan an ucnobTan erTad. davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg
TiToeul monawiles miawodes misi jgufisa da didi normatiuli SerCevis
monacemebis Sesaxeb

SedarebiTi informacia. miuxedavad maTi realuri

Sedegebisa, monawileTa naxevars miawodes warmatebis Sesaxeb informacia

(rom maTi Sesruleba 93-e procentili iyo), meore naxevars ki miawodes

warumateblobis Sesaxeb informacia (rom maTi Sesruleba 31-e procentili

iyo). amis Semdeg TiToeul monawiles sTxovdnen, Seefasebina davalebis
Sesrulebis Sedegze misi da jgufis meore wevris pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi
10 safexurian skalaze. romlis erT ukiduresi pozicia 1 (gamoxatavda
partnioris ukidures pasuxismgeblobas), meore ki 10, (sakuTar ukidures
pasuxiamgeblobas). rogorc 17.4 suraTidan Cans, eqsperimentis is monawileni,
romlebic ucxo pirTan erTad monawileobdnen cdaSi, warmatebas ufro
metad miawerdnen sakuTar Tavs, vidre _ warumateblobas (Campbell et al.,2000).
monawileTa atribuciebi rogorc warmatebis, ise _ warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi, ufro adekvaturi iyo, rodesac isini cdaSi megobrebTan erTad
monawileobdnen.
momavalSi, rodesac jgufTan erTad raime saqmianobaSi CaerTvebiT, SeecadeT,
naxoT, ramdenad Seesabameba am eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqvens mier, jgufis
sxvadasxva wevrebis pasuxismgeblobebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebul atribuciebs.
ratom aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba Tqvens mier gakeTebul atribucias?
gaixseneT paemanze dagvianebuli megobari gogonas magaliTi. davuSvaT, imis gamo,
rom Tqven ar moiZieT situaciasTan dakavSirebuli informacia, daaskveniT, rom is
aRar aris dainteresebuli TqvenTan megobrobiT. SeuZlia Tu ara am arasworma
mosazrebam marTlac ubiZgos mas, rom momavalSi aramegobruli iyos Tqvens
mimarT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Cven gadavdivarT im rolis ganxilvaze,

845

romelic socialuri realobis konstruirebaSi, gaaCniaT Sexedulebsa (Beleifs) da

molodinebs (expectations).
sakuTari

Tavisadmi

mikerZoeba

atribuciul

mikerZoebaTa klasi, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, Tavis

damsaxurebad

(Self-serving

bias)

CaTvalon warmateba da xolo warumateblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba sxvebs

gadaabralon.
N
sur. 17.4. megobrebisa
megobrebisa da ucxoebis mimarT atribuciis modelebi

eqsperimentis monawileebs hkiTxes, moexdinaT ranJireba, vin iyo pasuxismgebeli

maTi jgufis warmatebaSi, an warumateblobaSi. ucxoebTan erTad yofnisas,
eqsperimentis mnawileebma, gamoavlines sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba: jgufis
warmatebaSi TavianT rols ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen, xolo
warumateblobas partniors abralebdnen. ranJireba ufro zusti iyo rodesac
partniori maTi megobari iyo.
molodinebi da TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom Sexedulebebma da molodinebma gansazRvros is
uSuaalo gamocdileba, romelic socialur realobaSi CarTvis Sedegad geqmnebaT?
mravali kvleva gvarwmunebs, rom situaciis buneba SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad
Seicvalos im rwmenebisa da molodinebis, zemoqmedebiT, romlebis adamianebs
gaaCniaT am situaciebis mimarT. TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfillling
prophercies - Merton,1957) aris zogierT SesaZlo qcevebTan da movlenebTan
dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli winaswarmetyvelebebi, romlebic ise cvlian qceviT
urTierTobebs, rom isini iseT saxes iReben, rogorsac adamianebi erTmaneTisgan
elodnen. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven wveulebaze midixarT da karg drostarebas
eliT. imave saRamoze, Tqveni megobari ki mxolod mowyenilobas elis. SegiZliaTF
warmoidginoT, rom Tqven orma, sxva da sxvanairad unda imoqmedoT, am
molodinebidan gamomdinare? qcevis es gansxvavebuli formebi, Tavis mxriv,
SeiZleba Seicvalos imis Sesabamisadac, Tu rogor mogeqcevian sxvebi. AaseT
SemTxvevaSi, romeli Tqvengani ufro karg dros gaatarebs?
TviTqmnadi
momavali

qcevis

winaswarmetyveleba
an

movlenis

(Self-filfilling

Sesaxeb

prophecy)

winaswarmetyveleba,

zogierTi
romelic

846

dRevandel urTierTobebs molodinis Sesabamisad cvlis.

TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTi nasesxebia
bernard Sous piesidan pigmalioni (popularoba moipova muziklis saxiT Cemi

mSvenieri ledi), sadac quCis gogona maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgenel

qalbatonad iqca profesor hari higinsis xelmZRvanelobiT varjiSis Sedegad.
socialuri molodinebis, anu pigmalionis efeqti iqna gamoyenebuli fsiqolog
robert
Rossenthal) klasikur eqsperimentSic, romelic skolis
robert rozentalis (Robert
(
direqtor leonora jeikobsTan (Leonore Jacobson) erTad Catarda.
saidan viciT
molodinebma SeiZleba Secvalos IQ
bostonis dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebs mkvlevarebma miawodes
informacia, rom rogorc testirebebma aCvena, maTi zogierTi moswavle
akademiuri moswrebis mxriv warmatebulia. maswavleblebi daarwmunes, rom
es moswavleebi saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlaSi gansakuTrebul
Sedegebs miaRwevdnen. sinamdvileSi aseTi prognozisaTvis realuri
safuZveli ar arsebobda da studentebis gvarebic SemTxveviT iyo SerCeuli.
miuxedavad amisa, saswavlo wlis bolos im bavSvebis 30%-ma, romlebic
momavali varskvlavebis siaSi iyvnen Seyvanilni, saSualod 22 erTeuliT
gaaumjobesa TavianTi IQ maCvenebeli! TiTqmis yvelam ki, sul mcire, 10
erTeuliT gaaumjobesa TavianTi maCvenebeli. inteleqtis standartuli
testiT gazomili inteleqtualuri zrdis es maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad
ufro maRali iyo, vidre imave skolis sxva moswavleebisa, romlebic
sakontrolo jgufs Seadgendnen da kvlevis dasawyisisaTvis, IQ-s
standartuli saSualo maCvenebeli gaaCndaT (Rossenthal & Jacobson,1968).
rogor moxda, rom maswavleblebis mcdarma molodinebma gavlena iqonies maTi
moswavleebis Sedegebis gaumjobesebze? rozentali (1974), sul cota, oTx
procesze miuTiTebs, romelic maswavleblebis molodinma gaaaqtiura (ix. agreTve,
.Jussim,1986).Ppirveli, maswavleblebi ufro Tbilad da megobrulad eqceodnen
momaval varskvlavebs, maTTvis qmnidnen socialuri aRiarebisa da miRebis
klimats. Mmeore, isini ufro mets iTxovdnen, Sesaswavli masalis sirTulisa da
masalis xarisxis CaTvliT, maTgan, viszec esoden did imedebs amyarebdnen. mesame,
isini ufro swraf da konkretul reaqciebs iZleodnen (rogorc Seqebis, aseve

847

kritikis TvalsazrisiT) gamorCeuli moswavleebis saqmianobaze. da bolos,

maswavleblebi gamorCeul moswavleebs met SesaZleblobebs uqmnidnen Tavi
gamoeCinaT da epasuxaT, riTac maT sakuTari TavSi rwmena umtkicdebodaT, da
Tvlidnen rom isini marTla iseTi magrebi iyvnen, rogorc amas maswavleblebi
Tvlidnen.
cxadia, am situaciaSi uCveulo iyo, rom maswavleblebs mizanmimarTulad
Seuqmnes mcdari molodinebi. am meTodologiam rozentalsa da jeikobsons
saSualeba misca, eCvenebinaT TviTqmnadobis (Self-fulfilling) sruli potenciali. Tumca,
realuri cxovrebaSi, mraval situaciaSi, molodinebi efuZneba zust socialur
aRqmebs (Jussim, 1991). maswavleblebi, magaliTad, zogierTi moswavlisgan maRal
akademiur moswrebas imitom elian, rom isini skolaSi ukeT momzadebulebi
movidnen da, rogorc wesi, es moswavleebi ukeTes Sedegebsac aCveneben.. gamokvleva,
faqtobrivad, gvafiqrebinebs, rom TviTqmnad winaswarmetyvelebas gansakuTrebiT
didi efeqti aqvs dabali akademiuri miRwevebis mqone moswavleebis cxovrebaze
(Madon et al.,1997). rodesac maswavleblebi maTgan dabal maCveneblebs moelian, isini
ufro sustad swavloben, xolo rodesac maswavleblebi maTgan ukeTes
maCveneblebs moelian, isinic marTlac aumjobeseben maT.
skolebSi maswavleblebs, gamocdebisa da moswavleTa weriTi samuSaoebis
Sefasebis gziT moswavleTa miRwevebis Sefasebis saSualeba aqvT. TviTqmnad
winaswarmetyvelebas ki ufro didi efeqti aqvs maSin, rodesac situacia Sefasebis
gakeTebisTvis saWiro nakleb relevantur informacias iZleva. modiT, es mosazreba
sqesobrivi stereotipebis konteqstSi SevamowmoT.
saidan viciT
rodis aqvT mniSvneloba stereotipebs?
eqsperimentatorma socialuri fsiqologiis studentTa jgufSi miiyvana 9
Tvis bavSvi. damswre studentebis naxevari daarwmunes, rom bavSvs erqva
keiti, meore naxevari ki daarwmunes, rom bavSvs kareni erqva. studentebs
sTxoves, SeefasebinaT bavSvis fizikuri: maxasiaTeblebi, klasSi
ganxorcielebuli qceva da pirovneba. keitis da karenis jgufis mier, ar
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan, rodesac isini bavSvis fizikuri
monacemebis da qcevebis Sefasebebs efuZnebodnen, vinaidan situacia iZleida
naTlad aRqmad maxasiaTeblebs, magram gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovani iyo im

848

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es maxasiaTeblebi ar iyo naTeli da Sefasebebi

efuZneboda sqesobriv stereotipebs. keiti daxasiaTebul iqna rogorc
ufro aTleturi, xmauriani, aqtiuri da uxeSi, vidre kareni (Jusssim, 1993).

rodesac garemo Tavad iZleoda konkretul monacemebs, molodinebma

Sefasebebze ar imoqmedes, studentebs ubralod SeeZloT daenaxaT rogori iyo
bavSvi da rogor iqceoda is. mxolod maSin, rodesac aseTi pirdapiri
maxasiaTeblebi aRar arsebobda _ pirovnuli Taviseburebebis Sefasebis dros
stereotipebma gavlena moaxdina Sefasebebze. amrigad, molodinebis gavlena ufro
Zlieria da savaraudoa, rom ufro metad eqneba adgili sakuTari Tavis mimarT
mikerZoebas, rodesac individs ar gaaCnia pirdapiri dakvirvebis da am safuZvelze
Sefasebis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. ra Tqma unda, socialuri urTierTobebis
dros, Sefasebebi xSirad gansazRvravs Sesabamis qcevebs. Eexla, modiT vnaxoT
adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva rogor gavlenas axdens socialuri
realobis konstruirebaze.
qcevebi, romlebic adastureben molodinebs
kidev erTxel ganvixiloT bostonis skolis magaliTi. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom
maswavleblebma ganaxorcieles qcevaTa mTeli rigi, romelmac maT SesaZlebloba
misca drois xangrZlivi drois manZilze daedasturebinaT TavianTi molodinebi.
mark snaiderma (Mark
Snyder 1984) Semoitana termini qceviTi dadastureba im
(
procesis aRsaniSnad, romlis meSveobiTac/romliTac erTi pirovnebis molodinebi
meoris mimarT realurad zemoqmedebs am ukanasknelis qcevaze imgvarad, rom
dasturdeba misi sawyisi hipoTeza. MmagaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
viRacisgan iRebT intervius, romelzec giTxres, rom is morcxvia an introvertia.
am kiTxvebidan romels SearCevdiT interviusTvis (Snyder &Swann, 1978)?

ras moimoqmedebdiT imisaTvis, rom gamogecocxlebinaT wveuleba?

rogor situaciaSi ufro isurvebdiT warmatebas?

ra faqtorebi giSliT xels, rom realurad gaixsnaT sxva adamianebis

mimarT?

rogor situaciaSi xarT ufro metad molaparake?

849

davuSvaT, Tqven SearCieT meore SekiTxva, rogorc amas umetesoba akeTebs,

rodesac maT sjeraT, rom introverts esaubrebian. gana ufro metad albaTuri ar
aris, rom am SekiTxvaze Zalze eqstraverti pirovnebac ki saTanado pasuxs
gagcemT? amgvarad, molodini me unda vesaubro viRacas, vinc introvertia,
ganapirobebs qceviT arCevans me unda davsva kiTxvebi, romlebsac, Cveulebisamebr,
introvert adamianebs usvamen, romelsac mivyavarT molodinis potenciur
dadasturebamde: Tu is mipasuxebs am SekiTxvaze, me mivxvdebi, rom is marTlac
introverti yofila.
qceviTi
meSveobiTac
reaqciebis

dadastureba
adamianebi
Sesabamisad

(Behavioral
iqcevian
da

confirmation)

sxvebis

Semdeg,

am

procesi,

specifiurad
reaqciebs

romlis

mosalodneli

iyeneben

TavianTi

Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
ramdenad mZlavria qceviTi dadasturebis Zalebi? pasuxi analogiuria imisa,
rac Cven gavakeTeT TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis SemTxvevaSi. es damokidebulia
imaze Tu ramdenad xelmisawvdomia garSemo arsebuli swori informacia.
saidan viciT
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebiM
mkvlevarebma Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac studenti gogonebis erT jgufs,
aRmqmelebs Seuqmnes yalbi molodinebi gogonaTa meore jgufis,
samizneebis eqstravertulobaintrovertulobasTan dakavSirebiT.
faqtobrivad, samizneebis yoveli wevri uzrunvelyofil iqna reitingiT,
romelic eqsperimentatorebs mis eqstravertad an introvertad aRqmis
saSualebas aZlevda. Tumca, TviT am gogonebis TviTSefasebebi, am
ganzomilebebze, gansxvavebuli iyo. ra moxda, rodesac aRmqmelebma,
samizneebTan urTierToba daamyares? rodesac samizneebs ar hqondaT
myari TviTSefaseba, adgili hqonda qceviT dadasturebas. aRmqmelebi
aRwevdnen imas, rom samizneebs iseTi qcevebi ganxorcielebinaT, romlebic
daadasturebdnen maT molodinebs. Tumca, rodesac samizneebs SedarebiT
myari da zusti me-koncefcia hqondaT, isini aRmqmelebis molodinebis
sawinaaRmdego qcevebs avlendnen (Swann & Fly, 1984).
kidev erTxel SegiZliaT naxoT, rom molodinebi yvelaze efeqtiania maSin,
rodesac garemos aqtualuri mdgomareoba samiznis realuroba - orazrovani an

Deleted: P

850

ganusazRvrelia. am pirobebSi Yyvelaze ufro mosalodnelia, rom adamiani

daeyrdnoba ara Mmonacemebs, aramed daskvnebi gakeTdeba Sinagani faqtorebidan
gamomdinare.
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebi, agreTve, damokidebulia samiznis,
interaqciasTan dakavSirebul motivaciaze. sxva gamokvlevaSi mamakaci -

aRmqmelebis - erT jgufs aCvenes fotoebi da daarwmunes, rom maTTan telefonze

mosaubre qalebi - samizneebi - normaluri wonisani iyvnen, meore jgufis wevrebi
ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom qalbi Warbi wonisani iyvnen. zog SemTxvevaSi qalebs
(romelTa faqtiuri wona ar Seesabameboda fotoze gamosaxuls) sTxoves,
monawileoba mieRoT satelefono saubarSi da amoecnoT maTTan mosaubre mamakacis
pirovnuli Taviseburebebi. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki qalebis mizani iyo mSvidi da
sasiamovno saubris gabma partnior mamakacebTan. zogadad, es meore situacia
qmnida qceviT dadasturebas: samizneebis qceva mamakacebis mier fasdeboda, rogorc
simsuqnis damadasturebeli (magaliTad, qalebi fasdebodnen, rogorc naklebad
gulRiebi da ubedurebi). Tumca, rodesac samizneebi cdilobdnen nformaciis
moZiebas, qceviT dadasturebas aRar hqonda adgili (Snyder & Haugen,1995). es
eqsperimenti gvafiqrebinebs, rom normaluri socialuri interaqciis impulsi
adamianebs ufro met SesaZleblobas aZlevs, samyaro gaiazron da SesabamisobaSi
moiyvanon TavianT qcevebTan da damokidebulebebTan (attitudes), stereotipebis
CaTvliT.
am paragrafSi aRweril eqsperimentebs, bunebrivad mivyavarT kiTxvamde, Tu
rogor warmoiqmneba damokidebulebebi da molodinebi? Cvens mier ganxilul
eqsperimentebSi monawileebs xelovnurad uqmnidnen molodinebs, magram ra xdeba
realur cxovrebaSi, rodesac Tqveni sakuTari molodinebis Sesabamisad moqmedebT?
Semdeg paragrafSi Cven ganvixilavT damokidebulebebs, maT Camoyalibebasa da
Secvlas da vnaxavT Tu ra kavSiria Sexedulebebs (beliefs), damokidebulebebs
(attitudes), da aqtivobebs (actions) s Soris.
damokidebuleba (Attitude) adamianebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis mimarT
SefasebiTi reagirebis daswavlili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.
Sejameba
socialuri realobis konstruirebis koncefciis mixedviT, adamiani situaciis
interpretaciisas iyenebs da eyrdnoba sakuTar codnasa da gamocdilebas.

851

Aatribuciis Teoria cdilobs, axsnas, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi aqtivobebis,

movlenebisa da qcevebis Sedegebis mizezebs. Aadamianebi xSirad saTanadod ver
afaseben qcevis situaciur mizezebs da axdenen dispoziciuri faqtorebis
gadafasebas, rac cnobilia atribuciis fundamenturi Secdomis saxeliT. kvlevebi
mowmobs, rom araindividualisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs naklebad
axasiaTebT aseT Secdoma. adamianebi sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebas
eqvemdebarebian, rodesac warmatebebs dispoziciur faqtorebs miaweren, xolo
warumateblobebs _ situaciur faqtorebs. TviTqmnad winaswarmetyvelebebs maSin
aqvs adgili, rodesac molodinebi emTxveva cvlilebebs realur samyaroSi.
amisMmsgavsad, qceviT dadasturebas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebis
molodinebi realurad cvlis sxva adamianebis qcevas. es orive efeqti mcirdeba
garemoSi arsebuli da adamianisTvis xelmisawvdomi obieqturi informaciiT.
damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba
dRes ukve gqondaT SesaZlebloba, gamogexataT Tqveni damokidebuleba? vinmem
ukve gkiTxaT: ras fiqrob Cem maisurze an mogewonaT Tu ara saWmeli?
damokidebuleba (Attitude) aris adamianebis, obieqtebis an ideebis dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi Sefaseba. Tqven, SesaZloa, dadebiTi damokidebulebebi gqondeT muSebis,
sportuli manqanebis an sagadasaxado ganakveTis mimarT, xolo uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba _ telemarketebis, Tanamedrove xelovnebis an astrologiis
mimarT. aseTi gansazRvreba uSvebs, rom Tqveni damokidebulebis umravlesoba ar
aris aSkara. Tqven, SesaZloa, verc ki acnobierebdeT, rom garkveuli
damokidebulebebis matarebeli xarT. damokidebulebebi mniSvnelovania, radganac
isini gavlenas axdenen Tqvens qcevasa da imaze, Tu rogor axdens socialuri
realobis konstruirebas. GgaixseneT prinston-dartmuTis matCi. adamianebi,
romlebic prinstonis gunds gulSematkivrobdnen, TamaSs dartmuTis gundis
gulSematkivrebisagan gansxvavebulad xedavdnen; atribuciebi movlenebis Sesaxeb
damokidebulebebis Sesabamisad keTdeboda. ra aris Tqveni damokidebulebebis
safuZvlebiebi da ra gavlenas axdenen isini Tqven qcevebze?
damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
Cven damokidebulebebi, ganvsazRvreT, rogorc pozitiuri an negatiuri
Sefasebebi. am paragrafSi SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, TviTon gaakeToT aseTi Sefaseba.
ramdenad eTanxmebiT debulebas? (SemoxazeT nomeri)

852

momwons filmebi jim keris monawileobiT.

1----------2----------3----------4----------5----------6----------7----------8----------9
Zalian veTanxmebi

neitraluri

Zalian ar veTanxmebi

davuSvaT, rom Tqven SemoxazeT 3, e.i. garkveulad ar eTanxmebiT aRniSnul

debulebas. ram gamoiwvia es Sefaseba? Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT informaciis sam
tipze, romelic safuZvlad udevs Tqvens damokidebulebas.
kognituri. ra azrebi giCndebaT jim keris saxelis gagonebisas?
afeqturi. ra grZnobebs aRZravs TqvenSi jim keris saxelis xseneba?
qceviTi. rogor iqceviT, rodesac, davuSvaT, SesaZlebloba gaqvT, naxoT
erT-erTi filmi misi monawileobiT?
safiqrebelia, rom am sami tipis informaciis kombinaciam gibiZgaT rom
SemoxazeT 3 (an nebismieri sxva cifri). Tqveni damokidebulebebi, aseve, moicaven
am sami kategoriis Sesabamis reaqciebs Tu Tqven damokidebuleba jim keris mimarT
uaryofiTia, es niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT TqvaT misi iumori vulgarulia
(kognituri), me ar momwons misi saxis yureba (afeqturi) an ar vapireb fuli
gadavixado imis yurebaSi, rogor vardeba viRac (qceviTi).
damokidebulebis gazomva ki ar aris rTuli, aramed imis dadgna,
damokidebulebebi yovelTvis zustad aisaxebian qcevaSi Tu ara. sakuTari
gamocdilebidanac iciT, rom es yovelTvis ase ar aris. Aadamianebma, SesaZloa
ganacxadon, rom ar uyvarT jim keri, magram mainc didi fuli daxarjon misi
filmebis sanaxavad. Aamave dros xSirad adamianebis qcevebi Seesabameba maT
damokidebulebebs. isini amboben, rom fuls ar daxarjaven jim keris filmebis
sanaxavad da asec iqcevian. rogor SeiZleba gavarkvioT, rodis gansazRvravs
damokidebuleba qcevas da rodis ara? mkvlevarebma Zalze bevri imuSaves am
sakiTxze, kerZod im pirobebis dasadgenad, rodesac kavSiri adamianebis
damokidebulebebsa da maT qcevebs Soris aris yvelaze Zlieri (Ajzen & Sexton,1999;
Fazio & Towles-Schwen, 1999).
damokidebulebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs aris gamWvirvaloba (accessibility) damokidebulebis obieqtsa
da adamianis mier am obieqtis Sefasebas Soris kavSiris siZliere (Fazio, 1995).
rodesac Cven jim keris Sesaxeb gisvamT kiTxvas, Tqven gonebaSi eZebT pasuxs Tu is

853

uceb mogdiT TavSi? Kkvlevebma aCvenes, rom qcevebi miT ufro Seesabamebian
damokidebulebebs, rac ufro metad, es ukanasknelni, gamWvirvaleni arian.
saidan viciT
damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis safuZvelze saarCevno qcevis winaswarmetyveleba
mkvlevarebma, torontos raionSi (ontario, kanada) 1990 wlis
adgilobrivi arCevnebis win da Semdeg, Caatares satelefono gamokiTxva.
arCevnebis win maT amomrCevlebs dausves kiTxva: rogor fiqrobT, romel
partias miscemT xmas? da SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom Tqveni arCevani sabolooa
Tu fiqrobT, rom kidev SeiZleba SeicvaloT azri?.AarCevnebis Semdeg maT
sTxovdnen, daesaxelebinaT maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani. winasaarCevno
damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis sazomad gamoyenebuli iyo pasuxis gacemis
siswrafe kiTxvaze vis miscemT xmas?. PpasuxebisTvis saWiro drois
gamosaTvlelad gamoyenebuli iyo kompiuteri (koreqtireba xdeboda
respodentis metyvelebis individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT).
rogori iyo mimarTeba damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobasa da qcevas Soris?
is individebi, romelTac gamoavlines gamWvirvale damokidebulebebi, e.i.
iZleodnen SedarebiT swraf pasuxebs, ufro metad axorcielebdnen im
saarCevno qcevas, romelic gamokvlevisas gamoxates (Bassili, 1995).
am Sedegis mniSvnelovani nawilia is, rom rogorc maRali gamWvirvalobis,
ise dabali gamWvirvalobis respodentebi, arCevnebamde, aRniSnavdnen, rom ar
Seicvlidnen azrs. amdenad, qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis damokidebulebis
gamWvirvalobis maCvenebeli ufro sando maCvenebeli aRmoCnda, vidre TviT
amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi!
rogor iqceva damokidebuleba maRali gamWvirvalovis Tvisebis mqoned?
(Fazio,1995)Kkvlevebma aCvena, rom damokidebulebebi ufro gamWvirvalea, rodesac
isini uSualo gamocdilebas efuZnebian. Tqven jim keris filmebisadmi ufro
gamWvirvale damokidebuleba geqnebaT, Tu Tqven misi monawileobiT ramdenime
filmi naxeT, manam sanam mis Sesaxeb raimes moismendiT an waikiTxavdiT. Aaseve,
damokidebulebebi ufro gamWvirvalea maSin, rodesac isini sakmaod xSirad
meordebian, anu rac ufro xSirad gixdebaT maTi verbaluri formulireba.
damokidebulebebiT ukeT xdeba qcevebis winaswarmetyveleba, rodesac maT

specifikurobis erTi da igive doneze vzomavT. ganvixiloT cxrilSi 17.1

854

warmodgenili monacemebi. am kvlevaSi mkvlevarebi cdilobdnen,

ewinaswarmetyvelaT 18-38 wlis 270 qalisgan Semdgari SerCevis mier Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis gamoyenebis albaToba. cxrilSi SegiZliaT naxoT, rom rac
ufro specifikuri iyo dasmuli kiTxva abebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro
maRali iyo korelacia maT mier realurad ganxorcielebul specifikur qcevasTan
(Davidson & Jaccard 1979). (gaixseneT, rom korelaciis koeficienti rac ufro axlosaa
1-Tan an 1-Tan, miT ufro Zlieria kavSiri). termini, specifikuri, exeba, agreTve, im
specifikur egzemplarebs, romlebic gvaxsendeba maSin, rodesac gvTxoven maT
mimarT damokidebulebis gamoTqmas (Sia et al,. 1997). magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom
gekiTxebian, eTanxmebiT Tu ara debulebas: me vendobi politikosebs. Tqveni
Sefaseba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu romeli politikosi gagaxsendebaT am
dros: jorj voSingtoni, uinston CerCili, bil klintoni Tu jorjGbuSi umcrosi.
Tu Cven igive kiTxva erTi kviris Semdeg rom dagisvamT, Tqveni Sefaseba rac
Tqvens zogad damokidebulebas gamoxatavs - SesaZloa Seicvalos, vinaidan im
momentSi, SesaZloa, sxva politikosebi gagaxsendeT.
rodesac Tqveni damokidebulebebi efuZneba informaciis sxvadasxva qvejgufebs,
isini SeiZleba radikalurad Seicvalos droTa ganmavlobaSi. rodesac Tqven
gamoTqvamT damokidebulebas jim kerisadmi, misi filmebidan romelze fiqrobT?
mxolod maSin, rodesac Tqvens damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi
stabiluri gaxdeba, SesaZloa veloddeT myar urTierTmimarTebebs Tqvens
Sefasebebsa (Ggoneba) da qcevebs (aqtivoba) Soris.
cxrili 17.1
specifiuroba aumjobesebs damokidebulebasa da qcevas Soris korelacias
gazomili atitudebi
damokidebuleba Sobadobis kontrolis
mimarT.
damokidebuleba Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
abebis mimarT.
damokidebuleba Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
abebis gamoyenebis mimarT.

korelacia Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego

sawinaaRmdego
abebis gamoyenebasTan
.08

.32

.52

855

damikidebuleba Semdegi ori wlis

ganmavlobaSi Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego

.57

abebis gamoyenebis mimarT

SeniSvna: mkvlevarebma scades ewinaswarmetyvelaT qalebis mier ori wlis

ganmavlobaSi, Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego abebis gamoyenebis albaToba. rac ufro
specifikur kiTxvebs usvamdnen qalebs, miT ufro maRali iyo damokidebulebebis
aqtualur qcevasTan korelacia.
darwmunebis procesi
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom Sesabamis pirobebSi damokidebulebebs ZaluZT
gansazRvron qceva. es kargi siaxlea maTTvis, vinc drosa da fuls xarjavs Tqvens
damokidebulebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. magram sakmaod xSirad sxvebs ar ZaluZT
damokidebulebebze gavlenis moxdena, Tumca, es Zalianac undaT. Tqven waramara
ver SeicvliT kbilis pastas, rogorc ki, elvare kbilebian msaxiobs dainaxavT
televizorSi, romelic axali pastis reklamirebas axdens. Tqven YyovelTvis ver
SeicvliT politikur Sexedulebebs, rogorc ki morigi kandidati, kameris win,
mTeli gulwrfelobiT ganacxadebs, rom arCevnebSi swored mas unda dauWiroT
mxari. Tqvens garSemo mravali adamiani Tavs uflebas aZlevs, ecados raRacaSi
dagarwmunoT anu winaswarganzraxulad cdilobs SegacvlevinoT
damokidebulebebi. imisaTvis, rom darwmuneba moxdes, saWiroa garkveuli pirobebis
Tanxvedra. GganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
Tavdapirvelad warmogidgenT e.w. SesaZlo gaazrebis models (elaboraion likelihood
model) _ darwmunebis Teorias, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad dasaSvebia
mosazreba, rom adamianebi TavianTi kognituri SesaZleblobebis fokusirebas
axdenen, raTa gaiazron miRebuli damarwmunebeli Setyobineba (message) (Petty &
Cacioppo, 1986; Petty & Wegener, 1999). es modeli kritikul gansxvavebas axdens
darwmunebis centralur da periferiul procesebs Soris. centraluri procesebs
adgili aqvT im pirobebSi, rodesac adamianebi guldasmiT fiqroben damarwmunebel
komunikaciaze. amdenad, maTi damokidebulebebis Secvla argumentebis simyariTaa
gansazRvruli. rodesac vinme cdilobs, migiyvanoT im azramde, rom galoni
benzinis fasi SeiZleba 5 dolari gaxdes, Tqven am informacias, albaT,
yuradRebiT moekidebiT. periferiuli procesebi ki iseT pirobebs gulisxmobs,

856

rodesac adamianebi seriozulad ar ekidebian Setyobinebas da reagireben

situaciis zedapirul maniSneblebze. rodesac seqsualuri modeli raime
produqtis win dgas, romlis SeZenasac gTavazobT gamyidveli, amiT is imedovnebs,
rom Tqven bevr fiqrs ar daiwyebT am produqtis avkargianobis Taobaze.
centraluri da periferiuli procesebi, romlebsac adamianebi iyeneben,
mniSvnelovbad aris determinirebuli maTi motivaciiT, damarwmunebeli
Setyobinebis Rrmad gaazreba surT Tu ara.
Tu kargad daukvirdebiT Tqvens irgvliv arsebul Setyobinebebs, swrafad
daaskvniT, rom reklamis specialistebs xSirad, swored imis imedi aqvT, rom Tqven
zedapirulad miudgebiT reklamas. ratom uxdian cnobil adamianebs did fuls
reklamis specialistebi, maTi produqtis gayidvisaTvis? Tqven marTla gjeraT,
rom holivudis varskvlavebs Zalian adardebT is, rom saqalaqTaSoriso
satelefono kavSiri gaiafdeba Tu ara? savaraudoa, reklamis specialistebi
imedovneben, rom Tqven Rrmaad ar gaaanalizebT argumentebs da gasaqans miscemT
Tqvens gulTbil grZnobebs msaxiobis mimarT, romelic xotbas asxams produqcias.
darwmuneba (Persuasion) damokidebulebebis

Secvlis mizanmimarTuli

mcdelobebi.
gaazrebis

SesaZleblobis

modeli

(Elaboration

likelihood

model)

darwmunebis Teoria, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli,

rom

adamianebi

Setyobinebis

TavianTi

kognituri

gasaazreblad

da,

procesebis

Sesabamisad,

fokusirebas
misdevdnen

axdendnen

darwmunebis

centralur an periferiul procesebs. stili dasalagebelia

axla, sakuTar Tavs hkiTxeT: rodis xarT motivirebulni gamoiyenoT
darwmunebis centraluri procesebi? pasuxi mniSvnelovania rogorc maTTvis, vinc
isurvebda, rom Tqven ase moiqceT (vinaidan isini fiqroben, rom Zlieri
argumentebi gaaCniaT), aseve, maTTvis, visac es ar surs (radganac imedovneben
Tqvens darwmunebas zedapiruli maniSneblebiT). MmoviyvanoT damarwmunebeli
komunikaciis magaliTi, romelic gibiZgebT airCioT misi gaazrebis centraluri
procesebi da ufro gulmodgined SeafasoT argumentebi, vinaidan mas, TqvenTvis,

pirovnuli mniSvneloba aqvs da Tqvenc, iZulebuli xarT, ufro gulmodgined

ganixiloT argumentebi (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). warmoidgineT, Tqven TanmimdevrobiT
moismineT ori moxseneba. Ppirveli momxsenebeli asabuTebda, rom holivudma ufro

857

meti 3-D filmebi unda awarmoos. meore ki amtkicebda, rom kolejSi swavlis
safasuri 50%-iT unda gaizardos. romeli gamosvla ufro metad gamoiwvevs
gaazrebis centralur procesebs? axla ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelSic
ganxilulia pirovnuli relevanturobis mniSvnelovneba gamogonil, fiqciur
samyaroTa gancdaSi.
saidan viciT
saTauri Sesacvlelia. sityvebi sworad aris naTargmni, Tumca, tesqti mTlianad Tavidan aris
dasalagebeli stilisturad da gramatikulad. pirveli ori winadadeba perifrazirebulia.
pirovnuli Sesabamisoba warmosaxul samyaroSi
aris Tu ara TqvenTvis damajerebeli is informaciebi, romlebsac
xvdebiT xelovnur samyaroebSi, iseTSi rogoricaa mxatvruli literatura,
romelsac kiTxulobT, an filmebi, romlebsac uyurebT? mkvlevarTa erTma
jgufma ivarauda, rom am saxis informacia Tqvenze damajereblad
imoqmedebs im xarisxiT, ra zomiTac mocemuli nawarmoebi Seesabameba Tqvens
pirovnebas. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen ielisa da prinstonis universitetebis
studentebi. orive universitetis studentebisagan Semdgar erT jgufs
waukiTxes moTxroba, romlis moqmedebac prinstonSi viTardebida. igive
moTxroba waukiTxes meore jgufsac, magram am SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba ielSi
viTardeboda. moTxrobis gmirebi saubrobdnen realur Temebze, sasargebloa
Tu ara mzis sxivebi kanisaTvis, gadamdebia Tu ara fsiqiuri daavadebebi da
sxva. Mmkvlevarebma ivaraudes, rom eqsperimentis monawileni ufro
Sesatyvisad CaTvlidnen teqsts, romelic maT sakuTar saswavlebels
Seexeboda. magaliTad, prinstoneli studentebi, romlebic kiTxulobdnen
teqsts prinstonis Sesaxeb, ufro motivirebulni unda yofiliyvnen,
guldasmiT waekiTxaT es teqsti da Rrmad Caswvdomodnen gmirebis
argumentebs. rogorc 17.5 suraTidan Cans, Sedegebma daadastura es hipoTeza.
studentebma gamoavlines damokidebulebebis cvlileba im argumentebis
mimarT, romlebic gadmocemuli iyo sxva skolasTan dakavSirebul
moTxrobaSi (magaliTad, prinstonis versia ielis studentebisaTvis). es
niSnavs, rom rodesac informacia ar iyo pirovnulad relevanturi,
studentebma ar gamoiyenes informaciis gaazrebis centraluri procesebi,
raTa Caswvdomodnen argumentebis sisustes da moeqcnen maTi zegavlenis

858

qveS (Prentice et al,. 1997).

Nnaxati 17.5.
Ddarwmuneba da pirovnuli Sesabamisoba

studentebi kiTxulobdnen moTxrobebs, romlebSic moqmedeba xdeboda an maT

mSobliur saswavlebelSi da, amdenad, pirovnulad Sesabamisi iyo, an sxva
saswavlebelSi. ivaraudeboda, rom pirovnuli Sesabamisoba gamoiwvevda
informaciis gaazrebis centraluri procesebis CarTvas da, amdenad, darwmunebas
naklebad eqneboda adgili. faqtobrivad, darwmunebis process adgili hqonda
mxolod maSin, rodesac studentebi kiTxulobdnen sxva saswavlebelTan
dakavSirebul moTxrobas (magaliTad, ielis universitetis studentebi
kiTxulobdnen prinstonis versias). Sedegebi amtkiceben varauds, pirovnulad
Sesabamisi mSobliuri saswavleblis versia studentebSi iwvevda gaazrebis
centraluri procesebis CarTvas da moTxrobaSi gadmocemuli argumentebis
uaryofas. MmaSin, rodesac pirovnulad Seusabamo, sxva saswavleblis versia
iwvevda gaazrebis periferiul procesebs da moTxrobaSi mocemuli
argumentebisadmi daTanxmebas.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moTxrobis orive versia identuri iyo da mxolod
moqmedebis adgili iyo gansxvavebuli. Aamrigad, informaciis damarwmunebloba
ganpirobebulia imiT da im zomiT, ra zomiTac, studentebs gaaCniaT motivacia,
airCion gaazrebis centraluri procesebi da guldasmiT Seafason informacia
(Prentice & Gerrig, 1999). momavalSi, rodesac axali Sous sanaxavad, televizors
miujdebiT, Tqven SesZlebT, gaarkvioT, ra saxis damarwmunebelma informaciam
SeiZleba gaiaros periferiuli procesebis gziT, Tu gadacemis Sinaarsi, Tavisi
wyobiT, monawileebiT da a.S. - ar aris Tqveni pirovnebis Sesabamisi.
sxva faqtori, romelic, aseve, axdens gavlenas Tqvens mier informaciis
gaazrebis procesis tipis arCevaze, aris mimarTeba Tqveni damokidebulebis tipsa
da argumentis tips Soris (Ajzen & Sexton, 1999). Aadre aRvniSneT, rom
damokidebulebas gansazRvravs, rogorc kignituri, ise _ emociuri gamocdileba.
mkvlevarebma aCvenes, rom damokidebulebebi (Attitudes) ufro icvleba maSin, rodesac
reeklamis avtori kognituri safuZvlis mqone arguments ukavSireebs kognituri

859

safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas, xolo emociuri safuZvlis mqone arguments ki,

emociuri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas.
saidan viciT
mimarTeba reklamasa da damokidebulebas Soris
ra ganapirobebs Tqvens damokidebulebas yavis markis mimarT?
savaraudod, Tqveni Sefaseba efuZneba mis gemosTan da fasTan dakavSirebul

kognitur mosazrebebs. axla gavixsenoT misaloci baraTebi. savaraudoa,

rom maT mimarT Tqvens damokidebulebas ufro afeqturi reaqciebi
gansazRvravs. ramdenad iwveven isini Rimils? miuTiTeben TqvenTvis
sasurvel urTierTobebze? erT-erT eqsperimentSi monawileebs aCvenes
sxvadasxva produqtis kognitur da emociur safuZvelze damyarebuli
reklamebi, yavisa da misaloci baraTebis CaTvliT. kognitur safuZvelze
Seqmnili reklamebi ase ikiTxeboda: namdvili yavis saucxoo Zlieri gemo
da surneleba, romelic damzadebulia umaRlesi xarisxis marcvlebisagan.
emociur safuZvelze Seqmnili reklamidan ki SeiZleba SeityoT, rom yava,
romelsac Tqven svamT, mianiSnebs, Tu rogori pirovneba xarT. mas SeuZlia
uCveulo, gansxvavebuli gemo gagrZnobinoT. mas Semdeg, rac cdis
monawileebma waikiTxes reklamis TiToeuli seria, maT sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT TavianTi mosazrebebi, Tu rogor ganewyvnen am produqtebis
mimarT. rogorc 17.6 suraTidan SegiZliaT naxoT, arsebobda zemoT
aRniSnuli Zlieri kavSiri. monawileni ufro met dadebiT arCevanebs
gamoxatavdnen, maSin rodesac Setyobinebis tipebi (magaliTad, kognituri
safuZvlis mqoneni) Seesabamebodnen damokidebulebebis tipebs (magaliTad,
kognituri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebebs) (Shavitt, 1990).
Tu Tqven cdilobT, vinmes SeucvaloT damokidebulebebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT
es Sedegebic. rogori safuZveli sWarbobs damokidebulebaSi - Zlieri kognituri
Tu Zlieri emociuri? mis Sesabamisad, rogor unda SesZinoT, Tqvens mier
mofiqrebul Setyobinebas meti damajerebloba?

sur. 17.6. produqtebi da Eemociur da kognitur safuZvelze agebuli reklama da

produqtebi

860

rodesac reklamis tipi (emociuri an kognituri safuZvlis mqone)

dakavSirebulia im ganzomilebasTan, romelic gamoxatavs produqtis arss:
emociuri _ misaloci baraTebis an kognituri _ yavis mimarT, adamianebi ufro
keTilganwyobiT reagireben produqtis mimarT (skalaze, sasurveloba izomeba 3
dan +3 mde).
sakuTari aqtivobiT gamowveuli
gamowveuli darwmuneba
bolos TavSi Cven aRvwerT im faqtorebs, romlebic gavlenas axdens adamianebis
unarze, Secvalon sxvebis damokidebulebebi. Tumca, moqmedeben iseTi Zalebic,
romlebic, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, imis mizezic xdebian, rom adamianma sakuTari
damokidebulebebic Secvalos. warmoidgineT, Tqven daificeT, rom ar miiRebdiT
zedmet kaloriebs. Tqven midixarT samsaxurSi da iq Tqveni ufrosis dabadebis
dResTan dakavSirebiT gxvdebaT namcxvari. Tqven erT naWers miirTmevT. gatexeT
amiT Tqveni fici Tu ara? niSnavs es imas, Tqven uaryofiTi mokidebuleba unda
gqondeT sakuTari qcevisadmi? xom ar fiqrobT, rom mainc swored moiqeciT?
ratom? Cven aRvwerT TviTdarwmunebis or models, disonansis Teorias da

TviTaRqmis Teorias.
disonansis Teoria
damokidebulebebis kvlevisas erT-erTi fundamenturi daSveba aris is, rom
adamianebs sjeraT rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi, maTi damokidebulebebi ucvleli
rCeba (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). konsistenturobis es tendencia gamoyenebul iqna
socialur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod, leon festinjeris (Leon Festinger, 1957) mier
Camoyalibebul kognituri disonansis TeoriaSi. kognituri disonansi aris
konfliqtis mdgomareoba, romelsac adamiani ganicdis gadawyvetilebis miRebis,
qcevis ganxorcielebis an misi Sexedulebebis, grZnobebis da Rirebulebebis
sawinaaRmdego informacis miRebis Semdeg. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
megobris rCevis sawinaaRdegod, SearCieT manqanis garkveuli tipi, romlis
yidvasac apirebT. ratom unda gagiCndeT eWvi Tqveni arCevanis sisworesTan
dakavSirebiT? daSvebulia, rom rodesac adamianis codna mis damokidebulebasa da
qcevas Soris urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, is, Tanmimdevrulad ar misdevs romelime
maTgans, aramed Cndeba winaaRmdegobrivi mdgomareoba da adamiani motivirebulia,
moaxdinos misi reduqcia. disonansis reducirebis tendencia aqtivirdeba am

861

mdgomareobis usiamovnebis gancdiT. Tqveni manqanis SemTxvevaSi, TavdacviTi

pozicia anu Tqveni arCevanisaTvis gadaWarbebuli Rirebulebis miniWeba _
saSualebas gaZlevT, airidoT es usiamovno gancda da Tavi ufro Tavdajerebulad
igrZnoT (disonansma, SesaZloa, gibiZgoT, rom megobarzec cudadad ki ifiqroT).
kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) Teoria, romlis mixedviTac,
araTavsebadi kognituri elementebis mier Seqmnili daZabulobis gamomwvevi
efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgebs, rom moaxdinon aseTi daZabulobis Semcireba.
disonans motivaciuri Zala gaaCnia. is gibiZgebT usiamovno grZnobis
Semcirebaze mimarTuli qmedebis ganxorcielebisken (Wood, 2000). disonansis
reducirebis motivacia izrdeba kognituri SeusabamobiT Seqmnili disonansis
zomis Sesabamisad. sxva sityvebiT, rac ufro Zlieria disonansi, miT ufro didia
misi reducirebis motivacia. disonansis klasikur eqsperimentSi kolejis
studentebma moatyues sxva studentebi da SemdegSi, TviTonve daijeres sakuTari
tyuili da gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac jildos am qcevisaTvis mcire ufro
eTqmoda, vidre _ didi.
saidan viciT
disonansi tyuils simarTled aqcevs
stanfordis universitetis studentebma monawileoba miiRes Zalze
mosawyeni davalebis SesrulebaSi. amis Semdeg eqsperimentatorma (misi
pativiscemis niSnad) maT sTxova, eTqvaT tyuili da sxva monawileebisTvis
davaleba saxalisod da sainteresod daexasiaTebinaT. amis safasurad
monawileTa nawils 20 dolari gadauxades, meore nawils ki _ 1. 20 dolari
sakamarisi aRmoCnda tyuilis gasamarTleblad, magram 1 dolari
gamarTlebis araadekvaturi iyo. maT gamoavlines kognituri disonansi.
davaleba mosawyeni iyo, me varCevdi tyuili yovelgvari safasuris gareSe
meTqva, _ ambobdnen isini.
imisaTvis, rom disonansis Sesamcireblad erTdolarianma monawileebma
Secvales davalebis maTeuli Sefaseba. mogvianebiT maT aRniSnes, rom
davaleba marTlac saintereso iyo da me kidev erTxel siamovnebiT
Sevasrulebdi mas. SedarebisaTvis, im monawileebs, romlebmac 20 dolari
miiRes tyuilis TqmaSi, ar SeucvliaT TavianTi Sefasebebi. maTTvis

862

davaleba Zalze mosawyeni iyo. maT mxolod fulis gamo Tqves tyuili
(Festinger &Cdarlsmith, 1959).
rogorc am eqsperimentma aCvena, maRali disonansis pirobebSi, momxdari faqtis
Semdeg individi moqmedebs sakuTari qcevis gamarTlebis mimarTulebiT da iwyebs
TviTdarwmunebas. es analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom damokidebulebebis Secvlis
erT-erTi gza, pirvel rigSi, aris qcevis Secvla. bibliuri drois brZenebma
icodnen es principi. isini rabinebs avalebdnen, adamianebisgan ar moeTxovaT
rwmenis dadastureba, sanam ar ilocebdnen. aseve, gavixsenoT papa salvatore am
Tavis dasawyisidan. SeamCnieT, rogor ostaturad Seuqmna man disonansi Tavxed
biWebs? MmaT upasuxes konfliqturi kogniciiT: Cven yvirilSi 25 centi unda
migveRo da Semdeg _ is ki CvenTvis mxolod 10 centis gadaxdas apirebs Secvales ra Tavisi qceva da uari Tqves yvirilze.
asobiT eqsperimentma da realurma dakvirvebebma aCvena kognituri disonansis
Zala: mas SeuZlia Secvalos damokidebulebebi da qcevebi (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993;
Wicklund & Brehm 1976). Tumca, bolo dros mkvlevarebi dainteresdnen imis garkveviT,
Tu ramdenad SeiZleba disonansis efeqtebis ganzogadeba sxva kulturebze. kidev
erTxel gaixseneT, rom cneba me (Self) gansxvavebulad esmiT sxvadasxva
kulturebSi. rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, Crdiloamerikelebi, Cveulebriv,

damoukideblad aRiqvamen Tavs da es niSnavs socialuri garemosgan

damoukideblobas. aziuri kulturebis wevrebi, Cveulebriv, aseve damoukideblebad
Tvlian Tavs, magram socialur garemosTan fundamenturad arian dakavSirebulni.
me-s gagebis aseTi kulturuli gansxvavebebi, axdenen gavlenas kognitur
disonansze?
saidan viciT
kultura da kognituri disonansiE
eqsperimentis kanadel da iaponel monawileebs sTxoves, 40
SesaZlebelidan aerCiaT 10 CD, romlis qonac yvelaze metad undodaT.
Semdeg maT Txoves, arCeuli 10 kompakt-diski daelagebinaT Zalian
sasurvelidan nakleb sasurvelamde da SeefasebinaT isini skalaze
(srulebiT ar momwons-dan, Zalian momwons-mde). Semdeg
eqsperimentatorma maT SesTavaza, erTi maTgani aerCiaT saxlSi wasaRebad,

863

rogorc eqsperimentSo mpnawileobis safasuri. amave dros, maTi arCevani

SezRudes rigis Sua nawiliT. monawileebs SeeZloT, aerCiaT mexuTe an
meeqvse kompakt-diski. am arCevanis gakeTebis Semdeg maT kvlav sTxoves,
moexdinaT aTive diskis xelaxali ranJireba. rogor Seicvala ranJireba
meore SemTxvevaSi, pirvelTan SedarebiT? disonansis Teoriis mixedviT,
rodesac Tqven akeTebT gaazrebul arCevans vTqvaT, mexuTesa da meeqvses
Soris Tqven damokidebulebebi unda SeuTavsoT arCevanis Sedegs, raTa ar
gagiCndeT usiamovnebis gancda: me janet jeqsonis diski (#5) avirCie,
vinaidan is marTla ufro momwons, vidre R.E.M.-i (#6). faqtobrivad,
kanadelma monawileebma gamoavlines cvlilebebi damokidebulebebSi:
arCeuli diskebis Sefasebebi umjobesdeboda danarCenebTan SedarebiT. amis
sawinaaRmdegod, iaponelma monawileebma ar gamoavlines disonansis efeqti
_ maTi arCevani ar cvlida mTlian ranJirebas (Heine & Lehman, 1997).
es kvleva aCvenebs, rom adamianebi kognitur disonanss ganicdian anu cdiloben
miaRwion Sinagan, me-s wonasworobas, mxolod maSin, rodesac isini Tavs
socialuri garemosgan damoukideblad Tvlian. Tu Tqven aRmoCndebiT situaciaSi,
sadac sxva kulturebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad unda miiRoT gadawyvetileba,
unda gaxsovdeT im gavlenis Sesaxeb, romelic kulturas gaaCnia gadawyvetilebis
Semdgom azrebsa da qcevebze.

TviTTviT-aRqmis Teoria
disonansis Teoria, aRwers erT gzas, romliTac adamianebi, sul mcire,
dasavlur kulturebSi, TavianTi qcevebiT (me avirCie es diski) gavlenas axdenen
TavianT damokidebulebebze (me es unda momwondes ufro metad, vidre sxva).
deril bemis (Daryl Bem, 1972) mier ganviTarebuli TviT-aRqmis Teoria (Self-perception
theory) adgens sxva pirobebs, sadac qcevebi gavlenas axdenen damokidebulebebze.
TviTTviT-aRqmis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven, Tqvens aqtualur an MmomavalSi SesaZlo
Sinagan mdgomareobas (Sexedulebebi, daamokidebulebebi, motivebi da grZnobebi)
aRiqvamT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iqceviT amJamad an rogor iqceodiT warsulSi
msgavs situaciebSi. Tqven sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnas iyenebT imisaTvis, rom
gansazRvroT Tqveni qcevis SesaZlo mizezebi. magaliTad, kiTxvaze mogwonT
fsiqologia? adamiani reagirebs pasuxebiT ra Tqma unda, me vswavlob ZiriTad
kurss, Tumca, es ar momeTxoveba, yvelafers vkiTxulob fsiqologiasTan

864

dakavSirebiT, vismen leqciebs da kargi niSnebic meqneba. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, Tqvens pirad mowonebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvaze pasuxobT Sesabamis
qcevebsa da situaciur faqtorebze miTiTebiT, imis magivrad, rom sakuTar
grZnobebsa da azrebSi gaerkveT.
TviT-aRqmis Teorias aklia disonansis Teoriis motivaciuri komponentebi.
vinaidan TviT-aRqma avsebs Tqvens damokidebulebebs Tqven akvirdebiT Tqvens
qcevebs da swavlobT imas, Tu ras unda grZnobdeT Sesabamis situaciaSi - TviTaRqmasTan saqme gvaqvs umTavresad maSin, rodesac gaurkvevel situaciaSi xarT da
ucnob movlenebTan giwevT gamklaveba (Fazio,1987). am situaciebSi Tqven gWirdebaT,
gaerkveT ra grZnobebi da damokidebulebebi unda gagaCndeT am axali obieqtis
mimarT. magaliTad, Tu Tqveen gagaxsendebaT, rom icinodiT im filmze, romelSic
jim keri monawileobda, savaraudoa, rom am dadebiT damokidebulebas mis mimarTac
gadaitanT. TviT-aRqmis gziT sakuTar Tavze codnis mopovebis erT-erTi nakli
aris is, rom adamianebi ver ganicdian imas, Tu ra zomiT zemoqmedeben situaciuri
Zalebi maT qcevebze. amas naTlad davinaxavT, Tu gavixsenebT monetis agdebis
zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis finalur nawils. gaixseneT, rom Sejibris
monawile, warumatebeli cdis pirebi, TavianT codnas zogadad ufro dabla
afasebdnen. warmoidgineT, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi iyvnen isini. Tqven sul ufro da
ufro metad xarT iZulebuli, dasmul kiTxvaze gasceT pasuxi - ar vici, rogor
TviT-Sefasebamde migiyvandaT aseTi TviT-aRqmis procesi?
axla davubrundeT im SemTxvevas, rodesac Tqven miirTviT namcxvris naWeri
Tqveni ufrosis dabadebis dRis aRsaniSnav wveulebaze da amis gamo, uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba SegeqmnaT sakuTari Tavis mimarT. disonansis Teoriis mixedviT,
Tqven cnobierebaSi Seiqmna winaaRmdegoba Tqvens mier dadebul pirobasa (me ar
minda zedmeti kaloriebis miReba) da Tqvens qcevas (namcxvris naWeris SeWma)
Soris. arsebobs mravali gza, romliTac Tqven SegiZliaT moiciloT es usiamovno
gancda. Tqven SegiZliaT imsjeloT ase: me ver vawyeninebdi Cems ufross
namcxvarze uaris TqmiT. amis msgavsad, TviT-aRqmis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sakuTari
qcevis aRqmiT, Tqven aucileblad ar unda SegcvlodaT damokidebuleba sakuTari
Tavis mimarT, vinaidan SegeZloT ase gemsjelaT: radganac me SevWame namcxvris
naWeri, Cemi ufrosis dabadebis dRe CemTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo,
riTac, aseve, aicilebdiT uaryofiT TviTSefasebas. TviT-darwmuneba xandaxan
sasargebloc SeiZleba iyos!

Deleted:

865

daTanxmeba
am TavSi Cven vmsjelobT damokidebulebebze da maTi Secvlis SesaZleblobebze.
Tumca, TqvenTvis naTeli unda iyos, rom xSirad, mravali adamiani cdilobs
SegacvlevinoT qceva. adamianebi cdiloben dagiTanxmon (compliance) miaRwion
Tqveni qcevebis iseT Secvlas, rom isini Seesabamebodnen maT moTxovnebs. rodesac
reklamis damkveTi uamrav fuls xarjavs telvizorebis gamyidvelevze maT mxolod
is ki ar undaT, rom Tqven kargad ifiqroT maT nawarmze, aramed maT surT, rom
Tqven maRaziaSi Segiyvanon da gayidinon is. amis msgavsad, eqimebs surT, rom Tqven
misdioT mis samedicino rCevebs. socialuri fsiqologebi intensiurad swavloben
im pirobebs, romlebSic adamianebi gamoxataven Tanxmobas garemos moTxovnebis
mimarT (Gialdini, 2001). Cven aRvwerT zogierT meTods da Tqven SeafaseT, Tu ramdenad
xSirad axorcielebT iseT qcevebs, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevebSi ar
ganaxorcielebdiT.
TviTTviT-aRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) - mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac,
adamianebi sakuTar Tavs akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi qcevebis
mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaerkvnen sakuTar Sinagan mdgomareobebSi
imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian mocemul situaciaSi.
daTanxmeba (Compliance) - komunikaciis

wyaros

pirdapiri

moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad qcevis Secvla.

migeba
erTi wesi, romelic dominirebs adamianis cxovrebaSi, aris is, rom rodesac
vinme rames gikeTebs, Senc, aseve, rame unda gaukeTo mas. am wess ewodeba migebis
norma (Reciprocity norm). laboratoriulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom adamianis mxridan
sul mcire sikeTis gakeTebasac ki, xSirad sapasuxod mohyveba ufro didi sikeTis
migeba (Regan, 1971). movaWreebis mier Tqvens mimarT migebis gamoyeneba sakmaod
Tavazian xasiaTs atarebs: ras getyviT iciT, fasTan SedarebiT, me 5 dolariT
naklebs gamogarTmevT an ufasod inebeT es nimuSi, Cveni dRevandeli saubris
aRsaniSnad. es strategia Tqven fsiqologiuri distresis mdgomareobaSi gayenebT,
Tu ar gamoiCenT sapasuxo Tavazianobas da ar SeiZenT rames.
daTanxmebis kidev erTi meTods, romelic, aseve, migebis normidan
gamomdinareobs, xSirad karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTods uwodeben: rodesac

866

adamianebi ara-s amboben did Txovnaze, isini xSirad Tanxmdebian ufro zomieri
Txovnis Sesrulebaze.
saidan viciT
karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi
erT eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs sTxoves, ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi, kviraSi ori saaTi, rogorc konsultantebs, daeTmoT
arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebisaTvis. Yyvela studentma uari ganacxada. Aamis
Semdeg maT sTxoves, zooparkSi mainc gaeseirnebinaT isini. didi daTmobis
saxiT studentebis 50%-ma Tanxmoba ganacxada am SedarebiT mcire Txovnis
Sesrulebaze. rodesac studentebis sxva jgufs sTxoves igive, ise rom
maTTvis didi TxovniT ar miumarTavT, aRmoCnda, rom maTgan, mxolod 17%
daTanxmda am Txovnis Sesrulebas (Cialdini at al,.1975).
rogor axdens daTanxmebis es meTodi migebis normis amoqmedebas? rodesac
adamianebi didi Txovnidan zomierze gadadian, isini amiT TqvenTvis raRacas
akeTeben: sanacvlod Tqvenc unda gadadgaT sapasuxo nabiji da daeTanxmoT, an ara
da daarRvevT migebis normas. Dda Tqvenc TanxmdebiT!

valdebuleba
karebis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi gulisxmobs dididan mcire Txovnaze
gadasvlas. movaWreebma, aseve, ician, rom Tqveni raimeTi davaldebulebiT,
SesaZlebelia mcire daTmobis Semdeg ufro didi daTmobac gagaakeTebinon.
EeqsperimentebSi adamianebi, romlebic Tanxmdebodnen mcire valdebulebis aRebaze
(magaliTad, peticiaze, Txovnaze xelis mowera), Sesabamisad, ufro ganwyobilni
iyvnene daTanxmebodnen ufro did valdebulebasac (magaliTad, saxlis win
daedgaT didi dafa mowodebiT). Aam xerxs xSirad uwodeben karSi fexis Cadgmis

meTods. EerTxel Tu Semodges fexi Tqvens karSi, mere gamoiyeneben ra Tqvens

valdebulebis grZnobas, metsac moiTxoven. movaWreebi Tqvens winaaRmdeg am meTods
iyeneben imiT, rom gaiZuleben miiRoT gadawyvetileba, Semdeg ki gicvlian sagans
da geubnebian: me vici, rom Tqven am manqanis yidva gindaT, magram Cemi ufrosi
mxolod 200 dolaris daklebaze Tanxmdeba an me vici, rom Tqven is adamiani
xarT, romelic mxolod xarisxian saqonels yidulobs, amitom darwmulebuli var,

867

cota metsac gadaixdiT. am situaciaSi Tqven Tavs araTanmimdevrulad, an

sulelad igrZnobT, Tu ar SeiZenT SemoTavazebul saqonels.
migebis

norma (Reciprociti norm) - molodini,

rom

gaweuli

samsaxuri

dagibrundeba. Tu erTi adamiani meores raimes ukeTebs, meoremac raime unda

gaukeTos sapasuxod.

deficiti
adamianebs ar uyvarT imis SegrZneba, rom maT ar aqvT raime (an sxva kuTxiT Tu
mivudgebiT, moswonT hqondeT is, rac ar aqvT sxvebs). MmagaliTad, eqsperimentis
monawileebi maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen im Sokoladis gemos, romelic qilaSi ori
cali iyo, vidre im Sokolads, romelic imave qilaSi aTi cali iyo (Worchel et al.,
1975). rogor muSaobs deficitis principi bazarze? movaWreebma ician, rom maT
SeuZliaT meti fuli dagaxarjvinon, Tu mogaCveneben, rom esa Tu is nivTi
deficituria: esRa aris rac damrCa, ase, rom jobs exlave iyidoT, me ukve myavs
myidveli, romelic unda mobrundes da iyidos. es strategia gagrZnobinebT, rom
Tqven xelidan gauSvebT sasurvel moments, Tu exlave ar SeiZenT nivTs.
modelireba
daTanxmebisaTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebis bolo magaliTis saCveneblad, Cven
davubrundebiT konformulobis ideas. rodesac adamianebi avlenen
konformulobas, isini iReben referentuli jgufis qcevas. amgvarad, erT-erTi gza
imisa, rom gaxado adamianebi konformulebi aris is, rom Seqmna informaciuli
zegavlenis pirobebi. maSin adamianebi sakuTar qcevas Secvlian sasurveli qcevis

modelis Sesabamisad.
saidan viciT
wylis dazogvis qcevis modelireba
kaliforniis Statis qalaq santa-kruzis universitetis administracias
surda, rom sauniversiteto qalaqSi mcxovreb studentebs ufro
ekonimiurad exarjaT energia da wyali. vinaidan studentebi amtkicebdenen,
rom bunebis damcvelebi iyvnen, administraciam es daijera da saSxapeebSi
gamoakra dabanis procedurasTan dakavSirebuli instruqcia, romliTac
varaudobda, rom miaRwevda qcevis Secvlas da wylis xarjis mniSvnelovan
Semcirebas. mamakacTa saSxapeSi gamokruli instruqcia mimarTuli iyo

868

iqiTken, rom gasapnis periodSi studentebs wyali gadaeketaT. kerZod, mas

aseTi saxe hqonda: (1.) dasveldi, (2.) gadakete wyali, (3.) gaisapne, (4.)
gaevle. xuTi dRis Semdeg studentTa mxolod 6%-ma Secvala qceva
instruqciis Sesabamisad. rodesac instruqcias adgili Seucvales ufro
gamosaCen adgilze, aRmoCnda, rom mas studentTa 19% daemorCila.
miuxedaval amisa, aRmoCnda, rom saerTo efeqturoba Zalze dabali iyo,
vinaidan zogierTi studenti Zalze did xans iRebda Sxaps.
bolos yvela instruqcia Camoxsnes da erTma studentma Seqmna SxapiT
sargeblobis Sesaferisi nimuSi. kerZod, administraciis ndobiT aRWurvili
Sevida saSxapeSi, rodesac iq aravin ar iyo, daeloda sxvebis Semosvlas da
mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo dabana instruqciis Sesabamisad. am gziT
miRweulma daTanxmebam 49%-s miaRwia. rodesac igive meTodi erTdroulad
orma modelma gamoiyena, efeqturoba ukve 67% iyo. es uzarmazari naxtomi
iyo daTanxmebaSi (Aronson,1990).
maSinac ki, rodesac uSualo modeli warmodgenili ar aris situaciaSi,
movaWreebi xSirad cdiloben Tqvenze moaxdinon normatuli da informaciuli
zegavlena imiT, rom gacnobeben, Tu ramdenma adamianma im wridan, romelsac

gsurT, rom ekuTvnodeT, SeiZina es produqti: es manqana mxolod gamWriax da

sando xalxs mivyide, es modeli kargad iyideba,. imaTTvis aris, visac saukeTeso
stereo sistema sWirdeba
.Cven ganvixileT daTanxmebis ramdenime meTodi, romelic, SesaZloa, Tqvenc
gamoiyenoT. SesaZloa Tqvenc dauTmoT dro keTil miznebs, an Tqveni wvlili
SeitanoT bunebrivi resursebis dazogvaSi. asea Tu ise, Tqven naxeT, rom drois
did nawils adamianebi uTmoben imas, rom cdiloben erTmaneTis qcevebis Secvlas,
aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT gaiZulon Tqven gaakeToT is, risi gakeTebasac,
ar isurvebdiT. rogor unda davicvaT Tavi am eSmaki movaWreebis xrikebisagan?
Tqven SegiZliaT isini, maTive meTodebis saSualebiT gamoiWiroT da amiT win
aRudgeT maT mcdelobebs. EecadeT, umniSvnelo Tavazianobebs yuradReba ar
miaqcioT, nu gamoiCenT sulelur simtkices. ecadeT, gamoavlinoT yalbi deficiti.
Mmoqmedebis dawyebamde, yovelTvis daitoveT dro mofiqrebisaTvis. socialuri
fsiqologiis codnam, SesaZloa, Tqven yovelmxriv gonier momxmareblad gaqcioT.
am TavSi xSirad gTxovdiT warmogedginaT megobrebi, da CagerToT isini
warmosaxul situaciebSi. Mmagram rogor da ratom xdeba zogierTi adamiani Tqveni

Comment [liza1]: interpret.

869

megobari? Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, rom socialuri fsiqologiis

mniSvnelovani sferoa, socialuri urTierTobebis Seswavla urTierTobebi
adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs Soris. axla ki vnaxoT pirovnebaTaSorisi
urTierTobebis is Zalebi, romlebic adamianebs erTmaneTTan axlovebs.
Sejameba
damokidebuleba warmoadgens obieqtebis, movlenebis an ideebis dadebiT an
uarYofiT Sefasebas. damokidebulebebi rac ufro, aSkarad gamoxatulia, an
specifiuria, miT ufro myaria maTi kavSiri Sesabamis qcevebTan. gaazrebis
SesaZleblobis modelis Tanaxmad, darwmunebis procesis efeqturoba
damokidebulis imaze, adamianebi informaciis gadamuSavebis centralur, Tu
periferiul gzebs gamoiyeneben. centraluri gza gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac
adamianebi motivirebulebi arian, gulmodgined Seafason argumentebi.
damokidebulebis safuZvelsa da argumentis tips Soris kavSiri, aseve, iwvevs
argumentis efeqturobis zrdas. disonansisa da TviT-aRqmis Teoriebi migviTiTeben,
rom adamianebi xSirad icvlianNTavianT damokidebulebebs, TavianTi qcevebidan
gamomdinare. migeba, davaldebuleba, deficiti da modelireba aris is Zalebi,
romelTac mivyavarT daTanxmebamde.
socialuri urTierTobebi
rogor irCevT maT, visTan erTadac mTel cxovrebas gaatarebT? ratom eltviT
megobrebis kompanias? ratom aRmoCndebian xolme iseTi adamianebi, romelTa mimarT
Tqveni grZnobebic scildeba megobrobis sazRvrebs da romantiul siyvarulSi
gadadis? socialur fsiqologebs socialur mizidulobasTan (Social attraction)
dakavSirebul am kiTxvebze mTeli rigi pasuxebi gaaCniaT (magram nu swuxxarT,
siyvarulis saidumlio srulad jer aravis amouxsnia!).
mowoneba
rodesme gicdiaT garkveuliyaviT, Tu rogor da ratom SeiZineT esa Tu is
megobari? am SekiTxvaze pirveli uSualo pasuxi aseTia: adamianebi midrekilni
arian, miizidon isini, visTanac isini met teritoriul siaxloveSi (Proximity)
imyofebian Tqven imitom xedavT da xvdebiT maT, rom isini cxovroben an
muSaoben Tqvens gverdiT. es faqtori, albaT, mcire ganmartebas saWiroebs, magram
ukeTesi iqneboda, aRgveniSna, rom es aris adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi

870

tendencia moswondeT adamianebi da sagnebi ubralod maTTan xangrZlivi

urTierTobebis (mere exposure) gamo. rac ufro xSirad xarT raimesTan an vinmesTan
erTad, miT ufro giyvarT is (Zaionc,1968). xangrZlivi urTierTobebis es efeqti
niSnavs, rom mTlianobaSi Tqven sul ufro da ufro metad mogewonebaT is
adamianebi, romlebic Tqvens irgvliv arian. magram, rogorc Cven amas Semdeg
davinaxavT, komputerebis epoqa axal mniSvnelobas aniWebs siaxlovis ideas. dRes
mravali adamiani inarCunebs urTierTobas komputeruli qselis meSveobiT.
SesaZloa, isini geografiulad erTmaneTisagan Zalze Sors iyvnen, magram ekranze
gamoCenili yoveldRiuri Setyobinebebi fsiqologiurad Zalze aaxlovebs maT.
axla ki yuradReba sxva faqtorebsac mivapyroT, romlebsac ZaluZT gamoiwvion
mowoneba da mizidva.

fizikuri mimzidveloba
kargia Tu ara, fizikuri mimzidveloba xSirad aRvivebs megobrobas. dasavlur
kulturaSi arsebobs Zlieri stereotipi, rom fizikurad mimzidveli adamiani
yvelaferSi kargi iqneba. 70-ze meti gamokvlevis mimoxilva adasturebs, rom
fizikuri mimzidvelobis stereotipi udides zegavlenas axdens adamianis
socialur kompetenturobis Sesaxeb msjelobaze. adamianebs sjeraT, rom
mimzidveli adamianebi ufro metad sociabilurebi da eqstravertulebi arian,
vidre naklebad mimzidvelni (Eagly et al., 1991). miuxedavad amisa, fizikuri
mimzidveloba gacilebiT nakleb efeqts axdens gonierebasTan an karieraSi
warmatebasTan dakavSirebul msjelobebze. stereotipebis socialur safuZvelze
msjelobisas TqvenTvis, albaT, ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom fizikur
mimzidvelobas Tavisi roli aqvs mowonebaSi.
saidan viciT
fizikurad mimzidveli partniorebis kval da kval
erT klasikur gamokvlevaSi mkvlevarebma minesotis universitetis axlad
miRebul, SemTxveviT SerCeul studentebs sTxoves, erTmaneTisTvis
sacekvaod paemnebi daeniSnaT _ am studentebze mkvlevarebma farTo
informacia Seagroves, dawyebuli maTi zomebidan da inteleqtiTa da
pirovnuli TaviseburebebiT damTavrebuli. cekvis saRamos da Semdegac
studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT SemTxveviT SerCeuli partniorebi da

871

mieTiTebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo mosalodneli maTi ganmeorebiTi Sexvedra.

Sedegebi iyo naTeli da Zalze msgavsi, qalebisaTvisac da kacebisaTvisac.
silamaze Sefasda ufro mniSvnelovan faqtorad, vidre inteleqtis
koeficientis sidide, kargi socialuri Cvevebi an dadebiTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebi. mxolod maT gamoTqves urTierTobis gagrZelebis survili, vinc
silamazis mixedviT moaxdina sefaseba (Walxster et al., 1966).
fizikuri mimzidveloba sxva kulturebSic ganapirobebs mowonebas. magaliTad,
Cineli me-10-12-e klaseli moswavleebi adasturebdnen, rom fizikurad mimzidvel
Tanaklaselebs ufro maRali statusi hqondaT (Dong et al., 1996). Tumca, rogorc Cven
me-12-e

TavSi

standartebis

aRvniSneT,
mixedviT.

kulturebi
magaliTad,

gansxvavdebian

fizikuri

silamazis

afro-amerikelebs

naklebad

uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba aqvT Warb wonasTan, vidre anglo-amerikelebs (Helb & Heatherton,

1998; Jackson & McGill, 1996).

msgavseba
msgavsebis Sesaxeb cnobili andaza amtkicebs: feri fersao, madli RmerTsao.
marTalia es? kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi pasuxi aris diax.
msgavseba

iseTi

parametrebis

mixedviT,

rogoricaa

Sexedulebebi,

damokidebulebebi, faseulobebi, xels uwyobs damegobrebas. ratom unda xdebodes

ase? adamianebs, romlebic Tqveni msgavsni arian, SeuZliaT Tqveni pirovnuli
TviTdamkvidrebis SegrZnebis uzrunvelyofa, radganac Tqveni msgavsi pirovneba
gagrZnobinebT, rom,

magaliTad, Tqveni damokidebulebebi, faqtobrivad, swori

damokidebulebebia (Byrne & Clore, 1970). metic, msgavsebis ararsebobas mivyavarT

Zlier

antipaTiamde

(Rosenbaum, 1980).

rodesac

Tqven

aRmoaCenT,

rom

viRacis

Sexedulebebi gansxvavdeba Tqveni Sexedulebebisagan, Tqven, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT

warsulSi, sxva adamianebTan konfliqtis magaliTebi. aman, SesaZloa, gibiZgaT
iqiTken, rom daSordeT am adamianebs, da samegobrod ki mxolod mzgavsi adamianebi
dagrCaT.
Tu kolejSi swavlis periodSi saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrobT, SegiZliaT
irgvliv mimoixedoT da naxoT, rogor muSaobs msgavseba. msgavsebi arian is
adamianebi,

romlebic

erT

oTaxSi

cxovroben?

kargi

urTierTobebis

mqone

TanaoTaxelebi msgavsebi arian? mkvlevarebma es sakiTxi sxvadasxva parametris

mixedviT

Seiswavles.

magaliTad,

erT-erT

kvlevaSi

fasdeboda

TanaoTaxelTa

872

wyvilebis komunikaciuri unarebi. ramdenadDmsgavsi iyo maTi komunikacia iseTi

parametris mixedviT, rogoricaa survili (willingness)? aRmoCnda, rom is wyvilebi,
romlebic msgavsni iyvnen, am parametris mixedviT, ufro megobrulebi iyvnen, vidre
sawinaaRmdego maxasiaTeblebis mqone wyvilebi (Martin & Andersen, 1995). Tu Tqven
saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrobT, es modeli praqtikulad SegiZliaT SeamowmoT.

ormxrivoba
da bolos, Tqven gagaCniaT tendencia mogwondeT is adamianebi, visac Tqven
moswonxarT. gaxsovT Cveni saubari movaWreebze, romlebic iyenebdnen migebas? wess,
romlis mixedviTac miRebulis sanacvlod raRac unda gasce, am SemTxvevaSic
aqtualuria. adamianebi mowonebiT pasuxoben imaT, visac, maTi azriT, isini
moswonT (Backman & Secord 1959; Kenny & La Voie 1982). metic, rwmenam, rom Tqven vinmes
moswonxarT an ar moswonxarT, SesaZloa, ise imoqmedos Tqvens qcevaze, rom Tqven
Tavadac xeli SeuwyoT msgavsi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas (Curtis & Miller, 1986).
Tqven SegiZliaT winaswar TqvaT, rogor moeqceviT mas, visac, Tqveni azriT,
moswonxarT? visac ar moswonxarT? warmoidgineT, rom mtrulad eqceviT mas, visac,
Tqveni azriT, ar moswonxarT. atyobT Tqvens grZnobebSi, rogor SeiZleba Caerios
sakuTari

Tavisadmi

mikerZoeba?

arsebul

socialur

samyaros,

rodesac
aRmovaCenT,

Tvals
rom

gadavavlebT
is

Cvens

urTierTobebi,

irgvliv

romlebsac

SeiZleba vuwodoT mowoneba, mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli ormxrivobasTan.

amitom, Tu Cven viciT, rom pirovneba A-s gansakuTrebiT moswons pirovneba B, Cven
vaskvniT, rom pirovneba B-sac igive grZnobebi eqneba pirovneba A-s mimarT. (Kenny at
al., 1996).
es faqti, romelic axla mimovixileT, saSualebas gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom
Tqveni megobrebis umravlesoba is xalxi iqneba, romlebsac Tqven ufro xSirad
xvdebiT da visTanac dakavSirebulni xarT msgavsebiT da ormxrivi urTierTobebiT.
magram, risi Tqma SeuZliaT mkvelevarebs iseT ufro intensiur urTierTobebze,
rogoric aris Seyvareba?
Seyvareba
igive Zalebi, romlebsac adamianebi mihyavT mowonebamde, Semdeg ubiZgeben maT
siyvarulisaken. Uumetes SemTxvevaSi Tqven jer grZnobT mowonebas da Semdeg
siyvaruls (Tumca, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT

873

uyvarT zogierTi naTesavi, Tumca, ar moswonT isini). ra specifikur faqtorebze

laparakoben socialuri fsiqologebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT?

siyvarulis gancda
ras niSnavs, ganicado siyvaruli? Tqven unda gamonaxoT dro, raTa ifiqroT am
mniSvnelovan cnebaze. rogor fiqrobT, Tqveni gansazRvreba Seesabameba Tqveni
megobrebis gansazRvrebebs? mkvlevarebi Seecadnen, am kiTxvebze pasuxi sxvadasxva
gziT gaecaT da raRac saerTo midgomac gamoinaxa. adamianebis mier siyvarulis
gaazreba sam jgufad SeiZleba daiyos (Aron & Westbay, 1996):

vneba (Passion) seqsualuri ltolva da survili;

intimuroba gulwrfeloba da urTierTgageba;

ndoba erTguleba da Tavganwirva

SegiZliaT, Tqveni sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi samive am niSniT daaxasiaToT?

Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT: ara, ara yvela maTgani. faqtia, rom vinmes siyvaruli
(loving) unda ganvasxvavoT vinmesTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobebisagan (being in love),
adamianebis

(Miers & Bersheid 1997).

umravlesoba

aRniSnavs,

rom

siyvarulis

kategoria moicavs ufro farTo odenobas adamianebisa, vidre amas gulisxmobs

sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi. visTvis ar utkenia guli sityvebs me Sen miyvarxar,
magram

me

ver

davamyareb

SenTan

sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebs.

sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebi gulisxmobs raRac ufro intensiurs da specialurs am tipis

urTierTobebi moicavs seqsualur ltolvas
sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebi,

SesaZlebelia

daxasiaTdes

zogadi

niSnebiT.

samyaros Sesaxeb, Tqvenma codnam SesaZloa migiyvanaT iqamde, rom daaskvnaT,

adamianebi

gansxvavebulad

ganicdian

siyvaruls.

Mmkvlevarebi,

gansakuTrebiT

dainteresebulni arian drois xangrZliv periodSi, sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis

SenarCunebaSi
yuradReba

individualuri

gansakuTrebiT

gansxvavebebis

gamaxvilda

SeswavliaT.

zrdasrulTa

ukanasknel

mijaWvulobis

wlebSi

stilis

kvlevebze (Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Hazan, 1994). gaixseneT me-11-e Tavidan, ramxela
mniSvneloba Hhqonda bavSvis swori socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis, mSoblebTan
mibmulobas. Mmkvlevarebma daiwyes imis garkveva, Tu ramxela mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes, Semdgom cxovrebaSi, mibmulobis
bavSvebi

izrdebian

da

uCndebaT

sakuTari

am adreul

gamocdilebas, rodesac

valdebulebiTi

sakuTari Svilebi (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main et al., 1985).

urTierTobebi

da

874

ra

aris

mijaWvulobis

stili?

cxrili

17.2

iZleva

debulebebs

axlo

urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (Hazan & Shaaver, 1987; Saver & Hazan, 1994). gamoZebneT dro da
miuTiTeT, romel debulebas eTanxmebiT. rodesac igive kiTxviT mimarTes sxva
adamianebs, Tu romeli debuleba ukeT aRwerda maT, umravlesobam (55%) airCia
pirveli

debuleba.

es

aris

daculobis

mijaWvulobis

stili.

sagrZnobma

umciresobam airCia meore debuleba (25% - dacviTi stili), xolo mesme ki _ 20%-ma
(SfoTviTi-ambivalenturi

stili).

aRmoCnda,

rom

SeTavsebulobis

es

stilebi

zustad gansazRvraven urTierTobebis xarisxs (Feeney & Noller, 19990; Tidwell et al., 1996).
im

adamianebisgan

daculobis
romantiuli

gansxvavebiT,

stilis

mibmulobis

urTierTobebi

romlebmac
mqone

meore

da

adamianebs

mesame

stilebi

aRmoaCndaT

(Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997).

airCies,

xangrZlivi

magaliTad

da

adamianebi,

romlebsac gaaCndaT SfoTviTi stili, ufro xSirad da intensiurad eWvianoben,

vidre dacviTi stilis adamianebi.
cxrili 17.2. axlo urTierTobebisas zrdasrulTa/mozrdilTa mijaWvulobis
mijaWvulobis
stilebi

debuleba 1:
SedarebiT

advilad

vuaxlovdebi

sxvebs

da

Tavs

komfortulad

vgrZnob,

rodesac maTze var damokidebuli. me xSirad ar vwuxvar imaze, rom vinmesgan

mitovebuli var, an vinmeze zedmetad damokidebuli.
debuleba 2:
garkveulwilad

arakomfortulad

vgrZnob

Tavs,

rodesac

sxvebTan

axlo

urTierTobebSi Sevdivar. miWirs maTze srulad mindoba, miWirs isic, rom sakuTar
Tavs ufleba mivce, damokidebuli viyo maTze. me vRiziandebi, rodesac vinme
Zalian axlos dgeba CemTan. xSirad partniori ufro met siaxloves mTxovs, vidre
es CemTvis aris misaRebi.
debuleba 3:
vTvli, rom sxvebs ar sur, CemTan ise axlos iyvnen/yofna, rogorc es me
momewoneboda. xSirad vnerviulob, ganvicdi, rom partniors ar vuyvarvar, an ar
surs CemTan darCena. me minda, rom Cems partniorTan Zalian axlos viyo da es
xSirad afrTxobT adamianebs.

875

modiT, erTi saboloo gansxvaveba movaxdinoT. xSir SemTxvevaSi sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebi Zlieri ltolviTa da gatacebis periodiT iwyeba, romelsac vnebiTi

siyvaruli (passionate love) SeiZleba vuwodoT. droTa ganmavlobaSi Cndeba tendencia

imisa, rom ltolvis intensivoba klebulobs, magram matulobs intimuroba. amas

megobruli siyvaruli (companionate love) SegviZlia vuwodoT, (Berscheid &Walster, 1978).

rodesac Seyvarebuli iqnebiT, Tqven TviTon SeamCnevT aseT cvlilebas; ase rom, ar
ifiqroT, rom siyvaruls kargavT, es bunebrivi procesiaDda Tundac ase ar iyos,
vnebiTi siyvarulidan gamosvla arc ise dramatulia, rogorc es erTi SexedviT
SeiZleba Candes. mkvlevarebma am saxis siyvaruli 30 wlis asakiT SemosazRvres
(Aron & Aron, 1994). rodesac Tqven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs amyarebT, SesaZloa,
imedi gqondeT, rom es mudmivad gagrZeldeba, magram ase ar xdeba, Semdeg sxva
moTxovnilebebic Cndeba.
gaxsovdeT, rom siyvarulis gancdac ganicdis kulturis gavlenas. am Tavis erT
adgilas,

Cven

aRvniSneT,

rom

arsebobs

damoukideblobisa

da

urTierTdamokidebulebis ganzomileba kulturebs Soris. kulturebi, romlebic

pirovnebis me-s maxasiaTeblebs koleqtiur maxasiaTeblebze ufro maRla ayenebs,
da

urTierTdamokidebulebebis

Rirebulebebs

ufro

maRla

kulturebi,

ayeneben,

romlebic

vidre

adamianis

gaziarebul

kulturul

individualobas. rogor

gavlenas moaxdens es Tqvens sasiyvarulo urTierTobebze? Tu Tqven partniors

Tqvens pirad grZnobebze dayrdnobiT irCevT, maSin Tqven upiratesobas Tqvens
pirad Sexedulebebs aniWebT. xolo Tu Tqven partniors imis mixedviT irCevT, Tu
rogor gamoCndebiT sxvebis TvalSi da ras ifiqreben isini Tqvens ojaxze, Tqven
ufro koleqtivistur Sexedulebebze yofilxarT damokidebuli. kros-kulturuli
gamokvlevebi

mowmobs,

rom

arsebobs

myari

safuZveli

vifiqroT,

rom

damoukideblobaze orientirebuli kulturebi ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWeben

siyvaruls (Dion & Dion, 1993; Hatfield & Sprecher, 1995; Levine at al., 1995). ganvixiloT erTi
sakiTxi: Tu qals (kacs) gaaCnia yvela is Tviseba, romelic Tqven mogwonT,
SeirTavdiT Tu ara mas, miuxedavad imisa, rom is Tqven ar giyvarT? am kiTxvaze
amerikeli studentebis mxolod 3.5%-ma upasuxa diax, xolo indoeli studentebis
_

49%-ma

(Levine, 1995).

urTierTdamokideulebebze

orientirebuli

kulturebis

warmomadgenlebi ufro momTxovnebi arian partniorebis mimarT. es imitom xdeba,

rom am kulturebSi ufro Zlieria idea urTierTobebiT pirovnuli winsvlisa da
isini meuRlisagan ufro mets moelian.

876

ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas?

albaT, naTelia, rom yvelas, vinc am wigns kiTxulobs da imasac, vinc dawera
is,

hqonia

iseTi

urTierTobebi,

romlebic

didxans

ar

gagrZelebula

da

Sewyvetila. ra moxda? igive kiTxva ufro pozitiurad rom davsvaT, risi Tqma
SeuZliaT mkvlevarebs im situaciebze da adamianebze am situaciebSi, romlebsac
xangrZliv sasiyvarulo urTierTobebamde mivyavarT?
erTi Teoria sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs gaiazrebs, rogorc sxvis CarTvas
Cvens sakuTar me-Si (Aron et al., 1991; Aron & Aron, 1994). ganvixiloT 17.7 suraTze
mocemuli

diagramebi.

TiToeuli

maTgani

asaxavs,

Tu

rogor

SeiZleba

axlo

urTierTobebis gaazreba. Tu Tqven gaqvT romantikuli urTierToba, SegiZliaT,

TqvaT, romeli daigrama gamoxatavs ukeT Tqvensa da Tqvens partniors Soris
urTierTobas?

kvlevam

aCvena,

rom

is

adamianebi,

romlebic

TavianTi

urTierTobebis gamosaxatad irCeven im diagramas, romelzec me-s da sxvis

yvelaze meti gadafarvaa, is adamianebi arian, romlebic sxvas ganixilaven sakuTar
me-Si CarTulad da TiTqmis yovelTvis grZnoben did valdebulebas, rom iqonion
xangrZlivi urTierTobebi (Aron et al., 1992; Aron & Fraley, 1999).

sur. 17.7. sxvebis meme-Si CarTulobis skala (IOS Inclusion of Others in the Self)

Tu Tqven gaqvT romantikuli sasiyvarulo urTierToba, romeli daigrama

gamoxatavs ukeT Tqveni da Tqveni partnioris urTierTdamokidebulebas? skaliT
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebi, romlebic sxvas sakuTar me-Si
CarTulad

ganicdian,

ufro

met

valdebulebas

ganicdian

urTierTobebis

xangrZliobasTan dakavSirebiT.
kidev

romeli

faqtorebi

uwyobs

xels

urTierTobebis

gaxangrZlivebas?

damokidebulebis modeli (Dependence model) varaudobs, rom valdebulebebi

dafuZnebulia Sefasebebis seriebze (Drigotas & Rusbult, 1992, p.65):
zogierTi moTxovnilebis mniSvnelovnebis xarisxi individis urTierTobaSi.
mniSvnelovani

moTxovnilebebia:

intimuroba,

seqsi,

emociuri

CarTuloba,

megobruli damokidebuleba da inteleqtualuri CarTuloba.

ra

xarisxiT

urTierTobaSi.

kmayofildeba

TiToeuli

es

moTxovnileba

mocemul

877

TiToeuli

moTxovnilebisTvis,

arsebuli/mimdinare

partnioris

garda,

arsebobs Tu ara vinme, visTanac pirovnebas mniSvnelovani urTierToba aqvs.

am moTxovnilebebis alternatuli urTierTobiT dakmayofilebis done.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, es modeli amtkicebs, rom adamianebi miT ufro
metad inarCuneben myar sasiyvarulo urTierTobas, rac ufro metad ikmayofileben
im mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs, romlebsac sxva veravin daakmayofilebs. amdenad,

megobruli

Tu

urTierTobebi

TqvenTvis

Zalze

mniSvnelovania

giyvarT

Tavisufali drois gatareba sxva adamianebTan erTad da amave dros arsebobs

viRac, vinc Tqvens mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs, maSin savaraudoa,
rom

Tqven am urTierTobebis mimarT met valdebulebas igrZnobT. es marTebulia

maSinac, Tu Tqveni partniori ar aris Tqveni pirveli arCevani. damokidebulebis

modeli

iTxovs

dazustebas,

raTa

gavarkvioT,

ratom

inarCuneben

adamianebi

urTierTobebs, Tumca fizikurad ukve SeuTavseblebi arian (Choice & Lamke, 1999).
nacem qalTa TavSesafris 100 qalidan, isini, vinc Tvlidnen, rom garkveuli Sansi
hqonda

ZiriTadad

ekonomikur

safuZvelze

Tavs

valdebulad

Tvlidnen,

dabrunebodnen Zvel urTierTobebs (Russbult & Martz, 1995). Aamgvarad, adamianebi,

SesaZloa,

Zalze

ubedurebi

iyvnen

col-qmrul

urTierTobebSi,

magram

mainc

urTierTdamokidebulni iyvnen.
fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi
urTierTobebi da interneti
iwvevs ki vinmeSi eWvs is faqti, rom internetis gamoCenam udidesi
impulsi misca adamianebis urTierTobas da maT daaxloebas? warmoidgineT
13 wlis biWi, saxelad denieli, niu-iorkidan, romlis axali megobari
gogona, aseve, 13 wlis reiCeli samxreT karolinaSi imyofeba. maT ar
SeeZloT suraTebis gacvla internetiT. rodesac dedam dens urCia, suraTi
aSS-is fostiT gaegzavna, man upasuxa: de, is ar apirebs CemTvis Tavisi
misamarTis

mocemas(Gardner, 2000, p. 40).

Mcxadia,

me-20-e

saukunis

bolo

wlebamde biWebis umravlesobas azradac ki ar mouvidodaT, axal megobar

gogonebTan am gziT urTierTobis damyareba. modiT, vnaxoT, ra wvlili
Seitana internetma urTierTobebSi.
kvlevebma

aCvena,

rom

internetis

momxmarebelTa

yvelaze

aqtiur

878

saqmianobas socialuri urTierTobebi warmoadgens. internetis daaxloebiT

4100

momxmareblis

gamokiTxvam

cxadyo,

rom

maTi

90%

internets

eleqtronuli fostisTvis iyenebda, 24% ki e.w. CatSi monawileobs (Nie &

Erbing, 2000). sxva kvleva aCvenebs, rom urTierTobaTa didma raodenobam
kibersivrcidan

fizikur

sivrceSi

gadainacvla.

ganvixiloT

kvleva,

romelSic 568 individi monawileobda (59% qali da 41% kaci). maT sTxoves,
rom erTmaneTisTvis internetiT axali ambebi gaegzavnaT (Mc Kena et al., 2001).
am

jgufis

wevrebis

63%

internetiT

gacnobis

Semdeg

satelefono

urTierTobebze gadavida. 54% ki internetiT gacnobil pirovnebas Sexvda.

ori

wlis

Semdeg

damyarebuli

Catarebulma

urTierTobebi

gamokiTxvam

isev

myari

iyo.

ki

aCvena, rom

faqtobrivad,

internetiT

SerCevis

15%

daniSnuli iyo, 10% ki _ ukve daqorwinebuli internet-partniorze.

adre

aRvniSneT,

mdgenelia.

siaxlove

rom

aucilebelia,

rom

mowonebis

adamians

erT-erTi

SexvdeT,

vidre

mniSvnelovani
Tqvens

Soris

mowoneba an romantiuli urTierTobebi Camoyalibdeba. zemoT ganxiluli

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom geografiuli daSorebulobis miuxedavad, interneti
fsiqologiuri daaxloebis karg saSualebas iZleva. faqtobrivad, arsebobs
monacemebi, rom internetis saSualebiT urTierTobebi ukeT iwyeba, vidre
pirispir (Bargh et al., 2001). erT gamokvlevaSi, romelSic kolejis studentebi
monawileobdnen,

monawileebma,

or

gansxvavebul

pirobebSi,

urTierToba

gaabes erTi da igive partniorTan. Oorive interaqciisas wyvilebis naxevars

pirispir urTierTobebis SesaZlebloba mieca, meore naxevars ki pirispir
Sexvedramde internetiT urTierTobis
meore

etapis

Semdeg

safexurian skalaze

partniorebs

saSualeba hqondaT. urTierTobis

sTxoves,

SeefasebinaT

erTmaneTi

15

-7-dan (Zalian ar momwons), +7-mde (Zalian momwons). im

monawileebma, romelTac pirispir Sexvedramde internetiT urTierTobis

SesaZlebloba

hqondaT,

bevrad

meti

urTierTsimpatiebi

gamoavlines

(saSualod 4.70), vidre im monawileebma, romelTac aseTi SesaZlebloba ar

HhqondaT

(saSualod

2.45).

ratom

unda

momxdariyo

ase?

mkvlevarebi

fiqroben, rom internetiT dawyebuli urTierToba monawileebs saSualebas

aZlevs,

naklebad

moeqcnen

garegnobis

gavlenis

qveS.

ufro

metic,

internetis droebiTi anonimuroba, rogorc Cans, amxnevebs adamianebs, ufro

879

metad gaxsnis SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT, rac ufro metad aZlierebs

mowonebas.
mecnierTa yuradReba miipyro im adamianebis cxovrebam, romelTa mier
internetis gamoyenebis sixSire amcirebs maT aqtivobas realur cxovrebaSi
(Kraut et al., 1998; Nie & Erbing, 2000). Tumca, zemoT mocemuli magaliTebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom interneti, SesaZloa, adamianTa didi nawilis socialur
da

romantikul

cxovrebaSi

dadebiT

mamoZravebel

Zalad

CaiTvalos.

SesaZloa, male danielmac miiRos Tavisi megobari gogonas misamarTi.

am TavSi Cven vnaxeT, Tu rogor moqmedeben socialuri Zalebi adamianebze.
magaliTad, vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens situacia qcevaze, rogor yalibdeba
Tqveni damokidebulebebi socialur urTierTobebSi. Cven girCevT, SeiswavloT
Tqveni

qcevebi,

raTa

dainaxoT

is

gzebi,

romliTac

socialuri

garemocva

gexmarebaT Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis axsnaSi.

momdevno TavSi Cven vnaxavT, Tu rogor warmarTaven igive Zalebi socialur
qcevas pirovnul doneze _ iwveven agresias da altruizms da kulturul doneze _
omsa da mSvidobas.
Sejameba
adamianebis umetesobas uyvars is adamianebi, vinc maTTan fizikurad axlos
imyofeba, fizikurad mimzidvelia, misi msgavsia da visganac iRebs igive impulsebs.
adamianebi

TavianT

sasiyvarulo

gamocdilebas

axasiaTeben,

rogorc

vnebas,

intimurobas da valdebulebas. siyvarulSi individualuri gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa,

nawinaswarmetyvelebi iqnas, mijaWvulobis stilisa da kulturuli molodinebis
safuZvelze. sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi miT ufro myaria, rac ufro metadaa
CarTuli

partniori

Cvens

me-Si.

damokidebulebis

modeli

gulisxmobs,

rom

adamianebi ufro metad inarCuneben urTierTobas, rac ufro metad akmayofilebs es

urTierToba

iseT

specifikur

moTxovnilebebs,

romlebsac

daakmayofilebs.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
situaciis Zala
adamianis azrebi da aqtivobebi ganicdis situaciis zemoqmedebas.

sxva

veravin

880

individebi

TavianTi

rwmenebis,

faseulobebisa

da

midrekilebebis

sawinaRmdegid iqcevian, Tu maT evalebaT garkveuli socialuri rolis Sesruleba,

Tundac xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi.
socialuri normebi ayalibebs jgufis wevrebis damokidebulebebsa da qcevebs.
Serifisa da aSis klasikuri gamokvlevebi warmoaCens im informaciul da
normatiul Zalebs, romlebic iwveven konformizms.
umciresobis zegavlena, SesaZloa, aRiZras informaciuli zegavlenis Sedegad.
socialuri realobis konstruireba
konstruireba
yoveli adamiani TviTon agebs Tavis socialur realobas.
socialuri percefcia determinirebulia SexedulebebiTa da molodinebiT.
atribuciis

Teoria aRwers

im Sefasebebs,

romlebsac

adamianebi akeTeben

qcevebis mizezebis Taobaze.

zogirTi gadaxra, rogoricaa, magaliTad, atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma,
sakuTari

Tavisadmi

mikerZoeba

da

TviTqmnadi

winaswarmetyveleba,

SesaZloa,

CaerTos atribuciaSi, sxva Sefasebebsa da qcevebSi.

magram mainc, molodinebis gavlena Semofarglulia im informaciis sizustiT,
romelic Tqven gare samyaros Sesaxeb gagaCniaT.
damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba
damokidebulebebi

aris

obieqtebis,

movlenebis

an

ideebis

pozitiuri

an

negatiuri Sefaseba.
yvela

damokidebuleba

ar

iZleva

qcevis

zustad

winaswarmetyvelebis

SesaZleblobas; is Zalze xelmisawvdomi an Zalze specifikuri uda iyos.

gaazrebis
procesebi

SesaZleblobis

gulisxmobs

modelis

argumrentebis

Tanaxmad,
gulmodgine

darwmunebis
analizs,

centraluri
maSin

roca

periferiuli procesebi exeba darwmunebis procesis garegnul mxareebs.

damokidebulebebis safuZvlebsa da argumentis tips Soris kavSiri, aseve,
axdens gavlenas argumentis efeqturobaze.
disonansisa da TviT-aRqmis Teoriebi exeba damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebasa
da Secvlas, rac mohyveba qcevis ganxorcielebas.
daTanxmebisaTvis adamianebma, SesaZloa, mimarTon migebis, davaldebulebis,
deficitis Seqmnis da modelirebis meTodebs.

881

socialuri urTierTobebi
interpersonaluri

mimzidveloba

determinirebulia,

nawilobriv,

fizikuri

siaxloviT, fizikuri mimzidvelobiT, msgavsebiTa da ormxrivobiT.

sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebi

ganisazRvreba

ltolvis,

intimurobis

da

valdebulebis parametrebiT.
mozdrilTa mijaWvulobis stili gavlenas axdens urTierTobebis xarisxze.
adamianis valdebulebebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis dros dakavSirebulia
siaxlovisa da damokidebulebis doneze.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
damokidebuleba
atribuciis Teoria
qceviTi dadastureba
kognituri disonansi
daTanxmeba
konformuloba
kovariaciis principi
gaazrebis SesaQleblobis modeli
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma
jgufis polarizacia
jgufuri azrovneba
informaciuli gavlena
normatiuli gavlena
normebis kristalizacia
darwmuneba
migebis norma
wesebi
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
TviT-aRqmis Teoria
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
socialuri norma
socialuri aRqma
socialuri fsiqologia

882

socialuri roli
Tavi 18. socialuri fsiqologia, sazogadoeba
sazogadoeba da kultura

altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

altruizmis fesvebi
prosocialuri qcevis motivebi
situaciis gavlenebi prosocialur qcevaze

agresia
evoluciuri midgoma
individualuri gansxvavebebi
situaciuri gavlenebi
kulturuli zemoqmedebebi

crurwmenebi
crurwmenebis safuZvlebi
stereotipebis efeqtebi
crurwmenebis daZleva

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: samyaro pataravdeba

konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia

avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba
genocidisa da omis fsiqologia
mSvidobis fsiqologia

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom eziarebian adamianebi kults?

avtoris bolosityvaoba

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi

883

1963 wels filosofosma hana arendtma (Hannah Arendt) gamoaqveyna wigni aihmani

ierusalimSi, romelSic ganxiluli iyo nacist adolf aihmanis danaSaulebebe,

riTac man xeli Seuwyo milionobiT ebraelis mkvlelobas. aihmani iseTive Tavis
qmedebebs rogorc sxva nacistebi:

[aihmans] kargad axsovda, rom cud xasiaTze iyo xolme, Tu ki ar SeeZlo imis
gakeTeba,

rac

misi

mowodeba

iyo

milionobiT

kacis,

qalisa

da

bavSvis

mkvleloba, didi gulmodginebiTa da pedanturobiT (gv.25)

miuxedavad amisa, ramdenad gasaocaric ar unda iyos, arendti aihmans
axasiaTebs, rogorc absoluturad Cveulebrivi adamiani:

fsiqiatrebi axasiaTebdnen mas, rogorc normalurs: - ufro normaluri iyo,

yovel SemTxvevaSi ufro metad, vidre me viyavi misi gamokvlevis Semdeg, _

ganacxada erT-erTma maTganma. meorem ki aRmoaCina, rom misi saerTo fsiqologiuri

mdgomareoba, damokidebuleba meuRlisa da Svilebis, mSoblebis, Zmebis, debisa da
megobrebis mimarT iyo ara mxolod normaluri, aramed Zalze sasurvelic.. (gv.
25-26).
aihmanis pirovnebisAanalizis gziT arendti midis cnobil daskvnamde:
aihmanis

ubedureba

gaukuRmarTebulebi

iyo

iyvnen

is,
da

rom
arc

uamravi

adamiani

sadistebi,

isini

hgavda
iyvnen

mas,
da

isini

jerac

arc
arian

SemaSfoTeblad normalurebi. Cveni samarTlebrivi instituciebis da Sefasebis

moraluri standartebis TvalsazrisiT, es normaluroba ufro SemaSfoTebelia,
vidre yvela simxece erTad aRebuli, im daSvebis gamo, rom danaSaulis es axali
saxe mis danaSaulebebs aqcevs iseTi garemoebebis gavlenis qveS, rom misTvis
SeuZlebeli xdeba sakuTari qcevis aramarTebulobis gageba an SegrZneba (gv.276).

rogorc

Cans,

[aihmanis

cxovrebis]

ukanasknel

wuTebSi

man

Seajama

is

gakveTilebi, romlebsac iZleva adamianis codvilobis mTeli nairferovneba

saSiSi gakveTilebi, romlebsac SeiZleba vuwodoT codvis banaluroba (gv. 252).
hana arendtis fraza codvis banaluroba, exmaureba XXIOsaukunis movlenebsac.
nacisturi holokostidan 60 wlis Semdegac ki terorizmis talRebma moicva
msoflio. dResac ki, roca Cven vwerT am sityvebs 2000 wlis bolos axlo
aRmosavleTi

isev

moicva

Zaladobam,

rac

gamoixateba

israelisa

da

palestinelebis SejaxebiT mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiroze. iugoslaviaSi,

xalxis ajanyebas moyva daundobeli diqtatoris slobodan miloSeviCis _

884

damxoba, magram, rogorc Cans, is da misi reJimis sxva wevrebi gadaurCebian

samxedro
tomebis

danaSaulebebisaTvis
wevrebs Soris

pasuximgeblobas. nigeriaSi, hausas

konfliqtis

Sedegad

gasul

da iorubas

wels aTasobiT adamiani

daiRupa da aTobiT mxolod gasul dReebSi. Cndeba cduneba, rom es movlenebi

ganvixiloT,

rogorc

sigiJis

gamovlena,

yvelaferi

mivaweroT

uazrobas

da

codvil xasiaTs, rogorc, vTqvaT, adolf hitleris SemTxveveaSi. magram, arendtis

analizi uaryofs amas. is gvaCvenebs, Tu ramdenad advilad, SeuZliaT socialur
Zalebs, aiZulon normaluri adamiani, Caidinos sazareli saqcieli.
fsiqologia
ganvixiloT

da

cxovreba

adamianis

qcevaze

Si

Cven

mivadeqiT

socialuri

im

Zalebis

adgils,

sadac

zemoqmedebis

unda

yvelaze

ukiduresi SemTxvevebi. am Tavis zogierTi nawili sakmaod SemaSfoTebeli iqneba,

vinaidan

naTelyofs

adamianSi

destruqciuli

da

arahumanuri

aqtebis

ganxorcielebis potencials. Cven ganvixilavT agresiul qcevas, crurwmenebs da im

pirobebs, romlebmac, SesaZloa, genocidis aqtebamde migviyvanos. amave dros, Cven
aRvwerT

adamianuri

ganaxorcielos

arsebis

Tandayolil

didsulovani

ltolvas

altruistuli

iyos

aqtebi,

molodinis gareSe. dabolos, Cven imedi gvaqvs, es

prosocialuri

yovelgvari

jildos

Tavi mkiTxvelSi aRZravs

optimistur azrs, rom socialuri mecnierebebis aRmoCenebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron

msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebaSi.
xSirad,
saCoTirod

am

TavSi

Tvlian.

ganxilul
imedi

sakiTxebs

gvaqvs,

studentebi

rom

provokaciulad

SesaZlebloba

geqnebaT,

da

isini,

maswavlebelTan erTad, srulad ganixiloT da debatebic moawyoT. Tqven am Tavis

Seswavla

unda

daamTavroT

imis

gagebiT,

Tu

fsiqologiuri

Zalebi

calkeul

individebze,

jgufebSi

rogor

gavlenas

axdenen

da

rogor

rogor

isini

moqmedeben

socialur

erTiandebian

individebi

msoflio

istoriis

yvelaze

SemaSfoTebel momentebze.
altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva
TiTqmis yvela tragediis Semdeg Tqven xedavT suraTs, rom adamianebi TavianTi
sicocxlis

riskis

fasad

cdiloben,

daicvan

sxva

adamianebis

sicocxle.

magaliTad, gavixsenoT oklahoma sitis dabombviT gamowveuli saSineleba. alfred

a. murahis dangreuli saxli da mTeli qveynidan Camosuli adamianebis gaweuli
gaerTianebuli

Zalisxmeva

im

imediT,

rom

aRmoaCendnen

da

daexmarebodnen

885

gadarCenil adamianebs. aseTi tragediebi aSkaras xdis adamianis, rogorc saxeobis,

potencials, ganaxorcielos prosocialuri qcevebi,
qcevebi, iseTi qcevebi, romlis mizania
sxva adamianebis daxmareba. metic, es tragediebi xSirad aaSkaraveben altruizms
iseT

prosocialur

qcevebs,

romlebsac

adamianebi

axorcieleben

TavianTi

sakuTari usafrTxoebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. imaSi, rasac Cven

kulturas

an sazogadoebas vuwodebT, mniSvnelovani aris adamianebis mondomeba,

daexmaron erTmaneTs. rogorc kulturis an sazogadoebis wevrebi, adamianebi

kooperireben

da

msxverpladac

ki

ewirebian

sxvebis

keTildReobas.

am

Tavs

daviwyebT imis ganxilviT, Tu ratom avlenen adamianebi altruistuli qcevebis

ganxorcielebis nebas.
altruizmis fesvebi
daviwyoT

amerikul

yoveldRiur

gazeTSi

gamoqveynebuli

altruizmis

konkretuli magaliTiT (Porstner, 1997):

sanapiro dacvis TanamSromelma, samSabaTs, samxreTis saxelmwifo gzatkecilze,

lindenharstSi, Tavisi manqana win Cauyena da amiT gadaarCina koneqtikuteli kaci,
romlis manqanamac gzidan gadauxvia. me win Cavudeqi da specialurad davajaxebine
manqana, raTa amiT SemeCerebina is ganacxada 25 wlis mZRolma, es iyo erTaderTi
saSualeba, riTac me misi SeCereba SemeZlo.
ra reaqcia gagiCndaT am monaTxrobze? SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT Tqveni
sicocxlis an, Tundac, Tqveni manqanis gariskva imisTvis, rom daicvaT vinmes
sicocxle, ragorc am SemTxvevaSia aRwerili? ras fiqrobda sakuTar Tavze
sanapiro dacvis mZRoli? gjeraT, rom qcevis ganxorcielebamde man gamoTvala
mogeba da wageba?
prosocialuri

qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) - qcevebi, romlebic sruldeba

sxva adamianebis daxmarebis mizniT.

altruizmi

(Altruizm)

prosocialuri

qcevebi,

romlebsac

adamiani

asrulebs Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxoebis an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis

gareSe.
ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi
Tanaxmadac, adamianebi
sxvebis

mxridanac

altruistul

moelian

maT

(Reciprocal altruizm) idea, romlis

qcevebs
mimarTac

axorcieleben

imitom,

altruistuli

rom

qcevebis

886

ganxorcielebas.
rodesac

naxavT

am

mamaci

mZRolis

msgavs

magaliTebs,

metad

bunebrivia,

daaskvnaT, rom adamianebs gaaCniaT altruizmis Bbazisuri, wminda adamianuri

motivacia. faqtobrivad, altruizmis arseboba zogjer winaaRmdegobrivia. raTa
gavigoT

ratom,

warmodgenili

Tqven

iyo

unda

me-3-e

da

daubrundeT
me-12-e

TavebSi

im
da

diskusiaze
exeboda

fiqrs,

romelic

evolociur

Zalebs.

evoluciuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, sicocxlis mTavari mizania sakuTari Tavis

reproduqcia ise, rom sxvas gadasce sakuTari genebi. am konteqstSi, aqvs ki
altruizms

azri? sxvebis daxmarebis gamo ratom unda daayeno Seni sicocxle

riskis qveS? am kiTxvaze ori pasuxi arsebobs imis SesabamisadmixedviT, Tu ras

vigulisxmebT sxvebSi _ ojaxis wevrebs Tu ucnobebs.
ojaxis

wevrebisTvis

altruistul

qcevas

garkveuli

azri

aqvs,

vinaidan,

maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis sakuTari sicocxle safrTxis qveS dgeba, is miznad
isaxavs

sakuTari,

zogadi

genetikuri

memkvidreobis

gadarCenas.

faqtobrivad,

rodesac dgeba sakiTxi - sikvdili Tu sicocxle

sicocxle adamianebi avlenen SedarebiT
mgrZnobelobas TavianTi genetikuri memkvidreobis mimarT.
saidan viciT
altruizmi naTesavebis mimarT
aSS-s da iaponiis kolejebis studentebs sTxoves, ganexilaT is SesaZlo
scenarebi, romlebSic gariskavdnen sicocxles, raTa gadaerCinaT samidan
erTi individi. magaliTad, erT-erT scenarSi am sam individs eZina saxlSi,
romelic swrafad iwvoda. yvela scenarSi es sami individi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeboda

studentebisadmi

maTi

warmosaxuli

naTesaobis

xarisxis

mixedviT. zogierTi Zalian axlo naTesavi iyo, rogoricaa Zma (0.5- iani
genetikuri

gadafarva),

sxvebi

SedarebiT

Soreuli

naTesavebi

iyvnen,

rogoricaa biZaSvili (0.125 gadafarva). studentebs ekiTxebodnen, am samidan

romlis gadarCenas isurvebdnen yvelaze metad. suraTi 18.1

gviCvenebs, rom

rac ufro axloa naTesaoba, miT ufro metad gamoxataven adamianebi maTi
gadarCenis survils. suraTi, agreTve, asaxavs Sedarebas im situaciasTan,
rodesac

ar

idga

sikvdil-sicocxlis

sakiTxi:

studentebs

ekiTxebodnen,

rogor moiqceodnen SedarebiT yoveldRiuri gadawyvetilebebis SemTxvevaSi,

887

magaliTad, rodesac saWiroa vinmes davalebis Sesruleba. Sedegebma aqac

aCvena naTesaobis efeqti, magram damokidebuleba ar iyo iseTive Zlieri,
rogorc

pirvel

naTesaobis

SemTxvevaSi.

Sefaseba

aris

sikvdil-sicocxlis

ufro

mkacri,

vidre

scenaris

SemTxvevaSi

yoveldRiuri

scenaris

SemTxvevaSi. erTnairi Sedegebi miiRes rogorc iaponeli, ise _ amerikeli

studentebis SemTxvevaSi. (Burnstein et al.,1994).

am gamokvlevaSi studentebs ar moeTxovebodaT cecxlmokidebuli saxlidan

vinmes gadarCena, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT, ra gavlenas
axdenda naTesaoba maT arCevanze. Tumca, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom romelime
maTgani eqpliciturad fiqrobda me unda davicva genetikuri memkvidreoba, magram
Tu adamianebi misdeven im models, romelic pirvel suraTzea warmodgenili, es
niSnavs, rom genetikuri memkvidreobis dacva arsebobs.
magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac saqme ar gvaqvs naTesaobasTan? magaliTad,
ratom

riskavs

mZRoli

sicocxles,

sxva

adamianebis

genebis

gadasarCenad?

altruizmis asaxsnelad sxva nacnobebisa Tu ucnobebis mimarT, Teoretikosebi

iyeneben

ormxrivi

miuTiTebs,

rom

(reciprokuli)

adamianebi

altruizmis

altruistul

cnebas

qcevebs

(Trivers, 1971). es

axorcieleben

cneba

imitom,

rom

garkveuli azriT, sxva adamianebis mxridanac moelian, rom isinic maT mimarT,
aseve, ganaxorcieleben altruistul qcevebs. Tuki Sen ixrCobi, me gadagarCen, im
imediT, rom Senc igives gaakeTeb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me damemuqreba daxrCobis
saSiSroeba. amdenad, ormxrivoba altruizms sasicocxlo Rirebulebas aniWebs. am
cnebas, sxva formiT Tqven ukve SexvdiT adre. Mme-17-e TavSi, magaliTad, Cven
SemovitaneT

migebis

(reciprokulobis)

normis

cneba,

raTa

agvexsna

is

gza,

romliTac adamianebi midian Tanxmobamde. rodesac vinme Tqvens mimarT avlens

keTilganwobas,

Tqven

fsiqologiuri

disstresSi

iqnebiT

manam,

sanam

ar

888

SegeZlebaT sapasuxo keTilganwyobis gamovlena. naTelia, rom aseT disstress

evoluciuri safuZvlebi aqvs, vinaidan is zrdis Seguebis SesaZleblobas. am
evoluciuri safuZvlis gamo, altruizmi ar aris adamianuri arsebis unikaluri
niSani. antropologebma ormxrivi altruizmis nimuSebis identificireba mraval
saxeobaSi moaxdines, rogorebicaa vampiri Ramurebi da Simpanzeebi, romlebic
jgufur cxovrebas ewevian (Nielsen, 1994).
unda

aRiniSnos,

cxovelebSi
romlebic

rom

kooperaciis
mowmoben,

reciprokulobis

rom

ormxrivi
yvela

altruizmis
aspeqts.

mraval

molodinis

gareSe

cneba

mkvlevarebma

situaciaSi,
axdenen

ver

xsnis

socialur

moipoves

adamianebic
kooperirebas

da
da

monacemebi,
cxovelebic
resursebis

ganawilebas (Matheson & Bernstein, 2000; Wedekind & Milinski, 2000; Widdig et al., 2000).
magaliTad, kangis tomis (Kung people) warmatebuli monadireebi, romlebic CrdilodasavleT bocvanaSi da namibiis mosazRvre raionebSi cxovroben, nanadirevis
xorcs TavianTi tomis sxva, nadirobis naklebi Cvevebis mqone wevrebs unawileben,
Tumca, SeuZlebelia, rom sapasuxod saTanado resursebs elodnen (Hawkes, 1993). am
tipis dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, mkvlevarebi cdiloben, altruizmis asaxsnelad
ufro farTo Teoriuli safuZveli ipovon.
Tu davuSvebT, rom, rogorc Cans, altruizms evoluciuri safuZveli aqvs,
MmaSin dgeba sakiTxi: altruizmSi individualur gansxvavebebs SeuZlia Tu ara
Tanamedrove adamianis memkvidreobazec moaxdinos gavlena? gavixsenoT, rom me-12
TavSi

ganvixileT

zogierTi

faqtori,

romelic

evoluciuri

fsiqologiis

specialistebis Tanaxmad, warmarTavs adamianebis mier wyvilis SerCevis process.

altruizmis

Cveneuli

davamatoT kidev erTi.

saidan viciT

ganxilva

saSualebas

gvaZlevs,

faqtorebis

am

sias

889

qalebs altruisti mamakacebi ufro moswonT

student
mamakacis

gogonebs
saubris

aCvenebdnen

eqsperimentatoris

videoCanawers,

sadac

es

da

cdis

minawile

ukanaskneli

avlenda

altruistuli qcevebis mimarT Tavis damokidebulebas. maRal-altruistul

situaciaSi is laparakobda sxvebisTvis daxmarebis gawevaze da Semdeg
gamoTqvamda

mzadyofnas

sxvebze

ufro

metad

gaeriskaT.

dabali

altruizmis pirobebSi is laparakobda Tavis sakuTar interesebze da

gadawyvetda, mosawyeni davalebis Sesruleba sxvisTvis daeTmo. am saubrebis
Canaweris naxvis Semdeg student gogonebs sTxovdnen, videoCanawerSi nanaxi
mamakaci

SeefasebinaT

sxvadasxva

parametrebis

mixedviT,

fizikuri

da

seqsualuri mimzidvelobis, socialuri misaRebobis da paemanze Sexvedris

sasurvelobis
mamakacebi

CaTvliT.

Tumca,

figurirebdnen,

orive

qalebi

saxis

ufro

CanawerSi

mimzidvelad

Zalze
da

msgavsi

sasurvelad

miiCnvdnen im mamakacs, romelic altruistuli qcevebis ganxorcielebaze

Tanxmobas gamoxatavda (Jensen-Campbell et al.,1995).
evoluciuri Teoriis terminebiT, am kvlevis Sedegebi mowmobs, rom qalebi
upiratesobas

aniWeben

iseT

mamakacebs,

romlebsac

TavianTi

resursebis

STamomavlobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis aqtiurad gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.

Aam TvalsazrisiT, Cven gvaqvs axali safuZveli, raTa altruizmi CavTvaloT
adamianis memkvidreobis faqtorad. kerZod, qalebi Tvlian, rom kacebi, romlebic
axorcieleben altruistul qcevebs, ukeTesi mamebi iqnebian.
prosocialuri qcevis motivebi
wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom altruizms sxvebisaTvis Tavganwirvis motivs _
aqvs Sinagani safuZveli. axla, altruizms prosocialuri qcevis sxva motivebis
konteqstSi ganvixilavT. mkvlevari deniel batsoni (Daniel Batson, 1994) miuTiTebs,
rom arsebobs oTxi Zala, romelic ubiZgebs adamians,

gaakeTos sazogadoebrivad

sasikeTo saqme:

altruizmi.

sxvebisaTvis sargeblobis motanis motivis safuZvelze

moqmedeba, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, mZRolis moqmedeba, romelmac gadaarCina

sxva adamianis sicocxle.

890

egoizmi. prosocialuri

qcevebis

ganxorcieleba

mxolod

sakuTari

interesebidan gamomdinare. SesaZloa, vinmem ganaxorcielos daxmarebis qceva

(Helping behavior), magram mxolod im mizniT, rom Sesabamisi ram an saCuqari
(vTqvaT fuli an prizi) miiRos sapasuxod (magaliTad, Txovnis Sesruleba) .

koleqtivizmi.

jgufis

Pprosocialuri

warmatebebis

prosocialuri

misaRwevad.

qcevebi,

raTa

qcevebis

ganxorcieleba

adamianebma,

gaaumjobeson

SesaZlo,a

TavianTi

garkveuli

ganaxorcielon

ojaxis,

saZmos

an

politikuri partiis saarsebo pirobebi da a.S.

principlizmi.

principebidan

Pprosocialuri

gamomdinare.

qcevis

SesaZloa,

ganxorcieleba

vinme

moraluri

prosocialur

qcevebs

axorcielebdes religiuri an sazogadoebrivi principebidan gamomdinare.

Tqven

SegiZliaT

naxoT,

rogor

moqmedeben

es

motivebi

gansxvavebul

situaciebSi.
Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli motivebidan yvela SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos sxva
adamianebis

momsaxurebis

qcevas.

isini

zogjer,

SesaZloa,

winaaRmdegobaSic

movidnen erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom unda gadawyvitoT, rogor

gaunawiloT raime deficituri resursi ramdenime adamians. /Tqveni msjeloba
SesaZloa iyos aseTi/Tqven SeiZleba ase imsjeloT: me yovel individs Tanabari
raodenoba

unda

mivce,

vinaidan,

samarTlianobis

principis

Tanaxmad,

yovel

adamians Tanabari ufleba unda hqondes es. axla warmoidgineT, rom saqmeSi CaerTo
sxva

motivebi

da

Tqven

romelime

individs

upiratesobas

aniWebT

sxvebTan

SedarebiT.
saidan viciT
empaTiam usamarTlobamde SeiZleba migviyvanos
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen, latariis bileTebi gaenawilebinaT
mTeli

jgufisaTvis

an

jgufis

ramdenime

wevrisaTvis.

Tu

bileTebi

daurigdeboda mTel jgufs, TiToeul wevrs bileTebis Tanabari raodenoba

unda mieRo samarTliani gadawyveta.
eqsperimentis

erT-erT

variantSi

monawileebi

kiTxulobdnen

avtobiografias, romelic, rogorc maT egonaT, ekuTvnoda jgufis erT-erT

wevrs.

avtobiografiaSi

aRwerili

iyo,

rom

misi

avtori

xangrZlivi

891

romantikuli

urTierTobebis

Semdeg

miatova

partniorma.

ra

gavlenas

moaxdenda es informacia bileTebis ganawilebaze? rodesac eqsperimentis

monawileebs sTxoves, warmoedginaT, Tu ras ganicdida es adamiani, maT
damatebiTi bileTebi misces mitovebul individs. empaTia adamianTan
emociuri identifikacia dadga samarTlianobis principze maRla.
deniel

batsonma

da

misma

kolegebma

uzrunvelyves

kidev

ramdenime

cdis

Catareba, raTa moexdinaT empaTia altruizmis hipoTezis demonstrireba: rodesac

Tqven TanaugrZnobT sxva adamians, es grZnoba aRviZebs altruistul motivs da
gibiZgebT

misi

altruistuli

daxmarebisaken.
motivi

ufro

axlaxans

aRweril

damajerebeli

eqsperimentSi,

aRmoCnda,

vidre

uaxloesi

abstraqtuli

samarTlianoba. amgvarad, empaTiam, SesaZloa, aRZras iseTi altruistuli qcevebi,

romlebmac individis keTildReoba jgufis keTildReobaze maRla daayenos (Batson
et al.,1995).
Tqven SegiZliaT, dainaxoT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom yoveli/TiToeuli
qceva

ganvixiloT

mTliani

situaciis

konteqstSi:

is,

rac

erTi

SexedviT,

antisocialur qcevas gavs, magaliTad, samarTlianobis principis darRveva, sxva,

gansxvavebuli

Tvalsazrisidan

gamomdinare,

SesaZloa,

prosocialuri

qceva

aRmoCndes. Mme17-e TavSi gavlili socialuri fsiqologiis gakveTilebidan, Cven

viciT,

Tu

ramdenad

Zlierad

aris

determinirebuli2-adamianebis

qcevebi

situaciuri faqtorebiT. iq Cven mxolod zedapirulad SevexeT prosocialuri

qcevis iZulebiT xasiaTs. axla aRvwerT kvlevis klasikur programas, romelic
naTlad

gviCvenebs,

daxmarebisaTvis

Tu

ramdenad

maTi

unari

aris

damokidebuli

,imoqmedon

adamianebis

prosocialuri

qcevis

mzadyofna
motivebis

Sesabamisad arsebuli situaciis maxasiaTeblebze.

prosocialur qcevaze situaciis gavlenebi
kvlevis es programa tragediiT daiwyo. qvinsSi, niu-iorkSi, sakuTari binebis
fanjrebidan, usafrTxod myofi 38 respeqtabeluri da kanonmorCili moqalaqe
naxevar saaTze meti xnis ganmawlobaSi Tvalyurs adevnebda mkvlels, romelic
quCaSi samjer daesxa Tavs qals da sasikvdilo Wrilobebi miayena mas. pirvelad
mkvleli xmaurma da binebSi uecrad anTebulma sinaTlem daafrTxo, magram, amis
miuxedavad, igi mainc dabrunda da ganagrZo msxverplisTvis Wrilobebis miyeneba.
am Tavdasxmis ganmavlobaSiAarc erT adamians ar daurekavs policiaSi da mxolod

892

erTma dareka mas Semdeg, rac qali ukve mkvdari iyo da yvelaferi damTavrda
(Rosenthal, 1964). kiti jenovezes mkvlelobis sagazeTo cnobam SeaZrwuna mTeli eri,
romelsac ar surda daejerebina, rom adamianebma msgavsi apaTia da gulqvaoba
gamoiCines.
magram iqneba ki
vuwodoT?

iqneb,

samarTliani,

SesaZlebeli

rom am adamianebs

iyos

maTi

qcevis

apaTiurebi

axsna

da gulqvebi

situaciuri

Zalebis

zemoqmedebiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad bib leiteinma da jon darleim (Bibb

Latane and John Darley. 1970) Caatares klasikuri kvlevebis seria. MmaTi mizani iyo
eCvenebinaT, rom TviTmxilvelTa Careva _ adamianTa mzadyofna, daexmaron sxvas
gaWirvebis dros damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad sensitiurebi arian isini
situaciis maxasiaTeblebis mimarT. maT laboratoriulad Seqmnes TviTmxilvelTa
Carevis situaciis eqsperimentuli analogi.
saidan viciT
rodis exmarebian adamianebi sxvebs? EeqsperimentSi monawileobdnen kolejis
studenti

vaJebi.

TiToeuli

maTgani

moaTavses

satelefono

kavSiriT

aRWurvil sacdel oTaxSi DA daarwmunes, rom is telefoniT elaparakeboda

mezobel oTaxSi myof sxva studentebs (erTs an mets. Ppirad problemebze
saubris

ganmavlobaSi/dros

cdis

pirebs

telefonSi

esmodaT

xmauri,

romelic miuTiTebda imaze, rom partniors daewyo epilefsiis Seteva da

moguduli xmiT iTxovda Svelas. Aam Setevis dros cdis piri moklebuli
iyo sxva studentebTan dalaparaakebis SesaZleblobas da ar SeeZlo, gaego,
Tu ra xdeboda da Tu keTdeboda rame daxmarebis aRmosaCenad am sagangebo
mdgomareobaSi. eqsperimentis damokidebuli cvladi iyo is dro, romelic
dasWirdeboda

cdis

pirs

eqsperimentatorisTvis

sagangebo

situaciis

Sesaxeb SetyobinebisTvis.
aRmoCnda, rom Carevis albaToba damokidebuli iyo TviTmxilvelTa im
nagulisxmev odenobaze, romlebmac, cdis pirebis azriT, gaiges Seqmnili
situaciis Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti adamianis CarTulobas varaudobda cdis
piri, miT ufro gvian atyobinebda eqsperimentators, an sulac gaCumebas
arCevda.

rogorc

18.2

suraTze

SegiZliaT

naxoT,

yovel

or

kacian

situaciaSi, Careva xorcieldeboda saSualod 160 wamis ganmavlobaSi, magram

40% imaTgan, visac sjeroda, rom warmoadgenda didi jgufis nawils, Tavi

893

ar Seiwuxa, raTa Seetyobinebina eqsperimentatorisTvis Seqmnili situaciis

Sesaxeb (Darley & Latane, 1968).

es

aris

pasuxismgeblobis

difuziis

Sedegi.

rodesac

erTze

met

adamians

SeuZlia sagangebo mdgomareobaSi myofi pirisTvis daxmarebis gaweva, adamianebi

xSirad varaudoben, rom sxva daexmareba, an unda daexmaros da TviTon ganze
dgebian da ar erTvebian situaciaSi.

2 monawiliani jgufebiD
3 monawiliani jgufebi
6 monawiliani jgufebi
daxmarebis aRmoCenis procenti
sagangebo situaciis dawyebidan gasuli wamebi
sur. 18.2
TviTmxilvelis Careva sagangebo situaciis dros
rac ufro meti adamiania CarTuli mocemul situaciaSi, miT naklebia SesaZlebloba, rom romelime
maTgani Caereva masSi. Yyvelaze swrafad TviTmxilvelebi reagireben or monawilian jgufebSi.

TviTmxilvelma unda gaacnobieros situaciis sagangebooba

zemoT aRweril eqsperimentSi, situacia iseTi iyo, rom cdis pirebs ar gaaCndaT
informacia

mimdinare

movlenebis

situaciaSi,

rodesac

adamianebi

Sesaxeb.
TavianTi

Tumca,

mraval

yoveldRiuri

cxovrebiseul

saqmeebiT

arian

dakavebulni midian samsaxurSi an Sexvedraze SesaZloa, verc ki amCnevdnen,

rom maT winaSe iseTi situaciaa, romelSic maT sxvebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena
SeuZliaT.

894

TviTmxilvelis
TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention) mzadyofna, daexmaro

adamians, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba.

pasuxismgeblobis

difuzia

(Diffusion

of

responsibility)

sagangebo

pirobebSi, rac ufro didia TviTmxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia

TiToeuli maTganis pasuxismgebloba, daxmarebis aRmoCenis TvalsazrisiT.
erT dramatul eqsperimentSi, prinstonis Teologiuri seminariis studentebi
darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom Seafasebdnen maT qadagebas,, romlis erT-erTi Tema
iyo keTili samaritelis igavi axali aRTqmis erT-erT personaJze, romelmac
gamonaxa dro da daexmara gzaze dagdebul daWril adamians.
saidan viciT
vin amCnevs sagangebo situacias?
seminaristebs
romelTagan

qadagebani

erT-erTSi

maT

unda

waekiTxaT

sxvadasxva

SenobebSi,

mokle

instuqtaJi

CautardaT.

yovelgvari

SerCevis gareSe, seminaristebis erT jgufs, momzadebisTvis, faqtobrivad,

araviTari dro ar hqondaT da metic, maT unda eCqaraT kidec, rom ar
daegvianaT

dawyeba.

meore

jgufs

zustad

sakmao

dro

hqondaT

momzadebisTvis. mesame jgufis wevrebma ki davaleba bevrad adre miiRes.

rodesac TiToeuli maTgani midioda daniSnulebis adgilisaken, xeivanSi,
or Senobas Soris isini awydebodnen mamakacs, romelic maT Tval win,
mowyvewtiT, xvelebiTa da kvnesiT ecemoda miwaze. amrigad, seminaristebs,
eZleodaT Sansi, realurad ganexorcielebinaT is, ris Sesaxebac qadageba
unda waekiTxaT. aRasrules ki maT es? imaTgan, vinc Cqarobda, mxolod 10%ma aRmouCina daxmareba dacemuls, visac zustad sakmao dro hqonda _ 45%-ma,
xolo

imaTgan,

visac

saWiroze

bevrad

meti

dro

hqonda

63%-ma

ganaxorciela keTili samaritelis qcevis analogiuri qceva (Darley & Batson,

1973).
rogor SeiZleba, SevafasoT dagvianebuli seminaristebi? SesaZloa, isini ise
iyvnen sakuTari sazrunaviT dakavebulni, rom verc ki SeZles

sagangebo situaciis

SemCneva. SesaZloa, SeamCnies kidec, magram ver SeZles misi sagangeboobis Sefaseba.
nebismier

SemTxvevaSi,

Tqven

xedavT,

rom

daxmarebis

qcevis

damokidebulia im droze, romelic gaqvT situaciis Sesafaseblad.

ganxorcieleba

895

TviTmxilvelebma movlenebi unda Seafason, rogorc sagangebo

cxovrebaSi mravali situacia sakmaod bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven sulac ar
gindaT, rom Tavi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi CaigdoT da xelovnuri sunTqva
piridan-pirSi

CautaroT

adamians,

romelsac

ubralod

sZinavs.

imis

gadasawyvetad, aris Tu ara esa Tu is situacia sagangebo, Tqven, Cveulebriv,

uyurebT sxva adamianebs da imas, Tu rogor reagireben isini (Latane & Darley, 1970).
amasTan dakavSirebiT, Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT msjeloba informaciuli
zegavlenis Sesaxeb, razec me-17-e TavSi iyo laparaki. CaufiqrdiT TviTmxilvelis
mier

moyolil

ambavs,

romelic

aRwers,

Tu

rogor

eswreboda

igi

leqcias,

romelzec oratori waqcevis piras iyo misuli:

oratori aRelvebuli iyo da misi metyveleba aSkarad neldeboda. es misi

sityvis finalis gamokveTaa, Tu igi Zalas kargavs? SesaZloa, mas dajdoma
sWirdeba, magram rogor SevTavazo es ise, rom sityva ar Sevawyvetino? vai, Tu me
situacias arasworad vafaseb, da mere yvelam sulelad CamTvalos? magram, iqneb me
marTavli var, is grZnobas kargavs da sityvis damTavrebamde scenidan Camovardes?
parteris skamebze dacemisas is aucileblad daimtvreva. vicodi, rom es unda
ameridebina, magram me es ver SevZeli.
Tqven xedavT, Tu ramdenad Znelia, imisTvisac ki, vinc mtkiced flobs
fsiqologiur codnas, aiZulos sakuTari Tavi, imoqmedos iseT situaciaSi,
romelsac, rogorc Cans, sxva aravin afasebs sagangebo situaciad. da ai, rogor
damTavrda es ambavi:

me videqi oratoris win da xelebi misken mqonda gawvdili. is sruliad

gaognebuli zemodan damcqeroda. me warmovidgine, ras fiqrobdnen Cemi studentebi
da kolegebi, romlebic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen Cems eqscentrul qcevas, imis
molodinSi, Tu rogor SemovaWdobdi mklavebs, pativcemul stumars, vidre is
leqcias

daamTavrebda.

swored

am

dros

oratori

sabolood

modunda

grZnobadakarguli me dameca. Cven xmauriT davcvivdiT pirveli rigis skamebze.

rogorc xedavT, gadawyvetileba Carevis Sesaxeb garkveul windaxedulebas
moiTxovs. asea Tu ise, am mokle ambidanac naTlad Cans, Tu ramdenad Znelia
erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebis miReba da gansazRvra imisa, rom situacia
sagangeboa.

da

896

TviTmxilveli pasuxismgeblobas unda grZnobdes

grZnobdes
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom Caurevlobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors
warmoadgens pasuxismgeblobis difuzia. Tu Tqven daxmarebas saWiroebT,
yvelanairad unda ecadoT, garSemomyofebs gadaalaxvinoT es Zala da sakuTar
Tavze aaRebinoT pasuxismgebloba. Tqven SegiZliaT pirdapir miuTiToT vinmeze da
TqvaT, me Tqveni daxmareba mWirdeba. ganvixiloT ori kvleva, romelic mkafiod
gamoxatul danaSaulebs exeba. pirvel kvlevaSi niu-iorkelebi swrafi kvebis
restoranSi, uyurebdnen, rogor gamostaca mZarcvelma qals CanTa, rodesac is
magididan dgeboda. meore kvlevaSi plaJze myofi xalxi uyurebda qurds,
romelmac pirsaxocze dadebuli portatuli radio moipara, rogorc ki patronma
ramdenime wamiT yuradReba moaduna.
saidan viciT
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis aRZvra
TiToeul am eqsperimentSi msxverpli (eqsperimentatoris TanamSromeli)
danaSaulis TviTmxilvelebs

ekiTxeboda: dro xom ar gaqvT?

an Tu

SeiZleba, Cems dabrunebamde, cota xniT yuradReba miaqcieT Cems CanTas

(radios).

Ppirveli

pasuxismgeblobas

da

interaqcia

ar

TviTmxilvelebic

gulisxmobs

uazrod

Sehyureben

personalur
danaSauls.

xolo isini, vinc daTanxmda msxverplis qonebisTvis yuradRebis miqcevas,

TiTqmis

yvela CaerTo situaciaSi. isini iTxovdnen Svelas, zogierTma

gaqceuli qurdic ki daiWira (Moriarty, 1975).

es

eqsperimentebi

migviTiTeben,

rom

daxmarebis

Txovnis

aqti

exmianeba

adamianebis grZnobebs, rac sxva adamianebsac rTavs situaciaSi da safuZvlianad

cvlis maT. xolo sul sxva movlenaa da Secdoma iqneboda es apaTiurobad
CagveTvala _ is, rom adamianebi xels ver uSlian qurdobas. Mmcire davalebac ki
_ xom ver mixedavdiT amas - socialur fsiqologiuri Zalebis gavleniT, maT
rTavs situaciaSi da aqcevs adamianad, romelsac uSualod moeTxovena daxmarebis
aRmoCena.
am paragrafSi Cven vsaubrobdiT prosocialur qcevaze _ im garemoebebze,
romlebSic adamianebi erTmaneTs exmarebian. Cven vvaraudobT, rom daxmarebis
motivacia, SesaZloa, adamianis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawilia. asea Tu ise,
adamianis buneba warmoadgens prosocialuri da antisocialuri impulsebis nazavs.

897

momdevno paragrafSi Cven SevexebiT qcevis gansxvavebul saxes _ agresias _ rac,

SesaZloa, rom aseve aris adamianis genomaSi kodirebuli.
Sejameba
adamianebi axorcieleben prosocialur qcevebs, raTa sxva adamianebs daxmareba
aRmouCinon. isini altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben maSinac ki, rodesac es maT
pirad interesebs ar Seesabameba. evoluciuri Tvalsazrisi uSvebs, rom adamianebi
ojaxis

wevrebis

mimarT

altruistulad

iqcevian

imitom,

rom

SeinarCunon

genofondi. altruizmi sxvaTa mimarT ki aixsneba im daSvebiT, rom mis safuZvlad

Zevs ormxrivobis molodini. prosocialuri qcevebis sxva motivebia: egoizmi,
koleqtivizmi

da

principuloba.

zogierT

SemTxvevaSi,

am

motivebs

Soris,

SesaZloa, arsebobdes konfliqti. ramodenime situaciuri Zala moqmedebs maSin,

rodesac adamiani prosocialur qcevas gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi axorcielebs.
adamianebi maSin ufro exmarebian sxvebs, rodesac ar ganicdian pasuxismgeblobis
difuzias, amCneven sagangebo situaciis arsebobas, gansazRvraven mas, rogorc
aseTs da grZnoben am situaciaSi sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas.
agresia
altruizmis

cnebis

Semotanis

dros,

Cven

citatebi

movitaneT

sagazeTo

statiebidan, romlebic sxvadasxva gmirul aqtebs Seexeboda. samwuxarod, gazeTebi,

albaT,

ufro

met

informacias

gvaqvdian

agresiis

gamovlinebebis

Sesaxeb;

adamianebis iseTi qcevebis Sesaxeb, romelTac sxva adamianebisadmi fizikuri an

fsiqologiuri zianis miyeneba sdevs Tan. ai, mxolod ramdenime saTauri New York
Times-is 2000 wlis 13 oqtombris nomridan:

iemenSi afeTqebam amerikeli mezRvaurebi imsxverpla

brbos

mier

israelis

ori jariskaci iqna

mokluli: vertmfrenebi

Camogdebulia

CeCneTis dedaqalaqSi 12-ze meti adamiani yumbaram imsxverpla

kolumbielma ajanyebulebma xelSi Caigdes navTob gadamamuSavebeli

qarxnis aTi ucxoeli TanamSromeli

am

mokle

nimuSebidanac

ki

kargad

Cans,

Tu

ramdenad

mravalferovania

adamianebis mier erTmaneTis mimarT gamovlenili agresia. amdenad, TqvenTvis isic

gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom aqvs mniSvneloba fsiqologebisaTvis agresiis

898

mizezebis gagebas. saboloo mizans ki, ra sakvirvelia, warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi

agresiis gamovlinebebis Semcireba.
evoluciuri
evoluciuri midgoma
prosocialuri qcevisadmi miZRvnil paragrafSi Cven warmovaCineT evoluciis
erT-erTi Tavsatexi: ratom xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavs swiraven sxva adamianebis
keTildreobisaTvis? agresiuli qcevis arseboba ki, ra Tqma unda, aseT kiTxvas ar
aRZravs. evoluciis Teoriis mixedviT, cxovelebi agresiul qcevebs axorcieleben,
raTa sakuTari Tavi uzrunvelyon sawinaaRmdego sqesis partnioriT da moipovon
da daicvan is bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic maTi da maTi STamomavlobis
sicocxlis

SenarCunebas

uzrunvelyofs.

karl

lorencis
lorencis

(Karl Lorenz, 1966)

klasikur naSromSi agresiis Sesaxeb, dokumenturad aris naCvenebi cxovelTa

samyaroSi arsebuli agresiuli qcevebis mTeli mravalferovneba. lorenci, aseve,
dokumenturad aRwers im meqanizmebs, romlebic amcireben agresias: erT yorans
niskartis erTi dartymiT SeuZlia Tvali amougdos meores; mgels erTi kbeniT
SeuZlia meores sauRle venebi gadauRrRnas, magram aRar iarsebebda arc erTi
yorani da arc erTi mgeli, rom ar arsebobdes saimedo muxruWebi aseTi qcevebis
asarideblad (gv.240). lorencis TvalsazrisiT, swored es niSania, rac adamians
gamasxvavebs mTeli danarCeni cocxali samyarosagan. igi amtkicebs, rom adamians
msgavsi meqanizmebi saTanadod ar aqvs ganviTarebuli. lorenci fiqrobs, rom
adamianSi aseTi amridebeli meqanizmebi imitom ar ganviTarda, rom adamianebs,
erTmaneTisTvis didi zainis miyeneba ar SeeZloT xelovnuri iaraRis gamoyenebamde.
Mmas Semdeg, rac gamoCnda iaraRi, lorencis mixedviT, adamiani, rogorc saxeoba,
iseT

mdgomareobaSi

aRmoCnda

rogorc

mtredi,

romelsac,

bunebis

ironiiT,

yoranis niskarti gamoeba (gv.241).

agresia

(Aggression)

qceva,

romelic

sxva

individis

fizikur

an

fsiqologiur dazianebas iwvevs.

agresiis Taobaze lorencis mosazrebebis sapasuxod Catarebuli kvlevebi maT
ori TvalsazrisiT ewinaaRmdegeba (Lore & Schultz, 1993). jer erTi, cxovelebis
sxvadasxva saxeobebis bunebriv pirobebSi warmoebuli kvlevebi cxadyofen, rom
bevri maTgani iseTive saxiT axorcielebs agresias, rogorc adamiani. magaliTad,
iseTi, erTi SexedviT, uwyinari cxovelebic ki, rogorebic Simpanzeebi arian,
brbos msgavsad ikvrebian da ise klaven Tvistoms (Goodall, 1986). agresiis sxva

899

biologiur

saxeobebSi

gamovlenac

ver

aris

sanugeSo

adamianisaTvis

Cven

ubralod gveCveneba, rom ukeTesebi varT sinamdvileSi ki evoluciuri wyvetebis

arsebobaze Zalze cota ram Tu miuTiTebs. meorec, gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom
adamians sakuTari agresiis Semakavebeli ufro meti meqanizmebi gaaCnia, vidre amas
lorenci

varaudobda.

faqtobrivad,

adamiani,

Tavisi

socialuri

garemoTi

ganpirobebulobiT, agresiis gamovlenisas arCevans akeTebs. rogorc am paragrafSi

mogvianebiT davinaxavT, kulturebSi, calkec ki aris gamoyofili is garemoebebi
romlebSic agresia ara Tu dasaSvebia, aramed zogjer aucilebelic ki. Cven
vityodiT, rom es kulturebi Tavad asruleben kritikul rols imis gansazRvraSi,
Tu ra zomiT unda gamoavlinos adamianma agresiis Sekavebis unari.
evoluciuri
umravlesobSi

analizi

adasturebs,

Zaladobisadmi

rom

Tandayolil

gadarCenis
tendenciaSi

tendencia

saxeobebis

gamovlindeba.

Tumca,

adamianisTvis, rogorc saxeobisTvis, ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad metad Tu

naklebad avlenen sxva saxeobebi agresiis tendencias. SemdegSi Cven ganvixilavT
agresiis gamovlenaSi individualur gansxvavebebs.
individualuri gansxvavebebi
ratom aris zogierTi individi ufro agresiuli, vidre sxvebi? lorencis
debulebaTa

konteqstSi,

TqvenTvis

gasagebi

xdeba,

Tu

ratom

aviTareben

mkvlevarebi HhipoTezas, romlis Tanaxmadac, agresiis individualur gamovlenaSi

mniSvnelovan rols genetikuri komponenti asrulebs. cxadia, Tqvenc SegimCneviaT,
rom

zogierTi

adamiani

naklebad

agresiuli

Cans,

vidre

sxvebi.

Cveulebriv,

gavrcelebulia azri, rom agresiuloba Tu Zaladobisaken midrekileba, ojaxidan

iwyeba. Tumca, verafers vityviT imis Taobaze, agresia genetikis Tu garemos
Sedegia, sanam specialuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebs ar ganvixilavT.

900

saidan viciT
genetikisa da garemos faqtorebis roli agresiaSi
mravali

im

mkvlevarebma
Taobaze.

meTodis

miagnes

pasuxs

magaliTad,

fraternaluri
midrekileba;
faqtorebis

gamoyenebiT,

maT

genetikuri

Seadares

identuri

tyupebis

SemTxvevaSi,

roli ayvanil

wina

agresiaSi

(dizigoturi)
sxva

romelic

maT

TavebSi

faqtorebis

bavSvebSi. erT

rolis

(monozigoturi)

pirovnebebis

Seafases

avRwereT,

da

agresiulobisadmi

bunebrivi

kvlevaSi

da

aRzrdis

gamoyenebuli

iqna

statistikuri meTodi, romelsac meta-analizi ewodeba, raTa moexdinaT

yvela im bunebrivi Tu aRzrdis faqtoris rolis Sefaseba, romelic
Seswavlili iqna adre Catarebul 24 gamokvlevaSi (Miles & Carey, 1997). (metaanalizi

ufro

srulad

Cven

me-16-e

TavSi

aRvwereT).

meta-analizma

gamoavlina agresiaSi genetikuri faqtorebis mdgradi da mniSvnelovani

gadafarva, rogorc tyupebs, aseve, ayvanil bavSvebsa da maT biologiur
mSoblebs Soris. magaliTad, monozigoturi tyupebi myarad aCveneben maRal
korelacias agresiulobasTan, dizigotur tyupebTan SedarebiT. Ggaremo ki
agresiaze, Cveulebriv, axdens mcire, magram gazomvad gavlenas.
Mmeta-analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs, davuSvaT, rom sxvebTan SedarebiT, zogierT
individs agresiisadmi ufro meti midrekileba aqvs. M
mkvlevarebma,
gansxvavebebze,
garkveul

aseve,

gaamaxviles

romlebic,

SesaZloa,

aseve,

qmnidnen

rogorc

me-13-e

TavSi

predispoziciebs.

yuradReba

tvinsa

da

agresiuli

vnaxeT,

hormonalur
qcevebisadmi

tvinis

garkveuli

struqturebi, rogoricaa amigdala da qerqis garkveuli ubnebi, mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs emociebis gamoxatvasa da regulirebaSi. rac Seexeba agresias, aq
mniSvnelovania, rom tvinis gamtari gzebi efeqtianad funqcionirebdnen, raTa
individs negatiuri emociebis gamoxatvaze kontrolis saSualebas aZlevdnen. Tu
ki, magaliTad, adamianebi saTanado doneze ver axdenen amigdalas aqtivacias, maT,
SesaZloa, ver aicilon negatiuri emociebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT agresiul
qcevebamde

miiyvans

(Davidson

et

al.,

2000).

yuradReba

gamaxvilda,

agreTve,

neirogadamcem seroteninze; gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom serotenonis arasaTanado

donem,

SesaZloa,

gaauaresos

tvinis

SesaZleblobebi,

negatiuri

emociebis

gamoxatvisa da impulsuri qcevis regulirebaSi (Enserink, 2000). Ddabolos, kvlevebma

901

cxadyo, rom agresiaSi zogierTi individualuri gansxvaveba, SesaZloa, asaxavdes

farul stresul reaqciebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi proeqti exeboda 7 dan 12 wlamde
bavSvebSi agresiuli qcevebisa da stresul hormons _ kortisols Soris kavSiris
dadgenas: yvelaze agresiul biWebs hqondaT yvelaze metad faruli stresuli
reaqciebi (McBurnett et al., 2000). Ees Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom zogirTi individi,
SesaZloa,

ar

ganicdides

umravlesobas

icavs

fiziologiur

stresul

dramatuli agresiuli

reaqciebs,

qcevebis

rac

adamianebis

ganxorcielebisagan: maTi

sxeuli, ubralod, ar reagirebs negatiuri qcevebisa da emociebis Sedegebze.

agresiis pirovnebis fsiqologiurma kvlevebma miuTiTa agresiuli qcevebis
kategoriebis diferenciaciis mniSvnelobaze: gansxvavebuli pirovnuli profilis
mqone

adamianebi

agresiis

gansxvavebul

saxeebs

avlenen.

erTi

mniSvnelovani

midgoma erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs impulsur agresias da instrumentul agresias

(Berkowitz,1993; Caprara et al., 1996).
situaciaze

da

aRiZvreba

impulsuri

emociiT:

agresia

adamianebi

waremoadgens

agresiuli

aqtebiT

reaqcias
reagireben

gamwvavebul momentze. Tu Tqven xedavT xelCarTul brZolas avtokatastrofis

Semdeg,

es

gaxlavT

mizanmimarTuli

impulsuri

(warmoadgens

agresiis

instruments

magaliTi.
garkveuli

instrumentuli
instrumentuli
miznis

agresia

misaRwevad)

da

kogniturad gaazrebulia. AaseT SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi gegmaven da fiqroben masze,

raTa miaRwion garkveul mizans. Tu xedavT, rom viRaca asakovan qals Tavs daesxa
safulis wasarTmevad, es ukve instrumentuli agresiaa. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom
agresiis

am

klasterebi

ori

tipis

Seesabameba

daudasturdaT

adamianebs
(Caprara

midrekileba

et

pirovnuli
al.,1996).

impulsuri

Taviseburebebis

magaliTad,

agresiis

mimarT,

gansxvavebuli

pirebi,
zogadad,

romlebsac
SeiZleba

daxasiaTdnen, rogorc maRali emociuri mgrZnobelobis mqoneni. es niSnavs, rom

isini

Zlier

sawinaaRmdegod,

emociur
pirebi,

reaqciebs
romlebsac

iZlevian

mTel

gaaCniaT

rig

situaciebSi.

midrekileba

amis

instrumentuli

agresiisken, SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen, rogorc pirebi, romelTac maRali Sefasebebi

aqvT Zaladobis pozitiurad Sefasebis faqtoris mixedviT. Aam individebs sjeraT,
rom

Zaladobis

mravali

forma

gamarTlebulia

da

ar

ganicdian

moralur

pasuxismgeblobas agresiuli qcevebis gamo. am analizidan SegiZliaT iswavloT,

rom yvela tipis agresia ar aRiZvreba mis safuZvlad mdebare msgavsi pirovnuli
faqtorebiT.

902

adamianebis umravlesoba ar avlens midrekilebas agresiis erTi romelime tipis

mimarT: isini ar icvlebian mcire darRvevebis an Zaladobis mizandasaxuli aqtebis
Semdeg. miuxedavad amisa, zogierT situaciaSi Zalze damTmobma adamianebmac ki
SeiZleba

ganaxorcielon

agresiuli

aqtebi.

Eaxla

ganvixilavT

situaciis

im

tipebs, romlebic xSirad qmnian agresiis aRmZvrel pirobebs.

situaciuri gavlenebi
SeecadeT,

gamoZebnoT

dro

da

gaixsenoT,

bolos

rodis

ganaxorcieleT

agresiuli qceva. SesaZloa, es ar iyo fizikuri agresia: Tqven, SesaZloa, ubralod

sityvierad

SeuracxyaviT

vinme

imisTvis,

rom

masSi

fsiqologiuri

distresi

gamogewviaT. rogor SegiZliaT axsnaT, ratom gamoiwvia Tqveni agresia saxeldobr

am situaciam? Tqvens konfliqts am pirovnebasTan didi xnis istoria aqvs, Tu es
erTjeradi urTierToba iyo? Tqven Zalian agresiulad iyaviT ganwyobili raime
konkretuli mizezis gamo, Tu ubralod im momentSi iyaviT gaRizianebuli? es
kiTxvebi

mxolod

zogierTia

im

kiTxvebidan,

romlebsac

svamen

mkvlevarebi

agresiasa da situacias Soris kavSiris kvlevisas. rodesac Cvens studentebs

SevekiTxeT, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini sakuTar agresiul qcevebze, maT mravalgvari
pasuxebi mogvawodes, romelTac qvemoT gaecnobiT.

impulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emociebiT gamowveuli agresia,

warmoqmnili gansakuTrebiT mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.

instrumentuli

agresia

(Instrumental

aggression)

kogniturad

dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba winaswar

mofiqrebulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.

frustraciafrustracia-agresiis hipoTeza
namdvilad mZime dRe iyo im dRes, bolo registracia unda gamevlo kursze.
verc veravin vnaxe, rom damxmareboda. rodesac meaTased miTxres; Tqven sxva
kancelarias unda mimarToT-o, ise gavgiJdi, rom faqtobrivad kari gavamtvrie
es ambavi erTi kerZo magaliTia imisa, rasac frustraciafrustracia-agresiis hipoTezas
uwodeben (Dollard etal., 1939). am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracias maSin aqvs adgili,
rodesac adamianebs xeli eSlebaT dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi. frustraciis
zrdis

pirobebSi

ki

Zalze

didia

agresiis

gamovlenis

albaToba.

kavSiri

frustraciasa da agresias Soris mravali empiriuli cdiT aris dadasturebuli

903

(Berkovitz., 1993,1998). magaliTad, bavSvebma, romelTa imedic ar gamarTlda da ar

miecaT

gansakuTrebiT

gamoavlines

am

mimzidveli

saTamaSoebis

saTamaSoebiT

mimarT,

TamaSis

rogorc

ki

maTi

ufleba,

agresia

xelSi

Cagdebis

SesaZlebloba miecaT (Barker et al., 1941). mecnierebma es hipoTeza gamoiyenes agresiis

asaxsnelad, rogorc pirovnul, ise _ socialur doneze.
saidan viciT
agresia da ekonomika
Tqven, albaT, icnobT am istorias. kaci daiTxoves samsaxuridan da is
brundeba ufrosis, romelmac daiTxova da kidev ramdenime TanamSromlis
mosaklavad. samsaxuridan daTxovna ratom unda CaiTvalos mafrustrirebel
garemoebad (arsebobis wyaros dakargvasTan dakavSirebuli imedgacrueba),
romelic
pasuxis

agresiuli
gasacemad,

qcevis

ganxorcielebamde

mecnierTa

jgufma

migviyvans?

Seiswavla

Aam

kiTxvaze

urTierTmimarTeba

san-

franciskos umuSevrebsa da im adamianebs Soris, romlebic fasdebodnen,

rogorc sxvebisaTvis saSiSni. analizma mkvlevarebs saSualeba misca,
gaeerTianebinaT maCveneblebi da ganesazRvraT, ra kavSiria umuSevrobis
maCveneblis zrdasa da Zaladobis zrdis maCvenebels Soris. aRmoCnda, rom
Zaladobis

ricxvi

izrdeboda

umuSevrobis

zrdis

Sesabamisad,

magram

mxolod garkveul donemde. Zaladobis raodenoba matulobs maSin, rodesac

umuSevrobis maCvenebeli Zalze maRal zRvars aRwevs. ratom unda xdebodes
aseTi ram? mecnierebi Tvlian, rom umuSevrad darCenis SiSi adamianebSi
xels

uwyobs

Zaladobis,

frustraciiT

determinirebuli

tendenciis

warmoqmnas (Catalano et al., 1997).

es

gamokvleva

miuTiTebs,

Tu

rogor

urTierTqmedeben

individualuri

da

socialuri Zalebi, ris Sedegadac viRebT Zaladobis jamur dones . Cven SegviZlia
viwinaswarmetyveloT umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul frustraciaze dafuZnebuli
agrsesiis garkveuli done. Tumca, rodesac adamianebi acnobiereben, rom maT mier
gamoxatulma agresiam, SesaZloa, avnos maT Semdgom dasaqmebas, Zaladoba maSinaTve
muxruWdeba. es Tqven, albaT, gamocdilic gaqvT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. albaT,
Zalze bevri situaciaa, romelSic Tqven Tavs sakmaod frustrirebulad grZnobT,
raTa gamoxatoT agresia, magram Tavs ikavebT, vinaidan acnobierebT, rim es xels
SegiSliT samomavlo gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi.

904

frustracia agresiis
agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration aggression hipothesis) am

hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracia Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic, adamianebs

saSualeba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miznebs; frustraciis aRZvra ki,
Tavis mxriv, iwvevs agresiis ganxorcielebis albaTobis zrdas.
frustracias yovelTvis ar mohyveba agresia. magaliTad, rodesac frustracia
SemTxveviT aris gamowveuli vTqvaT, bavSvma dedas kabaze SemTxveviT wveni
gadaasxa

adamianebi

naklebad

avlenen

agresias,

vidre

maSin,

rodesac

frustraciis gamomwvevi raime moqmedeba winaswar iyo ganzraxuli (Burnstein &

Worchel, 1962). amave dros, situaciebi, romlebic ar iwveven frustracias, SesaZloa,
iseT negatiur emociebs iwvevdnen, rom safuZvlad daedon agresul qcevas. aseTi
situacia asaxulia qvemoT motanil studentur ambavSi.

temperatura da agresia
cxeli zafxuli iyo, Cems manqanaSi ki kondicioneri gafuWda, Tanac im biWma
gza gadamiWra, mec gavekide da vcdilobdi gamesrisa.
arsebobs kavSiri temperaturasa da agresias Soris? ganvixiloT 18.3 suraTze
asaxuli monacemebi. es monacemebi asaxavs im eqsperimentis Sedegebs, romelSic
nakvlevi

iyo

temperaturis

gavlena bolo

ori

wlis

manZilze

mineapolisSi

(minesotis Stati) momxdar Tavdasxmebze, adgili Hqonda. diagramas safuZvlad

udevs 36617 aRricxuli Tavdasxma (Cohn & Rotton, 1997). rogorc xedavT, arsebobs
Zlieri

urTierTdamokidebuleba temperaturasa da Tavdasxmebis ganxorcielebas

Soris. faqtobrivad, grafiki yvelafers ar asaxavs praqtikulad ufro maRalia

gvian saRamosa da adre diliT (saRamos 9 saaTidan dilis 3 saaTamde).
riT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli es garemoeba? am monacemebis axsna Zevs,
rogorc socialur, ise _ fsiqologiur ZalebSi. socialur doneze, Tqven ukve
mixvdiT, axsna efuZneba im faqts, rom Tavdasxmebi ufro metad xorcieldeba maSin,
rodesac adamianebi saxlis gareT arian. Tbil amindSi adamianebi ufro metad
arian gareT da, Sesabamisad, ufro xSiradac xdebian Tavdasxmis msxverplni.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom saRamos 9-dan dilis 3 saaTamde adamianebi naklebad
arian datvirTulni samuSaoTi Tu sxva sapasuxismgeblo saqmeebiT. da ufro metic,
am

periodSi

maT,

SesaZloa,

miiRon

sasmeli

an

raime

sxva

saSualeba,

Seasustebs TavdamsxmelisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unars (Ito et al., 1996).

rac

905

sur. 18.3
temperatura da agresia

suraTidan Cans Tavdasxmebis saSualo raodenoba (sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi),

rogorc temperaturis Sedegi drois imave periodSi (temperatura mocemulia
farengeitis skalaze). agresia mniSvnelovnad izrdeba 75 gradusidan. (24C)
aseTi socialuri axsnebis Semdeg, aris ki saWiro, rom fsiqologiac CavrToT
saqmeSi? pasuxi dadebiTia. meore, Zalze mniSvnelovani komponenti,

romelsac

SeuZlia axsnas 18.3 suraTze gamosaxuli monacemebi, imis garkvevaa, Tu rogor

axerxeben

adamianebi

diskomfortis

sicxis

daZlevas

interpretirebas.

da

rogor

GgaixseneT

axdenen

me-13-e

TavSi

sicxiT gamowveuli
mocemuli

msjeloba

Sefasebebisa da emociebis Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, rom farengeitiT 75 gradusian

(24C)

sicxeSi

Tqven

viRacas

esaubrebiT

da

grZnobT,

rom

gcxelaT

da

diskomforts ganicdiT. vis an ras daukavSirebdiT Tqvens diskomforts, sicxes Tu

Tanamosaubres?
xarisxiTac

zustad

gaakeTebT

daukavSirebT,

(Tqven,

im

xarisxiT

mcdar

agreTve,

gamoxatavT

daskvnas

da

SegiZliaT

mis

mimarT

diskomforts

gaixsenoT

me-17-e

agresias,,

ra

Tanamosaubres

TavSi

ganxiluli

msjeloba atribuciis fundamentaluri Secdomis Taobaze). ratom unda hqondes

mniSvneloba sicxes swored gvian saRamos da adre diliT? dRis bolos, albaT,
Znelad Tu gavixsenebT, rom ase cudad imitom sicxis gamo vgrZnobdi Tavs da ar
davaskvniT, rom imitom viyavi cudad, rom im tipma lamis SemSala. da Tu es Cveni
msjeloba

marTalia,

ratom

aCvenebs

18.3

suraTi

TavdasxmaTa

raodeniois

Semcirebas maSin, rodesac temperatura Zalian maRalia? mkvlevarebi fiqroben,

rom

Zalian

maRali

temperaturis

dros

adamianebi imdenad

diskomfortulad

grZnoben Tavs, rom ufro metad cdiloben ganeridon saCoTiro situaciebs, vidre
CxubSi CaerTon (Cohn & Rotton, 1997). qvemoT aRwerili mesame studenturi ambavi
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor mJRavndeba mtruli ganwyobileba da rogor Zlierdeba is.

pirdapiri provokacia da eskalacia

biblioTekaSi vijeqi da vcdilobdi, rame mainc gamekeTebina. viRac ori qali
Zalze xmamaRla saubrobda, riTac garSemomyofebs awuxebdnen. me vTxove maT, rom
cota xmadabla esaubraT, magram maT yuradReba ar momaqcies. 5 wuTis Semdeg isev
vTxove maT, rom xmadabla esaubraT, magram maT xmas ufro auwies! maSin vuTxari,

906

rom isini tutucebi da gonebaClungebi arian da Tu isini axlave ar moketaven,

movisvri biblioTekidan. aman imoqmeda.
TqvenTvis aRmoCena ar iqneba, rom pirdapiri provokacia iwvevs agresiasAanu
rodesac vinmes qceva gabrazebT an wonasworobas gakargvinebT da Tanac, Tu Tqven
fiqrobT, rom es ganzrax xdeba, mosalodnelia, rom mas Tqven fizikuri an
verbaluri agresiiT upasuxebT (Johnson & Rule, 1986). pirdapiri provikaciis efeqti
Seesabameba zogad mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom situaciebs, romlebic uaryofiT
Sedegebs

iwveven,

SeuZliaT

agresiis

gamovlenamde

migviyvanon.

aq

winaswarganzraxulobas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan adamianebi

naklebad

arian

midrekilni,

ganzraxvis

gareSe

Sesrulebuli

moqmedebebis

uaryofiTad Sefasebisken. (gaixseneT, Cven igive daskvna gavakeTeT frustraciis

Sesaxebac, rom is naklebad iwvevs agresias, Tu ar aris winaswar ganzraxuli
qmedebis Sedegi).
Aam ambis meore damaxasiaTebeli niSani, garda provokaciisa, aris eskalacia:
vinaidan provokaciaze reaqciam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, studentis Semdgomi reaqciac
ufro agresiuli gaxda.
saidan viciT
eskalacia daJinebuli gaRizianebis sapasuxod
erT-erT kvlevaSi cdis pirebs unda gaenawilebinaT eqsperimentatoris
mier gamoyofili, davalebis SesrulebisTvis saWiro saxsrebi, magram
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom erTma jgufma, romelic eqsperimentatorTan
winaswar iyo SeTanxmebuli, faqtobrivad, uari Tqva TanamSromlobaze.
eqsperimentatorma Caiwera namdvil cdis pirTa mcdelobebi, mieRwiaT
SeTanxmebisaTvis (molaparakeba ori oTaxis damakavSirebeli satelefono
xazis

meSveobiT

gancxadebiT

(Cven

mimdinareobda).
es

gvWirdeba!),

Mmcdeloba
Semdeg

daiwyo

sityvieri
gabrazebul

gadaizarda

moTxovnaSi (Zalian maRizianebT!), Tan mTel saubars gasdevda salanZRavi

mimarTvebi
jgufis

(magaliTad,

winaaRmdegobis

eqsperimentatorebi

gonebaClungebi

xarT,

Sesabamisad,

xdebida

Tvlian,

rom

adamianebma

biWebo).

praqtikulad,

agresiis

eskalacia.

daiswavles

eskalaciis

scenari. mexsierebis struqturSi aisaxeba provokaciis gagrZelebasTan

dakavSirebuli kulturaSi kodirebuli normebSi, romelTa Sesabamisadac

907

adamianebi agresiulad reagireben provokaciis gagrZelebaze (Mikolic et al.,

1997).
amCnevT,

rom

eskalaciis

urTierTmimarTebebsac
rogorc

Cans,

exeba?

mivyavarT

scenari,

frustraciasa

situaciis

frustraciis

Secvlis

da

uSedego

SegrZnebamde,

rac

agresias
sawyis

kidev

Soris

mcdelobas,

ufro

zrdis

intensiuri agresiis albaTobas.

axla

ki

migviyvanos

ganvixiloT
fizikuri

garemoeba, rom

sxva

da

situaciuri

verbaluri

Zalebi,

agresiis

romlebmac,

gamovlenamde.

aseve,

SeiZleba

sayuradReboa

is

yvela Cven mier moyvanili magaliTi, ufro metad exeba impulsur

da ara instrumentul agresias. rogorc zemoT ukve ganvmarteT, es ukanaskneli

iseT garemoebebs ufro exeba, rodesac adamianebi agresias dasaxuli miznebis
miRwevisTvis iyeneben. magaliTad, rodesac mZarcvelebi fizikur Zalas iyeneben
danaSaulis Casadenad. am tipis agresia ganxilul unda iqnas, rogorc farTo
kriminologiuri Teoriis komponenti.
Cven, metwilad, SevexeT im garemoebebs, romlebSic Cveulebrivi individebi,
sakuTari

TavisTvis

moulodnelad, axorcieleben

impulsur

agresiul

aqtebs.

momdevno paragrafSi davinaxavT, rom kulturuli gansxvavebebi zRudaven, rogorc

individualur, ise _ kriminalur agresias.
kulturuli SezRudvebi
Cven ukve vilaparakeT imis Taobaze, rom agresiuli qceva warmoadgens adamianis
evoluciuri

memkvidreobis

nawils

da

rom

garkveul

situaciur

faqtorebs

SeuZliaT am agresiuli midrekilebebis aRZvra. aseT viTarebaSic ki, sxvadasxva

tipis

monacemebi

mowmobs,

rom

individis

mxridan

agresiulobis

gamovlenis

SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia kulturuli normebiTa da faseulobebiT (Segal et al.,

1997). am mosazrebis dasadastureblad, Cven Sors wasvla ar dagvWirdeba, vinaidan
ubralod SevadarebT SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi Cadenil mkvlelobis
faqtebs. amerikaSi 7dan - 10mde meti mkvleloba xdeba, vidre evropis umetes
qveyanebSi (Lore & Schultz, 1993). ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs aseT did gansxvavebebs
mkvlelobaTa raodenobebs Soris? Tu Tqven amerikis moqalaqe xarT, namdvilad
unda gainteresebdeT am kiTxvaze pasuxi.

meme-s konstruqtebi da agresiuli qceva

908

vidre

agresiasa

da

kulturas

Soris

urTierTmimarTebebs

SevexebodeT,

ganvixiloT pirovnebis me-s kulturuli konstruqtebis nairsaxeobebi, rac ase

farTod iqna ganxiluli fsiqologia da cxovrebis furclebze. rogorc adrec
iyo ganmartebuli, dasavluri kulturebis umetesoba asaxavs me-s damoukidebel

konstruqtebs maSin, roca aRmosavluri kulturebis umravlesoba asaxavs me-s

urTierTdamokidebul (erTmaneTze damokidebul) konstruqtebs (Markus & Kitayama,
ra

1991).

Sedegebi

aqvs

am

gansxvavebebs

agresiul

qcevebTan

mimarTebiT?

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Tu adamiani Tavs sakuTari kulturis sxva wevrebTan

fundamenturad

dakavSirebulad

Tvlis,

misgan

naklebad

aris

mosalodneli

agresiuli reaqciebi bolos da bolos, es xom sakuTari me-s winaaRmdeg iqneba

mimarTuli.
saidan viciT
agresia iaponel da amerikel bavSvebSi
kulturis
rogor

zegavlenis

swavloben

kulturis

erT-erTi

erTi

da

warmomadgeneli

igive

bavSvebi.

saukeTeso

magaliTi

iqneba

situaciebze

reagirebas

iaponel

amerikel

da

is,

Tu

sxvadasxva
skolamdeli

asakis bavSvebs (saSualod 4.5 wlis) gaacnes mokle moTxrobebi, romlebic

Seicavda

konfliqtur

gaeTamaSebinaT

dilemebs

situaciebi

da

da

Semdeg

eCvenebinaT,

sTxoves,

rogor

TojinebiT

damTavrdeboda

es

moTxrobebi. magaliTad, bavSvebs unda eCvenebinaT, ra xdeba mas Semdeg, rac

ori

bavSvi

iwyebda

kamaTs

da

xels

hkravdnen

erTmaneTs.

amerikelma

bavSvebma agresiulobis ufro maRali xarisxi aCvenes orive arsebuli

sazomis mixedviT rogorc verbalur agresiulobaSi _ isini ufro xSirad
ambobdnen: me Sen mZulxar, ise _ agresiul qcevebSic, rac gamoixateboda
Tojinebis mier erTmaneTis xelis kvraSi da cemaSi (Zahn-Wacsler et al., 1996).
am eqsperimentma daadastura, rom iaponel bavSvebs ukve gaSinagnebuli hqondaT
interdamokidebulebis (erTmaneTze damokidebuli) kulturuli normebi: maT ukve
gaSinagnebuli

hqondaT

is

sanqciebi,

romelic

sxva

adamianebisaTvis

zianis

miyenebas mohyveba. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli bavSvebis qcevam daadastura maTSi

damoukidebeli
Tavdasxmisagan.

me-s

arseboba,

romelic

daculi

unda

iqnas

sxvebis

909

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

Cven

ganvsazRvreT

mTavari

kulturuli

gansxvaveba

damoukideblobasa da interdamokidebulebas Soris, am sferoSi SesaZlebelia

gamoiZebnos ufro daxvewili gansxvavebebic. magaliTad, riCard nisbetma (Nisbett &
Cohes, 1996) da misma kolegebma farTod Seiswavles agresiasTan dakavSirebuli
damokidebulebebi (Attitudes) da qcevebi SeerTebuli Statebis sxvadasxva regionebSi.
erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani

Sedegad,

aris

is,

rom

gansxvaveba,

romelic

samxreTelebis

kulturiT (colture of honor),

romelSic

aRmoCenili

qceva

iqna

am

kvlevebis

regulirdeboda

e.w.

Rirsebis

umciresi

kamaTic

ki

reputaciisa

da

socialuri statusis gamocdad iqceva (Cohen et aal., 1996, p.945). Rirsebis kultura
ar axdens yvela saxis agresiis sanqcionirebas, daSvebulia agresiis mxolod is
saxeebi, romlebic sakuTrebis an pirovnuli Rirsebis xelyofisagan dacvasTan
arian dakavSirebulni (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994).
saidan viciT
CrdiloelTa da samxreTelTa reaqciebi Seuracxyofaze
kolejis student biWebs Crdiloelebs da samxreTelebs Cautares
cda

zomieri

Seuracxyofis

amtanobaze.

vidre

cdis

piri

derefanSi

midioda, mas eqsperimentatoris ndobiT aRWurvili piri ejaxeboda da Tan

virisTavs uwodeba. mkvlevarebma iwinaswarmetyveles rom mxris gakvrasa
da sityvier Seuracxyofaze samxreTelebs ufro dramatuli reaqciebi unda
hqonodaT, vidre Crdiloelebs. erT-erTi sazomi, romelic mkvlevarebma
gamoiyenes, iyo TamaSi yvinCilebi, romlis arsic isaa, rom ori adamiani
pirdapir uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, sanam erT-erTi ar gadauxvevs gzidan. am
SemTxvevaSi

ndobiT

aRWurvili

piri

jiqur

midioda

cdis

pirze

da

gazomil iqna is manZilebi, rodesac es ukanasknelni uxvevdnen gzidan.

rogorc

es

18.4

suraTidanac

Cans,

zomierma

Seuracxyofam

marTlac

dramatuli zegavlena moaxdina samxreTelTa qcevaze. Seuracxyofis gareSe

isini,

praqtikulad,

Tavazianad

ufro

uTmobdnen

Tavazianebi

gzas,

magram

iyvnen,

rodesac

vidre
maT

Crdiloelebi
mxars

da

gahkravdnen,

gacilebiT gvian gadadiodnen gzidan (Cohen et al., 1996).

mravali

adamiani

aSS-Si

iziarebs

azrs,

rom

samxreTuli

kultura

ufro

Tavaziania, vidre CrdiloeTis riCmondels ufro Tavisuflad hkiTxavT gzas,

vidre niu iorkels. am eqsperimentis Sedegebic aseTi Sexedulebebis gamoZaxilia,

910

im azriT, rom Seuracxyofis gareSe (sakontrolo jgufi) samxreTelebi ufro

adre uTmobdnen gzas, vidre Crdiloelebi, magram Tavazianoba gaqra Seuracxyofis
SemTxvevaSi da saqmeSi CaerTo Rirsebis grZnoba. ase rom, damoukidebeli me-s
iseT

dasavlur

kulturaSic

ki,

rogoric

amerikis

SeerTebuli

Statebia,

samxreTeli mamakacebi ufro mwvaved reagireben, rodesac saqme Rirsebas exeba,

vidre Crdiloelebi (Nisbett & Cohen, 1996).

manZili, rodesac c.p-ebi gzas uTmobdnen. samxreTeli strudentebi Crdiloeli

studentebi
kontroli Seuracxyofa
eqsperimentuli piroba
sur. 18.4. Seuracxyofis efeqti Crdiloelebsa da samxreTelebSi

eqsperimentuli jgufis Crdiloeli da samxreTeli studentebi moaqcies mcire

Seuracxyofis

situaciaSi.

Tumca,

Seuracxyofis

gareSe

samxreTelebi

ufro

Tavazianebi iyvnen, Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi ki _ ufro naklebad uTmobdnen gzas

yvinCilebis TamaSSi.
agresiuli qcevis normebi
aqamde migvaCnda, rom kulturebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian damoukidebeli me-s
konstruqtebiT, ufro metad uwyoben xels agresiul qcevas. magram es dakvirveba
mainc ar xsnis im gamsxvavebebs mkvlelobaTa raodenobaSi, razec adre gvqonda
saubari.

evropuli

kulturebi,

romlebSic

mkvlelobebis

raodenobebi

bevrad

ufro naklebia, vidre aSS-Si, aseve, Sedian damoukidebeli me-s mqone kulturebis
gafarToebul

wreSi.

maS,

ra

damatebiTi

kulturuli

faqtorebi

erTveba

am

procesSi?
erT-erTi faqtori, romelic aSS-sTvis SeiZleba dadgindes, garemoSi arsebuli
agresiuli qcevebis modelebis xelmisawvdomobaa. me-7-e TavSi visaubreT imis
Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi Zalze swrafad iTviseben agresiul qcevebs ufrosebisagan.
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvebi xedavdnen ufrosebis mier saTamaSo plastikuri
Tojinebis cemis, xelis kvris da fexiT Sedgomis magaliTebs, SemdgomSi, Zalze
didi

sixSiriT,

TviTonac

imeorebdnen

maT,

vidre

bavSvebi

sakontrolo

jgufebidan, romlebic ar eswrebodnen ufrosebis aseT agresiul gamovlinebebs

911

(Bandura et al., 1963). imave TavSi Cven, aseve,

uzarmazari
saxlSi,

odenobiT

riTac

xels

awvdis

bavSvebs

uwyobs

Zaladobis

mivuTiTeT, rom aSS-s

agresiuli

qcevis

imitacias

televizia

modelebs

pirdapir

(Comestock & Sharrer, 1999).

SesaZloa, swored aSS-Sia yvelaze TvalSi sacemi satelevizio Zaladoba. erTerTma eqsperimentma daadastura, rom amerikeli bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT proteleviziurebi an televiziaze damokidebulni arian, vidre germaneli bavSvebi
(Smith & Schutte, 1982). amdenad, aSS-Si agresiis Semcirebis erT-erT gzad gvesaxeba
bavSvebis

mkacri

SezRudva

da

maTTvis

agresiis

am

modelebis

rogorc

televizaSi, ise _ kinoSi xelmiuwvdomloba.

ra Tqma unda, mravali bavSvisTvis agresiis modeli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
arsebobs. bavSvebi, SesaZloa, agresiul qcevebs TavianT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
xedavdnen.

me-7-e

fizikurad,

TavSi,

TviTonac

aRvniSneT,

xSirad

rom

iyeneben

bavSvebi,
agresias,

romlebic
sxvebis

xSirad

qcevebis

isjebian

kontrolis

mizniT. bavSvebi, aseve, SesaZloa, xSirad xedavdnen agresiul qcevebs sakuTar

socialur wreSic. magaliTad, erT-erTi eqsperimentis mizani iyo, Seeswavla im
bavSvebis

monaTxrobi

ambebi,

romlebic

Seeswrnen

los-anJelesis

amboxebas,

romelic rodnei kingis pirvel gasamarTlebas mohyva, 1992 wels (Farver & frosch,
1996).

es

bavSvebi

movlenebs)

(gansxvavebiT

Txrobisas

imaTgan,

iyenebdnen

romlebic

personaJebis

ar

ufro

Seswrebian

mtrul

aRniSnul

aRwerebs,

ufro

agresiul sityvebs, fizikurad gamoxatul agresiul xasiaTebs da met moqmed

pirebs, romlebic situaciis samarTavad agresias iyenebdnen.
aucilebelia,
garemocvaSi
agresiuli

avRniSnoT,

ubralod
xatebi

ki

rom

bavSvebi

TamaSobdnen
maT

sasiamovno

saTamaSoebiT:

warmosaxvaSi

eqsperimentatorebis

amboxebasTan

arsebobda.

dakavSirebuli

los-anJelesis

amboxebas

Zaladobis niSnebi hqonda, magram is droSi SemosazRvruli iyo. samwuxarod,

SeerTebul

StatebSi

mravali

bavSvi

izrdeba

iseT

qalaqur

garemoSi,

romlisTvisac Zaladoba yoveldRiuri da qronikulia (Osofsky, 1997; Schwartz & Proctor,

2000). mkvlevarebi jer mxolod iwyeben im Sedegebis garkvevas bavSvebis fsiqikur
janmrTelobasa da agresiuli qcevebis gamovlenaze rac maTTvis moaqvs Zaladobis
scenebis Cvenebas.
agresiuli

qcevis

kulturuli

determinaciisadmi

miZRvnil

am

paragrafs

davamTavrebT SeniSvniT, rom kulturuli normebi aris Zalze adgilobrivi da

912

stabiluri. ganvixiloT meqsikis oaxakas Statis ori mimdebare soflis magaliTi

(Scott, 1992). erTi sofeli Zaladobrivia, meore ki _ araZaladobrivi: pirvelSi
mkvlelobebis raodenoba
metriT

arian

meoreze xuTjer metia. soflebi erTmaneTisgan 1500

daSorebulni

da

Zalze

gvanan

erTmaneTs

religiurobisa

da

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. ZaladobaSi gansxvavebis erTaderTi dasaSvebi axsna

isaa, rom gansxvavebulia maTi kulturebis stabilurobis maxasiaTeblebi. ama Tu
im gziT orive kulturam miaRwia Zaladobis garkveul dones da is stabiluri
rCeba

drois

garkveul

periodSi.

Ees

aris

me-17-e

TavSi

aRwerili

normebis

transmisiis (gadatanis) da prezervaciis (dacvis) realur cxovrebaSi asaxuli

magaliTi.

analogiurad,

amerikis

SeerTebuli

Statebi,

Tavisi

sakomunikacio

saSualebebiT, erT Zalian did soflad iqca, romelic icavs agresiuli qcevis
normebs.
am paragrafSi aRvwereT agresiis gamomwvevi Zalebi dawyebuli genetikuridan
da kulturuliT damTavrebuli. magram rCeba kidev erTi mosazreba, romelsac jer
ar SevxebivarT da romlis Tanaxmadac, rom adamianebi zogjer agresiul qcevas
axorcieleben winaswarSeqmnili crurwmenebis gamo. adamianebi mxolod imitom, rom
gansxvavebul
romlebsac

eTnikur

uwodeben

Tu

rasobriv

sxvebs),

jgufebs

SesaZloa,

ekuTvnian

gaxdnen

(anu

agresiis

iseT

jgufebs,

msxverplni.

axla

mivubrundebiT crurwmenebis Temas da vaCvenebT, Tu saidan iReben isini saTaves da

ra unda gakeTdes maT Sesamcireblad an aRmosafxvrelad.
Sejameba
evoluciuri analizi mowmobs, rom agresiuli qcevisadmi adamianis midrekileba
aRmocendeba iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT unda daicvan sakuTri Tavi da
sakuTari STamomavloba. eqsperimentulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom agresiulobasTan
dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva biologiuri da pirovnuli gansxvavebebi. rodesac
adamianebi ganicdian frustracias sakuTar miznebTan dakavSirebiT, Cndeba
agresiis gamovlenis meti albaToba. garemos garkveul maxasiaTeblebs, magaliTad,
temperaturas, agreTve, SeuZlia Secvalos agresiulobis gamovlenis albaToba.
adamianebi agresiiT pasuxoben maTze mimarTul pirdapir agresias, da maTi
agresiuloba matulobs, rac ufro nakleb efeqturia wina agresiuli qceva.
kulturaSi agresiuli qcevebis prevalireba dakavSirebulia me-s damoukidebel

913

an interdamokidebulebiT maxasiaTeblebTan. zogierTi kultura, agreTve, iZleva

agresiulobis misaRebi formebis modelebs.
crurwmena
adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela sisustidan arc erTs ar gaaCnia iseTi
damangreveli Zala, rogoric adamianis Rirsebasa da socialur urTierTobebTan
dakavSirebul

winaswar

Seqmnil

crurwmenebs.

crurwmenis

arseboba

imis

maniSnebelia, rom damaxinjebulia socialuri realoba adamianebis gonebaSi

Seqmnilia
adamianebis

situacia,

romelsac

cxovreba.

damokidebuleba

SeuZlia

crurwmena

(attitude)

samizne

daamciros

(Prejudice)

obieqtis

aris

mimarT,

da

gaanadguros

winaswar

romelic

sxva

daswavlili

moicavs

negatiur

grZnobebs (armowoneba an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs), romlebic

amarTleben

arsebul

damokidebulebebs

da

qceviT

ganzraxvebs,

acilebul,

kontrolirebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnan isini, vinc mocemul samizne

jgufs ganekuTvneba. magaliTad, nacisti liderebi kanonebsac ki qmnidnen, raTa
ganemtkicebinaT TavianTi crurwmenebi, rom ebraelebi dabali donis adamianebi
arian da rom isini cdiloben daRupvamde miiyvanon ariuli kultura. mcdari
Sexeduleba kvalificirdeba, rogorc crurwmena, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba cvlilebas,
misi

simcdaris

adamianebi

naTeli

avlenen

mtkicebulebebis

crurwmenebs,

rodesac

arsebobis
amtkiceben,

miuxedavad.
rom

magaliTad,

afro-amerikelebi

yvelani zarmacebi arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi afro-amerikeli kolegebi

dauRalavad Sromoben. crurwmenebi asrulebs garkveuli filtris rols, romelic
yovelTvis mijnavs adamianebs sxva adamianebisagan da aTavsebs maT samizne jgufSi
erTxel ganxorcielebuli kategorizirebis Sesabamisad.

crurwmena (Prejudice) winaswar daswavlili damokidebuleba (attitude)

samizne obieqtis mimarT, romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs (armowoneba

an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs), romlebic amarTleben
arsebul

damokidebulebebs

da

qceviT

ganzraxvebs,

acilebul,

kontrolirebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnan isini, vinc mocemul

samizne jgufs ganekuTvneba.
socialuri fsiqologia yovelTvis mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs crurwmenebis
Seswavlas,

vinaidan

cdilobs,

gaigos

maTi

sirTule,

simyaris

mizezebi

da

914

SeimuSaos maTi Secvlisa da daZlevis strategiebi (Allport,1954; Dackitt, 1992; Jones,

1997). gaixseneT pirveli Tavi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos
1954

wlis

gadawyvetileba

sazogado

saswavlebebSi

segregaciis

gauqmebasTan

dakavSirebiT, romelic, nawilobriv, eyrdnoboda socialuri fsiqologis kenet

klarkis (Kenneth Clark), mier sasamarTlosTvis wardgenil sakuTari kvlevebis
Sedegebs, romelic asaxavda Savkanian bavSvebze gancalkevebuli da araTanaswori
swavlebis

negatiur

progress,

Sedegebs

romelsac

warmoSobisa

da

socialurma

maTi

am

(Clark & Clark, 1947).

efeqtebis

paragrafSi

fsiqologebma
gagebaSi,

iseve,

miaRwies
rogorc

aRvwerT

im

crurwmenebis
maT

praqtikul

mcdelobebs, Secvalon isini.

crurwmenis sawyisebi
erT-erTi samwuxaro WeSmariteba, romelic gamoamzeura crurwmenebis Seswavlam,
aris

is

siadvile,

romliTac

adamianebi

SeiZleba

uaryofiTad

ganawyo

maTi

jgufisaTvis ucxo adamianebisadmi. socialuri kategorizacia aris procesi,

romliTac

adamianebi

sakuTari

socialuri

garemos

organizebas

axdenen,

miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs. kategorizaciis yvelaze

martivi da yovlismomcveli formaa individis mier imis gansazRvra, Tu vin aris
misi msgavsi da vin ara. kategorizaciis es forma saTaves iRebs dapirispirebidan,
me

ara-me-s

winaaRmdeg,

orientaciamde

Cven

isini-s

winaaRmdeg.

adamianebi

socialur samyaros orad yofen: Sidajgufebad jgufebi, romlebTanac adamiani

sakuTari

Tavis

identificirebas

axdens

da

garejgufebad

im

jgufebad,

romlebTanac adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen. am kognituri gansxvavebebis

Sedegia

Sidajgufuri

mikerZoeba

sakuTari

jgufis

gadafaseba,

sxvasTan

SedarebiT (Jones, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ganixilebian, rogorc garejgufis

wevrebi,

ufro

xSirad

xdebian

mtruli

grZnobebisa

da

usamarTlo

damokidebulebis obieqtebi.
minimalurad SesamCnevi miniSnebac ki sakmarisia, rom gamoiwvios tendenciuroba
da crurwmenis Camoyalibeba maT mimarT, vinc garejgufs miekuTvnebian.
saidan viciT
SemTxveviT arCeuli niSani iwvevs jgufis solidarobas
holandiaSi

Catarebuli

eqsperimentebis

seriaSi

cdis

pirebi

915

SemTxveviTad dayves or jgufad: mwvaneebad da lurjebad. cdis pirebs imis

mixedviT, Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnes, dauriges mwvane an lurji kalmebi
da

sTxoves,

eweraT,

Sesabamisad,

mwvane

an

lurj

qaRaldebze.

eqsperimentatorebi jgufebis wevrebs mimarTavdnen maTi jgufis feris

Sesabamisi

terminiT/saxeliT

da,

Tumca,

feris

mixedviT

gansazRvrul

kategoriebs araviTari faruli fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba ar gaaCnda da

jgufis wevrebis SerCevac sruliad SemTxveviT moxda, isini sakuTar jgufs
ufro dadebiTad afasebdnen, vidre _ meore jgufs. metic, mxolod da
mxolod ferTa gansxvavebaze dafuZnebuli es Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba
manamdec ki gamovlinda, vidre cdis pirebi eqsperimentuli davalebis
Sesrulebas daiwyebdnen (Rabbie, 1981).
is, ramac Tavi iCina Tundac am ferebis eqsperimentSi, warmoadgens socialuri
kategorizaciis swraf gamovlinebas.

socialuri
socialuri

kategorizacia

(Social categorization) -

procesi,

romlis

meSveobiTac adamianebi sakuTari socialuri garemos organizeba axdenene,

miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs.

Sidajgufebi (In-groups) jgufebi, romlebTanac adamiani sakuTari

Tavis identificirebas axdens.

garejgufebi

(Out-groups)

jgufebi,

romlebTanac

adamianebi

identifikacias ar axdenen.

Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) sakuTari jgufis gadafaseba,

sxvasTan SedarebiT.
mravali

eqsperimenti

Catarda

im

gaaCniaT/hqonda iseT minimalur jgufebs,

Sedegebis

Sesaswavlad,

romelic

rogoric mwvaneebis da lurjebis

SemTxvevaSi iyo (Tajfel, 1982; Tajfel & Billing, 1974). gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi,
Zalian xSirad, urTierTobas iwyeben, rogorc ucxoebi, magram TiTqmis maSinve
avlenen gasaocar erTsulovnebas swamT, rom maTi Sidajgufis wevrebi yvelaze
sasiamovno da kargad momuSave xalxia. rodesac dgeba resursebis ganawilebis
dro, adamianebi yvelafers akeTeben, raTa araferi uwiladon garejgufis wevrebs.
aseTi Sedegebi Tavs iCens imis miuxedavad, rom garejgufi riskis qveS dgeba da
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sida da garejgufebis zogierT wevrs Soris, SesaZloa
,kargi urTierTobebic iyos (Park & Rothbat, 1982; Quattrone, 1986).

916

Tu

yvela

am

Zalas

gamoviyenebT

xelovnurad

Seqmnil

jgufebSi,

Tqven

SegeZlebaT, daaikvirdeT, Tu rogor xdeba crurwmenebi ase daundobeli realur

cxovrebaSi. crurwmenebma advilad SeiZleba migviyvanos rasizmamde adamianis
diskriminaciis
warmoSobaze

formamde,

da

dafuZnebulia
tendenciebi,

romelic

seqsizmamde

sqesobriv
xSirad,

adamianis

niSanze.

maSin

dafuZnebulia

diskriminaciis

Cven

Zlierdeba,

kanis

da

isini-s

rodesac

ferze

an

eTnikur

formamde,

romelic

gansxvavebebis

Cndeba

sawyisi

STabeWdileba,

rom

resursebi SezRudulia da is, SesaZloa, mxolod erT jgufs ergos. faqtibrivad,

adamiani,

romelsac

axasiaTebs

crurwmenebisadmi

daqvemdebarebulobis

maRali

xarisxi, ufro metad msjeloben imis Sesaxeb, adamianebidan vin romel kategorias
ekuTvnis.
saidan viciT
crurwmena da rasibrivi xasiaTis msjeloba
studentebis jgufs Sesavsebad misces skala, romelic zomavda maT
damokidebulebas afro-amerikelebis mimarT. maT Sefasebebze dayrdnobiT,
erTi

jgufi

klasificirda,

rogorc

crurwmenebis

mqone,

meore

ki

rogorc crurwmenebis ar mqone. Semdeg orive jgufis studentebs sTxoves,

daeTvalierebinaT fotoebis seria, romlebzec saxeebi iyo gamosaxuli da
xmamaRla daexarisxebinaT isini, rogorc TeTri an Savi. zogierTi saxis
klasificireba Zalian advili iyo maSin, roca zogierTi saxe Zalze
gaurkvevlad

gamoiyureboda.

mkvlevarebs

hqondaT

hipoTeza,

rom

crurwmenebis mqone adamianebi ufro gulmodgined moekidebodnen swori

rasobrivi

Sefasebebis

gakeTebas.

mkvlevarebma

iwinaswarmetyveles,

rom

crurwmenebis mqone studentebi ufro met dros dauTmobdnen orazrovani

saxeebis klasificirebas. faqtobrivad, crurwmenebis mqone studentebma
TiToeuli

orazrovani

suraTis

amocnobaze

erTi

wamiT

meti

dro

daxarjes, vidre maT, visac ar gaaCnda rasobrivi crurwmenebi (Blascovich et

al., 1997).
es

eqsperimenti

aCvenebs,

Tu

ramdenad

mniSvnelovania

crurwmenebis

mqone

adamianebisaTvis sxva adamianebis klasificireba Cvenebad da sxvebad. bolo

dros mkvlevarebma SeZles ufro zustad aRenusxaT crurwmenebis ar qona, rac
gamoixata imiT, rom aseTi adamianebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven adamianebs Soris

917

gansxvavebebs (Phillips & Ziller, 1997). adamianebs, romlebsac maRali qulebi aqvT

universaluri

orientaciis

skalaze,

axasiaTebT

iseTi

tipis

debulebebze

daTanxmebis tendencia, rogoricaa rodesac vinmes vxvdebi, vcdilob, ganvsazRvro

msgavseba Cemsa da mas Soris da uaryofen iseT debulebebs, rogoricaa bevri
ramis Tqma SemiZlia adamianze, Tu vici, ra sqesisaa is. amgvarad, zogierT
adamians SeuZlia samyaros Sida- da garejgufebad dayofis tendenciis daZleva.
Cven vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad swrafad mivyavarT crurwmenebs adamianebis Cven da
isini

jgufebad

dayofamde.

axla

ki

vnaxoT,

rogor

erTveba

stereotipebi

crurwmenebis funqcionirebaSi.
stereotipebis efeqtebi
Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT socialuri kategorizaciis Zala mravali saxis
crurwmenis sawyisebis asaxsnelad. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze
crurwmenebis gavlrna, Cven unda avxsnaT mexsierebis is struqturebi, romlebic
mniSvnelovnad amyareben maT, kerZod, ki

_ stereotipebi. stereotipebi

warmoadgens adamianebis garkveul jgufebTan dakavSirebul ganzogadebebs,

romelic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren mTel jgufs. eWvi ar aris, rom Tqven
stereotipebis farTo speqtrs icnobT. ra Sexedulebebi gaqvT kacebsa da qalebze?
ebraelebze, musulmanebsa da qristianebze? azielebze, afro-amerikelebze, amerikis
mkvidr mosaxleobaze, laTinoamerikelebze da kavkasielebze? ra gavlenas axdenen
es Sexedulebebi, am adamianebTan Tqvens urTierTobebze? Tqveni Sexedulebebis
gamo Tavs aridebT xolme maTTan urTierTobas?
vinaidan stereotipebi ase Zlierad erTvebian molodinebSi, isini xSirad
uwyoben xels im situaciebis warmoqmnas, romlebic me-17-e TavSi aRvwereT,
rodesac adamianebi TviTon ageben sakuTar socialur realobas. gaiTvaliswineT,
ra rols asruleben stereotipebi im SefasebiT msjelobebSi, romlebic socialur
garemoSi raimes arsebobas exeba. adamianebi monacemebis naklebobis sakuTari
stereotipebidan gamomdinare informaciiT Sevsebis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian: me
ar vapireb hiroSisTan erTad manqanaSi Cajdomas azielebi saSineli mZRolebi
arian. aseve, adamianebs SeuZliaT (ara aqvs mniSneloba, ician Tu ara)
stereotipuli informaciis qceviTi dadasturebisaTvis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, Tu
Tqven asabuTebT, rom ebraelebi cudi megobrebi arian, Tqven arasodes miscemT maT
SesaZleblobas, rom sawinaaRmdego dagimtkicon.Eamaze uaresi arisaa, rom

918

gaimyareben Tu ara sakuTar mosazrebebs, adamianebi aRarafrad agdeben sxvebis,

maTi stereotipebisTvis Seusabamo mosazrebebs.
saidan viciT
arapopularuli stereotipi Seusabamo informacia
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac Tqven iRebT informacias, romlis nawilic
amyarebs Tqvens Sexedulebebs, meore nawili ki ewinaaRmdegeba mas? erT-erT
kvlevaSi eqsperimentatorebma studentebi dayves or _ homoseqsualizmis
mimarT Zlieri da susti crurwmenebis _ mqone jgufebad. amis Semdeg
TiToeuli studenti TanmimdevrobiT kiTxulobda or mecnierul naSroms
homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb. erT naSromSi mocemuli iyo stereotipis
Sesabamisi daskvna, rom homoseqsualizmi unda Sefasdes sqesTaSoris
qcevebTan (cross-gender behaviors) mimarTebaSi, meoreSi ki stereotipis
sawinaaRmdego daskvna, rom homoseqsualizmi ar unda iqnas Sefasebuli
sqesTaSoris qcevebTan mimarTebaSi. rodesac orive jgufis studentebi
afasebdnen orive naSromis mecnierul dones, maT maRali Sefaseba misces im
naSroms, romelic, Sesabamisad, emTxveoda maT Sexedulebas. magaliTad,
Zlieri crurwmenebis mqone cdis pirebma meti mecnieruli Rirseba miaweres
im naSroms, romelic ganamtkicebda sqesTaSoris stereotips. metic, am ori
naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg, romlebic Ffaqtobrivad, mxolod abalansebdnen
erTmaneTs, studentebma daadastures, rom maT ganumtkicdaT sakuTari azris
sisworis rwmena (Munro & Ditto, 1997).
es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu ratom ar amcirevs mxolod informacias
crurwmenebs: adamianebs gaaCniaT midrekileba mniSvneloba ar mianiWon im
informacias, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba maT mTavar stereotipebs (Semdeg paragrafSi
ganvixilavT crurwmenebis Semcirebis ufro qmediT meTodebs).
neba mogveciT, gagaxsenoT stereotipebis sxva efeqti, romelsac Cven
inteleqtis testirebis ganxilvis dros SevexeT. gavixsenoT me-10-e Tavi, sadac
msjeloba iyo inteleqtis koeficientebSi (IQ) rasobriv gansxvavebebs. aRniSnul
TavSi Cven mimovixileT faqtebi, romlebic amtkicebs, rom stereotipul jgufebs
axasiaTebT safrTxe, romelsac klod stilma (Claude Steel) da misma kolegebma

stereotipuli safrTxe uwodes (Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998). stereotipuli
safrTxe Cndeba MmaSin, rodesac adamianebi aRmoCndebian iseT situaciebSi,

919

romlebTanac dakavSirebulia stereotipis negatiuri aspeqtebi. magaliTad, me-10-e

TavSi, Cven davadastureT, rom afro-amerikelebis mier unarebis testebis
Sesruleba uaresdeba, rogorc ki uCndebaT eWvi, rom testis Sedegebi Seesabameba
Savkanianebis swavlis dabalunarianobis stereotipebs. es monacemebi imitom
SegaxseneT, rom xazi gagvesva im faqtorebisTvis, romlebic aZlierebs uaryofiT
stereotipebs da im xerxebisTvis, romelic stereotipulad ganwyobili adamianebis
cxovrebis deformacias iwvevs.
darwmunebulic rom iyoT, rom Tqven ar gagaaCniaT crurwmenebi, mainc
savaraudoa, rom Tqvenc gaqvT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebuli stereotipebi.
am stereotipebis codnam, SesaZloa, gibiZgoT aracnobier doneze maTi
gamoyenebisaken (Devine & Monteith, 1999). im adamianebmac ki, romelTa Sexedulebebic
Tavisufalia crurwmenebisgan, SesaZloa, mainc ganaxorcielon avtomaturi aqtebi,
romlebic gulisxmoben warsuli da awmyo garemocvis mravali wyarodan miRebul
gaucnobierebel crurwmenebs. SexedeT Tqven megobrebs: isini igive eTnikur jgufs
ekuTvnian, romelsac Tqven? Tu asea, ratom?
Cven mivediT im savalalo daskvnamde, rom crurwmenis Seqmna advilia, magram
daZleva Zneli. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri fsiqologiis Camoyalibebis
pirveli dReebidanve mecnierebi ebrZvian MmaT.
axla mivubrundeT am mcdelobebis saukeTeso magaliTebs.

stereotipebi

(Stereotypes)

adamianebis

garkveul

jgufebTan

dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi, romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren

mTel jgufs.
crurwmenebis daZleva
socialur fsiqologiaSi erT-erTma klasikurma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom Cven
jgufis dapirispirebam jgufTan isini, SesaZloa, migviyvanos seriozul
mtrobamde. 1954 wlis zafxulSi muzafer Serifma (Muzafer Sheerif) da misma
kolegebma (1961/1988) or jgufad dayofili biWebi waiyvanes oklahomis Statis
saxelmwifo parkSi. jgufebs, pirobiTad, uwodes arwivebi da Cxakunebi.
TiToeuli jgufi TviTon uvlida Tavis Tavs. magaliTad, biWebi daexetebodnen,
curavdnen, saWmels amzadebdnen da erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi araferi icodnen
meore jgufis arsebobis Sesaxeb. jgufebma erTmaneTi beisbolSi, fexburTsa da

920

bagiris gadawevaSi Sejibrebis dros gaicnes. aseT dasawyiss or jgufs Soris

gamZvinvarebuli metoqeoba mohyva. dawves erTmaneTis almebi, daarbies da gaZarcves
sacxovrebeli kabinebi da sakvebis gamo namdvili brZola gaaCaRes. rogor unda
Semcirebuliyo aseTi mtroba?
saidan viciT
erTmaneTze damokidebulebebis aucilebloba
eqsperimentatorebma scades propagandistuli xerxi erT jgufs
uqebdnen meores. aman ar gaWra. amis Semdeg Seecadnen jgufebisTvis iseTi
garemo SeeqmnaT, romelic gamoricxavda Sejibrs. arc aman imoqmeda. mtroba
maSinac grZeldeboda, rodesac jgufebi erTad uyurebdnen films. bolos
mkvlevarebma erTi ram moifiqres. maT unda SeeqmnaT iseTi problemebi,
romelTa gadawyvetac SesaZlebeli iqneboda saerTo miznebis dasaxviTa da

TanamSromlobiTi aqtivobiT. magaliTad, mkvlevarebma Seqmnes iseTi

situacia, rom biWebs xramidan tvirTi unda amoeTriaT. saerTo amocanis
wyalobiT mtroba gaqra da, faqtobrivad, biWebi saukeTeso megobrebi
gaxdnen jgufebis sazRvrebi darRvevis gareSe.
am eqsperimentma daadastura kontaqtis hipoTeza,
hipoTeza rom mtrul jgufebs Soris
pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs crurwmenebs (Allport, 1954). biWebs erTad yofnis garda
sxva aRaraferi surdaT da, piriqiT, eqsperimentma isic aCvena, rom crurwmenebis
dasaZlevad waxalisebuli unda iqnas adamianebis erTmaneTze damokidebuleba da
saerTo miznebi. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT, rogor SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT es codna im
situaciebSi, romlebSic 2-xarT 1-CarTulni. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
xarT dapirispirebuli TanamSromlebis xelmZRvaneli. ras moimoqmedebdiT am
dapirispirebis aRmosafxvrelad?
mogvianebiT, socialurma fsiqologma eliot aronsonma (Elliot Aronson) da misma
kolegebma (1978) Seadgines programa, romelic emyareboda aRwerili eqsperimentis
Sedegebs da miznad isaxavda texassa da kaliforniaSi axlad desegrerirebul
skolebSi crurwmenebis aRmofxvras. maT Seqmnes iseTi saswavlo programebi,
romlis pirobebSi mexuTe klasis moswavleebi swavlis procesSi erTmaneTze iyvnen
damokidebulni da naklebad ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs saswavlo masalis aTvisebaSi.

kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) idea, rom mtrul jgufebs Soris

921

pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs crurwmenebs.

strategiaSi, romelic cnobilia asawyobi suraTebis meTodis (Jigsaw technique)
saxeliT, TiToeul bavSvs mosamzadeblad eZleva mTeli masalis nawili da
SemdegSi man es masala jgufis danarCen wevrebs unda gaacnos. warmateba fasdeba
mTeli jgufis mier warmodgenili prezetaciis doneze dayrdnobiT. amdenad,
mniSvnelovani da faseulia jgufis TiToeuli wevris wvlili.
aseTi asawyobi suraTebis meTodiT momuSave klasebSi rasuli konfliqtebi
Semcirda, vinaidan manamde urTierTdapirispirebuli TeTri, laTinosi da zangi
studentebi erTad iyvnen saerTo miznebiT gaerTianebul jgufebSi Aronson &
Gonzales, 1988; Gonzales, 1983). ganvixiloT erTi axalgazrda ymawvilis, karlosis
SemTxveva. karloss ignorirebas ukeTebdnen imis gamo, rom misi mSobliuri ena ar
iyo inglisuri; mas daevala jgufSi, romelic jozef pulitceris premiis
mopovebas cdilobda, gansakuTrebuli rolis Sesruleba. gundis sxva wevrebs unda
moefiqrebinaT, rogor miewodebinaT misTvis informacia, romlis prezentaciac
unda moexdina mas SemdgomSi. Tanagundelebis moTminebisa da gamamxnevebeli
SeniSvnebis sapasuxod, karloss maT mimarT Tbili grZnobebi gauCnda da isic
gaarkvia, rom premiis mopovebis ambavi namdvili ar iyo. man saTanadod Seafasa,
rogorc sakuTari Tavi, ise _ Tanagundelebi. (Cven sixaruliT unda aRvniSnoT,
rom karlosma texasSi kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla gaagrZela harvardis
iuridiul skolaSi).

asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms) saswavlo klasebi,

romlebic iyeneben asawyobi suraTebis saxeliT cnobil meTods, romelSic

yovel moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli masalis mxolod nawili da
Semdeg is gadaecema jgufis sxva wevrebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli, Cven mier moyvanili
magaliTebis umravlesoba aSS-s farglebSia mopovebuli, faqtobrivad, yvela
sazogadoeba ganasxvavebs Sida da gare jgufebs. dabolos, am paragrafis
sisrulisaTvis, crurwmenebis daZlevis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, Cven ganvixilavT
eqsperiments, romelic sakiTxis internacionalur aspeqtebs exeba da
RirsSesaniSnavia Tavisi SedegebiT. Tomas petigium (Thomas Pettigrew, 1997),
Seiswavla daaxloebiT 4000 adamianis monacemi safrangeTSi, niderlandebSi,

922

inglissa da yofil dasavleT germaniaSi, raTa Seemowmebina Serifis da misi

kolegebis mier aRweril kvlevaSi miRebuli Sedegebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _
kontaqtis hipoTeza, romelsac crurwmenebis Semcirebamde mivyavarT.
saidan viciT
megobroba amcirebs crurwmenebs
yvela am qveyanaSi cdis pirebs sTxoves, ganesazRvraT TavianTi
damokidebuleba garkveuli erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT (magaliTad,
ingliselebs ekiTxebodnen indoelebis, xolo germanelebs _ Turqebis
Sesaxeb). maT, agreTve, sTxovdnen, miewodebinaT informacia im adamianebTan
kontaqtebis tipis Sesaxeb, romlebic ekuTvnodnen sxva erebs, rasebs,
religiebs, kulturebs an socialur klasebs. hyavdaT Tu ara maT Soris
megobrebi, mezoblebi an TanamSromlebi. kvlevis Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli iyo. rodesac adamianebi am garejgufebis wevrebs axasiaTebdnen,
rogorc megobrebs, isini crurwmenebis SedarebiT dabal dones avlendnen.
kulturaTaSorisi (kros-kulturuli) monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am
kvlevidan Zalze calsaxa daskvna gamomdinareobs: garejgufis wevrTan megobrobas
crurwmenebis gaqrobamde mivyavarT. ratom aris megobroba ase efeqturi?
megobroba adamianebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, meti gaigon garejgufis wevrebis
Sesaxeb: isini maTTan identifikaciac ki SeiZleba moaxdinon. megobrobam, aseve,
SesaZloa, deprovincializaciamdec migviyvanos: es niSnavs, rom rodesac adamianebi
mets igeben garejgufis normebis da Cveulebebis Sesaxeb, isini nakleb
provinciulebi xdebian sakuTar SidajgufSi mimdinare procesebis
koreqtulobasTan mimarTebaSic.
socialuri fsiqologia ar Tvlis, rom crurwmenebi xelis erTi mosmiT
SeiZleba moispos, magram is Tanmimdevrulad dgams nabijebs maTi yvelaze mZime
Sedegebis TandaTanobiTi aRmofxvrisaTvis, TiToeuli mcire SemTxvevebSic ki.
namdvilad Rirs, gamoZebnoT dro da daakvirdeT, rogor SeZlebT Tqveni im
crurwmenebis gamovlinebebis daregulirebas Tqvens irgvliv, romlebsac an Tqven
axvevT Tavze sxvebs, an, piriqiT, sxvebisgan gixdebaT amis atana.
Sejameba

923

crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli savalalo realoba isaa, rom Zalze minimaluri

maniSnebelic ki sakmarisia, mavne tendenciebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. kvlevebma
cxadyo, rom socialuri kategorizacia swrafad kravs ucxo adamianebs mWidrod
SekavSirebul jgufebad, romlebic Sidajgufebis wevrebs ufro pozitiurad
aRiqvamen, vidre _ garejgufebis wevrebs. stereotipebi zRudaven adamianis mier
realobis gancdas. Serifis eqsperimentma dagvanaxa, rom crurwmenebi SeiZleba
Semcirdes im programebiT, romlebic xels uwyoben saerTo miznebis miRwevas.
asawyobi suraTebis meTodi amas saklaso oTaxebSi akeTebs. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrTa damegobreba iwvevs crurwmenebis Semcirebas.
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia
bolo or paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi agresiasa da
crurwmenebs sakomaod didi adgili ukavia, magram yvelaze momakvdinebeli maTi
urTierTgadakveTaa. 21-e saukuneSi jer kidev arsebobs iseTi katastrofuli
siZulvili, romelic religiuri, rasobrivi Tu kulturuli crurwmenebis
safuZvelze Cndeba. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes am siZulvilis dasaZlevad? fsiqologia
da cxovrebis SesavalSi Cven fsiqologebi davaxasiaTeT, rogorc adamianebis
sakmaod optimisturi jgufi, vinaidan maT swamT, rom maTi Teoriebi da
fsiqologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebi, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas adamianis
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. am wignis daskvniT paragrafebSic gvsurs am.
optimisturi ganwyobilebis SenarCuneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven SevexebiT im
fsiqologiur Zalebs, romlebsac mosdevs damangreveli qceva, naTeli iqneba isic,
rom arseboben iseTi Zalebic, romlebsac xelewifebaT konstruqtiuli
cvlilebebis safuZvlis Seqmna. Cveni saboloo mizania, mivideT mSvidobis
fsiqologiis ganxilvamde. es aris mravalmxrivi cda imisa, rom socialuri
mecnierebebis mier dagrovili codna gamoyenebul iqnas msoflioSi mSvidobis
damyarebis da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. swored es gaxlavT optimizmis is pirveli
nota, romliTac gvsurs, rom damTavrdes fsiqologiasTan Tqveni pirveli Sexeba.
fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

924

samyaro pataravdeba
internetis zedapiruli mimoxilvac sakmarisia, rom davrwmundeT _
samyaro dapataravda. axla ukve bevri CvenTagani urTierTobas amyarebs
ucxo adamianebTan eleqtronuli fostisa da Catis meSveobiT da aseTi
urTierTobebi kidev ufro gafarTovdeba imis Sesabamisad, rac ufro meti
adamiani aiTvisebs msoflio qselis teqnologiebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi
arasportuli Tema, romelzec laparaki iyo 2000 wlis msoflio
olimpiadaze, interneti iyo. olimpiuri sofeli, sadac sportsmenebi
cxovrobdnen, kargad iyo aRWurvili uaxlesi aparaturiT, raTa msoflios
yvela kuTxidan Camosul sportsmenebs msoflio qselSi mogzaurobis
saSualeba hqonodaT. gazeTebi iuwyebodnen, rom kubelma sportsmenebma,
romelTac manamde ar HhqondaT internetTan urTierTobis gamocdileba,
erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi aamoqmedes 160-ze meti veb gverdi (Jordan, 2000).
erT-erTi kiTxva, romelsac 21-e saukune namdvilad svams fsiqologiis
winaSe, aris is, Tu rogor Seegua adgilobrivi kulturebi msoflio qsels
da, piriqiT, ra gavlena moaxdena adgilobrivma kulturebma masze.
ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina internetma kuveitis cxovrebaze
(Wheeler, 1998). rogorc mraval sxva qveyanaSi, kuveitSic interneti
Tavdapirvelad akademiuri wreebisTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi, kerZod,
kuveitis universitetis TanamSromlebisTvis. Tumca, Zalian mokle droSi is
sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi gaxda. umravles SemTxvevaSi, kuveitelebic
iseve iyeneben internets, rogorc mTel msoflioSi, CatisTvis: adamianebi
mas, ZiriTadad, salaybod iyeneben da kuveitelebic aRniSnaven, rom aqvT
urTierTobebi da romanebi kibersivrceSi. da mainc, kuveitSi internetis
gamoyeneba TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, rac mas sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs: bevri
daZvreba internetSi, magram cota Tu aqveynebs raimes. kuveitSi
internetiT sakuTar Tavze informaciis gavrceleba potenciuri safrTxis
Semcveli aqti ufroaa, vidre _ sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis saSualeba. is
aris iaraRi Tqveni mtris winaaRmdeg da instrumenti, raTa SenarCunebuli
iqnas dogmebisadmi konformuloba da gaadvildes yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
marTva (Wheeler, 1998. pp365-366). aseTi kulturuli SezRudvebis pirobebSi
Zneli warmosadgenia, rom kuveitSi interneti sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvis

925

saSualebad iqces, rogorc es mraval sxva qveyanaSi moxda.

mkvlevarebma internetis gamoyenebis sxva mravali kulturuli
gansxvavebac Seiswavles, magaliTad, veb-gverdebis is maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebsac ama Tu im kulturebis warmomadgenlebi aniWeben upiratesobas.
erTi da igive veb gverdi, SesaZloa, mTeli msofliosTvis misaRebi iyos,
magram kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, mainc arsebobdes, Tu ramdenad
gasagebi an faseulia esa Tu is veb gverdi (Sears et al., 2000). magaliTad, bevr
veb-gverdze informacia mocemulia marcxnidan marjvniv da zevidan qveviT _
ise, rogorc kiTxuloben inglisur enaze, magram Cinelebi an ebraelebi,
SesaZloa, sirTuleebs waawydnen, vinaidan maTi enebi informaciis sivrciTi
ganlagebis gansxvavebul wess iyeneben (ODonnell,1994). sazogadod, vebgverdebis dizainerebma, SesaZloa, aRmoaCinon, rom maT sakuTari
produqciis internacionalizaciisaTvis socialuri mecnierebebis
daxmareba sWirdebaT. veb gverdi, romelic erTi jgufis mowonebas
imsaxurebs, SesaZloa, uaryofili iqnas meore jgufis mier, vTqvaT, im
moWarbebuli agresiulobis an sirTulis gamo, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
adgilobriv normebs (Sears et al., 2000). WeSmaritad kulturaTaSorisi
Rirebulebis mqone veb gverdebis Sesaqmnelad, veb-dizainerebma informacia
iseT wignebSi unda moiZion, rogoricaa fsiqologia da cxovreba. rogorc
21-e saukunis moqalaqe, Tqven msoflios dapataravebis mowme xarT. ra
daskvnebs gaakeTebdiT amis Taobaze? ra kiTxvebs dausvamdiT fsiqologebs?
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven viwyebT socialur fsiqologiaSi yvelaze
klasikuri kvleviT, romelic Caatara stenli milgremma (Stanley Milgram), raTa
Rrmad Cawvdomoda meore msoflio omis saSinelebebis safuZvlebs.
avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba
ra aiZulebda aTasobiT nacists, damorCilebodnen Hhitleris brZanebebs da
milionobiT ebraeli gaegzavnaT gazis kamerebSi? gaaCndaT maT moraluri normebi
Tu ara? rogor unda avxsnaT sxvadasxva kultebis mimdevarTa mzadyofna ara
marto sakuTari sicocxle xelyon, aramed sxvebic Tan gaiyolon? (Tema, romelic
Semdeg rubrikaSi fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi iqneba ganxiluli). da ra
SeiZleba iTqvas piradad Tqvenze? arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa gavleniTac
Tqven SeZlebdiT, damorCilebodiT sulier liders, mogewamlaT adamianebi da

926

Semdeg Tavi mogeklaT? SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT Tavi im asobiT udanaSaulo

adamianis amoxocvis monawiled, rac amerikelma jariskacebma, zemdgom pirTa
brZanebiT, vietnamis sofel mai-laiSi ganaxorcieles (Hersh,1971; Opton,1970, 1973)?
Tqveni pasuxi, Cveni pasuxis msgavsad, iqneba ara! Tqven me vin ggonivarT. am
paragrafis wakiTxvis Semdeg, vimedovnebT, rom Tqven eWvi SegeparebaT da ityviT:
SesaZloa, danamdvilebiT ar vici. momqmedi socialuri Zalebis gavleniT, Tqvenc,
SesaZloa, igive gaakeToT, rasac sxva adamianebi akeTebdnen igive situaciaSi, rac
ar unda warmoudgenlad da sazarlad geCvenebodeT maTi saqcieli Tqvenc da im
adamianebsac, romlebic am garemoSi uSualod ar ar imyofebian.
individis qcevaze socialuri Zalebis gavlenis gansakuTrebiT damarwmunebeli
demonstrireba solomon aSis mowafem stenli milgremma ganaxorciela. milgremis
kvlevam (1965, 1974) cxadyo, rom meore msoflio omis dros nacistebis brma
morCileba imdenad maTi dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebis (anu maTi gansakuTrebuli
pirovnuli Tvisebebis an germanelebis erovnuli xasiaTis) moqmedebis Sedegi ar
iyo, ramdenadac iseTi situaciuri Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi, romelsac nebismieri
adamianis STanTqma SeeZlo. rogor SeZlo man imis Cveneba, rasac arendtma
borotebis banaluroba uwoda rodesac boroti qmedebebi SeiZleba
Cveulebrivma adamianebma Cidinon, romlebic sulac ar arian ulmobelni da
ubralod gauazreblad, yovelgvari gansjis gareSe asruleben sxvebis brZanebebs
(Arendt,1963,1971). morCilebis kvlevis milgremiseuli programa erT-erTi yvelaze
sakamaTo programaa, vinaidan masSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi arsebiTad ukavSirdeba
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobasa da eTikur problemebs (Miller,1986; Ross & Nisbett,
1991).

morCilebis paradigma
pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da socialuri maxasiaTeblebis erTmaneTisgan
gamojvnis mizniT, milgremma Caatara laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis mTeli seria
avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis 19 laboratoriuli eqsperimenti, romelSic 1000ze meti cdis piri monawileobda. milgremis pirveli eqsperimentebi ielis
universitetSi tardeboda niu heivensa da mis gareubnebSi mcxovreb mamakacebze,
romlebsac anazRaureba eZleodaT eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis. mogvianebiT
man damorCilebis kvlevis laboratoria universitetidan gadaitana brijportSi,
koneqtikutis StatSi, sadac sagazeTo gancxadebebis saSualebiT agrovebda

927

eqsperimentSi monawileobis msurvelebs, mosaxleobis yvela fenis, orive sqesis,

asakiT, saqmianobiTa da ganaTlebis doniT gansxvavebul adamianebs.
milgremis ZiriTadi eqsperimentuli paradigma is iyo, rom cdis pirebi
CarTulni iyvnen iseT saqmianobaSi, romelic - rogorc amaSi TviT cdis pirebi
iyvnen darwmunebulebi iTvaliswinebda sxva adamianze, sxva da sxva diapazonis
eleqtro SokiT zemoqmedebas. es, nebayoflobiT SerCeuli xalxi darwmunebuli
iyo, rom monawileobda mexsierebisa da daswavlis procesis mecnierul kvlevaSi.
isini daarwmunes, rom kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda imis garkveva, Tu rogor
moqmedebs sasjeli mexsierebaze da rogor gaumjobesdeboda daswavlis procesi
Seqebisa da dasjis saTanado balansis gamoyenebiT. cdis pirebs, romlebsac
mieniWaT maswavleblis socialuri roli, daSvebuli SecdomebisaTvis unda
daesajaT isini, visac moswavlis roli hqonda dakisrebuli. maT ganemartaT
ZiriTadi wesi, romliTac unda exelmZRvanelaT da romlis mixedviT yoveli
Secdomis Semdeg eleqtro Soki unda gaeZlierebinaT, vidre ar miaRwevdnrn
dasaswavli masalis uSecdomod gadmocemas. TeTr xalaTSi gamowyobili
eqsperimentatori sruli kanonieri uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piris msgavsad

moqmedebda; is cdis pirebs acnobda wesebs, awesrigebda rolebis ganawilebas

(mTeli seriozulobiT atarebda kenWisyrebs) da maswavleblebs miTiTebebs
aZlevda, rom kargad SeesrulebinaT TavianTi/dakisrebuli davaleba, rogorc ki
maT yoymans an gansxvavebuli azris gamovlenis mcdelobas amCnevda. damokidebuli
cvladis, eleqtro Sokis maqsimaluri maCvenebeli aparatze, 450 volti iyo,
romlis miRwevac xdeboda mcire 1.5 voltiani bijebiT da romelsac maswavlebeli
umatebda moswavlis yoveli Secdomis sapasuxod, vidre is ar Sewyvetda
avtoritetis (e.i. eqsperimentatoris mimarT) damorCilebas da uars ar ityoda
davalebis Sesrulebaze.

cdis situacia
eqsperimenti ise iyo dagegmili, rom cdis piri iZulebuli iyo daejerebina, rom
igi asrulebda ra brZanebebs tkivils ayenebda, stanjavda da, SesaZloa,
moekla kidec udanaSaulo adamiani. TiToeul maswavlebels, sanimuSod, miayenes 45
voltis Zabvis eleqtro dartyma, raTa mas warmodgena hqonoda, Tu ra intensiobis
tkivils iwvevda igi. moswavle mSvidi, sasiamovno garegnobis, gawonasworebuli
manerebis mqone, ormocdaaTiode wlis mamakaci iyo, romelic sxvaTa Soria

928

ambobda, rom guli awuxebs, magram fulis gamo mzad aris gaiaros es procedura.
mas gverdiT oTaxSi abamdnen eleqtro skamze da maswavlebelTan urTierTobda
Sida sakomunikacio qselis meSveobiT. moswavles evaleboda dawyvilebuli
sityvebis damaxsovreba da wyvilidan erT-erTi sityvis dasaxeleba, rogorc ki
gaigebda am wyvilis meore sityvas. moswavlem, winaswar dadgenili ganrigis
Sesabamisad, maleve daiwyo Secdomebis daSveba da maswavlebelmac ar daayovna
eleqtroSokis gamoyeneba. msxverplis protesti izrdeboda eleqtroSokis
voltaJis matebasTan erTad. 75 voltze man daiwyo Civili da buzRuni. 150-ze
eqsperimentSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da ganTavisufleba moiTxova. 180
voltze is yviroda, rom veRar gauZlebs am tkivils. 300 voltze igi gahyviroda,
rom metis atana aRar SeuZlia da ganTavisuflebas iTxovda. bolos tiriliT
laparakobda Tavis avadmyof gulze da kioda. Tu maswavlebeli yoymanobda, an
uars acxadebda ufro maRali eleqtro Sokis miyenebaze, eqsperimentatori mas
eubneboda eqsperimenti moiTxovs, rom Tqven gaagrZeloT an Tqven ar gaqvT
arCevani, unda gaagrZeloT.
rogorc ukve xvdebiT, situacia cdis pirebisaTvis Zalze stresuli iyo.
umetesoba protests gamoTqvamda da ganuwyvetliv aRniSnavdnen, rom maT amis
gagrZeleba aRar SeeZloT. is, rom eqsperimentSi Seqmnilma situaciam cdis pirebSi
Zlieri protesti gamoiwvia, naTlad Cans eqsperimentis angariSebidanac:

180 voltiani Sokis Semdeg: amdens ver gauZlebs! me ar vapireb am kacis

mokvlas. gesmiT, yviris? is ver gauZlebs amas. rame rom daemarTos? . . . am

kacs raime rom daemarTos, vin / agebs pasuxs? (eqsperimentatori Tanxmdeba
pasuxismgeblobis aRebaze) maS, kargi.

195 voltiani Sokis Semdeg: xom gesmiT rogor yviris? magaria ra, ar

vici (eqsperimentatori eubneba, rom aucilebelia gagrZeleba) diax, me vici,

ser, magram vfiqrob, eg azrze ar aris, raSi gaeba. ukve 195 voltia (Milgram,
1965. p.67).
maSinac ki, rodesac moswavlis oTaxSi siCume isadgurebda, maswavlebeli
brZanebebs iZleoda, ufro moematebinaT eleqtro Sokis voltaJi da daeWiraT
TiTi Rilakze, romelsac ewera: saxifaToa. Zlieri Soki XXX (450 volti).

eleqtroSoki: ho Tu ara?

929

eqsperimentis dawyebamde milgremma 40 fsiqiatrs TxovniT mimarTa, raTa

ewinaswarmetyvelaT cdis pirTa qceva eqsperimentis ganmavlobaSi. maT
(eqsperimentis aRweraze dayrdnobiT) iwinaswarmetyveles, rom cdis pirebis
umravlesoba ar acdeboda 150 volts, 4%-ze naklebi morCilebas gamoxatavda 300
voltamde da mxolod 0.1% gaagrZelebda zemoqmedebas 450 voltamde.
prognozirebisas fsiqiatrebi eyrdnobodnen mosazrebas, rom srul morCilebas
gamoavlendnen da maqsimalur eleqtro Soks gamoiyenebdnen mxolod garkveuli
maxasiaTeblebiT aranormaluri, sadisti adamianebi, romlebsac siamovnebT
sxvebisTvis tkivilis miyeneba.
fsiqiatrebi aseT Sefasebebs afuZnebdnen Sexedulebaze, rom aseTi
aranormaluri qcevebis ganmaxorcielebel adamianebs gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli

dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca, maT mxedvelobidan gamorCaT situaciis is

gansakuTrebuli Zala, romelsac SeeZlo, gavlena moexdina cdis pirTa
umravlesobis azrovnebasa da qcevebze, vinaidan isini amoglejilni iqnen
maTTvis Cveuli situaciidan. RirsSesaniSnavi da SemaSfoTebeli daskvna ki
gaxlavT is, rom es eqspertebi Secdnen: cdis pirTa umravlesoba srulad

daemorCila avtoritets. arc erTi cdis piri ar SeCerebula 300 voltze nakleb
Zabvaze. moswavleebis mimarT 65%-ma gamoiyena maqsimaluri eleqtro Soki 450
volti. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom maTi umravlesoba sityvierad acxadebda

winaaRmdegobas, magram qceviT emorCileboda avtoritets. msxverplis

TvalsazrisiT, es kritikuli sxvaobaa. marTlac, Tqven rom yofiliyaviT
msxverplis adgilze, raime mniSvneloba eqneboda imas, rom adamians ar undoda
TqvenTvis tkivilis moyeneba da sityvierad ewinaaRmdegeboda brZanebas, Tu ki is,
bolos da bolos, daemorCileboda brZanebas da mogayenebdaT eleqtro Sokis
ganmeorebad dartymebs?
milgremis eqsperimentis Sedegebi imdenad moulodneli iyo, rom mkvlevarebs
didi Sroma dasWirdaT, raTa gamoericxaT maTi alternatiuli interpretaciis
SesaZleblobebi. erTaderTi gamosavali iyo is, rom daeSvaT, cdis pirebma
realurad ar daijeres eqsperimentis legenda. SesaZloa, maT isic ki ar
daijeres, rom msxverpls namdvilad ayenebdnen tkivils. amis gamosaricxad
Catarda iseTi eqsperimenti, romelSic damorCilebis efeqti iyo realuri, swrafi
da uSualo. kolejis studentebi Tvlidnen, rom wvrTnidnen lekvs, romelzec
yoveli Secdomis Semdeg zemoqmedebdnen eleqtroSokiT. isini realurad xedavdnen,

930

rogor xteboda lekvi da esmodaT misi wkmutuni yovelTvis, rodesac Rilakze

aWerdnen xels da aZlierebdnen dens cxaurSi, romelzec lekvi idga. ramdeni
adamiani isurvebda gaegrZelebina lekvze eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedeba da misi
wvaleba? am realur situaciaSic ki, studentebis samma meoTxedma eleqtro Sokis
maqsimaluri odenoba gamoiyena (Sheridan & King, 1972).
cdis pirebis qcevis kidev erT alternatiul axsnas warmoadgens is, rom
eqsperimentis Sedegebze gavlena moaxdina misi pirobebis moTxovniTma

maxasiaTeblebma (Demand characteristics). es moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi aris

eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi, romlebic zemoqmedebdnen cdis pirebze da
aniSnebdnen, Tu ras elian maTgan. davuSvaT, milgremis cdis pirebi mixvdnen, rom
misi eqsperimentis Sedegebi bevrad ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu isini ar
Sewyvetdnen eleqtro SokiT zemoqmedebas da amitomac, agrZelebdnen TamaSs.
Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom avtoritetisadmi damorCileba sulac ar ganicdis
uCveulo eqsperimentuli pirobebis gavlenas. is, SesaZloa, moxdes nebismier
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi.
saidan viciT
morCileba realur cxovrebiseul situaciaSi
mkvlevarebis jgufma, saavadmyofos cxovrebiseul situaciaSi
damorCilebis Seswavlis mizniT, Caatara Semdegi savele kvleva. meddas
(cdis piri) telefoniT daureka eqimma, romelsac arasodes Sexvedria.
eqimma mas davaleba misca, pacientisTvis garkveuli wamali mieca ise, rom
am wamals eqimis mosvlamde emoqmeda. eqimma daniSna 20 mg. wamali,
romelsac ewodeboda astroteni. wamlis yuTze gakeTebuli iyo warwera,
romelic ityobineboda, rom astrotenis Cveulebrivi doza iyo 5 mg., xolo
maqsimaluri doza _ 10 mg.
SeeZlo Tu ara meddas, pacientisTvis wamlis gadaWarbebuli doza mieca
ucnobi piris satelefono zaris Sesabamisad maSin, roca es dadgenil
samedicino praqtikas ewinaaRmdegeboda? rodesac es dilema aRuweres 12
meddas, 10-ma maTganma ganacxada, rom isini ar daemorCilebodnen ucnobis
zars. xolo is, Tu rogor moiqcnen meddebi, realurad, es sxva, axla ukve
kargad cnobili ambavia. rodesac meddebis sxva jgufi moxvda analogiur
situaciaSi, TiTqmis yvela maTgani damorCilda. 22-dan 21-ma meddam daiwyo

931

pacientisTvis wamlis micema (sinamdvileSi, sruliad uvnebeli

nivTierebis), vidre mkvlevarma-eqimma ar SeaCera isini (Hofling et al., 1966).
es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom Mmilgremis mier miRebuli Sedegi ar SeiZleba
mieweros eqsperimentis pirobebis maxasiaTeblebis moTxovnebze cdis pirTa
reagirebas.

moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi

(Demand characteristics)

eqsperimentuli

situaciis maniSneblebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben cdis pirebze da aniSneben

maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.

ratom emorCilebian adamianebi avtoritets?

milgremis kvleva adasturebs, rom imis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom emorCilebian
adamianebi avtoritets, saWiroa ufro detalurad ganvixiloT garkveul
situaciebSi momqmedi fsiqologiuri Zalebi. me-17-e TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad
xSirad zRudavs qcevas situaciuri Zalebi da swored milgremis kvlevam
warmoaCina am ZiriTadi principis naTeli magaliTi. milgremi da sxva mkvlevarebi
axdendnen eqsperimentuli situaciis mTeli rigi aspeqtebiT manipulirebas, raTa
gamoekveTaT, rom damorCilebis efeqti ganpirobebulia ara pirovnuli, aramed
situaciuri faqtorebiT. 18.5 suraTze asaxulia morCilebis doneebi gansxvavebul
situaciebSi. magaliTad, morCileba sakmaod maRalia, rodesac jer mewyvile
iZleva morCilebis magaliTs, rodesac cdis piri moqmedebs, rogorc Sualeduri

rgoli im adamianebis damxmare, vinc uSualod zemoqmedebs msxverplze, an

rodesac msxverpli (moswavle) fizikurad daSorebulia maswavleblisagan.
morCileba sakmaod dabalia, rodesac TviTon Mmoswavle iTxovs masze
zemoqmedebas, rodesac ori avtoritetiT aRWurvili piri iZleva
urTierTsawinaaRmdego miTiTebebs, an TviT avtoritetia msxverpli. es Sedegebi
miuTiTebs, rom qcevaze zegavlenas axdens situacia da ara cdis pirebs Soris
individualuri gansxvavebebi.
SokiT zemoqmedeba
eqsperimentuli variaciebi

932

1. moswavle iTxovs SokiT

zemoqmedebas.
2. avtoriteti, rogorc msxverpli

8. Sexebis SesaZlebloba.
9. siaxlove.
10. institucionaluri konteqsti.

miTiTebebs iZleva Cveulebrivi

11. xmovani ukukavSiri.

adamiani.

12. daSorebili msxverpli.

3. ori avtoriteti sawinaaRmdego

miTiTebebi.
4. cdis pirebi TviTon irCeven
Sokis odenobas.
5. ori mewyvile winaaRmdegia.
6. rigiTi adamiani iZleva

13. qali cdis pirebi.

14. ori

avtoriteti

erTi

msxverpli.
15. cdis piri, rogorc mowme.
16. mewyvile

akontrolebs

Sokis

wyaros.

miTiTebebs.
7. avtoriteti daSorebulia.
sur. 18.5. damorCileba milgremis eqsperimentebSi

grafiki asaxavs sustidan Zlier damorCilebamde profilebs, milgremis

eqsperimentebis gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
ori mizezi, romlis gamoc adamianebi avlenen morCilebas, am situaciebSi,
migviyvans normatuli da informaciuli gavlenis wyaroebamde, romelzec saubari
iyo me-17-e TavSi: adamianebs undaT, rom mowonebul iqnan (normatuli gavlena) da
iyvnen marTlebi (informaciuli zegavlena). isini midrekilni arian, moiqcnen ise,
rogorc sxvebi iqcevian, an iqceodnen ise, rom iyvnen socialurad misaRebni da
mosawonni. amasTan, gaurkvevel, axal situaciebSi, magaliTad, am eqsperimentis
msgavs situaciebSi, adamianebi endobian sxvebis miniSnebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ra
saxis qcevebia Sesaferisi da swori. ufro xSirad, isini endobian eqspertebs da
sando pirebs, romlebic karnaxoben maT, Tu rogor unda moiqcnen. milgremis
paradigmis mesame faqtori isaa, rom, rogorc Cans, cdis pirebi ibneodnen, vinaidan
ar icodnen, rogor gamoexataT daumorCilebloba. arafers ambobdnen, radgan
ujerebdnen avtoritets. maT rom hqonodaT situaciidan pirdapiri, martivi
gamosavali, magaliTad, daeWiraT xeli Rilakze Sewyveta, maSin, SesaZloa,
naklebad gamoevlinaT morCileba (Ross, 1988). dabolos, am eqsperimentul
situaciaSi avtoritetisadmi damorCileba aris im gaSinagnebuli Tvisebis nawili,
rasac bavSvebi gansxvavebul situaciebSi swavloben usityvod daemorCilon

933

avtoritets (Brown, 1986). es movlena maSin emsaxureba sazogadoebas, rodesac

avtoritetebi legitimuri ZalauflebiT arian aRWurvilni da imsaxureben
morCilebas. problema ki isaa, rom am wesma sakuTari Tavi amowura.
avtoritetisadmi brma morCileba niSnavs yvelanairi avtoritetuli figurisadmi
morCilebas ubralod imitom, rom maT miewerebaT raime statusi, miuxedavad imisa,
marTebulia Tu ara maTi moTxovnebi da brZanebebi.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
ratom eziarebian adamianebi kults?
eWvgareSea, bolo wlebSi informaciam kultebis Sesaxeb daipyro Cveni
cnobiereba, sakulto jgufebis wevrebis im eqstremaluri, auxsneli
qcevebis gamo, romelTa Sesaxebac vkiTxulobT, an romelTac vuyurebT
masmediis saSualebiT. SeerTebul StatebSi, sakuTari lideris mier
provocirebulma heiven geits-is 39 wevrma ritualuri wesebis dacviT
moikla Tavi, 1997 wlis martSi. daaxloebiT oci wliT adre, gaianas
junglebis dasaxlebaSi, 900-ze metma amerikelma moqalaqem Caatara
masobrivi TviTmkvleloba, maTi qarizmatuli lideris Rirsi jim jonsis
daJinebuli moTxovniT. safrangeTSi, kanadasa da SveicariaSi, mzis taZris
ordenis wevrebma, aseve, ritualuri wesiT moiswrafes sicocxle. iaponiaSi
ki seqta aum Sin rikios wevrebma tokios metroSi gazis gamoyenebiT
mowamles mgzavrebi da dagegmili hqondaT masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva
aqciebi, maTi lideris miTiTebebis Tanaxmad. am, WeSmaritad tragikuli,
faqtebis miRma arsebobs aTasobiT jgufi, romelic kvalificirdeba,
rogorc kulti da romlis wevrebic totalur morCilebas ucxadeben am
jgufebs da maT liderebs. wevrebi emorCilebian nebismier brZanebas,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, ucnob partniorze daqorwineba masobrivi
qorwinebis ceremoniebis dros, maTxovroba, rekrutireba, xangrZlivi Sroma
anazRaurebis gareSe, sakuTari qonebis jgufis sargeblobaSi gadacema, an
dauqorwineblobis aRTqmis dadeba.
SegiZliaT aseTi ramis gakeTebis warmodgena? arsebobs ki iseTi
garemoebebi, romelTa zegavleniTac miuerTdebodiT kults da iqceodiT im
komformizmis, daTmobis da totaluri morCilebis pirad, rasac kulti
Tavs axvevs jgufis wevrebs? cxadia, umravlesoba ityvis ara, araviTar

934

SemTxvevaSi. magram Cveni, rogorc fsiqologebis, amocanaa gavigoT, Tu

rogor axerxeben es jgufebi da maTi liderebi aseT iZulebas da CavwvdeT
im pirobebs, romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi mowyvladni xdebian da
ujereben maTgan miRebul damarwmunebel informacias.
amrigad, ras warmoadgens kulti? sakulto jgufebi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebian TavianTi aqtivobebiT, struqturiT, sididiT da ideologiiT,
magram praqtikulad yvela warmoadgens aratradiciul religiur jgufs,
romelic imarTeba avtoritaruli lideris mier da romelic aris jgufis
ideologiis, doqtrinis erTad-erTi sulieri wyaro da ZiriTadi mcveli
(Kramer & Alsted,1993; Singer, 1995; Zimbardo & Andersen, 1993). aseTi lideri, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, qarizmatuli lideria, energiiTa da TavdadebiTaa aRvsili da
xSirad pretenziasac acxadebs RvTaebriv yovlisSemZleobaze,
yovlismcodneobasa da ukvdavebazec ki. miuxedavad calkeuli
kultebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis gansxvavebebisa, saerTo maT Soris
aris axlad miRebuli wevrebisadmi uxvi dapirebebi, zemoqmedebis wesi da
jgufis iZulebiTi Zala, romelic yoveli wevrisagan iTxovs sakuTari
nebisa da kritikuli azrovnebis daTmobas (Hassan, 1988; Langone, 1993).
maS, ratom surT adamianebs kultTan SeerTeba? upirveles yovlisa,
aravin uerTdeba kults, rogorc aseTs. adamianebi uerTdebian saintereso
jgufs, romelic maT sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas pirdeba.
isini mxolod mogvianebiT aRiqmebian sakulto jgufebad, mxolod maSin,
rodesac cnobierdeba, rom es aris cru, naklovani, saSiSi gaerTianeba, an
sulac is, rom is ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul ZiriTad
Rirebulebebs. kulti maSin xdeba mimzidveli, adamianis individualuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis dapirebas iZleva, ramdenadac es SeiZleba
exebodes saxeldaxelo megobrobas, identurobas an cxovrebis mowyobas.
kulti adamianebs, aseve pirdeba kompensacias socialuri marcxis
SemTxvevaSi: izolirebulobis da marcxis SegrZnebis acilebiT. sakulto
jgufi ufrTxildeba sakuTar samyaros, Tavis usafrTxoebas, wevrebis
janmrTelobas, maT movla-patronobas yvelaferi winaswar aris gaTvlili
da kontrolirebuli. sul ufro da ufro garTulebad samyaroSi, kultis
liderebi wevrebs sTavazoben martiv gadawyvetilebebs, bednierebisken,

935

warmatebisaken da xsnisaken mimavali gzis gakvalvas.

admianebi, kultis damarwmunebeli Zalis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiareni arian maSin, rodesac sacxovreblad gadadian axal qveyanaSi
an axal qalaqSi, kargaven samuSaos, amTavreben saswavleblebs an idevnebian
tradiciuli religiidan, rogorc Seuferebelni. kulti mimzidvelia
maTTvisac, vinc Tavis samuSaos mosawyenad miiCnevs da erTferovnad, visac
gafantuli da uSinaarso socialuri cxovreba aqvs da visac rwmena aqvs
dakarguli sakuTari qveynis mTavrobis mimarT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mediis mier mowodebuli axali ambebi masobrivi
mkvlelobebisa da TviTmkvlelobebis Sesaxeb avrceleben cnobebs,
kultebis umravlesoba wynarad moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki
isini TavianT danapirebs asruleben, maT SeuZliaT Rirebuli samsaxuri
gauwion calkeul adamianebs da SeZlon maTTvis cxovrebiseuli vakuumis
Sevseba. magram rodesac isini moqmedeben motyuebiT, iZulebiT, ZaliT da
amaxinjeben Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobis da kritikuli azrovnebis
ZiriTad faseulobebs, isini saSiSni xdebian, rogorc sakuTari
wevrebisaTvis, ise _ sazogadoebisaTvisac, magram aqve marTebuli iqneba
erTi kiTxvis dasma: nuTu sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia adamianebi
uzrunvelyos yovelive imiT, rasac kultebi pirdebian, raTa es kultebi ar
warmoCindnen saintereso, gansakuTrebuli stilis cxovrebad, romelsac ase
eswrafian adamianebi, mTel msoflioSi?

milgremis eqsperimentebi da Tqven

ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes TqvenTvis avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis am
kvlevebs? rogor moiqceviT Tqven, rodesac cxovrebis manZilze msgavsi moraluri
dilemebis winaSe aRmoCndebiT? gamoZebneT dro da dafiqrdiT avtoritetisadmi
damorCilebis

im

situaciebze,

romlebic,

SesaZloa,

warmoiqmnes

Tqvens

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. moatyuebdiT myidvels, Tqvens ufross xeli rom Seewyo

TqvenTvis? an warmoidgineT, rom kongresis wevri xarT, xmas miscemT imas, rasac
partia mogTxovT, Tu sakuTar sindiss mousmendiT?
milgremis mier Catarebuli, avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis kvlevebi angrevs
miTs imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebis codvis wyaro maT codvil bunebaSia cudi
isini-s bunebaSi, romlebic gansxvavdebian kargi Cven-gan an Tqven-gan. amiT

936

sulac ar gvinda adamianis bunebis damcireba, magram gvinda, naTeli movfinoT

imas, rom normaluri, kargad moazrovne individuumic ki, SesaZloa, potenciurad
susti aRmoCndes Zlieri situaciuri da socialuri Zalebis winaSe.
dasasrul, gvinda ramdenime sityva vTqvaT gmirobaze. davuSvaT, adamianebis
umetesoba, Tqveni msgavsi adamianebisa, daemorCila raRac Zlier jgufur Zalas.
Cveni azriT, Tu Tqven SegwevT unari, win aRudgeT amas, Tqveni qceva, SeiZleba
Sefasdes, rogorc gmiroba. gmiri is pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia imoqmedos
Segnebulad, sindisidan gamomdinare maSin, roca danarCenebi konformizms avlenen,
an

visac

rodesac

SeuZlia

arCevani

gaakeTos

danarCenebi mdumared

iboginos.

SesaZloa,

arsebobis

Sesaxeb,

im

gadgebian

faqtma,

romlebic

maRali

rom

zneobrivi

qcevis

sasargeblod,

ganze, raTa borotebam Tavisuflad

Tqven

iciT

SesaZlebels

iseTi

xdian

situaciuri

borotebis

Zalebis

banalurobas,

gibiZgoT kidec gmiruli qcevisken.

genocidisa da omis fsiqologia
jerjerobiT Cven mxolod is gavarkvieT, rom adamians, rogorc saxeobas, gaaCnia
garkveuli midrekileba, daemorCilos avtoritets, magram adamianis bunebis am
damaxasiaTebeli niSnis Sefasebis garda, albaT, axsnas saWiroebs isic, Tu

ratom

xdeba, rom garkveul dros da garkveul adgilas adamianTa erTi jgufi iwyebs
adamianTa meore jgufis sistematur ganadgurebas

_ genocids. ratom aris, rom

Zalze xSirad, erTi jgufi iwyebs oms, an axorcielebs naklebad formalur

agresias

meore

jgufis

mimarT.

am

paragrafSi

Cven

gavaanalizebT

zogierT

istoriul da fsiqologiur Zalas, romelmac adamianis modgma waiyvana uaRresad

organizebuli agresiis gziT.
fsiqologma

irvin

staubma

(Ervin

Staub,

1989,2000)

Seiswavla

genocidis

SemTxvevebi istoriaSi da SemogvTavaza im kulturuli da fsiqologiuri Zalebis

mimoxilva, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian terors:

sawyisi

wertili

xSirad

sazogadoebis

wevrebis

mZime

cxovrebis

pirobebSi, cud ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, politikur daRmavlobasa da sxva

msgavs faqtorebSi unda veZeboT.

rogorc Cans, am mZime pirobebSi, adamianebs uZlierdebaT Sida da gare

jgufebis

gamijvnis

tendencia.

aseT

SemTxvevaSi,

gare

jgufi

gamodis

gantevebis vacis rolSi da brali edeba sazogadoebis sirTuleebSi. mravali

937

magaliTia imisa, Tundac nacisturi germania, sadac sxva erebis gantevebis

vacis

rolSi

ideologiis

gamoyvana

nawils,

warmoadgenda

romelsac

kulturuli

erTnairad

Tu

iziarebdnen,

politikuri
rogorc

eris

liderebi, ise _ rigiTi moqalaqeebic.

vinaidan jgufi, romelsac bralad daedo sazogadoebis sirTuleebSi,

gamodis gantevebis vacis rolSi, xdeba mis mimarT Zaladobis gamarTleba.

Zaladobis

calkeul

incidentebs

mivyavarT

msoflio

samarTlianobaze

fiqramde (Lerner, 1980) anu mosazrebebamde imis Taobaze, rom vinaidan Cven
samarTlian

samyaroSi

vcxovrobT,

daCagrulma

xalxma

raRac

unda

moimoqmedos, rom Zaladobas Tavi daaRwios. ase magaliTad, nacisturi epoqis

germanelebi mividnen im mosazrebamde, rom ebraelebi imsaxurebdnen Tavis
xvedrs im zianis gamo, rac maT germaniis saxelmwifos miayenes.

Zaladobas, agreTve, safuZvlad edeba sakuTari Tavis gamarTlebis

survili misi SeCereba niSnavs aRiaro, rom misi wamowyeba, TavisTavad, iyo
mcdari. metic, rodesac esa Tu is reJimi Zaladobas mimarTavs, sxvaTa
dumili

aRiqmeba

SemTxvevasTan

Tanxmobad,

gvqonda

saqme

rom
im

misi

qmedebebi

eTnikuri

samarTliania.

wmendiT

gamowveul

aseT
xocva-

Jletisas, romelsac adgili hqonda 1991 wels iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg,

rodesac,

miuxedavad

masmediaSi

farTo

gaSuqebisa,

ramdenime

wlis

ganmavlobaSi msoflio Tanamegobroba araviTar zomebs ar iRebda.

gaanvixiloT kambojis magaliTi (Hinton 1996). situacia Seqmna cxovrebis mZime
pirobebma: XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos qveyanaSi Seiqmna mZime ekonomikuri
viTareba,

rasac

daerTo

dabombvebi,

romlebsac

aSS

vietnamis

winaaRmdeg

axorcielebda da mis mezobel kambojazec aisaxeboda. axalma reJimma daiwyo

gantevebis vacis Zieba da isini iqcnen kidec ukiduresi Zaladobis samizned.
komunistebma,

romlebmac

1975

wels

daipyres

dedaqalaqi

pnom

peni,

ipoves

ideologiuri mtrebi, romelTa ganadgurebac aucilebeli iyo, raTa aSenebuliyo

axali sazogadoeba. yofili samxedro da politikuri liderebi daapatimres da
daxvrites. SemdgomSi, nel-nela gafarTovda klasobrivi mtris cneba da moicva
maswavleblebi,

studentebi,

Cinovnikebi,

moRalateebad

gamocxaddnen.

emsaxureboda

ideologiis

imata

profesionalebi,
mkvlelobaTa

ganmtkicebas

da

mkafiod

romlebic

ricxvma,

potenciur

vinaidan

gansazRvruli

es

miznis

938

miRwevas qveyana unda ganTavisufldes Sinauri mtrebisgan. rogorc sxva mraval

SemTxvevaSi, msoflio Tanamegobroba arc am saqmeSi Careula.

mtris cneba da xati

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom genocidis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momentia gantevebis
vacis

moZebna.

igive

moments

SegviZlia

Tvali

mivadevnoT

genocidis

ganxorcielebis procesSic, maSinac ki, rodesac mizani ar aris dasaxuli jgufis

totaluri
yofil

ganadgureba.

aRmosavleT

ganvixiloT

germaniaSi,

socialisturi

nacionalur

sistemis

gamokiTxvebSi

rRvevis

asaxuli,

Semdeg,

15-dan

20

wlamde germaneli axalgazrdebis sakmaod negatiuri ganwyobebi polonelebisa da

Turqebis

mimarT.

am

ganwyobilebebis

safuZveli,

rogorc

kulturuli da ekonomikuri konkurenciis SiSi (Watts, 1996) anu

polonelebi

da

Turqebi

ikaveben

samuSao

adgilebs,

aRmoCnda,

iyo

gaCnda eWvi, rom

riTac

xels

uwyoben

komunizmidan demokratiaze gadasvlis process da Semosavlis gareSe toveben

germanel axalgazrdebs. ekonomikuri safrTxis aseTi aRqma esadageba im models,
romelic

Cven

zemoT

ukve

aRvwereT:

crurwmenebi

da

diskriminaciis

ganxorcielebisadmi mzadyofna spontanurad ar xorcieldeba; is moiTxovs iseT

socialur garemos, romelic xels uwyobs rwmenas, rom mteri iTvisebs isedac
mwir resursebs. es ki warmoSobs safuZvels ZaladobisaTvis.
rodesac

reJimi

mters

gantevebis

vacis

rols

moargebs,

iwyeba

misi

dehumanizacia. igi cdilobs, xalxi miiyvanos im azramde, rom mtris arahumanuri

jgufi saZulvelia da unda ganadgurdes. dehumanizaciis es procesi gansakuTrebiT
saSiSia omis warmoebis dros. kulturebis umravlesoba individualur agresias
ganixilavs, rogorc danaSauls, saxelmwifoebi milionobiT jariskacs avarjiSeben
mkvlelobis CadenaSi. saxelmwifo liderebis amocanaa aseTi saxis mkvlelobebs
saxe ucvalos da patriotul qmedebad aqcios (Harle, 2000; Keen, 1986). es masobrivi
socialuri

zegavlena

nawilobriv

moicavs

mowinaaRmdegis

jariskacebis

dehumanizaciasa daa maaT gadaqcevas mtrad. am dehumanizacias, mtris cocxal

ferebSi warmosaxviT, politikuri ritorika da masmedia agvirgvinebs. rogorc
veteranebi aRniSnaven, omSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iaraRi ki ar aris, aramed _

939

sazizRari

mtris

jariskacebi

gaSinagnebuli

fsiqologiurad

xati.

amgvarad,

omis

programirdebian

dros,

mkvlelebad,

axalgazrda
swored

im

damaxinjebuli saxeebiT, visac ki mTavroba mtris iarliys miawebebs.

xSir SemTxvevaSi, es warmodgenebi ubralod xelovnuri xatebi ki ar aris,
aramed Rrma mentaluri xatebia, romlebsac politikosebi aRviveben masebSi maT
dasarazmad da saomrad gasaSvebad.
amis

cocxali

magaliTia

is

procesi,

romelsac

aSS

ganuwyvetliv

axorcielebda, rodesac sadam huseins hitlers adarebda, 1990 wlis sparseTis

yureSi gaCaRebuli omis konteqstSi (Voss et al., 1992). am kavSiris sazogadoebis
gonebaSi

CabeWdviT,

prezident

jorj

buSs

da

sxva

politikur

liderebs

saSualeba eZleodaT, brZolisaken moewodebinaT amerikelTa didi masebisaTvis.

rodesac

huseini

iqca

hitlerad,

ufro

advili

gaxda

msjeloba

aqtiuri

samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis Sesaxeb.

ratom midian adamianebi omSi?

rodesac saxelmwifos liderebi omis dawyebas apireben, isini acnobiereben, rom
amas, SesaZloa, negatiuri Sedegebi moyves. Tanamedrove omi, meore msoflio omidan
moyolebuli, aRar iTvaliswinebs mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dandobas. es xdeba im
mizniT,

rom

gatexon

xalxis

neba.

maSinac

ki,

rodesac

omi

dasaxlebuli

punqtebidan moSorebiT warmoebs, ise, rogorc es sparseTis yuris omis dros

xdeboda, mas mainc moyveba msxverpli orive mxridan. rogor unda moaxdinos
mTavrobam an sxva jgufebma imis dasabuTeba, rom oms imdenad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, rom 2-aseTi msxverpli/ 1-gamarTlebulia? umetes SemTxvevaSi, aseT kiTxvebze
pasuxs istoriis gakveTilebze viRebT: qveynebi imitom ibrZvian, rom Cven ase
viswavleT daicvan Tavisi teritoria, sakuTaro xalxi an Tavisi ekonomikuri
interesebi. am paragrafSi ganvixilavT im mniSvnelovan fsiqologiur faqtorebs,
romlebsac individi miyavs gadawyvetilebamde miiRos omSi monawileoba.
Cven SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva: ratom swiraven adamianebi Tavs samSoblosaTvis?
SesaZloa,

es

altruizmis

ukiduresi

gamovlineba

iyos.

gavixsenoT

zemoT

aRniSnuli, rom evoluciuri midgoma ojaxis wevrebis dacvas (anu genebis dacvas)
ganixilavs, rogorc altruizmis mniSvnelovan safuZvels. zogierTi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom adamianebs ojaxsa da ers Soris kavSiri bavSvobidan aqvT

940

gaSinagnebuli (Stern, 1995). Cven vlaparakobT Cvens deda-samSobloze an mamasamSobloze

da

asaxsnelad,
adamianebi,

varT

YTu

misi

ratom

romlebic

Svilebi.
swiraven

omSi

nuTu

es

adamianebi

midian,

ise

kavSiri
Tavs

axdenen

sakmarisia

imisTvis

samSoblosaTvis?
socialuri

nuTu

realobis

konstruirebas, rom sjeraT, samSoblos dacviT isini TavianT ojaxebs icaven?

Tqven, albaT, mixvdiT, ratom aris es kiTxvebi mniSvnelovani fsiqologebisaTvis.
omis

fsiqologiuri

miviRoT

im

faqtorebis

garemoebebis

Sesaxeb

SeswavliT,

damatebiTi

romlebmac

informacia

1992

wels

SegviZlia

serbebi

waaqeza,

ganexorcielebinaT agresiuli aqtebi da daewyoT omi bosniaSi (White,1996). rogorc

Cans, serbebi SiSobdnen, rom 1991 wels, iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg, isini bosniaSi
devnil umciresobaSi aRmoCndebodnen. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom ganxeTqilebis dros
umciresobis aseT SiSs sakmao safuZveli aqvs. ai, britaneli Jurnalistis mier
Cawerili sityvebi, romelic erT-erT bosniel serb policiels ekuTvnis (Glenny,
1994; citirebulia, White, 1996, p111):

man daadastura dakvirvebebi, romlebic me Tavadac gavakeTe yvela erovnebis

adgilobriv mebrZolebTan saubrisas: is ar iyo boroti adamiani. piriqiT, man
ganmarta kidec, rogor uWirda srola soflis meore mxares, sadac yvela iqaur
mcxovrebs icnobda. magram es omi raRacnairad daatydaT Tavs da mas unda daecva
Tavisi saxli. kaci SeSfoTebuli da dabneuli iyo movlenebiT, magram axla is
mwvane beretebs (musulmanebi)

da ustaSebs

(xorvatebi)

sakuTari

ojaxisTvis

realur safrTxed aRiqvamda.

Cven maT uflebas ar mivcemT, rom aq musulmanuri saxelmwifo Seqmnan _
gulwrfelad ganacxada man. Tqven gesmiT, ra undaT maT? _ vkiTxe me mas. ra Tqma
unda, me mesmis, Tqven ucxoelebs ki, rogor ar gesmiT is, rom Cven aq ucxo
religias vebrZviT, evropis gamo.
am mosalodneli devnisTvis daswrebis gamo, serbebs eadvilebodaT sakuTri
Tavis

ucodvelebad

warmodgena

maSinac

ki,

rodesac

agresiuli

moqmedebebis

ganxorcieleba daiwyes. maTi fsiqologiuri Tvalsawieridan, isini iyvnen ara

agresorebi,

aramed

msxverplebi.

konfliqtis

gamwvavebasTan

erTad,

serbi

liderebi, iseTebi, rogoric slobodan miloSeviCi iyo, serb xalxSi aRvivebdnen

devnis manias, raTa ganemtkicebinaT rwmena, rom maT samarTlianad wamoiwyes omi.
magram

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

isini

ubralo

mkvlelebad

iqcnen,

xeli

mihyves

941

eTnikur wmendas, raTa moeSorebinaT mdevnelebi. Cven vnaxeT, rogori didi

surviliT midiodnen adamianebi omSi, raTa daecvaT sakuTari Tavi realuri Tu
warmosaxuli mtrebisgan, an im mtrebisgan, romlebsac maTi liderebi qmnidnen.
daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamovitanoT am analizidan, sul mcire, dRevandeli
dRisTvis, aris is, rom saxelmwifoebi iSviaTad erTvebian omSi gabatonebis an
dapyrobis mizniT. rogorc Cans, isini darwmunebulebi arian _ maSinac ki, rodesac
danarCeni

msoflio

interesebs,

rac

maT

agresorebs

aucilebelia

uwodebs
maTi

rom

icaven

gadarCenisa

im

da

mniSvnelovan

individualobis

SenarCunebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, qveynebi milionobiT individebisagan Sedgebian da

maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma sakmarisad unda gaiSinagnos im safrTxis safasuri,
romelsac warmoadgens survili samSoblos Seswiros sakuTari sicocxle. rac
ar unda obieqturad CaiTvalos omis dawyebis mizezebi, nebismieri istoriuli
analizis mixedviT, es mxolod individualuri Zalebis urTierTqmedebaa, romelic
ubiZgebs adamianebs, medgrad daudgnen omis gansacdels.
amrigad, am paragrafSi Cven ganvixileT ramdenime gza, romlis meSveobiTac
fsiqologiuri

Zalebi

saSineleblebisaTvis,

qmnian

romlebic

saTanado
amave

konteqsts

konteqstSi

omisaTvis

savsebiT

da

im

mizanSewonilad

gveCveneba.

fsiqologia da cxovrebis bolo paragrafSi Cven mivubrundebiT

mSvidobis

Semswavleli

fsiqologebis

mcdelobas,

gamoiyenon

fsiqologiuri

Zalebi, raTa xeli Seuwyon mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas.

mSvidobis fsiqologia
zemoT Catarebul analizs axla meore mxridan mivudgeT da vnaxoT, rogor
SegviZlia

socialuri

fsiqologias
rogor

unikaluri

unda

problemebi.

gadaiWras

amerikis

fsiqologiis
saSualebebi

gamoyenebiT
gaaCnia

nacionaluri

fsiqologTa

Tu

asociacias

im

mSvidobis

sakiTxebis

SenarCuneba.

Sesaswavlad,

internacionaluri

Tu

disharmoniis

gaaCnia mSvidobis fsiqologiis

ganyofileba. es ganyofileba muSaobs erebs, Temebsa da ojaxebs Soris mSvidobis

SenarCunebis problemebze. is xels uwyobs kvlevebsa da ganaTlebas am sferoSi,
saTanado

gamocemebiT,

romlebic

exeba

Zaladobis

mizezebs,

damangreveli

konfliqtebis Sedegebsa da maTTvis Tavis aridebis gzebs. Cven ganvixilavT or

magaliTs, Tu rogor SeuZlia fsiqologias, dagvexmaros am miznebis miRwevaSi.

942

mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) atomuri omis prevenciisa da

mSvidobis miRwevisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma.

liderobisa da mmarTvelobis formebis analizi

zogierTi

adreuli

mecnieruli

kvleva,

romlebsac

axla

Cven

mSvidobis

fsiqologiis sferos mivakuTvnebT, ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli movlenebiT,

romelTa kulminacias meore msoflio omi warmoadgenda. socialuri fsiqologebi
cdilobdnen, Cawvdomodnen im kanonzomierebebs, Tu rogor xdeboda zogierTi
liderisa Tu marTvelis amotivtiveba, romlebic esoden did gavlenas axdendnen
jgufebis

qcevebze.

ra

fsiqologiuri

iZulebiT

SeiZleba

aixsnas

germaniaSi

adolf hitleris an italiaSi benito mussolinis gamoCena? es liderebi calkeul

individuumebs
ganmsWvalul,

aqcevdnen
morCil

faSisturi

masad.

maTi

ideologiisadmi

avtoritaruli

usityvo

reJimebi

erTgulebiT

safrTxes

uqmnida

demokratiasa da mSvidobas. Tanamedrove socialuri fsiqologia ganviTarda SiSis

umZimesi gancdis, crurwmenebisa da omis wlebSi. adreuli socialuri fsiqologia
yuradRebas amaxvilebda faSisturi mentalitetis miRma mdgomi avtoritaruli

pirovnebis

bunebaze

komunikaciis

(Adorno

efeqtebze

et

al.,

1950),

propagandisa

(Hovland et al., 1949)

da

jgufis

da

damarwmunebeli

wevrebze,

jgufuri

atmosferosa da liderobis stilebis gavlenebze (Levin et al., 1939).

socialuri

fsiqologiis

erT-erTi

pioneri

iyo

kurt levini (Kurt Lewin),

germaneli ltolvili fsiqologi, romelic gamoeqca nacisturi reJimis mxridan

ganxorcielebul devnas. levins ar SeeZlo, daxmareba, magram mas ainteresebda, Tu
ratom daemorCila misi eri ase totalurad faSisturi diqtaturis avtoritarul
tiranias. is TviTon eswreboda aTiaTasian Sekrebebs, sadac adamianebi fiurers
RrialiT eficebodnen erTgulebas. es iyo SemaZrwunebeli nimuSi jgufis im
dinamiuri Zalebisa, romelic gardaqmnis, rogorc individis gonebasa da qcevebs,
ise _ mis unars, gavlena miaxdinos masebze. levini ikvlevda jgufis dinamikas
saSualebebs, romlebiTac liderebi uSualod zemoqmedeben TavianT mimdevrebze da
im meqanizmebsac, romlebiTac jgufuri procesebi cvlian individis qcevas.
1939 wels levinma da misma kolegebma moifiqres da Caatares eqsperimenti, raTa
SeeswavlaT gansxvavebuli stilis liderobis gavlena jgufis funqcionirebaze.

943

maT surdaT, gaerkviaT, rodis arian adamianebi ufro bednierni da produqtiulni,

avtoritaruli Tu demokratiuli liderobis pirobebSi. am miznis misaRwevad,
mkvlevarebma Seqmnes sami eqsperimentuli jgufi, dauniSnes maT gansxvavebuli
tipis liderebi da akvirdebodnen am jgufebis aqtivobebs. eqsperimentSi cdis
pirebi

iyvnen

romlebic

10

wlis

erTmaneTs

biWebi

skolis

(romlebic
Semdeg

oTx

patara

xvdebodnen.

jgufad

jgufis

gaaerTianes),

liderebis

rolSi

gamodiodnen/rols asrulebdnen mamakacebi, romlebmac winaswar gaiares treiningi

liderobis samive stilis Sesabamisi

rolis SesrulebaSi, jgufebSi ki xdeboda

maTi rotacia.
jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) im jgufuri procesebis kvleva,

romlebic cvlian individebis funqcionirebas.

rodesac

isini iqceodnen, rogorc avtokratuli liderebi, sakuTar Tavze

iRebdnen yvela gadawyvetilebis miRebas da davalebebis ganawilebas ise, rom

TviTon ar monawileobdnen jgufis aqtivobebSi. demokratiuli liderebis rolSi
isini xels uwyobdnen jgufis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da jgufTan erTad
gegmavdnen davalebebs. anarqiuli lideris (laissez-faire leader) rolSi ki jgufs srul
Tavisuflebas aniWebdnen da, faqtobrivad, ar erTvebodnen mis aqtivobaSi.
saidan viciT
liderobis stilis efeqtebi
eqsperimentis Sedegebma SesaZlebeli gaxada mTeli rigi ganzogadebebi.
pirveli, avtokratulma liderebma gamoavlines jgufis wevrebze gavlenis
Sereuli efeqti, nawilobriv dadebiTi, nawilobriv ki uaryofiTi. biWebi
dro da dro kargad muSaobdnen mxolod maSin, rodesac lideri maT
Tvalyurs adevnebda, amasTan iqceodnen, rogorc namdvili bosebi. maT
gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebdaT agresiulobis maRali done. es biWebi 30-jer
ufro

met

mtrulobas

avlendnen,

vidre

sxva

stilis

liderobis

dros/SemTxvevaSi. isini iTxovdnen met yuradRebas, metad anadgurebdnen

qonebas da metad iyenebdnen sxvebs gantevebis vacad frustraciisa da
gabrazebis dros.
ukeTesi Sedegebi arc anarqiuli liderebis jgufSi iyo. maTi Sedegebi
arc

Tu

ise

kargi

aRmoCnda.

maTi

saqmianoba

ar

iyo

warmatebuli,

944

produqtiuloba

ki

Zalze

dabali

da

uxarisxo

iyo.

vinaidan

jgufs

araviTari struqtura ar hqonda, isini ubralod uazrod moqmedebdnen.

magram rodesac igive cdis pirebi demokratiuli lideris gavlenis qveS
eqceodnen, isini Zalze stabilurad da maRali warmadobiT Sromobdnen.
biWebi avlendnen Zalze did interess, motivacias da SemoqmedebiT unars.
rodesac

wamoiWreboda

gamoxatva.
stils

TiTqmis

mianiWa.

am

ukmayofileba,

yvela

biWma

stilma

SesaZlebeli

upiratesoba

xeli

Seuwyo

iyo

liderobis

jgufisadmi

misi

Riad

demokratiul

loialobas

da

megobrobis aRmocenebas. aseT jgufebSi ufro meti iyo urTierTSeqeba,

megobruli SeniSvnebi, urTierTgaziareba da mxiaruleba (Lewin,et al., 1939).
marTvis
jgufuri

demokratiulma
atmosferos

stilma

sxva

aCvena

Tavisi

formebTan

fsiqologiuri

SedarebiT

da

upiratesoba

bevrad

maRali

produqtiulobac. demokratiuli stilis liderebi jgufis wevrebSi aRvivebdnen

ufro jansaR reaqciebs maSin, rodesac avtokratuli liderebi jgufSi ufro
destruqciul individualur reaqciebs iwvevdnen.
levinis mier sacdel klasebSi miRebuli Sedegebi, rogorc Cans, Seesabameba
realur cxovrebaSi arsebul viTarebas. ar unda dagvaviwydes is daskvna, rom
avtokratuli liderobis stils mohyveba mtruli urTierTobebis zrda. msgavsi
magaliTebi

Cven

realur

cxovrebaSic

SegviZlia

vnaxoT.

Sesabamisi

tipis

mTavrobebi iwveven democids genocids da masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva formebs

(Rummel,1994). Tu SexedavT 18.7 suraTs,

dainaxavT, rom totalitaruli reJimebi,

rogoricaa komunisturi ruseTi da CineTi, pasuxismgeblebi arian uzarmazari

raodenobiT adamianebis ganadgurebaze. avtoritaruli mTavrobebi, rogoricaa aidi
aminis reJimi ugandaSi, naklebad sisxlismRvreli aRmoCnda. Tumca, demokratiul
mTavrobebsac mTlad ucodvelebs ver vuwodebT, mmarTvelobis es forma mainc
yvelaze nakleb sisxlismRvrelad unda CaiTvalos. suraTi 18.7, aseve, gviCvenebs
omebSi daRupulTa raodenobebs. Tqven unda SeamCnioT, rom avtoritarul Tu
totalitarul reJimebSi, mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sikvdilis aseTi raodenoba
modis ara saomar moqmedebebze, aramed masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva kampaniebze.
totaluri democidi
saerTaSoriso omi
me-20=e saukuneSi daxocili milionobiT adamiani

945

demokratiuli

avtoritaruli totalitaruli

sur. 18.7. reJimebis tipebi da democidi

totalitaruli reJimebi metad mimarTaven democids (genocidsa da masobrivi

mkvlelobebis sxva formebs). omis msxverplTa raodenobaTa Sedareba aCvenebs, rom
mTavrobebis gamo, mSvidobian dros, bevrad ufro meti adamiani iRupeba, vidre omis
dros.
ideologiuri

mosazrebebis

miRma,

rodesac

mmarTvelobis

demokratiuli

sistemebi Tavis adgilzea, msoflios naklebi sawuxari aqvs, raTa mcirericxovani

elitis mier ar iqnas gamoyenebuli Zala, rasac momakvdinebeli Sedegebi SeiZleba
moyves.
Tumca, imasac unda mieqces yuradReba, rom amiT sulac ar igulisxmeba, rom
demokratiuli reJimebi sxvebze iSviaTad erTvebian omSi. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom
erTi

demokratia

iSviaTad

eomeba

daadastura, rom demokratiuli

meores

(Maoz & Abdolali, 1989).

gamgeblobis

qveS myofi qveynebis

kvlevebma
moqalaqeni

naklebad iwoneben Zalis gamoyenebas meore demokratiis winaaRmdeg, mmarTvelobis

sxva formebTan SedarebiT.
saidan viciT
sanqcionirebis roli saerTaSoriso krizisebis gadawyvetaSi
cdis

pirebma

waikiTxes

saerTaSoriso

krizisis

aRwera,

romelic

modelirebuli iqna im krizisis mixedviT, romlis Sedegadac daiwyo omi

sparseTis

yureSi.

erTi

eri

SeiWra

meore

eris

saxelmwifoSi,

raTa

gadaeWra uranis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli konfliqti. aRweris erTi

versia (arapirdapiri, qveynis dasaxelebis gareSe) Tavdamsxmel qveyanas
demokratiul

qveynad

axasiaTebda:

SeWra

Sefasebuli

iyo,

rogorc

demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi, romelic parlamentis wevrTa

umravlesobam

miiRo

(opoziciis

CaTvliT).

aseve,

arapirdapiri

meore

versia Tavdamsxmel qveyanas arademokratiuli reJimis mqoned axasiaTebda:

gadawyvetileba Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb miRebuli iqna policiuri qveynis
samxedro

diqtatoris

mier,

xalxis

nebis

gauTvaliswineblad.

cdis

pirebs ori demokratiuli qveynidan aSS-dan da israelidan sTxoves,

mieTiTebinaT, Tu ramdenad iwonebdnen Zalis gamoyenebas sazRvao

946

SeWras.

vinaidan

scenarebi,

sxva

danarCeni

maxasiaTeblebis

mixedviT

erTnairi iyo, cdis pirebi Zalze uxalisod daeTanxmnen Zalis gamoyenebis

sanqcionirebas (aSS-s an israelis mier) im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is
demokratiuli qveynis winaaRmdeg unda yofiliyo mimarTuli (Mintz & Geva,
1993).
rodesac

demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi

demokratiuli sazogadoebebis

imedi gaqvs

cxovrob,

garkveulwilad,

sxva

da amdenad ufro giZneldeba maT

winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebaze ifiqro. politikosebsac, aseve, uZneldebaT Zalis

gamoyenebaze fiqri, raTa sakuTari moqalaqeebis saxiT ar Seiqmnan opozicia.
saerTo
SegviZlia

daskvna,

romelic

gamovitanoT,

daskvnamde

mivediT

im

liderobis

isaa,

rom

formebTan

demokratia

kvlevebze

dakavSirebuli

yvelaze

dayrdnobiT,

kargad

romlebic

cdebidan

muSaobs.

Caatares

am

patara

jgufebzec (patara bavSvebis jgufi) da Zalian didzec (mTeli qveyana). es codna,

Tqvenc unda miusadagoT Tqvens cxovrebaSi arsebul mcire da did jgufebs.

wamaxalisebeli kontaqtebis roli konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi

dapirispirebis mravali saxeoba, romelic konfliqtebsa da Zaladobas aZlevs
dasabams, sakmaod Zvelia. magaliTad, serbebs, romlebmac omi awarmoes bosniaSi,
gandevnis

SiSi jer kidev 1389 wels kosovos velze Catarebuli brZolidan

moyvebodaT. ra unda gakeTdes aseT SemTxvevaSi? am problemisadmi mSvidobis

fsiqologebis midgoma iseTivea, rogoric crurwmenebis sxva formebisadmi zemoT
aRvwereT: adamianebi unda gaerTiandnen, rac xels Seuwyobs urTierT ndobis
zrdas da saerTo miznebis dasaxvas.
magaliTad,
kaTolikebsa
wlidan
romlis
ormxrivi

da

aseTi

midgoma

dRes

protestantebs

Soris

CrdiloeT

irlandiaSi

urTierTobebis

daTbobis

gamoiyeneba.
mizniT,

1989

didma britaneTma daiwyo Temebis daaxloebis programis dafinanseba,

mizania

TemTaSorisi

urTierTgagebisa

pativiscemis

zrda

da

urTierTobebisa
gansxvavebuli

(Knox, 1994, p.600).

yvela

da

kooperaciis

kulturuli

ganviTareba;

tradiciebisadmi

Crdilo-irlandiur

politikur

gaerTianebas ar ukisria am programis Sesruleba, ramac mkvlevarebs saSualeba

misca, Sedarebis safuZvelze, moexdinaT programis

efeqtianobis Sefaseba. es

Sefaseba miuTiTebs, rom aris mcire progresi. oTxi wlis manZilze warmatebad
unda CaiTvalos im pirTa raodenobis Semcireba, romlebic kaTolikeebis mimarT

947

gamoxatavdnen

crurwmenebs

CrdiloeT

(Knox, 1994).

irlandiaSi

mdgomareobis

gamosworebis kidev erTi mcdeloba exeba skolis moswavleebs (Cairns et al., 1995). am
dazaralebul raionebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis umetesoba dadis skolebSi, sadac
umkacresi segregacia xdeba religiuri mrwamsis mixedviT. asea Tu ise, bolo oci
wlis manZilze gaixsna skolebi, sadac protestanti da kaTolike moswavleebi
erTad

swavloben.

romelTa

gamoc

am

siaxlem

TemTaSorisi

ukve

uzrunvelyo

daaxloebis

process

mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi,

ukve SeuZlia

politikuri

Rirebulebebis Canacvleba. amdenad, seriozuli daskvna _ rogorc TemTaSoris,

aseve

calkeuli

mTavrobebs
FfarTod

skolebis

SeuZliaT
gamoyeneba,

(da

doneze
unda

saerTo

romlis

gaakeTon

miznebis

gakeTebac

kidec)

SeiZleba,

TavianTi

miRwevisaTvis

isaa,

rom

SesaZleblobebis

aucilebeli

ormxrivi

kontaqtebisaTvis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.

axla mivubrundeT msoflios erT-erT mTavar satkivars axlo aRmosavleTs
raTa aRvweroT israel palestinis erToblivi samuSao Sexvedrebis is programa,
romelic, SemoTavazebuli iyo fsiqolog herbert kelmanisa (Herbert Kelman, 1997,
1999) da misi kolegebis mier. ukve ramdenime weliwadia, rac kelmani samuSao
Sexvedrebze iwvevs palestinelebsa da ebraelebs, sadac isini regionSi arsebuli

problemebis

gadawyvetis

interaqtiul

procesSi

iyvnen

CarTulni,

iseTi

konfliqturi problemis CaTvliT, rogoricaa okupirebul teritoriebze ebrauli

dasaxlebebis mSeneblobis sakiTxi. am procesSi monawileobis aucilebeli piroba
iyo

monawileTa

analitikuri

xelSeuxeblobis

diskusiebis

dacva

Catarebis

da

konfidencialoba;

aucilebloba.

garda

aseve,

Ria

da

amisa,Mmonawileebi,

darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom maTze araviTari zewola ar ganxorcieldeboda ama Tu

im

SeTanxmebis

monawileobdnen,

misaRwevad.
rogorc

mesame

saubris

mxris

warmomadgenlebi

fasilitatorebi,

magram

ar

SexvedrebSi
Suamavlobdnen

mxareebs Soris.
kelmanis jgufma es Sexvedrebi maSin wamoiwyo, rodesac saerTod laparakic ki
ar iyo israel palestinis molaparakebebze. Sexvedrebze iseTi garemo iyo
Seqmnili,

rom

mxareebs

uSualo

Sexvedrebis

saSualeba

hqondaT,

rac

urTierTgagebas uwyobda xels. metic, Sexvedrebis dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebs

saSualeba hqondaT, SemuSavebuli Sexedulebebi ufro

farTod

gamoeyenebinaT

realur politikur arenaze. faqtobrivad, kelmanma (1997), ganaxorciela is, rac

948

oslos 1993 wlis samSvidobo molaparakebebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, Sexvedrebis

ramdenime monawile uSualod CaerTo mSvidobis damyarebis procesSi.
jer jerobiT, arc CrdiloeT irlandiasa da arc axlo aRmosavleTSi ar
Sewyvetila

Zaladoba,

ganmsWvaluli

orive

jgufebi,

gegmebiT, rac xels

regionSi

TavianTi

arsebobs

politikuri,

saomari

ekonomikuri

suliskveTebiT
Tu

uwyobs Zaladobasa da segregacias; es

religiuri

ki, Tavis mxriv,

ewinaaRmdegeba integraciasa da mSvidobis damyarebis process. magram, miuxedavad

amisa,

fsiqologiuri

kvlevebis

Sedegad

mopovebuli

daskvnebis

praqtikuli

gamoyeneba xels uwyobs mSvidobis damyarebis impulsebis gaZlierebas. es Sedegebi

imdenad STambeWdavia, rom fsiqologebi es Zalzed optimisturi jgufi _
kvlavac agrZelebs Tavis Zalisxmevas.
Sejameba
crurwmenebisa da marTvis resursebis kombinacias gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi
moaqvs.

morCilebis

Seswavlis

milgremiseul

kvlevebs

meore

msoflio

omTan

dakavSirebulma movlenebma misca biZgi. am kvlevebma daamtkica, rom socialuri

Zalebi

metad,

vidre

dispoziciuri

Zalebi

iwveven

avtoritetisadmi

morCilebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom milgremis cdis pirebis umetesoba sityvierad

ewinaaRmdegeboda

avtoritets,

qceviT

is

mainc

avlenda

misdami

morCilebas.

ekonomikuri krizisebis dros, adamianebi eZeben da pouloben jgufebs, romlebic

gamodian

gantevebis

vacis

rolSi

mkvlelobebis

samizneebi

xdebian.

dehumanizacias.

adamianebi,

romlebic

da

romlebic

liderebi
omSi

sabolood,

xSirad

midian,

masobrivi

cdiloben

xSirad

amas

mtris

realuri

an

warmosaxuli safrTxis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis safuZvelze

akeTeben.

mSvidobis

Semswavleli

fsiqologebi

dainteresebulni

arian

im

individualuri da kulturuli Zalebis SeswavliT, romlebic aRviveben oms, an

xels uwyoben mSvidobis damyarebas. liderobis stilebisa da marTvis formebis
Seswavlam

daadastura

mosazreba,

rom

demokratiis

gafarToeba

msoflio

sazogadoebas sargeblobas moutans. farTo nabijebi mSvidobisken gadadgmuli

unda

iqnas

ganmavlobaSi

im

programebis

meSveobiT,

dapirispirebul

mxareTa

gadaWras.
avtoris bolosityvaoba

romlebic
Soris

xels

uwyoben

urTierTobebsa

da

didi

xnis

problemis

949

Cven

davasruleT

mogzauroba,

romelSic

fsiqologia

da

cxovreba

gvexmareboda. Tu dafiqrdebiT, imedi gvaqvs, naTlad warmoidgenT, Tu ramdeni ram

iswavleT am mogzaurobisas. da mainc, Cven mxolod zedapirulad SevexeT im rTul
problemebs.,

romlebic

fsiqologiiT

dainteresebul

students

elis

win.

vimedovnebT, rom gayvebiT Tqven interess da, metic, SesaZloa, Tqveni wvlilic ki
SeitanoT

fsiqologiis

ganviTarebaSi,

rogorc

mecnierma

mkvlevarma

an

praqtikosma klinicistma, an kidev fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyenebiT gadawyvitoT

socialuri da pirovnuli problemebi.
dramaturgi tom stopardi Segvaxsenebs, rom saidanme gasvla, sadme Sesvlasac
niSnavs. gvinda

virwmunoT,

rom Tqveni cxovrebis

momdevno

fazaSi Sesvlas,

yovelive isic gagiadvilebT, rac am wignidan iswavleT. am axali mogzaurobis

dros, SesaZloa, Tqvenc STaberoT axali sicocxle adamianebis miswrafebaTa
fsiqologias, Tundac imiT, rom xeli SeuwyoT adamianebs Soris urTierTobebisa
da kavSirebis gaZlierebas.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

mkvlevarebma

prosocialur,

scades

kerZod,

aexsnaT,

altruistul

Tu

ratom

qcevebs

axorcieleben

maSinac

ki,

rodesac

adamianebi
es

maT

interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.

evoluciuri midgoma xazs usvams memkvidreobas da ormxrivobas.

adamianebi,

aseve,

imitom

axorcieleben

prosocialur

qcevebs,

rom

ikmayofileben sakuTar interess _ emsaxuron sazogadoebas da daicvan socialuri

principebi.

mowmis Carevis kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom situacia mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs

imas, safrTxis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCenili iqneba Tu ara daxmareba.

agresia

evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, agresiuli qcevebi xorcieldeba imitom, rom

adamianebs surT gazardon sakuTari genebis dacvis SesaZlebloba.

agresiaSi individualuri gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia rogorc genetikur

memkvidreobasan, aseve, tvinis Hhormonalur funqcionirebasTan.

950

gansxvavebuli

pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebi

saSualebas

gvaZlevs,

viwinaswarmetyveloT impulsuri an instrumentuli agresiisadmi midrekilebebi.

Tumca,

arsebobs

agresiuli

qcevebis

Semakavebeli

faqtorebi,

situacia

gansazRvravs adamianebis swraf agresiul reagirebas.

frustracias

SeuZlia

agresiamde

migviyvanos;

uSualo

gaRizianebam,

SesaZloa, moaxdinos agresiis donis eskalacia.

gansxvavebul

kulturebSi

agresiuli

qcevis

gansxvavebuli

normebia

fiqsirebuli, romlebic, nawilobriv, warmoadgenen me-s kulturul Semadgenlebs.

crurwmenebi

xSirad

uneburma

minimalurma

maCveneblebmac

ki

SeiZleba

biZgi

miscen

crurwmenebs da sazogadoeba daiyos Sida da gare jgufebad.

stereotipebi

gavlenas

axdens

adamianebis

mier

qcevebisa

da,

saerTod,

informaciis Sefasebebze.

mkvlevarebma

gamoavlines

crurwmenebis

Secvlis

faqtorebi

iseTi

situaciebis SeqmniT, sadac gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi TanamSromlobdnen

saerTo miznebis misaRwevad.

kroskulturuli kvlevebi aseve, miuTiTebs, rom megobroba mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs crurwmenebis daZlevaSi.

konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia

milgremis

morCilebasTan

dakavSirebuli

kvlevebi

iZleva

mniSvnelovan

sabuTs, rom situaciuri faqtorebis gavleniT Cveulebrivi adamianebi SeiZleba

mividnen agresiis aqtebis sanqcionirebasa da masSi monawileobamde.

crurwmenebis

moqmedebis

msgavsma

xangrZlivma

procesebma

SeiZleba

migviyvanos masobriv mkvlelobebamde da genocidamde.

liderebi qmnian humanurobisgan daclil mtris xatebs.

adamianebi

Tavs

swiraven

samSoblosaTvis

TavianTi

ojaxebisa

da

jgufebisaTvis, saSiSroebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli SiSis pasuxad.

mSvidobis

fsiqologebi

eZeben

gzebs,

raTa

Sewyviton

erebs

Soris

dapirispireba da mtroba.

demokratiuli

mkvlelobebs.

sazogadoebebi,

sul

mcire,

ar

amarTleben

masobriv

951

tradiciul

mtrebs

Soris

urTierTobebis

SesaZloa, mSvidobis miRwevis safuZvlebi Seamzadon.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
agresia
altruizmi
mowmis Careva
kontaqtis hipoTeza
moTxovnadi maxasiaTeblebi
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia
frustracia agresiis hipoTeza
genocidi
jgufuri dinamika
impulsuri agresia
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba
Sidajgufi
instrumentuli agresia
asawyobi suraTebis klasebi
garejgufebi
mSvidobis fsiqologia
crurwmena
prosocialuri qcevebi
rasizmi
ormxrivi altruizmi
seqsizmi
socialuri kategorizacia
stereotipebi

xelSemwyobi

programebma,

952