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1დგდფილიპ ზიმბარდო ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება
1დგდფილიპ ზიმბარდო ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება
gansazRvrebebi
fsiqologiis miznebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
14
1954
wels
SeerTebuli
Statebis
uzenaesma
brauni
sasamarTlom
topekas
sasamarTlos
fsiqologebis
romlebmac
da
gadawyvetilebaze
sxva
socialuri
sasamarTlos
kvlevis
araviTari
mecnierebebis
Sedegebi
zemoqmedeba
ar
mouxdenia
warmomadgenlebis
warudgines.
Sedegebi
Cvenebebs,
naTlad
mogvyavs
erT-erTi
fsiqologis,
kenet
klarkis
Cveneba,
romelmac
pirovnuli
ganviTarebis
procesSi
daziandnen.
maTSi
naTlad
15
fsiqologia
da
cxovreba
tvinis
da
fsiqikis
Sinagani
sivrcidan
sakiTxebs,
rogoricaa:
rogor
aRviqvamT
samyaros,
rogor
vswavlobT,
ufro
dramatuli
gamovlinebebi,
rogoricaa,
rogor
da
ratom
fsiqologiis
da
cxovrebis
avtorebs,
fsiqologiis
kompetenturobis
mxare
dasaruls
jer
kidev
Tqvenc
amoucnobi
saTuTad
rCeba.
moepyrobiT
imedi
gvaqvs,
fsiqologiuri
rom
am
codnis
sakuTar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani iqneba wvdomis mecnieruli wyurvili. davsvamT
kiTxvebs adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, rodis da im qcevis
mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adamianebSi,
cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT. avxsniT, ratom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqecviT ase. riTi
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, raSia Tqveni unikaloba da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad
sxvebis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi
16
procesebis
mecnierul
Seswavlas.
ganvixiloT
am
ganmartebis
mecnieruli
mecnieruli meTodis
mecnieruli
meTodi
aspeqti
principebis
moicavs
moiTxovs,
rom
fsiqologiuri
mixedviT mopovebul
problemis
analizisa
monacemebs
da
daskvnebi
efuZnebodes.
gadaWrisaTvis
saWiro
is
iaraRia,
romlis
saSualebiTac
organizmi
garemos
ergeba.
qceva
sicili,
SeiZleba
tirili,
daakvirde.
sirbili,
fsiqologebi
Sexeba
qcevis
ikvleven,
ras
is
da
magaliTebia,
rogor
romlebsac
akeTebs
individi
sportsmeni,
kolejis
studenti,
romelic
studentur
saerTo
Simpanze,
romelic
komunikaciisaTvis
saWiro
simboloebs
swavlobs,
17
individi
unda
SeviswavloT
mis
bunebriv
garemoSi,
an
kvleviT
ocneba.
mravali
fisqologisaTvis
swored
fsiqikuri
procesebia
erT-erTi
politologias,
socialuri
sociologias
mecniereba,
da
fsiqologia
eTnologias.
iyenebs
fsiqologebs
ekonomikas,
bevri
saerTo
cdilobs
gaaumjobesos
TiTeuli
individisa
da
koleqtivis
mecnierebebTan,
religiasTan
da
xelovnebis
iseT
dargebTan,
18
ergeba.
fsiqologiis
informaciis
Seswavlis
saganze
miReba
kidev
SegiZliaT
saukeTeso
gzad
bevria
am
saTqmeli,
Sesavali
fsiqologTa
magram,
Tavidan.
miznebis
bevri
Rirebuli
fsiqologiis
garkveva
migvaCnia,
sferos
modiT,
ganvixiloT es miznebi.
fsiqologiis miznebi
im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic fundamentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris
qcevis aRwera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontroleba. gamoyenebiT (praqtikos)
fsiqologebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adamianis cxovrebis
gaumjobeseba.
movlenis aRwera
fsiqologiis
pirveli
amocanaa
zusti
dakvirveba
qcevaze.
Cveulebriv,
qcevas
mkvlevrebma
crurwmenebis
rTul
SeiZleba
mizezebi,
socialur
Seiswavlon
fsiqikuri
da
kulturul
Zaladobis
daavadebis
konteqstSi.
am
kros-kulturuli
Sedegebi.
Semdeg
doneze
sxvaobebi,
doneze,
19
safuZvlebi,
pasuxismgebelia
anu
sxvadasxva
daadginon
tipis
tvinis
mogonebis
is
ubnebi,
Senaxvaze;
romlebic
daswavlis
dros
rom
qceva
obieqturadDaRweron.
im
faqtebis
Segroveba,
romlebic
realurad
subieqturi
molodini
rogorc
Tvalsazrisi
aucilebelia,
rom am
Seaqvs
esenia
Tvalsazrisma
ar
mikerZoeba,
crurwmena,
daamaxinjos
monacemebi.
movlenis axsna
maSin,
rodesac
aRqmulis
miRma
kanonzomierebebis
aRwera
TvalsaCino
unda
ixedebodes.
aRmoCena
informacias
qceviT
fsiqologiis
unda
da
mravali
eyrdnobodes,
fsiqikur
dargis
axsna
procesebSi
mTavari
mizania.
faqtorTa
kombinacia.
zogierTi
faqtori
individis
SigniT
moqmedebs,
dispoziciuri
cvladebi
ewodeba.
arsebobs
agreTve
garegani
20
(dispoziciuri
axsna),
an
zogierTi
individi
ganicdis
TanatolTa
kargi
niSnis
monawileobis
misaRebad
miReba.
Tqveni
aucileblia
megobari
gakveTilze
yovelTvis
diskusiaSi
kargad
aqtiuri
swavlobs,
magram
morcxvobis
cneba
gamoviyenoT
da
Tqveni
megobris
qcevaTa
mTeli
cvladebi
(organizamic variables)
organizmis
qcevis
Sinagani
determinanti.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _ organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis
Sinagani determinanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva
tipis monacemis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli
deteqtivi
Serlok
holmsi
nawyvet-nawyveti
monacemebis
safuZvelze
akeTebda
21
da
sxva
fsiqologiuri
mecnierebis
kvlevis
mier
aRmoCenili
umetesoba
cdilobs
faqtebis
safuZvelze
gansazRvros,
mravali
axsnas.
SesaZlo
winaswarmetyveleba
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli
kavSiri
raRac
albaTobiT
gamovlindeba.
xSirad
qcevis
romelime
formis
SegviZlia
darwmunebiT
viwinaswarmetyveloT,
rom
is
uxerxulad
kargad
SeuZliaT
megobars
warmatebiT
rom
zusti
da
daemyarebina
amomwuravi
ucnobTan
winaswarmetyveleba.
kontaqti,
diagnozi
Tqven
unda
Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnieruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi
da naTlad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos, ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba
da uaryofa, Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli winaswarmetyveleba imis
gagebas
emyareba,
Tu
rogor
aris
dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTTan
movlenebi
da
mizez-Sedegobrivi
Tandaswreba
cvlilebebi
ki
SfoTvis
SeiZleba
niSnebs
iwvevs.
damokidebuli
dakvirvebul
iyos
situaciis
qcevaSi
SigniT
gamowveuli
variaciebze,
magaliTad, ucnobobis (ucxoobis) xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofiliyo, rac
bavSvi da maimuni, nakleb SfoTvas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvelebis
gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistematurad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT
bavSvis reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.
kontroli
mravali
fsiqologisaTvis
kontroli
centraluri,
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
22
adamianebs
cxovrebis
donis
gaumjobesebaSi
daexmaron.
am
wignSi
rogoricaa
magaliTad,
sigaretis
moweva,
wamoiwyon
jansaRi
qcevebi,
xelisSemSleli
faqtorebis
gadalaxva
(Tavi
18).
aq
moyvanilia
mxolod
moklebuli
ar
iqneba
aRvniSnoT,
rom
gageba
da
ara
kontroli
da
kontrolze
triandisi
yuradRebis
dasavlur
kritikosebs
fsiqologiaSi
miaCniaT,
im
rom
kulturuli
fokusireba
agreTve
mamakacur
midgomad
iTvleba,
is
aseTi
Sejameba
am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT fsiqologiis da cxovrebis zogierT seqcias,
romlebic
specialurad
SevadgineT,
raTa
ufro
efeqturad
aiTvisoT
teqsti.
Sejamebis qveTavi Tan sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil informacias. amgvari
Sejameba ganvlili masalis sakvanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT. yovel
23
fsiqologiis
da
da
mniSvnelovani
cxovrebis
gamoyeneba
erT-erTi
aqvs
yoveldRiur
umTavresi
mizania
cxovrebaSi.
fsiqologiuri
niSnebi?");
xandaxan
es
kiTxvebi
presis
saSualebiT
gavrcelebuli
studentebisagan.
sakiTxebi,
romlebic
Cvens
mizans
yvelaze
metad
warmoadgens
aRelvebT
mecnierulad
studentebs.
agvexsna
imedi
is
gvaqvs
24
ra
aris
fsiqologiuri
kvlevis
miznebi.
Tumca,
fsiqologiis
Seswavlis
istoriuli
mimoxlva
analizis
or
doneze
ganxorcieldeba.
pirvel
mimdinareobas.
fokusirebis
orive
aRvwerT amJamad
donisaTvis
SeecadeT
arsebul
Svid
warmoidginoT
is
xangrZlivi
warsuli
aqvs,
magram
mokle
istoria",
werda
mecnierebs
mravali
saidumlo
saukuneebis
-
rogor
ganmavlobaSi
aRiqvams
ainteresebdaT
adamiani
realobas,
admianis
rogoria
cnobierebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe - magram amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis
SesaZlebloba
gavixsenoT
kvlevis
Cvens
saTanado
welTaRricxvamde
iaraRis
meoTxe
ararsebobis
da
mexuTe
gamo
ar
gaaCndaT.
saukuneSi
berZeni
saxelmwifos
Soris.
me-19-e
saukunis
bolosTvis
mkvlevrebma
sxva
25
(Wilhelm
fsiqologiis
fiziologi
Wundt),
pirveli
iyo,
romelmac,
laboratoria
samecniero
1879
wels
daaarsa.
karieris
laipcigSi
marTalia,
manZilze
misma
eqsperimentuli
vundti
ganaTlebiT
interesebma
sxeulis
ZiriTadi
droisaTvis,
procesebi
rodesac
da
vundtma
martivi
fsiqikuri
fsiqologiuri
procesebis
laboratoria
siCqare.
daaarsa,
im
ukve
filosofiis
axalgazrda
profesorma,
romelic
medicinas
mniSvnelovani
fsiqologiuri
naSromia.
maleve,
1892
wels,
h.
40-ze
meti
fsiqologiuri
laboratoria
funqcionirebda,
hilgardi
(Hilgard, 1986).
fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis
Sesaxeb.
am
debatebSi
gamokveTili
zogierTi
sakiTxi
jerac
ar
kargavs
26
rodesac
fsiqologia
laboratoriuli
mecniereba
gaxda
da
eqsperimentuli
fsiqikuri
cxovrebis
elementebis
Seswavlis
miseuli
meTodi
struqtura
Semadgeneli
SegrZnebis
elementebis
da
analizis
fsiqikuri
gziT
cxovrebis
ekvlia.
sxva
mravali
gancdebis
fsiqologi
gancdis
mTeli
sirTule
martiv
SegrZnebebamde
daiyvana;
(2)
is
am
mTel
qcevas
cnobieri
ar
gancdis
swavlobda;
mxolod
(3)
is
verbalur
swavlobda
da
ar
erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani
alternativa
iyo
gelStalt
aRviqvamT,
is
ufro
metia,
vidre
saRebavis
calkeuli
monasmebis
27
jemsi
titCeners
eTanxmeboda,
rom
fsiqologiis
Seswavlis
sagani
urTierTqmedebaSi
imyofeba
garemosTan.
adamianis
cnobiereba
mis
umniSvnelovanesia
daswavlili
Cvevebi,
romlebic
mis
mier
fsiqikuri
procesebis
praqtikuli
gamoyenebis
mcdelobam
adgili
emociebis,
me-s,
nebisyofis,
Rirebulebebis,
religiuri
da
fsiqologiis
mizans
warmoadgenda
axsna
da
ara
eqsperimentuli
am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba
miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struqturalizmis da funqcionalizmis
praqtikosTa
aRmoCenebma
is
Tanamedrove
fsiqologia
ganviTarda.
rogorc
struqturas,
aseve
inteleqtualuri
amJamad
funqcias,
konteqsti
fsiqologebi
magaliTad,
Seqmnes,
romelSic
swavloben
metyvelebis
qcevis
procesi.
28
omebi CemTan erTad am saRamos - amave dros winadadebas unda hqondes swori
struqtura: swori ar iqneba Tu ityviT "ginda varskvlavuri omebi erTad CemTan am
saRamos wamosvla?" metyvelebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swavloben, Tu
rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da
enis gramatikuli struqtura, boki (Bock 1990). (enis da metyvelebis zogierT
process
mecxre
TavSi
aRvwerT).
am
wignSi
aqcents
gavakeTebT
rogorc
Tanamedrove
fsiqologiis
ZiriTad
mimdinareobebs.
TiTeuli
da
fsiqo-kulturuli
iZleva
xedvis
kuTxesa
da
daSvebebs,
an
garemoTi
ganpirobebul
(garemos
determinizmi)
scenars
fsiqologiis
centralur
sakiTxebs
TiTeuli
es
mimdinareoba
29
gavigoT
adamianis
gamocdileba.
amitom,
aq
TiTeuli
mimarTulebis
wvlils
biologiuri mimdinareoba
biologiuri
nervuli
da
funqcionireba
mimidnareobis
warmomadgenlebi
endokrinuli
sistemebis
funqcionirebaSi
axsnilia
safuZvlad
mdebare
mis
qcevis
mizezs
genebis,
eZeben.
fizikuri
tvinis,
organizmis
struqturebis
da
aq
qceva
ganisazRvreba.
misi
fizikuri
safuZvlad
struqturiT
mdebare
da
biologiuri
memkvidreobiTi
struqturebis
da
procesebiT
procesebis
aseTi
mkvlevari
universitetebsa
da
samedicino
laboratoriebSi
meoreni
avtosagzao
SemTxvevis
an
daavadebis
Sedegad
gamowveuli
fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
fsiqodinamikuri
mimarTulebis
mixedviT,
qcevas
marTavs,
an
mis
motivs
biologiuri
ltolvebidan,
pirovnul
moTxovnilebebsa
da
mdgomareoba,
fiziologiuri
aRgzneba
da
konfliqtebi
qcevis
30
moTxovnilebebi
dakmayofilebulia
da
misi
ltolvebi
Semcirebuli.
qcevis
(Zigmund
dasawyisSi.
Freud)
froidis
ganaviTara
ideebi
19-e
saukunis
fsiqikurad
bolos
daavadebul
da
20-e
pacientebTan
saukunis
muSaobis
mimdevrebma
pirovnebis
sxvadasxva
Camoyalibebis
mimarTulebiT
periodi
ganaviTares.
adreuli
froidis
bvSvobaa,
mixedviT,
neo-froidianelebma
ideebs
didi
gavlena
hqonda
fsiqologiis
mraval
sferoze.
misi
daviwyebis,
aracnobieri
motivaciis,
Terapiis
yofila
sistematuri
mecnieruli
kvlevis
pirovnebis
Sedegi.
da
fsiqoanalituri
nacvlad
amisa,
es
iyo
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
am
mimdinareobis
konkretuli
tipis
warmomadgenlebi
qcevas
garemos
swavloben,
konkretuli
winapirobebs,
Tu
stimuli.
rogor
akontrolebs
upirveles
im pirobebs,
yovlisa,
romlebic
win
31
reaqciis
dakvirvebad
Sedegebs.
bihevioristis
interesis
sagania,
SemTxvevaSi.
bihevioristebi
Tvlian,
rom
cxovelebze
Seswavlili
gaiziares.
bihevioristebis
mier
cxovelebze
aRmoCenili
humanisturi mimdinareoba
humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaCnda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da
bihevioristuli
modelebis
alternativa.
humanisturi
fsiqologiis
mixedviT,
mkveTrad
gansxvavebiT,
humanisturi
fsiqologiis
32
fenomenologiuri
fsiqologiis
warmomadgenlebadac
iTvlebian,
radgan
xelovnebis
fsiqologia
ufro
Seswavlidan
savse
miRebul
disciplina
gakveTilebs
xdeba.
rTavs.
humanisturi
amgvarad,
fsiqologiis
mimdinareoba
dakvirvebadi
(Behaviorists
qceva,
perspective)
romelic
am
obieqturad
mimdinareobas
fiqsirdeba
da
(Behaviorism)
mecnieruli
midgoma,
romelic
fsiqologiis
mimdinareoba
aqcents
(Humanistic perspective)
individis
fenomenologiur
fsiqologiuri
samyaroze,
modeli,
racionaluri
kognituri mimdinareoba
kognituri
SezRudulobis
revolucia
fsiqologiaSi
gaCnda,
rogorc
biheviorizmis
33
kognitur
modelSi
qceva
mxolod
nawilobrivadaa
ganpirobebuli
garemos
da
warmosaxvis
Sinagani
samyaros
subieqtur
realobaSi
aisaxeba.
gancdis
Semdeg
bodiSis
moxda
azris,
rogorc
qcevis
mizezis
magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs
swavloben, rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba, problemis gadaWra da
gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvinSi sisxlis
moZraobis sqemas sxvadasvxa tipis kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebs
adreuli
bavSvobis
SemTxvevaze,
an
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi
evoluciuri
oluciuri mimdinareoba
ev
evoluciuri
mimdinareoba
cdilobs
Tanamedrove
fsiqologia
biologiuri
STamomavlobas
ufro
mimdinareoba
da
ufro
gulisxmobs,
Zlierdeba
rom
da
ixveweba.
fsiqikuri,
iseve,
fsiqologiaSi
rogorc
evoluciuri
fizikuri
unarebi
im
garemo
adamianis
pirobebs
ganviTarebis
swavloben,
istoriis
99%
romlebSic
adamianis
pleistocenis
eraSi
tvini
mcire
34
periodi,
romelic
10
000
wlis
win
damTavrda).
evoluciuri
mopoveba
problemebis
da
SenarCuneba,
dadgenis
Semdeg
janmrTeli
evoluciuri
bavSvebis
fsiqologia
gazrda.
daskvnebs
adaptaciuri
akeTebs
im
fsiqologia
rom
misi
sxva
ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebisagan
amxsneli
upirvels
principi
yovlisa,
evoluciis
imiT
ukiduresad
warmomadgenlebs
ar
SeuZliaT
eqsperimentebis
Catareba,
radgan
evoluciis process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gzebis Zieba uwevT, raTa
Teoriis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi moipovon.
kognituri
mimdinareoba
(Cognitive perspective)
fsiqologiis
mimdinareoba,
mimdinareoba
(Evolutionary perspective)
fsiqologiis
midgoma,
kulturuli mimdinareoba
am
mimdinareobis
warmomadgenlebi
qcevis
mizezebisa
da
Sedegebis
kros-
35
aSS-sa
da
indoeTSi
(Tavi
me-11-e).
kros-kulturuli
fsiqologiis
zemoqmedebs
Tu
ara
kultura
adamianis
mier
samyaros
aRqmaze?
iseT daskvnebs
kulturisagan
Sors
mdgom
sazogadoebebs.
amgvari
idea
jer
kidev
mamaze
gaakritika,
centrirebuli
sadac
ojaxebi
Teoria
dedazea
axali
gvineis
centrirebuli.
magaliTis
safuZvelze
amrigad,
kulturuli
rogor esmis
qcevis
kvlevis
kvlevis
36
adamianis buneba
determinanteb
fokusi
i
biologiuri
ZiriTadi
Temebi
pasiuri
memkvidreoba,
tvini da
qcevis da
meqanisturi
bioqimiuri
nervuli
fsiqikuri
procesebi
sistemis
procesebis
procesebi
bioqimiuri
safuZveli
fsiqodinamik
instinqtiT
memkvidreoba,
aracnobieri
qceva,
uri
marTuli
adreuli
ltolvebi,
rogorc
gamocdileba
konfliqtebi
aracnobieri
motivebis
garegani
gamoxatva
biheviorist
reagirebs
garemo,
konkretuli
qceva da misi
uli
stimulze,
stimulis
garegani
stimulebi,
SeiZleba misi
Semcveli
reqciebi
mizezebi da
Secvla
pirobebi
aqtiuri,
potenciurad
adamianis
cxovrebis
usazRvro
sakuTari
gamocdileba
paternebi
potencialis
Tavisadmi
da
faseulobebi,
mqone
mimarTuli
potenciali
miznebi
SemoqmedebiTad
stimulis
fsiqikuri
qceviTi
aqtiuri,
Semcveli
procesebi,
indikatorebis
reagirebs
pirobebi,
ena
saSualebiT
stimulze
fsiqikuri
Seswavlili
procesebi
fsiqikuri
humanisturi
kognituri
Sedegebi
procesebi
evoluciuri
plesitocenis
adaptacia
ganviTarebul
ganviTarebis
eris problemebis
gadarCenis
adapturi
gadaWraze
mizniT
fisqologiur
funqciebis
37
adaptirebuli
i adaptacia
TvalsazrisiT
ganxiluli
fsiqikuri
meqanizmebi
kulturuli
icvleba
kulturuli
damokidebule
adamianis
kulturis
normebi
bebisa
gamocdilebis
(attitudes) da
universaluri
zegavleniT
qcevebis kros- da
kulturuli
kulturulad
sqemebi
specifikuri
aspeqtebi
magaliTisaTvis
mokled
ganvixiloT,
rogor
axsnida
TiTeuli
es
Teoria
mkvlelebis
tvinSi,
xom
ar
aris
dakavSirebuli
qalis
agresia
menstrualur ciklTan.
fsiqodinamikuri.
aanlizeben
agresias,
rogorc
reaqcias
frustraciaze,
sagani
gaxda.
es
midgoma
amtkicebs,
rom
bavSvebi
mSoblebisagan
38
swavlobs
mtrul
azrebs
da
fantaziebs,
romelsac
adamiani
pornografiuli
Zaladobis
gavlenas
iaraRis
xmarebisadmi,
pirobebis
gamo gaxda
agresia adaptaciuri
ganixilavs,
rogor
avlenen
da
xsnian
agresias
sxvadsxva
mogemzadebinaT,
sxvadasxva
dargis
fsiqologis
saeqsperto
sferos
klinikuri fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
fsiqiatri
fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist)
Temis fsiqologi (community
psychologist)
39
bio-fsiqologi
fsiqofarmakologi
eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
brZanebebis Sesruleba?
warmomadgeneli
qcevis analitikosi
kognituri fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
kognituri mecnierebis
warmomadgeneli
pirovnebis fsiqologiis
erTmaneTisagan?
warmomadgeneli
qcevis genetikosi
socialuri fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
ganviTarebis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
Sromis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
moswavles?
warmomadgeneli
skolis fsiqologi
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
sasamarTlo fsiqologiis
Cadenis dros?
warmomadgeneli
sportis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
aTasamde
40
fsiqologiuri
kvlevis
sferoSi
moRvaweobs
(ixileT
suraTi
1.2).
marTalia,
izrdeba
saerTaSoriso
interesi
kavSirSi
64
fsiqologiis
qveynis
mimarT.
fsiqologiuri
fsiqologia
gaerTianebuli
mecnierebis
rozencvaigi
(Rozenzweig, 1999a). amerikis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bolos 155 000
wevri
yavda
msoflios
yvela
kuTxidan
fouleri
(Fowler,
1999).
kidev
erTi
24,5
33,9
1.2.
fsiqologTa
samuSao
garemo
akademiuri
dawesebulebebi _
33,9
daudgenelia _ 2,9
skolebi da sxva
saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebi _ 3,7
2,9
3,7
22
biznesi, mTavroba _
13,0
13
damoukidebeli
praqtika _ 22,0
70
60
50
procenti
40
20
10
0
1971
1981
1991
1997
ar
gagikvirdebaT
fsiqologiis
imis
kvlevac
da
gageba,
rom
praqtikac
41
mamakacebis
dominirebiT
mimdinareobda,
magram
mcire
raodenobiT
qalma
mkvlevari
gaxda.
da
ana
amerikis
froidma
fsiqologTa
(Anna Freud)
asociaciis
mniSvnelovani
pirveli
wvlili
qali
Seitana
gzas
mogzaurobad,
adgaxarT.
imedi
romelic
savsea
gvaqvs,
rom
moulodneli
fsiqologia
da
cxovreba
siamovnebebiT
da
Rirs
samaxsovro
fsiqologebs
doqtriniTaa
konkretuli
fsiqikur
miaCndaT,
marTuli
fsiqikuri
mizezebiT. erT-erTi
Sinaarsebsa
rom
da
fsiqologiuri
da
fizikuri
procesebi
movlenebi
detreminizmis
ganpirobebulia
qcevis
struqturaze
akeTebda,
meore
midgoma,
swavlobs
fsiqodinamikuri
Svid
ZiriTad
mimarTebas
mimarTulebisaTvis
mimdinareobas
qcevasa
qceva
da
tvinis
cnobieri
moicavs;
biologiuri
meqanizmebs
da
Soris,
aracnobieri
42
keTdeba
individis
cvlilebas),
Sinagan
kognituri
unarze
miaRwios
mimarTulebisaTvis
pirovnul
mTavaria
zrdas
is
(individualur
fsiqikuri
procesebi,
aTwleulis
manZilze
Seicvala,
misi
Tvalsawieri
ufro
erTad.
gasuli
am
TavSi
100
mokled
wlis
aRvwereT,
ganmavlobaSi,
Tu
rogor
Seicvala
gansakuTrebiT,
es
Teoriuli
mimdinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mogvitans Semdegi 100 weli? aSkaraa, rom fsiqlogiis
Sinaarsi da praqtika momavalSi Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac fsiqologebi swavloben, droze ar aris
damokidebuli, magaliTad, rogoria enis aTvisebis ZiriTadi procesebi, magram
arsebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic konkretul dros moaqvs. magaliTad, me-17-e
da me-18-e TavebSi ganxiluli socialuri fsiqologiis kvlevebis umetesoba im
mecnierebma
msoflio
wamoiwyes,
omis
sazogadoebrivi
danamdvilebiT
vinc
cdilobda
saSinelebani.
moZraoba
SegviZlia
gaego,
Cven
ver
Seipyrobs
vTqvaT,
rom
ra
Zalebma
ganapiroba
viwinaswarmetyvelebT,
msoflios
21-e
fsiqologebi
romeli
saukuneSi,
dauyovnebliv
meore
magram
reagirebas
did
gavlenas
moaxdens
is
teqnologiuri
siaxleeebi,
romlebic
fsiqikuri
procesebis
kvlevisas
ukve
20-e
saukunis
bolos
farTod
43
tipis
sakiTxebs
inovaciebi
fsiqologiis
Sinaarssa
da
praqtikaSi
vundtis
aqcents
da
titCeneris
elementaruli
Sromebidan
ganviTarda
SegrZnebebisagan
struqturalizmi,
agebuli
fsiqikisa
romelic
da
qcevis
struqturaze akeTebs.
jemsisa da diuis mier ganviTarebuli funqcionalizmi aqcents qcevis miRma
(gareT) arsebul mizanze akeTebs.
am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tanamedrove fsiqologiis safuZvlebi
fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svidive Tanamedrove midgoma gansxvavebulad xedavs
adamianis bunebas, qcevis determinantebs, kvlevis sferosa da meTodebs.
biologiuri
mimdinareoba
qcevasa
da
tvinis
meqanizmebs
Soris
mimarTebas
swavlobs
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva instinqturi ZalebiTa da Sinagani
konfliqtebiT, cnobieri da aracnobieri motivebiTaa ganpirobebuli
biheviorizisaTvis qceva ganpirobebulia garegani stimulebiT
44
mimdinareoba
Tvlis,
rom
qceva
gadarCenis
procesSi
Seguebis
Sedegad ganviTarda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba qcevas da mis interpretacias kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
fsiqologebi
sxvadasxva
sferoSi
muSaoben
da
sxvadasxva
profesiis
specialobis
warmomadgeneli pasuxs
saukunis
dasawyisisaTvis
internacionaluri
da
fsiqologis
praqtikosebisa
da
profesia
mkvlevrebis
moculobiT
SemadgenlobiT
ufro
ufro
mravalferovani gaxda.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ZiriTadi
cnebebi
yvela
TavSi
muqi
SriftiTaa
gamoyofili,
rom
advilad
biheviorizmi
organizmis cvladebi
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
situaciis cvladebi
biologiuri mimdinareoba
struqturalizmi
garemos cvladebi
funqcionalizmi
dispoziciuri cvladebi
fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
fsiqologia
kognituri mimdinareoba
qceva
kulturuli mimdinareoba
qcevis monacemebi
mecnieruli meTodi
humanisturi mimdinareoba
37
aRmoCenis etapi
dasabuTebis etapi:
etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
korelaciuri meTodi
qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba?
fsiqologiuri gazomva
sandooba da validoba
TviTangariSi
informirebuli Tanxmoba
riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba
ganzrax motyueba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
38
Tavis
premiiis
avtobiografiaSi
namdvilad xumrobT,
laureatma fizikosma
riCard
mister
feinmanma
feinman (1985)
nobelis
WianWvelebi
mosapoveblad.
Semdeg,
meCvenebina,
rom
xvdebodnen,
sad
win
Zveli
WianWvelebs
iyo
raime
da
ukan
slaidi
dadiodnen
axliT
geometriis
Sevcvale
araviTari
moTavsebuli.
winaswar
Tu
da
dayrili
amgvarad
SegrZneba
raRac
erTi
ar
gziT
Saqris
SevZeli
aqvT:
ver
midiodnen
Saqrisaken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brundebodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas
ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac
eqsperimentebis
mTeli
seriebi
moyva
imis
Sesamowmeblad,
Tu
ramden
xans
narCundeba es kvali, SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla, da sxv. aRmovaCine, rom
kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda. rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da missave
kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperimentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas
WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayofilebina.
SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram
sxva tipis kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an cxovelis qcevasTan
dakavSirebiT. am TavSi visaubrebT imaze, rogor pasuxoben fsiqologebi kiTxvebs,
romlebic TqvenTvisac sainteresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mecnerul
meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad aburduli monacemebidan azrovnebis,
grZnobebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli daskvnebis gakeTeba.
39
am
TavSi
mowodebuli
informaciis
daufleba
Zalian
sasargeblo
iqneba
mizania
dagexmaroT
kritikuli
azrovnebis
gaumjobesebaSi
imiT,
rom
Sedegebis
da
korelatebis
Sesaxeb
miRebuli
pasuxebi
SeafasoT.
moixmaroT.
gaCvenebT,
rogor
gadaWraT
kamaTi
"faqtebTan
da
ara
etapi
Sexedulebas,
mivyavarT.
kvlevis
informacias
saidan
uCndeba
sawyisi
da
fazaa,
zogad
kiTxvebi
romlis
codnas
ganmavlobaSic
movlenis
mkvlevars?
zogierTi
dakvirvebas,
axleburi
xedvisaken
maTgani
movlenaTa,
xSirad
warmoadgenen.
aRmoCenaa,
mkvlevrebi
WeSmaritad
romelic
Zvel
ideebs
Semoqmedi
mecnierebas
da
moazrovnis
da
maT
kombinaciebs
sinji
sazogadoebas
axali
ukeTesi
axleburad
WeSmaritebis
mimarTulebiT
amoZravebs.
aRmoCenis
etapi
ganmavlobaSic
(context
of
dakvirvebas,
discovery)
kvlevis
Sexedulebas,
sawyisi
informacias
da
fazaa,
romlis
zogad
codnas
Teoriebi
cdiloben
gaarkvion,
rogor
funqcionirebs
tvini,
wyeba,
romelic
movlenas
an
movlenaTa
erTobliobas
xsnis.
40
uSveben,
rom
qcevac
da
fsiqikuri
procesebic
mimarTebaTa
kanonzomierebebs
arsebuli
Semowmebadi
debuleba.
hipoTezebs
xSirad
"Tu-maSin"
ukiduresad
mecnieruli
gadasinjos
Tavisi
mniSvnelovania
monacemebi
Teoria.
ar
axali
hipoTezebis
adasturebs
amrigad,
Teoriasa
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
hipoTezas,
da
mkvlevarma
kvlevas
Soris
unda
mudmivi
urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis
etapis
kidev
erTi
mniSvnelovani
nawilia
kvlevisaTvis
saWiro
gamo
mkvlevrebi
seriozulad
udgebian
iseT
fenomenebsac
ki,
praqtika
im
monacemebs
emyareba,
romlebic
gakontrolebuli
eqspertebis
azrs
upirispirdeba,
sakiTxi
monacemebis
sasrgeblod
sxva
gaimeoron,
mkvlevrebs
unda
an
monacemebi
uaryon
hqondeT
da
SesaZlebloba
meTodebi.
Seamowmon,
monacemebis,
gaakritikon,
Sedegebisa
da
samecniero
moyvanili
da
publikaciebSi
amiT
mkiTxvels
kvlevis
TiTeuli
saSualebas
aZlevs
nawili
calke
erTmaneTisagan
seqciaSia
ganasxvavos
41
(Theory)
cnebaTa
organizebuli
wyeba,
romelic
movlenas
an
etapi
kvlevis
is
fazaa,
romelSic
mkvlevrebi
dakvirvebas,
romlebic
validuri
daskvnebis
gakeTebis
saSualebas
miscemT.
monacemTa
Segrovebisa
da
interpretaciis
procedurebis
erToblioba,
specialuri
mkvlevrebma
damcavi
srulad
saSualebebi.
unda
erT-erT
daafiqsiron
maTgans
monacemTa
axsnac
ki
ar
Segrovebisa
da
analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba
42
SeeZlos.
amitom,
jer
aRvwerT,
ra
safrTxe
aqvs
obieqturobas
da
Semdeg
"xedaven".
am
seqciaSi
damkvirveblis
tendeciurobis
problemas
da
misi
obieqturobis
obieqturobis sirTule
damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba
pirovnuli
motivebisa
da
molodinebisagan
reportiorebi
dauyovnebliv
moTavsdnen
platformis
garSemo.
erT-erTma
Jurnalistma dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaocebuli Cemi sityviT, rom
srul siCumeSi moismina is, meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamosvlas gamudmebiT wyvetda
mquxare aplodismentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi wuTebis ganmavlobaSi
ar wydeboda. kidev erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas gamudmebiT
viRimebodi, xolo sxvam aRniSna, rom saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da
erTic ki ar gamiRimia. erTma miuTiTa, rom aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi,
xolo meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdi (1908, 35-36 gv.).
saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdroindeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina,
ra kavSirSi iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur SexedulebebTan. SesaZloa,
maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom "dainaxes" Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs Soris sxvaoba aseTi radikaluri ar
unda iyos, rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram es magaliTi gvaCvenebs,
rom sxvadasxva damkvirvebelma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoitanos erTi
da
igive
romelSic
monacemebis
informaciis
safuZvelze.
nawili
damkvirveblis
mniSvnelovnad
tendenciuroba
iTvleba,
xolo
filtria,
danarCenis
43
erToblioba,
romlis
saSualebiTac
minimumamdea
dayvanili
xSirad
akvirdebian
Semoaqvs
movlenebs.
dakvirvebaSi,
iseve
yovel
damkvirvebels
rogorc
simpatiebi
Tavisi
romelime
dakvirvebis
TavianTi
mniSvneloba
procedurac
Teoriebi
hqondeT.
operacionalizacia
iseT
cnebebis
ewodeba.
unda
iyos
cnebebad
Targmnon,
mniSvnelobis
operaciuli
standartuli.
rom
mecnierebma
maT
standartizaciis
gansazRvreba
cnebas
unda
SeTanxmebuli
strategias
konkretuli
44
SegiZliaT
dagegmoT
eqsperimenti,
sadac
agresiis
siZlieris
bavSvi
agresias
(damokidebuli
cvladi).
Tqveni
eqsperimentisaTvis
xSirad
problemaa
zogierTi
rTuli
cvladis
operacionaliziacias?
iseTi
cvladebis
(pasuxs
me-11-e
TavSi
operacionalizacia
ixilavT).
uxdebaT,
fsiqologebs
romelTa
uSualod
Tavi
14-e).
operacionalizacia
Tu
Tqven
moaxdineT,
fsiqologi
Tqveni
mkvlevari
kolegebi
SeiZleba
xarT
ar
da
cvladis
dageTanxmon
da
(standardization)
mopyrobis
an
testSi,
monacemebis
interviuSi
an
dafiqsirebis
eqsperimentSi
unificirebuli
procedura.
operaciuli gansazRvreba
45
dadgenaze
aqvT
gadasalaxavad
mkvlevrebi
pretenzia.
mizez-Sedegobrivi
eqsperimentul
meTods
iyeneben.
orazrovnebis
isini
axdenen
cvladze.
am
meTodis
mizania
daadginos
erTi
cvladis
mizez-
obieqturobis sirTule
rodesac
warmodgena
fsiqologebi
imaze,
Tu
hipoTezas
ratom
amowmeben,
SeiZleba
ukve
winaswar
Secvalos
aqvT
damoukidebeli
garkveuli
cvladis
agresiis
da
maRal
eqsperimentulad
dones
iwvevs.
aCvenoT,
magram
rom
saidan
televiziiT
Zaladobis
iciT,
namdvilad
rom
rac
meti
alternatiuli
axsna
arsebobs,
miT
naklebad
viqnebiT
qcevis
efeqtis
realur
mizezs
damatebiTi
cvladi
Seereva,
46
iRebs.
am
dros,
gamomwvevi
mizezi
ara
damoukidebeli
cvladi,
aramed
eqsprimentatoris molodinia.
eqsperimentuli
meTodi
(experimental
method)
kvlevis
meTodi,
romelic
rozentalma
molodinis
(Robert Rothental)
tendenciurobis
fenomeni
saxelmZRvaneloSi
daskvnebi
Sedegebs
xSirad
fsiqologiuri
swored
daeyrdnoba.
am
mTels
seqciis
kvlevis
msoflioSi
mizania
Sedegebs
gagiziarebT.
Catarebuli
gaecnoT
Cveni
amgvari
kvlevebis
eqsperimentebs,
romlebic
davinaxoT
ganvixlavT
kavSiri
eqsperiments,
eqsperimentsa
sadac
Cans,
da
mignebas
rogor
Soris.
SeiZleba
aq
mokled
eqsperimentatorma
eqsperimentSi
12
students
misces
virTxebis
jgufebi,
naxevars,
rom
maTi
virTxebi
labirinTSi
cudad
gamsvlel
jiSs
virTxebi
cud
gamsvlelebad
dasaxelebul
virTxebze
ukeT
fiqrobT,
rogor
Seatyobines
studentebma
TavianTi
molodinebi
virTxebs? albaT xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca adamianebze
47
wamlis
miRebis
Semdeg
mainc
umjobesdeboda.
janmrTelobis
davalebebi,
eqsperimentatoris
Cacmuloba,
gamoyofili
dro,
48
gamomdinare.
unda
miekuTvneba
Seafasos
cdis
piri.
amdenad,
cdis
sasurvelia,
pirTa
saukeTeso
agresia,
rom
ar
SemTxvevaSi,
kvlevis
icodes,
asistentma,
romel
tendenciurobis
jgufs
aRmofxvra
aZlevs
eqsperimentators.
gaixseneT
gogonas
istoria,
romelsac
hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara. man ki upasuxa: "rasTan SedarebiT?". es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs
kvlevis
Sedegebi.
davuSvaT,
gaecaniT
kvlevis
Sedegebs,
romlis
mixedviTac,
albaTobiT anebebden Tavs mowevas, abelini da sxvebi, (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad,
nikotinis
salbuni
efeqturi
saSualeba
aRmoCnda,
magram
misi
zemoqmedebis
salbuni
maT
uSvelidaT.
sakontrolo
pirobaSi
miRebuli
monacemebi
49
kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis
pirebs
SemTxveviTad
anawileben
eqsperimentul
(erTi
an
meti
eqsperimentuli
aRmosafxvrelad,
individualuri
gansxvavebebis
romlebic
gamo
cdis
iCens
Tavs.
pirebs
Soris
swored
arsebuli
amgvar
sqemas
jgufSi
sqesi, asaki da
biWebi
rom
50
da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
SerCeva
reprezentatulia,
Tu
(representative
is
imeorebs
sample)
populaciis
SerCeva
zogad
populaciis
maxasiaTeblebs,
cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperimentul pirobaSi qceva
SeiZleba SevadaroT missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi
cdis
pirebi
jer
xvdebian
safuZvlis
pirobaSi
(A),
Semdeg
gamoavlenen
agresiul
qcevas.
skolis
moswavleebi
dapatiJes
51
surviliT
irCevdnen
TamaSebs.
bolos,
safuZvlis
pirobaSi
(A)
saSualebas
aZlevs
mkvlevrebs
cvladebs
Soris
kauzaluri
kavSiris
raTa
advilad
gaakontrolon
yovelgvari
situaciuri
faqtori,
gakontrolebul
simdidre
da
eqsperimentul
mravalferovneba
pirobebSi
ikargeba,
radgan
kvlevisas
mxolod
qcevis
erTi,
mTeli
an
mcire
90
cdiloben
imgvari
reagireba
rogoric
eqsperimentators
moaxdnon,
esiamovneba
80
70
60
50
iqneba
Cveulisagan,
sxva
akvirdebaT.
radgan
ician,
mesame,
rom
arsebobs
40
mniSvnelovani
30
20
romelTa
10
gamoc
SeuZlebeli
A1 sawyisi
mdgomareoba
B anonimuroba
A2 saboloo
mdgomareoba
vikvlevT,
ara
eTikuri
eqsperimentis
xdeba.
Cagvris
Catareba
magaliTad,
memkvidreobiT
bavSvis
sakiTxebi,
gadaecema
tendencia,
ver
Tu
radgan
unda
gvqondes.
Semdeg
seqciaSi
kvlevis
iseT meTods
davubrundebiT,
52
korelaciis meTodi
kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan? optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian,
vidre
pesimistebi?
fsiqikuri
aris
daavadebis
kavSiri
gaCenas
romlebiT manipulirebas
bavSvobaSi
Soris?
es
Cagvris
kiTxvebi
gancdasa
iseT
da
SemdegSi
cvladebs
ver moaxerxebs,
moicavs,
Tanac, aq
sazoms,
romelsac
dadebiTi
cvladis
maCveneblebi,
korelacia
niSnavs,
korelaciis
rom
koeficienti
izrdeba
erTi
meore
cvladis
niSnavs,
cvladis
rom
Tu
izrdeba
maCveneblebic.
maCveneblebis
zrdas
erTi
uaryofiTi
meore
cvladis
53
uaryofiTi
korelacia
imis
maCvenebli
iqneba,
rom
stresis
zrdas
SeiZleba
kidev
erTi
nabiji
gadadgas
da
Tqvas,
rom
stresis
efeqtidan
nebismieri,
an
arcerTi.
magaliTad,
stressa
da
saxlSi
gancdili
stresis
gamo
adamianebi
uaresad
muSaoben,
(2)
dabali
(radganac
adamianebi
ver
axdenen
koncentracias)
da
ufro
dabal
meTodi
(correlational
method)
gansazRvravs,
Tu
ra
zomiTaa
"miwisZvram
SeiZleba
Sobadobis
afeTqeba
gamoiwvios"
werda
san
54
SeniRbuli
damTxveva
aRmoCndeba.
anu,
sezonsa
da
Sobadobis
xSirad
SevxvdebiT
korelaciur
kvlevebs,
romlebmac
mniSvnelovani
da
sxv
maTi
azriT,
da-ZmebTan
gancdili
mkvlevrebma
TamaSebi
da-Zmebs
Seafases.
videokameriT
Soris
gadaiRes
konfliqtis
korelaciurma
analizma
180
biWis
raodenobisa
daadastura
da
da-ZmasTan
TamaSi.
intensiurobis
varaudi,
rom
es
mxriv
da-ZmasTan
ratomaa
saWiro
SemTxveviTad
aqvT
korelaciuri
ver
gaanawileb
da-ZmasTan,
unda
kvlevis
bavSvebs,
daicadoT
da
gamoyeneba
romlebsac
mxolod
am
SemTxvevaSi?
cota
Semdeg
an
bevri
dainaxavT,
seqciis
dasasruls
gTavazobT
imis
konkretul
magaliTs,
Tu
rogor
SegxvedriaT
qvezRurblovani
reklamebi,
romlebic
gpirdebian,
rom
55
xriki
presis
zemoqmedebas
iyo,
1957
xangrZlivi
wels
furclebze.
istoria
Catarebulma
aqvs.
gamokvlevam
qvezRurblovani
reklamis
marTalia,
didi
es
aJiotaJi
"gamomgonebeli"
75
2.5.
qvezRurblovani
kasetebis
efeqturobis
Sesamowmebeli
kvlevis
eqsperimentuli gegma
kvlevam
qvezRurblovani
darwmunebis
sando
zemoqmedeba
ver
aRmoaCina.
saidan viciT?
qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba
mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsierebis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze
56
qali
da
mamakaci
monawileobda.
jer
maT
mexsiereba
da
TviTSefaseba
TviTSefaseba
mousmendnen,
da
gaumjobesdeboda,
mexsiereba
Tu
Sesabamisi
gaumjobesdeboda,
Tu
warweris
kasetebs
mqone
kasetas
eqneboda
warwera
daxvewili
eqsperimenti
sakmod
konkretuli
rCevis
micemis
saSualebas
da
TviTSefasebis
obiequr
gazomvasTan.
Semdeg
seqciaSi
ufro
iyeneben.
damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba
daZleulia,
roca
monacemTa
57
mkvlevrebma
unda
gaacnobieron
alternatiuli
axsnis
arsebobis
samyaros
zemoqmedebis
SeswavlisaTvis,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
dakavSirebuli.
zogierTi
qceva
advilad
dakvirvebadia,
xolo
58
rom
kvleva,
an
testireba
im
fsiqologiur
cvlads,
an
saSualebas
unda
gvaZlevdes
viwinaswarmetyveloT,
ramdenad
bednieri
miviRebT),
magram
ara
validuri.
SeecadeT
sandoobis
da
validobis
xSirad
ainteresebT
uSualod
ver
daakvirdebi.
grZnobebi,
damokidebulebi
esenia
(attitudes),
imgvari
gamocdilebis
Sinagani
kvleva,
fsiqologiuri
Sexedulebebi.
SesaZloa,
romelsac
mdgomareobebi
es
gamocdileba
garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad,
seqsualuri
aqtivoba
TviTangariSs
kiTxvebze
an
kriminaluri
(self-report measures)
miRebuli
qceva.
eyrdnoba.
werilobiTi
an
es
zepiri
aseT
aris
SemTxvevebSi
mkvlevris
verbaluri
kvlevebi
mier
dasmul
pasuxebi.
amgvari
dros
an
kiTxvarze miRebul
pasuxebs
gulisxmobs.
59
eweviT?)
damokidebulebebisa
da
grZnobebis
Sesaxeb
("ramdenad
sakuTari
sityvebiT gasces
pasuxi
SekiTxvas.
arsebobs, agreTve,
da
amyareben
romelic
raports
ndobas
da
dadebiT
piradi
socialur
informaciis
urTierTobas
gaziarebis
survils
iwvevs.
marTalia, mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mravalgvar sazoms iyeneben, maT
umetesobas
ver
gamoviyenebT
patara
bavSvebTan,
wera-kiTxvis
ucodinar
Sefasebaze,
SesaZloa,
imoqmedos
socialuri
sasurvelobis
efeqtma
rodesac adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan
arasasurveli) STabeWdileba Seqmnas. maT SeiZleba moeridoT namdvili grZnobebis
gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT SeiZleba
tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao, gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva
mizans miaRwion. intervius situacia aseve iZLeva saSUalebas, rom tendenciurobam
60
da
mikerZoebam
gavlena
moaxdinos
interviueris
mier
dasmul
kiTxvebze
da
da
Casaweri
unda
iyos.
magaliTad,
emociebis
laboratoriul
dakvirvebas
fsiqologebi
xSirad
xSirad
iyeneben
teqnikas
axmaren.
kompiuterebs,
raTa
magaliTad,
zustad
Tanamedrove
gazomon
is
dro,
mesame
TavSi
uaxloes
teqnologiebs
aRvwerT,
romlebic
ar
ereva
masSi.
magaliTad,
mkvlevari
SeiZleba
calmxrivi
sarkidan
araeTikuri
an
arapraqtikuli
iqneba
sxvagvarad
moqceva.
magaliTad,
61
Simpanzeebis
da
adamianebis
qcevaSi
mraval
saerTos
davinaxavdiT,
magram
warmoSobili
sastiki
agresia.
aRmoCnda,
rom
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi
movlenis
sazRvrebis
dadgenaSi
exmareba,
an
warmodgenas
uqmnis,
kvleviTi
proeqti
TviTangariSisa
da
qcevis
dakvirvebis
meTodebs
adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT 17-e Tavi).
kidev
erTi,
individze
zogierTi
tardeba.
kvleva
SemTxvevis
Seswavlas
warmoadgens,
intensiurma
analizma
anu,
erT
xandaxan
62
instrumenti.
Semdeg
seqciaSi
im
eTikur
standartebs
ganvixilavT,
daijeros,
rom
Setyobineba
sasargebloa
maSinac
ki,
roca
arsodes
aris
kargi,
magram
rogor
Seafasebdnen
mkvlevrebi
am
movaleobaa.
am
uflebebis
dacvisaTvis
arsebobs
specialuri
hyavT,
romlebic
amgvar
proeqtebs
ixilaven.
amerikis
fsiqologTa
Catarebuli
labratoriuli
kvlevis
dasawyisSi
monawileebs
miRebasac
moelian
kvlevis
dasasruls.
monawileebs
arwmuneben,
rom
mxolod
mkvlevrebisaTvis,
xolo,
Tu
mkvlevars
kvlevis
Sedegebis
63
kvlevis
umetesoba
ar
aris
dakavSirebuli
raime
riskTan,
miTumetes, roca mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT. magram aris iseTi
eqsperimentebi, romlebic adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swavlobs rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati, konformuloba, stresi an agresia romlebmac SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos adamiani. amitom,
amgvari
kvlevisas
riski
minimumamde
unda
iyos
dayvanili,
monawileebs
unda
yurebis
zemoqmedebas
swavlobT,
monawiles.
zogierT
mkvlevars
SemTxvevaSi
ar
gamarTlebuli,
aris
miaCnia,
ar
rom
korni
unda
uTxraT
monawilis
(Korn, 1987).
Tqveni
motyueba
amerikis
mizani
arcerT
fsiqologTa
asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
mecnieruli
da
saganmanaTleblo
mniSvneloba
unda
hqondes,
rom
motyueba
gavamarTloT, (2) mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe mizans ver
miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze, (4) kvlevis dasasruls monawileebs
unda
avuxsnaT,
ratom
movatyueT.
amgvari
eqpserimentebi
SesaZloa
sabWom
64
CavutaroT
kvlevis
Semdgomi
interviu,
sadac
mkvlevari
maqsimalur
romelime
etapze
monawilis
motyueba
aucilebelia,
eqsperimentatori
kiTxva
mkvlevrebi,
xSirad
Zalian
romlebic
umniSvnelovanesi
polarizebul
miuTiTeben,
aRmoCenebi
misces
rom
pasuxebs
iwvevda.
cxovelebze
mecnierebas
erT
mxares
Catarebulma
domjani,
purdi,
arian
kvlevebma
petrinoviCi
(Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998). cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
iseTi
wamlebis
daavadebebs
gamogoneba
mkurnaloben,
da
gamocda,
narkomaniis
romlebic
Sesaxeb
SfoTvas
mniSvenlovani
da
fsiqikur
codnis
miReba
galiebSi
myofi
socialuri
organizaciis
cxovelebis
sferoSi
stresi.
gakeTebulma
cxovelTa
mignebebma
daswavlisa
maTi
da
volierebis
am Secdomis gamosasworeblad
65
kvlevaSi
gansakuTrebul
sifrTxileze
miuTiTebs,
agreTve,
an
primatebi).
rogorc
studentebma,
aseve,
leqtorebma
uaryves
ras
fiqrobT?
rogor
SeafasebdiT
cxovelebze
Catarebuli
kvlevis
sargebels da xarjs?
Sejameba
fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad
sandocaa
da
interviuebis
rogoricaa
validuric.
saSualebiT
uSualo
sakuTari
xdeba.
dakvirveba
Tavis
fsiqologi
da
Sefasebis
iyenebs
bunebrivi
gazomva
agreTve
dakvirveba.
kiTxvarebis
qcevis
adamianis
da
sazomebs,
kvlevis
66
aucilebeli
aRsavsea
Cvens
pretenziiT
dinamikur
WeSmaritebaze,
sazogadoebaSi,
"saRi
gonebis"
im
situaciaSi,
mcdari
miTebiT,
azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsis Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiur
codna
fsiqologiurad
mgrZnobiare
subieqtis
yoveldRiuri
samwuxarod,
fsiqologiuri
daxvewili
cxovrebis
informaciis
didi
sazogadoebis
mudmivad
raodenoba
moazrovne,
Tanmdevi
ara
aspeqtia.
mecnieruli
yovelTvis
unda
ecadoT
fsiqologiis
Seswavlidan
miRebuli
67
eZebeT
SemoTavazebuli
axsnis
alternatiuli
variantebi,
SeitaneT
raime
mkurnalobis,
Carevis,
an
produqtis
efeqturobaSi,
amave
Ria
skeptikuri
midgomiT
ganixiloT
es
wigni,
ar
gvinda,
fsiqologTa
asociaciis,
an
amerikis
fsiqologiuri
sazogadoebis
mas
2-dan
5-mde
aRiarebul
specialists
ugzavnis,
romlebic
68
TvalsazrisiT.
Tu
eqspertebi
moiwoneben
kvlevas,
is
qveyndeba.
SedarebiT
susti
rogorRac
"gaZvreba",
magram,
zogadad,
es
procesi
rodesac
informacias
internetSi
naxavT,
yovelTvis
dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi wyaro. SegiZliaT internetSi seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebismieri informacia unda
Seicavdes
gamoyenebuli
literaturis
CamonaTvals
da
aqedanac
mixvdebiT,
samecniero
wyaro,
amitom,
internetSi
muSaobisas
imave
principiT
imoqmedeT!
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
aRmoCenis etapi
kvlevis aRmoCenis stadiaze dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad
codnas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT. mkvlevari Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
es is fazaa, romelzec ideebi mowmdeba da dasturdeba, an uariyofa.
ideebis
SemowmebisaTvis
mkvlevrebi
mecnierul
meTods
iyeneben.
es
aris
ebrZvian
damkvirveblis
tendenciurobas
procedurebis
alternatiul
gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.
axsnebs
kontrolis
saTanado
porcedurebis
69
kvlevis
korelaciuri
meTodi
gansazRvravs,
ramdenad
aris
ori
cvladi
mkvlevari
valdebulia
pativi
sces
kvlevis
monawileTa,
ara
aqvs
ZiriTadi cnebebi
a-b-a sqema
molodinis efeqti
aRmoCenis etapi
operaciuli gansazRvreba
TviTangariSi
dasabuTebis etapi
placebo efeqti
damatebiTi cvladi
placebo kontroli
damokidebuli cvladi
populacia
damoukidebeli cvladi
reprezentatuli SerCeva
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba
sandooba standartizacia
determinizmi
qcevis gazomva
eqsperimentuli meTodi
SemTxvevis Seswavla
validoba
SerCeva
Teoria
cvladi
kontrolis procedura
korelaciis koeficienti
hipoTeza
korelaciuri meTodi
mecnieruli meTodi
Tavi 3.
3. qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
biologia da qceva
miyuradeba tvinze
nervuli sistema
hemisferoTa lateralizacia
endokrinuli sistema
neironi
moqmedebis potenciali
sinafsuri gadacema
fsiqologia
Cvens
cxovrebaSi:
gamocdileba tvinze?
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
rogor
gavlenas axdens
cxovrebiseuli
71
TavSi
SeerWo.
srul
gonebaze
myofi,
geiji
etliT
miiyvanes
sastumromde, sadac man kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla. momdevno ori-sami kviris
ganmavlobaSi geiji sikvdils ebrZoda, oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi
mdgomareoba
SemTxveva
mudmivad
umjobesdeboda.
masaCusetis
aRniSnavda,
rom
samedicino
geijis
gadarCena
jon
harlou,
sazogadoebas
samedicino
eqimi,
1968
romelmac
es
wels
moaxsena,
TvalsazrisiT
saswauls
warmoadgenda:
mxedveloba
nawilobriv
marcxena
TvalSi
paralizebuli iyo,
magram
da
misi
saxis
marcxena
mxare
travma
moxda
hipoTezebis
Seqmnas
kavSirebis
arsebobis
saxelganTqmulobis
maSin,
tvinis
rodesac
funqciebsa
Sesaxeb.
gaziarebas,
Tumca
mecnierebi
da
mxolod
kompleqsur
aravin
misi SemTxveva
dRemde
iwyebdnen
qcevas
isurvebda
SemorCa
Soris
geijis
istorias,
72
fineas
geijis
wignis
es
Tavi
Tqveni
biologiuri
potencialis
agebulebisa
xarT;
Tqveni
cnobiereba
saSualebas
gaZlevT
romelsac
Cven
wignis
am
TavSi
avRwerT,
warmoiqmna
adamianis
axali
terminis
swavlas,
romelic
TiTqos
Zalian
Sorsaa
im
SeqmnaSi.
am
miznis
misaRwevad
Cven
jer
avRwerT,
rogor
73
tvinis,
nervuli
Semdgom
da
endokrinuli
ganvixilavT
saintereso
sistemebis
kavSirebs
muSaobis
SeswavlaSi.
biologiur
funqciebsa
amis
da
rom
individebi
agresiulni
arian
maTi
biologiuri
yvela
adamianSi
gamomJRavnebis
xarisxi
agresiuloba
Tanabradaa
damokidebulia
im
warmodgenili
garemoze,
sadac
da
es
misi
adamianebi
moepyros
sazogadoeba
agresiul
individs
moaxmaros
Zalisxmeva
daakvirdeT
mSoblis
agresiul
qcevas
bavSvis
mimarT
da
qcevis
gansazRvraven,
gamowveva.
SeuiaraRebeli
biologiur
TvaliT
Zalebs,
verasdros
romlebic
davakvirdebiT.
qcevas
qcevis
wels
daamTavra,
samxreT
Carlz
inglisidan
amerikis
darvini,
gem
sanapiros
romelmac
bigliT
koleji
gaemgzavra
Sesaswavlad.
Teologiis
xuTwlian
mogzaurobis
ganxriT
eqspediciaSi
dros
darvini
74
agrovebda
yvelafers,
rac
ki
mas
gzad
xvdeboda:
zRvis
cxovelebs,
zoologiisa
sayovelTaod
gauTqva
warmoSoba.
am
da
saxeli,
naSromSi
emociebis
aris
darvinma
umniSvnelovanesi Teoria: _
moZRvreba
CaTvliT.
wigni,
romelmac
mas
wels
gamocemuli
saxeobaTa
Camoayaliba
mecnierebis
erT-erTi
1859
dedamiwaze
sicocxlis
evoluciis
Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma
Camoayaliba
moZRvreba
evoluciis
Sesaxeb,
romelSic
adgilTa
Soris,
romelic
biglma
moinaxula,
iyo
bunebrivi gadarCeva darvinis Teoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomadgenlis ukeTesi Segueba
garemosadmi, saSualebas aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmatebulad gamravldes.
ganviTarda,
iyo
bunebrivi
gadarCeva.
sakvebi
resursebi
da
sakvebi
resursebis
raodenoba
SezRuduli
iyo,
skvinCebis
kunZulze
arsebuli
sakvebis
mopovebisaTvis.
magaliTad,
skvinCebi,
75
romlebic
kenkriTa
binadrobdnen,
da
Teslovani
mcenareebiT
mdidar
kunZulebze
gansazRvravda,
gadarCeboda
da
frinvelebis
gamravldeboda,
da
sawyisi
romeli
populaciidan
daiRupeboda
romeli
STamomavlobis
bunebrivi
gadarCevis
Teoria
gulisxmobs,
rom
organizmi,
mier
arqipelagis
erT-erT
gamokvlevaTa
seria,
kunZulze
romlis
darvinis
drosac
skvinCebze
registrirebul
galapagosis
Catarebul
iqna
iqna
naleqebis
mospo
sakvebis
maragi.
patara
zomis
Teslebi
gamoifita,
darCa
rom
epasuxaT
gvalviT
gamowveuli
garemos
cvlilebebisaTvis.
mcire
zomis,
uxvad
ganviTarda.
Sedegad,
mcire
zomis
76
saxeobebis
bunebriv
gadarCevaze
garemo
pirobebis
gavlenis
Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul xilis buzze (Huey et al., 200) da Tevzebis
sxvadasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).
genotipi da fenotipi
skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis magaliTi cxadyofs, Tu ratom
uwodebda
darvini
evoluciis
process
ukeT
Seguebulis
gadarCenas.
TaobaSi
(da
garemoSi
es
sirTuleebi
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
memkvidreobiT
genotipi,
genotipi
anu
genetikuri
struqtura
miiRo.
gadarCenisaTvis
davuSvebT,
SesaZlebeli,
rom
mxolod
maSin
Cven
araviTari
mcire
skvinCas
mniSvneloba
zomis
eqneboda.
Teslebis
msxvili
mopoveba
niskartis
mqone
magram
Tu
yofiliyo
skvinCebTan
gadarCenil
skvinCebs
SeuZliaT
gamravleba.
memkvidreobiT
Taobis
Semdeg
mxolod
mcireniskartian
skvinCebs
miviRebT
saxeobis
qcevis
SesaZlo
repertuars.
suraTi
3.1
warmogvidgens
77
organizmis
xiluli
niSan-Tvisebebi,
romlebic
misi
genotipisa
da
garemos
adamianis evolucia
Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic adamianis saxeobis evolucia
moxda, mivxvdebiT, Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri da qceviTi
Tvisebebi
adamianis
saxeobis
biologiuri
kapitalis
nawils.
adamianis
xolo
encefalizacia
Tavis
tvinis
zomis
momatebas.
es
ori
kulturuli
ganviTarebis
CaTvliT.
rodesac
Cvenma
winaprebma
didi
tvinis
evolucia
ar
warmoadgens
ufro
didi
inteleqtis
ra
adgils
ikavebda
is
tvinis
farglebSi).
genotipma,
romelic
78
sazogadoebrivi
metyvelebis
warmoqmna-ganviTarebam
SesaZlo
gaxada
dagrovili
codnis
garemos gavlena
(cvlilebebi garemoSi)
konkurencia
(resursebisaTvis)
ukeT Seguebuli
fenotipis SerCeva
(mraval fenotips Soris)
warmatebuli reproduqcia
(Seguebuli fenotipis Sesabamisi genotipi
gadaecema momdevno Taobas)
garemo
pirobebis
cvlileba
ganapirobebs
saxeobis
wevrebs
Soris
warmoadgens
daswavlis
kulturuli
gziT
adapturad
evoluciis
upasuxos
bazas
garemos
kulturebis
cvlilebebs.
kulturuli
garemo
evolucia
pirobebis
saSualebas
cvlilebebs.
gvaZlevs
Zalian
personaluri
swrafad
kompiuteris
79
naxeT,
biologiur
rom
adamianis
potencials
evoluciis
eniWwboda:
mag.
dros
upiratesoba
bipedalizmi
da
saziaro
azrovnebisa
da
genetikis safuZvlebi
Tqveni
yoveli
ujredis
birTvSi
moTavsebulia
mJava)
genetikuri
masala,
(Pennisi,
2000).
genebi
Seicaven
cilebis
sinTezisaTvis
saWiro
fiziologiur
moTavsebulia
struqturebze,
qromosomebi
romelTac
ewodeba.
mxolod
erTs.
sasqeso
qromosomebi
Seicaven
informacias
da
mdedrobiTi
an
Tvisebebis
qromosomas
ganviTarebas,
mamisgan.
XX
kombinacia
ganapirobebs
xolo
XY
kombinacia
mamrobiTi
Tvisebebis ganviTarebas.
memkvidreobiToba niSan-Tvisebebis biologiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.
genetika mecniereba winaprebisgan miRebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis
memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) - genetikuri informaciis gadacemis fizikuri baza.
geni memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTeuli; qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic
pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
80
genebi da qceva
Cven
vnaxeT,
genotipSi
rom
evoluciurma
procesma
uamravi
cvalebadobis
arseboba;
qmnis
cvalebadobas
adamianTa
garemosTan
SesaZlo
am
gaxada
genotipTa
fenotipSi.
adamianis
urTierTqmedeba
adamianTa
qcevis
raTa
Seiswavlon
mizezobrivi
urTierTkavSiri
niSan-TvisebaTa
memkvidreobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000; Plomin & Rende, 1991; Plomin et
al., 1994).
qceviTi
genetikis
logikis
Sesaswavlad
Cven
unda
aRvweroT
saocari
genetikis
klasikuri
meTodi.
maT
Seiswavles
monozigoturi
(DZ)
tyupebis
mier
sakuTari
bednierebis
Sefaseba.
tyupebis
81
Seiswavles
MZ
da
DZ
pasuxebis
ori
seria,
rodesac
gamonaTqvams
korelacia
pasuxebis
DZ
20
wlis
tyupebis
80%-is
asakSi.
gamoirkva,
pasuxebs
korelacia
Soris.
jvaredini
rom
maSin
TiTqmis
ar
rodesac
MZ
analizis
Sedegad
arsebobs korelacia?
20 wlis
30 wlis
A tyupis bednierebis
done
A tyupis bednierebis
done
B tyupis bednierebis
done
B tyupis bednierebis
done
garemo
garkveulad
Secvlis
am
temperaturas,
magram
saSualo
romelic
narCundeba
mTeli
cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi
82
SesaZloa,
gamocdilebam
gansazRvros
gamovlena.
genomis
identuri
elementebs
rom
individis
qcevis
genetikurad
da
dizigoturi
aqvT
gavlena
sxva
aspeqtebma,
ganpirobebuli
tyupebis
magaliTi
bednierebaze.
an
bednierebis
gviCvenebs,
davuSvaT,
rom
rom
Tqveni
magram
genetika
gansazRvravs,
interpretacias,
romelic,
bednierebaSi,
SesaZloa,
pozitiuri
an,
da
negatiuri
Tu
Tavis
rogor
mxriv,
saSualo
emociebis
axdenT
Tqven
ganapirobebs
keTildReoba
gamomwvev
samyaros
gansxvavebebs
warmoadgens
genebs
Soris
balanss
(Hamer, 1996).
ar
niSnavs,
gaxsovdeT,
rom
rom
aucileblad
genotipis
bavSvebi
eqspresia
unda
mxolod
gaaCinoT.
garkveul
yovelTvis
konteqstSia
ganviTareba
ganpirobebulia
rogorc
genetikuri
qcevis
genetikaSi
gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba
individualuri
cdiloben
am
kiTxvaze
pasuxis
gacemas
qcevis
farTo
cxovelebis
socialuri
sistemebis
evoluciur
safuZvlebs.
modiT
romelic
magram
bednierebis
rogor
sferoSi
SeiZleba
aixsnas
individualur
evoluciuri
gansxvavebebs
perspeqtividan
83
adamianis saxeobis zogadi unari bednierebis gancdisa? basi (2000) uSvebs, rom
adamianTa
bednierebaSi
garemoebebs
Soris
miuxedavad
imisa,
garkveuli
arsebuli
rom
SezRudvebia
Seusabamobebis
adamianebi
mcire
Tanamedrove
gamo
zomis
(gv.
da
Zvel
15).
magaliTad,
jgufebis
konteqstSi
kulturuli
evolucia,
Tqven
SegiZliaT
arsebuli
viTarebis
Sejameba
saxeobebi
gadarCevis
warmoiqmneba
Sedegad,
intensivobiT
da
romelic
gamravldes
icvleba
drois
warmoadgens
fenotipuri
ganmavlobaSi
organizmis
Tvisebebisa
unars
da
bunebrivi
sxvadasxva
garemos
Soris
genebsa
da
qcevas
Soris.
sociobiologebi
iyeneben
evoluciur
mTel
speqtrs
vaxorcielebT.
bevrad
ufro
adre
darvinis
asruleben
biologiuri
sistemebi
yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi.
tvinis
84
rodesac
ser
Carlz
Seringtonma
aRmoaCina,
rom
refleqsebis
neironis
Sesaxeb.
santiago
ramon
kaxali
iyo
pirveli,
vinc
integrirebuli
struqturebis,
e.w.
ujreduli
ansamblebis
neiromecniereba
kvlevis
erT-erTi
yvelaze
ufro
swrafad
romlebac
mkvlevrebi
axali
aRmoCenebisaTvis
iyeneben.
Semdeg
movusminoT tvins
neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTodebis meSveobiT Seiswavlon
tvinis
muSaoba
dawyebuli
operaciebiT
did,
TvalisaTvis
dasanax
85
mikroskopis
qveSaa
SesaZlebeli.
mkvlevrebis
mier
gamoyenebul
teqnikas
intervencia tvinSi
mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi gulisxmobs tvinSi pirdapir
intervencias. es meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis SemTxvevidan
iReben,
romliTac
Cven
wignis
es
Tavi
daviwyeT.
geijis
Tavis
tvinis
imave
periodSi,
rodesac
geiji
travmis
Semdeg
mdgomareobidan
ubiZga
brokas
Seeswavla
im
pacientebis
tvini,
romelTac
tvinis
Tanamedrove
igive
mkvlevrebi
ubanSi,
romelsac
exla
kvlavac
cdiloben
ipovon
brokas
are
ewodeba.
Sesabamisoba
qcevis
dazianebuli
tvinis
SeswavlaSi
garkveul
problemas
qceviT Tu kognitur
gansazRvruli
dazianebebis
gamowveva.
maT
SeuZliaT,
magaliTad,
da
ara
adamianebze,
xorcieldeba
(gaixseneT
Cveni
diskusia
wignis meore TavSi, rom aseTi tipis cxoveluri eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad
umkacres
kontrols
Seicvala,
rodesac
eqvemdebareba).
mecnierebma
tvinis
Seadares
Cveneuli
da
gageba
Seiswavles
radikalurad
cxovelebze
86
eleqtrodebi
Tavisuflad
moZravi
katis
tvinSi.
Rilakze
TiTis
SfoTvis
gamowveva
an,
Sesabamisad,
gamorTva.
magaliTad,
tvinis
brokas are Tavis tvinis ubani, romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi gardaqmnis.
neiromecnierebi
stimulaciaze
tvinis
tvinis
funqciebis
eleqtruli
aqtivobis
kartirebas
axdenen
eleqtrodebiT
gareSe
registraciis
yvelaze
ufro
specifikur
doneze
mkvlevrebi
tvinSi
aqtivobis
individualuri
Caweris
neironis
mizniT.
aqtivobis
aseTi
registracia
cvlilebebs
garemo
naTels
hfens
stimulaciaze
sapasuxod.
adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben sxva tipis eleqtrodebs. maT
Tavis
zedapirze
aTavseben
didi,
integrirebuli
eleqtruli
aqtivobis
pacients
warmoudgenen
saxeebis
serias
da
sTxoven
maT
ufro
SesaniSnavia
is
teqnikuri
meTodebi,
romlebic
87
risks
mniSvnelovnad
meTodia
misi
amcirebs.
normaluri
Tu
tvinis
warmosaxva
paTologiuri
Zalian
funqciebis
imedismomcemi
SeswavlisaTvis
da
garkveuli
moTavsebuli
Camweri
ujredebis
xelsawyoebi
mier
am
STainTqmebian.
dros
afiqsireben
Tavis
gareT
radiaqtiurad
ruqa
dgeba
da
romelic
uCvenebs,
Tu
sad
mimdinareobs
tomografia
(MRI)
iyenebs
magnitur
velebs
da
ganTavsdeba.
(rezonirebas)
rodesac
iwyeben
magniuri
sawyis
pulsi
mdgomareobaSi
iTiSeba,
atomebi
dabrunebis
gamo.
gviCvenebs
meSveobiT
sxvadasxva
mkvlevrebs
atomebis
SeuZliaT
lokalizacias
tvinis
tvinSi.
struqturebis
suraTis
dakavSireba
fiziologiur procesebTan.
MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvisaa gamosadegi; PET-skani ufro
detalur informacias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs axali meTodi, e.w.
funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI, romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis upiratesobas
tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlilebebis registraciis meSveobiT.
fMRI saSualebas iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura da funqcia.
mkvlevrebi
iyeneben
fMRI-s
iseTi
kognitiuri
funqciebis
Seswavlisas,
tvinis
aqtivobas
uCveneben
ujredebis
mier
STanTqmuli
radioaqtivobis
dafiqsirebis meSveobiT.
magni
) tvinis suraTebis
magniturtur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI)
(
magnitur velebsa da radiotalRebs iyenebs.
88
300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac dekartma daiwyo tvinis Seswavla;
100 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom tvinis garkveuli
ubnebi specifikur funqciebs asruleben. am aRmoCenebis Semdeg kulturulma
evoluciam
saSualeba
saidumloebebis
misca
Sesaswavlad.
mkvlevrebs
wignis
am
gamoiyenon
Tavis
teqnologia
darCenili
tvinis
nawili
tvinis
saidumloebebs eZRvneba.
nervuli sistema
nervuli
sistema
ujredisagan,
sxeulSia
Sedgeba
neironisgan
gabneuli.
da
nervuli
miliardobiT
nervuli
sistema
specializebuli
boWkoebisagan,
iyofa
or
nervuli
romlebic
mTavar
mTels
nawilad:
qmnian
nervebs
da
akavSireben
cns-s
sxeulTan.
suraTi
3.3
funqciuri magni
) meTodi, romelic aerTianebs PET
magnitur rezonansuli tomografia
tomografia (fMRI)
(
skanisa da mrt-s upiratesobebs da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis magnitur cvilebebs.
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic Tavisa da zurgis
tvinisagan Sedgeba.
periferiuli nervuli
nervuli sistema (pns) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic spinaluri da
kranialuri nervebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba kavSiri cns-sa da
sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.
nervuli
informaciis
gadamuSaveba
da
sxeulis
sxvadasxva
Tavad
es
nervuli
mili
moTavsebulia
xerxemlis
arxSi.
zurgis
tvini
aregulirebs
sxeulis
marcxena
da
marjvena
romelTa
kontrolSi
Tavis
tvini
araa
CarTuli.
mag.,
89
zurgis
tvinis
nervebis
dazianeba
iwvevs
sxeulisa
da
qveda
damokidebulia
imaze,
Tu
ra
doneze
moxda
zurgis
tvinis
Tavisi
mmarTvelobiTi
funqciisa,
cns-s
ar
aqvs
uSualo
werils.
regulirdeba
Tqveni
somaturi
gadawyvetilebas,
Tu
ra
TiTebis
nervuli
TqvaT,
moZraoba
sistemis
Tqveni
kompiuteris
meSveobiT.
Tavis
roca
tvini
klaviaturaze
Tqven
agzavnis
iRebT
brZanebas
procesebs
awesrigebs.
es
sistema
24
saaTis
ganmavlobaSi
90
nervuli sistema
simpaTikuri nawili
parasimpaTikuri nawili
centraluri
nervuli
sistema
Sedgeba
Tavisa
da
zurgis
tvinisagan.
nervuli
sistema
aregulirebs
ori
tipis
reaqciebs:
urTierTsawinaaRmdego
aregulirebs
parasimpaTikuri
mdgomareobaSi.
ki
organizmis
sxeulis
simpaTikuri
funqciebs
asruleben.
reaqciebs
daZabul
Sida
sistema
funqciebs
SeiZleba
simpaTikuri
situaciebSi,
akontrolebs
ganxilul
iqnes,
mSvid
rogorc
tvins
organoebidan
guliscemis
brZolisaTvis.
kunTebisaken
sixSire
saWmlis
nawildeba,
matulobs.
moneleba
Jangbadis
safrTxis
wydeba,
mowodeba
gavlis
sisxli
Sida
Zlierdeba
Semdeg
da
erTveba
91
nawili
pasuxismgebelia
koordinirebaze,
rogoricaa
organizmis
ZalTa
Cveulebrivi
danaxarjis
gabaTileba,
energiis
xangrZlivi
Senaxva.
simpaTikuri
da
parasimpaTikuri
marjvena
mxareze.
miaqcieT
yuradReba
imas,
rom
simpaTikuri
CarTulia
motivaciis,
emociisa
da
mexsierebis
procesebis
ganyofilebis
funqciebs.
daviwyoT
tvinis
ReroTi,
TalamusiTa
da
naTxemiT.
sur. 3.5. Tavis trvinis struqturebi
92
tvinis
Rero
yvela
xerxemlian
cxovels
gaaCnia.
misi
struqturebi
da
guliscemis
centrs.
radganac
es
procesebi
sicocxlisaTvis
da
tvinidan
daRmavali
nervuli
boWkoebi
mogrZo
tvinSi
am
funqcias
ukavSirdeba).
retikuluri
(badebrivi)
formacia
is
ganapirobebs
didi
tvinis
qerqis
mzaobas,
miiRos
axali
sensoruli
informacia
didi
tvinis
qerqis
Sesabamis
ubanSi
naTxemi
aseve
mniSvnelovania
daswavlisaTvis
anu
is
xels
uwyobs
limburi sistema
limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul qcevas, emociur mdgomareobasa
da mexsierebas. is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas, sisxlis wnevas
93
limburi
sistema
Sedgeba
sami
struqturisagan:
hipokampi,
tvinis Rero Tavis tvinis struqtura, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad sasicocxlo
funqciebs.
mogrZo
tvini
tvinis
Reros
ubani,
romelic
akontrolebs
sunTqvas,
sifxizles
da
guliscemas.
xidi tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis tvinis
retikuluri formacia tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs Tavis tvinis mzaobas
sxvadasxva nawilebs.
miiRos
sensoruli
informacia
da
pasuxismgebelia
cnobierebis
SenarCunebasa
gamofxizlebaze.
monawileoben
motivaciuri
qcevis,
emociuri
mdgomareobisa
da
rols
TamaSobs
eqsplicituri
mexsierebis
procesebSi
da
94
didi xnis Semdegac ki pacients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli iyo, weliwadi,
rodesac mas operacia Cautarda.
hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamoiwvia implicituri mexsierebis
darRveva, anu h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebis
unari,
romlebic
cnobierebasTan
ar
iyo
dakavSirebuli.
e.i.,
hipokampis
kompleqsi
monawileobs
emociebis
kontrolSi
da
emociuri
agresiuli
pirebis
dawynareba
gamoiwvios
(Cven
ganvixilavT
im
pirebSi,
romlebsac
nuSisebri
kompleqsi aqvT
dazianebuli,
gamoxatuleba.
SesaZloa
mkvlevrebi
gansakuTrebul
rols
varaudoben,
TamaSobdes
rom
nuSisebri
adamianebis
kompleqsi
mier
SiSisa
da
mravali
birTvisagan
neironTa
patara
grovebi,
romlebic
regulireba
da
sqesobrivi
qceva).
hipoTalamusi
inarCunebs
ipovos
da
Wamos.
rodesac
sxeulis
temperatura
klebulobs,
didi tvini
adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis darCenil nawils da misi masis or
mesameds
qmnis.
funqciebis
misi
funqciaa
regulireba.
didi
tvinis
umaRlesi
tvinis
gare
fena,
kognituri
romelic
da
emociuri
miliardobiT
95
limburi
sistemis
nawili,
romelic
konkretuli
mexsierebis
CamoyalibebaSi
monawileobs.
nuSisebri kompleqsi limburi sistemis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
neiromecnierebma
moniSnes
orive
hemisfero,
gamoiyenes
ra
ori
3.8
3.11).
tvinis
es
vertikaluri
oTxi
ubani,
da
horizontaluri
anu
wili,
dayofa
TiToeul
gvexmareba
naxevarsferoSi.
frontaluri (Sublis)
Sublis) wili,
wili romelic CarTulia motorul kontrolsa da
kognitur qmedebaSi, rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da miznebis
dasaxva, moTavsebulia lateraluri napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
win. am ubnis dazianeba iwvevs adamianis individualobis Secvlas. es swored
is
ubani
iyo,
romlis
dazianebamac
fines
geijis
dramatuli
cvlileba
(safeTqlis)
wili,
romelic
pasuxismgebelia
smenis
marto
akontrolebs.
tvinis
strquturebi
TavianT
movaleobas
96
rogorc
simfoniuri
orkestri.
rodesac
Tqven
recxavT
WurWels,
TiToeuli
neiromecnierebs
wili
SeuZliaT
sxvebTan
tvinis
TanamSromlobs.
oTx
wilSi
im
miuxedavad
ubnebis
amisa,
gansazRvra,
mxedveloba,
smena, metyveleba
da
mexsiereba.
maTi dazianebis
tvini
tvinis
nawili,
romelic
umaRles
kognitur
da
emociur
funqciebs
aregulirebs.
qerqi didi tvinis gare zedapiri.
hemisferoebi didi tvinis ori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa dakavSirebuli.
korZiani
sxeuli
nervul
boWkoTa
erToblioba,
romelic
tvinis
or
hemisferos
akavSirebs.
Sublis wili tvinis ubani, romelic gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs motorul kontrolSi da kognitiur qmedebebSi.
97
qerqi
didi
tvinis
qerqis
ubani,
romelic
akontrolebs
sxeulis
nebiT
moZraobebs.
da
marjvena
Txemis
wilebSi.
tvinis
am
ubanSi
gadamuSavdeba
ukavSirdeba,
xolo
qveda
nawili
dakavSirebulia
zedasTan.
warmodgenili.
auditoruli
qerqi
TiToeul
hemisferoSi
iRebs
98
somatosensoruli
qerqi
Txemis
wilis
nawili,
sadac
sxeulis
sxvadasxva
ubnebidan
smeniTi qerqi safeTqlis wilis nawili, sadac miiReba da muSavdeba smeniTi informacia.
rogoricaa
dagegmva
da
qerqSi.
asociaciuri
gadawyvetilebis miReba,
ubnebi
qerqis
xorcieldeba
sxvadasxva
nawilebSia
rogor
muSaoben
magaliTisaTvis,
tvinis
ra
es
xdeba
sxvadasxva
Tqvens
ubnebi
tvinSi,
erTad?
rodesac
warmoidgineT
daweril
sityvas
warmoTqvaT
es
sityva.
biologiuri
procesebi,
romlebic
am
qcevas
ramodenime
etapad
dayofda.
pirvel
rigSi,
vizualuri
wilis
ukana
ubanSi
(angularuli
xveuli),
sadac
sityvis
vernikes
are
ewodeba,
sadac
xdeba
misi
dekodireba
da
99
egzavneba
brokas
centrs,
romelic
Tavis
mxriv
agzavnis
informacias
Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.
sur. 3.10. rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas
atareben
Tvalis
baduradan
qerqis
mxedvelobiTi
asociaciuri
motorul
qerqSi.
motoruli
qerqi
uzrunvelyofs
sityvis
sakmaod
didi
mentaluri
Zalisxmevaa
mxolod
erTi
sityvis
rom
Tqveni
tvini
TiTqmis
Zaldautaneblad
da
Zalian
efeqturad
ukve
ganvixileT
nervuli
sistemis
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
naxevarsferoebi
gansxvavebul
funqciebSi
monawileoben.
brokam
tanis
autofsia
Caatara,
man
tvinis
dazianeba
marcxena
100
wesiT
mkurnalobis
dros
gaCnda.
mkurnalobis
es
meTodi
Tanamdev
agresiul
eleqtrul
aqtivobas,
gavrceldes
orive
akavSirebs
didi
tvinis
or
hemisferos.
korZiani
sxeulis
cal-calke.
speris
da
gazanigas
meTodika
emyareboda
Zalian
am
swrafad
warmoebs
korZiani
pacientebSi
korZiani
sxeuli
sxeulis
gadaWrili
meSveobiT.
iyo,
magram,
marcxena
da
adamianTa
umravlesobaSi
metyvelebas
marcxena
hemisfero
101
marcxena
xelis
mier
Catarebuli
qmedebebis
aRsawerad
maSin,
rodesac
peizaJi,
xolo
marcxena
win
arsebuli
hemisferos
qaTmis
warudgines
fexis
Tovliani
gamosaxuleba.
cdis
pirs
mis
iwyeba,
jvaredinad
gadadis
tvinis
erTi
mxridan
meoreze
jvaredindeba.
korZiani
sxeulis
gadaWra
xels
uSlis
mxedvelobis
Cven
garda,
viciT,
arsebobs
rom
mravali
adamianTa
sxva
meTodi,
umravlesobaSi
romelTa
metyvelebasTan
102
yvelaze
neiromecnierebma
procentsa
da
ufro
metad
aRmoaCines,
caciebis
lateralizebulia
rom
15
memarjveneebis
procentSi
funqciaTa
mxolod
metyvelebas
Soris.
daaxloebiT
marjvena
hemisfero
marcxena
hemisferos
funqcias
naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs metyvelebis moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yrumunjTa enis gamoyenebisas (romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa da moZraobis
mixedviT
gadmoscems
darRvevebs
azrs),
marcxena
hemisferos
dazianeba
aseve
iwvevs
ase
rom,
manualuri
Jestebis
warmoqmnis
unari,
romlebic
komunikacias
ganaxorcieleben.
ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero ukeTesia, vidre marjvena.
mkvlevrebma uCvenes, rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive amocanis amoxsnis
gansxvavebuli stili aqvs. marcxena hemisfero ufro analitikuria da is
informacias nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero ki ufro holisturia
da
is
informacias
mTlianad
aRiqvams.
orive
hemisferos
(misTvis
iqnes
individualuri
gansxvavebebi.
rodesac
metyvelebis
an
gansxvaveba:
orive
caciebSi
hemisfero
SesaZloa
erTdroulad
metyvelebas
marjvena
akontrolebdes.
sxva
103
ganvixiloT,
sqesiTaa
ganpirobebuli.
arsebobs
zogadi
gansxvavebebi
1999).
meTodebis
saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli
gaxda
dagvenaxa
am
amocanis
amoxsnaSi
orive
hemisfero
TiTqmis
Tanabrad
da
qalebi
cxovrebiseuli
ukve
gansxvavebuli
gamocdilebis
Sedegia?
tviniT,
Semdgom
Tu
es
modifikacia
wlebSi
am
kiTxvas
endokrinuli
sistema,
romelic
nervul
sistemasTan
erTad
endokrinuli sistema
adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore Zalzed specifiur
maregulirebel
sistema
jirkvlebis
erTobliobas
warmoadgens,
romlebic
3.17).
hormonebi
Zlier
gavlenas
axdenen
organizmis
yoveldRiur
periodebSi
da
zogierTi
gansakuTrebuli
situaciis
dros.
pirveladi
da
meoradi
sasqeso
niSnebis
ganviTarebas;
gavlenas
endokrinuli
sistema
uzrunvelyofs
organizmis
gadarCenas,
saxeobebis
gadarCenas
maTi
seqsualuri
agznebis
regulirebis,
104
meSveobiT.
ase
rom,
efeqturi
endokrinuli
sistemis
gareSe
Tqven
ver
gadarCebiT.
sur. 3.14. qalisa da mamakacis endokrinuli jirkvlebi
kontroldeba
hipoTalamusidan,
romelic
limburi sistemis
mniSvnelovani nawilia.
endokrinuli jirkvlebi pasuxoben sisxlSi qimiuri nivTierebebis doneze
an maTi stimulireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan momavali nervuli
impulsebis
mier
xdeba.
amis
Sedegad
hormonebi
gamoiyofa
sisxlSi
da
gaaCniaT.
hormonebi
qimiuri
regulaciis
programiT
gamoavlenen.
sxvadasxva,
magram
specifikur
organoebsa
Tu
rogoricaa
sisxlSi
Saqris
donis
gansazRvra,
kalciumis
105
muSaobaze
gavlenas
axdenen,
aseve
aq
sinTezirdeba
zrdis
misi
siWarbe
produqtebi
iwvevs
aaqtiveben
gigantizms.
saTesleebSi
mamakacebSi
hipofizis
testosteronis
sinTezs,
SesaZloa
qalebSi,
estrogeni
gamoiwvios
hipofizis
im
agresiisa
hormonebi
hormonaluri
da
seqsualuri
astimulireben
jaWvuri
reaqciebis
ltolvis
estrogenis
aucilebeli
akontrolebs,
amiT
ki
saboloo
jamSi
irRveva
ovulaciis
procesi.
Sejameba
Sejameba
neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces saukunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria
kavSiri tvinsa da qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods mimarTaven
tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis mizniT. isini swavloben pacientebs tvinis
dazianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis dazianebas, astimulireben
tvinis
regionebs,
iweren
tvinis
aqtivobas
da
kompiuteruli
teqnikis
testosteroni
mamakacTa
sasqeso
hormoni,
romelic
saTesleebSi
gamomuSavdeba
da
astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSanTvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.
106
guliscema
da
saWmlis
sxeulis
moZraobas
da
gavlenas
moneleba.
naTxemi
axdens
daswavlis
koordinirebas
zogierT
uwevs
procesze.
procesebSi.
didi
tvini
pasuxismgebelia
metyvelebisa
da
regulirebadi funqciebi
hipoTalamusi
wina hipofizi
saTesleebi da sakvercxeebi
rZis gamomuSaveba
metabolizmi
reaqcia stresze
ukana hipofizi
wylis konservacia
rZis gamoyofa
saSvilosnos SekumSva
farisebri jirkvali
metabolozmi
zrda da ganviTareba
paraTireoiduli jirkvali
kalciumis done
nawlavi
saWmlis moneleba
pankreasi
glukozis metabolizmi
Tirkmelzeda jirkvali
sakvercxe
107
kvercxujredis warmoqmna
saTesle
kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemisfero sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs
yoveldRiuri funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa umravlesobaSi
marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas akontrolebs. zogadad, marjvena hemisfero
informacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena ki ufro analitikuria.
ori
hemisferos
funqciaTa
Sesaxeb
zogadi
daskvnebis
gakeTebisas
unda
sistema
aris
jirkvalTa
qseli,
romelic
gamoimuSavebs
TvalebiT
nivTebi
Tqvens
garSemo,
iqneb
xe,
romelic
dros?
ramdenad
SesaZlebelia,
CarTuli
orive
procesSi,
romlebic
rom
aRqmasa
tvinis
da
igive
vizualur
ubnebi
iyos
warmosaxvas
Tqven
naxavT
wignis
me-4
TavSi,
mecnierebma
did
warmatebebs
ara
vizualuri
qerqis
erTi
da
igive
ubnebi,
rodesac
adamiani
ori
meTodi:
romelic
Cven
ukve
pet
(pozitronul-emisiuri
warmogidgineT,
da
tomografia)
ganmeorebiTi
skani,
transkranialuri
wlis
winaT
iqna
gamoyenebuli
adamianTa
kognitur
neiromecnierebaSi.
kvlevaTa
am
seriaSi,
cdis
pirebs
sTxovdnen
daemaxsovraT
oTxi
108
zolebis
fardobiTi
siganis
Sesaxeb.
es
amocana
ise
iyo
romlebic
mxedvelobiTi
stimulaciis
drosac
aqtiuri
iqneboda.
vizualur
qerqs?
iseve
rogorc
Ria
TvalebiT
mxedvelobiTi
am
monacemebma?
Sesaxeb?
Tqven
radganac
ra
kiTxvebi
mecnierebi
gaqvT
agrZeleben
tvinSi
funqciebis
muSaobas
axali
muSaobis
principebis
gageba.
Tanamedrove
neiromecnierebma
impulsebis
meSveobiT.
Cven
viwyebT
nawilebsa da
nervuli
sistemis
romlis
funqciaa
tvins
ZiriTadi
aris
specializebuli
ujredi,
miiRos,
109
yuradReba
xasiaTs.
miaqcieT
isrebiT
dendritebis
naCvenebia
gansxvavebul
informaciis
formasa
da
moZraobis
datotvis
mimarTuleba.
soma,
Seicavs
birTvs
da
citoplazmas,
romlebic
mis
(an
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi,
uSualod
sxva
neironidan)
miRebuli
sigrZeze,
romelic,
mag.
zurgis
tvinSi
SeiZleba
erT
metrs
ganlagebulia
terminaluri
balTa,
jirkvlebis,
kunTebisa
neironebi
Semsxvilebuli,
romlis
da
informacias
dendritebidan
somis
bolqvismagvari
saSualebiTac
sxva
neironebis
mxolod
erTi
gavliT
aqsonis
neirons
struqtura,
SeuZlia
stimulireba.
mimarTulebiT
gaswvriv
e.w.
mimdebare
rogorc
wesi,
gadascemen
terminaluri
balTisaken
dend
dendritebi neironis datotvili morCebi, romlebic Semosul informacias mimRebloben.
terminaluri
balTa
balTa
bolqvismagvari
struqtura
aqsonis
bolos,
romelic
110
arian,
poziciisadmi;
motoruli
centraluri
neironTa
nervuli
ZiriTad
sensoruli
informacias
magaliTad,
sinaTlisadmi,
(mamoZravebeli)
sistemidan
masas
neironebi
kunTebisa
interneironebi
neironi neironebi,
romlebic
sensorulidan
motorul
an
neironze
tvinSi
da
an
atareben
sxeulis
informacias
jirkvlebisaken;
qmnian,
romlebic
tvinis
gadascemen
sensoruli
receptorebidan
informacias
sxva
interneironebs.
TiToeul
motorul
bgerisadmi,
daaxloebiT
aTasi
interneironi
modis,
romlebic tvinis ZiriTad muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & Feirtag, 1979).
kunTebisaken da jirkvlebisaken atareben.
ruli neironi
neironi,
romelic
sensoruli
receptorebidan
senso
sensoruli
interneironi
tvinis neironebi,
romlebic
informacias
sensorulidan
sxva inter- an
informacias
centraluri
nervuli
sistemisken
atarebs.
motorul neironebs gadascemen.
motoruli neironi _ neironi, romelic informacias centraluri nervuli
sistemidan kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken atarebs.
saCveneblad,
Tu
rogor
muSaobs
es
sami
tipis
neironi
erTad,
siaxloves
obieqtiT,
saSualebiT
aagznebs
ganlagebuli
isini
zurgis
motorul
tkivilis
agzavnian
tvinis
receptorebi
informacias
interneironebisaken.
neirons,
romelic,
Tavis
stimulirdeba
sensoruli
neironebis
interneironi
sapasuxod
mxriv,
aagznebs
sxeulis
Semdeg,
rac
es
neironuli
aqtivoba
ganxorcieldeba
da
sxeuli
msgavs
SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac
gadarCena
swraf
reaqciebzea
damokidebuli, tkivilis SegrZneba Cndeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Tqven ukve
fizikurad
upasuxeT
safrTxes.
cxadia,
incidentis
Sesaxeb
informacia
111
Seinaxeba tvinis mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg jerze Tqven gaaridebT
Tavs potenciurad mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.
sur. 3.17. tkivilis ganridebis refleqsi
am
refleqsis ganxorcielebaSi
mxolod
sami
neironi
monawileobs:
gliuri
ujredebi
(glia).
Tavad
es
sityva
momdinareobs
bevri
mniSvnelovani
funqcia
aqvs.
pirveli
funqcia
ganviTarebis
ziandeba
mravldeba
da
iRupeba,
da
asufTavebs
neironTaSoris
napralebSi
dazianebis
ujredul
ubanSi
narCenebs;
neirotransmiterebisa
gliuri
ujredebi
aseve,
SeuZliaT
maT,
da
sxva
substanciebis
gliis
sisxlTan
gliuri
izolacia
mniSvnelovnad
meoTxe
erTad
ujredebi,
funqciaa
Semosuli
zrdis
daicvas
toqsinuri
romelTac
nervuli
tvinis
signalis
gadacemis
mgrZnobiare
neironebi
nivTierebebisgan.
astrocitebi
ewodebaT,
specializebuli
qmnian
e.w.
hemato-
cximovan
Sres.
cximSi
uxsnadi
substanciebi
am
bariers
ver
da,
Sesabamisad,
tvinSi
SeRwevac
ar
SeuZliaT.
dabolos,
amgznebi
amgznebi Sesavali informacia, romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
moqmedebis potenciali
112
erTimeores.
movida
dro,
ufro
detalurad
aRvweroT
Tu
ara
gadawyvetilebas
gamRizianebels)?
iReben
maTi
martivad
rom
dendtrirebisa
da
vTqvad,
somis
neironebi
mier
am
miRebuli
ki, yoveli
balanss.
neironebSi
amgznebi
impulsebi
iwvevn
moqmedebis
is
bioqimiuri
Semosul
informacias.
garemo,
romelSic
neironi
mTeli
neironuli
arsebobs
komunikacia
da
iRebs
xorcieldeba
gamoyofs.
warmoidgineT,
rom
nervuli
boWkoebi
makaronia,
gareT
saSualebas
ufro
aZlevs
metia.
natriumis
membrana
ionebs
srulyofili
SemoaRwion
barieri
ujredis
araa,
SigniT.
is
amis
gamotumbavs
warmatebuli
muSaobis
natriums
Sedegad
da
siTxe
Catumbavs
ujredis
kaliums.
SigniT
am
tumboTa
uaryofiTadaa
ujredis
Sida
garemo
113
ions
Seicavs,
vidre
Sida.
kaliumis
ionebTan
mimarTebaSi
ganawilebas
(Signidan
gareT
gamotumbavs
natriumis
ionebs
da
odenobiT.
Tuki
es
Zabva
Semcirdeba
nervuli
impulsis
aris
uaryofiTi
muxti,
rac
daicavs
neirons
ganmuxtvisagan.
ujredis
Sida
areSi,
rac
mas
saSualebas
aZlevs
ganimuxtos.
gaswvriv.
moqmedebis
potenciali
aRmocendeba
maSin,
rodesac
membranis
sakmarisi
depolarizacias
raodenobis
natriumi
70
milivoltidan
Semovida
ujredSi,
55
raTa
milivoltamde:
es
cvlileba
gamoewvia.
114
iwyeba
Tu
ara
moqmedebis
potencialis
aRmoceneba,
natriumi
iCqaris
ujredis Sida areSi. Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, rac
neironis srul
moqmedebis
potencialis
gavrcelebas
aqsonis
gaswvriv;
depolarizaciis
da
ionebi
Semodis
ujredSi.
am
gziT
Tanamimdevruli
da
kaliumis
ixsneba
gamosvla
kaliumis
aRadgens
arxebi,
kaliumis
neironis
ionebi
uaryofiT
gamodian
muxts.
maSin,
gareT.
rodesac
potencialis
gansazRvravs.
gavrcelebis
moqmedebis
arafris kanons:
kanons _ moqmedebis
bioqimiuri
potenciali
potencialis
zoma
buneba
emorCileba
ar
mraval
sul
an
aris damokidebuli
neironebSi
siCqare
aqsonis
gansxvavebulia.
gaswvriv
yvelaze
moqmedebis
ufro
potencialis
swrafebSi
signali
aqsonebi
dafarulia
mWidrod
Semoxveuli
mielinis
garsiT,
115
ranvies
sivrces
Seviwroveba
ewodeba
(suraTi
3.16).
mielinis
garsian
sxeulis
specializebuli
imunuri
ujredebi
Slian mielinizebuli
ionuri
arxebi
nervuli
ujredis
membranis
nawilebi,
romlebic
ionTa
SerCeviT
ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
refraqteruli
periodi
mosvenebis
periodi,
romlis
ganmavlobaSic
axali
nervuli
yalibdeba
e.w.
refraqteruli
periodi
(suraTi
3.19
3.22).
axali
gadaimuxtos
moqmedebis
da
Tavidan
potencialis
aicilos
generirebis
unari,
qvezRurblovani
is
unda
stimulacia.
3.19.
eleqtruli
cvlilebebis
droSi
droSi
ganawileba
moqmedebis
potencialis dros
natriumis
ionebi,
romlebic
neironSi
Semodis,
depolarizaciis
gziT
116
potencialis
Secvlas
msubuqad
pozitiuriT.
rodesac
neironi
aqsonuri
potenciali
daasrulebs
mis
mogzaurobas
aqsonis
balTas,
is
iwvevs
moqmedebaTa
mTeli
jaWvis
gaaqtivebas,
vezikulis
nivTiereba,
SigniT
romelic
neirotransmiteria
sxva
neironebis
moTavsebuli
stimulirebas
bioqimiuri
iwvevs.
moqmedebis
daboloebaSi,
rac
sinafsuri
neirotransmiteris
vezikulebis
gamoTavisuflebas
gaskdomas
ganapirobebs.
da
amis
maTSi
Semdeg
membranas.
neirotransmiterebi
sinafsuri
ukavSirdeba
gadacemis
postsinafsur
dasrulebisaTvis,
membranaze
arsebul
receptorul molekulebs.
sur. 3.20. sinafsuri gadacema
sinafsur
napralSi,
risi
gadalaxvis
Semdegac,
isini
da
arsebobdes.
igive
neironis
SigniT
SeiZleba
mravali
neirotransmiteri
117
ar
SeiZleba
neirotransmiteris
formas
ise,
darRveulia,
daukavSirdes
forma
rogorc
unda
receptorul
Seesabamebodes
gasaRebi
neirotransmiteri
ergeba
ver
molekulas;
receptoruli
klites.
daukavSirdeba
Tu
meore,
molekulis
romelime
receptors,
piroba
rac
imas
gadasces
Seasrulebs
ra
informacia
Tavis
ganmuxtvis
funqcias,
an
arganmuxtvis
neirotransmiteri
Sordeba
Sesaxeb.
receptorul
Sedegad
an
ukuSeiwoveba
aqsonuri
daboloebis
mier
molekulaze
damokidebulebiT,
neirotansmiters
SeiZleba
neironi
neironTan erTad
moqmedebis
amuSavebs
miRebul
imisaTvis, rom
potenciali.
swored
informacias
gadawyvitos,
am
aTasobiT
aTasidan
aTi
warmoqmnas Tu ara
amgznebi
da
aTas
axali
Semakavebeli
es
xom
fsiqologiis
kursia,
romelic
Seiswavlis
qcevas,
ukeT
fsiqologiuri
gagvego
daswavlisa
aSlilobebi,
da
mexsierebis
wamaldamokidebuleba,
meqanizmebi,
da,
zogadad,
emociebi,
sulieri
118
janmrTelobis
qimiuri
formula.
am
TavSi
miRebuli
codna
Tqven
Sesabamisi
pasuxi
ver
gamoiwveva.
imisaTvis,
rom
Tqven
SegeqmnaT
Cven
gansaxilvelad
miCneulia
warmatebuli
yvelaze
yoveldRiuri
gTavazobT
ufro
im
neirotransmiterebs,
mniSvnelovnad
funqcionirebisaTvis.
nervuli
mokle
sistemis
diskusia
aseve
acetilqolini
acetilqolini
gvxvdeba
sistemaSi.
alchaimeris
ZiriTadad
asakovan
darRvevas
iwvevs
rogorc
centralur,
daavadebis
pacientebSi
periferiul
(degeneratiuli
gvxvdeba)
acetilqolinis
ise
dros
daavadeba,
pacientebSi
sekretoruli
nervul
romelic
mexsierebis
neironebis
dazianeba.
sakvebSi xSirad
acetilqolinis
indielebis
gvxvdeba, wamlavs
gamoTavisuflebas
mier
gamoyenebuli
sasunTq
Sxami,
adamians, aferxebs ra
sistemaSi.
romliTac
kurare,
isini
isrebis
amazoniis
boloebs
gaemi
gaemi
(gama-amino-erbos-mJava)
gavrcelebuli
Semakavebeli
Tavis
tvinSi
neirotransmiteria.
yvelaze
gaemi
ufro
tvinis
farTod
sinafsebis
119
da
kefis
wili.
gaemi
mniSvnelovan
rols
TamaSobs
neirotransmiteris
iwvevs
damatebiT
Tavad
ufro
efeqturad
daukavSirdes
postsinafsur
receptorul
molekulebs.
depresiis
zogierT
formaSi:
wamlebi,
romlebic
tvinSi
am
nanaxia
SizofreniiT
daavadebulebSi.
rogorc
Tqven
albaT
gamoyeneba,
gamoiwvevda.
romlebic
medikamentozuri
tvinSi
mkurnalobis
dofaminis
adreul
donis
periodSi
Semcirebas
warmoiqmna
moZraobis darRvevebs
romelic
agznebisa
da
mravali
sxva
avtonomiuri
procesis
emociebs,
120
endorfinebi
endorfinebi
qimiur
nivTierebaTa
jgufia,
romelTac
Cveulebriv
an
amodulirebs
(Semoklebulia
postsinafsuri
endogenuri
neironis
morfinebi)
aqtivobas.
mniSvnelovan
endorfinebi
rols
TamaSoben
endorfinebs
uwodeben
samoTxis
gasaRebs
maTi siamovnebis
mainc
pasuxismgebelia
tkivilis
Semamsubuqebel
efeqtebze
akupunqturisa da placebos dros (Fields & Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995; Watkins &
Mayer, 1982). es testebi emyareba nivTiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic
morfinisa
da
endorfinebis
tkivilgamayuCebeli
iwvevs,
receptorebis
procedura,
araefeqturia
romelic
naloqsonis
blokirebas
endorfinebis
miRebisas.
iwvevs.
nebismieri
gamoTavisuflebas
naloqsonis
ineqciis
dros
klasis
warmomadgenlebi
ar
emorCilebian
neirotransmiterebis
molekulebs,
es
airadi
transmiterebi pirdapir
ganWolaven
imis
gageba,
Tu
rogor
axorcielebs
tvini
yvela
am
funqcias.
121
neironTa
gliuri
umravlesoba
ujredebiT.
interneironia,
neironebi
ganimuxteba
romlebic
amgznebi
garSemortymulia
da
Semakavebeli
informacias
dakavSirebis
gziT.
mniSvnelovani
mezobeli
mravali
neironis
sasicocxlo
neirotransmiterebis
receptorul
procesia
molekulasTan
damokidebuli
moqmedebaze,
iseTi
rogorebicaa
Sedian
SexebaSi
Tanamedrove
neiromecnierebasTan,
xSirad
garemoSi
virTagvebi
marto
iyvnen
moTavsebuli
galiaSi;
ecvlebodaT
saTamaSoebi.
garkveuli
periodis
(ramodenime
virTagvebi
gamdidrebul
garemoSi
mxolod
ramodenime
dRiT
aramed
zrdasruli
uCvenebdnen
virTagvebic
upiratesobas.
gamdidrebul
miuxedavad
imisa,
areSi
rom
es
moTavsebis
gamokvleva
122
damasuraTebeli
gansxvavebebis
aRmoCena,
teqnikiT
romlebic
SesaZlebelia
cxovrebiseuli
Zalzed
specifikuri
gamocdilebis
Sedegad
rom
qerqis
ubnebi,
pasuxismgebeli
marcxena
xelis
TiTebze,
datvirTva
violinoze
dakvrisas.
marcxena
TiTebis
albaT,
ukve
ifiqreT
imaze,
rom
cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas
struqtura,
gadamwyveti
hipokampi,
struqtura
mecnierebma
uCvenes,
romelic
Cven
konkretuli
rom
manamde
mexsierebis
qronikuli
stresi
aRvwereT,
rogorc
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
mdgomareoba,
rodesac
rogorc
zogierTi
formis
pirobebSi
kargaven
neiromecnierebis
meTodebis
Tqven,
darRveva.
albaT,
magaliTad,
labirinTSi
Tanamedrove
aRmoCena,
ukve
mixvdiT,
virTagvebi
orientaciis
mimarTulebebis
romlebic
tvins
unars
Sedegia
mexsierebis
qronikuli
stresis
mniSvnelovani
uaryofiTi
amocanaa
im
cxovrebiseuli
warmoiqmneba
da
icvleba
drois
ganmavlobaSi
bunebrivi
gadarCevis Sedegad.
adamianTa
evoluciaSi,
or
fexze
siarulma
da
encefalizaciam
123
romelsac
garemo
faqtorebi
iwvevs
da
romlebic
fenotipis
cvlilebiT gamoixateba.
biologia da qceva
neiromecnierebi uamrav sxvadasxva meTods iyeneben, rom tvinsa da qcevas
Soris
damokidebuleba
Seswavla,
tvinis
stimulacia,
tvinis
gaarkvion:
garkveuli
tvinis
ubnebis
aqtivobis
dazianebis
dazianeba,
registracia,
da
mqone
tvinis
pacientTa
eleqtruli
kompiuteruli
teqnikis
ConCxis
kunTebis
moqmedebas
aregulirebs,
da
avtonomiuri
Rero
pasuxismgebelia
sunTqvaze,
saWmlis
monelebasa
da
guliscemaze.
limburi sistema monawileobs grZelvadiani mexsierebis, agresiis, kvebiT da
sqesobriv qcevebSi.
didi tvini akontrolebs umaRles mentalur procesebs.
zogi funqcia lateralizebulia Tavis tvinis erT romelime hemisferoSi.
magaliTad,
adamianTa
umravlesobaSi
metyvelebas
marcxena
hemisfero
akontrolebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive hemisfero erTad muSaobs, maT funqcionirebis
sxvadasxva tipi axasiaTebT: _ marcxena hemisfero ufro analitikuria,
marjvena ki holisturi.
individualuri gansxvavebebis fonze zogadi daskvnebi SeiZleba Seicvalos.
magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebs lateralizaciis gansxvavebuli saxeebi
axasiaTebT.
endokrinuli
sistema
gamoimuSavebs
da
sisxlis
nakadSi
gamoyofs
hormonebs.
hormonebi xels uwyoben zrdas, pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTarebas, metabolizms, saWmlis monelebasa da agznebas.
124
nervuli
sistemis
ZiriTadi
erTeuli,
iRebs,
amuSavebs
da
da
agzavnian
cns-dan
gadascemen
mas
cns-ken.
kunTebisa
informacias
da
sensoruli
motoruli
neironebi
jirkvlebisaken.
neironebidan
agzavnian
interneironebi
sxva
motorul
an
interneironebs.
rodesac impulsaciis sumacia miaRwevs gansazRvrul zRurbls, moqmedebis
potenciali igzavneba aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri daboloebisaken.
sul
an
arafris
kanons
damorCilebuli
moqmedebis
potenciali
gamoTavisufldeba
sinafsur
napralSi.
napralis
neiromodulatori
amagznebeli Sesavali
neironi
asociaciuri qerqi
neirotransmiterebi
avtonomiuri
(ans)
nuSisebri kompleqsi
parasimpaTikuri sistema
aqsoni
brokas are
PET
bunebrivi gadarCeva
genebi
retikuluri formacia
genetika
refraqteruli periodi
genotipi
safeTqlis wili
glia
sasqeso qromosomebi
nervuli
sistema
(pozitronul-emisiuri
skani
tomografia)
125
dazianeba
sensoruli neironi
dendritebi
simpaTikuri sistema
didi tvini
sinafsi
sinafsuri gadacema
dnm
smeniTi qerqi
soma
eleqtroencefalograma (eeg)
somatosensoruli qerqi
endokrinuli sistema
estrogeni
sociobiologia
Talamusi
Txemis wili
tvinis Rero
interneironi
tvinis hemisferoebi
ionuri arxebi
terminaluri balTa
kefis wili
testosteroni
korZiani sxeuli
fenotipi
limburi sistema
magnetur-rezonansuli
tomografia (MRI)
funqciuri
magnetur-rezonansuli
tomografia (fMRI)
Semakavebeli Sesavali
memkvidreobiToba
Sublis wili
mogrZo tvini
mosvenebis potenciali
xidi
motoruli neironi
hipoTalamusi
motoruli qerqi
hipokampi
moqmedebis potenciali
hipofizi
mxedvelobis qerqi
homeostazi
naTxemi
hormonebi
neiromecniereba
(dezoqsiribonukleinis
mJava)
Tavi 4. SegrZnebebi
fsiqofizika
mxedvelobis sistema
adamianis Tvali
guga da broli
badura
126
ferTa SegrZneba
smenis SegrZneba
bgeris fizika
smenis fiziologia
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosva
gemos SegrZneba
tkivili
tkivils?
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
127
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
igi
Seegua
am
mdgomareobas,
scada
i.-is
Tayvanismcemlebma
es
aRiqves, rogorc
misi
SemoqmedebiTi
rom is uyurebs
wminda formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels feri. (Sacks, 1995, p.38).
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom jonaTan i.-im dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari,
misma sensorulma sistemam uzrunvelyo is samyaros axali versiiT, romelic
mas SeeZlo aReqva da gadaeqcia xelovnebad.
dagafiqraT
jonaTan
SesaZleblobebze?
i.-is
istoriam
Tqvens
sakuTar
sensorul
van
gogis
naxatebis
ferTa
sisavse,
rok-n-rolis
swrafi
128
evoluciam
ganzomilebebi.
Tqven
unariT,
aRmoaCenT,
gamoavlinoT
rom
gancdis
SegrZnebebs,
sxvadasxva
romliTac
Tqven
centraluri
igi
SeiZleba
nervuli
sistemis
ganisazRvros,
ufro
rogorc
maRali
sensoruli
donis
gancdis
(Sensuality).
Tqveni
SegrZnebebi,
rogorc
gamafrTxilebeli
signali,
ise
romelic
gatacebulia
SegrZnebebisagan
miRebuli
siamovnebis
mxedvelobis,
smeniTi,
Sexebis,
gemosa
Tu
ynosvis.
roca
129
sferoze:
Tqven
ara
gaqvT
iseTive
srulyofili
mxedveloba,
gansakuTrebul
ganmavlobaSi.
adgils
roca
fsiqologiuri
vundti
(Wundt,
mecnierebis
1907)
mTeli
eqsperimentuli
kvlevebSi
cnobierebis
Sinaarsebis
Sesaxeb.
rogorc
garemoSi
mimdinare
movlenebsa
da
adamianTa
mier
am
is
momuSave
manqanebis
xmaurSi?
ramdenad
kaSkaSa
unda
iyos
pasuxis
gasacemad
Cven
unda
SegveZlos
sensoruli
gancdis
es
stimuli
aRZravs.
fsiqofizika
fsiqologiuri
mecnierebis
130
fsiqofizika
da
Seqmna
meTodika,
romelic
akavSirebda
fizikuri
teqnika
sinaTlis,
aris
bgeriTi,
erTnairi
ynosviTi,
nebismieri
gemos
Tu
modalobis
SexebiTi
stimulisaTvis
gamRizianeblisaTvis:
romelic
akavSirebs
SegrZnebis
intensivobas
gamRizianeblis
intensivobasTan.
zRurbls
saWiroa
fizikuri
sensoruli
energiis
gancdis
im
minimalur
warmosaqmnelad.
raodenobas,
mkvlevarebi
SemCnevis
amocana,
magaliTad,
SeamCnion
mkrTali
Suqi
bnel
seriis
ganmavlobaSi
xdeba
sxvadasxva
intensivobis
stimulebis
zRurblis
Seswavlis
fsiqometruli
funqciis
gamRizianeblis
intensivobebi,
intensivobis
mqone
saxiT:
Sedegebi
horizontalur
xolo
vertikalur
gamRizianeblebis
SemCnevaTa
SeiZleba
RerZze
RerZze
SevajamoT
gadazomilia
_
aRebuli
procenti.
tipiuri
100
rodesac gamRizianebeli
SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
50
Teoriuli
zRurblis
mrudi
miRebuli
zRurblis
mrudi
absoluturi
zRurbli
(SemCnevaTa 50%)
131
(dabali)
(maRali)
stimulis intensivoba (pirobiTi erTeuli)
sinaTlis
procenti;
Zalian
xolo
susti
kaSkaSa
gamRizianeblis
gamRizianeblis
pirobebSi
pirobebSi
SemCneva
100
aris
procenti.
0
im
saxe,
romelsac
signalis
SemCnevis
Teoriis
aRwerisas
mokled
romelSic
aris
monakveTi,
sadac
xdeba
gadasvla
sruli
garkveuli
nebismier
intensivobis
dros,
gamRizianebeli
absoluturi
ar
zRurblis
xdeba
aSkarad
operacionaluri
gaizomos
analogiuri
proceduriT,
ubralod
unda
gamRizianeblis ganzomileba.
cxrili 4.1.
4.1. miaxloebiTi zRurblebi nacnobi movlenebisaTvis
movlenebisaTvis
sensoruli
modaloba
sinaTle
bgera
gemo
SemCnevis zRurbli
sanTlis ali, 48 km manZilze srul sibneleSi
saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6 m manZilze
erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9 l wyalze
Seicvalos
132
ynosva
Sexeba
fsiqofizika
(psychophysics)
mecniereba
fizikuri
stimulaciisa
da
romelic
operacionalurad
saWiroa
is
sensoruli
ganisazRvreba,
gancdis
rogorc
warmosaqmnelad;
gamRizianeblis
done,
SesaZlebelia
SemCnevis
absoluturi
zRurblis
gansazRvra,
garemos
iseTnairad
signalebisadmi
cvlilebebisadmi,
viTardebian,
SeCvevas
adaptaciis
vidre
rom
myari
xels
procesis
mdgomareobebisadmi.
uwyoben
axali
saSualebiT.
garemo
sensoruli
magaliTad,
Tqven
albaT
SeginiSnavT,
rom
mzis
kaSkaSa
gaZlevT
saSualebas,
SeamCnioT
da
imoqmedoT
ufro
swrafad
mier
zemoT
ganxilul
rom
yvela
133
sensorul
TvisebebTan.
vTqvaT,
Tqven
monawileobas
iRebT
upasuxebT:
jarimdebiT
ara,
ar
dolariT
aris
sinaTle.
nebismieri
TiToeul
araswori
seriaSi
pasuxisaTvis.
Tqven
SegiZliaT
movlena,
roca
receptoruli
sistematuri
romelic
Sedegia
Secdoma
(response bias)
arasensoruli
xasiaTis
sistematuri
faqtorebis
tendencia,
zemoqmedebisa
problemisadmi
1966).
signalis
SemCnevis
Teoria
msjelobis
procesze
gamRizianeblis
arsebobisa
Tu
ararsebobis
gansazRvras,
signalis
SemCnevis
Teoria
gansazRvravs
or
SemCnevis
Teoria
gvTavazobs
orive
sensoruli
da
mocemulia
suraTze
4.2
susti
stimuli
warmodgenilia
cdaTa
damkvirveblebi
pasuxoben
diax,
roca
isini
fiqroben,
rom
134
naCvenebia
naxatze,
matrica
A-ze,
TiToeuli
pasuxi
daTvlilia
romelic
qronikulad
ambobda
diax-s,
iZleoda
signal signal
i
ar i aris
aris
A. miRebuli pasuxi
diax
ara
warmatebuli
damTxveva
mcdari
gangaSi
pasuxis
gamotoveba
swori
pasuxi
signal signal
i
ar i aris
aris
8%
46%
54%
signal signal
i
ar i aris
aris
60%
4%
96%
135
damTxvevebisa
da
mcdari
gangaSis
procentebze
muSaobis
sensoruli procesebisa
xSirad
gansxvavebul
jildoebs
pasuxebisaTvis
gangaSisaTvis.
aicileT
gadawyvetilebani
da
Tavidan
siyvarulis
yoveli
dasjas
magaliTad,
Cvens
warmatebuli
yoveli
Tuki
mosawyeni
Tqven
uaryaviT
(swori
Sansi
cxovrebaSi
moicavs
damTxvevisa
da
swori
signalisa
da
mcdari
gamotovebuli
saRamo
gaxangrZlivebis
yoveldRiur
mipatiJeba
uaryofa),
(signalis
kinoSi,
Tu
amiT
gaanadgureT
gamotoveba)?
Tqveni
SefardebiT.
magaliTad,
Tuki
aras
Tqma
stimulis
arsebobis
gaakeTon
operacia
im
SemTxvevebSic
ki,
roca
ar
arian
136
sxvaobis zRurbli
warmoidgineT,
rom
dagiqiravaT
sasmelebis
kompaniam,
romelsac
surs
gazomoT
gamRizianebels
sxvaobis
Soris,
zRurbli,
zRurbli
romlebic
gansxvavebulebi.
sxvaobis
gamRizianebelTa
wyvili
SeiZleba
zRurblis
da
umciresi
gansazRvrul
gasazomad
SeekiTxoT
fizikuri
Tqvens
Tqven
sxvaoba
iqnas,
unda
damkvirveblebs,
or
rogorc
gamoiyenoT
aris
ori
problemis
SemTxvevaSi
Tqven
miawodebT
damkvirveblebs
or
gansxvavebulia
wertili,
romelzedac
gamRizianeblebi
arian
gacnobierebuli,
ori
SegrZnebis
fsiqologiuri
gansxvavebis
sididis
sazomi
raodenobrivi erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobis zRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma,
aRmoaCina mniSvnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic ilustrirebulia suraTze
4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxvaobis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,
romelSic gamoyenebulia 10 mm sigrZis swori xazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am
eqspermentis
Casatareblad
monawileebs or xazs,
ori
xazi
dainaxavT,
erTnairi
rom
sigrZis
sxvaobis
milimetris
sigrZis
SemTxvevaTa
50%-Si,
xazs
Tu
zRurbli
gansxvavdebian
aris
ganasxvaveben
magram
ukve
20
11
erTmaneTisagan.
miaxloebiT
milimetris
milimetris
milimetri.
sigrZis
sigrZis
Tqven
10
xazisagan
standartuli
137
gviCvenebs,
rom
milimetris
izrdeba
Sefardeba
sxvaobas.
magaliTad,
xazis
1
sigrZesTan,
mm/10
mm=0.1;
romelic
mm/20
qmnis
mm=0.1.
es
odnav
SesamCnev
damokidebuleba
La -Lb = L
B
odnav grZeli
xazi
xazis standartuli
11.0-10.0=1.0
sigrZe
16.5 -15.0 = 1.5
11 mm
10 mm
16,5 mm
15 mm
22 mm
20 mm
27,5 mm
25 mm
138
veberis kanoni
3
sxvaobis zRurbli (L)
2,5
2
L / Lb=0,1
1,5
1
0,5
0
5
10
15
20
25
es
kanoni
marTebulia
nebismieri
sensoruli
sistemisaTvis.
formula
sxvaobas.
veberma
aRmoaCina,
rom
TiToeuli
stimulis
aris
proporcia,
anu
parametrisaTvis. (yuradRebiT
veberis
konstanta
stimulis
TiToeuli
stimulis
niSnavs
ase
gansxvavebuli
imas,
magaliTad,
rom
es
ganzomilebisaTvis
adamians
cxrili
SeuZlia
giCvenebT,
umciresi
SeamCnios
umciresi
rom
Tqven
SegiZliaT
konstantis
mniSvnelobebi
stimulTa
arCeuli
139
0.003
sinaTlis intensivoba
0.01
sunis koncetracia
0.07
dawolis intensivoba
0.14
bgeris intensivoba
0.15
gemos koncentracia
0.20
Soris,
romelic
gansxvavebulebi;
ganisazRvreba
rogorc
jer
kidev
sxvaobis
wertili,
SeiZleba
zRurbli
romelzec
gacnobierdes,
operacionalurad
gamRizianeblebi
arian
ganxilvam
gagvacnobierebina
SegrZnebis
umniSvnelovanesi
sferoebs,
zedapirulad
mimovixiloT
informaciis
gadasvla
fiziologia
Seiswavlis
fizikuri
movlenebis
nervul
140
identur
tipSi,
Tqveni
Tavis
tvini
ganasxvavebs
sensorul
daadginon, Tu rogor
nervuli
sistemis
xdeba
eleqtroqimiur
fizikuri energiis
aqtivobaSi,
romelic
ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.
SemCneva.
garemo
gamRizianeblebis
SemCneva
xdeba
donis
sxvadasxva
neironebs,
deteqtoruli
romlebic
informaciis
blokebidan.
am
integrirebas
etapze
neironebi
axdenen
agroveben
ubnebs,
romlebic
pasuxismgebelni
arian
SegrZnebisa
da
procesebze.
cxrilSi
4.3
Sejamebulia
stimulebi
da
receptorebi
TiToeuli
SegrZnebisaTvis.
cxrili 4.3.
4.3. adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi
fundamenturi Tvisebebi
SegrZneba
stimulebi
sensor
uli
organo
Tvali
mxedveloba
sinaTlis
talRebi
smena
yuri
Sexebis
SegrZnebebi
bgeriTi
talRebi
eqsternaluri
kontaqti
ynosva
aqroladi
cxviri
kani
receptori
Cxirebi da
kolbebi
ZiriTadi membranis
bewviani ujredebi
nervuli daboloebani kanSi
(merke-lis diskebi,
rufinis sxeulebi)
ynosvis
SegrZneba
ferebi,
obieqtebi,
teqstura,
moZraoba, siRrme
xmauri, toni
Sexeba, tkivili,
siTbo, sicive
suni (muskusi,
141
nivTierebebi
organoebis
bewviani
epiTeliumi
gemos bolqvebi
gemo
xsnadi
nivTierebebi
ena
wonasworob
is
SegrZneba
meqanikuri da
gra-vitaciuli
Zalebi
Sinagan
i yuri
naxevarrkalovani
arxebis bususebi
da derefani
kinesTeTiku
riSegrZnebe
bi
sxeulis
moZraoba
kunTebi
,
myesebi,
saxsreb
i
nervuli boWkoebi
kunTebSi, myesebSi
yvavilovani,
damwvris,
pitnis)
gemo (tbili,
mJave, mlaSe,
mware)
moZraoba
sivrceSi,
gravitaciuli
miziduloba
sxeulis
nawilebis
moZraoba da
pozicia
fizikuri energiis
damkvirveblebis
damkvirveblis
mier
am
movlenebis
fsiqologiur
gancdas
Soris.
gadaqceva
tvinSi
mimdinare
procesebad.
mkvlevarebi,
agreTve,
142
Tavis tvinis
qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
mxedveloba aris yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTarebuli da mniSvnelovani
SegrZneba
adamianisa
cxovelebs,
da
romlebic
sxva
bunebam
moZrav
arsebaTa
daajildova
umravlesobisaTvis.
kargi
mxedvelobiT,
im
aqvT
savsea
siTxiT
namiT.
fotoaparatis
fokusirebisas
Tqven
obieqtebze
fokusirebisas.
da
msxvildeba
fotoaparatSi
Semomavali
axlomdebare
obieqtebze
sinaTlis
raodenobis
axla
ganvixiloT
detalurad.
mxedvelobiTi
procesis
komponentebi
ufro
143
baduraze;
gansakuTrebiT
broli
mniSvnelovania,
atrialebs
radganac
is
aRqmul
icvlis
obieqtebs.
fokuss
igi
axlo
da
danaxva.
dakavSirebuli
Tumca,
problemebi.
uamrav
adamians
magaliTad,
awuxebs
akomodaciasTan
axlomxedvelebs
akomodaciis
kargad
fokusireba
Sorsmdebare
sagnebze;
Sorsmxedvelebs
ufro
mkvrivi,
gaumWvirvale,
muqi
da
brtyeli,
is
kargavs
Tavis
raTa
dainaxos
axlomdebare
sagnebi.
ormocdaxuT
wels
maT.
sur. 4.4
dainaxoT,
rom
baduras
aqvs
sxvadasxva
tipis
neironebisagan
144
da
kolbebis
sinaTlis
mimarT
mgrZnobiare
receptorebis
kargad
naTdebian
gare
samyarodan
da
emijnebian
nervuli
msxvili
kolba
aris
specializebuli
naTel,
ferad
garemoSi
samuSaod.
akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac wamwamovani
kunTebi cvlianEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZlevs, Secvalos
fokusi axlo da Sori obieqtebisaTvis.
badura
(retina)
Tvalis
ukan
mdebare
Sre,
romelic
Seicavs
(photoreceptors)
baduraze
mdebare
sinaTlisadmi
rom
Tavidan
pirobebSi,
bevrs
magram
verafers
cota
xnis
xedavT
darCenili
Semdeg
Tqveni
mkrTali
mxedvelobis
Tvalis
cvlilebis
mgrZnobiarobis
Sedegad
sinaTlidan
gradualur
TiTqmis
gaumjobesebas
sibnelisaken.
ganaTebis
sibnelisadmi
vidre kolbebi.
sur. 4.5.
4.5. retinaluri gzebi
gviCvenebs
retinaSi.
gzebs,
Semomavali
romelic
sinaTle
akavSirebs
gaivlis
nervuli
samive
ujredebis
Sres,
sanam
sam
Sres
miaRwevs
145
da
agzavnian
nervuli
Sedegebs
impulsebi
gangliozuri
stoveben
Tvals
ujredebisaken.
optikuri
am
nervis
ujredebidan
ki
saSualebiT
da
bipolaruli
ujredebi
aris
nervuli
ujredebi,
romlebic
aqsonebi
qmnian
optikuri
nervs,
romelic
atarebs
vizualur
baduris
gaswvriv.
am
ujredebis
funqcia
ufro
metad
kavSiris
ujredebi
akavSireben
bipolarul
ujeredebs
sxva
damyarebaSi.
bipolarul
horizontaluri
ujredebTan
da
gangliozur
ujredebs
sxva
gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduris anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi saintereso ucnauri adgili,
sadac optikuri nervi gamodis. am adgils ewodeba optikuri diski, anu brma
146
sigrZeze,
daxuWeT
Tqveni
marjvena
Tvali,
moaxdineT
fiqsireba
bankis
suraTze
4.6-ze.
4.6
Tuki Tqven miitanT wigns axlos TvalebTan, dainaxavT rom wyvetili
xazi gamTlianda.
sur. 4.6.
4.6. ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili
mklavis
sigrZeze,
daxuWeT
Tqveni
marjvena
Tvali,
moaxdineT
miuxedavad
amisa,
informaciis
umetesi
nawili,
romelic
tovebs
romelic
formiT
mogvagonebs
berZnul
aso
(romelic
147
34
wlis,
gadawyvita
gaekeTebina
operacia,
romlis
drosac
mkurnalobdnen
mxedveloba
misi
donis
Tavis
vizualuri
tkivilebs,
velis
magram
marcxena
man
mTlianad
nawilSi,
radgan
sTxoves
mdebareobs
ganaTebuli
saSualebiT.
Sedegebi
dons
wertili
SesaniSnavi
mainc
savaraudod
marcxena
iyo.
xelis
donma
amoecno,
Tu
saCvenebeli
TiTqmis
iseve
sad
TiTis
zustad
148
im
faqts,
rom
xeluxlebeli dazianebuli
is
qerqqveSa
struqturebi,
romlebic
rCeba
vizualuri
informaciis
kodirebisaTvis
gamoyenebuli
uamravi
gza
arsebobs. (Gazzaniga et al., 1994; Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli
meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedvelobis zusti funqcionireba
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes cnobierebis gareSec.
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis nawili, romelSic xdeba
vizualuri informaciis gadamuSaveba.
optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri ujredebis aqsonebi, romlebic
atareben informacias Tvalidan tvinisaken.
Tqven ukve ganixileT, Tu rogor nawildeba is informacia, romelic
miemarTeba Tvalebidan Tavis tvinisaken. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram unda
Seiswavlon:
arsebobs
qveganyofileba
komunikaciis
da
saxeebis
vizualuri
sxvadasxva
Sesaxeb
qerqis
daaxloebiT
Teoriebi
(Hilgetag
et
am
al.,
30
anatomiuri
qveganyofilebebs
1996).
axla
Soris
davubrundeT
vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erTerTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba is aris, rom Cvens mier formis, feris,
mdebareobis da siRrmis gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli
informaciis
gadamuSavebaze
sxvadasxva
gziT.
rogor
xdeba
es
149
feris SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _ isini SeiZleba davxatoT
sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STabeWdilebebi
kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan _ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji
kvercxebisagan,
magram
ferebis
naTel
gancdas
safuZvlad
udevs
am
obieqtebisagan Tqvens sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asaxva. erTerTi pirveli, vinc ganixila es sakiTxi jer kidev 1671 wels, iyo isaak
niutoni:
aRmocendeba
maSin,
roca
Tavis
tvini
amuSavebs
informacias,
kolbebisa
daavadebis
gamo.
da
Cxirebis
samwuxarod,
funqcias,
romelic
uanderi
Zalian
ar
funqcionirebda
xangrZlivi
drois
receptoruli
ujredebis
kolbebisa
da
Cxirebis
kvdoma
150
stimulacias,
romelic
agzavnida
Semomaval
signals
sistemas,
romelic
cnobilia,
mraval-elementiani
rogorc
aseve,
SigniT.
magaliTad,
miniaturuli
video-kamera
iWers
gamosaxulebas garemodan.
es gamosaxuleba muSavdeba da igzavneba mikroprocesorisaken, romelic
qirurgiulad
aris
implantirebuli
baduraze
Tvalis
ukana
mxares.
es
rasac
SeeZloT
identificireba.
mxedvelobas
arsebobs
iseT
doneze,
martivi
imedi,
rom
gamosaxulebebisa
rom
es
adamianebi
da
mikroprocesori
SesZleben
imoZraon
formebis
aRadgens
sakuTar
151
energiis
tipebs,
maT
Soris
sinaTlisac,
aris
talRis
sigrZe, manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris. xiluli sinaTlis talRis
sigrZe gaizomeba nanometrebSi (metris memiliarde nawilSi). is, rasac Tqven
xedavT,
rogorc
nanometramde.
sinaTles,
aris
garkveuli
talRis
fizikuri
sigrZis
diapazoni
talRebis
400-dan
sinaTlis
700
sxivebidan
aris
aRwerili
ferebSi;
ferebi
fizikurad
arsebobs
talRis
mxolod
Tqvens
sigrZis
terminebSi
da
ara
sensorul
sistemaSi,
rogorc
Tvisobriv
gancdas.
martiv
sinaTleSi,
romelic
Seicavs
mxolod
erTi
gancda
Seesabameba
pirdapir
sinaTlis
talRis
sigrZis
ferTa
msgavsni,
wreSi.
arian
is
ferebi,
mosazRvre
romlebic
ferebi.
es
aRiqmebian,
Tanamimdevroba
rogorc
asaxavs
152
Tviseba,
romelic
gulisxmobs
sinaTlis
intensivobas.
TeTr
fers
aqvs
sinaTle
krebs
yvela
sigrZis
sinaTlis
talRas:
Tqven
SegiZliaT
cisartyelad.
prizmis
saSualebiT
Tqven
gaigebT,
rom
sxvadasxva
feris
Tviseba,
romelic
gulisxmobs
sinaTlis
sur. 4.9.
4.9. ferTa wre
ferebi arian ganlagebuli maTi msgavsebis mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi
mniSvnelobaze,
mxedvelobiTi
araspeqtraluri feris
im
ferebisa,
yviTel-mwvane
romlebic
mgrZnobelobis
moTavsebuli
arian
diapazonSi.
153
mwvane
yviTeli
beli)
yviTel-narinjis feri
(lurjis Semavsebeli)
573
521
(wiTlis Semavse-
560
lurj-mwvane
494
580
narinjisferi
607
mwvanelurji
TeTri
490
480
talRis
wiTeli
sigrZeebs,
470
lurji
indigo-lurji
(yviTlis
Semavsebeli)
romlebic
mowiTalo iisferi
(mwvanis
Semavsebeli)
molurjo
iisferi
ferTa
wris
mopirdapire
araspeqtraluri ferebi
mxareebzea
gindaT
Tavad
darwmundeT
Semavsebeli
ferebis
arsebobaSi?
aris
sawyisi
feris
sapirispiro).
am
movlenas
Cven
avxsniT
feradi
albaT,
cxovrebaSi
ferTa
SeginiSnavT
gancdisas.
Tanmimdevari
Tumca,
kvali
Tqveni
Tqvens
gancdebis
yoveldRiur
didi
nawili
ar
SegrZnebas.
analogiurad,
lurji
saRebavi
saSualebas
aZlevs
mwvanis
SegrZnebas.
roca
yviTeli
da
lurji
ferebi
arian
154
ewodeba
substraqciuli
(substractive)
_ gamoiyureba mwvaned! am
ferTa
Sereva2.
darCenili
1999).
yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis is saxe, roca adamians uWirs
mwvane da wiTeli ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti simaZRrisa
arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi, romelic urevs erTmaneTSi yviTel da
lurj ferebs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki aris sruli ferTa sibrmavis SemTxvevebi,
roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs ferebs da xedavs mxolod sinaTlis
xarisxis sxvadasxva variacias. (mister i.-s SemTxveva, romelic naxsenebi iyo
am Tavis dasawyisSi, sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi sruli ferTa sibrmave
gamowveuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazianebiT 65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad,
gaqvT Tu ara raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT suraTs 4.11. Tuki
Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-s da 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni
feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT kidev raimes,
Tqven, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave. (CautareT
es testi sxvebsac _ kerZod imaT, viszedac iciT, rom axasiaTebsFferTa
sibrmave da Tqven gaigebT, ras xedaven isini am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu
rogor xsnian mecnierebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa Semavsebeli
ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.
2
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia, rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red.SeniSvna)
155
SemgrZnebi
sami
tipis
receptori
normaluri
mxedvelobis
mqone
kombinaciis
Sedegi.
iungis
Teoria
SemdgomSi
gaumjobesda
da
Teoria
sakmaod
damajereblad
xsnida
adamianis
ferTa
Teoriis
receptorebis
(trichromatic theory)
sami
tipi,
Tanaxmad,
romlebic
arsebobs
warmoqmnian
feris
pirveladi
156
sabolood,
maT
aRiares,
rom
es
Teoriebi
ar
ewinaaRmdegebian
Seesabameba
suqcesiur
fiziologiur
struqturebs
mxedvelobiT
sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson, 1974). Cven axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami
tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli reagirebs garkveuli sigrZis
talRebis diapazonze, mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe, romlis mimarTac
TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze metad aris mgrZnobiare.
saidan viciT
kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben garkvuli talRis sigrZes
mxedvelobiTi
procesebis
mkvlevarebma
ganaviTares
teqnika,
romlis
makakas
kolbis
ujredebi
gamowovil
iqna
specialuri
minis
zomavdnen.
am
teqnikis
gamoyenebiT
mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines,
rom
ferTa
SegrZneba
efuZneba
sami
tipis
mxedvelobiTi
receptorebs.
tipis
sawinaaRmdego
kolbebidan
procesebis
gamomavali
Teoriis
signalis
Tanaxmad.(De
kombinirebas
Valois
&
heringis
Jacobs,
1968)
157
uWers leo harviCi da doroti jamesoni (Leo Hurvich da Dorothea Jameson, 1974),
ferTa TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri moqmedebs erTmaneTis sapirispirod
(arian
oponentebi),
nervuli
Sekavebis
procesis
saSualebiT.
zogierTi
fiziologiur
baziss.
sxva
gangliozuri
ujredebi
qmnian
ferebis
aRqma
aris
mxolod
mcire
nawili
im
kompleqsuri
moZraoba
sivrceSi.
Tqveni
vizualuri
sistema
moicavs
ramdenime
unikaluri
Tvisebebi,
dasabami
misces
feris,
formis,
kontrastis,
moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone & Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000).
Tumca, Tqveni aRqma, saboloo jamSi, warmoadgens erTian vizualur suraTs,
Tqvens mier misi danaxva ganpirobebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens
vizualur sistemaSi, romlebic normalur pirobebSi uaRresad faqizadaa
koordinirebuli. (Merigan & Maunsell, 1993)
Tqven SeiZleba
gaigoT,
Tu
rogor
mimdinareobs
rTuli vizualuri
reagireben
magaliTad,
aRvniSneT
adre,
rom
TiToeuli
retinaluri
158
procesiT
centrSi
da
procesiT
periferiaze.
aqvs
bneli
sazRvrebi,
xolo
off-centris
mqone
ujredebi
mxedvelobiTi
aris
sibneleSi.
A
C
159
da
hiubelma
moaxerxes
katis
mxedvelobiT
qerqis
calkeuli
receptoruli
velebi,
maT
aRmoaCines
ujredebis
organizacia,
Zlierad
reagirebdnen
gansazRvruli,
maTTvis
gamorCeuli
miRebul
gaRizianebaze.
mexuTe
TavSi
Cven
davinaxavT,
rom
Sejameba
adamianis
fokusirdeba
Tvali
funqcionirebs
Tvalis
brolis
mier
fotoaparatis
baduraze.
msgavsad:
swored
sinaTle
baduraze
xdeba
160
seleqcia
obieqtebis
identifikaciisa
da
maTi
mdebareobis
sami
ZiriTadi
Tviseba:
feris
toni,
simaZRre
da
sikaSkaSe.
Serevis
niutonis
kanonebis
Tanaxmad.
ferTa
sibrmave
sxvadasxva
obieqtTa
orientaciis
da
moZraobis
mimarTulebis mixedviT.
smena
Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da mxedveloba asrulebis erTmaneTis
Semavsebel funqciebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam dainaxavT maT,
gansakuTrebiT, Tuki isini Tqvens ukan mdebareoben an arian gaumWirvale
obieqtebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma.
Tumca,
mxedveloba
aris
ufro
srulyofili
saSualeba
im
obieqtis
161
SemohkariT
taSi.
warmoqmnis
es
obieqtebis
rxevas.
daustvineT.
moqmedebebi
rxevis
daakakuneT
bgerebs? amis
energia
fanqriT
mizezi
gadaecema
isaa,
garemos,
magidaze.
rom
isini
Cveulebriv,
ratom
iwveven
haers,
mcire
cvlilebebi
vrceldeba
rxevadi
obieqtidan
garemoSi
talRas
aqvs
ori
ZiriTadi
fizikuri
Tviseba,
romelic
pikidan
momdevno
talRis
pikamde.
bgeris
sixSire,
Cveulebriv,
ganzomilebas
4:
(Tvisebas)
bgeris
tonis
simaRle,
siZliere
da
amlituda
haeris
haeris
SekumSva gafarToeba
erTi
cikl
dro
sur. 4.13.
sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena
4.13. sinusoiduri
mTargmnelis SeniSvna
162
sufTa5tonebis
mimarT
adamianis
mgrZnobiaroba
cvalebadobs
vidre
bgeris
saSualebiT.
Tqven
advilad
warmoidgenT,
Tu
bgeris siZliere
bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba ganisazRvreba misi amplitudiT.
didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc xmamaRali da mcire
amplitudisa ki _ xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZnobiarea fizikuri
intensivobebis uzarmazari diapazonis mimarT.
bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba
bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT.
bgeris
siZliere
(loudness)
bgeris
perceftuli
Tviseba,
romelic
saaTis
manZilidan,
absoluturi
wikwikis
mdebareobs
zRurbli.
xma,
romelic
intensivobis
Tuki
is
gvesmis
qveda
ufro
daaxloebiT
zRvarze.
mgrZnobiarea,
es
aris
SeiZleba
metris
sistemis
gaigonoT
sufTa tonebs, agreTve, uwodeben martiv tonebs an wminda tonebs (mTargmn. SeniSvna)
163
daaxloebiT
tkivilsac
90
ki
metris
simaRleze.
gamoiwvevs
yurebSi.
es
xma
bgeris
imdenad
wnevis
Zlieri
fizikuri
iqneba,
rom
erTeulebis
xmamaRlobis
gancdas
izomeba
erTeulebSi,
romelTac
ewodeba
xedavT,
or
bgeras,
romelic
20
decibaliT
gansxvavdeba
tembri
bgeris tembri asaxavs rTuli bgeris talRis komponentebs. tembri aris is,
rac ganasxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis xmisagan. fizikuri
stimulebis mcire raodenoba, magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,
romelic Sedgeba erTi sinusoiduri talRisagan. sufTa tons aqvs mxolod
erTi sixSire da erTi amplituda. bgeraTa umetesoba realur cxovrebaSi ar
arian sufTa toni. isini arian kompleqsuri talRebi, romlebic Seicaven
sixSirisa da amplitudis garkveul kombinacias. suraTze 4.15
naCvenebia
164
160
2000. 140
reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis xma (24 metris
simaRleze)
tkivilis zRurbli
orZraviani TviTmfrinavi
2. 80 xmaurian manqanaSi
uxmauro manqanaSi
Cveulebrivi ofisi
wynari oTaxi
0.002
20 xmadabali CurCuli (1.5 metris manZilze)
grafiki suraTze 4.15 gviCvenebs bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos nota sisaTvis (pirveli oqtava) yvela sixSires, romelic realurad warmodgenilia
am notSi da maT amplitudebs.
SegrZnebis Tviseba,
romelic asaxavs
bgeriTi talRis
mas
sirTules.
ZiriTad
uwodeben
sixSire
tons,
ramdenjerme
ufro
aRemateba
maRali
ZiriTad
speqtrSi.
Tuki
am
sixSiris
sufTa
tonebi
da
intensivobebi
165
yvela smenadi sixSiris energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar hqondes
simaRle, radgan mas ara aqvs ZiriTadi sixSire.
smenis fiziologia
axla
Tqven ukve
gancdebis
fizikuri
aRmocendeba
es
gaqvT
garkveuli
safuZvlebis
gancdebi
informacia
Sesaxeb.
smeniTi
axla
sistemis
bgeraTa
fsiqologiuri
ganvixiloT,
fiziologiuri
Tu
rogor
aqtivobisagan.
fleita
afeTqeba
nota si
klarneti
adamianis xma
dro
si-s bgeriTi speqtri
amplituda
nota
sixSire
1.0
0.5
166
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
sur. 4.15
ufro
maRal
sixSireebzec
(romelic
cnobilia,
rogorc
unda
talRebi
unda
gardaiqmnas
siTxis
talRebad,
romelic
pirdapir
transformaciisas,
romelic
xdeba
lokokinaSi,
haerSi
membranis
gaswvriv.
saxeliT.
roca
is
irxeva
ganTavsebulia
uzangi,
mis
romelic
Sua
nawilSi
mdebareobs
mTeli
ovalur
167
ZiriTadi
membranis
talRisebr
moZraobas
(rogorc
zemoT
iyo
naxsenebi,
zRvis talRebs).
energiis mesame
energiis
meoTxe
gardaqmnisas,
boWkoebis
konaSi
gamavali
Tavis
tvinis
orive
nawils.
smeniTi
signalebi
gaivlian
sxva
safeTqlis wilSi. am
signalebis
maRali donis
nawilebi,
romelic
gamosaxulia
suraTze
4.16,
monawileoben
sxva
SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi).
sur. 4.16.
4.16. adamianis yuris agebuleba
ZiriTadi
moZraobaze,
membranis
riTac
gaswvriv
axdenen
maTTan
lokokinaSi
uSualod
da
irxevian
dakavSirebuli
siTxis
nervuli
oTxi
gardaqmna
xdeba
srulyofilad
momuSave
smeniT
sistemaSi.
meti
komponentis
defeqtiT.
naklebad
seriozuli
dazianebaa
siyrue,
dazianebis
dros
xSirad
Sua
yuris
Zvlebi
ar
funqcionirebs
168
adgilis Teoria (place theory) amtkicebs, rom sxvadasxva sixSiris toni qmnis
aqtivaciis maqsimums ZiriTadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, amis Sedegad
bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos im adgilis mixedviT,
romlis aqtivaciac moxda.
bgeriTi
tonis
simaRle
SeiZleba
kodirebuli
iyos
nervuli
reaqciis sixSiriT.
bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi
arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic xsnis Tu rogor xdeba
smeniT
sistemaSi
bgeriTi
talRis
gardaqmna
bgeriTi
tonis
SegrZnebad:
amoZravebas.
maRali
sixSiris
moZraobas
iwveven
lokokinis
sarkmelebi
arian
ganlagebulni.
fuZesTan,
dabali
tonebi
yvelaze
sadac
sixSiris
ovaluri
tonebi
did
talRur
da
mrgvali
yvelaze
did
169
Teoria
amtikicebs,
rom
bgeriTi
tonis
simaRlis
aRqma
agreTve,
neironebis
amtikicebs,
ganmuxtvas
imave
rom
ZiriTadi
siCqariT,
ase
membranis
rom,
rxevebi
ganmuxtvis
iwveven
siCqare
aris
isaa,
rom
individualur
neironebs
ar
SeuZliaT
im
siswrafiT
smeniTi
sistema
sakmaod
kargad
axerxebs.
es
SezRudva
SeiZleba
rogorc
naCvenebia
suraTze
4.17,
ramdenime
neirons
sur. 4.17.
4.17. zalpis principi
smeniTi
struqtura,
nervuli
rac
ujredebis
Semosul
jamur
bgeriT
koleqtiur
talRas,
maSinac
aqtivobas
ki,
roca
aqvs
igive
TiToeul
170
aseve,
warmatebiT
adgilisa
mxolod
da
sixSiris
bgeraTa
Teoriebic,
tonis
simaRlis
orive
sargeblobs
gancdis
sxvadasxva
dabali
sixSireebis
kodirebas.
ufro
maRali
sixSireebisaTvis
kodireba
adeqvaturad,
zalpSic
ki.
adgilis
Teoria
ufro
1000
hercze
ufro
dabali
sixSireebisaTvis
ZiriTadi
nervuli
receptorebisaTvis,
romelTaTvis
ZiriTadi
membranis
rxeva aris bgeriTi tonis simaRlis gansxvavebis saSualeba. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli
amocana iyofa or sistemas Soris, isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro maRal
sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo, uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas.
Cven Semdeg davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or SeTanxmebul nervul
sistemas, romelic exmareba mas garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis
gadawyvetaSi.
zalpis
principi
(volley principle)
esaa
sixSiris
Teoriis
ganvrcoba,
romliTac
ganimuxteba
calkeul
erTad,
neirons
rogorc
SeuZlia
jgufi,
ganmuxtva,
Semosuli
ramdenime
bgeris
tonis
da
Ramurebi
ar
iyeneben
mxedvelobas
obieqtTa
da
eqolokaciis
moZraobis
saSualebiT
Sesaxeb.
erT-erTi
ganasxvavos
saxeobis
obieqtiebi,
Ramuras
romlebic
SeuZlia
arian
171
adgilmdebareobis
roca
gamoyenebiT:
misaRwevad
maTi
im
danaxva
drois
TiToeul
gansazRvrisaTvis
gaZnelebulia.
SedarebiTi
yurTan
da
sivrceSi,
gansakuTrebiT
es
xerxdeba
ori
SefasebiT,
romelic
saWiroa
im
bgerebis
intensivobis
meqanizmis
bgeris
SedarebiTi
meqanizmi
rac
Seicavs
sWirdeba
magaliTad,
neironebs,
Semomaval
bgera,
romlebic
bgeriT
romelic
adareben
signals
im
droebs
TiToeul
yurTan
marjvena
mxares,
lokalizdeba
miaRwevs marjvena yurs ufro adre, vidre marcxenas (ix. wertili B suraTze
4.18).
4.18
gazomvadia.
specializdebian
im
adamianis
signalebis
tvinSi
aris
intensivobebis
ujredebi,
romlebic
gansxvavebis
SemCnevaze,
maSin xom
ar
SeiZleba
arsebobdes arc
droSi da arc
172
magram
sxva
TviTgadarCenis
SegrZnebebic
da,
aseve,
mniSvnelovan
garemos
rols
dauflebis
asruleben
unarSi.
Cven
adamianis
mokled
unda
davkargoT
vardis
surnelis,
cxeli
popkornis,
zRvidan
mxolod
rva
molekula,
raTa
dasabami
misces
erT-erTs
am
173
aris
TviTganaxlebadi:
roca
Tqveni
ynosvis
receptorebi
cxviris
garemoSi
RruSi
arsebuli
qimiuri
nivTierebebiT.
isini
ujredebi Riziandebian
agzavnian
informacias
feromenebi
(pheromones)
organizmebi
mocemuli
qimiuri
signalebi,
saxeobis
sxva
romelsac
wevrebTan
gamohyofen
urTierTobis
saxeobis
cxovelebi
gamoyofiTa
da
erTmaneTTan
aRmoCeniT.
am
kontaqtSi
qimiur
Sedian
signalebs
qimiuri
feromenebs
farglebSi,
teritoriuli
rogorc
sazRvrebisa
da
seqsualuri
sakvebi
mgrZnobelobis,
wyaros
signalebi.
safrTxis,
magaliTad,
174
ynosvis
SegrZnebis
virTxebs,
mwerebsa
mniSvneloba
da
sxva
icvleba
bevr
saxeobaTa
cocxal
Soris.
arsebas,
ZaRlebs,
visTvisac
ynosva
maTi
Tavis
tvinis
SedarebiT
didi
nawili
emsaxureba
ynosvis
axlo
megobrebis
menstrualuri
cikli
qalTa
saerTo
monawileobas
iRebda
289
qali.
maT
unda
SeefasebinaT
sunis
mimarT
iyo
ufro
neitraluri.
ra
daskvna
SeiZleba
dafexmZimebis
ufro
didi
Sansi
naklebad
savaraudoa,
rom
da
ara
gemos
SegrZnebas.
roca
Tqven
WamT,
ynosvisa
da
gemos
ugemuri
geCvenebaT,
radgan
Tqveni
cxviris
Sesasvlelebi
175
blokirebulia
darwmundeT
erTnairi
magaliTad,
da
dakarguli
amaSi:
cxvirze
teqsturis,
vaSlisa
sacxovrebelSi
ynosva.
xelwaWerilma
magram
da
gaqvT
mcxovrebi
SeecadeT
gansxvavebuli
kartofilis
um
zogierTi
Tqven
sunis
Tavad
SegiZliaT
ipovoT
gansxvaveba
mqone
naWrebs
studentis
sakvebs
Soris.
im
azriT,
Soris,
saerTo
romelic
gemos
winaaRmdegobis
SegrZnebis
unariaonobiT
sistema
dazianebis
gamoirCeva,
sxva
mimarT
yvelaze
SegrZnebebTan
didi
SedarebiT.
176
dazianebisagan,
gamoSrobisagan,
imisa, rom is
gexmarebaT
gicavT
temperaturis
saSualebiT,
funqcionirebs
gamosaxuli
gansxvavebuli
sxeulis
TiToeuli
tipis
zedapirTan
tipis
mravali
axlos
receptori
(ix.
receptoruli
ujredi
suraTi
naxatze
reagirebs
4..21).
sxvadasxva
tipis
kontaqtze kanTan (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze kargad
reagireben maSin, roca raime exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze
metad arian aqtiurebi maSin, roca raime patara obieqti awveba kans. Tqven,
albaT,
gagikvirdebaT,
roca
gaigebT,
SegrZnebebisaTvis gansxvavebuli
rom
siTbosa
da
sicivis
siTbosa
da
sicivis
calkeuli
signalebis
integrirebas,
raTa
ramdenime
sxvadasxva
tipis
receptori
aris
pasuxismgebeli
kanis
ubanze.
magaliTad,
Tqven
10-jer
ufro
zustad
gansazRvravT
xelebze.
zusti
sensoruli
ukukavSiri
sxeulis
am
nawilebidan
Sexeba.
Sexebis
177
aRmocenebaSi.
am
TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiare
adgilebs
interindividuluri
damokidebulia
daswavlil
gansxvavebulobiT
asociaciebze
da
xasiaTdeba.
sensoruli
is
receptorebis
gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiareni
arian
gaRizianebisadmi
da
naadrevad
dabadebuli
bavSvebi,
romelTac
saavadmyofoSi
ufro
romelTac
virTxebze
Catarebuli
aTavisuflebs
zrdis
ar
utardebodaT
kvleva
masaJebi
gviCvenebs,
hormonebs
da
rom
energiuli
aaqtiurebs
zrdis
stimulacia
ferments
dekarboqsilazas (ODC
- onithine decarboxylase) Tavis tvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo
(
organoebSi.
ayavdaT
is
xelSi,
sakontrolo
naSierebi,
ufro
jgufis
romlebic
janmrTelebi
cxovelebTan
sicocxlis
iyvnen
pirvel
mTeli
SedarebiT,
wlebSi
xSirad
cxovrebis
manZilze.
stimulirebuli
naSierebi
gamoirCeodnen
gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, isini
berdebodnen
ufro
nela,
maTi
Tavis
tvinis
ujredebi
ufro
didxans
sivrceSi
am
Cveni
informacias
sxeulis,
gansakuTrebiT,
gvawodeben
receptorebi,
Tavis
orientaciis
patara
bususebi,
178
swrafad
amoZravebT.
parkuWi
da
tiki
gatyobinebT
informacias
ganlagebulni,
rac
saSualebas
gvaZlevs
miviRoT
informacia
gamo,
arian
sakmod
dezorientirebulni,
xSirad
ecemian,
vizualuri
vestibularuli
sistemidan
aparatidan
momavali
wamosul
signalebi
signalebTan.
konfliqtSi
moZrav
Sedis
transportSi
rom
vizualuri
signalebi
modis
uZravi
obieqtidan,
xolo
kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba
SegrZneba
(kinesthetic
sense)
informacias
gvawvdis
Cveni
sivrciTi
mimarTebisa
da
moZraobis
Sesaxeb.
kinesTetikuri
saxsrebSi
romelic
Tan
cvlilebebze,
mdebare
axlavs
rasac
receptorebi
kidurebis
iwvevs
reagireben
sxvadasxva
saxsrebis
pozicias
moZraobebi.
im
da
kunTebsa
daWimulobaze,
daWimulobis
da
myesebSi
179
tvini
informaciis
xSirad
axdens
integrirebas
kinesTetikuri
Sexebis
SegrZnebidan
SegrZnebebidan
miRebul
miRebuli
informaciasTan.
adamianebi,
visac
dabadebidan
dakarguli
aqvT
tkivilis
gasayuCeblad da
da
mizezia
imisa,
rom
aseTi
tkivilebis
mqone
adamianebi
uaryofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks & Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom
mecnierebs ainteresebT tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis Seswavla,
raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis teqnikas.
tkivilis meqanizmebi
180
TiTqmis
yvela
cxoveli
ibadeba
ama
Tu
im
tipis
tkivilis
dacviTi
tkivilis
gamomwvevi
stimulebis
identificirebas
da
tkivili
SewyvitoT.
nevropaTiuri
tkivili
gamowveulia
nervebis
reagireben
mxolod
temperaturaze,
zogierTi
qimiur
dafarulni
arian
mieliniT
da
neli,
ufro
patara
nervuli
da
intensivobis
gansazRvra,
dazianebis
mniSvnelovnebis
reaqciebi,
konteqstualuri
faqtorebi
da
situaciis
rogorc
fsiqologiuri
realuri
procesebis
fizikuri
stimuli
mniSvnelobas
tkivilis
gancdaSi
1994).
naTlad
181
gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi SemTxveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram
ar arsebobs misi
tkivili,
miuxedavad
didi
intensivobis
tkivilis
gamomwvevi
stimulis
tkivilis
SegrZnebaze
didi
gavlenas
axdens
konteqsti
da
zemoqmedebas
fsiqikur
procesebze,
rogoricaa
hipnozi,
Rrma
lamazes
(Lamaze)
meTodi
cdilobs
Seamciros
samSobiaro
relaqsaciaSi
da
yuradReba
gadaaqvs
tkivilis
adgilidan.
182
karibWis kontrolis
kari,
uSlis
xels
tkivilis
gavrcelebas
da
misi zogierTi
enaze
arsebuli
gemos
bolqvebi
SeiZleba
receptorebi,
aseve,
gaaRizianos
masTan
Zalian
dakavSirebulia
amrigad, erTi da
nocicefturi
igive
qimiurma
mdebare
rogorc
gemos
bolqvebSi
axlos
mdebare
tkivilis
boWkoebi
albaT,
gainteresebT
ratom
gansxvavdebian
adamianebi
cxare
mivmarToT
naCvenebia
ori
fiziologias,
adamianis
enis
raTa
avxsnaT
fotosuraTebi
es
gansxvaveba.
(Linda
naxatze
Bartoshuk).
Tqven
receptorebic.
visac
bevri
amitom
gemos
ufro
didia
bolqvebi
aqvs,
imis
albaToba,
ufro
Zlier
rom
is
tkivils
183
Tu
raRac
qimiuri
Sualeduri.
nivTierebebis,
gansxvaveba
magaliTad,
Cndeba
mxolod
kafsacinis
mimarT
mgrZnobiarobaSi.
gemos
bolqvebis
simWidrovis
mixedviT
interindividualuri
sxvaoba
aRmoCnda genetikuri (Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro xSirad arian super
degustatorebi,
mgrZnobiareni
vidre
arian
damaxasiaTebelia
yovelTvis
kacebi.
mware
qimiuri
sawamlavTa
ufro
meti
superdegustatorebi,
didi
saerTod,
nivTierebebis
mimarT,
umravlesobisaTvis.
pasuxismgebloba
ufro
es
radganac
ekisreboda
ki
qals
STamomavlobis
gemos
hqondaT.
mgrZnobiareoba
radganac
axasiaTebda,
degustatoris
gadarCenis
statusi
ufro
genetikuria,
meti
am
Sansi
aspeqtSi
gansxvaveba ukve patara bavSvebSic SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991). xuTidan Svid
wlamde superdegustatori bavSvebi upiratesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan
SedarebiT da piriqiT _ nondegustatorebi _ yvels rZesTan SedarebiT.
ratom? superdegustatorebi rZes aRiqvamen, rogorc ufro tbils da yvels
_ rogorc ufro mwares vidre nondegustatorebi. amrigad, genetikuri
gansxvavebebi
gvexmareba
avxsnaT,
Tu
ratom
aqvs
zogierT
bavSvs
ase
modiT
davubrundeT
restornis
kerZs,
romelmac
gamoiwvia
qreba.
am
mxriv,
pirSi
ganlagebuli
tkivilis
receptorebi
Teoria,
romelic
exeba
tkivilis
Semcirebis
gzebs,
cnobilia
blokirebas
receptorebi
axdens,
agzavnian
zogierTs
signals
ki
zurgis
atarebs.
tvinisaken,
Tavis
raTa
tvini
man
da
kanis
gaaRos
an
184
fsiqologiur
melzakma
konteqsts,
(Melzack,
1999)
romelic
axlavs
warmoadgina
Tan
tkivils.
ganaxlebuli
gasul
Teoria
wlebSi
tkivilis
tkivils
Zalian
mcire
intensivobis
an
ararsebuli
fizikuri
iyos
sakmaod gansxvavebuli da
zogjer
asrulebs
seqsualuri qcevis
regulaciasa
da
sxva
mniSvnelovani
Tqveni
kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba
Tavisa
da
sxeulis
pasuxismgebelia
orientacias
sxeulis
sxvadaxva
sivrceSi.
nawilebis
ganicdiT
SemTxvevaSi
da
nociceftur
nevropaTiur
tkivils
mavne
tkivils
stimulis
nervebis
zemoqmedebis
aranormaluri
185
da
fsiqologiur
efeqts
Soris
maTematikuri
funqciis
saSualebiT.
baduraze
mdebare
fotoreceptorebi,
romelTac
uwodeben
kolbebsa
da
sinaTlis
talRis
sigrZe
warmoadgens
gamRizianebels
ferTa
SegrZnebisaTvis.
186
lokokinaSi
bgeriTi
talRebi
transformirdebian
siTxis
moZraobaSi,
wonasworobis
SegrZneba
gaZlevT
informacias
sxeulis
moZraobis
informacias
sxeulis
nawilebis
kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba
gaZlevT
tkivilis
gamomwvevi
fiziologiuri
reaqcia
gamRizianeblis
moicavs
mxareze
da
sensorul
nervul
reaqcias
impulsebs,
tkivilis
romlebic
absoluturi zRurbli
sensoruli receptorebi
akomodacia
sensoruli fiziologia
amakrinuli ujredebi
sibnelisadmi adaptacia
187
adgilis Teoria
badura
bgeris siZliere
feris toni
sixSiris Teoria
bipolaruli
smeniTi nervi
gangliozuri ujredebi
smeniTi
erogenuli zonebi
sxvaobis zRurbli
absoluturi zRurbli
tembri
veberis kanoni
tkivili
zalpis principi
kanis SegrZnebebi
transformacia
triqromatuli Teoria
kolbebi
lokokina
mxedvelobis qerqi
nevropatiuri
ujredebi
tkivili
nocicefturi tkivili
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba
optikuri nervi
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma
receptoruli veli
sawinaaRmdego
procesebis
Teoria
sensoruli adaptacia
SegrZneba
Semavsebeli ferebi
Cxirebi
ZiriTadi membrana
wonasworobis SegrZneba
qerqi
Tavi 5. aRqma
SegrZneba, organizeba, identifikacia da cnoba
proqsimaluri da distaluri stimulebi
realoba, orazrovneba da iluziebi
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: - virtualuri realoba
yuradRebis procesebi
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
figura, foni da dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
perceptuli dajgufebis principebi
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
moZraobis aRqma
siRrmis aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: - rogor iWerT mfrinav burTs
identifikacia da cnoba
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebi
sagnebis cnoba
molodinis da konteqstis gavlena
bolo gakveTili
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ganvixiloT
kulturidan
kengis
iyo.
SemTxveva,
kengs
mTeli
romelic
cxovreba
ekvatoruli
xSir
afrikis
tropikul
tyeebSi
fijmis
hqonda
SeiswavliT,
rogor
moqmedebs
codna
adamianis
SesaZleblobebsa
da
aRqmaze.
Mme-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven sinaTlis
talRas ki ar `xedavT, aramed _ plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar
`gesmiT,
aramed
musika
iqve
arsebuli
radiodan.
SegrZnebiT
iwyeba
xatSi
awesrigeben
informacias
da
am
informaciis,
rogorc
garesinamdviliT
uzrunvelyofs
warmoqmnilis,
interpretaciis
gancdas
umaRles
uzrunvelyofen.
dones,
rac
es
procesebi
saSualebas
gvaZlevs,
gviCvenebs SegrZnebebs
is
SedarebiT
did
gamosaxulebas
qmnis
baduraze.
es
aRqmis
(Perception)
awesrigebeninformacias
procesebi,
da
am
romlebic
imformaciis,
sensorul
rogorc
xatSi
samganzomilebiani
sensoruli
aRqma,
ucvleli
retinaluri
rCeba,
radgan
gamosaxulebis
interpretacia
zomebis
ucvleli
cvlilebis
miuxedavad,
perceptuli
aqtivobiT
Cveni mizania, am
aseTi
aSkara
ZaldautaneblobiT.
Tavdapirvelad
ganvixilavT
aRqma, misi
movlenebis
wvdomis
farTo
zogad
mniSvnelobiT,
process,
raTa
niSnavs
garemoSi
SevigrZnoT
sagnebis
isini,
da
gavigoT,
me-4
TavSi
vnaxeT,
reagireben
ucvlel,
mudmiv
stimulirebaze
(gaRizianebaze).
tvinis
organizacia
Semdegi
safexuria,
rodesac
sagnis
Sinagani
rogoricaa
sagnis
feri,
konturebi,
xazebi.
saganis
amocnoba
riCardsis
avadmyofobis
SemTxveva,
romlis
tvinis
dazianebam
sakmaod
gamocdileba.
naTlad
mokled
rom
aRewera
vTqvaT,
Tavisi
tvinis
sakmaod
dazianebam
uCveulo
vizualuri
imoqmeda
sensoruli
vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer adamianis
nawilebs
gancalkevebulad
gamosaxulebaSi.
mas,
xedavda,
aseve,
uWirda
romlebic
erTi
da
ar
erTiandebodnen
imave
movlenis
erT
xmisa
da
nawilebs
aRiqvamda.
Tumca,
kvlav
gaerTianebulad,
perceptul
`webos~
dasrulebuli
zogjer
SeiZleba
adamianis
raime
saxiT
absurduli
riCardsi
garemos
danawevrebulad,
frangmentulad
da
ucnaurad
doqtor
riCardsis
TvalebSi
ar
iyo,
arc
stimulis
niSnebis
gaerTianeba,
rom
mxedvelobis
velSi
calkeuli
movlena
erTianad,
da
cnoba
am
klasifikaciaSi
mesame
safexuria,
rodesac
saaTebad,
identificirdnen
forToxlebad
qalad
an
kacad,
an
mTvareebad.
megobrad
an
mtrad,
adamianebi
naTesavad
SeiZleba
an
rok-
mokled
mimovixileT
informaciis
gadamuSavebis
safexurebi,
fizikuri
cxovrebaSi aRqma
dasawyisSi
energiis
sawyisi
transformaciis
Semdeg.
yoveldRiur
SevecdebiT,
dagarwmunoT,
rom
realurad
sakmaod
daxvewil
akvirdeba
moxerxebuli
skamidan.
oTaxSi
moTavsebuli
sagnebidan
gamosaxuleba
garemos, romelmac
igi Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom baduraze
miRebuli
gamosaxuleba
samganzomilebiania.
SevadaroT
sur.
am
organzomilebiania
gansxvavebas
5.1.a-ze
mocemuli
maSin,
bevri
roca
Sedegi
obieqtebis
Tavad
mohyveba.
formebi
garemo
magaliTTad,
baduraze
miRebuli
oTxkuTxa
figura
da
xaliCis
xati,
faqtobrivad,
aris
sami
oTaxSi
aRiqvamT,
ar
aris
mocemuli
retinalur
gamosaxulebebSi.
da
baduraze
maT
Sesabamis
gamosaxulebebs
Soris,
SeiZleba
fizikur
sagans
ewodeba
distaluri
stimuli
stimuli
(damkvirveblidan
_ perceptuli xatisaTvis
gamosaxulebisagan
gansxvavebiT,
aRqmis
procesSi
samyaroSi
stimuli
(Proximal stimulus)
distaluri
stimulisagan
anu
msjelobis
ZiriTadi
azri
ufro
mkafiod
SeiZleba
Semdegnairad
aris
proqsimaluri
stimuli
baduraze
miRebuli
sagnis
ganvixiloT
dakidebuli
suraTi.
gamosaxulebaze
sur.
5.15.1-ze
sensorul
organzomilebian
gamosaxuli
safexurze
trapecias;
es
erT-erTi
suraTi
misi
zeda
obieqti,
kedelze
Seesabameba
baduris
da
qveda
kideebi
distaluri
stimuli
proqsimaluri
ki
aris
sensoruli
garemoSi
arsebuli
aqtivobis
forma,
fizikuri
romelic
stimuli,
distaluri
5.3.
SegrZnebis,
perceptuli
organizaciis
da
identifikacia/cnobis
safexurebi
diagrama
gviCvenebs
transformacias
procesebs,
axdenen
SegrZnebis,
romlebic
Semosuli
perceptuli
informaciis
organizaciis
da,
rodesac
perceptul
gamosaxulebaze
gavlenas
axdens
warsuli
identifikacia.
am
funqciis
Sesabamisi
perceptuli
meqanizmebis
orazrovneba
marjvniv
aris,
Tavi
centrisaken
aqvs
mimarTuli).
es
stimuli
cnebaa.
xati
is
gviCvenebs,
SeiZleba
rom
sensorul
mravalnairad
safexurze
interpretirdes
mocemuli
aRqmisa
da
identifikaciis safexurebze.
sur. 5.4. orazrovani suraTi
ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT dainaxoT mimavali dalmatineli.
sur.
5.55.5-ze
maTganis
mocemulia
ornairad
orazrovani
figurebis
interpretaciaa
sami
SesaZlebeli.
magaliTi.
TiToeuli
daakvirdiT
TiToeul
SenacvlebiT
(xan
erTs,
xan
meores)
aRiqvamT.
orazrovani
TiToeuli
erTdroulad
nimuSis
gancda
orgvari
ar
interpretaciaa
SegiZliaT.
SesaZlebeli,
amCnevT,
rogor
magram
orives
enacvlebian
es
SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?
larkani/profilebi
perceptuli
da
organizaciis
nekeris
kubi
safexurze.
am
orazrovani
erTi
da
figurebis
igive
nimuSebia
figurebs
Tqven
10
kuTxiT.
alternativebi
cxadia,
erTi
da
kubsa
imave
da
larnaki/profilebTan
stimuli
xatiT
arian
orazrovani
gamowveulni,
Tumca
figurebis specifikuri
wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura aris
vinaidan
gamosaxuleba
(Ambiguity)
perceptuli
obieqti,
romelsac
gamoCenilma
mniSvnelovani
salvador
SemoqmedebiTi
dalis
kompleqsur
mxatvarma
gamoiyena
saSualeba
aRqmis
Tavis
orazrovneba,
namuSevrebSi.
rogorc
magaliTad,
orazrovnebas
gviCvenebs.
suraTis
mTeli
nawili
radikalurad
filosofosis figura
damaluli.
normaluri
orazrovnebis
aRqmis
da
erT-erTi
yvelaze
gaurkvevlobis
naTeli
fundamenturi
Tvisebaa
interpretaciiT
garemos
Secvla,
raTa
iluziebi
11
orazrovani
ramdenime
stimulebi
perceptul
SesaZleblobidan
sistemebs
amoicnon
erTi
rTul
unikaluri
amocanas
figura.
uyeneben
orazrovani
Ceveulebriv kontqstzea
halucinaciebisagan:
damaxinjeba,
rac
halucinacia
adamianis
uCveulo
aris
aragavrcelebuli
fizikuri
an
fsiqikuri
warmodgenili klasikuri
Semdeg,
rac
1854-55
wels
j.opelma
(J.J.Oppel)
iluziebis
pirveli
| (a)
a. gamoiyeneT saxazavi,
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad
gviCvenon
abstraqtuli
konceptualuri
gansxvaveba
SegrZnebebs,
12
aRqmis
xSirad
igoneben
axal
iluziebs
an
iyeneben
Zvels,
raTa
pirvelad
franc
miuler-laierma
(Muller-Lyer)
1889
wels
ganixila
kuTxeebis
wveroebs
Soris
manZili)
Tanabaria.
adamianebs
xSirad
gviCvenebs,
fsiqologiuri
mkvlevrebs
rom
iluziebi
TeoriebisaTvis
mxolod
iluziebi
ubralod
mniSvnelovan
ki
ar
ucnauroba
monacemebs
ainteresebT,
ar
aris.
iZlevian.
aramed
im
isini
amrigad,
garemoebebis
yoveldRiuri
gamocdileba.
`Casvlas~
Tumca,
rom
moTavsebuli.
iciT,
albaT
gasagebia,
mze
Tqven
xedavT
dasabamidan
ratom
iyo
mzis
udidesi
mzis `amosvlas~
sistemis
simamacis
da
centrSia
gamovlena
Tu sad
midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad.
arqiteqtorebi da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs iyeneben sivrceSi
sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an mcired
gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli
13
sensoruli
Tvisebebi
hqonoda.
dekoraciebisa
da
ganaTebis
scenaze.
am
iluziebidan
zogi
ufro
sasurvelia,
vidre
sxvebi.
Cven,
Tavis
mxriv,
gvarwmuneben,
rom
perceptuli
sistemebiT
yovelTvis
rom
superkompiuterebis
realobaa
da
es
yvelaferi,
mier
rac
Seqmnili
`realurad
detalurad
superkompiuterebi
miaCnia,
sinamdvileSi
damuSavebuli
akontroleben
planetas.
virtualuri
sabednierod,
Cven
sakmaod
iolad
SegviZlia
virtualuri
garemosgan
Tavis
gaumjobeseba
perceptuli
realobis
kvlevebidan
sistemis
Semqmnelebi
miRebuli
xSirad
damokidebulia
SecdomaSi
Sesayvani
cdiloben,
codna
axali
perceptuli
sruliad
mkvlevrebis
axali
unarze,
saSualebebi.
procesebis
samyaros
Seqmnan
virtualuri
mniSvnelovani
cxovel
gancdebSi
14
gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri realobis sistemis mizani monawileTaTvis virtualur
yofnis
samyaroSi
ganisazRvreba,
interaqciul
gancdis
maT Soris
ambavSi
virtualur
yofna
Seqmnaa.
aris
monawilis
CarTva
samyaroSi
yofnis
SegrZneba,
ramdenime
ganzomilebaze
socialurad
Tumca,
mdidar
an
aRqmis
TvalsazrisiT,
wesi,
damokidebulia
rogorc
saWiroa
virtualur
samyaroSi
TiTqmis
srulyofilad
yofnis
SeuZlia
adamians
amocanis
Sesruleba
sxvadasxva
perceptuli
konfiguraciis mqone virtualur samyaroSi (Nash et al. , 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT
proeqti,
romelSic
ikvlies
vizualuri
gamosaxulebis
gzis
savali
nawilis
SenarCuneba
(lane keeping )
rom
saintereso
realuri
samyaros
samyaroSi?
realur
samyaroseul
gancdisas
monacemebs
informacias
iZleoda.
iRebT
rogorc
mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines,
rom
monawileebi
ukeT
Zalze
detaluri yofiliyo. es
aRmoCenebi
detalizacias.
periferiuli
informacia
mniSvnelovania,
magram
misi
rom
ramdenime
weliwadSi
virtualuri
samyaro
kidev
ufro
Tqveni
perceptuli
sistemebi
kompiuteriT
Seqmnili
samyaros
gverdi,
romelic
`realurobaSi.
Web sites
WWW.hitl.washington.ed/projects/knowlege-base/onthenet.html,
(veb
monacemebs)
15
iluziebi? am
saubaria
Tandayolilis
(nativizmis)
da
SeZenilis
TavSi,
(empirizmis)
Tqveni
genotipi.
rogorc
SeZenilis
samyaros
kombinacia,
gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania
Tumca,
vnaxavT,
rom
isini
Tandayolilisa
ver
Tanxmdebian
am
kombinaciis balansze.
moqmedi,
gansakuTrebuli
xSirad
mniSvneloba
orazrovani
fsiqikur
stimulebis
procesebs
eniWeba.
interpretaciisas
garemos
Sesaxeb
xatidan
romelsac
daskvnis
SeiZleba
es
gakeTeba
sagnebis
konkretuli
xati
miiCnevT,
movlenebis
miekuTvneba.
zogad
radgan
es
klasze,
procesi
16
organoebi
analizs;
meore,
gaerTianeba
da
fundamenturi
sinTezis,
SegrZnebebis
safexurze
sinTezireba
xdeba
obieqtebis
da
doneze
am
axdenen
sensoruli
maTi
Tvisebebis
samyaros
elementebis
aRqmis
saxiT.
gamocdilebis
faqtobrivad,
safuZvelze
warmoadgens
Cveni
vaxdenT.
percepciis
Cveni
(aRqmis)
interpretaciebi,
Sesaxeb
informirebul
varaudebs.
geStaltmidgoma
geStaltfsiqologia,
geStaltfsiqologia
romelic
XX
saukunis
II
naxevarSi
germaniaSi
(Kurt Koffka,
1935),
volfgang
keleri
(Wolfgang Kohler,
1947)
da
maqs
mTlianobad
miviCnevT
da
ar
davanawevrebT
primitiul,
martiv
perceptul
an
`arss~
niSnavs.
geStaltistebma
uaryves
fsiqologiaSi
mTlian
melodias
aRviqvamT,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
is
calkeuli
Cven
rom
da
CvenTvis
es
Cveuli
Semomavali
yvelaze
gziT
imitom
sensoruli
ekonomiuri
gzaa,
vawesrigebT
informaciis
tvinis
sensorul
organizebis
struqturidan
da
17
TavSi, ikiTxeT _ ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis ekologiuri
optikis Teoria garegani stimulebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
vidre
im
meqanizmebs,
radikalurad
romliTac
am
stimulebis
aRqma
xdeba.
es
midgoma
Teoriisgan. gibsonis
drosa
da
sivrceSi.
baduraze
stimulaciis
ekologiuri
optikis
paterni mudmivad
Teoria
cdilobda,
damkvirveblis
Tanxmdebian
imaze,
TvalisaTvis.
rom
perceptuli
gibsonis
sistemebi
mimdevari
Teoritikosebi
ganuviTardaT
organizmebs,
rom
fsiqologiuri
fsiqologiuri
fenomenis
gageba
skola,
mxolod
romelic
maSin
aris
optikis
Teoria
aRqmis
Teoria,
adamianebi
iseT
garemoSi
viTardebodnen,
sadac
swored
18
mTliani
procesi
perceptuli organizacia
amocanaa
distaluri
identifikacia
da
SeiZleba
sam
safexurad
daiyos:
SegrZneba,
stimulis
(garemoSi
interpretacia,
arsebuli
proqsimaluri
realuri
obieqtis)
stimulidan
(obieqtis
ki
organizaciis
da
identifikaciis
doneze.
iluziebi
Teoriebi,
Cveulebriv,
Tanxmdebian
imaze,
rom
perceptuli
unari
midgoma
ki
xazs
usvamda
damkvirveblis,
rogorc
aqtiuri
yuradRebis procesebi
SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi ram, romelic am momentamde ar
SegimCneviaT.
SeamCnieT
laqa
yuradRebiT
davakvirdebiT,
kedelze?
aRmovaCenT,
saaTis
rom
wikwiki?
aTasobiT
Tu
garemos
sagania
Zalze
irgvliv,
19
manamde
ar
SegimCneviaT.
es
eqsperimenti
gviCvenebs
yuradRebis
avtomaturad
iqceven
yuradRebas
Tqveni,
rogorc
damkvirveblis,
20
saWesTan
mjdomi
moulodneli
SuqniSanze
cvlileba
gaCerdebiT
wiTeli
da
ocnebebSi
Suqidan
waxvalT;
mwvaneze
SuqniSnis
gansakuTrebuli
ra
kavSiria
am
or
process
Soris.
kvlevebi
aCvenebs,
rom
gansazRvraven
stimuliT
gamowveul
yuradRebas
konkurenciul
pirobebSi
ayenebdnen
sinjis
dasawyisSi
cdis
pirebs
uCvenebdnen
vizualur
ekrans,
iyo,
SeexedaT
darCenili
nacrisferi
wrisTvis
da
eTqvaT,
masSi
mizans.
es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is
aRmqmelis
miznebis
sapirispirod
moqmedebs.
cxadia,
monawileebi
ukeT
21
zogadi
daskvna
isaa,
rom
Cveni
perceptuli
sistema
isea
Tqven
SerCeviTad
miaqcieT
yuradReba
perceptuli
ekranis
romelime
yuradRebis
miRma
darCenil
informacias?
warmoidgineT,
rom
usmenT
romelic
aqtiurad
gadaamuSavebs
da
gadascems
informacias.
mkacrad
cnobierebaSi
daareguliros
gadasvla.
informaciis
nakads,
yuradReba
filtravs
Semavali
aviwroebs
garkveul
sensoruli
kognitur
nawils
da
informaciis
sistemaSi
danarCen
Semavali
informacias
filtris
realuri
wyaro
Teoriis
Sesamowmeblad
cxovrebiseuli
gvaqvs.
eqsperimentSi
amisaTvis
situacia,
maT
monawileebs
mkvlevrebma
sadac
gamoiyenes
ukeTiaT
laboratoriaSi
Semomavali
dixotomiuri
yursasmenebi,
informaciis
mosmenis
romelSic
Seqmnes
mravali
meTodi.
am
erTdroulad
22
monawileebs
erT-erTi
informacias.
am
eZlevaT
Setyobineba
instruqcia,
da
proceduras
ar
eqsperimentators
mousminon
uwodeben
meore
yurSi
yuradRebamiqceuli
gadascen
miwodebul
informaciis
ixsenebda
yuradRebas
iseT
mTlianad
momentebs,
rom
romelTa
gaefiltra
gaxsenebasac
ignorirebuli
ver
masala
SeZlebda,
(Cherry,
1953).
mosmena
meTodi,
rodesac
pirebi
erTmarcvliani
erTdroulad
sityvebis
ismendnen
mwkrivs
ori
kiTxulobdnen.
adamianis
maT
xmas,
romlebic
sTxovdnen,
yuradReba
zustad
gaemeorebinaT.
eqsperimentis
mimdinareobis
garkveul
ekiTxeboda
Tavisi
saxeli
im
yurSi,
romelSi
mowodebuli
23
Sedegebi
gviCvenebs,
rom
sakuTari
saxeli
aucileblobiT
ar
iqcevs
yuradRebas, vinaidan msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa, Sedegebi
naTlad
gviCvenebs,
rom
mainc
xdeba
ignorirebuli
arxis
garkveulwilad
darCenili
imdenad
ara,
rom
informacia
garkveulwilad
cnobierebis
sazRvrebs
mainc
gadamuSavdeba,
miaRwios
magram
1995).
profesoris
leqcias,
masala
TavisTvis
darCeba
da
Tqven
ver
moismenT mas!
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da
maT sworad identificirebaSi.
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi
yuradRebis
konkretuli
erT-erTi
obieqtebis
ZiriTadi
moZebna.
funqciaa
am
xmaurian
meqanizmis
vizualur
sanaxavad
sakmaod
garemoSi
martivi
24
(Treisman & Sato, 1990). rogor fiqrobT, ratoma aris ase? Tqven es-esaa gaecaniT
informaciis
sakmaod
rTuli
gadamuSaveba
yuradRebisa
da
miqcevamde,
sensoruli
receptorebidan
tvinSi
SesvlisTanave,
moqmedebs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi
niSniT gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992). SexedeT 5.11 suraTis a
nawils. SegiZliaT, ipovoT TeTri `T? esa aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv, lurji
obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas
gaZlevT, pralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis
mixedviT. es niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gadasinjoT ekranis
mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli
niSani Tanabrad gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvadratis povna
ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT, imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi
gamokveTilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesoba ufro advilad poulobs
ZiriTadi
ferisgan
gansxvavedeba
gansxvavebul
wiTlisagan,
albaT,
fers,
imitom,
rogorc,
rom
magaliTad,
aseTi
feri
alisferi
gansxvavebulia
sistema
ar
aris
aRWurvili
imisaTvis,
rom
paraleluri
sagnis
povnis
gamocdilebisgan.
yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba
am
TvalsazrisiT,
Tqven
mainc
gWirdebaT
TiToeul
saganaze
25
aRmosaCenad,
romlebic
SeiZleba
yuradRebamdel
gadamuSavebas
sapovnelad
daxvewil
(kargad
damuSavebuli
meqanizmis
ipoveT
erTi
gamorCeuli
niSniT
gansxavvebuli
sagani,
SegiZliaT
26
Sejameba
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqciurad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT
marTuli seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan raRac iqcevs Tqvens
yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teoriis
mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informacia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas
gaZlevT, garemoSi ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamorCeuli niSniT
identificirdnen.
sur. 5.12. orferiani sagnis moZebna
(a)
(b)
(g)
retinaluri
receptoridan
geqnebodaT.
miRebuli
informaciis
Tavmoyra
da
procesebs,
Tanmimdevruli
aRqmis
romlebic
misaRebad,
sensorul
perceptuli
informacias
organizaciis
procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli
gadamuSavebis Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati) ewodeba.
magaliTad,
5.13
suraTze
mocemuli
organzomilebiani
geometriuli
amaSi
TiTqos
araferia
ucnauri,
Tumca,
rogorc
wina
III
TavSi
romelTa
saSualebiTac
sagnis
formebs
an
gamosaxulebebs
27
fonis
SenacvlebiT,
rogorc
amas
orazrovani
larnaki/profilebis
foni moCans.
sur. 5.13. organzomilebiani
organzomilebiani geometriuli figuris percepti
rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni percepti?
figuris
fonidan
win
wamoweulad
danaxvis
tendencia
Zalze
Zlieria.
pirvel
gamosaxulebaSi
Tqven,
albaT,
xedavT
naZvis
xes
fonze,
TeTr
samkuTxeds,
radgan
Savi
gamosaxulebebis
kideebi
isea
28
dasrulebulobas
(Sevsebuloba)
(Sevsebulobas)
daumTavrebel
figurebs
gviCvenebs.
dasrulebuloba
damTavrebulad,
dasrulebulad
konturebs),
rac
dasrulebulobis
figuras
procesis
dasrulebul
saSualebiT
naZvis
xed
SesaZlebelia
aqcevs.
stimulebis
da or
erTmaneTze dadebul
ganlagebuli
identuri
gamosaxulebisagan.
rogor
ajgufebs
wyebas.
cvlida
ra
calkeul
faqtors
da
akvirdeboda,
rogor
mocemulia
Tanabrad
daSorebuli
wreebis
mwkrivebi,
romlebic
ise,
intervalze
rom
wreebs
naklebia
erTmniSvnelovnad
Soris
horizontaluri
(rogorc
horizontalur
es
mwkrivebad
intervali
nawilzea
vertikalur
mocemuli),
organizebul
wreebs
Tqven
xedavT.
nawilzea
mocemuli),
Tqven
wreebs
vertikalur
svetebad
29
ilustracias
warmoadgens.
rodesac
sxva
danarCeni
pirobebi
ucvlelia,
stimuls
ferebis
rigebad,
msgavsebis
gamo.
nawilSi
wreebs
vizualur
velSi
elementebi moZraoben,
erTnairi
mimarTulebiT
Tqven
svetebad
daajgufebdiT,
moZraobis
mimarTulebis
aRiqvamT,
xSirad
aris
yvela
mimarTulebiT
ganvrcobili,
30
irwmunebian,
rom
garemoze
TiToeuli
fiqsaciiT
vizualur
verc
ki
SevniSneT,
rogor
Seicvala
stepleri
gasaxsneliT.
pasuxi,
saintereso
informacias
SeiZleba
Sedegi,
mohyves,
romelic
iluziebia,
sxvadasxva
romelTac
fiqsaciidan
`SeuZlebel~
miRebul
sagnebs
31
nawilebi
ver
ergeba
erTmaneTs
(gamosaxuleba
b).
gadaiqceva
samkbilad;
gamosaxulebaze
perceptuli
kibe
yovelTvis
sworad
mxolod
maSin
miuTiTebdnen,
roca
mTliani
konfiguracia icvleboda.
moZraobis aRqma
aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad
cvalebadi STabeWdilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZraobis aRqmaa.
ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi
idga, sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze miRebuli misi
gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlovebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxulebis
zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma,
formisa
da
orientaciis
aRqmis
msgavsad,
xSirad
aTvlis
sistemazea
wertili
da
misi
nagulisxmevi
moZraoba
oTxkuTxedis
aTvlis
sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc
Cans,
vizualur
sistemas
axasiaTebs
Zlieri
tendencia,
didi,
32
rogorc
oTxkuTxedi
wertilis
moZraobisas
(Rock,
1983;
1986).
procesebis
CarTulobas
adasturebs,
aSkara/TvalsaCino
fenomeni
(phi phenomenon).
es
fenomeni
maSin
SeiniSneba,
rodesac
mravalgvarad
warmovidginoT.
Tumca,
adamiani,
Cveulebriv,
xedavs
(Phi
phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi forma,
(
33
aRqma
ki
sagnebs
samganzomilebian
sivrceSi
moicavs.
samive
(magaliTad,
gamosaxulebas
Seqmnis.
monakveTi
Sedegad,
a1b2
an
baduraze
a2b1),
baduraze
miRebuli
erTi
gamosaxuleba
da
igive
siRrmis
34
maniSneblebi,
moZraobis
maniSneblebi
da
piqtoruli
(gamosaxulebis)
maniSneblebi.
sur. 5.19. siRrmis orazrovneba
A
wrfis
nebismieri
wertili
baduraze
erTi
da
igive
wertilze
B wrfeebis
SemaerTebeli
nebismieri
monakveTi
identur
gamosaxulebas
saTadarigoze
meti
funqcia
aqvs
is
siRrmis
Sesaxeb
saukeTeso,
Tvalebi
horizontalurad
iReben.
amaSi
daaxloebiT
daSorebuli,
dasarwmuneblad,
5-6
isini
santimetriT
samyaros
scadeT
odnav
Semdegi
aris
erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebul
eqsperimenti.
jer
suraTs
daxuWeT
baduraze
miRebuli
gamosaxulebebis
horizontalur
poziciebs
magaliTad,
rodesac
Tvali
daxuWeT, ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) _ Tvalebis baduraze gamosaxulebebis
horizontalur poziciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
35
konvergencia
onvergencia (Convergence)
_ saganze fiqsaciisas Tvalebi SigniT, erTmaneTisken
(
Sebruneba.
sur. 5.20. retinaluri disparati
erTad
izrdeba.
rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqvens mier danaxul saganTa umravlesoba
Tvalebis baduris sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive obieqtis
orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxulebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
vizualur sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu
Tvalebis gadakveTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,
realurad gaorebul gamosaxulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT,
rom
Cveni
vizualuri
gansxvavebul
sistema
retinalur
sruliad
gamosaxulebas,
gasaocar
adarebs
rames
maT
akeTes:
iRebs or
erTmaneTs
Sesabamisi
vizualuri sistema
sxva
binokularul
informacias
konvergencia
iZleva.
obieqtze
erTmaneTisken
sakmaod
unda
Sebrundes,
raTa
orive
TvalSi
Tvalebis
kunTebidan
konvergenciaze
miRebuli
informacia
siRrmis
36
imis
sailustraciod,
Tu
rogor
gvawvdis
xedavT
faqtobrivad,
piqtoruli
mxolod
siRrmeze
siRrmis
TvaliT.
informacia
(gamosaxulebis)
aRmoCenili
erTi
erTi
maniSneblebi
Sesaxeb
SeZlebdiT
TvaliTac
ewodebaT,
informaciis
siRrmis
miiReba.
radgan
matareblebi
aRqmas?
am
wyaroebs
isini
naxatebSi
arian.
mxatvrebi,
(interposition)
an
okluzia
(occlusion)
Tavs
iCens
maSin,
rodesac
zedapiri,
rac
aseve,
siRrmeze
axdens
sinaTlis
informaciis
blokirebas
damatebiT
wyarod
da
warmoqmnis
SeiZleba
iqnes
gamoyenebuli.
piqtoruli
informaciis
damatebiTi
sami
wyaro
ukavSirdeba
meTodebs,
proecirdeba.
esenia:
teqsturis
gradientebi.
fardobiTi
ZiriTad
princips:
erTi
da
fardobiTi
sidide
igive
sidide,
eyrdnoba
zomis,
magram
wrfivi
perspeqtiva,
sinaTlis
proeqciis
sxvadasxva
manZiliT
37
wrfivi
manZilis
perspeqtivac
urTierTmimarTebazea
(gansazRvrebis
Tanabrad
siRrmis
arian
mixedviT,
maniSnebelia,
romelic,
aseve,
damokidebuli.
rodesac
paraleluri
ragind
daSorebuli
grZeli
xazebi,
erTmaneTisgan)
romlebic
siRrmisken
sididisa
mTel
midian,
da
xazebi
sigrZeze
retinalur
38
distaluri
araproqsimaluri
moZraobisas
arsebuli
stimulebis,
stimulebis
mudmivad
obieqtebis
Tvisebebs,
icvleba.
mudmivi
Cveulebriv,
da
mdgrad
romlebic
sasicocxlo
stabiluri
Tvisebebs
Tavisa
mniSvneloba
Tvisebebis
da
da
Tvalebis
aqvs
samyaroSi
aRqmas,
sinaTlis
axdens.
aRqmis
umTavresi
amocanaa,
garemos
ucvleli
39
(invariantuli)
Tvisebebis
aRmoCena,
maTi
retinaluri
gamosaxulebebis
rogorc
wignis
daSorebaze.
rogorc
iciT,
maniSnebliT
viRebT.
sagnis
informacias aerTianebs
realur
daSorebaze
sididis
xatis sididis
sidideze,
ise
informacias
aRsaqmelad
Sesaxeb
Tvalidan
siRrmis
vizualuri
retinalur
mis
sxvadasxva
sistema
am
informaciasTan.
rogorc
myofi
es
fotos
nebismieri
Tanmxleb
adamianis
naxazzea
retinaluri
mocemuli.
oTaxis
gamosaxuleba
marjvena
ufro
didi
iqneba, radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvirvebelTan, vidre oTaxis
marcxena kuTxeSi myofi adamiani. (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT unda
SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven
oTaxis yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri sistema zust informacias
miiRebs oTaxis uCveulo struqturaze.)
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _ sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena,
40
erTi
saSualeba,
romliTac
perceptuli
sistema
sagnis
realur
codnis
gamoyenebaa.
magaliTad,
saxlis,
xis,
an
ZaRlis
formis
daSorebul
nacnob
obieqtebze
ver
gawvdiT
informacias,
sididis
ver aRiqva
moSorebiT mobalaxe
bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.
ucnob
moergo
da
ivarauda, rom
pawawina
daSorebuli wertilebi
mwerebi iyo. vinaidan mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis warsuli
gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad
moZravi
manqana
cxovelebs
uaxlovdeboda
da
retinaluri
gamosaxulebebi
msgavsad,
SeZlebda
bizonebis
danaxvas.
miRebuli
codna
mas
konstantoba
aRiqvamT
mWidrod
obieqtis
ukavSirdeba
realur
formas
sididis
konstantobas.
maSinac
ki,
rodesac
Tqven
sagani
qmnis.
magaliTad, daxrili
oTxkuTxedi
baduraze
trapeciis
wres
xelmisawvdomi,
an
oTxkuTxeds.
vizualur
sistemas
rodesac
obieqtis
siRrmeze
realuri
swori
formis
informaciaa
gansazRvra
41
eimsis
oTaxi
isea
agebuli,
rom
erTi
TvaliT
saWvretidan
xdeba
misi
burTis
daWeris
situacias
aRqmis
mkvlevrebi,
sruliad
amis
mkvlevrebis
amocana
daakavSirebda
miuxedavad,
iyo
gamoTvlebiT
adamianebi
iseTi
sakmaod
Teoriis
miRebul
kargad
Seqmna,
sirTulesa
iWeren
romelic
da
burTebs.
erTmaneTTan
praqtikul
siadviles
warmoqmnis
(ix.
zemoT:
invariantobis
ganxilva
gibsonis
midgomaSi).
saSualebas
aZlevs,
romliTac
burTi
fonTan
mimarTebSi
rogorc
wesi,
mkvlevrebi
videokameriT
iweren,
rogor
iWeren
42
albaT
axla
gixariaT,
rom
realur
cxovrebaSi
am
amocanis
problemis
Sesaxeb
sakuTari
Sexedulebebis
CamoyalibebaSi
43
orientaciis konstantoba
Tu
wignis
mogeCvenebaT.
orientaciiis
orientaciis
miRebul
yurebisas
Tavs
orientaciis
aRqma,
gverdze
konstantoba
baduraze
konstantoba
informacias
gadaxriT,
maTi
eyrdnoba
aris
sayaroSi
orientaciis
Sida
(ganxilulia
garemoc
yuris
meoTxe
gadaxrilad
sagnebis
cvlilebis
Tavis
realuri
miuxedavad.
vestibularuli
TavSi)
ar
sistemidan
daxrilobaze.
garemoSi
informacias
figurebis
warsuli
iZleva.
amocnoba,
Tumca,
Tu
gamocdileba
Tqven
isini
realur
SeiZleba
uCveulo
orientaciaze
gagiWirdeT
orientaciiTaa
rTuli
damatebiT
da
mocemuli.
ucnobi
rodesac
moubruneblad
aRiqvamT.
SexedeT
popvarskvlavis
madonas
or
monstria,
romelic
sakuTar
dedasac
ar
eyvareboda!
Tqven
ver
feris konstantoba
ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29.
zog agurs ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar aRiqvamT, aramed
44
ganxiluli
sakmaod
xSirad
yvela
sxva
ganvicdiT
konstantobis
yoveldRiur
msgavsad,
cxovrebaSi.
feris
konstantobac
magaliTad,
davuSvaT,
gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli oTaxidan naTel mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT meti sinaTle airekleba Tqven
Tvalebze, vidre _ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is TiTqmis erTnairad
naTlad
geCvenebaT.
aq,
faqtobrivad,
feris
konstantoba
moqmedebs,
radgan
am
qveTavSi
ganvixileT
mTeli
rigi
organizaciuli
procesebi,
realuri
konstantoba
mimarTulebis
aRqmis
(Orientation constancy)
unari,
retinaluri
samyaroSi
gamosaxulebis
konstantoba
pirobebSi
(Lightness constancy)
obieqtebis
siTeTris,
siruxis
ganaTebis
an
xarisxis
siSavis
cvalebad
ucvlelad
aRqmis
tendencia.
sur. 5.28. 90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrikis kontinenti
cnobT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents? xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad
nacnobi figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.
Sejameba
figuris
konturebis
fonis
aRqmas
win
aRqmis
iwvevs.
tendencia
imdenad
geStaltfisqologebma
Zlieria,
rom
perceptuli
iluzorul
dajgufebis
45
procesebi
samyarodan
axal
informacias
yoveli
calkeuli
aRqma
informaciis
mravali
konvergenciuli
wyarodan
yalibdeba.
iseT
perspeqtiva
piqtorul
da
maniSneblebs,
teqsturis
rogoricaa:
gradientebi,
raTa
gadafarva,
organzomilebian
wrfivi
naxatebze
sinaTlis
met-naklebad
erTi
da
igive
procentul
raodenobas
ireklaven.
sur. 5.29. feris konstantoba
feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTanairi
agurebiT agebuls.
identifikacia da cnoba
aqamde
aRwerili
Tvisebebis
perceptuli
samganzomilebian
procesebi
sivrceSi
distaluri
sagnebis
stimulis
poziciis,
zomis,
fizikuri
formis,
miuxedavad
amisa,
mxolod
am
imformaciis
safuZvelze
mainc
ar
ase
rom
ar
iyos,
Tqveni
gamocdileba
daemsgavseboda
ucxo
ra
dagexuraT
Tavze,
ras
gasclodiT
an
rogor
ageTvalaT
dro.
46
codnas.
gadagzavnas
sensoruli
amorCevisa
monacemebis
(extraction)
da
garemodan
analizisaTvis
miRebas
da
aRmavali
tvinSi
gadamuSaveba
informaciis
mcire
nawilebs Seexeba;
is
stimulis
konkretul
fizikur
daRmavali
gadamuSaveba
(`
(`zemodanzemodan-qvemoT)
ewodeba.
daRmaval
kulturuli
foni.
daRmaval
gadamuSavebisas
umaRlesi
fsiqikuri
konceptualurad
(anu
cnebebis
doneze,
an
hipoTeziT)
aRZrul
Zalian
xmaurian
wveulebaze.
aseT
situaciaSi
Tqvens
mier
fonemuri
gadamuSavebas
rekonstruqcia
iyeneben
xdeba
gamotovili
maSin,
fonemebis
rodesac
Sesavsebad.
adamianebi
daRmaval
msmenelebs
xSirad
47
sityvebi esmiT xmaurTan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals, Tumca, ar
faravs mas.
sur. 5.30. `drudlebi (Droodles)
(
mxolod
aRwevs:
`saxlSi
unda
wavide
(xmauri)aRli
myavs
informacias.
eTqva
amis
megobars.
gexmarebaT,
safuZvelze
gviyalibdeba
Semdeg
daRmavali
arsebuli
ukve
versiebidan
`ZaRli~
versiebi,
procesebi
SearCioT,
Tu
erTveba
rogorc
ra
am
variantis
daRmavali
SerCeva
Tqven
veRar
igebT,
rom
bgera
`Z~
Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas. magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? - albaT, ara,
ukidures SemTxvevebSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc. am karikaturebis identifikaciis
unari mowmobs, rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli receptorebidan Semosul
48
aRmaval
informaciaze
ar
aris
damokidebuli.
Tqveni
codnis
daRmavali
cnobili
adamianebis
ufro
`zusti~
gamoxatulebebisa,
radgan
aRqmis
magaliTidan
SeiZleba
gadavideT
zogad
midgomaze,
romelTac
cnobisaTvis
iyeneben.
perceptuli
enis
sistemebi
SemTxvevaSi,
mTliani
metyvelebisas
perceptuli
aRqmis
xatis
procesebi,
informaciis
xorcieldeba
es
Sedarebas
Sedareba?
katis
erT-erTi
mexsierebiT
variantia,
xatTan,
rom
magram
sxvadasxva
rogor
sagnebis
informacias am
erToblioba.
bidermani
irwmuneboda,
rom
yoveli
36
geonis
qmnis
unikalurobis
organzomilebiani
wesi
saSualebas
baduris
unda
stimulaciis
gvaZlevdes,
unikalur
sensoruli
paterns.
es
stimulaciis
49
suraTebs,
sadac
srulad
iyo,
an
ar
iyo
mocemuli
Semadgeneli
nawilebi
(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.34 suraTis pirvel svetSi mocemulia
Cveulebrivi sagnebis konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi xarvezebiT aris
mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi xels gviSlis komponentebisa da
maT
Soris
monaxazis
kavSiris
saxiT
gvarwmunebs,
rom
aRmoCenaSi.
mocemuli
gveTanxmebiT,
obieqtebis
obieqtis
cnoba
rom
cnoba
SezRuduli
mesame
yvelaze
svetSi
Znelia?
informaciiTac
mxolod
kontrasti
SesaZlebelia
amisa,
mxolod
komponentebis
amocnoba
yovelTvis
ver
iqneba
sakmarisi obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr, 1994). erT-erTi siZnele,
rogorc es 5.35 suraTzea mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba
sruliad
gansxvavebulad
Candes
sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan.
am
siZnelis
cnoba?
sur. 5.35.
5.35. erTi d aigive obieqti sxvadasxva perspeqtividan
50
saWiro
maT
sacnobad
am
situaciaSi
da
xandaxan
arc
ki
xarT
sivrciTi
da
droiTi
konteqsti,
romelSic
sagnebi
amoicnoba,
qmnis
T_E,
metad
SesaZlebels
xdis
H-s da
naklebad
droebiTi
fsiqologiuri
gasacemad
da
mzaoba.
mzaoba.
arsebobs
perceptuli.
morbenali
sami
motoruli
varjiSobs
tipis
seti
aris
motoruli
seti:
mza,
setis
motoruli,
swrafi
pasuxis
daxvewaze,
raTa
seti
aris
mzaoba,
ganixiloT
iseTi
situacia,
rogoricaa
51
konteqstSi
garkveuli
stimulis
SeniSvnisTvis
mzaoba.
magaliTad,
seti
gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT
orazrovani
stimulis interpretacia.
mTeli
sqemis
gasagebad
saWiro
codna.
5.3
suraTis
ganxilva,
aseve,
52
azartul
aRmqmeli
sensorul
TamaSsa
da
interieris
mowadinebulia,
masalas
warsuli
niZlavi
dizains.
dados,
gamocdilebisa
da
rom
rogorc
azartuli
mocemul
personaluri
Semaval
Teoriebis
da
mouwesrigebeli
xatebi
ukuigdeba
da
naTeli,
sufTa
da
konkretul
realobas
iqnebodiT
mijaWvuli.SegeZlebodaT
Tqveni
daRmavali
procesi
rom
yofiliyo,
Tqven
daikargebodiT
sakuTari
(romelic
moZraobs
da
egueba
socialur
da
fizikur
garemos)
moTxovnilebebs.
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli saxiT reagirebis droebiTi
mzaoba.
sur. 5.36g. axla ras xedavT?
Sejameba
identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da daRmaval procesebs, romlebic
erToblivi
moqmedebiT
samyaros
naTel,
TvalsaCino
gagebas
uzrunvelyofen.
geonebad dayofiT.
saWiroebs.
sivrciTi
da
droiTi
konteqsti,
romelSic
sagania
53
mocemuli, ayalibebs
molodins;
is gavlenas
axdens sagnis
cnobis unarze.
aRqma
samsafexuriani
procesia.
is
Sedgeba
SegrZnebis,
perceptuli
organizaciis
safexurze
perceptuli
procesebi
SegrZnebebs
TvalsaCino
identifikaciisa
da
cnobis
safexurze
sagnebis
perceptebi
dardeba
aRqmis
amocanaa
distaluri
(eqsternaluri)
stimulis
gansazRvra
perceptuli procesebi.
yuradRebis procesebi
yuradReba
aris
Semavali
sensoruli
informaciis
nawilis
SerCevisa
da
gamocdilebaze.
yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba
vizualuri
garemos
efeqturad
gadasinjvis
saSualebas iZleva.
organizaciuli procesebi aRqmaSi
organizaciuli
aRqmis xatebs
qmnian.
es
54
TqvenTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
dausrulebeli
figurebis
dasrulebulad
gardasaqmnelad vizualuri sistema iyenebs iseT informacias, rogoricaa: obieqtis zoma da obieqtamde manZili.
Tqven
gadamuSavebis
bolo
safexurze,
rodesac
xdeba
obieqtis
molodinebma,
perceptulma
masalam
SeiZleba
gansazRvros
sensorul stimuls.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna.
figura
aRmavali gadamuSaveba
foni
aRqma
formis konstantoba
aRqmis konstantoba
ganaTebis konstantoba
aSkara moZraoba
geStalt-fsiqologia
konvergencia
identifikacia da cnoba
daRmavali gadamuSaveba
iluzia
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
iluzoruli konturebi
distaluri stimuli
marTuli gadasinjva
diqotomiuri mosmena
mizanmimarTuli SerCeva
moCvenebiTi moZraoba
fenomeni
msgavsebis kanoni
55
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
cnobierebis funqciebi
cnobierebis gamoyeneba
fsiqologia
Cvens
cxovrebaSi:
rodis
uyalibdebaT
cnobiereba?
Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli riTmebi
Zilis cikli
ratom Zili?
Zilis darRvevebi
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
hipnozi
meditacia
halucinaciebi
religiuri eqstazi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
bavSvebs
hqonda
saqmianobis
Sesaxeb
subieqturi
drois
ekiTxebodnen,
is
cnobiereba.
pasuxobda,
rodesac
rom
ar
wina
icoda.
dRis
Tu
sxvadasxva
SemTxvevebSi
sTxovdnen
NN.
N-s,
aRewera
is
mcireodeni, xanmokle
imisa,
rom
Cvens
tvinSi
didi
informacia
inaxeba,
naklebad
variantebs?
sxvagvarad
rom
vTqvaT,
cnobierad
vaxorcielebT
ra
aris
Cveulebrivi
gacnobiereba?
ra
ganapirobebs
Cveni
ara
aspeqtebis
mecnieruli
Seswavla,
rogor
xdeba
Sinaganis
gareT
ritualebisa
da narkotikebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini cnobiereba orazrovania. is
SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT
specifikuri
rogorc
Sinaarsebis
gonebis
aRsaniSnad:
zogadi
zogjer
mdgomareobis,
vambobT,
ise
rom
misi
cnobier
anu
Sinaarsebze,
mxedvelobaSi
gveqneba
is
informacia,
romelsac
introspeqciis
uiliam
jemsi
meTods
ki
iyenebdnen
sakuTari
cnobieri
cnobierebis
fsiqikis
nakadis
Sinaarsebis
kvleviT
iyo
vaxorcielebT
da
im
faqtsac,
rom
vaxorcielebT
am
qmedebas.
mier
ganxorcielebul
qcevebze.
sakuTari
Tavis
SegrZneba
modis
samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done _ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT
da (3) mesame, umaRlesi done _ sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri, moazrovne
individis,
gacnobiereba.
bazisur
doneze
cnobiereba
warmoadgens
imis
gvanTavisuflebs
realur
obieqtebsa
da
mimdinare
movlenebze
maTi
aryofnis
pirobebSi,
warmovisaxoT
axali
formebi
da
pirovnulad
gancdil
avtobiografiuli
movlenebs
xasiaTi
aqvs.
Tanmimdevruli
gviyalibdeba
awmyoSi
amis
da
prognozirebadi
Sesatyvisi
saukeTeso
gavixsenoT
N.N-is
dazianebis
Sedegad
molodinebi,
mimdinare
SemTxveva,
qmedebiT
riTac
TiTqmis
ram,
da
es
da
TandaTanobiT
molodinebi
momavlis
daviwyeT
mTlianad
maSin
aRgvWuravs
dagegmvas
saubari,
axdens.
romelic
Tavis
gareSe
darCa
TviTcnobierebis
ganvsazRvreT
informaciis
zogadi
tipebi,
SesaZloa
romelic
ara
Tqvens
sunTqvas?
albaT,
ara.
sunTqvis
kontroli
aracnobieri
dabolos,
xelmisawvdomia
magaliTad,
arsebobs
cnobieri
gramatikuli
aracnobieri
aRqmisaTvis,
wesebi,
romelic
informacia,
aseT
romelic
informacias
SesaZlebels
xdis
Znelad
miekuTvneba,
winadadebis
aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze
iSviaTad Tu iWreba cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis magaliTia
sisxlis
wnevis
regulacia.
nervuli
reagirebs
maTze
sistema
adevnebs
ra
Tvalyurs
yovelgvari
gacnobierebis
gareSe.
garkveul
magaliTad,
gakontroleba.
SeiZleba
miuxedavad
miznad
amisa,
davisaxoT
nervuli
sistema
sunTqvis
mraval
cnobieri
mniSvnelovan
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
mogonebebi,
romlebic
mxolod
mas
Semdeg
xdeba
cnobierebisaTvis
erTad
inaxeba,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
enebis,
sportis
an
nebismier
mocemul
momentSi
uricxvi
raodenobis
stimuliT
varT
gvaqvs
cnobierebaSi.
aracnobieri
Tumca,
reprezentacia,
xandaxan
romelic
SeiniSneba
ar
xvdeba
iseTi
informaciis
yuradRebis
fokusSi.
TqvenTvis
mimzidvel
TariRze
da
am
dros
uyuradRebod
stovebT iqve mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar mohkravT yurs.
moulodnelad
aRmoaCenT,
rom
rogorRac,
gaucnobiereblad
usmendiT
am
aracnobieri
Cven,
Cveulebisamebr,
aracnobieri
vafiqsirebT
informaciis
arsebobas,
travmuli
mogonebebi
da
tabuirebuli
survilebi
imdenad
SiSis
originaluri,
miuRebeli
ideebi
TavianT
Zalas
da
da
motivebi
gandevnilia
anu
zegavlenas
axdenen
qcevaze.
aracnobieris
esse
moazrovneTa
adamianis
Semecnebis
umravlesoba
damaxasiaTebelia
Sesaxeb
miiCnevda,
sakuTari
gonebis
rom
yvela
gamoqveynebis
racionaluri
aqtivobaze
Semdeg,
arsebebis
xelmisawvdomoba.
da
mravali
fsiqologi
procesebis
iyenebs
aRsaniSnad,
termins
romelic
ufro
aracnobieri
im
sasurveli
da
magaliTad,
mravali
enobrivi
procesi
aracnobier
procesebs
eyrdnoba.
ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000): She investigated bark. rogor movaxdenT am
winadadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals, romelic ZaRls akvirdeba
Tu qals, romelic xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark orazrovania da
winadadebis
konteqsti
didad
ver
gvexmareba,
Cven
mxolod
SegviZlia
romliTac
mivediT
winadadebis
swor
gagebamde.
amgvarad,
Cven
nimuSebis
meTodi,
aRweraSi;
SerCevis
romelic
cdis
meTodi
exmareba
pirebs
(Experience-sampling
mkvlevrebs
method)
cnobierebis
evalebaT
signalis
mkvlevrebs
unda
tipuri
miRebisTanave
Seswavlis
meTodologia,
romlis
mizniT
saSualebiTac
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
SeemuSavebinaT
Rrma
piraduli
axali
versiaa:
eqsperimentis
monawileebs
eZlevaT
mTeli
rigi
procesSi.
isini
SesaZleblobis
farglebSi
maqsimalurad
7
bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am
sityvas ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom
mizanSewonilad miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.
detalurad
aRweren
davalebis
Sesrulebisas
TavSi
mosuli
azrebis
monawileebi
davalebis Sesrulebisas
davalebis
aRqmasa
masTan
da
gamklavebas
iyeneben.
Soris
es
oqmebi, aseve,
arsebuli
ganxsvavebebis
cdis
pirebs
sxvadasxva
SemTxveviT
eleqtronul
SerCeuli
peijerebs
drois
aZleven.
SualedebSi
radiogadamcemi
axdens
peijeris
10
saidan viciT
ras fiqroben mozardebi?
gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi. ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens
cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle
eleqtronuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic SemTxveviT signalebs iZleoda
azrebisa da grZnoebebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneblad (Richard et al., 1998).
moswavleTa gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa oTxi wlis manZilze.
pirveli periodi iyo V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-dan XII klasis
CaTvliT.
eqsperimentis
cnobierebis
Sinaarsis
aseTi
gegma
asakis
cvlilebebis
matebasTan
dafiqsirebis
erTad
mozardTa
saSualebas
iZleoda.
amitom
megobrebis
detalurad
Sesaxeb.
kvlevis
ikvlevdnen,Tu
Sedegebis
ras
Tanaxmad,
fiqrobdnen
asakis
mozardebi
matebasTan
erTad
aseve,
saintereso
gansxvavebebi
dafiqsirda
gogonebsa
da
vaJebs
meTodis
gamoyeneba
cnobierebis
calkeuli
tipuri
Sinaarsebis
gasaerTianeblad.
Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros: Sinagani da garegani samyaros
gacnobiereba, imis gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT (aRviqvamT) da
sakuTari
Tavis,
rogorc
sxeulebrivi
procesi,
aracnobieria.
Cven
mexsierebaSi;
es
cnobieri,
moazrovne
rogoricaa,
vflobT
ukanaskneli
magaliTad,
uzarmazar
ki
arsebis
sunTqva,
informacias,
winarecnobiers
gancda.
mravali
Cveulebriv,
romelic
warmoadgens,
inaxeba
saidanac
cnobierad
ar
vaqcevT
yuradRebas.
Tu
froidi
aracnobiers
11
gandevnil
mogonebebTan
akavSirebda,
Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi
afarToeben
gvWirdeba
risTvis
cnobiereba
ras
matebs
is
Cvens
adamianur
miniSnebas
da
iZleva
momavlis
ubralod
dasmuli
gancdis
kiTxvis
gareSe
sicarieliT
N.N-is
icvleba.
am
pasuxis
mimarTulebiT.
cxovrebis
qveTavSi
mniSvnelovani
ufro
srulad
cnobierebis gamoyeneba
adamianis
mtrulad
ganwyobil
adamianis
goneba,
cnobiereba
SesaZloa,
evoluciur
ganviTarda,
garemoSi
rogorc
yvelaze
adamianTa
winaprebis
ukiduresi
mWidro
jgufuri
cxovreba
axal
moTxovnebs
qmnis
rogorc
iaraRebi,
gamarjvebulni
gamovidnen
gadarCenisaTvis
brZolaSi
da
12
gadarCenaSi daxmareba
biologiuri
isaxavda
individisaTvis
garemodan
momdinare
informaciis
miznad
miRebasa
da
am
mzardi
qaosi.
gvarkvevs
ra
stimulTa
mravalferovnebaSi,
cnobiereba
yuradRebis
centrSi
cnobierebis
es
amcirebs
Semaval
moxvedrili
SemzRudavi
stimulTa
stimulebis
funqcia
nakads
SemCneuli
raodenobis
gamoricxavs
imwuTieri
da
SezRudviT.
miznebisa
da
ki
relevantur
gamRizianeblebze
anu
im
signalebze
fokusirdeba,
da
gardaiqmneba
ufro
mcire
raodenobis
romelTa
analizi,
interpretacia
cnobad
paternebad
da
SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is
da
maTze
reagireba
gvsurs
cnobierebis
da
mesame
sxvadasxva
funqciaa
SesaZlo
SeCereba,
Sedegebis
alternativebis
warmosaxva
warsul
gaazreba,
codnaze
survilebis
daTrgunvis
SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs,
rodesac
isini
am saxis cnobierebis
gareSe
pirvelive
SimSilis
SegrZnebis
gaCenisTanave,
SesaZloa,
danaxuli
13
warsulisa
da
momavlis
gadawyvetilebebze
abstraqtuli
gavlenis
reprezentaciebis
mosaxdenad.
yovelive
moxmoba
zemoT
mimdinare
Tqmulidan
arsebobs
ori
adamiani,
romelic
situaciis
sruliad
erTnair
situaciebis
Cveneul
unikalur
interpretacias,
romelic
zogad
da
momdinare
momavlis
stimulTa
miznebs
garkveul,
eyrdnoba.
sxvebisgan
TiToeuli
pirovneba
gansxvavebul
garemodan
maxasiaTeblebs
konstruqti
SedarebiT
stabiluria,
Cveni
rodesac realobis
me-s
gancda droSi
uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris individualuri gansxvavebebi ufro
didia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gansxvavebul kulturebSi,
cxovroben erTi kulturis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an gansxvavebuli
amocanebi dgas maT winaSe; da, piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi
mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad realobis amsaxveli msgavsi
konstruqtebi uyalibdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi warmoadgens
samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa erTobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli
jgufis
wevrTa
umravlesoba.
rodesac
sazogadoebis
wevri
kulturuli
konceptualuri
mtkicebuleba
(Consensual validation)
realobaze
cnobieri
saidan viciT
SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia
germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi, an uSualod damkrZalavi biuros
win, an misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze. mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom
14
mtkicebulebaSi
eZebnaT
komforti.
rodesac
adamianebi
xedvis
pirobebi
individebs
maTi
ganwyobebis
kulturuli
maT
mosazrebebs
saemigracio
politikis
Secvlis
Sesaxeb.
pirobebSi
ufro
metad
esaWiroebaT.
kulturul
rwmenebTan
da
mravali
funqcia
moicavs
implicitur
Sedarebebs,
romelic
imis
saCveneblad,
Tu
rogor
zemoqmedeben
aracnobieri
procesebi
mkvlevrebi
iyeneben
laboratoriulad
gamowveuli
winaswari
mzaobis
eqsperimentators
garkveuli
gamowveuli
albaTobaze
wamocdenebis
paternebis
gamowvevis
molodinebis
saSualebas
SemuSavebiT.
amgvarad,
SLIP
procedura
aZlevs
bgeraTa
iseTi
sityvaTa
wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa ball doze, bell dark da bean deck,
15
cdis pirma SesaZloa darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door warmoTqvas.
eqsperimenti
Sedegad
amocanisgan
bgeris
damoukidebeli
garkveuli
saxiT
situaciuri
cvlilebis
cvladebis
albaTobaze
Secvlis
cnobieri
an
faza 1:
cdis pirebi xmamaRla
aracnobieri
kiTxuloben kompiuterze
mogonebebis
warmodgenil ucnob
zegavlena
adrian mari
cdiloben mosmenil
cnobilad aRqmaze
saxelis
16
cnobierad axsovT
saxeli, maT ecodinebaT,
rom is ver iqneba
cnobili.
rodesac isini cnobilad
miiCneven siaSi arsebul
Tumca, ar maxsovs
rom aracnobieri
CamonaTvalidan. is nacnobi
xdis.
cdis pirebs xSirad surT Tqvan, rom saxeli cnobilia da
amiT met
yvelebs aracnobieri mogonebebis gavlenaze.
saidan viciT
cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganvixiloT naxatze warmodgenili eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis
pirebs moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli adrian mari cnobilTa an ucnobTa
kategorias.
arCevanis
gakeTebamde isini
xmamaRla
kiTxuloben
saxelTa
saxelebze
waradgenen
srulad
Tavian
koncentrirebis
daskvnebs,
maT
saSualeba.
afrTxileben,
rodesac
cdis
rom
mier
maT
17
bavSvi
sakuTari
Tavis,
rogorc
aseTis,
gacnobierebas?
mkvlevrebi
rodesac
maTTvis
sxvebisgan.
bavSvs
naTeli
aqvs
xdeba,
rom
SesaZlebloba
isini
imisa,
gamocalkevebulni
rom
gare
samyaro
arian
aqcios
rom
sarkeSi
asaxuli
gamosaxuleba
TviTon
aris?
am
kiTxvaze
laqiani cxviris testi (nose dot test). bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi amCneven
sarkis zogierT Tvisebas. magaliTad, eqvs Tvemde bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen
da Seexen sarkeSi asaxuli gamosaxulebis nawilebs, Tumca, mxolod 18 Tvis
Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze laqa aqvT (Bertenthal &
Fischer, 1978). naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?
maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi warmatebiT asruleben laqiani cxviris tests,
18
mainc ar aqvT bolomde me-s Camoyalibebuli gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT
Camoyalibebuli drois komponentis mqone obieqturi me-s Sesaxeb idea anu
sakuTar Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, awmyosa da momavalSi uwyvetad arsebulze
fiqris unari. laqiani cxviris procedurasTan adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
me-s droSi ganfenilobis kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs (Povinelli et al., 1996). am
kvlevaSi videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperimentatori
Cumad awepebda Tmebze webovan qaRalds. zogierT bavSvs pirdapir eTerSi
aCvenebdnen
TavianT
Tavebs
webovanaTi:
maT
SeeZloT
daenaxaT
TavianTi
ki
sam
wuTiani
Sualedis
Semdeg
uyurebdnen
Canawers:
isini
rTulia
awmyoSi
mimdinare
movlenis
Sesaxeb
daskvnebis
gakeTeba
am
Sedegebma?
Tu
yofilxarT
2-3
wlis
bavSvTan
erTad,
gecodinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs. kvlevis
Sedegebi
aCvenebs,
Tu
ramdenad
realuria
bavSvebisTvis
daswavla
da,
Sejameba
cnobiereba
gadarCenaSi
gvexmareba
imiT,
rom:
amcirebs
Semomavali
qmnian
paradigmebs
cnobier
da
aracnobier
procesebs
Soris
19
rodesac
kunTebi
paralizebulia,
tvini
ki
sxvadasxva
aqtivobebiT
aris
gavarkvioT,
Tu
ra
rols
asrulebs
sizmari
adamianis
fsiqologiaSi.
cirkaduli ritmebi
yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas.
Cveni
sxeuli sinqronizdeba
sxeulis
mixedviT
ganmavlobaSi,
temperatura
Cveulebisamebr,
da
hormonaluri
aqtivoba
Sinagani
saaTis
SuadRisiT
aRweven
cxovelqmedebis
piks
da
saaTi
yovelgvari
zustad
miniSnebebis
ar
emTxveva
gareSe,
saaTs
adamianis
kedelze:
Sinaganma
garegani
tempis
saaTis
momcemma
daamkvidra 24.18- saaTiani cikli (Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad
gvexmareba 24- saaTian
romelic
samyaros
danaxvis
SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs:
cxovelebi
da
garemos
saaTebs
Soris
gansvlis
gamomwvevi
cvlilebebi
rodesac
adamianebi
gadafrindebian
sxvadasxva
drois sartyelSi, maT SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag anu daerRveT dReRamuri
ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romelsac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli
Zilianoba
da
Sedegad
Zil-RviZilis
uCveulo
ganrigi.
Jet lag
Tavs
iCens,
9 dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis
Sedegad.
20
mravali
pasiuri
fsiqologiuri
parametris
rodesac
periodia,
mixedviT
adgilobrivi
dro
funqcionirebis
Cvengan
SuadRis
cvladebi
mogzaurobis
zemoqmedeben
mimarTuleba
Jet
da
lag-ze?
yvelaze
gadakveTil
mniSvnelovani
droiT
sartyelTa
cvladia
raodenoba.
biologiuri
Semcirdes,
saaTi
rogorc
mdgomareobaSi
amas
ufro
iolad
SeiZleba
aRmosavleTisken
xangrZlivad
yofna
ufro
gaxangrZlivdes,
mogzauroba
advilia,
iTxovs
vidre
adre
vidre
(RviZilis
daZineba).
aqtivobis
cvlilebebis
obieqtur
da
mimdinare
gazomvas.
eeg-s
swrafi
mogvianebiT
periods, rodesac
moZraobis
vnaxavT,
rom
gareSe
REM
da
mZinare
Zils
NREM
adamians
ar aReniSneba
(non-REM anu
Zili
NREM)
mniSvnelovan
REM-i,
uwodeben.
funqciebs
21
cw/hercia.
Zilis
Semdeg
or
fazaze
(faza
da
4)
gadavdivarT
Zilsac uwodeben).
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement REM) _ im fazis qceviTi
gamovlineba, romlis drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv
aqtivobas axorcielebs.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi,
rodesac mZinare adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba;
xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.
Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis,
daaxloebiT 90 wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s grZeldeba. Ramis
Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100 wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. suraTi 6.3).
TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 fazebisTvis) gankuTvnili dro
mcirdeba, xolo REM Zilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi ukve
TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlianobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils
eTmoba, 20-25% ki _ REM Zils.
yvelas
ar
sZinavs
erTnairi
xangrZlivobiT.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
sxvadasxva
saSualebebiT,
rogoricaa
gvian
daZineba
an
22
interesis
Semdgomi
sagania
Zilis
paternis
is
TvalSi
sacemi
da
cxovelebSi
Zilis
fazebis
Tanmimdevruli
ganviTareba
neiromodulatorebis
saWiro
raodenoba, postsinafsur
receptorebs
ki
garkveul
aucilebel
funqciebs.
mTel
rig
saintereso,
Tumca,
23
kavSiris
funqcionalur
Camoyalibebaze.
struqturebs,
daswavlisaTvis.
Zilma,
REM
Zili
REM
romlebic
aseve,
qmnis
Tavis
aucilebelia
SeiZleba
tvinis
motoruli
garkveuli
roli
iseT
Cvevebis
Seasrulos
mogonebebis
Senaxvisa
da
mimdinare
gamocdilebis
ukve
arsebul
fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiT,
mkvlevrebi
fiqroben,
rom
REM
Zili
SeiZleba
hqondes.
adamianebi,
romelTa
samuSao
ganrigi
RamiT
SemTxveva
Bhopal-i
da
Exxon Valdez
moxda,
optimalurad
rom
ver
Zilis
Seasrula
ukmarisobis
Tavisi
gamo
funqcia.
pasuxismgebelma
personalma
vinaidan
darRvevebi
Zilis
insomnia
rodesac
xarisxiT,
adamianebi
isini
ukmayofiloni
insomniisgan
arian
itanjebian.
TavianTi
saTanadod
Zilis
odenobiT
daZinebaSi
an
qronikuli
58%
aRniSnavs,
rom
bolo
wlis
manZilze
yoveli
kviris
24
insomnia
Foundation, 2000).
kompleqsuri
darRvevaa,
romelsac
fsiqologiuri,
laboratoriul
1997).
Seswavlisas
maTi
realuri
pirobebSi
Zilis
insomniis
xarisxi
da
mqone
raodenoba
individebis
mniSvnelovnad
Zilis
interpretirebas,
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
mocemul
adamians
narkolefsia
narkolefsia
Zilis
darRvevaa,
romelic
dRis
ganmavlobaSi
perioduli
ris
TiTqmis
Sedegadac
adamiani
daZinebisTanave
moulodnelad
gadadian REM
Zirs
ZilSi.
REM
ecema.
ZilSi
narkoleptikebi
aseTi
swrafi
adamianTan
gvxvdeba.
vinaidan
narkolefsia
gavrcelebulia
ojaxebSi,
individebze
(Broughton
&
Broughton,
1994).
narkoleptikisTvis
Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva,
rodesac adamiani Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba, sisxlSi
mcirdeba
Jangbadis
raodenoba
da
gamomuSavdeba
damxmare
(sasignalo)
25
da
gadairCina
kariera
sxva
xandaxan
sunTqvis
ganaxlebisaTvis
fizikur
stimulirebas
dRis Zilianoba
aSS-s Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul pacientTa umravlesoba dRis
ganmavlobaSi moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154 mozrdilidan 43%
miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,
imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom
dRis Zilianoba ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri movlenaa maTi
dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba
iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois gazrdas da motoruli da
insomnia (Insomnia) _ normalurad daZinebis qronikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi
Sedis
(Narcolepsy)
Zilis
darRveva,
romelic
xasiaTdeba
dRis
dakavSirebuli
Zilis
apnoe
(Sleep apnea)
zeda
sasunTq
gzebTan
26
deprivaciis
darRvevis
Sesaxeb
dokumenturi
filmis
Sleep Alert-is
zombebis
romlebic
msgavsad
aRniSnavdnen,
periodebiT.
erTxel
maasis
mainc
mosalodnelia,
Taviseburebani
Zilianobas
dadian
rom
(Maas, 1998).
muSaobis
man
periodSi
ikvlia
pilotebi,
Tvlemdnen
xanmokle
gakveTilze.
rodesac
individebis
xels
uSlis
xSirad
sakmaris
fiziologiuri
garkveuli
xarisxis
cxovrebis
Ramis
stili
Zils.
safuZveli
Zilianoba
an
Tumca,
aqvs
da
30%-mde
samuSaos
moWarbebul
aseT
pacientebs
Tu
fizikosebisa
da
dResdReobiT
mecnieruli
sizmris
kvlevaTa
sizmrebi
erT dros
fsiqoanalitikosebis
kvlevebis
umravlesoba
interesis
erT-erTi
Zilis
mxolod
winaswarmetyvelebis,
sferos
warmoadgenda,
mniSvnelovani
laboratoriebSi
mimarTulebaa.
daiwyo,
sadac
Zilis
drosac
aqvs adgili
sizmrebs
- amas
mowmobs
am
periodSi
SemTxvevaSi
da
gamo,
rom
sizmari
aseT
mniSvnelovan
adgils
ikavebs
adamianebis
27
gafarToeba
SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT,
rogorc
Zilisadmi
interneti
mniSvnelovnad
zrdis
sasiamovno
saqmianobebis
mkvlevris
azriT,
internetis
qseli
24/7
arsebobas
mxolod
rom
kolejis
studentTa
umravlesoba
gamocdebTan da
sakurso
debulebas:
xSirad
mRviZavs
gvianobamde,
radganac
vuyureb
28
dakvirvebis
Sedegebs,
romlis
Tanaxmadac,
axal
teqnologiebs
SemTxvevebi.
Zilisgan
metic,
Tavis
mecnierebs
Sekavebis
SeuZliaT
saSualebas
iseTi
mogvcems,
abebis
Tumca,
Seqmna,
veraferi
dasavlur
kulturaSi
yvelaze
cnobili
Teoria
sizmrebis
mis
klasikur
mixedviT,
survilebis
sizmris
simboluri
naSromSi
Sinaarsi
gamoxatulebaa.
sizmrebis
Zlieri,
es
interpretacia
aracnobieri,
survilebi
sizmarSi
(1900).
gandevnili
SeniRbuli,
romelsac
froidi
xedavs
sizmris
mZinare
muSaobas
adamiani.
uwodebs.
Sinaarsis
xiluli
damaxinjebis
Sinaarsi
am
realuri
variantia,
Tumca,
ufro
realisturia
yovelgvari
damaxinjebis
gareSe.
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
29
dafaruli azri.
xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis
analizSi sizmris Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic mowodebulia
sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis SesaniRbad.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi procesi,
romliTac Sinagani cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Sinaarsad
gardaqmnis.
froidis
mixedviT,
sizmris
interpretacia
ukumimarTulebiT
muSaobas
sizmrebis
mkurnalobisaTvis
survilebs,
am
iyenebs,
romelTac
fsiqikur
pacientis
sizmrebi
survilebTan
Taviseburebebs,
warmoqmnil
analizs
naTels
SeWidul
iyenebs
problemebis
SiSebsa
pacienti
konfliqtTan
xdis
da
garkvevisa
maTi
pacientis
aracnobier
dacviTi
meqanizmebis
im
survilebsa
gasamklaveblad.
da
da
SiSebs
froids
Soris
miaCnda,
rom
yuTebi,
CanTebi,
skivrebi,
karadebi
da
Rumelebi,
aseve,
carieli,
bordeli
an
haremia
warmodgenili...
didad
albaTuria,
rom
interpretaciis
fsiqologiis
zogad
froidiseuli
Teorias
Teoria
ukavSirebs.
sizmris
miuxedavad
simbolikas
imisa,
rom
damadasturebeli
empiriuli
monacemebi,
sizmrebis
fsiqologiuri
30
Sesaxeb
dawyebamde;
fsiqologiis
mraval
interpretacia
fakultetze
aradasavlur
kulturis
moxvedramde
kulturaSi
ganuyofeli
ki,
nawilia
an
Terapiis
piriqiT,
(Lewis,
1995;
sizmrebis
Tedlock,
1987).
tomisTvis
aris
mniSvnelovani.
individualuri
gamocdileba
mTeli
tomisTvis
xedavs,
ewinaaRmdegeba
froidis
mier
kulturaSi
miRebulia,
rom
adamianTa
garkveuli
jgufi
sizmrebis
sxvadasxva
nawilebSi
cxovroben.
maias
Samanebis
kulturaSi
am
romelic
rolisaTvis
SamanTa
maSin
mowodebas
irCeven,
amcnobs
rodesac
maT.
am
maT
axlad
esizmrebaT
arCeuli
RvTaeba,
Samanebidan
ekiTxebian
adamianebi
Svilebs
samoqalaqo
omis
sizmrebis
Sesaxeb.
msxverplad
iqcnen
Cvens
droSi
sakuTar
maias
miwaze;
tomis
mravali
31
sizmris
interpretaciisas
warsulze,
bavSvobis
gamocdilebasa
da
religiuri
adgilebis
mflobelebs
maTi
mamebi
da
sxva
winaprebi
maSinac
rodesac
gvesizmreba,
rom
tyeSi
farTo
mdinareze
gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpretaciaTagani momavlisken iyureba.
sizmris interpretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari kulturuli
tradiciis mniSvnelovani komponentia.
interpretaciisadmi
dasavluri
Tu
aradasavluri
midgomis
es
mosazreba
eWvqveS
dgeba
biologiuri
safuZvlis
mqone
32
es
eleqtruli
ganmuxtva
avtomaturad
xorcieldeba
aaqtiurebs
winatvinsa
da
qerqis
mimdebare
ubnebs
da,
aqedan
logikuri
kavSirebi,
Sinagani
mniSvnelobebi
da
koherentuli
imis
ewinaaRmdegeba
Sesaxeb,
sizmrebis
rom
sizmrebi
Sinaarsis
SemTxveviTi
kvlevebs
signalebis
(Domhoff, 1999).
am
Sedegia
kvlevebis
dRis
problemebs.
magaliTisTvis
ganixsenoT
zemoT
ganxiluli
rogorc
asakSi
mxolod
individis
SemTxveviTi
sizmrebis
signalebis
Sinaarsebi
Sedegebis,
TiTqmis
Sesaxeb:
ucvleli
rCeba.
sizmrebis eqsperti uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, p. 207) fiqrobs, rom
mozrdilebSi
wlebisa
da
aTwleulebis
manZilze
sizmrebis
Sinaarsebis
naxa:
gvelismagvarma
molukulurma
jaWvma
uecrad
piri
Caavlo
sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma,
romelTac wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom
33
Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols
aRar
eqvemdebareba,
umravlesobisaTvis
Semdgar
maSin
Ramis
SerCevaSi,
Tqven
Ramis
koSmarebi
romlebic
koSmari
SedarebiT
iwerdnen
dagsizmrebiaT.
iSviaTia.
sizmrebs,
220
adamianTa
studentisgan
yoveldRiurad
Ramis
erTi
wlis
manZilze
Tumca,
zogierTi
adamiani
gacilebiT xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi,
magaliTad,
ufro
metia
Ramis
koSmarebis
gamovlenis
albaToba,
vidre
koSmarebi
SeiZleba
ganvixiloT
Zilis,
rogorc
cnobierebis
icvleba.
milionobiT
Zili
adamiani
emsaxureba
itanjeba
Zilis
Senaxvisa
iseTi
da
aRdgenis
darRvevebisgan,
funqciebs.
rogorebicaa
dasavluri
Teoria
zigmund
froids
ekuTvnis.
sizmrebis
34
interpretacia
miRebulia,
Zalze
rom
informaciis
gavrcelebulia
sizmris
matarebelia.
aradasavlur
simboloebi
zogierTi
misi
kulturebSi,
mnaxvelis
fiziologi
momavlis
mkvlevari
sadac
Sesaxeb
fiqrobs,
rom
kulturaSi
Cveulebrivi
adamianebs
cvlilebebi.
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
cnobierebis
nacnobi
mdgomareobebSi
rogoricaa,
akmayofilebT
ganaviTares
cnobierebis
Secvlil
individualuria,
maT
ar
garkveuli
cnobierebis
teqnikebi,
mdgomareobebis
gadasvla.
magaliTad,
fxizeli
miRma
zogierTi
rekreaciuli
romliTac
gasvla
aseTi
da
praqtika
preparatebis
miReba;
Cveuli
sazRvrebidan
gasvlis
jgufur
mcdelobas.
Cven
Tu
rodesac
ara
SesaZlebeli,
vxedavT
sizmars?
rom
vacnobierebdeT,
dakvirvebadi
rom
sizmrebis
sizmars
Teoriis
vxedavT,
momxreebi
sizmrebis
realobis
gadamowmebis
saSualebas
iZleva.
35
gaacnobierebdnen,
signalebi
rom
Cndeboda
demonstrireba
sizmars
Zilis
REM
imisa,
xedavdnen.
rom
dagegmili
deteqtoris
eqsperimentis
Tvalebis
CanawerebSi
monawileni
da
moZraobis
amiT
marTlac
xdeboda
dakvirvebad
sizmrebis
zogierT
kvlevaSi
mZinare
adamianebs
ukeTeben
cdis
dawyebamde
monawileebma
iswavles,
rom
wiTeli
sinaTlis
gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron, rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).
acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave, isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT TavianTi
sizmrebis
gakontroleba,
maTi
Sinaarsebis
warmarTva
pirovnuli
miznebis
rom
gamomwvev
SesaZlebelia
teqnikas
aseTi
sizmrebi
da
regularulad
iseTi
mkvlevari,
iyenebs
maT
rogoricaa,
kontrolis
TviTdarwmunebulobis
ganmtkiceba
xarisxs
jansaRi
da
qcevaa,
axdens
radganac
es
individisaTvis
zrdis
dadebiTi
procedurebs,
radgan
es
procedurebi
arRvevs
sizmris
bunebriv
mimdinareobas.
hipnozi
sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs
mis
nebayoflobiT
mosazreba
Tu
hipnozis
uneblie
Sesaxeb?
ra
monawileebze.
aris
hipnozi,
ramdenad
ra
marTebulia
mniSvnelovani
es
niSnebiT
Tumca,
Zili
aranairad
ar
monawileobs
hipnozSi,
Tu
ar
36
ar
reagirebs
hipnozze).
ufro
zustad
Tu
ganvsazRvravT,
hipnozi
aris
imyofebian
ra
hipnotur
mdgomareobaSi,
monawileebi
momatebuli
modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT),
STagonebisadmi
mimReblobiT
da
aRqmis,
xSirad
ver
aRweven
Tanxmobas
hipnozis
dros
moqmedi
fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998). zogierTi adreuli
Teoriis
mixedviT,
hipnozis
zemoqmedebis
qveS
myofi
individebi
transis
TamaSis
nairsaxeoba,
placebo
reaqciis
saxeobaa
hipnotizioris
sxva
damatebiTi
efeqtebic
gaaCnia.
hipnoturi
stimulaciisa
da
hipnoturi
stimulaciiT
(hypnotic
induction)
iwyeba.
es
aris
da
monawileebs
amaxvilebinebs
yuradRebas
gansakuTrebul
mdgomareobaSi
da
mxolod
STaagonebs,
gadasasvlelad
SeTavazebul
stimulebze
rom
cnobierebis
isini
emzadebian.
mosamzadebeli
37
reaqciebis
vizualizacias.
ganmeorebadi
praqtikis
SemTxvevaSi
moicavs
Rrma
adamiani iseTi
relaqsaciis
mdgomareobis
aqtiuri, qmediTi
SeTavazebas,
stimulaciiTac
Tumca
hipnotizirdeba,
monawilis
unari
Tu
niWi
imisa,
rom
hipnozs
daeqvemdebaros.
gancdis
gansxvavebaTa
farTo
standartul
speqtri,
instruqciebs.
STagonebadobis
arsebobs
sruli
individualur
arqonidan
totalur
STagonebadobamde.
suraTi
6.5
gviCvenebs
kolejis
studentTa
procentul
ganawilebas
SedarebiT
stabiluri
maxasiaTebelia.
mozrdilebSi
es
ganmeorebiTi
korelirebda
bavSvebi
monawile
50
cdis
pirs
testireba
(qalebi
da
da
miRebuli
kacebi)
25
Sedegebi
wlis
Semdeg
mniSvnelovnad
ufro
STagonebadni
arian,
vidre
mozrdilebi;
hipnoturi
38
araidenturi
hipnobiluroba
tyupebis
SedarebiT
stabiluria,
is
ar
miuxedavad
korelirebs
imisa,
rom
erT
iseT
arc
hipnobiluroba
moiazrebs
hipnotur
hipnozis efeqtebi
hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris aRwerisas saubari gvqonda
zogierT
standartul
efeqtze:
hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis
qveS
hipnozis
individebi
Tumca,
gansakuTrebuli
rogor
unda
SesaZleblobebidan
davrwmundeT,
momdinareobs
rom
da
es
qcevebi
ar
aris
hipnozis
monawilis
pasuxis
gasacemad
mkvlevrebi
xSirad
atareben
eqsperimentebs,
39
saidan viciT
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna
hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli
eqsperimentatoris
instruqciis
Tanaxmad,
maT
unda
moetyuebinaT
meore
isini, visac erT jerze metad waredgina toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur
mdgomareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris
intensivobas.
Tqven,
dabrundebiT
da
albaT,
amitom
am
Zalze
bolo
mcire
cdaze
bgeras
isev
hipnotur
gaigonebT.
mdgomareobaSi
savaraudoa,
rom
is
hipnozi
konkretulad
iyo.
ra
aseTi
tipis
damoukidebeli
eqsperimentebidan
wvlili
Seaqvs
naTeli
xdeba,
hipnozs
Tu
adamianis
gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis
unaria (hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari ganWvretiTa da SiSiT
aZlierebs tkivilis stimulebs; am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba hipnoziT
aris
STagonebiT
miiRweva:
plastikatisgan
sxeulis
gakeTebulad)
tkivilis
kontroli sxvadasxva
mtkivneuli
an
mTliani
nawilis
hipnoturi
araorganulad
sxeulisgan
(xis
an
gancalkevebulad
40
da
simsivniani
pacientebisTvis,
romlebic
daavadebasTan
da
mis
monawileTa
eqsperimentatoris
an
Tavad
maTi
molodinebis
tkivilis
saidan viciT
hipnozi amcirebs tkivils
moxaliseebs
tkivilis
Camouyalibes
amtanoba
kunTebis
eqsperimentTa
autaneli
sam
tkivili.
seriaSi
individebis
izomeboda:
(1)
mier
Zalze
instruqciaTa
gansxvaveba
imis
demonstrirebis
saSualebas
iZleoda,
rom
hipnozi
Tu
romel
cdis
pirebs
hqondaT
miRebuli
placebo
kafsula
da
arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24
cdis piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed
molodini
tkivilis
Sesamcireblad,
aseve,
yvela
monawilesTan
41
an
pirovnebaTa
hipnobilurobis
Sedegia,
romelic
hipnoturi
axali
mwvrTnels
SevadaroT,
romelic
wvrTnis
hipnotiziori
subieqts,
romelic
gaTamaSebul
sanaxaobas,
sadac
adamianebi
ucnaur
qmedebebs
TandaswrebiT
umravlesoba
hipnozi
arasodes
warmoadgens
iseT
ar
qcevebs
gaakeTebda.
teqnikas,
axorcielebinebs,
rasac
mkvlevrebisa
TerapevtebisaTvis
romliTac
da
SesaZlebelia
adamianTa
cnobierebis
cnobierebis
gamocalkevebaze
yoveldRiuri,
aqtualuri
mowodebulia
Rrma
simSvidis
mdgomareobis
miRwevis
saSualebiT
meditaciis
dros
pirovneba
SeiZleba
fokusirdebodes
da
garegani
stimulacia,
axdendes
specifikuri
mentaluri
xatebis
42
TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
halucinacia
(Hallucinations)
mcdari
aRqma,
romelic
Cndeba
obieqturi
TiTqmis
TvaldaxuWul
ar
modunebul
arsebobs
fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobasa
da
sxvaoba
meditaciis
normalur
konkretul
realuri
sifxizle
anu
fiziologia
minimaluri
SeiZleba
sxeulebrivi
daxasiaTdes,
aRgznebis,
rogorc
magram
mSvidi
maqsimaluri
sul
mcire,
Seamcirebs
SfoTvas,
gansakuTrebiT
maTTan,
visac
stresul garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al., 1999; Shapiro et al., 1998).
Tumca, meditaciuri praqtikis mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis droebiTi
daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT
praqtikas regularuli xasiaTi aqvs,
paternebis
akrZalvebisgan.
zogierTi
mkvlevari
fiqrobs,
rom
arsebul
garemos
da
davgegmoT
yoveldRiuri
moqmedebebi,
rac
pirobebSi
SesaZloa
adgili
hqondes
cnobierebis
damaxinjebas,
stimulis
perceptuli
damaxinjebaa.
ganvixiloT
suraTi
6.6.
am
43
avxseniT
mexuTe
TavSi,
samkuTxedi
Cvens
mier
samyaros
aRqmis
imiT,
gansxvavebiT,
Tu
gavixsenebT,
halucinaciebi
rom
is
ar
individualuri
aris
realuri.
gamocdilebaa,
iluziisgan
romelsac
ar
dafiqsirebas
halucinaciuli
individebi
gancda
ver
SeZlebs
savaraudod
axerxeben
realobasTan
dasruldeba.
halucinaciebis
misi
Tumca,
realurobis
dapirispirebiT,
zog
SemTxvevebSi
daZlevas
da
es
tvini
uCveulo,
iSviaTi
gamRizianeblis
zemoqmedebas
ganicdis,
qimiurad
gamowveuli
halucinaciebis
arsebobas
tvinze
nivTierebaTa
erTi
da
igive
mkafio
aRqma
SeiZleba
ganixilebodes,
rogorc
statusis
Sefaseba Tanabrad
aris damokidebuli
rogorc
locva,
marxva
da
spiritualuri
komunikacia
religiuri
gamocdileba
warmoadgens
religiuri
uiliam jemsisaTvis
unikalur
fsiqologiur
44
gamocdilebas,
romelic
xasiaTdeba
movlenebis
erTaderTobisa
da
unaris
arqoniT,
xasiaTiT.
sxva
mravali
sityvebiT
adamianisaTvis
rom
vTqvaT,
religiuri
mTliani
gamocdileba
usmenen
yuradRebis mimzidvel
grZel
qadagebebs
da
monawileoben
xmamaRal,
sensoruli
mkvlevrebs
amneziiTac
gvelebisa
da
SeiZleba
cecxlis
aixsnas,
xelSi
mWerTa
ris
sailustraciod
magaliTebi
mohyavT
tolfasia,
romelsac
maTi
cxovrebis
verc
erTi
aspeqti
ver
aSS-is samxreT-
11
erTgvari narkotiki.
45
kulturebSi
asocirdeba,
vidre
narkotikebi
jgufur
garTobasTan,
sakralur
dasvenebasTan
ritualebTan.
adamianebi
ufro
mTel
arsebuli
realobis
usiamovnebebs,
komfortulad
igrZnon
Tavi
meti
xnis
win
uiliam
jemsi
romlis
citirebac
Cven
ukve
cnobierebis
Semcvlel
nivTierebebze
mis
mier
Catarebul
umniSvnelovanesi
momentia
Zlieri
metafizikuri
iluminaciis
da
amavdroulad
Riaa
dakvirvebisaTvis.
goneba
myisierad
da
ar
normaluri
cnobierebis
moiZebneba
cnobierebis
normalur
cnobierebaSi;
funqcionirebasTan
Seswavlisadmi
jemsis
interesi
ver
(James,
gavavlebT
1882,
cnobierebis
p.186).
paralels
amgvarad,
TviT-gamowveuli
18-20
wlis
mozardebis
19,9%
aRniSnavda
narkotikebis
romelime
tipis
damokidebuleba da miCveva
46
fsiqoaqtiuri
fsiqoaqtiuri
droebiTi
nivTierebebi
SecvliT
qimiuri
zegavlenas
naerTebia,
axdens
romelic
mentalur
cnobieri
procesebsa
da
aRqmis
qcevaze.
an
stimulirebas
sakomunikacio
sistemas,
ganwyobilebasa
da
axdenen.
amiT
zemoqmedeben
qcevaze.
safuZvlianad
aRqmaze,
mocemuli
cvlian
mexsierebaze,
nivTierebebis
tvinis
guneba-
gaxangrZlivebuli
mocemul
nivTierebaze,
nawilobriv
imitom,
rom
narkotikis
xSiri
tragikuli
Sedegia
miCveva.
miCveva
adamians,
romelic
miCveulia
tolerantoba
tolerantoba
(Tolerance)
situacia,
romelic
nivTierebis
xangrZlivi
fsiqologiuri
damokidebuleba
(Psychological
dependence)
narkotikis
individi
mocemuli
nivTierebis
gamoyenebas
imdenad
sasurvelad
da
gareSe),
fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobas
damokidebuleba
fsiqologiur
SeiZleba
damokidebulebas
nebismieri
uwodeben.
nivTierebis
mimarT
47
SesanarCuneblad
nivTierebaze
da
danaxarjebis
damokidebul
prostituciisken
an
individs
narkotikebiT
dasafarad
xSirad
qurdobisken,
vaWrobisken.
ubiZgebs
yaCaRobisken,
dResdReobiT
narkotikebze
moxmarebis
narkotikebis
Sedegad
momxmareblebma
SidsiT
sruliad
daavadebis
saSiSroeba;
gauazreblad
intravenuri
SeiZleba
gauziaron
emociuri
stresorebTan
stresebisgan
Tavis
daRwevisa
da
yoveldRiur
gamoyenebis
Semdeg
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa
nivTierebaTa saxeebi
gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me16-e
TavSi
sxva
tipis
fsiqoaqtiur
nivTierebebze
visaubrebT,
romlebic
mier
narkotikebis
moxmarebis
rvawliani
kvleva
1976
wels
socialur
potencials,
adaptaciaze,
zrdida
arRvevda
kriminals
urTierTobebs,
Zaladobis
gareSe
amcirebda
swavlis
da
uwyobda
xels
dezorganizebul azrovnebas.
48
laboratoriebSi).
PCP,
angelozis
anu
mtveri,
iwvevs
tkivilis
gamocalkevebulad
tvinSi
specifikur
SegrZneba,
grZnobs
ibneva
Tavs.
da
garSemo
arsebuli
halucinogenuri
receptorul
ubnebze,
qimiur
sinamdvilisgan
nivTierebebi
moqmedeben
neirotransmiterze
napovnia
rogorc
haSiSsa
(mcenaris
dafxvnili
fisi)
da,
aseve,
gancdebi.
Tumca,
konteqstidan
gamomdinare,
SesaZloa
negatiur
49
mgrZnobiare
tvinis
ubnebze.
garda
amisa,
mier
anandamidis
moxmarebaze
mecnierebma
gavlenas axdens
Sokoladis
gamRizianeblebze
Tavdapirveli
sxeulebrivi
efeqtia
sapasuxo
reaqciebs.
siamovnebaSi
moTxovnebis
heroinis
gadaSveba
gacnobierebis
intravenuri
yvela
adgils eiforiis
miRebis
safiqralisa
grZnoba
da
ikavebs.
heroinis moxmareba xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. III TavSi aRvniSneT, rom tvini
Seicavs
endorfinebs
(endogenur
morfinebs),
romelic
mZlavr
zegavlenas
komponentebs,
qimiuri
xelovnulad
romelic
TvisebebiT
stimulirdeba
tvinSi
bunebrivad
xasiaTdeba.
cnobierebis
arsebuli
nivTierebebis
nervuli
receptorebi
rodesac
Semcvleli
nivTierebebiT,
tvins
dasaxeleba
samedicino
gamoyeneba
efeqtis
xangrZlivoba
(saaTebSi)
damokidebuleba
fsiqologiuri fiziologiuri
opiatebi
(narkotikebi)
morfini
tkivilgamayuCabeli
3-6
maRali
maRali
heroini
kvlevis procesSi
3-6
maRali
maRali
50
kodeini
tkivilgamayuCebeli,
xvelis aRmkveTi
3-6
zomieri
zomieri
ara
8-12
ara
ar aris
haluciogeni
LSD
cnobili
PCP
(penciklidini)
meskalini
veterinaruli
varirebs
anesTetiki
ara
ar aris
cnobili
8-12
ara
(peioti)
fsilocibini
kanafi
(marixuana)
maRali
ar aris
cnobili
ara
4-6
ar aris
ar aris
cnobili
cnobili
msubuqad
ar aris
zomieri
cnobili
zomierad
zomierad
maRali
maRali
msubuqad
msubuqad
zomieri
zomieri
zomieri
zomieri
qimioTerapiis
Tanmxlebi
gulisrevis
aRmkveTi
2-4
sedatiuri, Zilis
wamali,
anesTetiki,
antikonvulsanti
1-16
SfoTvis
Semamcirebeli,
sedatiuri, Zilis
wamali,
antikonvulsanti
antiseptiki
4-8
hiperkinezia,
narkolefsia, wonis
kontroli
ara
2-4
maRali
maRali
1-2
maRali
maRali
nikotinis saReWi
rezini
mowevisTvis Tavis
dasanebeblad
varirebs
msubuqad
zomierad
maRali
maRali
ar aris
zomieri
depresantebi
barbituratebi
(magaliTad,
seqonali)
benzodiazepini
(magaliTad,
vali
umi)
alkoholi
1-5
stimulatorebi
amfetamini
kokaini
nikotini
kofeini
wonis kontroli,
stimulanti mwvave
4-5
51
respiratoruli
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki
depresantebSi
barbituratebi
Sedis
alkoholi.
am
daTrgunva
(Seneleba)
cnobili
nivTierebebs
da,
axasiaTebT
centralur
gansakuTrebiT
gonebrivi
nervul
da
sistemaSi
AaRsaniSnavia,
fizikuri
aqtivobis
nervuli
impulsebis
iyos.
15-wlian
kvlevaSi
gamovlinda,
rom
narkotikebis
dozis
xasiaTdeba
miCvevis
ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobiT
(Miller,
1999).
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod
gamoiyeneboda
uxsovari
droidan.
misi
gavlenis
qveS
myofi
adamianebi
GABA-s
alkoholma
SeiZleba
aqtivobaze
gamoiwvios
relaqsacia
mcire
da
dozis
SemTxvevaSi
mozrdilTa
reaqciebis
SeuZlia
gamklaveba.
didi
raodenobiT
alkoholi
xanmokle
rasac
Tan
koordinaciis rRveva.
axlavs
emociuri
arastabiluroba
da
motoruli
52
da
ojaxur
urTierTobebs
da
seriozul
problemebs
uqmnis
tolerantoba
da
miCveva
es
yvelaferi
xangrZlivi
intensiuri
sma,
anu
isini
svamdnen
da
met
Wiqas
erT
1999),
Tumca,
yvela
asakis
respodentTa
saSualo
maCvenebeli
magaliTad,
stimulatorebi
akaveben
tvinSi
im
molekulebis
momxmareblebi
ganicdian
SemaSinebel
halucinaciebs
da
paranoidalur
gansakuTrebul
safrTxes
eiforiul
aRmafrenasa
moxmarebis
da
Zalze
Tanmxleb
depresiul
rom
sixSire
yovelgvari
kontrolis
da
kokainis
dozebi.
gareSe
yvelaze
gazardon
sufTa
narkotikis
formaa
crack-i,
53
ori
stimulatori,
nivTierebebad,
romelTac
kofeini
aris
da
xSirad
ar
nikotini.
aRviqvamT
rogorc
fsiqoaqtiur
SeiZleba
sakuTari
aRmoCenili
stimulatoria,
qimiuri
romelsac
naerTi
nikotini
adgilobrivi
sakmarisad
Zlieri
Samanebi
maRali
amerikeli
miCvevas
iwvevs
da
did
sifrTxiles
iCendnen,
Tu
rodis
unda
im
receptorebis
stimulirebas
axdens,
romelic
Tavs
kargad
da
60
yovelwliurad
mln
amerikeli
milionebi
jer
kidev
ixarjeba
mwevelia,
sigaretis
Tumca,
mowevis
kampaniis
axalgazrdobazea
Sedegi
mimarTuli:
SeiZleba
iyos,
mozardTa
romelic
Soris
xSirad
mwevelTa
swored
raodenobis
Tavi
N.N-is
SemTxvevis
ganxilviT
daviwyeT
da
SevecadeT
mis
54
Cven
davsviT
kiTxva:
ratom
arian
adamianebi
ukmayofiloni
Cveulebriv,
ZiriTadi
fokusi
arsebuli
amocanebis
mimdinare
warmomadgenlebi
eZieben
cnobierebis
Secvlis
tkivilis
damkvirveblis
Sasamcireblad.
gamocdileba,
rac
adamianebs
gulisxmobs
xSirad
hipnozis
aqvT
faruli
zemoqmedebis
qveS
SesaZlebelia
kognituri
winsvlis
perceptul
gamocdilebas
zogierTi
adamiani
cnobierebis
ganxorcieleba.
garegani
flobs
cvlilebebisa
halucinaciebi
gamRizianeblis
religiur
da
sxva
warmoadgens
ararsebobis
gamocdilebas,
romelic
tipis
mkafio
pirobebSi.
ar
aris
eqstraordinaluri
saSualebebis,
gamoyeneba
xSirad
saxifaToa,
55
cnobiereba
gonebis
Sinaarsebis
gacnobierebas,
maT
Sesaxeb
codnas
warmoadgens;
arsebobs
cnobierebis
sami
done:
(1)
samyaros
bazisuri
cnobiereba,
(2)
RviZili
periodis
cnobierebis
Sinaarsi
gansxvavdeba
aracnobieri
Zilis
darRvevebi,
rogoricaa
insomnia,
narkolefsia
da
Zilis
apnoe
56
kulturuli
rolis
mqone
adamianebi
axorcieleben.
sizmris
zogierTi
Teoria
maTi
wyaroebis
biologiur
warmomavlobaze
hipnozi
cnobierebis
Secvlili
mgdomareobaa,
romelic
xasiaTdeba
garegani
sazrunavebidan
Sinagan
gamocdilebaze
gadaanacvlebs
yuradRebas.
fsiqoaqtiuri
nivTierebebi,
cvlian
ra
nervuli
sistemis
aqtivobas,
aracnobieri
faruli Sinaarsi
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
fsiqologiuri
damokidebu
leba
dRis Zilianoba
SeTanxmebuli validizacia
Tvalebis
Zili
cirkaduli ritmi
Tvalebis swrafi
Zili (NREM)
gareSe
cnobiereba
TviTcnobiereba
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
insomnia
Zili apnoe
swrafi
moZraobiT
(REM)
moZraobis
57
meditacia
xiluli Sinaarsi
midrekileba
narkolefsia
halucinaciebi
sizmris muSaoba
hipnobiluroba
tolerantoba
hipnozi
ra aris daswavla?
ganpirobebulobis procesi
SeZenaze fokiusireba
efeqtis kanoni
ganpirobebulobis ganmtkiceba
ganmamtkiceblis maxasiaTeblebi
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
Seipingi
biologia da daswavla
instinqtTa kompleqti
cxovelTa kognicia
dakvirvebiT swavla
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
58
59
60
61
daswavla
(Learning)
_
(
gamocdilebaze
damyarebuli
procesi,
romlis
daswavladaswavla-gamovlenis
gansxvaveba
gansxvaveba
(Learning-Performance
(
distinction)
62
amtkicebs, rom am paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva ganxilul unda
iqnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi formebi.
skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda mas am poziciis
formulirebamde. 1924 wels gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ biheviorizmis _
wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs harvardSi. skineri eTanxmeba
uotsons Sinagani mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ararsebobaSi.
Tumca, skinerma aqcenti ufro metad gaakeTa ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis,
gamoyenebis SeuZleblobaze, aramed maTi, rogorc qcevis gamomwvevi mizezebis
ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990). sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri movlenebi,
rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva, ar iwveven qcevas. metic, isini, Tavis
mxriv, ganixileba, agreTve, rogorc qcevis forma, romelic garemo stimuliTaa
ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi,
movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia, niskartis patara diskze
dakakunebiT moipovos sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom igi swored ase akTebs. skineri am
SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtedis qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT
SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. SimSilis
subieqturi gancda, romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar SeiZleba, ar aris
am qcevis mizezi, es qceva mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris
mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mterdma SimSilis an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT
daiwyo diskze kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi mtredi,
ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva saWiroa,
ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv principebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
mtreds, asociacia daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris. esaa skineris
biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili (Delprato & Midgley, 1992)
swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad bihevioralur analizs,
fsiqologiis im sferos, romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garmeo
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans, 1994) sazogadod, bihevioraluri
analizi cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri buneba SeiZleba
SeviswavloT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis meTodebisa da sferos
gafarToebiT. amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri kanonzomierebebi,
romlebic saerToa cxovelTa yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT.
mkvlevarebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma
unda, sxvadasxva formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT.
amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. daswavlis
kompleqsuri formebi warmoadgens martivi procesebis kombinacias da ara
63
Sejameba
daswavla aris procesi, romelic momdinareobs SedarebiT mdgradi qcevis an
qceviTi potencialis cvlilebidan da emyareba gamocdilebas. qceviTi analizi
amodis votsonisa da skineris Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs
daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
warmoidgineT, rom xarT kinoSi da uyurebT saSinelebaTa films. filmis
gmiri daxurul kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giCndebaT survili,
iyviroT ar Sexvide! amasobaSi aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT,
SeZleba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacnairad Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla
fiziologiuri reaqciis wamoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi garemo movlena
dakavSirebulia meoresTan (daZabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am
tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis
ZiriTadi froma, romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs,
winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs
axal asociacias or stimuls Soris stimuls, romelic adre ar iwvevda
reaqcias da meores Soris, romelmac gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven
gaqvT Tandayolili unari sxartad daawyviloT movlenebi garemoSi asociaciis
principiT da es qceviTI midrekilebaa.
pavlovis
pavlovis sakvirveli dakvirvebebi
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radikalur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba
ewodos fsiqologiis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs, ivan
pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva
fiziologuri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobebulobas igi SemTxveviT
waawyda, rodesac ikvlevda saWmlis momnelebel sistemas, risTvisac 1904 wels
nobelis premia miiRo.
64
qceva
(ganpirobebuli
(ganpirobebuli
stimuli),
reaqcia)
romelic,
Tavis
gamowveulia
mxriv,
stimuliT
ganmtkicebulia
65
stimuliT
gamowveuli
dauswavleli
ganupirobebeli
stimuli
(Unconditioned
stimulus)
klasikur
ganupirobebeli
reaqcia
(Unconditioned
response)
klasikur
66
xdeba
imis
Sedegad,
rom
neitraluri
stimuli
Sewyvilebulia
ganupirobebel stimulTan.
drosac
ganpirobebuli
reaqcia
pirvlad
aris
gamowveuli
ganpirobebuli stimuliT.
ganpirobebulobis procesi
rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpirobvebuli stimulebis damTxveviT
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea daswavla? ramdenad
myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba
cxovelTa saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevebis Sedegad.
SeZena da Caqroba
saerTod, ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi ramdenjermeE unda
dawyvildes, sanam ganpirobebuli stimuli gamoiwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri dawyvilebiT,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocendeba mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia,
vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli reaqcia.
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogroc kargi anegdotis moyolis
dros, dro Zalian mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli
stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom
organizmma isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas. (am wesis gamonakliss aRvwerT
mogvianebiT sxva TavSi gemos aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT) mkvlevrebma
SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or stimuls Soris. yvelaze farTod
gavrcelebuli tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic jer Cndeba da
narCundeba ganpirobebuli stimuli manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba
ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli stimuli
Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba
is gavlena, Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organizmze daetovebina ganpirobebul
67
68
ar
arsebobis
Sedegad
ganpirobebuli
asociaciis
Sesusteba
spontanuri
Camqvrali
ganpirobebuli
stimulis generalizeba
generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ ganpirobebuli stimulis
avtomaturi ganvrcoba yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
69
stimulis diskriminacia
zogierT garmeoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire
raodenobaze aRmocendes. magaliTad, organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos
sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisagan garbodes, romelic namdvil
mtacebels waagavs. stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis drosac
organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis
gansxvavebul stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba wyalsa da zeTs Soris) .
organizmis mier stimulis diskrimnaciis daswavla SeiZleba eqsperimentuli
procesiT, romlis drosac sxvadasxva intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi, mxolod,
magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo
sxvebi, meordebian amis gareSe. ganpirobebulobis pirvel etapze ganpirobebuli
stimulis msgavsi stimuli warmoSobs msgavss reaqcias, Tumca, arc ise Zliers.
diskrimaniciis treningis gagrZelebasTan erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs
stimulebze klebulobs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli stimuli
moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls da romeli _ ara.
organizmisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom man qceva optimalurad, saWiro drosa da
adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da
ganzogadebas Soris.
ar aris saWiro, rom bevri dro daeTmos stimulis diskriminacias, amasobaSi,
SesaZloa mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti reaqciaa saWiro,
raTa yvela Crdili ar gvaSinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms
uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas aZlevs am ukanasknels,
Sesabamisad reagirebdes garemos struqturebze. (Garcia, 1990)
70
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960 wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo.
1960 wels robert reskolam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob mravlismTqmeli
eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas
eqsperimentSi zari (ganpiroebuli stimuli) emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli
stimuli), rac, Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi iqneboda klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis.
saidan viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mniSvneloba
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla wrTvnida ZaRlebs _
gadamxtariyvnen barierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval eleqtroSoks.
Tu ZaRli ver SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks. Tu gadaxtomas
moaxerxebda, eleqtro Soks airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires
reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis gasazomad.
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze xtoma, reskorlam isini or
jgufad dayo da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT SerCevas
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) eZleoda spontanurad da ganpirobebuli
stimulisagan (zarisgan) damoukideblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlindebodnen droSi
erTmaneTTan axlos an erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen
71
informatiuloba
informatiuloba
reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobs klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin, 1969) aCvena,
rom ganpirobebuli stimuli SeiZleba iyos informatiuli.
saidan viciT
informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba
kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis 2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi
pirvelad iwrTvneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWeraSi zaris rekvis dros
(ganpirobebuli stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ganupirobebeli
stimuli). amis Semdeg eqsperiments daemata kidev erTi ganpirobebuli
stimuli sinaTle. amjerad ganupirobebel stimuls ukve ori
ganpirobebuli stimuli moaswavebda zari da sinaTle. sakontrolo
jgufSi vlindeboda mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra. anu am jgufSi
zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis
ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod zarze. Tu pirobiTi
ganmtkiceba sakmarisia klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad, maSin
virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad unda epauxa zarsa da Suqze, magram
eqsperimentuli virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod zarze da ara _ sinaTleze,
72
blokireba
(Blocking)
)
(
fenomeni,
romlis
drosac
organizmi
ar
73
tivtivebs?
Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT araviTar SemTxvevaSi, es imas niSnavs, rom
klasikurma ganpirobebulobam iTamaSa Tavisi roli. klasikurad ganpirobebuli
reaqcia: es sazizRrobaa an saxifaToa, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli codnisa Tu
gamocdilebisa. radgan klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad
gaCenili azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia igi cnobieri mizez-SedegobriobiT
CavaqroT.
erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti klasikuri
ganpirobebulobisa aris SiSis ganpirobebuloba. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze
jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rainerma daadastures, rom SiSis
reaqciebis umetesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri stimulis dawyvileba
raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti
patara albertze.
saidan viciT
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi
uotsonma da rainerma (1920) patara alberti daaSines patara TeTri
virTxiT, romelic Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri virTxis gamoCena
daawyviles aversiul ganupirobebel stimulTan bavSvis uknidan
momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis
dartymiT. SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da emociuri distresi gaxda
mizezi daswavlisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri virTxis danaxvaze
74
75
nivTierebebze damokidebuleba
ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves kacis cxedari, romelsac
mklavSi CarCenili hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis zedmeti doza
daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT
ufro did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am SemTxvevam aaforiaqa
mkvlevarebi rogor SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi, romelsac
sakmaod didi mimRebloba hqonda am nivTierebis mimarT?
pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom
mimRebloba narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes, rodesac adamiani
elodeba wamlis farmakologiur moqmedebas. Tanmedrove mkvlevarma Sefard
sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi. igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic
gamoiyeneba wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul stimulad im situaciisaTvis,
romelSic organizmi ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis miRebisas
wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli) iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs,
razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod homeostazis damyarebis mizniT.
(ixileT Tavi 3) swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli reaqcia. droTa
ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli reaqciac xdeba ganpirobebuli reaqcia. es
niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic Cveulebriv, asocirebulia wamlis
gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobebuli stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad amzadebs
Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba
Cndeba imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali metia kompensatorul
reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba raime saxis dadebiTi efeqti. mzardi doza niSnavs,
rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac.
sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi, gamoumuSava ra virTxebs
mimRebloba heroinis mimarT.
saidan viciT
narkotikul nivTierebebze damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis aspeqtebi
76
klasikuri
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
adreul 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes aRmoCena, rom daswavlis
procesebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios organizmis imunur sistemaze.
istoriulad dadasturebuli iyo, rom imunulogiuri reaqciebi __
antisxeulebis swrafi gamomuSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs,
77
78
79
rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoveba da dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT
operantuli ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.
Sejameba
mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
ZiriTadi principebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im specipikur cvladebs
dauTmo, romlebic ganpirobebulobaze gavlenas axdenen. klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimuli iwvevs refleqsur qcevas,
romelsac ganupirobebeli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba. (unconditioned response).
manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli stimulis ganupirobebl stimulTan
Sewyvilebis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZanisaTvis.
stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi gamRizianebeli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias. cxovelebis gawrTvna
SesaZlebelia ise, rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SesZlon Sesatyvisi da
Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli stimulis garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia ganpirobebul da
ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris kontingentursa da informatiul
damokidebulebaze. cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri ganpirobebulobisa
gvxvdeba emociebis, narkotikul nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da
fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavla Sedegebis mixedviT
davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi damTavrda da Tqven
gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni adgilidan. megobari, romelTan erTadac uyureT
films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven pasuxobT: me viswavle, rom
saSinelebaTa filmze aRar unda wamovide. albaT, marTali xarT, magram ra
saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel gadavyavarT meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi.
efeqtis kanoni
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi muSaobda ZaRlebTan klasikur
ganpirobebulobaze, eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898) akvirdeboda
katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan. Torndaikma
male gamoqveyna kidec misi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad
katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg, magram radgan erTxel maTma
80
81
82
ganmtkiceba
(Reinforcement contingency)
aris
myari
kavSiri
83
84
85
agreTve,
diskriminatiuli
anzogadebs
stimulis
reaqcias
msgavsia.
Tuki
sxva
stimulzec,
erTxel
reaqcia
romelic
ganmkicda
da
igive
reaqcia
gamoiwvios.
magaliTad,
mterdebi,
romlebic
gawrTvnes, rom diski mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT, mainc
akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven
vanzogadebT mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze.
1 dadebiTi ganmtkiceba:
diskrimi
naciuli
stimuli
sasmeleb
reaqcia
monetis
Sedegi
sasmelis
86
damsjeli
Cagdeba
miReba
maraoTi
ganiaveba
sicxis
arideba
aravin
amCnevs
sixSire
kleb.
asanTiT
TamaSi
dawva
Wamaze
uari
aranairi
deserti
sixSires.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punisment) qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli,
romelic amcirebs qcevis albaTobas.
uaryofiT
damsjeli
(Negative Punishment)
qcevas
moyveba
sasurveli
ganmtkicebas,
radgan
konkretuli
qceva
dadebiTad
iyo
ganmtkicebuli.
sampirobiani
albaToba
meqanizmi,
romliTac
an
amisaTvis
mizanSi
amoiReT
specifikuri
qceva,
romlis
87
sasurveli
qcevis
gazrda
klasSi.
am
SemTxvevaSi
unda
sasurveli
reaqcia
ganzogadebuli
msgavs
stimulze.
Tu,
am
qcevisTvis.
Tu
SesZlebT,
moaxerxebT,
rom
am
SemcirebiT
SegiZliaT.
ukeTesia,
Caqrobis
kombinireba
dadebiT ganmtkicebasTan.
qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebismieri qceva, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas, jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri qceva,
amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an sascilo qcevac unda iyos, SeiZleba
avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT. magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi zogjer
imitom narCuneba, rom adamiani iRebs yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da
Tavisufldeba Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtkicebaa da meti
araferi. es meoradi sargebeli ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer,
TviTdestruqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis
qceva, miuxedavad imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda, iyos morcxvi. ra
Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovelTvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs
garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac qceva xdeba metad an naklebad
albaTuri, SegiZliaT scadoT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Catareba.
rekomendirebulia, rom rac SeiZleba met SemTxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad
unda gamoviyenoT dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba avamoqmedoT
sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi, rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi.
ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi
88
ganmamtkiceblebi
operantuli
ganpirobebulobis
energiis
brokerebad
da ara
raime
sagnebad.
ganmamtkicebeli
ganmamtkicebeli
(Primary
reinforcer)
biologiurad
ganmamtkicebeli
(Conditioned
reinforcer)
klasikuri
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
roca am qveyanas moevlineT auracxeli pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT,
magaliTad,
wyali
da
saWmeli,
romelTa
ganmamtkicebluri
Taviseburebani
da
eqsperimentatorebma
daadgines,
rom
pirobiTi
pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli
ganmamtkicebeli.
yovelTvisaa
klasSi
vinaidan
maSin,
(1)
roca
ramodenime
nebismieri
pirveladi
stimulis
(4)
maTi
ganmtkicebis
efeqti
ufro
swrafia,
radgan
is
89
damokidebulia
ganmamtkiceblis
miRebaze
da
ara
biologiur
dawesebulebaSi,
narkologiur
dispanserSi,
magaliTad,
Jetonebis
fsiqiatriul
ekonomika
am
saavadmyofoSi
principebs
an
emyareba.
an
rame
sxva
es
Pear,1999).ganmamtkicebelTa
privilegiaze
sistema
(Kazdin,
gansakuTrebiT
1994;
efeqturia
Martin&
pacientis
maTi
pozitiuri
socialuri
urTierTobebis
gazrdis
TvalsazrisiT.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
dausjeloba afuWebs bavSvs?
gjeraT
Tu
ara,
rom
,,gauwkeplaoba
bavSvs
afuWebs
anu
bavSvebi,
am
gamonaTqvamis
umetesobisa. 991
gjeraT,
amerikeli
Tqven
mSoblidan
emsgavsebiT
35%-ma
amerikel
mSobelTa
aRiara fizikuri
dasjis
93%
mSoblebisa
TviTon
ki,
Tu
is
gamoiyeneba
araSesatyvisi
qcevis
Sesacvlelad,
mSoblebisgan
mets
vityviT
swavloben
modelirebiT
fizikuri
swavlis
agresiis
Sesaxeb
gamoyenebas
mogvianebiT,
(Cven
TavSi
90
kvlevaSi,
aRsazrdeli
sadac
indianisa
monawileobda,
mSoblebs
da
tenesis
sTxoves
273
SeevsoT
sabavSvo
baRis
kiTxvari
imis
6%-s
hyavda
dedebi,
romlebic
arasodes
iyenebdnen
fizikur
gamokiTxvidan
urTierTobas TanatolebTan.
Tvis
Semdeg,
mkvlevrebma
dakvirdnen
am
bavSvebis
daafiqsires bavSvebis
agresia
Tanatolebs.
TiToeuli
bavSvi
saaTobrivad
iRebda
qulas
mSoblebisgan
daiswavlian.
Tqven
SeiZleba
ifiqroT,
rom
es
analizi
dafuZnebulia
monacemebze, romelic
erT-erTi
mizanmimarTuli
proeqtis
suicidi,
Seuracxyofa,
alkoholizmi,
(kacebTan)
colebis
sakuTari
bavSvebis
cema.
mkvlevrebma
mimarT
fizikuri
daaskvnes,
rom
91
bavSvTa
fizikuri
Seuracxyofis,
depresiis,
suicidis
da
gvjera,
konkretuli
magaliTebiT
dagarwmuneT,
rom
bavSvebis
sadac
bavSvis
arasasurveli
qcevis
SemaCereblad
mxolod
92
davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac gaakeTebinoT. Tqven ar gindaT, mas
gadauxadoT an misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT garigebas: ,,roca
saSinao davalebas daasruleb, SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo. Tqvns
mier
gamoyenebuli
,,kompiuteruli
TamaSi
mocemul
situaciaSi
premakis
principad gvevlineba, romelic david premakma (David Premak) 1995 wels aRmoaCina.
premakis mixedviT, ufro metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul
garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs), SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad
albaTuri qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi premakma aRmoaCina,
rom wyliT deprivirebulma virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis mizniT
sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqtivobas wylis daleva mohyveboda da,
piriqiT, savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen wylis smis qcevas.
premakis mixedviT, ganmamtkiceblad organizmisTvis mniSvenelovani nebismieri
qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos. premakis princips xSirad gamoiyeneba,
gansakuTrebiT instituciebis bavSvTa iseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad,
rogoricaa mSvidad jdoma da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia erTi
klasikuri SemTxveva:
saidan viciT
bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom iTamaSon
Caatares
kvleva,
romlis
drosac
klasSi
gamoyofili
iyo
droiTi
xma.
zaris
xmas
mohyveboda
instruqcia:
gaiqeciT
da
rom
aZlevdnen
dabrunebuliyvnen
Jetonebs
TavianT
dabali
adgilebze.
sixSiris
mogvianebiT
qcevis
bavSvebs
maTemetikis
tipis
saklaso
programa,
sadac
maswavleblebis
mier
xSirad
qcevaSi
bavSvebis
CasarTavad.
socialurad
aqtiuri
bavSvisaTvis
93
im
qcevis
sixSiris
mateba,
rac
konkretul
SemTxvevaSi
naklebad
albaTuria.
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom Tqvens Sinaur cxovels
ganumtkicoT raime konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia Tavis
laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise rom, ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi
ganmamtkicebeli Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomis akeTebda da
virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu
ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met sakvebs veRar iRebdnen.
aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur
94
95
romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli
miewodeba
fiqsirebuli
drois
romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli
miewodeba
pirvelive
pasuxisas
cvaldi
periodis
gavlis
Semdeg,
romlis
saSualoc
winaswar
mixedviT
Seipingi
(shaiping
successive
gansazRvrulia.
warmatebuli
approximations)
miaxloebebis
qceviTi
meTodi,
romelic
ganamtkicebs
by
im
reaqciebs
96
97
ganmtkicebuli.
daswavla da biologia
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTad principTa CamonaTvali msgavsia
adamianebTan da cxovelebTan, pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma
98
(David Hume) wamoayena 1748 wels. humma Tqva, rom nebismieri Teoria, romliTac
Cven gagebis operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT mniSvnelobas
SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen
cxovelTanac (Hume, 1748/1951, p.104).
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960ian wlebSi fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadsxva kanonzomierebebi da
SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey,
1993; Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993) mesame Tavidan Tqven ukve icnobT im
ideas, rom cxovelebis ganviTareba iyo pasuxi, reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze.
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris SeiZleba avxsnaT swored adaptaciiT. zustad
aseTive evoluciuri perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis unars (Leger, 1992.
daswavlis biologiuri
biologiuri iZuleba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba gamoenebuli iqnas cxovelTa
sensorul, qceviT da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT kvlevis or
sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
ganpirobebuli: instinqturi swrafva da gemos aversiiT swavla.
instinqturi swrafva
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben cirksa da
televiziaSi. zogierTi cxoveli TamaSobs beisbols, ping-pongs, zogi _ atarebs
manqanas. wlebis manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi iyenebdnen
operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs, rom gamoewrTvnaT aTasobiT sxvdasxva
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom zogadi principebi, romlebic
laboratoriuli kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac imuSavebda da
nebismieri reaqcia an jildo niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis
gareT.
Tumca, wrTvnis raRac etapze zogierTi cxoveli iwyebda cudad moqcevas.
magaliTad, enoti iwrTvneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo yulabaSi da amiT
gamoemuSavebina sakvebi. magram enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis
aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod wydeboda anu enoti saerTod aRar
iRebda monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela monetas erTad, tenida
yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad
axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben
niJarebidan. amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wrTvnidnen imisTvis, rom
gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT, isini Zirs yridnen am
monetebs, jer dingiT ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen.
99
100
101
102
saidan viciT
mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi gemos arideba
22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos
diagnozi, gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi prioritetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis
rva kursis ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi sami kvira iyo.
qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi, rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze
Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da
sasmels 1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian mowoneba). mkvlevarebi
aversiis gamovlenas maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba 4 quliT
daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis 46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire,
erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi, romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis
pirveli ori kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi gaxda, rom
virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT, pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva Terapiis
Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, romlis Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli
aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993).
imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli,
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Berstein, 1991).
magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes.
amasTan, miwodebuli kanfetebi an nayini iyo sruliad specifikuri surneliT
anu aversia swored am surnelis mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs
SeeZloT, kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti an nayini.
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa
ganpirobebli. bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis seansis
dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romelSic isini mkurnalobdnen,
ganpirobebul stimulad iqca. (Tomoyasu at all 1996) amgvari efeqtebis safuZvlebis
gaanalizeba mkvlevarebs mkurnalobis meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas
aZlevs. kidec erTxel, ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis efeqtebis
safuZvlebis codna mkvlevarebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis
sawinaaRmdego mkurnaloba.
axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamedrove qceviTi analitikosebi
yuradRebiT reaqciis im tipebis mimarT, romelic ama Tu im saxeobisaTvis ufro
Sesaferisia dasaswavlad. (Todd and Morris 1992) Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls
aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT
potencials. Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdenadac jer ar
103
cxovelTa kognicia
am TavSi ganvixileT sakiTxebi, romlis mixedviTac saxeobebisaTvis
specifikuri SezRudvebis garda, daswavlis kanonebi, virTxebze da mtredebze
Catarebuli kvlevebidan gamomdinare, kargad udgeba ZaRlebs, maimuneba da
adamianebs. cxovelTa kogniciis mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod
klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobis ganzogadeba SeiZleba sxvadasxva
sxeobebze (Wasserman 1993-1994).Tavis evoluciis TeoriaSi Carlz darvinma
ganacxada, rom kognituri unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fizikur
formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixilavT cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob
STambeWdav tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kognitur unarebze.
kognituri rukebi
104
edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman 1886-1959) iyo pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri
procesebis kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situaciebis
gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri, erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida
cxovelis qcevas. daakvirdiT syraTs 7.15. tolmenma da misma studentebma
aCvenes, rom rodesac labirinTSi blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki,
virTxebi labirinTSi adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven umokles gzas
gamosvlisaTvis miuxedavad imisa, rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman
& Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise, TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen
gansazRvrl kognitur rukas labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad imisa, rom brmad
daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman 1948).
tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets,
vidre ubralod asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas da Semdeg am
daswavlili masalis warmoCenas qceviT konteqstSi.
tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam gamoavlina sivrcobrivi
mexsierebis gasaocari unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxovelebsa
da adamianebSic. (Tolman, 1948). kognituri rukis gasagebad yuraReba unda
mivaqcioT im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxurebian:
- cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis
amosacnobad.
- maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqtebis misagnebad.
- garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad.
Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri ruqebis sxvadasxva funqcia
frinvelTa sxvadasxva saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels farTo
arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon saWmels, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.
kognicia
SesaZleblobebi;
(Animal
mkvlevarebi
cognition)
eZeben
cxovelebis
kognituri
unarebis
kognituri
ganviTarebas
ruka
reprezentacia
(Cognitive
map)
fizikuri
sivrcis
gonebrivi
105
konceptualuri qceva
kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxovelebs garemoSi orientaciaSi,
magram sxva ra kognitur procesebi unda hqondes cxovelebs, raTa TavianT,
gansxvavebuli stimulebiT aRsavse garemocvaSi moaxerxon, sakuTari
gamocdilebis sworad gamoyeneba
da raSi unda iyenebdnen isini am procesebs? me-11 TavSi Cven aRvniSnavT, rom
metyvelebis dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amocanad iTvleba axali
106
dakvirvebiT daswavla
107
108
109
gavlenas axdens mayureblis cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel rigSi,
Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas. es asociacia gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania bavSvebisaTvis: agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena, Zaladobis adreul
asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba gadaizardos antisocialur qcevaSi ufro gviandel
asakSi. meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori
raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar
gaxdes Zaladobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi. mesame, Zaladobis yurebam SeiZleba
migviyvanos desensitizaciamde emociur aSlilobasa da distersamde.
ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laboratoriuli magaliTi:
saidan viciT
media Zaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis mimarT tolerantulobas ayalibebs
meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan TiToeuli Seiyvanes
eqsperimentul oTaxSi, sadac unda eyurebinaT ori videokasetidan erTerTisaTvis: Zaladobis scenebiani filmi karates Svili da araagresiuli
sportuli sanaxaoba 1984 wlis zafxulis
olimpiadidan. am kasetebis
110
stimulebs
Soris..
ganpirobebuloba
yvelaze
efeqturia
111
SemTxveveTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT,
spontanurad
iyo
miwodebuli.
pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis
jgufis
ZaRlebma
SemTxveveTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT,
spontanurad
iyo
miwodebuli.
pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis
jgufis
ZaRlebma
reskorlam
aCvena,
rom
ZaRlebi,
romlebic
pirobiTi
ganmamtkicebeli-
112
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
(1)
Camocileba
uaryofiTi dasja
(3)
sur. 7.14. Tandayolili unarebi
aris
procesi,
SedarebiT
romlis
stabilur,
Sedegadac
mudmiv
viRebT
cvlilebas
gamocdilebaze
qcevaSi
an
qcevis
potencialSi .
bihevioristebs sjeraT, rom Zalian bevri qceva SeiZleba axsnili iqnas
martivi daswavlis procedurebiT.
113
aqvs
adgili,
rodesac
ganupirobebel
stimuls
ar
moyveba
ganpirobebuli stimuli.
stimulis generalizacia fenomenia, romlis drosac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
diskriminaciuli
daswavla
aviwroebs
im
ganpirobebuli
stimulebis
rom
arsebobdes
ganjxorcieldes
mudmivi
kavSiri
klasikuri
ganpirobebul
ganpirobebuloba
stimulsa
da
unda
ganupirobebel
stimuls Soris.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba xsnis mraval emociur reaqcias da narkotikebis
mimarT
tolerantulobas.
is
aseve
gamoyenebul
iqna
imunuri
funqciis
Sesacvlelad.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb
Torndaikma
aCvena,
rom
qcevebi
romlebic
damakmayofilebel
Sedegebs
qceviTi
analizis
midgoma
fokusirebulia
ganmamtkiceblis
gamarTlebuli
qceva
aixsneba
samterminiani
maSinac
ganpirobebuli
ki,
roca
organizms
ganmamtkiceblebi
SeZenilia
wina
gamocdileba
pirvelad
ar
qonia.
ganmamtkiceblebTan
asocirebis Sedegad.
SesaZlo aqtiobebi funqcionirebs rogorc dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli.
114
varaudoben,
rom
daswavlas
SeiZleba
xeli
SeuSalos
gamowveulma
midrekilebam
SeiZleba
gadafaros
Sedegi-
ganmamtkicebliT daswavla.
gamos aversiiT swavla gvamcnobs, rom saxeobebi genetikurad mzad arin
sxvadasxva saxis asociaciebisTvis.
kognituri sferos gavlena daswavlaze
daswavlis zogierTi forma gacilebiT kompleqsur procedurebs moiazrebs,
vidre klasikuri an operantuli ganpirobebuloba.
cxovelebs
gaaCniaT
kognituri
ruqebi,
romlebic
maT
rTul
garemoSi
bihevioraluri analizi
refleqsi
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
ganpirobebuloba
ganupirobebeli stimuli
ganupirobebeli reaqcia
ganpirobebuli stimuli
ganpirobebuli reaqcia
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba
daswavla
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba
SeZena
Caqroba
spontanuri aRdgena
stimulis generalizeba
operantuli qceva
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
ganmamtkicebeli
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
operantulobis Caqroba
damsjeli
dadebiTi damsjeli
uaryofiT damsjeli
diskriminaciuli stimuli
sampirobiani albaToba
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili
115
stimulis diskriminacia
blokireba
fsiqoneiroimunulogia
efeqtis kanoni
operanruli ganpirobebuloba
Tavi 8. mexsiereba
ra aris mexsiereba
mexsierebis tipebi
sensoruli mexsiereba
xatiseburi mexsiereba
eqo mexsiereba
muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba
kodireba da aRdgena
konteqsti da kodireba
mogonebis mimniSneblebi
metamexsiereba
mexsierebis struqturebi
116
engramis ZiebaSi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
117
kisermoRrecili
vadevnebdi
Tvals da
da
pirdaRebuli
xeli mqonda
maT
moZraobas
miwaze
daSvebamde
bumbuli mainc
dameWira. magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi
yovel bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis molodinSi zeviT
mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras. Mmze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi
cxovrebis 65 wlis manZilze.
mexsierebis
Sesaxeb
gaixsenebT raime
am
Tavis
kiTxvis
dawyebis
win
kargi
iqneba,
Tu
rodis moxda igi? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es movlena, rogorc marlon brandos?
Tqvens mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis
monaTxrobma?
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulodnelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom
dakargeT mexsiereba da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan _ arc xalxi, romelTac
icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic Tavs gadagxdaT. ar gaxsovT, rogor
gamoiyureba dedaTqveni, dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens dabadebis dReze,
rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT. Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis
pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin
xarT, ras warmoadgenT. an davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis
dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris
gagrZelebasac ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis azrs gaigebT.
yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT
118
119
120
mexsiereba
(Memory)
informaciis
kodirebis,
Senaxvisa
da
aRdgenis
fsiqikuri unari.
ebingausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze
Seiswavlidnen uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis Seswavlisas mkvlevrebi
imedovnebdnen, rom ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, romelTa
daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli procesebis axsna iqneboda
SesaZlebeli.
121
rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs, pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris
is situaciebi, romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _ igonebT Tqvens
sayvarel films, meore msoflio omis dawyebis TariRs da sxv. faqtobrivad,
mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia aris is, rom Sens
individualur Tu sazogadoebriv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes
saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba. magram mexsierebis mniSvneloba
gacilebiT ufro metia. masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac
quCaSi manqanis saWes uzixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive mxares nacnobi,
Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, romelic
cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mexsierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT,
Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad, xSirad
aracnobier donezec.
122
vnaxavT,
123
124
125
kodireba
(Encoding)
procesi,
romlis
saSualebiTac
mexsierebaSi
aRdgena
(Retrieval)
Senaxuli
informaciis
aRdgena,
amotana
mexsierebidan.
126
muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi
mexsiereba
mexsiereba
sensoruli mexsiereba
daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis sisustis demonstraciiT. 8.4 naxatze
sakmaod rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT, momentalurad
(daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT.
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT suraTTan dakavSirebiT:
1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis qveda nawilSi?
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis SuaSi?
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals qolga marjvena Tu marcxena
xelSi uWiravs?
127
sam mwkrivs
7
128
129
saidan viciT
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo mexsierebaze
studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqsperimenti, sadac ekiTxebodaT asoTa
mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda. sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da
eqsperimentis erT seriaSi
JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini - mee. magram
m
monawile cdis pirebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom es xma namdvilad cxvars
ekuTvnoda, xolo mere seriaSi ki darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom am xmas adamiani
gamoscemda, (rac marTlac, ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod im
SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo mexsierebaSi, Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma
adamianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993).
miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom moqmedi fizikuri gamRizianebeli erTi da
igive iyo. magram mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo mexsiereba, rodesac cdis pirebi
mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis
xmiT wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis da Senaxvis ukve uadres
safexurze mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas, ratom aqvs sensorul mexsierebas ori
ZiriTadi niSani wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva. saqme is
aris, rom es niSnebi asaxavs garemosTan Cvens urTierTobas. Cvenze mudmivad
130
131
7 3 4
4 2
8 5
132
ganmeoreba
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel
amokiTxuli telefonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi gonebaSi (an
xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba.
ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias, kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier
eqsperimentSi.
saidan viciT
xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba
cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans, mag. F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi
unda aRadginon gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg, romlis xangrZlioba
meryeobs 3-dan 18 wamamde. ganmeorebis Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli amocana (distraqtori): cdis
pirebs aZleven samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma daiTvalos samis
gamoklebiT manam, sanam im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans miscemen.
eqsperimenti Catarebuli iyo sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis da gansxvavebuli droiTi
intervalebis
133
dajgufeba (Chunking)
jgufi (Chank) aris azris matarebeli informaciis erTeuli (Anderson, 1996).
es erTeuli SeiZleba erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan Semdgari
jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos. magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba
1 9 8 4 oTxi erTeuligan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobaSi. magram Tu Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads (1984
weli), an jorj orvelis wignis 1984 saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba
da Tqvens xanmokle mexsierebaSi dagrCebaT adgili sxva masalisTvisac.
dajgufeba (Chunking) aris dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad
rekonfiguraciis procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis
safuZvelze, an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT
ufro didi jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesi (Baddeley, 1994).
ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis es mwkrivi? 19411917186518121776.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi
iqneba 20, xolo Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis SeerTebul
134
SeiZleba
135
muSa
mexsiereba
gamoiyeneba,
(Working
rogorc
memory)
iseTi
mexsierebis
amocanebis
unari,
Tanmxlebi,
romelic
rogoricaa
(Chunking)
informaciis
calkeul
wevrTa
dajgufebis
136
Tumca, Stenbergis
Teoriebi (Ratcliff, 1978, Townsend, 1971, 1990), yvela Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom xanmokle
mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba. modiT, gavakeToT
garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmoCenidan da gavavloT analogia did samecniero
biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wignebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel
STabeWdilebaTa didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod, yovel jerze
mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis
SezRuduli moculoba). magram, davuSvaT, yoveli msurveli wigns Zalian
swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).
aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT biblioTekiT da iSviTad
gaacnobierebT biblioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis Sesaxeb.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa
da efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.
muSa mexsiereba
Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba xanmokle mexsierebaze da im
rolze, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba TamaSobs axali informaciis
eqspliciturad aRbeWvdis procesSi. magram, rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, Tqven
gWirdebaT kidev iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia da nebismier
momentSi, nebismieri Tqveni moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT,
gansxvavebiT mexsierebis im formebisgan, romelic faqtebis aRbeWvdas udevs
safuZvlad. magram aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino Sedegis gamovlenamde
mimdinare procesebic. gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT
dagemaxsovrebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi
mogoneba, maSasadame, Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli ricxvi es
mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli,
magaliTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan meoreSi da paralelurad
ukuRma iTvaloT samis gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mexsierebas
ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlevrebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is
137
Baddeley, 1986, 1992, Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi sami komponenti
gamoyves:
informaciis
Semosvla
nawilobriv emTxveva
da
misi
gamoyeneba.
fonologiuri
sacavi
mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi
sqema:
is
fonologiuri
sacavis
msgavs
Tu,
magaliTad,
vinme
gkiTxavT,
ramdeni
merxia
Tqvens
fonologiuri
sacavidan
da
sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi
sqemidan
miRebuli
funqcias,
romelic
warmarTavs
Tqvens
fsiqikur
138
139
Sejameba
xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia aris eqsplicituri saxiT informaciis
pirveladi aRbeWvda. xanmokle mexsiereba itevs oridan oTxamde erTeuls.
ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xanmokle mexsierebaSi. moculoba
izrdeba, Tu informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba. informaciis amotana
xanmokle mexsierebidan swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis cneba
Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami
komponenti asaxavs adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv process.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ daxsomebis procesi, romelic
uzrunvelhyofs informaciis Senaxvas da SemdgomSi, nebismier dros mis
aRdgenas.
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ es principi gulisxmobs, rom
aRdgenili
gadaarCenda. veraviTarma
140
kodirebis specifikuroba
141
kodireba da aRdgena
142
saidan viciT
mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols asrulebs
romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis?
ramdenime eqsperimenti iyo am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli sxvadasxva
sunelebis gamoyenebiT. erT SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis sruliad
ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareulkenkrovani; Herz, 1997, p. 375), Cveulebrivi, nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo
kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da laboratoriisTvis Cveuli
(fiWvis) suni. hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni gamoiwvevda
yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliT da uCveulobiT da CaerTveboda kodirebis
procesSi. hipoTeza dadasturda. Tumca, kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris 48
saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvnelovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20
sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac
aRbeWvdisas. magram es exeboda mxolod osmantuss da vanils. (Herz, 1996).
am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara yovelgvari suni monawileobs
konteqstis efeqtSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva konteqstSi
icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRaziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc
konteqstis elementma, dakargos.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis
adgilmdebareobis efeqti
konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mexsierebis erT-erT
klasikuri kanonzomierebis rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad.
davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT
TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romelsac Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi
iqneba 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli Sedegisa: Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT mwkrivis
dasawyisidan ramdenime (dasawyisis
dasawyisis efeqti)
efeqti da bolodan ramdenime sityvas
(daboloebis
daboloebis efeqti).
efeqti mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTiori sityva
gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanonzomiereba zogadia mexsierebis,
rogorc Tavisufali wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaixseneT, ramdeni
sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT) ise, igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis
SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT)
da, agreTve, sxvadasxva raodenobis 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis daxsomebis
143
rigSi
adgilmdebareobis
informaciis
aRdgenis
efeqti
procesis
mexsierebidan
rodesac
mwkrivis
144
mixedviTac
mwkrivis
adgilmdebareobis
efeqtze
SeiZleba
gavlena
145
mogonebis mimniSneblebi.
mimniSneblebi.
ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWvdasa da mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni
mexsierebac CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT klasikuri eqsperimenti
mexsierebaze da amitom gTxovT daimaxsovroT ramdenime sityvaTa wyvili.
gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam, sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod
zepirad ar ityviT:
vaSli navi
qudi Zvali
velosipedi _ saaTi
Tagvi _ xe
burTi saxli
yuri sabani
axla, rodesac Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa mwkrivebi, am tests kidev
ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali dro, romlis
ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis
mizniT, visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac Tqveni mexsierebis
Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT. Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT an ar
gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTodiTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair
Sedegs miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT, rom implicituri da
eqsplicituri mexsierebis testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZleven,
magram jer-jerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri mexsierebis ori meTodi:
mogoneba da cnoba.
mogonebis dros xdeba adre mowodebuli informaciis reproduqcia. ra aris
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti? es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa. cnobis dros ki
xdeba imis gacnobiereba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven adre
aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). ra ewodeba mxedvelobiT sensorul
mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2) engrama; (3)xati; Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi? es ki cnobis
kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac
ukavSirdeba. kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad policia iyenebs mogonebis
meTods, rodesac dazarelebuls sTxovs, aRweros, moigonos borotmoqmedis
specifikuri niSnebi: rame ucnauri xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis
garegnobaSi? xolo rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmitanilTa fotoebs
146
cnoba
(Recognition)
aRdgenis
meTodi,
romlis
drosac
individs
velosipedi _
yuri _
Tagvi _ xe
burTi _ saxli
vaSli _ navi
Tagvi _ ena
burTi _ mTa
vaSli _
Tagvi _ karavi
burTi _ rqa
boTli
cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis? asec unda iyos. axla vcadoT am
Sedegis axsna mogonebis mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs
mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSualebebs, romlebic gexmarebaT
mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZebnaSi. es mimniSnebeli SeiZleba
modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT, provokaciuli kiTxvebi (mexsierebis
romel principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da Stenbergis kvlevebs?), an
Tqven TviTon SeqmnaT (sad minaxavs igi adre?). Tqven yoveTlTvis cdilobT,
eqspliciturad gaixsenoT. amas akeTebT garkveuli mizniT da am mizans xSirad
mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili
iqneba gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniSnebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari
gkiTxavT, vin aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb? Tqven unda gamoicnoT vis
gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs:
vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?, am kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT
neroni.
147
yuri _ navi
saaTi
qudi _
yuri _
Zvali
sabani
axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva, romelic adre naxeT, aramed
misi Sesabamisi konteqstic. (Cven isev gavixseneT konteqstis ideas). Tu Tqven
xSirad SegivsiaT mravlobiTi arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri
SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia. magram umravles SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis
Sedegebi ukeTesi iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis mimniSneblebi
cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanmimarTulia. axla gavecnoT mogonebis
mimniSneblebis zogierT sxva aspeqtsac.
romelic
gvexmareba
mexsierebaSi
garkveuli
informaciis
moZebnaSi.
epizoduri
mexsiereba
(Episodic
memories)
xangrZlivi
mexiereba
semantikuri
mexsiereba
mexsiereba
(Semantic memories)
genetikuri,
kategoriuli
148
semantikur formaze.
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad inaxavs pirovnebis mier gancdil
movlenebs. magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis dRe, an pirveli
kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsierebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT esa
Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniSneblebi, romlebic gizusteben am
movlenis dros _ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas adgili.
informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im
movlenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT meaTed Tqvens mier
kbilebis gamoxexvis stili riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis
gamoxexvisgan?
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul konteqstTan erTad Semodis.
magram aris informaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac uceb poulobT
sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi. am saxis informaciebi amodis mexsierebaSi
maTi Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da mimarTebis gareSe. es
semantikuri
semantikuri mexsiereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa, rogorc, magaliTad,
sityvebis Tu cnebebis mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis iseTi
faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2 an pasuxi kiTxvaze romelia safrangeTis
dedaqalaqi? specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis an ra situaciaSi SeiZina man es
codna, ar moiTxovs.
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni semantikuri mexsiereba
yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba dagaviwydeT
bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba im situacias, romelSic igi aRiqviT
Tu daiswavleT. saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver igonebT
semantikuri mexsierebidan informacias, aris is, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs,
ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: vici, rom romaeli imperatorebis
saxelebi dasavleTis civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle, es dagexmarebaT
gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic Segivseben mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas.
interferencia
rodesac adre gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani asociaciebi, faqtobrivad,
es iyo epizoduri mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla Cven gTxovT sxva saxis epizoduri
mexsierebis amoqmedebas. kidev erTxel scadeT daiswavloT es sityvaTa
wyvilebi ise, rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer misi ganmeoreba.
149
vaSli qurdi
qudi wre
Tagvi Jurnali
velosipedi saxuravi
burTi bavSvi
yuri kapiki
rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva
axal sityvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ufro Zneli iyo am axali wyvilebis
daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswavlilis mogoneba axla ufro
gagiWirdebaT? (aba, scadeT). orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia: Znelia. es patara
savarjiSo miuTiTebs mimniSnebelis axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze.
interferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimniSnebeli ver moqmedebs
efeqturad da ver aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia am
specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi
swori pasuxis aRdgena. (Bower et al., 1994, Chandler & Gargano, 1995)
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT,
gagesxvavebinaT kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi erTmaneTSi airia,
moxda interferencia. proaqtiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli
niSnavs
(
Semdgomze moqmeds) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic warsulSi SeiZineT,
aZnelebs axali informaciis aRbeWvdas. retroaqtiuli interferencia
(retroaqtiuli niSnavs winaze moqmeds) ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom axali
informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi,
romlebic Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias moicavs. aseve, orive
saxis interferenciasTan geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis nomers.
Tavidan Tqven giWirT axali telefonis nomris daxsomeba _ Zveli amoxteba
xolme. (proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac bolos da bolos kargad
daimaxsovrebT axal nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT Zveli,
Tumca, wlebis manZilze mas iyenebdiT (retroaqtiuli interfrencia).
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac,
pirvelad
150
mogonebis
mimniSneblebi
ver
miuTiTeben
efeqturad
erT
konkretul movlenaze.
kodierebis da aRdgenis procesebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstsa da aRdgenis konteqstebis
urTierTdamTxveva
gadamuSavebis doneebi
daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba yuradRebis forma,
romelsac Tqven informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT gavlenas axdens
Tqvens mier informaciis daxsomebaze. gadamuSavebis
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT
daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972, Lockhart & Craik, 1990). Tu
gadamuSaveba moicavs masalis analizs, Sedarebebs, interpretacias da sxva
saxis gadamuSavebebs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba, rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi
dasaxsomebeli eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT sityva GyurZeni. Cven
SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur doneze warmarToT msjeloba: ra feris melniT
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT yuradReba: eriTmeba igi sityva
151
albaT, SeamCnieT, rom yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro Rrma
gadamuSavebas moiTxovs, met sityvebTan dakavSireba
1990).
magram gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs yovelTvis ar
SeuZliaT daazuston, Tu ratom vakuTvnebT zogierT gadamuSavebis process
gadatanis
Sesabamisi
Tvalsazrisi,
romlis
gadamuSaveba
mixedviTac
(Transfer-approptiate
mogoneba
processing)
saukeTesoa,
rodesac
152
gamoicnon
TiToeuli,
kompiuterze
miwodebuli,
sityva.
am
cdis
pirebs
eZlevaT
igive
sityva,
magram
areuli
asoebiT,
153
154
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
155
uwyobs
faqtebis
grZeli
mwkrivis
aRbeWvdas
nacnob
da
adre
mnemonika
mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualeba aris specialuri strategiebis
Seqmna, romelTac mnemonikuri
mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba. (berZnuli sityvidan moigone).
mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romelic xels uwyobs faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis
aRbeWvdas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT. bevri
156
kodirebis
specifikurobis
specifikuroba.
principi
rogorc
gulisxmobs,
rom
gaxsovT,
mogonebis
kodirebis
konteqsti
anu
informaciis gansxvavebul
157
Tu
gavixsenebT,
yvelaze cudad
vnaxavT,
rom
masalis
SuaSi
ganlagebuli
informacia
axsovT leqciis dasawyisi da bolo, vidre Sua nawili. (Holen & Oaster, 1976,
Jensen, 1962). rodesac leqciaze xarT, ecadeT, swored leqciis Sua nawils
DmiaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. rodesac swavlis dro mova, Tqven
ganskuTrebuli Zalisxmeva unda gamoiyenoT am masalis daswavlisaTvis da
ecadeT, rom masala yovelTvis erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar iswavloT.
imasac miaqcieT yuradReba, rom es Tavi mexsierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin mis swavlas
meti Zalisxmeva unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasawyis an bolo Tavebs.
gadamamuSavebeli
gamocdisTvis
mzadebis
daulagebel,
ganmeoreba
procesSi,
arastruqturirebul
da
mnemonikuri
iseTi
gancda
masalas
xerxebi.
zogjer,
giCndebaT,
TiTqos
swavlobT.
vTqvaT,
Tqven
unda
mxedvelobiTi
daixmareT,
an
efeqturi gza.
winadadebebSi
magaliTad,
CarTeT,
an
ventramedialuri
hipoTalamusis,
romlis
abreviaturac
magram
158
metamexsiereba
davuSvaT, Tqven xarT iseT situaciaSi, rom gWirdebaT raRacis mogoneba.
Tqven akeTebT yvelafers, rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic kodirebis
situacias asaxaven, magram mainc verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi,
rom aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, aris Tqveni darwmunebuloba, rom am
informacias Tqven flobT, magram, aseve, gacnobierebuli gaqvT, ras
warmoadgens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs Tqveni mexsiereba? an
saidan iciT, rom am informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxvebia.
metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: rodis da ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda
159
rom
gancdis
dros
emyarebian
mimniSneblis
nacnobobas.
magaliTad,
misawvdomobis
informaciidan
hipoTezis
swori
pasuxis
mixedviT,
wvdomas.
adamiani
amrigad,
cdilobs
Tu
kiTxva
arasruli
ra
erqva
(Metamemory)
unarebis
da
implicituri
mexsierebis
an
efeqturi
eqsplicituri
strategiebis
codna
Sesaxeb.
mexsierebis Semecneba.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnas, Tu rogor xdeba codnis
SeZena da Senaxva mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodirebis
specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informaciis yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba
maSin, rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba, emTxveva aRdgenis
pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeWdilebis
(sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.
160
161
kategorizacia da cnebebi
daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT,
romelic saWiroa, raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva ZaRlis
mniSvneloba.. imisaTvis, rom es sityva mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos
bavSvisTvis, bavSvs unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is situacia,
romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da, agreTve, informacia
konteqstis Sesaxeb. am
gziT bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi
fexi aqvs, niSnavs ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli ewodeba ara erT
konkretul cxovels, aramed amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis unari erTi da igive qcevis
ganxorcieleba mis mimarT an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva _ aris moazrovne
organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazisuri da mniSvnelovani unari (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
Tqvens mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi reprezentacias cnebebi
ewodeba. cneba ZaRli, magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan dakavSirebuli
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas. (rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs dazustebuli ZaRlis
mniSvneloba, es cneba SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili
gaqvT uamravi cneba. Tqven gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, magaliTad,
prototipebi
im ZaRlebs Soris, romelic Tqven Tqvens sicocxleSi ginaxavT, romels
warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT winadadebas: ZaRli xravs Zvals. SegiZliaT
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT,
162
cnebebi
(concepts)
sagnebis
an
ideebis
saxeobebis
an
kategoriebis
mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
163
meti Sexeba da gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur jiSebTan. Tqven rom
164
SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da
gamoviyenoT
yvelaze
efeqturad.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
adamianis da kompiuteris mexsierebis SesaZleblobebi
rodesac xdeba kompiuterisa da adamianis SesaZleblobebis Sedareba,
xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom kompiuteri sjobnis adamians.
kompiuteris mexsierebas bevrad meti aTasobiT da milionobiT meti biti
informaciis Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens mexsierebas. magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tviseba aqvs, romelic Cvens mexsierebas ufro
maRla ayenebs. procesebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, movigonoT
specifikuri informacia, xSirad bevrad ufro efeqturia, vidre
kompiuterSi Zebnis procedura.
davuSvaT, Tqvens megobars Tqveni gamocda unda am Tavis mixedviT da
gekiTxebaT: romelma mkvlevrebma Semoitanes kodirebis specifikurobis
cneba? Tqven SegiZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi (tulvingi da tomsoni);
mcdari pasuxi (soerlingi) an, TqvaT, rom ar iciT. Tqven Zalian ar gindaT,
gasceT iseTi pasuxi, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan.
rogor ggoniT, ra xdeba, rodesac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis davalebas
aZlevT manqanas? pirveli veb saiti, romelsac gvTavazobs Google.com aris
Semdegi: aris Tu ara HIV-is izolacia miRweuli?. meore mcdeloba
AskJeeves.com-s ukavSirdeba. is gvTavazobs cneba ra aris, davukavSirdeT
Britanica.com-s. ratom aris kompiuteris mexsierebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli? Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mogonebis) or
Taviseburebas gamovyofT, romelic kompiuterTan SedarebiT mis
upiratesobas warmoadgens.
pirveli: rogorc ukve am TavSi adrec gaecaniT, adamianis mexsiereba
efeqtianad iyenebs Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs, mimarTuls saZiebel
informaciaze. is uzrunvelyofs imas, rom aRdgenili informaciis Sinaarsi
Seesabamebodes kiTxvis Sinaarss. kompiuteri ki piriqiT, konteqsts ar
iTvaliswinebs da ufro sityvis viwro mniSvnelobazea orientirebuli.
magaliTad, Tu Cven kodirebis specifikurobas veZebT Google.com_Si an
165
sqemebi
(Schemas)
obieqtebis,
xalxis
an
situaciis
Sesaxeb
sqemebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierarqiaSi agurebis rols TamaSoben.
isini agurebis rols ufro rTul kompleqsebSic TamaSoben. gaixseneT suraTi
8.2. instinqturad saidan xvdebiT, rom baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi?
Cven adre ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur mexsierebas emyareba,
magram Cven ar gviTqvams, Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis
166
gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is, rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi
saxis reprezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos individualur cnebas
_ macivris, WurWlis sarecxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa
klasteri sagnebis, adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris codnaTa
Sekvrebi, romlebSic garemos struqturis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia
aRbeWdili. Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis sqema, sareiso
avtobusis mZRolis da profesoris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra da rogor aris am kategoriebSi
ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, aris is, rom Tqveni sqema ar moicavs Tqveni
cvalebadi gamocdilebis yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi aris
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis saSualo, sqemaSi warmodgenilia
garemoSi situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis saSualo. iseve, rogorc
prototipebi, Tqveni sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movlenebTan erTad
icvleba. (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni sqemac mxolod im detalebs Seicavs,
romelsac Tqven gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad, rodesac
ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra xatia Tu weria amerikuli monetis Tavze,
studentebi arasodes weren sityva Tavisuflebas, Tumca, yvela monetazea igi
gamosaxuli. (Rubin & Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni sqema inaxavs
zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi. axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza,
romelSic cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.
mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba
modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsierebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqven
ukve naxeT, rom Tqvenma sqemam SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT
mimxvdariyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar aris. axla gaixseneT me-2-e
Tavi, sadac Cven ganvixileT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna
orazrovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es figura? suraTi. 8.13. ras
xedavT: ixvs Tu baWias? davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis, rom
dinaxavdiT ixvs. Tu Tqven SeusabamebT naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur
molodinebs am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba baWiis mimarTac,
Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini. Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.
167
168
rekonstruqciuli
mexsiereba
(Reconstructive
memory)
mexsierebis
169
stumarTa erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo. nensi zeviT avida cota
mosamagreblad. koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar ainteresebda, Tu ras
saubrobda iq stumrebis nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao, gadawyviya
man da datova wveuleba.
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven
cdis pirTa meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar es Sesavali
waakiTxes:
170
rekonstruqcias ukeTebs. (Clark & Gerrig, 1990). Tqven SegiZliaT sityva sityviT
moiyvanoT is an misi dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven Tqveni
sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba
am miznebis cvlasTan erTad icvleba.
saidan viciT
miznebi gavlenas axdens mexsierebaze
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari xangrZliobis scenas videfilmidan
da sTxovdnen daemaxsiovrebinaT dialogi am filmidan. cdis pirebs 45 wuTi
eZleodaT, rac sakmarisi iyo, rom yvela cdis pirs sakmaod zustad
aRedgina dialogis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves. TiToeul
students dialogis Sinaarsi sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram erT
jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan
axlos), xolo meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba saintereso
yofiliyo maTi monaTxrobi. is cdis pirebi, romlebsac hqondaT
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruqcia, 99%-is sizustiT, sityvasityviT aRadgendnen dialogs, maSin rodesac meore jgufis cdis pirebma
dialogis mxolod 62% aRadgines. ramdenadac orive jgufis wevrebma
daimaxsovres dialogis teqsti Zalian kargad, meore jgufma, ubralod,
airCia, rom ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni Zalisxmeva, rom zustad aRvadginoT,
damokidebulia garemoebebze. Tu Sen Tvli, rom pasuxismgebeli xar imaze
(valdebuli xar), rom zustad moigono, ra moxda, Sen amas gaakeTeb _ obieqtur
monacems waradgen an aRiareb da ityvi, rom ar gaxsovs. zogierT cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi, marTlac, sakmarisia rac moxda, imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, metnaklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero,
sadac Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT ra moxda, imis sizusteze.
ganvixiloT mowmis mexsiereba.
mowmis mexsiereba
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics Tqvas simarTle da mxolod simarTle.
magram am TavSi Cven vnaxavT, rom maxsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu
ara aRdgenis pirobebi aRbeWvdis pirobebs. ramdenadac fsiqologebma ician, rom
adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan simarTle, maSinac, rodesac es Zalian undaT,
171
172
Sejameba
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris msgavsi gamocdilebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT
kategoriis wevrebis CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris aRqmasTan
erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis
daxmarebiTac adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT gaiazreben
movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur CarCoebSi ukeT Cans gamocdilebis
mozrdili monakveTebis kanonzomierebebi, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia
xdeba. rekonstruqciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviCvenes, rom
mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba.
mowmis Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas, magram gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom igi mowyvladia damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi informaciis
gavleniT.
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
axla droa, rom gTxovoT, gaixsenoT is ricxvi, romelic Tqven mexsierebis
Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,
ra mizniT
engramis ZiebaSi
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi TqvenTvis mowdebuli testi, ufro
zustad, SevamowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia, romlis
damaxsovrebac gTxoveT rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda
igi? karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac Seqmna pirveli wigni
173
mniSvnelovan
mexsierebisTvis,
mexsierebisTvis,
rols
romelic
TamaSobs
proceduruli
ganmeorebas
saWiroebs
da
klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis.
zoliani sxeuli wina tvinis kompleqsuri struqtura. savaraudo
safuZvelia Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da stimul-reaqcia kavSirebis.
didi
tvinis
qerqi
pasuxismgebelia
sensoruli
mexsierebis
da
kompleqsi
deklaraciul
pasuxismgebelia
mexsierebaze,
faqtebis,
TariRebis,
agreTve
emociuri
STabeWdilebebis daxsomebaze.
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa Talamusi, bazaluri winatvini da
prefrontaluri korteqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis sxvadasxva
tipis formirebisTvis.
174
175
176
177
tvinis
178
sensoruli
mexsiereba
muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi
mexsiereba
179
gamovlena.
180
A.
B.
prototipebis,
Zveli
saxeebis
da
axali
saxeebis
prototipuli
Sefaseba,
(A)
xarisxi
klebulobda
prototipisgan
misi
msgavsebis
semcirebasTan ertad.
mexsierebis
sistema
didi
moculobis,
magram
Zalian
xangrZliobisaa.
xatiseburi mexsiereba wamebis ganmavlobaSi aCerebs mxedvelobiT vels.
eqo-mexsiereba inaxavs smeniT gamRizianeblebs.
mcire
181
mexsierebas
SezRuduli
moculoba
aqvs
da
swrafadve
qreba
mexsierebis
sami
komponenti
xels
uwyobs
gare
samyarodan
gaxsenebis
unaris
pirobaa
moculobisaa.
kodirebisa
da
aRdgenis
pirobebis
damTxveva.
swavlisa da aRdgenis konteqstebs Soris damTxveva ganapirobebs aRdgenas.
adgilmdeareobis
mrudis
Tavisebureba
aixsneba
konteqstebs
Soris
gansxvavebiT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi xels uwyoben xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis
moZebnas.
epizodur mexsierebas iseTi movlenebis daxsomebasTan aqvs saqme, romlebic
pirovnebis subieqtur gamocdilebaSi monawileobdnen. semantikuri mexsiereba
sityvebisa da cnebebis arsebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb mexsierebaa.
interferencias
adgili
aqvs,
rodesac
mimniSneblebs
mxolod
Sesabamis
SeiZleba
gaviumjobesoT
gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeorebiT
da
mnemonikuri xerxebiT.
Cveulebriv,
darwmunebulobis
gancdas
zustad
SeuZlia
mexsierebaSi
182
cnebebi
aris
azrovnebisTvis
mexsierebis
saSeni
agurebi
(masala).
maTi
amneziis
mqone
pacientebze
daexmara
mkvlevrebs
imis
183
mexsiereba metamexsiereba
mnemonika
dasawyisis efeqti
praimingi
procedurulki mexsiereba
prototipi
mogoneba
mwkrivis daboloebiis efeqti
cnoba rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba
aRdgena mimniSneblebi sqemebi
semantikuri mexsiereba
sensoruli mexsiereba adgilmdebareobis efeqti
xanmokle mexsiereba
sacavi
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba
muSa mexsiereba
metyveleba
eqspresiuli metyveleba
impresiuli metyveleba
problemis gadaWra
deduqciuri azrovneba
induqciuri azrovneba
184
evristika da msjeloba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
185
rom
orive
`T-o-j-i-n-a~
iyo.
manamde,
cota
xniT
adre,
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi
wylis nakadi Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer
nela,
Semdeg
ufro
swrafad.
me
wynarad
vijeqi
da
mTeli
gulisyuriT
gadaitana
gaurkveveli
daavadeba,
romlis
Sedegadac
man
dakarga
mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis
cxovrebaSi
gaCnda
ana
salivani
misi
maswavlebeli.
salivanma
SesZlo
procesebi
(Cognitive
processes)
iseTi
umaRlesi
fsiqikuri
186
abstraqtuli azrovneba.
Semecneba (Cognition) codnis SeZenis procesi, romelic moicavs yuradRebis
miqcevas, gaxsenebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs
procesebis
Sinaarss:
cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia
fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis
umaRles
fsiqikur
procesebs
yuradRebas,
enis
gamoyenebas,
aRqmas,
mecniereba
(Cognitive
science)
informaciis
gadamuSavebis
albaT,
arasdros
dagWirvebiaT
ase
cxadad
aRgeqvaT
sakuTari
kognituri procesebi.
procesebi es procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamianisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad
amisa, metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars xSirad ganixilaven,
rogorc
adamianuri
Camoyalibebuli
istoriaSi
yofis
moxseneba
gamomZiebeli
arss
(arsebiT
ipyrobs
Tqvens
ramodenime
niSans).
guls,
samxilze
Tumca,
an
awyobs
roca
rodesac
kargad
deteqtiur
danaSaulis
gaxsnis
fsiqikuri
SinaarsebiT,
cxovrebiseuli
dilemebis
romlebic
dros
gare
samyaros
racionaluri
interpretaciisa
gadawyvetilebis
da
miRebis
saSualebas gaZlevT.
fsiqologiaSi
Semecnebas
kognituri
fsiqologiis
specialistebi
sxvadasxva
arsebul
momijnave
codnaze.
sferoebSi
TiToeuli
am
erTi
sferos
da
igive
sakiTxis
warmomadgenlebs
187
sxvadasxva
kvlevebis
gamoyenebiT,
mexsierebis
Teoriebis
daxvewa:
Seswavlas
daviwyebT
kognituri
procesebis
kvlevis
mokle
sakiTxebs,
vizualuri
romlebsac
Semecneba,
praqtikuli
problemis
gadaWra,
gamoyeneba
aqvT:
azrovneba,
metyveleba,
msjeloba
da
gadawyvetilebis miReba.
sur. 9.1. kognituri fsiqologiis sfero
kognituri
mecniereba
warmoadgens
lingvistikis,
kognituri
fsiqologiis
filosofiis,
da
neiromecnierebis,
kompiuteruli
mecnierebis
am
SualedSi
romeli
kognituri
procesebisa
da
fsiqikuri
analizis
is
tipebi,
romelTa
safuZvelzec
SesaZlebeli
gaxda
188
romelSic
daculia
dondersis
logika.
sanam
kiTxvas
TiToeul
davalebaze
daxarjuli
dro
(wamebSi).
davalebebi
Ddro:
Ddro:
dro:
Tqven
unda
CamoTvaloT
safexurebi,
romlebic
gaiareT
davalebis
189
Soris
arCevanis
gakeTebas.
radganac
meore
davalebaSi
yvelafris
davalebis
mosazrebis
SesrulebisaTvis
ZiriTadi
arsi:
meti
droa
damatebiTi
saWiro.
gonebrivi
es
iyo
dondersis
safexuri
(operacia)
mesame
proceduraa.
Cven
davaleba.
unda
es
eqsperimentis
davrwmundeT,
rom
Catarebis
pirveli
da
aucilebeli
meore
davalebis
gamoyenebiT
Tqven
SegeZloT,
gamogekloT
pirveli
davalebis
Tqven
SeqmniT
davalebas,
romelic
saWiroebs
mxolod
stimulis
radganac
davalebis
logikas.
romelic
nebismieri
detalebze.
isini
cdis
procesisaTvis
Tumca,
mkvlevarebi
xSirad
iyeneben
pirs
sWirdeba
reaqciis
saWiro
dro
mihyvebian
dros
konkretuli
damokidebulia
dondersis
drois
davalebis
ZiriTad
xangrZlivobas,
Sesasruleblad.
dros,
kvlav
fundamentur
wanamZRvars
warmoadgens
kognituri
190
da
organizacia,
romlebic
umaRlesi
kognituri
procesebis
davalebis
Sesrulebaze
daxarjuli
dro
yovelTvis
ar
aZlevs
Tanxmovani Tu xmovani?
s Tu v?
______________________________dro_____________________________
B) seriuli da paraleluri procesebi
procesi A
procesi B
procesi C
procesi A
procesi B
procesi C
___________________________dro________________________________
C. seriuli da paraleluri procesebis droSi Tanxvedra.
procesi
X
procesi Y
191
procesi X
procesi Y
_____________________________dro__________________________
_____
fsiqologiaSi
momuSave
specialistebis
mier
iseTi
umaRlesi
erT
A).
gamoyeneba
safexurs
saSualebas
pirdapir
gvaZlevs,
mohyveba
davinaxoT,
meore.
rom
kubebis
metaforuli
SesaZlebelia
ramdenime
aRweril
seriul
da
paralelur
procesebs
Soris
gansxvavebis
paralelurad
SesaZlbelia
erTdroulad,
rigSi
xolo
mocemuli
sxva
tipis
yvela
elementis
Zieba
moiTxovs
Semowmeba
TiToeuli
maTi
mimdinareobis
specifikas
zustad
dro, verasodes
anu
ar
viqnebiT
iseTi
eqsperimentators,
pirobebis
gansazRvros
Seqmna,
uamravi
romlebic
SesaZlo
saSualebas
miscemen
konfiguraciidan
blokebis
Tanmimdevrulad
moiTxovs
Semdeg
aqtivobas.
magaliTad,
Tqven
ar
193
warmoidgineT,
rom
megobarTan
erTad
midixarT
saswavlebelSi.
SesaZlebelia,
moTxovs
Tqven
damatebiT
SewyvitoT
resursebs
saubari.
gegmis
axla
gadaadgilebis
SesamuSaveblad;
metyvelebis
yuradRebaa
pasuxismgebeli.
me-5-e
am
resursebis
TavSi
yuradReba
gadanawilebaze
ganxilulia,
Tqveni
rogorc
resurss.
faqtobrivad,
procesi Tu saWiroebs
Cven
SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT,
avtomaturia
erTze
meti
kontrolirebadi
procesis
ganxorcieleba
Zalian
ki
SesaZlebelia
sxva
davalebis
paralelurad,
masSi
cnobieri
CarTulobis gareSe.
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT,
SeasruloT cxril 9..2-Si moyvanili davaleba. rTuli iyo Tu ara A sia, B siasTan
SedarebiT?
seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic
Tanmimdevrulad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
194
raime
niSani
fizikurad
gansxvavebuli
wyvilebis
Tavze,
iqneba
es
cxra-rva
1-2
rva-rva
2-1
8-9
9-9
2-2
ori-ori
erTi-ori
cxra-cxra
rva-cxra
erTi-erTi
1-1
ori-erTi
9-8
1-1
cxra-ori
erTi-erTi
cxra-cxra
2-9
rva-ori
8-9
1-9
cxra-erTi
8-8
rva-rva
cxra-erTi
2-2
1-8
2-8
ori-ori
sia 2.
saidan viciT
Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis `mniSvneloba~
cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9. 2 cxrilSi cifrebs Soris gansxvaveba.
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs bevrad ufro uWirT, roca cifrebi
erTmaneTTan axlosaa (mag., 1-2). vidre maSin, roca maT Soris didi intervalia
(mag., rva-erTi), miuxedavad imisa, ra formiTaa ricxvebi mocemuli, arabuli
cifrebiT Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom pirvel siaSi mocemulia
gansxvavebuli wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac patara intervalebia, xolo meore
siaSi mocemul wyvilebs Soris intervali didia. amitom pirveli sia ufro
Zneli unda yofiliyo. magram ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis siaxloves gavlena
maTi
fizikuri
msgavsebis
gansazRvraze?
erTi-ori
da
erTi-cxra
fizikuri
195
rom
swor
gzaze
siaruli
da
laparaki
SedarebiT
avtomaturi
magaliTi
naTelyofs,
ratom
xdeba
kontrilirebadi
da
avtomaturi
Tqven
xvdebiT
fsiqikuri
procesebis
logikas.
rTuli
saazrovno
mizania
iseTi
eqsperimentuli
situaciis
Seqmna,
romelic
ganvixiloT
konkretuli
kognituri
procesebi
muSaobis
procesSi.
196
Sejameba
kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnierebaSi momuSave specialistebi
Seiswavlian fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
adamians, mag., gamoiyenos ena, gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
dondersma
pirvelma
Seqmna
kognituri
davalebis
calkeul
Semadgenel
gansazRvris
mizniT
Seiswavlian
seriuli
da
paraleluri
procesebi
yuradRebas;
(Controlled
xSirad
processes)
rTulia
procesebi,
erTdroulad
romlebic
erTze
meti
gasagebi
gaxdes
TqvenTvis?
am
SemTxvevaSi
yvelaze
advilia,
iyoT
saidumlo
agenti.
mas
SeiZleba
sxvadasxva
mniSvneloba
hqondes.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze karis win mxolod maSin wveba da
gelodebaT, roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni ojaxis romelime
wevrs eubnebiT kata xaliCazea, Tqven gulisxmobT: SegiZlia, kata gareT
gauSva? ("katas kari gauRo").
197
mosaubris
ise
mosaubris
mier
nagulisxmevi
azris
gagebaze
(impresiuli
metyveleba):
nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad rogor iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs?
rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs?
eqspresiuli metyveleba
SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecedeT, ramodenime sityviT aRweroT igi. ris Tqmas
apirebT? axla warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT brma adamians.
ras
daZabva?
eqspresiuli
metyvelebis
Seswavlisas
aqcenti
gonebis
ufro
keTdeba
meti
rogorc
198
adamianisaTvis
msmenelis
im
mizniT,
gaTvaliswinebiT.
gaiTvaliswinoT,
vin
aris
rom
gamonaTqvami
nebismier
Tqveni
dagegegmaT
SemTxvevaSi
msmeneli
da
konkretuli
saubrisas
informacia,
unda
romelic
unda
miawodoT auditoriis wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, TavSi
azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom kata xaliCazea, Tu man ar icis, rom kata
xaliCaze
mxolod
maSin
wveba,
rodesac
gareT
gasvla
surs.
msmenelis
ganixilavs,
rogorc
mosaubris
instruqcias,
gamonaTqvami
aagos
graisma
yuradRebiani
Camoayaliba
oTxi
aqsioma,
romelsac
gulisxmieri
da
gavlena
pasuxebis
SerCevaze.
rogorc
9.3
cxrilidan
Cans,
karg
Tanaarseboba
saubrisas
admianebi
ukve
ganxilul
fizikur
TanaarsebobasTan gavqvs
saqme, roca
199
SesaZloa, imitom, rom adre, saubarSi Tqven ukve aRniSneT aleqsis arseboba
(lingvisturi Tanaarseboba), an sulac imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi
(fizikuri Tanaarseboba).
modiT, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom
vinmes
pirvelad
xvdebiT.
Tu
Tqven
gsurT,
rom
iyoT
yuradRebiani
da
msmenelis
codnis
zusti
gansazRvra
SesaZlebels
xdis
Tu
ramdenad
detaluri
informacia
unda
miawodoT
quCaSi
iciT,
metyvelebidan
sad
aris
meria?),
gamomdinare,
cdilobT
gansazRvroT,
Tu
ara
saidan
misi
aris
Cacmulobidan
igi
da
da
ramdenad
gaTvaliswineba
(Audience
design)
konkretul
auditoriaze
200
1. raodenoba:
Setyobineba
unda
iyos
imdenad
informaciuli,
ramdenis
rCeva
mosaubrisaTvis:
Tqven
unda
ecadoT,
gansazRvroT,
realurad
ra
gasagebia
kavSiri
Tqvens
mier
miwodebul
Setyobinebasa
da
manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Temas anu Tqvens mier
Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven
unda auxsnaT, ris Sesaxeb saubrobT.
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis
gamoyenebas. teqsti agebuli unda iyos mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT.
201
SevZleb wamosvlas.
mixvdeba
giorgi, rom Tavs varideb? (Tavis
daZvrenas vcdilob)
giorgi: aa . . .
daTo: hm
gaeba maxeSi.
saidan viciT
eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens jgufis wevroba
eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevarebi studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT
Sedarebis davaleba, ise, rom winaswar arafers eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators
win ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT
da mas ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom c.p.-s swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebina
isini. eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT
hqondaT saubris SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad SeeZlo ganesazRvra,
icnobda
Tu
esaubrobdnen
ara
c.p.
baraTebis
niu-iorks.
rodesac
aRsawerad,
isini
isini
ufro
niu-iorkis
metad
macxovreblebs
iyenebdnen
sakuTar
202
metyveleba da Secdomebi
gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v. a. spuneri
samarTlianad
daimsaxura;
zarmac
students
semestris
gacdenis
SemTxvevaSi frazis You have wasted the whole term ("Sen mTeli semestri gaacdine")
nacvlad eubneboda: You have tasted the whole worm, ("Sen mTeli matli SeWame") (waste
gacdena; taste-gemos gasinjva, term-semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis
erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis
azris gamoTqmis dagegmis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan Cans, gamonaTqvamis
dagegmva ramodenime erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan
TiToeulze
SeiZleba
gamovlindes
metyvelebis
Secdomebi
(Bock&levet, 1994;
203
arCeuli
sityvebi
sworad
unda
daalagos
da
gaaerTianos
Teoriuli
Secdomebs.
modelebis
amitom
agebisas
mkvlevarebi
ar
didi
mniSvneloba
Semoifarglebian
eniWeba
aRniSnuli
eqsperimentul
pirobebSi
metyvelebis
Secdomebis
xelovnurad
gaixseneT
me-6-e
TavSi
ganxiluli
xelovnurad
Seqmnili
teqnikebis
mosaubris
mier
gamoyenebiT
Secdomebis
mkvlevarebs
daSvebis
saSualeba
albaTobaze
eZlevaT,
moqmedi
Seiswavlon
faqtorebi.
mag:
204
spunerizmis
msgavsi
Secdomebis
albaToba
izrdeba,
rodesac
bgerebis
gadaadgileba realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al., 1975; Stemberger, 1992) amgvrad,
feri-beri-is magivrad beri-feri-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia, vidre mag;
coli-qmari-is
savaraudos
magivrad
qmoli-cari-s
Tqmis
albaToba.
msgavsi
Sedegebi
procesi
albaToba
SemTxvevaSi,
radgan
am
SemTxvevaSi
bolo
or
ufro
gamonaTqvams
didia,
vidre
erTnairi
zemoT
mniSvneloba
aRweril
aqvs.
es
ganvixileT
zogierTi
faqtori,
romlic
ganapirobebs
ama
Tu
im
azris
gamosaxatad.
Tqven,
rogorc
msmeneli,
rogor
airCevT
orazrovnebis daZleva
daZleva
205
ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT:
erTi,
romelic
dakavSirebulia
miwaTmoqmedebasTan
(sasoflo-sameurneo
Tqven
unda
SesZloT
am
or
mniSvnelobas
Soris
arsebuli
adgilebze.
es
farTo
konteqsti
unda
dagexmaroT
sityvis
ori
struqturul
lingvistebi
orazrovnebasTan.
winadadebis
struqturis
sailustraciod
9.5.
xSirad
suraTi.
iyeneben
gadasces
daxmareba.
III
nawilSi
warmodgenili
analizis
mixedviT,
aqvs
da
Cven
vubrundebiT
igive
kiTxvas,
romelic
leqsikuri
winadadebis
gramatikuli
struqturis
TvalsaCino
ilustraciis
mizniT,
206
gansxvavebuli
struqturuli
analiziT
SeiZleba
iyos
warmodgenili.
vis
leqsikur
winadadeba:
"anas
orazrovnebas
yvavili
(sityvis
aqvs".
ra
orazrovnebas),
aris
am
ganvixiloT
SemTxvevaSi
yvavili?
orive
mniSvneloba
konkretul
situaciaSi
sityvis
winadadebisTvis
iTvaliswinebT
`yvavili
miniSnebis
aqvs.
sxvadasxva
es
magaliTebi
tips.
gviCvenebs,
konteqstis
mixedviT
rom
Tqven
msmeneli
struqturebs
Soris
swrafi
arCevis
SesaZleblobas
konteqsti
iZleva.
modiT,
davubrundeT
Cvens
magaliTs,
romelic
pirvelad
ganvixileT
da
207
struqturiT.
mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines,
rom
konteqstis
mixedviT
gadawyobis
efeqturad
da
ganxilvisas
romelTa
davaskvnaT,
msmenelis
Cven
rom
metyvelebis
iyenebs
mier
saSualebiTac
adamiani
e.w.
azrs
msmenelis
mosaubre
irCevs
Soris.
metyvelebis
gaTvaliswineba
mimdinare
aqvs
msmenelisaTvis
molodini,
rom
mizanSewonilia,
mosaubre
naTqvami
sworad
fraza
procesis
procesebi,
situaciis
Sesatyvis
orazrovnebis
gamovyaviT
procesSi
dadginda, rom
metyvelebs.
gaiazros
amrigad,
konteqstidan
gamomdinare.
cxrili
9.5.
orazrovani
gamonaTqvamis
pirdapiri
da
sarkastuli
interpretacia
208
mkiTxveli
informacias
sityva-sityviT
amuSavebs
konstanturi
rigis
pirdapiri
mniSvnelobis
gagebas.
Tu
es
gza
warumatebeli
gadawyobis
modelis
mixedviT
ki
ufro
advilia
sarkastuli
ufro
swarafad
igeben
sarkastul
moTxovnas,
vidre
igive
ra gvesmis
orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas Cven aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu
ras vigebT. axla yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze, Sesabamisad,
kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu
mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? mag.: ra inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven
gaigebT ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom mniSvnelobis mqone reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri erTeulebiT,
romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben (Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia
gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis `kata xaliCazea ZiriTadi azri isaa,
rom raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas Tqven gamoyofT propozicias
209
rogor
SegviZlia
SevamowmoT,
rom
mniSvnelobis
fsiqikuri
propoziciebi
miznad
isaxavda,
eCvenebina
propoziciuli
reprezentaciebis
roli
saidan viciT
propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis struqturas
ganvixiloT
winadadeba
mavzoleumi,
sadac
mefe
ganisvenebda,
moedans
erTad
unda
Seikribos
propoziciaSi
gadahyurebda
(mavzoleumi,
SegimCneviaT,
rom
damaxsovreba?
SesaZloa,
gicdiaT
raime
filmidan
fraza
da
Zalian
zustad
saxlSi
Znelia
vinmes
(sityva-sityviT)
dabrunebuls
zustad
naTqvamis
dagemaxsovrebinaT
aRmogiCeniaT,
rom
aqedan
sityva-sityviT
damaxsovreba.
imitom,
rom
erT-erTi
ZiriTadi
210
vinc
es
winadadeba
giTxraT,
vTqvaT,
darwmunebulia,
rom
Tqven
msmenelebi,
SemTxvevaSi
Cveulebriv,
potenciuri
akeTeben.
aRmoCnda,
daskvnebis
rom
raodenoba
nebismieri
SeuzRudavia.
magaliTad, radganac Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZliaT,
gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli, filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es
TavSi azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT: `me sakonditroSi
mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom
sakmao
sifrTxiliT
ekidebian
daskvnebis
gakeTebas.
msmenelebi
ganvixiloT
Semdegi
winadadeba:
`arqiteqtorma daWra kaci.
rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi,
umravlesobam aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT
dadginda, rom am da msgavsi tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi
adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana (Dosher & Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi
Sedegebi adasturebs, rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar xdeba
avtomaturad. mag.: viRaca daWres daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven
211
ganxilvam
gviCvena,
ramdeni
ram
esaWiroeba
mosaubres,
raTa
CaataroT
kvleva?
es
gansxvaveba
gasagebs
xdis
azrovnebaze
enis
212
Cven
vxedavT
sazogadoebis
da
gansxvavebulad
enobrivi
Cvevebi
ganvicdiT
interpretaciis
movlenebs,
radganac
gansazRvruli
Cveni
arCevanisadmi
lingvisturi
gansxvavebebi
fardobiToba
aisaxeba
am
enebs
enebze
Soris
molaparake
arsebuli
struqturuli
individebis
gansxvavebul
igi
amtkicebs,
Tanamedrove
mecnierebma
araerTgzis
scades
rom
ena,
faqtobrivad,
fsiqologebma,
kvlevis
zusti
gansazRvravs
lingvistebma
meTodebis
da
azrovnebas.
anTropologebma
Seqmna
am
hipoTezis
aspeqti.
SesaZloa,
azrovnebaze
rom
enis
sxvadasxva
gavlenis
enebSi
erT-erTi
ferTa
dasaxelebis
gansxvavebuli
vardisferi,
stafilosferi,
nacrisferi).
xolo
zogierT
enaSi,
miiCnevs,
rom
adamiani
`samyaros
mSobliuri
enis
safuZvelze
213
radganac
Simpanzeebs
ar
gaaCniaT
laparakisaTvis
Sesaferisi
meTodebi
amerikuli
moeZebnaT.
niSnebis
enis
magaliTad,
Simpanzes,
gamartivebuli
saxelad
varianti
vaSos
aswavles
kritikosebi
dainteresdnen
Semdegi
sakiTxebiT:
Simpanzeebis
mier
da
dakvirvebis
dros.
mniSvneloba,
bonobos
garda
magaliTad,
jiSis
maimunebs
amisa,
maT
kanzas
Soris
esmiT
SeuZlia
komunikaciis
zogierTi
sityvis
inglisuri
gagonebaze
procesze
sityvis
dados
misi
Seqmnes
pirobebi,
sadac
maimunebi
Rebulobdnen/iRebdnen
214
msmenelTa
e.w.
gaTvaliswineba.
SuZliaT
cxovelebs
informaciis
Secvla
didi
kvleva.
isini
Seiswavlidnen
vervetis
jiSis
maimunebis
auditoriidan
saSiSroebis
dros
gamomdinare
ufro
SuZliaT
maRali
xmis
sixSiris
Secvla:
xmebs
mdedri
gamoscemen,
maimunebi
roca
Tavis
xmis
Secvla:
eqsperimentul
pirobebSi
Seqmnili
saSiSroebis
mkvlevarebma
romelsac
SeuZlia,
daadgines,
rom
gaiTvaliswinos
adamiani
sxvisi
erTaderTi
codna
da
cocxali
Sesabamisad
enaze
molaparake
adamianebi
erTnairad
asruleben
ferebis
215
lurjidan
mwvanemde
speqtralur
diapazonSi.
c.p.-ebs
evalebodaT,
enaSi arsebobs
erTeulebi),
xolo
meore
mwvanisa
da
CrdiloeT
lurjis
leqsikurad
meqsikaSi
mcxovrebi
gansxvavebuli
individebiT,
arsebobs
mxolod
erTi
sityva
Siyoname.
mkvlevarebi
gaviTvaliswinoT
lingvisturi
fardobiTobisa
da
determinizmis
sityvebis
saSualebiT
azris
gadacemis
sakiTxidan
gadavideT
im
216
saubrisas
Sesabamisi
admianebi
msmenelis
cdiloben,
arseboba
iyvnen
moiTxovs
gulisxmierebi
saerTo
da
codnis
yuradRebianebi.
gaTvaliswinebas.
sityvebis,
struqturebisa
da
gamonaTqvamebis
gasagebad,
Soris
arsebuli
uamravi
gansxvavebis
Seswavlis
sakiTxi,
romelic,
romelia
TqvenTvis
ufro
misaRebi?
Tu
winadadebas
lingvistur
Tqven
SegiZliaT
SegiZliaT
zustad
situacia
warmoidginoT,
gaiazroT
ra
suraTebze
SeiZleba
moxdes.
dayrdnobiT.
am
nawilSi
Tqven
Cven
217
Tumca,
vizualuri
xatebiT
manipulaciis
unars
yovelgvari
c.p.-ebs
sTxovdnen,
moexdinaT
vizualuri
xatebis
warmodgenaSi
datrialeba.
suraTi 9.7. sxvadaxsva kuTxiT daxrili R,
, romelic warmodgenis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes
cdis
pirebs
SemeTxveviTi
TanmimdevrobiT
miewodebodaT
figurebi
da
misi
sarkiseburi
aslis
(rusuli
nimuSebi
(ix.
sur
9.7).
asos
miRebuli
figura
fiqsirebuli
Sedegebi
da
mowmobs,
moatrialon
siCqariT,
ris
igi
rom
cdis
pirebi
vertikalur
Semdegac
iReben
cdiloben,
mdgomareobamde
gadawyvetilebas.
218
naxeT,
xSirad
sagnebis
aRqma
TqvenTvis
ucnobi
kuTxidan
gixdebaT.
figura,
raTa
amogecnoT
igi,
rogorc
kata
(an
iqneb
Tavi
moatrialeT?).
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian: golfis saTamaSo burTi
ufro didia Tu ping-pongis? Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT erTdroulad
warmoidginoT
maTi
vizualuri
xatebi.
sagnis
xatis
aseTi
gamoyenebis
motoriani
navi
(ix.
sur
9.8),
Semdeg
ki
sTxovdnen,
warmoegdinaT
navis figuris Seswavlis Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, SeexedaT maT mier
warmodgenili navis ZravisaTvis; Semdeg ki ekiTxebodnen: ra hqonda navs saqare
mina Tu Ruza. saqare minis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi reaqiis dro naklebi iyo,
vidre
maSin,
roca
c.p.-ebi
xedavdnen
Ruzas,
romelic
Zravisagan
ufro
219
ZiriTadad,
yuradReba
gavamaxvileT
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
im
xatis
saxiT
gadataniT,
an
misi
warmodgenis
SemTxvevaSi
safuZvelze,
Tqven
mag.:
SegiZliaT
miuxedavad
warmoidginoT
imisa,
kata,
rom
realurad
romelsac
sami
arasodes
kudi
aqvs.
mniSvnelovania
mxatvruli
verbaluri
literaturis
kiTxvis
informaciis
dros,
xatovani
romelic
warmodgenis
sivrciT
detalebs
mdelo sididiT ori CogburTis kortis zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis
qveS ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli
vardebis ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara goraki esazRvreboda. bondi gars
uvlida goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs Soris, magram iq araferi Canda,
garda gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959 PP.19-20).
scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmarebodiT bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is
mas ipovis). kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis mizniT, SegiZliaT
SeqmnaT
sivrciTi
araerTxel
fsiqikuri
dainteresdnen,
Tu
modeli
(Zwaan
rogor
asaxavs
&
Radvansky,1998).
fsiqikuri
mkvlevarebi
sivrciTi
modeli
220
eqsperimentebSi
cdis
pirebi
(mkiTxvelebi)
swavlobdnen
sagnebis
ganlageba
mkvlevarebs
surdaT
ukan, miuxedavad
Sedegebis
gageba
Zalian
advilia
Tu
dauSvebT,
rom
kiTxvis
dros
verbaluri
gamocdileba
gardaqmnaT
vizualur
sivrciT
gamocdilebad.
zogadad, Tqvens garSemo arsebul samyaroze fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis
gixdebaT informaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis Sejereba. Tu
gindaT darwmundeT amaSi, scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT amis
gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobilia vizualuri gamocdilebiT; mag.,
Tqven daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazuloba, radganac is nanaxi
gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias eyrdnoba; mag.,
SeiZleba
gaxsovdeT,
SeiZleba
ar
rom
icodeT,
sad
iaponia
unda
ramodenime
daxatoT
is.
kunZulisagan
erT-erTi
Sedgeba,
gamokvlevis
Tumca,
dros,
safuZvelze
dadginda,
rom
umravles
SemTxvevaSi
warmosaxuli
221
imiT,
rom
saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi
geografiis
saxelmZRvaneloebSi
nawilSi
Seavsebs
vnaxeT, rom
Cveni
verbalur unarebs.
vizualuri
informaciis
procesebi
miRebis
es
da
ori
reprezentaciebi
tipi
warmoadgens
adamianebi
warmodgenil
xatebs
aTvaliereben
ise,
rogorc
dasaZlevad.
procesebs,
es
,,gonebrivi
romlebic
nabijebi
ganapirobeben
aucileblad
problemis
gulisxmobs
gadwyvetasa
da
azrovnebas.
azrovnebas dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli
axali
informaciis
dakavSirebas
mexsierebaSi arsebul
informaciasTan. Cven
222
ganvixilavT
problemis
gadawyvetis
sxvadasxva
aspeqtsa
da
azrovnebis
or
yoveldRiuri
problemebi
ar
aris
oidiposis
gamocanasaviT
fsiqologiuri
kvlevis
Sedegebis
gacnoba
saSualebas
mogcemT,
TqvenTvis
saintereso
rCevebic
miiRoT,
romlebic
dagexmarebaT
problemis
gadawyveta
mimarTulia
momentidan
(Problem solving)
konkretuli
miznis
problemis
miRwevamde
azrovnebis
gadawyvetaze,
mimdinareobs
procesi,
romelic
romelic
mTeli
rigi
sawyisi
fsiqikuri
operaciebis saSualebiT.
msjeloba
(Reasoning)
erTobliobaze
azorvnebis
dayrdnobiT;
procesi,
mocemul
rodesac
mizanze
an
vaskvniT
obieqtze
faqtebis
mimarTuli
223
azrovnebis procesi.
problemuri situacia
rogor
gansazRvravT
problemas
realur
cxovrebiseul
pirobebSi?
Tavdapirveli
mdgomareobiT
arasruli
informacia
an
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
1. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi TqvenTvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;
2. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is savaraudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT
mocemuli mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
am
sami
elementis
erTobliobiT
ganisazRvreba
problemuri
situacia.
situacia
gadaWrisas
sawyisi
siZneleebis
umravlesoba
im
SemTxvevaSi
1973).
problemas
kargad
hgavs,
gansazRvruli
romelSic
problema
garkveviTaa
saxelmZRvaneloSi
warmodgenili
sawyisi
mocemul
mdgomareoba,
Tu
rogor
gamoiyenoT
operaciebi
pasuxis
misaRebad.
cudad
problemis
arsis
zusti
gansazRvra
misi
sawyisi
mdgomareobis,
224
gakveTils,
maswavlebelma
mniSvneloba.
darwmundebiT,
mogcaT
ras
formula
akeTebT
rom
es
marTlac
x2+x_12=0@da
amisaTvis?
gTxovaT,
asea.
magaliTad,
gansazRvroT
am algebruli amocanis
x-is
gadasawyvetad
problemis
mdgomareoba
da
gadasaWrelad,
mizani,
radgan
vidre
naTlad
cudad
aris
gamoyofili
gansazRvruli
problemis
da
gamocdilebas.
mkvlelobis
Sesaxeb
warmoidgineT,
da
gsurT,
rom
kiTxulobT
gaarkvioT
vin
deteqtivs
mokla
mdidari
mdgomareoba
aradamakmayofilebeli
arasruli
pirobebi;
mizani
informacia
_
an
informacia
pirovnebisaTvis
an
mdgomareoba,
vpoulobT
swor
pasuxs
konkretuli
tipis
problemis
225
erTi
Tokis
bolos
mokidebT,
meores
veRar
miwvdebiT.
Tqven
gevalebaT
gaqvT
sanTeli,
Wikartebi
da
asanTis
Rerebi
asanTis
yuTSi.
gamoyenebiT
(wylis
raodenoba
gansazRvruli
ar
aris)
miiRoT
yovel
dainteresdnen
problemur
situaciaSi
adamianebis
mier
verbalizacias
(Ericson
&
Simon,
1993).
magaliTad,
gulisxmobs
mkvlevarebi
Simon, 1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris xmamaRali fiqris oqmis
Canaweri, sadac igi akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis gadaWra
226
SeuZlebelia,
Tu
igi
koWebs
mxolod
vertikalurad
an
horizontalurad
ufro
metia,
vidre
Savi,
imisaTvis,
rom
Sevavso,
saWiroa,
SevaerTo
ori
vardisferi, magram amas ver vizamT, imitom rom isini diagonalzea... es ixureba?
.... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).
cdis
piri
mixvda,
rom
mizans
ver
miaRwevda,
Tu
dominoebs
sul
SeiZleba
mixvideT
erTdroulad
gasaTvaliswinebeli.
daskvnamde,
rom
problemis
,,uamravi
ram
gadawyvetis
aris
procesebze
is,
rom
mocemuli
problemis
gadawyvetis
gonebrivi
moTxovnebi
aRemateba gadamuSavebis arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky & Simon,
1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis
dagegmva.
Tu
moqmedebaTa
es
rigi
an TviTon
gegmaSi mocemuli
TiToeuli
gadawyvetis
gaumjobesebisaTvis
didi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
Tqveni
227
yuradRebas
gzas
miapyrobT.
magaliTad,
mgzavrs
misi
ayvanis
adgilzeve
msoflio
Cempions,
ganlagebis
gari
poziciebis
kasparovs
SeuZlia
gansazRvra
da
Wadrakis
TiToeul
figurebis
SemTxvevaSi
erTamaneTisagan
moSorebiT
Tokis
boloebis
da
gamoiyenoT
igi,
rogorc
simZime.
anTebuli
sanTlis
karze
sagani,
funqcionaluri
romelic
unda
miamagroT
rigidobis
fenomenis
karze.
ilustraciaa
bolo
ori
problema
1931).
da
gavlenas
misi
axali
axdens
Tvisebebis
problemis
Tu
funqciis
gadaWraze.
danaxvas,
rodesac
riTac
problemur
228
azrovnebT.
qvemoT
ganvixilavT
azrovnebis
erT-erT
formas,
romelsac
mTis
biliki
viwroa,
daaxloebiT
erTi
Tu
ori
nabijis
siganis.
meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amosvlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT
eSveba, igi sxvadasxva siCqariT modis; xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT
Camosvlisas, misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad aRemateba qvemodan zemoT
asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT, rom bilikze aris wertili sadac beri zustad
erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvlisasac da Camosvlisasac (pasuxi ix. sur.
9.12).
suraTi 9.12.
9.12 A suraTze naCvenebia ori beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan zeviT,
rom
midixarT
restoranSi
da
fulis
gadaxdas
Tqveni
229
(ori
winadadebidan
gakeTebuli
logikuri
daskvna),
romelic
romlebic
realur
daskvnamde
migviyvanda.
deduqciuri
azrovneba
romelsac
logikuri,
deduqciuri
mtkicebulebis
forma
gaaCnia.
230
efeqti
(elief-bias effect)
situacia,
romelsac
cvlis
pirovnebis
codna,
azrovnebis process,
daaxloebiT
naxevarma
SesZlo
sworad
ganesazRvra,
rom
am
forfor-
Tu
unars
gamocdilebac
rogor
asrulebT
aumjobesebs.
erTsa
da
imave
amaSi
dasarwmuneblad,
davalebas
abstraqtuli
231
da
baraTi
dasamtkiceblad
4,
rac
araviTari
ar
aris
mniSvneloba
swori.
ara
mocemuli
aqvs
wesis
baraTs
4.
mcdarobis
amitom
mis
gadmobrunebas azri ara aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?). Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi
7 da Tu naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani, gamodis, rom wesi ar
aris swori.
sur. 9.13. abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba
Tqven
gevalebaT
gadmoabrunoT
zeda
rigSi
mocemuli
baraTebidan
is
rigSi
mocemuli
baraTebidan
unda
gadmoabrunoT
is
baraTebi,
deduqciur
azrovnebamde
mivyavarT,
realur
situaciaSi
igi
aqvT,
veisonis
davalebis
Sesrulebis
dros
gamoiyenon
samyaros
Sesaxeb realuri codna (Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoidgineT, Tqven gTxoves 9.13
suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda
232
gonivrul
dakavSirebulia
asaki
sqemas.
realur
da
xdeba
sma,
cxovrebiseul
am
sqemis
situaciaSi,
aqtivacia;
xolo
sadac
pirobiT
amitom
aseTi
pirobiTi
tipis
davalebebi
ar
iZleva
deduqciuri
igi
warmoadgendes
ar
aris
genetikuri
damokidebuli
informaciis
socialur
nawils,
normebze,
romelic
SesaZloa,
memkvidreobiT
daskvnas
sakredito
baraTis
gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb.
samwuxarod,
aseTi
situacia:
mixvediT
restoranSi
da
mxolod
maSin
233
restornis
fanjrebidan
moCans
induqciuri
azrovneba
gulisxmobs
savaraudo
daskvnis
gamotanas
azrovneba
(Inductive reasoning)
azrovnebis
forma,
romelic
Tqven
induqciur
azrovnebas
iyenebT
Semdeg
SemTxvevebSi:
haerSi
bolos,
am
TavSi
ganvixileT
daskvnis
tipebi,
romlebic
adamianis
cxovrebaSi
problemis
gadaWris
unari
xSirad
damokidebulia
`karis
SeiZleba
Caketvis
da
gagaxsendeT
gareT
zogadi
darCenis
wesi:
warsuli
`iseTi
gamocdilebis
adamianebis
moZebna,
234
adamianebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, rogor ipovoT isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990). am
problemis gadasaWrelad SeiZleba dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic
Tqveni
megobrebis
geadvilebaT,
mosaZebnad
rom
Tqven
SeimuSaveT.
ukve
mieCvieT
am
problemis
warsuli
gadaWra
gamocdilebis
imitom
gamoyenebas:
aqvT
(Kolodnery,
sabunebismetyvelo
Tavisi
mecnierebis
amonaxsniT.
magaliTad,
1977),
maswavleblebi
amocanebi
ukve
Tqveni
gacnoben
damuSavebuli
maTematikisa
ramodenime
pasuxebiT
da
amocanas
mocemulia
romlebsac,
savaraudod,
dasZlevT.
aseTi
midgoma
emyareba
im
is
pirobebi,
romlebSic
moswavleebi
warsuli
gamocdilebis
maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett & Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991).
zogadi
daskvna,
romelic
maT
gamoitanes,
gulisxmobs,
rom
moswavleebs
axal
problemaSi
Zveli
problemis
mniSvnelobis
danaxva,
xSirad
nimuSebi.
ganvixiloT
kiTxvis
odnav
Secvlili
varianti.
warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis TavSi daamagra Slangi. cvlis es rames? c.p.ebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac, maTi
azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamosvlis Semdeg. amis Semdgom ki sTxovdnen,
amoerCiaT is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda maT naxats. erT-erT
235
eqsplicituri
Sexsenebisas
(magaliTad,
gaixseneT,
rogor
eqsperimentSi
kargad
Cans,
rom
adamianebis
umravlesobas
problemis
da
maT
mier
miRebuli
Sedegebi
gauziaroT
azrovnebasTan
dakavSirebiT
kidev
erTi
ram
unda
aRvniSnoT.
suraTze
warmoadgens.
aRwerili
am
wylis
SemTxvevaSi
qilebis
warsul
amocana
amis
gamocdilebaze
klasikur
magaliTs
damokidebulebis
gamo
236
nawilSi Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs zogadi formula B-A2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame amocanis amoxsnisas iseve SeecdebiT mis gamoyenebas
da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda
gaavsoT a qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom Seivsos g qila, ris Semdegac
dagrCebaT wylis saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es rogor unda
gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amosaxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas
niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba,
romelmac
warmateba
mogitanaT.
ganwyoba
es
aris
fsiqikuri
aqtivobis,
gadaWrisas
rac
SeiZleba
speqtri,
rac
ufro
SemoqmedebiTs
gaxdis
daZlevis process.
am nawilSi Cven ganvixileT problemis gadawyvetisa da azrovnebis sxvadasxva
tipebi da konkretuli etapebi, romlebic unda gaiaroT realur pirobebSi
moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias
mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSvnelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebTan. Cven, agreTve,
SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan
situaciaSi.
Sejameba
problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig
operaciebs,
aRwevs
romelTa
mizans.
gadawyvetilebis
saSualebiTac
problemis
daZleva
komponentebs
Tavdapirveli
ufro
gamocdian
mdgomareobidan
efeqturia,
da
roca
pouloben
individi
adamianebi
sasargeblo
237
deduqciuri
gavleniT,
Tumca,
azrovnebis
dros.
deduqciuri
magaliTad,
azrovnebis
isini
tyuvdebian
efeqturoba
matulobs
akrZalvebis situaciaSi.
induqciuri
azrovneba
moiTxovs
warsuli
gamocdilebis
generalizacias.
unars
udidesi
mniSvneloba
aqvs.
Tqvens
janmrTelobaze
miRebuli
daskvnis
safuZvelze
individma
samoqmedo
gegma
unda
romlebic
mniSvnelovan
daxmarebas
uwevs
eqimebsa
da
programebs
kompiuteruli
,,eqspert
programa,
sistemebs
romelic
uwodeben.
realurad
eqspert_sistema
aris
profesionalTa
mier
romelic
mecnierul
SemuSavebul
kvlevaTa
did
iqna
nawils
am
1970-ian
sferoSi.
wlebSi,
MYCIN
safuZvlad
Seiqmna,
daedo
rogorc
238
codnaze
(magaliTad,
dakavSireba.
realuri
samedicino
saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia
analizis
pasuxis)
da
praqtikaze)
diagnozis
wanamZRvrebisa
konkretuli
damyarebuli
msgavsad,
(magaliTad,
daskvnis
daskvnebis
MYCIN
sistemis
pacientis
sisxlis
(magaliTad,
diagnozis
an
garda
momxmarebels
miawodon
informacia
azrovnebis
rom
am
programebis
mizezebi,
SesaZlebloba
mkuranlobis
komponentia. warmoidgineT,
procesis
daadginos
warmatebis
daavadebis
mniSvnelovani
iyenebs
samedicino
aramed
maT
am
faqtebze
dayrdnobiT
SeuZliaT
azrovneba.
sistematur
axsnas,
Tu
ratom
unda
daakavSiros
momxmarebelma
239
www-camis. stanford.edu
es
aris
stenfordis
ganTavsebulia
samedicino
informacia
informatikis
mkvlevarTa
jgufis
veb
gverdi,
Sesaxeb,
sadac
romelmac
msjelobisa
yoveldRiuri
da
gadawyvetilebis
gamocdilebis
erT-erTi
miRebis
yvelaze
Sesaxeb,
didi
daviwyebT
Tqveni
WeSmaritebiT:
Tqven
Tqveni
Canawerebis
gadakiTxvas?
mzad
xarT
swavlas
Tu
ara
amjobinebT
CaebaT
Tu
saxelmZRvanelos
xangrZliv
xelaxla
urTierTobebSi?
radgan
da
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis
procesebi
unda
uzrunvelyofdnen
problemebis
,,sakmaod
kargi
gadawyvetiTa
da
moqmedebebis
,,sakmod kargi gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare, saimoni varaudobs, rom
azrovnebis procesebi imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT.. SesaZloa, Tqveni
msjeloba
a
da
racionaluri;
gadawyvetileba
Tqven
unda
ar
iyos
SeZloT
yovelTvis
imis
danaxva,
maqsimalurad
rom
es
kargi
da
ganpirobebulia
SezRuduli
racionalurobis
Sedegebis
ufro
detalur
analizze
240
process.
magaliTad:
SeiZleba
viRacas
SexvdeT
iyoT
msjelobaSi,
magram
es
mxolod
savarjiSoa,
romelsac
ras
akeTebT
amis
nacvalad?
am
kiTxvaze
evristikul,
amtkicebdnen,
vidre
formalur
rom
msjeloba
meTodebs.
gacema
eyrdnoba
rogorc
pasuxis
zemoT
analizis
iyo
ufro
aRniSnuli,
241
aRqmis
bunebis
gageba
da
mexsierebis
Seswavla
mexsierebis
aseTi
tipis
Secdomebs
uSvebT?
am
SemTxvevaSi
aRqmasTan
Sedareba
(ix. Tavi 5) xazebis sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom iciT, rom
isini
erTi
sigrZisani
arian.
xolo,
Tu
iciT,
rom
Tqvens
gamocdilebaze
tipis
Secdoma.
SemTxvevebSi
Zalian
Wkviani
adamianebic
ki
uSveben
Secdomebs),
Cven
saSualebas.
ganvixilavT
davubrundeT
am
unarebis
evristikis
efeqturobis
sam
tips:
zrdis
ramodenime
misawvdomobas,
misawvdomobis evristika
gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv kiTxvaze (Cvenis azriT, naklebad
mosalodnelia swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul amocanas, raTa
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT moTxrobis
patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba
ufro meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k-Ti (magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva,
sadac aso ,,k mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven tverskisa da
kanemanis c.p.-ebis msgavsad fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin
242
Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k ufro metad gvxvdeba sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi.
realurad ki ,,k orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi (inglisur enaSi).
ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom ,,k aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba
sityvis TavSi? es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli xelmisawvdomi
informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic iwyeba ,,k-Ti,
vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k mesame adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens
daskvnaze, rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis evristika:: Tqveni daskvna
emyareba im informacias, romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebisaTvis. imis gamo,
rom mexsierebisaTvis xelmiswavdom informacias umravles SemTxvevaSi swor
daskvnamde mivyarvarT, es daskvnac ganixileba, rogorc swori. Tu, magaliTad,
Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni
daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas. problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis aqtivacia xdeba; (2)
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am SesaZlo
problemebis magaliTi.
amocana,
romelSic
c.p.-ebs
asos
gansazRvra
evalebaT,
misawvdomobaze
Semcveli
sityvebis
raodenobis
dafuZnebuli
araswori
msjelobis
mosazrebebs,
procesi,
akeTeben
romlis
daskvnebs
saSualebiTac
da
axdenen
adamianebi
adamianebis
an
ayalibeben
movlenebis
evristika
daskvna,
romelic
efuZneba
mexsierebaSi
243
mkvlevarebs surdaT, eCvenebinaT, Tu ra zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos gunebaganwyobilebam adamianis msjelobaze. c.p.-ebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno
da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapirobebda Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis
Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad,
sasiamovno
saRamos
movlenebis
da
ganmeorebis
mtkivneuli
Wrilobis
albaTobis
gaxsenebas
gansazRvras
da,
aseve,
uaxloesi
msgavsi
eqvsi
Tvis
gaxsenebaze
gavlenas
axdens
guneba-ganwyobileba,
xolo
am
eqsperimentSi
naCvenebia,
Tu
ra
gavlenas
axdens
msjelobaze
Tqveni
yiveldRiuri
sakiTxebze msjelobisas
cxovrebisaTvis.
mniSvnelovan
samomavlo
sakuTar
Tavs:
,,aris
Tu
ara
raime
specifikuri
Cems
gunebaguneba-
informacia.
televizoris
yurebasa
erT-erTi
da
kvlevis
SeerTebuli
dros
Statebis
Seiswavlidnen
mosaxleobis
kavSirs
saSualo
keTildReobis Sefasebas Soris (OGuinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ufro
xSirad uyureben "dinastiisa" da "dalasis" tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr
amerikel diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsaxureebi. mkvlevarebis
azriT,
es
korelacia
imiT
aixsneba,
rom
satelevizio
programebi
qmnis
qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown & Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es
oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT mciredan didisken:
244
a. SvedeTi
b. indonezia
c. israeli
d. nigeria
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom rac ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis
Sesaxeb, miT ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis Sefaseba. garda
amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu
ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims-is statiebSi mimdinare wels.
(sxvaTa Soris, swori pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia. SegiyvanaT
Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam?)
rogorc Cans, Znelia, endoT Tqvens kognitur procesebs, radgan masmedia
uzrunvelyofs TqvenTvis
TqvenTvis xarveziani monacemebis mowodebas. miuxedavad amisa,
mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT, Tqven
SegiZliaT, Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas. darwmunebuli xarT, rom
rasac fiqrobT, TqvenTvis cnobilia?
reprezentaciuli
reprezentaciuli evristika
rodesac
msjeloba
reprezentaciul
evristikas
eyrdnoba,
Tqven
miRebisas,
SeudgeT
Tu
ara
varjiSs
sportis
iseT
axal
hgavs
igi
gizidavdaT.
Tumca,
SegiyvanoT,
Tu
misi
sportul
rogorc
saxeobaTa
qvemoT
gavleniT
naxavT,
yuradRebas
im
kategorias,
msgavsebam
ar
miaqcevT
romelic
SeiZleba
sxva
adre
SecdomaSi
mniSvnelovan
245
ganvixiloT,
magaliTad,
9.15.
suraTze
mocemuli
warmatebuli
iuristis
daxasiaTeba.
suraTi 9.15. reprezentaciuli evristikis gamoyeneba
savaraodod yvelaze
sworia ufro metis
momcveli kategoria
burTiT TamaSebi
246
Tqven
romel
variants
amoirCevdiT?
Tu
Tqvenc
iseve
fiqrobT,
rogorc
reprezentatulobaze
ugulvebelyon
sxva
dafuZnebuli
tipis
es
informacia,
msjeloba
kerZod
ki
monawileebs
-
kategoriis
struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxvevaSi mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (BarHille & Neter, 1993).
gaiTvaliswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqvens yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoekidebiT yvelaze tipiur reprezentatiul arCevans, sanam
ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alternativis struqturas.
ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore magaliTi, romelsac,
romelsac, agreTve, SeuZlia
gavlena iqonios Tqvens mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoidgineT, SesaZlebloba
geZlevaT, monawileoba miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad Tqven
unda
SearCioT
sam
mocemul
ricxvSi
cifrTa
swori
Tanmimdevroba.
am
101
333
574
948
772
msgavsi,
romlebic
igeben
aseT
latareebSi.
(Tqveni
azriT,
am
Tanmimdevrobis
reprezentatuli
iyos.
sinamdvileSi
samcifiani
ricxvebis 27%-s, sadac TiTeuli cifri aRebulia SemTxeviTad diapazonidan 0dan 9-is CaTvliT, eqneba ganmorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa, gaTamaSebaSi
Indiana pick-3 15 dRis ganmalobaSi monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi
ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992). imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis
situaciebis umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia, maT sifrTxiliT
247
mesame
formis
gasacnobad,
scadeT
azrovnebis
eqsperimentis
(Amos
or
variants.
pirveli
variantis
SemTxvevaSi
Cans,
nawilobrivi
Sefaseba
(5
wamis
pauxebis
mediana
ganmavlobaSi
Sesrulebuli
movlenis
an
Sedegis
Sesaxeb
msjeloba,
romelic
emyareba
Ruzis
Ruzis
evristikas,
evristikas sakmarisi ar aris. misi gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri
mniSvnelobis
gadafasebas
an
ver
Sefasebas.
Ruzis
evristikis
gamoyeneba
248
mizanSewonili
msjelobisaTvis
ar
aris,
roca
WeSmaritad
Tavdapirveli
relevantur
Sefaseba
informacias.
Seicavs
mocemuli
miuxedavad
amisa,
im
1,935-mde),
romlebic
instruqciis
mixedviT
unda
gadaeweraT
Tavis
sTxovdnen
aReniSnaT,
iyo
Tu
ara
is
1,940-ze
meti),
magram
irelevanturi.
mogvianebiT,
studentebs
sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT
maRali
iyo
(539),
vidre
sakontrolo
jgufiSi gaerTianebul studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219) (Wilson et al., 1996.).
es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxurebs yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki
ar aRmoCnda
aRmoCnda sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben Ruzis efeqts,
roca cdiloben dagarwmunon, iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT
axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZleba giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1
000 an 2 000 dolaris gadaxdas, ara? mas
mas Semdeg, rac maRal fasze ganewyobiT,
realuri fasi (magaliTad 599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT.
vfiqrobT, rom am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT, Tavidan aiciloT Ruzis
uaryofiTi
gavlena.
rac
mTavaria,
Tqven
gafrTxilebuli
xarT,
rom
windaxeduleba
windaxeduleba unda gamoiCinoT.
msjelobisas
Tqven
iyenebT
evristikis
iseT
saxeebs,
rogoricaa
249
isini
efeqturi
gaurkvevlobidan
garkveulwilad,
migiyvanoT
gamoiyenoT
da
misaRebi
da
Tqveni
maqsimums
Secdomamde.
es
msjelobis
SezRuduli
akeTebT.
Cven
mniSvnelovani
codna
da
SesaZleblobas
resursebidan
giCveneT,
daskvnis
SeamowmoT
rom
gaZlevT.
gamomdinare,
evristikam
gakeTebis
sakuTari
situaciis
SeiZleba
dros,
azrovnebis
Tqven,
SeecadeT
procesebi..
zegavlena
moaxdinon
Tqvens
msjelobaze.
axla
ganvixiloT
evristika
(Anchor
Heuristics)
zogierTi
movlenis
an
Sedegis
ratom
aris
es
cvlileba
ucnauri?
Tu
yuradRebiT
gadaxedavT
problemis orive versias, naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris.
erTi
SexedviT,
Tqven
SeiZleba
ifiqroT,
rom
msgavsma
informaciam
igive
,,upiratesobis
miniWebis
SemTxvevaSi
adamianTa
yuradReba
agrovebT
informacias
gadawyvetileba Seicvalos.
raRacis
winaaRmdeg.
amitom,
SesaZloa,
Tqveni
250
mocemul
informaciaze
dayrdnobiT,
romel
dasasveneblad?
adgili A
saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B
adgils
amoirCevdiT
251
am
ori
adgilis
Sesaxeb
mocemuli
informacia
sakmaod
mwiria.
saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B
arCevanis forma
gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze bunebriv gzas warmoadgens imis
gansazRvra,
Tu
romeli
arCevani
mogvitans
udides
sargebels,
an
umcires
warmoidgineT,
rom
gekiTxebian:
`ramdenad
gagaxarebdaT
xelfasis
252
obieqturad,
Tqven
zustad
erTnair
mdgomareobaSi
iqnebodiT,
magram
filtvis
simsivnis
mkurnalobis
meTodis
arCeva:
operacia
an
airCieT
gadmocemuli
mkurnalobis
igive
strategia;
problema
da
Semdeg
naxeT,
ki
SecvliT
`sikvdilianobis
Tu
ara
Tqvens
formiT
arCevans.
mier
mkurnalobis
meTodis
arCevaze
mniSvnelovan
gavlenas
axdens
magaliTi
mniSvnelovania
imdenad,
ramdenadac
masSi
asaxulia
Tqveni
cxrili 9.8
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti
gadarCena
253
rom
Tqven
gTxoven,
monawileoba
miiRoT
disciplinarul
sakiTxis
miwodebis
kompaniis
saqmianoba
forma
warmodgenili
Tqvens
iyo
erT
gadawyvetilebaze?
SemTxvevaSi
eqsperimentSi
dadebiTi
kuTxiT
(magaliTad:
pirebi,
gancxadebas,
romlebic
iZleodnen
kiTxulobdnen
daaxloebiT
40,153
pozitiuri
dolaris
kuTxiT
miwodebul
odenobis
jarimis
254
rogorc
mogebis,
magaliTad,
rom
yvelaferi
warmogidginoT
Tqven
ise
apirebT
wagebis
kuTxiT
iyidoT axali
mogebis
kuTxiT:
ganxilva.
manqana.
warmoidgineT,
gamyidveli
`qsenoni-s
78%-s
Seecdeba,
SekeTeba
ar
viRac
cdilobs
informaciis
iseTi
formiT
mowodebas,
romelic
ram
sistematurad
xdeba
Cvens
cxovrebaSi.
magaliTad,
yovelTvis,
sxavdasxva
sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb
informacia
warmoadginos
ise,
rom
unda
gavagrZelo
im
politikis
gatareba,
romelsac
dRemde
warmateba
moaqvs, oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegoT Tqvas, rom ,,mas eSinia axali
ideebis. erTi kandidati SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika migviyvans ekonomiur
aRmavlobamde. misi oponenti SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa
garemosaTvis.
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
orive
marTals
ambobs
erTi
da
igive
dros
formis
damajereblobas
mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs
adamianis
biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert, 1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze
gamonaTqvamis
formulirebis
gavlenis
codna
dagexmarebaT
imis
gadawyvetilebebis
survili
gaqvT,
SeecadeT
miRebas.
Tu
ifiqroT
Tqven
imaze,
sxva
Tu
adamianebis
rogor
qcevis
moaxdines
am
255
ra
moxdeba
Semdeg?
SeiZleba
aRmoaCinoT,
rom
ar
gindaT
mocemuli
situacia, ras
airCevdiT?
mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines,
rom
mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar
miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992) axla ganvixiloT B nawilSi aRwerili odnav
Secvlili situacia. gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinamdvileSi, cdis
pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT
informacias ar miiRebs. raSia saqme? (rogor ggoniaT, ratom?) Cvulebriv, Tqven
eliT, rom axali alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alternativis xvedriT
wils. Tu magaliTad, politikur arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, savaraudoa,
rom
igi
xmebis
SemTxvevaSi
mesame
garkveul
raodenobas
SesaZleblobis
gaCena
waarTmevs
12%-iT
pirvel
zrdis
ors.
Tumca,
erT-erTi
am
pirveli
dabalxarisxiani
`sidipleeris
arCevis
SesaZlebloba
aqvT,
`sonis
individualuri
gansxvavebebisa,
adamianTa
umravlesobisaTvis
gakeTebuli arCevani ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT ar gaakeTes.
256
im
pirobebis
gansazRvris
gadawyvetilebas,
SegviZlia
mizniT,
am
romlebSic
ukanaskneli
adamianebi
debulebis
eZeben
sapirispiros
SeecadeT,
TviTon
gadawyvitoT
TqvenTvis
mniSvnelovani
gancdili
mRelvareba;
Semdeg
ki
Cven
ganvixileT
sxvadaxsva
im
sixarulze,
romelsac
es
unarebi
ganiWebT.
SeecadeT,
rom
adamianebi
akeTeben
daskvnas
im
informaciis
safuZvelze,
niSnebis
gansazRvras.
Ruzis
evristikis
mixedviT,
adamianebis
gavlenas axdens
gadawyvetilebis
damokidebulebas.
gadawyvetilebis
sirTule
ganapirobebs
gadawyvetilebisadmi
antipatiur
257
rom
Tqven
`sidipleeris
yidvas
apirebT.
magram
rom
Tqven
`sidipleeris
yidvas
apirebT,
magram
fsiqologiaSi
da
momuSave
struqturebs,
specialistebi
romlebic
safuZvlad
Seiswavlian
udevs
fsiqikur
adamianis
aRqmis,
fsiqikuri
procesebis
gamoyofis
mizniT,
romlebic
rTuli
amocanis
metyveleba
258
romelzec
adamianebi
laparakoben,
SesaZloa,
gavlenas
axdendes
maT
azrovnebaze.
vizualuri kognicia
vizualuri
reprezentaciebi,
SesaZloa,
gamoyenebul
iqnas
propoziciuli
reprezentaciebis Sesavsebad.
vizualuri
reprezentaciebi
garemos
vizualuri
aspeqtebis
gaazrebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs.
adamianebi
qmnian
vizualur
reprezentaciebs,
romlebSic
gaerTianebulia
259
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
gadawyvetilebis aversia
gadawyvetilebis miReba
deduqciuri azrovneba
evristika
eqspresiuli metyveleba
varaudi
induqciuri azrovneba
kognituri procesebi
kognituri fsiqologia
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
kognituri mecnierebebi
kontrolirebadi procesebi
misawvdomobis evristika
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
msjeloba
paraleluri procesebi
problemis gadaWra
problemuri situacia
reprezentaciuli evristika
seriuli procesebi
forma
funqcionaluri rigidoba
fsiqikuri ganwyoba
Ruzis evristika
Semecneba
ra aris Sefaseba?
Sefasebis istoriuli mimoxilva
formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi
inteleqtis Sefaseba
inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi
IQ testebi
260
garemo pirobebi da IQ
kultura da IQ testebis validoba
SemoqmedebiToba
SemoqmedebiTobis Sefaseba da kavSiri inteleqtTan
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiToba da SeSliloba
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
261
ar
dagWirdebodaT
nerviuloba
imis
gamo,
rom
gamxdariyaviT
ostati
Tvlebs
postindustrialur
Wedavda.
samyaroSi,
Cven
dRevandel,
ricxvebs
superracionalur
ufro
vendobiT,
da
vidre
dadgenis
mizniT,
Tu
zustad
ras
moiTxoven
damqiraveblebi
da
ocdaTerTmeti
samsaxurebrivi
Tu
praqtikuli
testi.
testebis
romelic
gaiara
Semosavliani
zogierTs
im testsa
samsaxuris
iqneba
Alford-is
iumoristuli
SemTxvevebi.
damqiravebelebi
da
Zebnisas.
kargad
iyeneben
262
adreul periodSi, gazomon Tqveni inteleqti. yvelaze xSirad, mizani aris imis
gansazRvra, Tu saklaso davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis
inteleqtualur SesaZloblebebs, rac maT garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs.. Tumca,
rogorc Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze inteleqtis
testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis farglebs scildeba.
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa da gamoyenebas.
mimovixilavT
im
wvlils,
romelic
fsiqologebma
inteleqtis
sferoSi
inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom isini
yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes, romlisTvisac iyvnen gankuTvnili. da bolos,
davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis
rols sazogadoebaSi.
Cven
daviwyebT
fsiqologiuri
Sefasebis
zogadi
gamoyenebis
mokle
mimoxilviT.
ra aris Sefaseba?
Sefaseba?
fsiqologiuri
pirovnuli
Sefaseba
maxasiaTeblebis
gulisxmobs
individTa
Sesafaseblad
zustad
unarebis,
dadgenili
qcevebisa
da
procedurebis
gazomva,
radgan
SefasebaTa
umravlesoba
adgens,
Tu
riTi
fsiqologiuri testirebis
ZiriTadi
ganxilvamde,
niSnebis
(an
maxasiaTeblebis)
detalur
mimovixiloT
wlebis
dasawyisSi.
Tumca,
didi
xniT
adre,
vidre
dasavluri
263
meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi. faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win
gamoiyeneboda sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxuris
(civil service) testirebisaTvis.- saxelmwifo moxeleebs moeTxovebodaT TavianTi
kompetenturobis gamovlena zepir gamocdaze yovel mesame wels. ori aTasi wlis
Semdeg,
Han-is
saxelmwifo
dinastiis
(Han Dynasty)
dros,
samsaxuris
kompetenturobis
samoqalaqo
weriTi
testebi
gamoiyeneboda
gamosavlenad
iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme, agronomia (an sasoflosameurneo saqme) da geografia. Ming dinastiis periodSi (C.w.aR.-iT 1368-1664)
saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva xdeboda sam safexuriani obieqturi SerCevis
proceduraSi
miRebuli
Sdegebis
safuZvelze.
pirvel
etapze
gamocdebi
klasikur
nawarmoebebze.
mxolod
5%-s
imaTgan,
vinc
Caabara
es
wlebis
dasawyisSi
CineTSi
arsebuli
SerCevis
proceduras
versiebi (Wiggins,1973).
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili
uWiravs inglisel aristokrats, frensis galtons (Sir Francis Galton). misi wigni
"geniosobis memekvidreobiToba" gamoqveynda 1869 wels, romelmac mniSvnelovani
gavlena
moaxdina
testirebis
meTodebis,
Teoriebisa
da
praqtikis
Semdgom
mas
adamianis
qcevis
ainteresebda,
Seswavlisas
Tu
rogor
da
gamoeyenebina
ratom
darvinis
gansxvavdebian
evoluciis
adamianebi
iyo
pirveli,
romelmac
wamoayena
oTxi
mniSvnelovani
idea
264
formis
mixedviT,
umravlesobis
maCvenebeli
grovdeba
SuaSi,
xolo
maCveneblebs
Soris
arsebuli
urTierTmimarTeba
SesaZlebelia
galtonis
mravali
idea
mniSvnelovani
kamaTis
sagnad
iqca.
aqvs
darviniseul
inteleqtze.
saxeobaTa
RirebulebebTan.
galtoni
igi
Tvlis,
SeguebasTan
cdilobda
rom
da,
inteleqti
dakavSirebulia
garkveulwilad,
sazogadoebrivi
politika
moralur
daefuZnebina
Teoriis
(evgenika)
principebi,
romelic
xels
uwyobs
265
Teoriebsac
mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT
da,
rasakvirvelia,
aseve
vilaparakebT
inteleqtis
testirebis
Sesaxeb
romeli
mniSvnelovani
mosazrebebi
Sefasebis
procedura,
procedura
romelic
gulisxmobs
individebis
ar
formaluri
iqneba.
Tumca,
Sefasebis
winamdebare
procedura
Tavi
inteleqtis
gamoiyeneba
yvela
Sefasebas
saxis
Seexeba,
fsiqologiuri
sandooba
sandooba, rogorc sazomi, iZleva SesaZleblobas imis dadgenisa, Tu romeli
Sefasebis instrumenti iZleva myar anu sando monacemebs Sedegebs. Tu diliT
abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva maCvenebels iZleva,
maSin
kargad ar muSaobs, Sen SegiZlia Tqva, rom ar aris sando imitom, rom ver
266
korelaciis
koeficienti
0.00-is
tolia.
es
niSnavs,
rom
aranairi
magivrad
c.p.-s
monacvleobiT
aZleven
testis
paralelur
formebs.
formebs
Tanamimdevruloba.
SeTanxmbulobaa,
Sesabamisoba.
romelic
sandoobis
gulisxmobs
magaliTad,
SegviZlia
meore
erTi
erTmaneTs
da
sazomia
Sinagani
testis
pasuxebis
igive
SevadaroT
luwi
da
kenti
xdeba
saSualebiT.am
SuaSi
dros
gaxleCvis
SeiZleba
sandoobis
iTqvas,
rom
(split-half
reliability)
meTodis
testi
maRali
Sinagani
SemTxvevaSi
sando
unda
iyos
aramarto
sazomi
instrumenti
sxvadasxva
done.
am
miznisaTvis
mkvlevarebs
SeiZleba
SeeqmnaT
validoba
267
testis validoba
validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac
surs
eqsperts.
inteleqtis
validuri
testi
zomavs
am
maxasiaTebels
da
wamyvan
rols
asrulebs
inteleqti.
kreatulobis
validuri
zusti
prognozirebis
SesaZleblobas,
romelic
dakavSirebulia
validoba
(face
validity),
validoba
kriteriumis
mixedviT
da
ukavSirdeba
interesis
sagans,
maSin
tests
gaaCnia
TvalsaCino
validoba (face
validity).
). TvalsaCino validobis mqone testebSi Zalian pirdapir da
(
martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi, rac ainteresebT testis Semqmnelebs.
magaliTad: ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT Tu ara kreatuli? Aadamiani,
romelic
testirebaSi
monawileobs,
Zalian
zustad
da
patiosnad
unda
maxasiaTebels,
testi
Semsruleblebs
aZlevs
maTTvis
sasurveli
manipulireben
personali
fsiqiatrebis
SizofreniiT
didi
SefasebebiT
xnis
fsiqiatriuli
ganmavlobaSi
daavadebul
interviuSi
pacientebs
sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT,
TavianTi
268
saSualebas,
maSin
isini
sakuTar
mdgomareobas
uaryofiTad
iZleodnen
pacientebma
maTi
miiRes
gaweris
Sefasebis
sawinaaRmdego
sasurveli
rekomendaciebs.
Sedegi. fsiqiatris
ase
rom,
Sefasebaze,
kriteriumis
prognozirebadi
mixedviT
validoba,
validobis
predictive validity))
(aseve
misaRwevad
cnobilia,
rogorc
fsiqologebi
cdis
niSnebTan,
maSin
testi
validuria
kriteriumis
mixedviT.
testis
miiCneven
am
instruments
da
kidev
gamoiyeneben
Semdgomi
korelaciaSi
iyo
kolejSi
moRvaweobis
zogierT
aspeqtTan.
amaze
269
testis
validobis
pirobebi
SeiZleba
iyos
Zalian
specifiuri,
amitom
testis
modificirebas
ise,
rom
gaTvaliswinebuli
yofiliyo
sandoobisa
da
validobis
urTierTmimarTeba.
Tu
sandooba
SemTxvevaSi
gamoyenebisas),
validoba
izomeba
imiT,
Tu
ra
xarisxiT
savaraudoa,
rom
romelime
dRes
miRebulma
Sedegebma
winaswar
gansazRvros, Tu yvelaze xSirad romel students SeiZleba hqonoda SexlaSemoxla momavali erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi. Aamis Semdeg SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
testis qulebis or testis ki ar SeuZlia erTi da igive prognozis gakeTeba.
meores mxriv, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos Zalze sando, magram _
aravaliduri. magaliTad, Cven gadavwyviteT, gavzomoT inteleqti zrdasruli
adamianis simaRlis mixedviT. AalbaT xvdebiT ratom SeiZleba es sazomi iyos
sando, magram aravaliduri?
normebi da standartizacia
270
jgufi
yvelaze
gamosadegia
testirebuli
jgufis
individebis
normebis
iseTi
codna,
ZiriTadi
rodesac
TvisebebiT
dasmis
ufleba
an
ufro
motivirebulebi
arian,
rom
ukeTesad
TamaSs,
romelic
gagvamxiarulebs."
meore
kiTxvebis
dasmas
masawavlebelma
ki
gulisxmobs.
Tavis
klass
es
TamaSi
ase
mimarTa:
Cven
"es
iqna
erTi
radgan
testis
testi
Catarebis
ar
Sedegad?
gamoyenes
am
kiTxvaze
standartizirebuli
pasuxi
formiT.
aris
am
SemTxvevaSi, meore klasis bavSvebis qulebi SfoTvis testSi ufro maRali iyo.
(albaT, es TqvenTvis gasakviri ar aris). Tu testis instruqcia Sesrulebis
271
Sesaxeb an Sedegebis daTvlis xerxi ar aris zusti, maSin Zalian rTuli iqneba
mocemuli
testis
Sedegebis
interpretacia
an
imis
dadgena,
Tu
ramdenad
da
standartuli
validobaSi.
pirobebi,
MmaT,
mxolod
aseve,
amis
unda
Sedegad
daadginon
miRebul
normebs
testirebis
aqvs
azri.
unda
Sefasdes
Sesrulebis
normebi
da
standartizaciis
pirobebi,
Seswavlaze,
Sefasebis
Tu
formebi
riTi
Seiqmna
gansxvavdeba
antikur
na
CineTSi.
gavs
individi
dasavlur
sxva
adamianebs.
samyaroSi
frensis
inteleqtis Sefaseba
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad inteleqtis gansazRvrebiT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana ar aris,
magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52 kaciani jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad
gansazRvrebaze:
inteleqti
aris
Zalze
zogadi
gonebrivi
SesaZlebloba,
272
problemaTa
swrafad
gadaWris,
daswavlisa
SesaZleblobebis
am
abstraqtuli
da
azrovnebis,
gamocdilebis
farTo
speqtrs
miRebis
Tu
rTuli
ideebis
wvdomis,
gaviTvaliswinebT,
maSinve
naTeli
Teoretikosebi
konceptualizebas,
inteleqtis
mniSvnelovnad
da
umaRlesi
gansazRvravs
im
gonebrivi
xerxs,
riTac
funqciebis
isini
mis
SeiZleba
raodenobrivad
ganisazRvros
da
dayvanil
iqnas
erT
arsebobs
inteleqtis
ramdenime
gansxvavebuli
saxe,
rac
TavSi
inteleqtis
aRvwerT,
am
Tu
sxvadasxva
rogor
aris
koncefciasTan.
dakavSirebuli
daviwyoT
inteleqtis
istoriuli
testebi
konteqstis
273
daexmareboda
274
stenfordstenford-bines inteleqtis
inteleqtis skala
liuis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis universitetis sajaro skolis
yofilma administratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis gazomvis bines
meTodis mniSvneloba. aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT man moaxdina
bines testis adaptireba aSS-s skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gaukeTa
testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna
275
X 100
qronologiur asakze
bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki aris 8 weli da romlis testis qulebma
gamoavlina gonebrivi asaki 10 weli, IQ eqneba 125, (10 : 8 X 100 =125), xolo igive
qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac testi Seasrula 6 wlis bavSvis doneze,
IQ eqneba 75 (6 : 8 X100= 75); individebs, romlebmac Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis
Sesabamisi gonebrivi asakis mixedviT, IQ eqnebaT 100. amrigad, 100 qula saSualo
IQ-d iqna miCneuli.Q
axali stenford-bines testi male gadaiqca klinikuri fsiqologiis,
fsiqoTerapiis da saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad.
stenford-bines testi Seicavs subtestebis serias, romelic konkretul gonebriv
asakzea morgebuli. am subtestebs mcire reviziaTa seria Cautarda 1937, 1960 da
1972 wlebSi, raTa miRweuliyo 3 mizani: (1) mcirewlovani bavSvebisa da Zalze
gonieri zrdasrulebis IQ-s gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni; (2)
ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi, romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi
momxdar cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxlebuliyo normebisa da
asakis Sesabamisi saSualo qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenford-bines
testis ukanaskneli, me-4-e gamocema (Torndike et al.,1986) testis validobis
gaumjobesebis mizans emsaxureba. stenford-bines es uaxlesi testi
uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis mqone
individebisaTvis, aseve, fsiqikuri funqcionirebis problemebis mqone an
niWieri individebisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992).
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar miiReba gonebrivi asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi
Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa
276
(imdenive adamiani iRebs 100-ze nakleb qulas, ramdenic 100-ze mets). 90 da 110-s
Soris qulebi iTvleba normalurad. 120-ze maRali qulebi ganixileba, rogorc
saukeTeso an friad saukeTeso; 70-ze dabali qulebi ki gulisxmobs gonebrivi
uunarobis mzard doneebs.
cxrili 10.1
277
278
279
280
madli RmerTsa?
ariTmetika
msgavseba
ricxvTa rigi
leqsikur maragi
Sesrulebis subtestebi
subtestebi
ricxobrivi
simbolo
suraTis
dasruleba
kuburebis nimuSi
suraTebis
dalageba
obieqtis ageba
281
rom
Cven
SemTxvevaSi ratom
SemTxvevaSi
testebi
sando
iyo.
ganvixiloT,
yvela
qulebi
da
Seasrula
is
testebi.
10.1
suraTze
mocemuli
zaris
formis
282
"evropul
IQ
testebze"
misma
saukeTesma
qulam
159-s
miaRwia.
poindeqsteri irwmuneba, rom 159 qula misi IQ-s validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?
veb gverdebi:
www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml
saiti, sadac Tavmoyrilia testebis didi raodenoba
www.majon.com/iq.html
mravalricxovani testebi erT saitze
cech.cesnet.cz/IQ/index.php
evropuli IQ testebi
283
inteleqtis Teoriebi
Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogierTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve
SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi yovelive imas,
rasac sityva inteleqti gulisxmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im
unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi,
rom dagexmaroT, ganvixilavT inteleqtis Teoriebs. TiToeuli Teoriis
gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi
momxreebi, Tu inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s gamoiyenebdnen.
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, ZiriTadad, imave filosofiur
atmosferoSi warmoiSva, romelmac IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria aris
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic fsiqikuri funqciebis testirebas emsaxureba. mis
mraval aspeqts Soris aris pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba, inteleqtis
Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva. amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro
kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi ikvlevs
statistikur mimarTebebs
284
285
operaciebi
produqtebi
Sinaarsi
operaciebi
Sinaarsi
produqtebi
Sefaseba
vizualuri
erTeulebi
kognituri pruduqcia
audituri
klasebi
divergentuli produqcia
simboluri
mimarTebebi
mexsiereba
semantikuri
kognocia
qceviTi
sistemebi
transformaciebi
implikaciebi
286
287
1.
H-U-L-A-G
__________
2.
P-T-T-M-E
__________
3.
T-R-H-O-S
__________
4.
T-N-K-H-G-I
5.
T-E-W-I-R
__________
6.
L-L-A-O-W
__________
7.
R-I-D-E-V
__________
8.
O-C-C-H-U
__________
9.
T-E-N-R-E
__________
10.
C-I-B-A-S
__________
__________
288
gzis moZebnas
289
IQ-sa da
daasaxeles pirvel adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma _ SemTxvevaTa 33%Si mkvlevarebma isic aCvenes, rom rom eqspertebi Tavis zust Sefasebebs im
xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavs (Ceci
& Liker, 1986).
radgan yoveli cxeni mTeli rigi parametrebis mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe,
miRebuli prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris unarianoba da a.S.),
warmoadgens cvladebis axlebur kombinacias, eqspertebis warmateba msgavsi
situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver miewereba. ufro savaraudoa, rom maT
ganuviTardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT garemos specifikurad
esadageba.
sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiarebulia, rom IQ qulebi
inteleqtualur qcevas sruli moculobiT ver asaxavs da nacadia imaze metis
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da dabali IQ-s iarliyebis
miniWeba.YwarmovidginoT, rom mkvlevarebma gaiges, rom aragonier (unintelligent)
adamianebs garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom ver axerxeben mTeli
relevanturi informaciis kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben gonivruli
Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. sternbergs, agreTve miaCnia,
rom adamianebs SeuZliaT empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare
komponentur process, mkvlevarebi SeZleben iseTi Seqmnas teqnikebis, romelTa
meSveobiTac yoveli adamianis Sesruleba gonivrulad gamoiyurebodes.
gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da emociuri inteleqti
hovard gardnerma (Howard
Gardnner 1983,1999)) SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic
(
inteleqtis cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTvaliswinebul unarebs.
290
291
da
inteleqtualuri
zrdis
xelSesawyobad
sakuTari
saboloo statusi
ZiriTadi komponentebi
LlogikurmaTematikuri
mecnieri
maTematikosi
logikuri da ricxobrivi
paternebisadmi mgrZnobeloba
da maTi garCevis unari,
msjelobis grZeli jaWvis
agebis unari
Llingvisturi
poeti
Jurnalisti
sabunebismetyvelo
biologi
mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa
bunebrivi garemos
saxeobaTa Siris
mkvlevari
gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal
arsebebTan saTuTad mopyrobis
unari.
musikaluri
kompozitori
mevioline
sivrcobrivi
navigatori
vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros
292
moqandake
sxeulebrivkinesTetikuri
mocekvave
aTleti
sakuTari sxeulebrivi
moZraobebis marTvis da
obieqtebTan marjved
urTierTobis unari.
pirovnebaTSorisi
fsiqoTerapevti
saqonlis gasaRebis
ganwyobilebis, temperamentis,
muSaki
motivebis da survilebis
garCevisa da maTze Sesatyvisi
reagirebis unarebi.
Sidapirovnuli
sakuTari Tavis
detalurad mcodne
pirovneba
293
294
scades
inteleqtis politika
Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-s
testSi miRebuli qulebisa da pirovnebis inteleqts arsebul Soris mWodro
kavSirs. magram dasavlur sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inteleqtis
yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis
xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva jgufebis Sedareba maTi saSualo
IQ-s mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad
gamoiyeneboda, rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis TanSobili genetikuri
arasrulfasovnebis damadasturebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT IQ
testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi
arasrulfasovnebis maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxis buneba Tu
aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleqtis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT
moniWebuli da ra aRzrdis Sedegad. Tqven naxavT, rom fsiqologiaSi es aris
politikurad yvelaze cvalebadi sakiTxi, radganac saemigracio kvotebis,
ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris
interpretirebuli jgufuri IQ-s monacemebi.
jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria
1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri godardi (Henry Goddard)
amtkicebda, rom yvela emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis testireba
da maT, visac fsiqikuri defeqti aRmoaCndeba, SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi
295
meore cudi
296
297
danaSaulis
samarcxvino
rekordi.
am
ojaxis
458
wevrs
aRmoaCnda
iyo
saerTo ojaxuri
naTesaoba
korelaciebi
erTad aRzrdili
identuri tyupebi
298
cal-calke aRzrdili
identuri tyupebi
erTad aRzrdili
araidenturi tyupebi
erTad aRzrdili da-Zma
erTad aRzrdili
mSobeli/bavSvi
cal-calke aRzrdili
araidenturi tyupebi
cal-calke aRzrdili
da-Zma
cal-calke aRzrdili
mSobeli/bavSvi
naSvilebi da-Zma
naSvilebi
mSobeli/bavSvi
(monozigoturi)
da
araidenturi
(dizigoturi)
tyupebis
identuri
IQ-qulaTa
Soris.
qveS,
azusteben
genetikuri
masalis
gadafarvas)
da
garemos
(ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos qveS, aCveneben, rom garemo igive
iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), faqtoris mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri
tyupebi aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi
tyupebi anu saxezea genetikur gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro
maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian gazrdili anu saxezea garemos
gavlena.
mkvlevarebi amgvar Sedegebs iyeneben IQ-s memkvidreobiTobis Sesafaseblad.
romelime niSan-Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis, memkvidreobiT gadacemis
299
300
gamonaxes
saSualebiT,
gzebi,
romelSic
Tu
rogor
dadgenilia
SeemowmebinaT
Savkanianebs
es
Soris
Sexeduleba
TeTri
an
301
evropuli
warmomavlobis
xarisxi.
aSS-Si
"Savkaniani"
mosaxleobis
20-30%
deda
ufro
metad
monawileobs
bavSivis
inteleqtualuri
mis
bevr
sxva
maxasiaTebelsa
da
unarze.
miuxedavad
amisa,
Cven
garemo da IQ
vinaidan
memkvidreobiTobis
maCveneblebi
(heridity estimates)
1.0-ze
naklebia,
ganvsazRvroT,
garemos
romeli
aspeqtia
IQ-sTvis
mniSvnelovani?
302
garemoSi
ojaxSi.
gyavT
Tu
imyofebodnen.
da-Zma,
gaixseneT,
aqcvdnen
Tu
ara
rogor
maT
izrdebodiT
erTnair
Tqvens
yuradRebas
da icvleba
grafikze asaxulia
vaJebis saSualo IQ
memkvidreobisa da garemos
wvlili IQ qulebSi.
socialuri klasi
(memkvidreobiTobis
gavlena), magram rogorc
75
80
85
90
95
100
IQ
105
110
115
120
303
inteleqtualur
yvelaze
aSkara
funqcionirebaze
aris
sxvadsxvagvari
janmrTelobis
da
gavlenis
ganaTlebis
moxdena,
uzrunvelyofis
sazogadoebaSic
ki,
rogoric
iaponiaSia.
magaliTad,
burakaminis
15
quliT
romelsac
individi
dabalia
(Ogbu, 1987). im
miekuTvneba,
SeiZleba
jgufis
socialurma
uaryofiTad
daRma,
imoqmedos
mis
saskolo
miRwevebze.
amitom
bavSvebis
xelsayrel
pirobebSi
gazrdis
saidan viciT
garemos gavlena IQI -ze
304
2 wlis asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSoblebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi
jgufis bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo
meore jgufis bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani
hyavdaT, meore ki _ TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi veqsleris
inteleqtis skalis saSualebiT afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.
im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT,
iyo 108.7, xolo Sereuli rasis bavSvebis IQ _ 107..2. rogorc naCvenebia 10.6
suraTze, es maCveneblebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli amerikelebisaTvis
(Lynn,1996).
18
16
saSualo
14
klasis
TeTrkaniani
IQ scores
12
ojaxebis
10
8
mier
Sereuli
naSvileb
rasis
Savkanian
bavSvebs
da
hqondaT
4
2
arian
yvela naSvilebi
bavSvi
adre naSvilebi
bavSvebi
im
jgufebis
romlebisaTvisac
wevrebi,
damaxasiaTebelia
aRiniSnos, rom
individualur
gansxvavebas
qmnis
pirvelad
1965
wels
daafinansa.
is
gankuTvnili
iyo
"mcire
saganmanaTleblo
da
emociuri
mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad;
305
mixedviT,
bavSvebi
iReben
specialur
skolamdel
ganaTlebas,
sxva
sazomebis
(achivement
measures)
gaumjobesebaze.
faqtobrivad,
empiriuli literaturidan ... viRebT rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi aris is, rom arc H"Head Start"-s da arc nebismier sxva skolamdel
programas ar SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis damangreveli zemoqmedebisagan.
adreul intervencias ubralod ar SeuZlia, daZlios cxovrebis cudi pirobebi,
aradamakmayofolebeli kveba da jandacva, uaryofiTi roluri modelebi da
dabali donis skolebi. dadebiTi mxare ki aris is, rom programebs SeuZlia
bavSvebis momzadeba skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmareba maT daZlevisa
(coping) da adaptaciis unarebis ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems maT,
cxovrebaSi
miaRwion
saukeTesos
Tu
ara,
ukeTes
Sedegebs
mainc.
(Zigler&Styfco,1994,p.129).
Tu
Cven
gamoviyenebT
inteleqtis
ufro
farTo
gansazRvrebas,
romelic
mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs
warmatebebs
inteleqtualur,
saskolo
306
validurad
SeuZliaT
iseTi
sakiTxebis
prognozireba,
rogoricaa
optimisturad
uyureben
sakuTar
SesaZleblobebs,
rom
Tavs
gaarTmeven
yvelafers. aseve, bavSvebs, visac dabali IQ aqvT, SeiZleba "Tan sdevdes" dabali
donis skolebi da programebi, ramac SeiZleba, garkvuliwilad, imoqmedos maT
TviTdarwmunebulobaze (Self-competence) studentobis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-m
SeiZleba ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros, IQ-s, Tavis mxriv,
SeuZlia axali garemo pirobebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, aseve _ uaresis _ Seqmna.
amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros
misi bedi inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri unarebis wvlilis miuxedavad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis validoba maTi ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT gamoyenebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev eWvis qveS ayenebs
maT validobas sxvadasxva kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas.
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis da testirebis mravali forma
SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas an saTanado qcevas.
ganvixiloT klasSi uaryofiTi Sefasebis erTi magaliTi:
rodesac
laTino
amerikeli
warmoSobis
emigranti
mSoblebis
bavSvebi
gamoxatvaze,
rasac
maTi
uaryofiTi
akademiuri
Sefaseba
mohyva.
307
gaxda
uaryofiTi
Sefasebis
safuZveli
iseTi
skolis
pirobebSi,
sadac
standartis
mixedviT
testebTan
IQ
dakavSirebul
problemas
dakavSirebuli
iyos
ufro
testis
konteqstTan,
vidre
testis
SinaarsTan. klaud stili (Claude Steel) (1997; Steel&Aronson, 1995, 1998) aRniSnavda, rom
adamianebis mier unarebis testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens stereotipuli
muqara
saxelwodebiT)
safrTxe
imisa,
rom
negatiuri
stereotipi
garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. Steele-is (Steel) gamokvlevebma aCvena, imis rwmenam, rom
situaciaSi
moqmedebs
uaryofiTi
stereotipi,
SeiZleba
gamoiwvios
cudi
saidan viciT
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba
dasalagebelia stilisturad
erT
rTul,
kvlevaSi
Savkaniani
damamTavrebeli
da
gamocdis
TeTri
tipis,
studentebi
zepir
pasuxobdnen
SekiTxvebs.
Zalian
studentebis
unars.
exeboda
studentebis
fsiqologiur
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis
gvTavazobs,
SedarebiT
rom
procesSi.
dabali
meore
faqtorebs,
naxevarma
romelic
stereotipuri
Sedegebi
icoda,
monawileobs
muqaris
kiTxvebze
rom
Teoria
eqnebodaT
im
308
studentebs,
romlebsac
situaciam
Seuqmna
stereotipuri
muqara
anu
sjerodaT,
rom
testis
Sedegebi
SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli
mimarT
arsebobs
cudi
Sesrulebis
stereotipi.
magaliTad,
testma
aCvena
sqesis
mixedviT
gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi
rom
TiToeul
am
kvlevaSi
mniSvnelovania,
Tu
rogor
sjeraT,
rom
situacia
exeba
stereotips,
magaliTad,
rodesac
stivensonma
(Harold Stevenson)
da
misma
kolegebma
(1993)
309
maswavleblebs
maTTvis
da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra
"bejiTad
respondentebi
mecadineoba"
aqcents
Tu
"
"bejiTad
ufro
Tandayolili
mecadineobaze"
mniSvnelovani iyo
goniereba",
akeTebdnen,
azieli
amerikeli
SeiZleba
miiyvanos
daskvnamde,
rom
azielebi
genetikuri
Seswavlis
unari.
Zalian
mniSvnelovania
gamokvlevebis
Seswavla
im
Savkaniani
TeTrkaniani
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
0
diagnostikuri
aradiagnostikuri
testis daxasiaTeba
qalebi
30
mamakacebi
20
10
arsebuli gansxvavebebis
0
genderuli gansxvaveba
aragenderuli gansxvaveba
testis daxasiaTeba
310
Seuwyo
inferiulobis
zogierTi
aRiarebis
rasobrivi
warumatebeli
da
eTnikuri
tradiciis
jgufebis
damkvidrebas.
gazomva
IQ-s
rasobrivi
xSirad
gansxvavebebis
iZens
gamo.
politikur
mkvlevarebma
datvirTvas,
daadgines
miRebuli
IQ-Si
garemos
faqtorebi,
romelic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa, rom IQ-s sakmaod
validurad SeuZlia iseTi cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogoricaa
warmatebebi skolaSi da samsaxurSi, misi gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos
sxvadasxva rasobriv da kulturul jgufebis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, zogierTi
jgufi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas ganicdis stereotipuri
muqaris zemoqmedebas.
sanam davasrulebT inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas, davubrundeT iseT
sakiTxs, rogoricaa kreatuloba. kreatuloba aris adamianis unari, mocemuli
pirobebis Sesabamisi axali ideebis generirebisa an axali produqtis Seqmnisa
(Sternbeg&Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis magaliTi. es meqanizmi
siaxle iyo, radgan ucnob gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs mbrunavi obieqtebis
gamoyeneba. is iyo pirobebis Sesatyvisi, radgan Zalze cxadi iyo am siaxlis
gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba.
pirobebTan
Sesatyvisobis
gareSe,
axali
ideebi
TavSi
ganixileba
kreatuloba
imitom,
rom
bevri
adamiani
aRiarebs
upirveles
yovlisa,
unda
SegveZlos
SemoqmedebiTobis
311
SeSlilobasTan.
vnaxavT,
ra
SeiZleba
viswavloT
gansakuTrebuli
adamianebisagan.
SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT
adamianebi
kreatulebi
arian,
Tu
Tqveni
azriT,
aguris
gamoyenebis
yvela
SesaZlo
varianti.
pasuxebi jamdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixedviT, rogoricaa (1) sisxarte gansxvavebuli
ideebis
saerTo
raodenoba,
(2)
unikaluroba
im
ideebis
"inteleqtis~
garkveuli
done
iZleva
SemoqmedebiTobis
amoqmedebis
312
maRali
korelacia
kreatuli-arakreatuli
120
IQ-s
farglebSi)
adamianTa
(Lubart,1994).
Sefasebis
kriteriumiT
gansxvavebul
midgomas
xarisxi.
gamokvlevebma
aCvena,
rom
eqspertebi
sakmaod
SeiZleba sakmaod
zustad
am
wuTidan
E.C.
izolirebulia
Tanatolebisgan
da,
ZiriTadad,
313
dasasruls
gardneri
moixseniebs
tipiur
SemoqmedTa
erT-erT
didi
xnis
SedarebiT
istoria
aqvs
Tanamedrove
da
platonis
periodSi
saxels
krepelini
ukavSirdeba
(Kraeplin)
(1921)
saidan viciT
Tu
ara
fsiqikurma
daavadebam
am
314
kreatuloba da
da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert
veisbergma
(Robert
Weisberg)
Seiswavla
kompozitor
robert
Sumanis
nawarmoebebis
nawarmoebebi
xarisxiT
xarisxi.
ar
iyo
maniakalur
ukeTesi
periodSi
depresiul
Seqmnili
periodSi
Semnil
nawarmoebebs.
veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeSliloba (gamovlenili maniis saxiT)
mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da
qmnis
bevr
namuSevars.
Tu
pirovnebas
gamoirCeva
garkveuli
talantiT,
am
modeli
SemoqmedebiTi
adamianebi
gulmodgined
315
individualur
gansxvavebebs,
romelic
arsebobs
inteleqtsa
da
saWiro,
xarisxis
vidre
Sesaxeb.
codna
Semdeg
misi
inteleqtualurobisa
nawilSi
ganvixilavT
da
im
SemoqmedebiTobis
xerxebs,
romliTac
izomeba
Sexedulebis
divergentuli
azrovnebis
sawinaaRmdegod,
ar
testebis
dadasturda
saSualebiT.
mWidro
kavSiri
daskvnebSi
SesaZlebelia
Secdomebis
maswavleblebis,
gareSe
iqneba
asaxuli. am
damqiraveblebis
da
miznis
sxva
miRweva
Semfaseblebis
xels
rasis,
Seuwyobda
erovnebis,
sazogadoebis
privilegiebis
an
demokratizacias
fizikuri
da
Seamcirebda
garegnobis
SemTxveviT
fsiqologiaSi
ZiriTad
sam
ar
arsebobs
eTikur
sakiTxs
gadawyvetilebebis
samarTlianoba,
vargisianoba
(3)
da
testis
Sefasebaze
(2)
qulebis
exeba:
(1)
ganaTlebis
gamoyeneba
ufro
sakamaTo
testze
sfero.
dafuZnebuli
Sesafasebeli
testebis
individebis
garkveul
procesis
kritikosebi
aRniSnaven,
rom
zogierTebisaTvis
jgufebma
miiRes
dabali
qulebi,
ar
aZlevs
maT
garkveul
316
damlageblad
muSaobis
dasawyebad,
msurvelma
unda
gaiaros
samuSaoebze
testSi
cud
arasaTanado
ardaSveba.
(1990).
Sedegebs
iZleodnen,
normebis
mixedviT.
zogjer
umciresobaTa
radgan
garda
maTi
amisa,
erTi
Sedegebi
jgufis
mogebuli
darCes
Tu
samuSaos
aRwerilobebi
Seicvleba
adamianTa
eTikur
sakiTxs
warmoadgens
is,
rom
testireba
ara
mxolod
imaze
dayrdnobiT,
Tu
ramdenad
warmatebiT
asruleben
maTi
gamoaSkaravda
mtkicebulebebi imis
Sedegebis
ufrosebis
qceviT
da
sTxovdnen
mSoblebs,
aexsnaT
maTi
saqcieli.
317
mesame eTikuri problema aris is, rom testis Sedegebs SeiZleba mohyves
statusi Seucvleli iarliyiT.
110 an B tipis B studentebi, TiTqos testis Sedegebma maT daRi daasva. amgvarma
iarliyebma SeiZleba maT winsvlas xeli SeuSalos, radgan adamianebi ijereben,
rom maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia;
rom
maT
ar
SeuZliaT
sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis
gaumjobeseba.
testSi
TviTefeqturobis
gancda.
garkveuli
jgufebis
arasrulfasovnad
da
paTologiis
iarliyad
iqceva,
araadaptirebulobis,
adamianebi
gansakuTrebuli
bavSvebis
romelic
saWiroebs
moswavles.
programebis
iarliyebs
wina
modificirebas
planze
devianturi
ise,
rom
pirovnenebi
moergos
ufro
yvela
gamoaqvs,
magaliTad,
aSS,
adamianebis
umravlesoba
mzad
aris
adamianis
Seafasos
garemo
pirobebis
zegavlena.
Cven
vkicxavT
adamians
unda vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad, rac imis Sedegi, Tu sad
imyofebodnen, sad Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens gavlenas maT
qcevaze.
es Tavi gvinda davasruloT fil zimbardos (Phil Zimbardo) piradi, romelsac
SeiZleba
hqondes
romelic
SeiZleba
STagonebis
wyarod
iqces
im
318
mier
mravali
wlis
win
gakeTebulma
testebma
sul
sxva
ram
naklebi
iyo.
magram
mogvianebiT
aRmovaCine,
rom
es
nawilobriv
mixedviT,
romelic
naxes
Cems
gancxadebasa
da
testebSi,
ivaraudes rom zangi var. am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT daskvnebze Cemi
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, mimeRwia warmatwebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi. sabednierod,
zogierTi
maTgani
mzad
iyo
CemTvis
Sansis
mosacemad,
rodesac
maT
mier
mxolod standartizebuli
testebiT gazomili
unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da
ramdenad
kargi
Sedegi
eqnebaT
adamianebs,
nebismieri
mocemuli
warmosaxviT,
imediT,
pirovnuli
da
intensiuri
ZalisxmeviT
Sejameba
miuxedavad
sasargebloa
imisa,
rom
individisaTvis,
fsiqologiuri
jer
kidev
testireba
aris
testebis
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
upasuxismgeblod
319
saganmanaTleblo
praqtikis
Sesafaseblad
da
testebis
Sedegebis
gamoyeneba
iRebs.
am
sferoSi
mniSvnelovani
wvlili
Seitana
ser
frensis
sazomi
gvaZlevs
Sesabamis
Sedegebs.
validuri
sazomi
afasebs
im
saukunis
safuZveli
Cauyara
oTxmocdaaTiani
inteleqtis
wlebis
obieqturi
dasawyisSi
testirebis
safrangeTSi
ganviTarebas.
binem
qulebi
fsiqometriulma
analizma
aCvena,
rom
zogierT
ZiriTad
unars,
ra
im
unarebsa
da
insaitebze,
romelsac
adamianebi
iyeneben
ganasxvavebs
inteleqtis
komponentur,
empiriul
da
320
gardnerma (Gardner)
scildeba kidec
daadgina
inteleqtis
standartuli IQ
rva
tipi,
romelic
sazomebiT gazomvad
moicavs
inteleqtis
da
formebs.
maRali
memkvidreobiTobis
gamo,
zogierTi
mkvlevari
garkveuli
ganviTarebisa
da
cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis
SezRudvas.
rodesac
Sefasebis
Sedegebi
momavalSi
gavlenas
axdens
individis
321
322
7. Drive
8. Cough
9. Enter
10. Basic
leqsikoni
fsiqologiuri
Sefaseba
individTa
unarebis,
qcevisa
da
pirovnuli
xarisxi,
romelic
uzrunvelyofs
erTnair
qulebs
testis
dros
Catarebis
Sedegad
miRebul
qulebs
Soris
arsebuli
korelaciis sazomi.
paraleluri
sandoobis
formebi
Sesafaseblad;
testis
formebis
sxvadasxva
Secvla
versiis
amcirebs
gamoyeneba
pirdapiri
testis
gamoyenebis,
323
xarisxi,
Tu
ramdenad
aris
testis
kriteriumis
mixedviT
xarisxi,
Tu
ramdenad
Seesabameba
standartizirebulia
individebis
didi
jgufebis
gazomvis
iqneba
garkveuli
324
325
enis aTviseba
sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma
sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla
gramatikis aTviseba
genderuli ganviTareba
sqesi da genderi
326
moraluri ganviTareba
moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT
genderisa da kulturis ganvlena moralur gansjaze
viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
vfiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yvela inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo da deda _
sadazRvevo
agenti.
TandaTan
finansuri
mdgomareoba
umjobesdeboda da
es
yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma
minda? mama cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis mersedesi, gvelis tyavis
fexsacmeli da sxva msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala. ase rom, Tqven
warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad, garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi
mezobeli bavSvebisagan.
vinaidan
ojaxisTvis
dro
aravis
hqonda,
me
visjebodi
yvela
araswori
saqcielisaTvis, magram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo. es mudam ase
iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba, rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc
miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, aris Cemi sakuTari skolis gaxsna. aTi wlis
Semdeg Cems Tavs vxedav skolaSi, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi, aramed
skolaSi,
romelSic
ar
sistemis
mankierebani.
iqneba
es
asaxuli
sistema
xom
Cveni
politikuri
viRacaze
da
ekonomikuri
upiratesobis
mopovebas
gulisxmobs.
Cemi skola iqneba ubralod Tanasworuflebiani maswavleblebis skola _
TeTrkaniani,
Savkaniani,
laTino-amerikeli,
Cineli,
nebismieri
radgan
es
327
rogori
TxuTmetis?
iqneba
igi
ormocdaaTis?
erTi
wlis
Semdeg?
samocdaaTis?
xuTi
wlis
oTxmocdaaTis?
Semdeg?
Tqveni
ifiqroT,
rom
bavSvic,
aseve,
literaturuli
niWiT
iqneba
SeiZleba
mSoblebisas.
am
gefiqraT,
TavSi
rom
Cven
misi
aRvwerT
akademiuri
moswreba
ganviTarebis
gadaaWarbebda
fsiqologiis
Teoriebs,
swavlobs
fizikuri
da
fsiqologiuri
procesebis
fsiqologiis
sfero, romelic
Seiswavlis
es
unarebi.
ZiriTadi
winapirobaa
is,
rom
adamianis
fsiqikuri
328
im
ganmavlobaSi
momxdari
gamocdilebebs
Teoriebs,
romelTa
cvlilebebis
sxvadasxva
saSualebiTac
axsnas.
sferoebad
Semdeg
davyofT
da
cdiloben
Tqvens
droTa
cxovrebiseul
TiToeuli
maTganis
socialuri
urTierTobebis
cvalebad
bunebaze
sicocxlis
asaki
Canasaxovani
(prenataluri)
dabadebidan 18 Tvemde
Cvili bavSvoba
daaxloebiT
adreuli bavSvoba
wlamde
gviani bavSvoba
daaxloebiT
mozardoba
wlamde
axalgazrdoba12
daaxloebiT
mowifuloba
wlamde
xnovani
daaxloebiT
18
Tvidan
wlidan
13
13
wlidan
20
20
wlidan
30
30
wlidan
65
wlamde
daaxloebiT
wlamde
daaxloebiT 65 wlidan da
zeviT
12
cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTiandeba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba, sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq:
axalgazrdoba, (2) Sua xnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
329
ar
CaerTeT
axal
fizikuri
gajansaRebis
progrmaSi?
an
xom
ar
rodesac
aRvwerT
ganviTarebas,
Cven
mis
konceptualizacias
SeZenis
adamianebi
process
xSirad
(ukeTesobisaken
cxovrebas
svlas)
ganixilaven,
bavSvobaSi
rogorc,
da,
piriqiT,
ZiriTadad,
dakargvis
rom
aRvweroT
cvlileba,
pirveli
sasargeblo
nabiji
iqneba,
konkretuli asakis an
330
ganviTarebis
mixedviT
is
wlisaa.
normebi
uzrunvelyofs
is
momenti,
ariTmetikuli
roca
TiToeuli
amocanebis
bavSvi
daiwyebs
gadasawyvetad
mza strategiis
1991).
cxovrebis
adreul
periodSi
da
naxon,
ra
gavlenas
axdens
es
gamokvlevis
upiratesoba
isaa,
rom
vinaidan
cdis
pirebi,
ZiriTadad, erTgvar sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave socialurekonomikur periodSi cxovroben, SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis
dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereba socialuri pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie,
1989). am meTodis minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeTdes mxolod
imave
kohortaze,
anu
kvlevaSi
CarTuli
subieqtebis
analogiur
periodSi
331
umravlesoba
amJRavnebs
fizikuri
Tu
gonebrivi
ganviTarebis
garkveul dones.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) kvlevis meTodi, romlis drosac
erTsa da imaive cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba droTa
ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis manZilze.
ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba iyenebs e. w. jvaredini Seswavlis meTods,
meTods
sadac
sxvadasxva
erTdroulad
SeuZlia
dakvirvebac
daaskvnas
dakavSirebuli
qronologiuri
iyos
im
xdeba
qceviTi
asakobriv
da
asakis
mqone
cdis
urTierTSedarebac.
gansxvavebebis
Taobaze,
cvlilebebTan.
pirTa
jgufebze
Sedegad,
mkvlevars
romlebic,
SesaZloa,
magaliTad,
mkvlevrebma
imis
individebi.
sxvadasxva
Taobaze
asakobriv
moqmedi
cvlilebebis
gansxvavebuli
Sefasebisas
gaugebrobas
socialur-politikuri
qmnis
pirobebi.
332
sxvadasxva
asakis
adamianTa
jgufebze
dakvirvebasa
da
erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.
ganviTarebis axsna
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi eufleba enas, Tumca, TiToeuli bavSvi amas odnav
gansxvavebulad akeTebs. marTalia, mozardTa umravlesoba ufro racionalurad
azrovnebs,
vidre
maTze
umcrosebi,
magram
gvxvdebian
iseTebic,
romlebic
cvlilebaTa
individisTvis
universaluri,
damaxasiaTebeli
saerTo
aspeqtebis,
specifikuri,
aseve,
TiToeuli
unikaluri
aspeqtebis
gaTvaliswineba.
ganviTarebis Teoriebs Soris yvelaze mkveTri gansvla bavSvobaSi mimdinare
cvlilebebs
ukavSirdeba. sakiTxi
isaa,
Tu
rogor
jobia
axalSobilsa
da,
fsiqologebi
daswavlis
da
Sedegi
(garemo)?
pedagogebi
didi
xania,
rac
TandayoliliTandayolili-SeZenilis
filosofosebi,
dapirispirebaze,
dapirispirebaze
arian
isini,
SesaZleblobebis
visac
gareSe
mianCia,
ibadeba
da
rom
rom
adamiani
yovelgvari
gamocdileba,
codnisa
daswavlis
da
formiT,
(John Locke)
ganviTareba
wamoayena,
gamocdilebas
empirizmis
miewereba.
saxeliT
empiristebs
aris
cnobili.
miaCniaT,
rom
adamianis
adamianis
333
miznad
aRezarda
da
civilizaciisTvis
eziarebina
veluri
biWi,
Canda.
viqtori
mosiyvarule
da
zrdilobian
bavSvad
iqca
da
iZulebuli
gaxda,
Seewyvita
eqsperimenti
(Itard,
1802/1962).
ra
gaxda
meTodebs
floben
da
aRar
sWirdebaT
bunebis
iseTi
samwuxaro
da
rusos
mravalferovnebis
ukiduresi
mimarT.
poziciebi
TiTqmis
nebismieri
usamarTloa
rTuli
adamianis
qceva
qcevis
ganpirobebulia
uzrunvelyofs
potencials;
gamocdileba
gansazRvravs
am
334
icvlebian
grZelvadiani
adamianebi
ganviTarebis
cxovrebis
etapebis
ganmavlobaSi.
Taviseburebebis
calkeuli
aRsawerad
asakisa
da
mkvlevarebi
da
fsiqologebi
gansazRvraSi
mniSvnelovnebaze.
odiTganve
Tandayolilisa
dResdReobiT
mkvlevarTa
kamaTobdnen
da
ganviTarebis
SeZenilis
umravlesoba
fardobiT
ganviTarebas
mravali tipi,
romelsac
am
TavSi
aRvwerT,
dasadgenad
da
mas
Semdeg,
rac
am
qveyanas
moevlineT.
es
cvlilebebi
Tqveni
im
cvlilebebze
SevaCerebT
yuradRebas,
romlebic
fsiqologiur
ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeben.
bunebacontroversy)) _ kamaTi qcevisa da
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (nature-nurture
(
ganviTarebis
gansazRvraSi
Tandayolilisa
(bunebis)
da
SeZenili
335
SesaZleblobas,
romelsac
bavSvi
ker
kidev
dabadebamde
flobs.
axal 250 000 neirons warmoSobs. ramdenad unda iyos Tavis tvini ganviTarebuli
bavSvis dabadebisas?
fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi
nebismieri
bavSvis
yvelaze
adreuli
funqcionirebis
formaa
guliscema.
gamoimuSavebs/warmoqmnis.
dabadebis
momentisaTvis
maTi
ricxvi
100
es
gavrceleba
da
neironebis
migracia
Sesabamisi
adgilebisken
336
cxra
Tvis
manZilze,
romelic
dabadebas
uswrebs
ganmavlobaSi
iseT
win,
tvinSi
srulad
pirveli
Tveebis
faqtorebs,
rogoricaa
mowyvladia,
garkveul
nivTierebebs
moixmaren,
magaliTad,
risks.
faqtobrivad,
im
qalebs,
romlebic
orsulobis
dros
ganviTarebis
Seviwrovebas
Seferxeba
SeuZlia.
iwvevs. orsul
placentaSi aRwevs
mozrdilebSi
qalebSi kokaini
kokaini
aferxebs
da Canasaxis
sisxlZarRvebis
placentaSi
sisxlis
insultebma
SeiZleba
samudamo
fsiqikuri
arasrlfasovneba
gamoiwvios (Chasnoff, 1998; Koren, 1998). kvleva aCvenebs, rom kokaini yvelaze metad
Tavis tvinis im sistemebs azianebs, romlebic yuradRebis marTvaze ageben pasuxs:
bavSvebi, romlebmac muclad yofnisas kokainis zemoqmedeba ganicades, SeiZleba
337
magaliTebiT
gvsurda,
gveCvenebina,
rom
sxeulsa
da
tvins
bavSvis
avlens
grZnobis
organoebiT
informaciis
miRebis
da
masze
mzad
arian
dabadebis
Semdeg
garkveul
bgerebze
reagirebisTvis.
axalSobilebs, sxva qalebis xmebze metad, dedis xmis mosmena urCevniaT, rac
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
muclad
yofnisas
isini
dedis
xmis
cnobas
swavloben
(Decasper & Fifer, 1980). mkvlevrebma isic daasabuTes, rom axalSobilebi, kerZod,
TavianTi dedebis imgvarad Secvlil xmas cnoben, rogoric bunebrivad aRwevs
saSvilosnoSi anu dedis sxeulis qsovilebis gavlis Sedegad Secvlils (anu
zogierTi sixSiris bgerebi ifiltreba) (Spence & Decasper, 1987; Spence & Freeman, 1996).
ase rom, axalSobilebi cnoben im xmebs, romlebic axlosaa maT Canasaxovan
gamocdilebasTan. samwuxarod, maT mamebisagan arasakmarisi bgeriTi gamocdileba
aqvT: axalSobilebi saerTod ar aqceven yuradRebas mamis xmas (Decasper & Prescott,
1984). oTxi Tvis asakSic ki, axalSobilebi mamis xmas ver arCeven ucxo mamakacis
xmisagan (Ward & Cooper, 1999).
Cvilebi
TiTqmis
dabadebisTanave
iwyeben
mxedvelobiT
sistemebsac
gamoyenebasac: dabadebidan sul ramdenime wuTSi bavSvs ukve Ria aqvs Tvalebi,
338
axalSobilebisa
(Sireteanu,
1999).
mxedvelobis
simaxvile
swrafad
garCeva
fotoreceptoruli
moiTxovs
ujredis
Tvalis
receptoruli
funqcionirebas
da
velis
Tvalis
centrSi
optikis
uamravi
saTanadod
saxeebis.
ufro
gviandelma
kvlevebma
cxadyo,
rom
bavSvebi
gamosaxulebebs
(Valenza
et
al.,
1996).
faqtobrivad,
dRis
asakSi
erT
sakrmelSi dedis saxe Canda, meoreSi ki _ ucnobi adamianis (ucnobi qali ise
339
iyo
SerCeuli,
rom
bundovnad
hgavdnen
dedas).
dedasa
da
ucnob
qals
Sedegi
gviCvenebs,
rom
bavSvebi
Zalze
adreul
asakSive
floben
gauWvirvale
sibrtye.
didi
da
mcire
siRrmeebis
Sesaqmnelad
kvlevebma
aCvena,
rom
siRrmis
SiSi
momdinareobda
xoxvis
rodesac bavSvi mis irgvliv garemoSi xoxvis gamocdilebas iRebs, igi avlens
vizualuri ufskrulis Rrma mxaris SiSs.
sur. 11.3: sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli
340
ganviTarebuli
wevrisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
im
kulturebSi,
fizikuri
zrdis
tempi
erTnairi
ar
aris
yvela
fizikuri
zrdis
procesi.
momwifebis
Cveuli
Tanmimdevroba,
romelsac
garemo
faqtorebis
urTierTqmedebiT.
magaliTad,
rogorc
11.4 suraTzea
swavlobs
siaruls.
es
Tanmimdevroba
saerToa
bavSvebis
originaluri
kulturebSi,
sadac
TanmimdevrobiT
naklebi
fizikuri
ganviTardes.
stimulacia
miuxedavad
aqvT,
bavSvebi
amisa,
im
siaruls
341
individis
sxeulis
forma
mozardobis
ganmavlobaSi
ramdenjerme
icvleba.
pubertati
(puberty)
sqesobrivi
momwifebis
miRweva.
misi
maCvenebeli
biWebisTvis
sqesobrivi
momwifeba
iwyeba
cocxali
spermis
gacnobiereba.
seqsualuri
motivaciis
warmoqmnas
me-12-e
TavSi
ganvixilavT.
sqesobriv
momwifebasTan
dakavSirebuli
fizikuri
cvlilebebi
gavlenas
342
xSirad
ubiZgebs
uzarmazari
mxridan
mas,
rom
fizikuri
didi
cvlilebebi
aRiarebaze
aZlierebs
yuradReba
da
dauTmos
gaZlierebuli
individis
mier
sakuTar
aqcenti
sakuTari
garegnobas.
Tanatolebis
sxeulis
xatiT
da
TviTgvemamde
miiyvanos
(Striegel-Moore
&
Cachelin,
fizikur
1999).
mozardma
gogonebma
SeiZleba
seriozuli
kvebiTi
aSliloba
mowifulobasa
da
xnovanobaze
(anu
zrdasrulobis
Sua
da
bolo
periodze) modis.
fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi
mozrdilobaSi
asakis
matebasTan
dakavSirebuli
yvelaze
SesamCnevi
zogierTi
cvlileba
13
gamovTqvamT:
mravali
fizikuri
cvlileba
ara
asakis,
aramed
343
umoqmedobis Sedegia;
(an
iwyeben
varjiSs),
SedarebiT
nakleb
siZneleebs
awydebian,
aspeqtebis
ganxilvisas).
modiT,
axla
ganvixiloT
is
TiTqmis
mxedveloba
65 wels gadacilebul adamianTa umravlesoba grZnobs mxedvelobis funqciis
garkveul Sesustebas (Carter, 1982; Pitts, 1982). asakTan erTad adamianis Tvalis
broli
yviTldeba
gayviTlebis
gamo
da
naklebad
zogierT
elastiuri
xanSiSesuls
xdeba.
uWirs
iTvleba,
ferebis
rom
garCeva.
brolis
zogierTi
adaptaciaze,
rac
asakovan
adamianebs
RamiT
xedvis
problemas
smena
smenis
dakargva
gavrcelebuli
movlenaa
60
wlis
da
ufrosi
asakis
matebasTan
erTad
adamianis
xma
wvrildeba
xmis
iogebis
gaxistebis
344
Semcireba.
Tumca,
40
wlis
Semdeg
mcirdeba
sicocxlisunariani
spermis
radgan
is
aRmgnebia,
stimulirebas
da
xels
uwyobs
warmoadgens
fizikur
socialuri
varjiSs,
axdens
urTierTqmedebis
periodSi
individebi
pubertatis
xanas
gadian.
isini
xSirad
fizikuri
cvlileba
gamouyeneblobis,
ara
daberebis
umoqmedobis
fizikuri
Sedegia.
Tumca,
procesis,
asakis
aramed
matebasTan
345
adreuli
ganviTarebiT,
ZiriTad
yuradRebas
kognituri
ganviTarebis
struqturebs,
interpretirebas,
elementebi
sensomotoruli
programebi,
piaJem
romelTa
sqemebi
samSeneblo
uwoda.
uwoda.
iseT
es
adamiani
sqemebi
agurebia.
inteleqti
romelic
saSualebiTac
Cvilis
aris
asakobrivi
pirvelad
azrovnebis
sensomotorul
axdens
samyaros
cvlilebebis
sqemebs
piaJem
struqturebi
Tanmimdevrobas
da
warmarTavs,
erTiandeba,
garTulebad
sasurveli
integrirdeba
mravalferovan
sagnis
xelSi
da
paternebSi.
asaRebad
nawildeba
aseTi
bavSvi
qcevis
paternis
xels
kravs
TandaTanobiT
magaliTia,
arasasurvel
rodesac
sagans,
346
SemTxvevaSi
ki,
piriqiT,
axali
informaciis
ufro
srulad
ganviTareba
(cognitive
Semecnebis
development)
procesis
gamartivdes
morgebis
procesi;
asimilacia
xorcieldeba
akomodaciasTan erTad.
akomodacia
(accomodation)
struqturebis
gaadvildes
piaJes
modificirebis
axali
an
informaciis
mixedviT,
ukve
arsebuli
gadastruqturebis
morgeba
ukve
kognituri
procesi,
arsebulTan;
raTa
akomodacia
wovaze,
gadasvla.
Semdeg
siTxis
sawrupiT
Tavdapirveli
woviTi
Sewovaze
reaqcia
da
bolos
Tandayolili
finjnidan
refleqsia,
magram is ise unda modificirdes, rom bavSvis tuCebi moergos dedis kertis
zomasa da formas. boTlTan adaptaciis procesSi Cvili jer kidev iyenebs
ucvleli
Tanmimdevrobis
mraval
komponents
(asimilacia),
magram
man,
(akomodacia).
ufro
met
boTlidan
akomodacias
sawrupze
saWiroebs,
da
Semdeg
Tumca,
finjanze
kvlav
gadasvlis
eyrdnoba
manamde
347
miaCnda,
rom
bavSvis
kognituri
ganviTareba
SeiZleba
oTx
pirveli
kombinirebuli,
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
koordinirebuli
xdeba
sensomotoruli
da
erTiandeba
unarebi
umjobesdeba,
(magaliTad,
wova
da
operaciamdeli (2-7)
konkretuli
(7-11)
348
formaluri
(11)
Cvilobis
periodis
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
kognituri
SenaZenia
iseTi
iwyeben
gamqrali
sagnis
Zebnas.
wlis
asakisaTvis
bavSvebi ukve
ganviTarebis
mocemulobas
unari.
am
moklebuli
SenaZenis
am
periodSi
obieqtebis
gamoklebiT,
didi
kognituri
gonebaSi
winaoperaciul
winsvlaa
warmodgenis
stadias
fizikur
gaumjobesebuli
piaJe
aRwers
imis
ori wlis
bavSvebi sxva
bavSvebs. am asakis
bavSvebi xSirad
mudmivoba
(object
permanence))
(
mixvedra
imisa,
rom
sagnebi
349
egocentrizmi
stadiaze:
(egocentrism)
)
(
patar
bavSvis
_
mier
kognituri
sxva
ganviTarebis
adamianis
winaoperaciul
Tvalsazrisis
gaziarebis
unaris arqona.
centracia (centration)
) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis
(
dasawyisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xasiaTdeba
bavSvis
mier
erTdroulad
ori
perceptuli
faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebis
unaris arqoniT.
saidan viciT
piaJe gviCvenebs centracias
rodesac Tanabari moculobis limonaTs asxamen or erTnair WiqaSi, 5 da 7
wlis bavSvebi adastureben, rom Wiqebi Tanabari odenobis siTxes Seicaven.
Tumca,
rodesac
limonaTs
erT-erTi
Wiqidan
viwro,
maRal
WurWelSi
gviCvenebs,
rom
patara
bavSvebi
fokusirebuli
arian
percepturad
azrovneba.
winaoperaciul
da
konkretuli
operaciebis
stadiebs
axerxeben
imas,
rasac
ver
axerxebdnen
winaoperaciul
stadiaze.
gonebriviT Canacvlebis
350
am
samidan
adami
yvelaze
maRalia
am
sami
individis
fizikurad
abstraqtuli
azrovneba
jer
kidev
momwifebis
stadiazea
konkretuli
operaciebis periodSi.
limonaTis eqsperimenti gviCvenebs konkretuli operaciebis stadiis kidev erT
maxasiaTebels.
wlis
bavSvebs
ukve
aTvisebuli
aqvT
is,
rasac
piaJe
Seexeba
konservacias
sxvadasxva
ganzomilebebSi.
erT-erTi
II faza
III faza
aris Tu ara
aris Tu ara
erTi da igive
gavakeTeb
erTi da igive
raodenoba?
(gaSlis)
raodenoba?
raodenobis
konservacia
myari masis
konservacia
351
erTi da igive
erTi da igive
raodenobis
gavakeTeb
raodenobis
plastelinia?
(plastelins
plastelinia?
welavs)
siTxis
raodenobis
konservacia
erTi da igive
erTi da igive
raodenobis
gavakeTeb (asxams)
raodenobis
wyalia?
wyalia?
da
SeuZliaT
sakiTxebze
fiqri
WeSmaritebis,
da
samarTlianobisa
msjeloba.
isini
da
yofierebis
problemebs
sistemurad
352
siCqaris
Semcirebis
gareSe,
uCinardeboda
ekranis
ukan,
Semdeg
Semdeg,
rac
Cvilebi
mieCvien
am
movlens,
maT
naxes
movlenaTa
vagons
sademonstracio
14
unda
gaevlo;
amitom
yuTis
gavliT
gagoreba.
vagons
Tavisuflad
SeuZlebel
SeeZlo
movlenaSi
kubi
display box zemodan gaxsnili da/an erTi kedlis gareSe yuTi, romelic gamoiyeneba savaWro darbazSi
gasayidi nivTebis dasawyobad. SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc daxli-c. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
353
moTavsebuli
iyo
gadauRobavda.
bilikis
Sua
nawilze
ise,
rom
momaval
vagons
gzas
maT
arRvevda
maTTvis
ukve
Cveul
warmodgenas
movlenis
SeCvevis
fazaze
mcirdeba
Cvilis
interesi
movlenis
mimarT.
sacdel
(maris)
Sesaxeb
bavSvebs
cxoveli,
da
ekiTxebodnen:
romelsac
gamoiyureba
mozrdilis
cxoveli,
spilos
(siuzenis)
icis
eZaxian?
romelsac
Tu
da
lemurs
codna.
ara
TiToeuli
man,
icis
eZaxian?
rogor
Tu
ara
bavSvebs
individis
gamoiyureba
man,
rogor
axerxebdnen,
(magaliTad,
354
is, rom maT ician spilos Sesaxeb, magram ara _ lemuris Sesaxeb). isini
aucileblobiT ar azrovneben egocentrulad (Taylor et al., 1991).
bavSvebs komunikaciis formis Secvlac SeuZliaT msmenelis tipis mixedviT. 2
wlis bavSvTan saTamaSos Sesaxeb saubrisas 4 wlis bavSvi ufro mokle da
martiv gamoTqmebs iyenebs, vidre TanatolTan an mozrdilTan. (Shatz & Gelman,
1973). aseTi tipis adaptacia kvlav migviTiTebs, rom
egocentrizms Tavisi
sazRvrebi aqvs.
bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi
piaJes Teoria im stadiebis irgvliv aris agebuli, romlis drosac bavSvis
azrovnebaSi
umniSvnelovanesi
cvlilebebi
xdeba.
mogvianebiT
mkvlevrebma
gancalkevebulad,
erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad
xdeba,
imis
Seiswavles
zogadmecnieruli
warmodgenebis
ganviTareba,
cxovelTa
samyaroSi
ufro
gamokveTilis
struqturis
arsebobas
355
TeoriaSi
kognituri
ganviTareba,
ZiriTadad,
bavSvis
Sinagani
ganviTarebaze.
ganviTarebaSi
umravlesoba
Tumca,
socialuri
saTaves
urTierTqmedebebis
iRebs
Teoriebidan.
vigotski
viTardebian:
isini
Tanamedrove
rusi
Tvlida,
codnas
mkvlevrebma
rolis
fsiqologis
rom
lev
bavSvebi
isrutaven
daiwyes
kongitur
Seswavla.
am
kvlevaTa
vigotskis
(Lev Vigotsky)
internalizaciis
socialuri
procesiT
garemodan,
romelic
ganviTarebis
kros-kulturul
kvlevebSi.
vinaidan
piaJes
Teoriam
Chavajay,
am
1995).
kvlevebma
TandaTanobiT
eWv
qveS
daayena
ver
formaluri
operaciebis
mosazreba,
miRwevebi,
rom
aCvenes,
mis
SesaZloa,
rom
kognitur
stadiisTvis.
mier
mogvianebiT
formalur
bavSvis
mier
ganviTarebaSi
operaciebad
miRebul
Tavad
wodebuli
garkveuli
kulturaSi
miRweuli
piaJem
tipis
piaJes
hqondaT
gamoTqva
specifikuri
mecnierul
vigotskiseuli
cneba
gvexmareba
im
gavlenis
axsnaSi,
356
kognitur
moqmedebebze.
sxva
kulturebs
urCevniaT,
rom
maTma
(Rogoff, 1990).
kognituri
ganviTarebis
kros-kulturul
kvlevebs
mier
socialuri
konteqstidan
codnas
Sesrutvis,
aTvisebis
procesi.
asakobrivi cvlilebebi, romelzec axlaxans visaubreT, Zalze STambeWdavia.
ioli SesamCnevia, rom 12 wlis mozardi iseT kognitur SesaZleblobebs flobs,
razec erTi wlis pataras warmodgenac ki ar aqvs. axla ki gadavinacvloT
SedarebiT
naklebad
SesamCnev
cvlilebebze,
romlebic
mozrdilobis
dros
357
danakargebisa
da
SenaZenebis
urTierTmonacvelobis
saCveneblad,
vnaxoT,
ra
inteleqti
naklebad
moipoveba
gauaresebis
Sesaxeb
janmrTel
mosazrebis
xandazmulTa
zogadi
damadasturebeli
kognituri
monacemebi.
unarebis
mosaxloebis
rogorc
wesi,
mxolod
zogierT
unars
exeba.
Tu
inteleqts
davyofT
inteleqti),
asakTan
vnaxavT,
erTad
rom
fluiduri
inteleqti
es
mniSvnelovnad
cvlileba,
didwilad,
ganusazRvreloba.
cxovrebis
SedarebiTi
ganusazRvrelobisa
da
dResdReobiT
fsiqologebi
asakTan
erTad
SeZenili
sibrZnis
fundamentur
sferoebSi
2000).
cxrilSi
11.3
358
mocemulia codnis zogierTi tipi, romelic gansazRvravs sibrZnes (Smith & Baltes,
1990).
SegiZliaT,
Sinaarsiani
naxoT,
cxovrebis
rom
codnis
manZilze
TiToeuli
grovdeba.
es
garda
forma
amisa,
xangrZlivi
sibereSi
da
adamianebi
berklis
profesorisagan
universitetis
Semdgari
jgufi
60-dan
71
wlamde
inteleqtualuri
22
asakovani
funqcionirebis
aspeqts
Seexeboda.
daswavlis
zogierT
testSi)
testSi
xandazmulma
(magaliTad,
asociaciuri
profesorebma
asakTan
Seasrules,
rogorc
maTma
axalgazrda
kolegebma.
magaliTad,
maT
mkvlevarebis
azriT,
profesorebis
saqmianoba,
romelic
maTgan
adamianebs
zogierTi
kognituri
unaris
gauaresebis
Tavidan
acilebac ki SeuZliaT (Schaie, 1994; Schaie & Willis, 1986). rogorc Cans, ukmarisoba
359
inteleqtualuri
informaciis
SesaZleblobebisa,
gadamuSavebis
romelic
siswrafesTan,
ar
aris
SesaZloa,
dakavSirebuli
ginpirobeuli
iyos
gamoiyene
an
dakarge
(an
ivarjiSe
mis
ukan
dasabruneblad)
maqsimaluri
danakargebis
sargeblis
miRebasa da
zemoqmedebis
xandazmulobis
SeZlebisdagvarad
Tanmxlebi
Semcirebas.
da
margaret
baltesma
(Margaret
Baltes)
SemogvTavazes,
cnobilia
gamoyenebas:
magaliTad,
iseTi
garemos
SerCeva,
sadac
xandazmulebs
moaxerxa
man,
rom
aseT
xandazmul
asakSic
warmatebuli
pianisti
360
cxovrebiseuli
saxelebisa
da
movlenebis
saxeebis
cnobis
Sesaxeb
kvlevaSi
informaciis
Sua
xnis
gaxsenebis
unars.
mozrdilebma
SeZles
jerjerobiT
ar
SeuZliaT
im
meqanizmebis
amomwuravad
da
xandazmulebis
mier
gansxvavebulobebze.
informaciis
meore
nawili
organizebisa
ki
miuTiTebs
da
gadamuSavebis
xandazmulTa
gzebis
Semcirebul
im
fizikur
kvals
mexsierebis
neirobiologiur
tovebs.
muSaobas
cvlilebebs
mkvlevarebi
Tavad
maTi
swavlobs, romelic
imasac
rwmena
fiqroben,
rom
mexsierebis
mexsierebaSi
xandazmulTa
aucileblobiT
gauaresebis Sesaxeb _ auaresebs (Hertzog et al., 1990; Levy & Langer, 1994). mkvlevarebi
agrZeleben TiToeuli dasaxelebuli faqtoris fardobiTi wvlilis Sefasebas.
mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma calsaxad biologiuri warmoSobisaa.
asakovani adamianebi, romlebic alcheimeris
alcheimeris daavadebiT arian daavadebulni,
TandaTanobiT kargaven mexsierebas da xasiaTdebian pirovnebis degradaciiT. es
daavadeba
aReniSneba
romelTagan
cnobili
65
daaxloebiT
gaxda
1994
wels
gadacilebul
naxevari
wlis
85
noemberSi,
welze
amerikelTa
metisaa.
amerikis
daaxloebiT
maT
yofili
10%-s,
Sorisaa,
rogorc
prezidenti
ronald
reigani (Evans et al., 1989). alcheimeris daavadeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqoda uwyinrad
iwyeba
adreul
stadiebze
erTaderTi
TvalsaCino
simptomi
SeiZleba
degradacia.
daavadebis
msxverpls
SeiZleba
aReniSnebodes
garSemomyofebTan
urTierTobis
survilis
arqona.
Semdgom
stadiebze
361
da
tragikulia,
vidre
mexsierebis
xandazmulobisTvis
Cveuli
gauareseba.
axla ki, zogadi kognituri ganviTarebidan ufro konkrterul sakiTxebze
gadavinacvloT da vnaxoT, rogorc xdeba enis aTviseba.
sibrZne
(wisdom)
)
(
mdidari
cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebidan
momdinare
daberebis
strategia,
romlis
saSualebiTac
adamiani
daavadeba
sindromi,
daqveiTebiT
(Alzheimers
disease))
(
romelic
inteleqtualuri
xasiaTdeba
unarebis
Tavis
tvinis
mexsierebis
SemcirebiT
qronikuli
TandaTanobiTi
da
pirovnebis
gasadavebiT.
Sejameba
Jan piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi garemodan miRebuli informaciis asimilaciisa
da akomodaciisTvis gonebriv struqturebs iyeneben, romelTac man sqemebi uwoda.
piaJem kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi stadia gamoyo: sensomotoruli stadia,
rodesac bavSvebi aRweven obieqtTa mudmivobis cnebas; winaoperaciuli stadia,
rodesac
bavSvebis
azrovnebas
egocentrizmi
da
centracia
axasiaTebs;
operaciebis
danaxsovreba
da
Sesruleba;
formaluri
operaciebis
mkvlevrebma
mudmivobis
daxvewes
garkveul
piaJes
Teoriis
aspeqtebs
bavSvebi
elementebi.
magaliTad,
sicocxlis
pirvelive
imis
Sesabamisad,
Tu
ramdenad
aqvs
bavSvs
ganviTarebuli
sayrdeni
362
Teoriebi
sawyisi
struqturebi,
romliTac
isini
cdiloben
samyarosTan
unarebis
gauareseba
mozrdilebSi,
ZiriTadad,
kognituri
maT
umravlesoba
gonebrivi
ganicdis
aqtiurobiTac
mexsierebis
SeuZliaT.
gauaresebas,
asakovan
adamianTa
aseTi
danakargi
Tumca,
faqtia,
rom
wlis
asakisaTvis
bavSvebs
ukve
SeuZliaT
romlebic
Tanmimdevrul
TviTonve
saubarSi.
aRmoaCines
bavSvebis
da aqtiuri
SesaniSnavma
monawileobis
enobrivma
miRwevebma
miReba
ubiZga
mkacrad
gansazRvrul
enas
swavloben,
romelic
maT
irgvliv
363
SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-9-e Tavis qveTavs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (gv. ?????) da
gaixsenoT, rogor iyeneben mozrdilebi codnis am tipebs saubris dros.
fonemebi (phonemes)
) _ metyvelebis minimaluri erTeuli nebismier enaSi,
(
romelic
azrobriv
metyvelebisas;
gasxvavebas
da
ori
qmnis
eqspresiuli
gansxvavebuli
da
fonemaa
impresiuli
inglisurSi
da
Seiswavlis
sityvebad
gaerTianebul
bgerebs
bgerebs,
an
or
gamonaTqvams.
magaliTad,
da
kP
erTmaneTisgan
15
aris
wesebis
erToblioba,
romliTac
sityvebi
erTiandeba
SeuZlebelia
azris
dakargvis
gareSe.
sityvas
bins
15
mniSvneloba
sityvis
zogjer
winadadebis
konteqstis
(sauzme
warmoTqmis
intonaciis
(SeecadeT
vWame)
an
leqsikonuri
mniSvnelobaa.
sityvis
vWame
da
yuradReba
364
gaamaxviloT sxvadasxva
sityvebze:
TeTri saxlis
kata)
mixedviT
icvleba.
pragmatika aris dialogSi monawileobis wesebi; komunikaciis, winadadebebis
Tanmimdevrobis da sxvebis sityvebze saTanadod reagirebis socialurad
miRebuli normebi.
sityvebisa
sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma
warmoidgineT, rom axalSobili xarT da saSineli yayani da zuzuni gesmiT.
rogor daiwyebT imis gacnobierebas, rom zogierTi maTgani relevanturia sxva
adamianebTan
urTierTobisTvis?
bavSvis
pirveli
nabiji
konkretuli
enis
am
enaSi.
(niSnebis
enebis
SemTxvevaSi
bavSvma
unda
SeamCnios
kiTxvaze
dasWirdaT,
pasuxis
romliTac
gasacemad,
SeZlebeli
mkvlevrebma
iqneboda
iseTi
enobrivi
meTodebi
SemuSaveba
informaciis
miReba
TavSi
aRwerili
operantuli
ganpirobebulobis
principebis
365
inglisurisa
da
hindis,
da,
aseve,
inglisurad
fonemebis
da
gansxvavebis
hindize
unari. maT
swavloba, amCnevda
am gansxvavebebs.
Tumca,
Tveze
ufrosi
asakis
kvleva
dabejiTebiT
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
cxovrebas
salaparako
metyvelebas.
bavSvebTan
saubrisas
gansxvavebul
intonaciiT
formas
mraval
enis
iyeneben.
metyveleba,
kulturaSi
mozrdilebi
gansakuTrebul,
es
romelic
aris
mozrdilTa
xazgasmiT
formalurad
Cvil
patara
metyvelebisgan
gamokveTilad
cnobilia,
da
da
rogorc
maRali
bavSvze
366
fernald et al. , 1989; ingram, 1995). bavSvze mimarTul metyvelebas SeuZlia, daexmaros
maT
enis
aTvisebaSi,
vinaidan
misi
saSualebiT
bavSvebi
interesdebian
da
yuradRebas aqceven imas, rasad mSoblebi eubnebian maT. garda amisa, aseTi
metyvelebis bgeriTi paterni xazs usvams emociur Sinaarss, rac xels uwyobs
bavSvsa da masze mzrunvel mozrdils Soris emociuri kavSiris damyarebas (trainor
et al., 2000).
ra asakidan SeuZliaT bavSvebs bgeraTa paternebis _ sityvebis _ mravaljeradi
gameorebis SemCneva maTze mimarTul metyvelebis nakadSi? es aris pirveli didi
nabiji enis aTvisebisas: Tqven ver iswavliT imas, rom sityva ZaRli raRac
kavSirSia im bewvian arsebasTan, romlis gamoCenis drosac am sityvas amboben,
vidre ar daafiqsirebT, rom bgeraTa paternis ZaRli gamoiyeneba maSin, roca
saxezea
bewviani
arseba.
Cvilebi,
saSualod,
6-7,5
Tvis
asakidan
avlenen
ganmeorebadi bgerebis mniSvnelobis wvdomis unars (jusczyk & aslin, 1995). Tumca,
erTi gansakuTrebuli sityvis aRqmis unari bavSvebs ori TviT ufro adre,
daaxloebiT 4,5 Tvis asakSi uCndebaT: am droisaTvis isini aSkara upiratesobas
aniWeben sakuTar saxels (mandel et al., 1995)!
sityvis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla
rogorc
ki
SeZlebdiT
rom
bavSvebi
bgerebis
warmoqmnisa
iqnebodiT sityvebis
brwyinvaled
da
movlenebis
mniSvnelobebis
swavloben
sityvebis
Tanxvedris
asaTviseblad.
mniSvnelobebs.
erT
saaTSi
TiTqmis
erT
sityvas
(carey,
1978).
rogor
aris
es
SesaZlebeli?
warmoidgineT situacia: bavSvi da misi mama seirnoben parkSi da mama uTiTebs
raRacaze da ambobs: es aris ZaRli. bavSvma unda gadawyvitos, Tu samyaros
367
romel nawils ekuTvnis ZaRli. es ar aris ioli saqme (quine, 1960). iqneb ZaRli
niSnavs nebismier oTxfexa qmnilebas, cxovelis qurqs, cxovelis tyavs an
kidev sxva uamrav mniSvnelobas, romelic marTali iqneba yovel jerze, roca
vinme ZaRlze miuTiTebs. yvela SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor axerxeben
bavSvebi TiToeuli sityvis mniSvnelobis dadgenas?
bavSvze
mimarTuli
gansakuTrebuli
metyveleba
forma,
(child-directed
speech)
gamokveTil
da
xazgasmiT
maRali
metyvelebis
intonaciiT,
bavSvis
mier
gamoyenebuli
sityvebis
raodenoba
swrafad
izrdeba
magaliTad,
SegviZlia
vnaxoT,
Tu
rogor
aqtiurad
muSaobs
maTi
ZaRli Seesabameba mTlian cxovels da ara, magaliTad, mis marcxena wina TaTs.
mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebis hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili
principebiT
(clark,
1987,
1993;
markman,
1989).
ganvixiloT,
magaliTad,
368
ukve ician raime mTliani sagnis dasaxeleba, magaliTad, telefoni, isini iyeneben
urTierTgamoricxvas
da
aviTareben
hipoTezas,
rom
maTTvis
ucnobi
sityva,
mier
mniSvnelobebis
naturalistebi,
aTvisebis
romelTa
asaxsnelad
hipoTezebi
isini
SezRudulia
davaxasiaTeT,
Tandayolili
aRsawerad,
bavSvisTvis
siZneles
is
qmnis,
rom
sxvadasxva
enebs
ra
iaponurSi
tipis
wyoba
ki
subieqti-obieqti-zmna.
gamoiyeneba
im
enaSi,
wyobaa
bavSvebma
romelic
maT
unda
irgvliv
mkvlevarTa
umravlesobas
miaCnia,
rom
am
kiTxvaze
pasuxi,
ZiriTadad, adamianis genomSi unda veZioT. lingvist noam xomskis (Noam Chomsky;
1965, 1975), magaliTad, amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi ibadebian gonebrivi struqturebiT,
romelic
aioleben enis
gagebas
da
am enis
saSualebiT azris
gadmocemas.
romelTa
siyruec
imdenad
mZime
iyo,
rom
ar
SeeZloT
zepiri
miuxedavad
gamarTuli
gramatikuli
struqtura
SeiZina:
369
unda
Tandayolili?
gaarkvion
am
mkvlevrebma,
sakiTxisadmi
yvelaze
konkretulad
nayofieri
romeli
midgomaa
enis
codnaa
aTvisebis
SemzRudvebs
iyeneben
konkretuli
enis
Seswavlis
amocanis
unari
qmnis.
slobinis
principebi
bavSvisTvis
magaliTad,
operaciuli
aRmoCenaSi,
romlebic
SedgenaSi,
aseTia:
Teoriis
mimarTulebis
principi,
erTad
sityvaTa
(1985)
mimcemis
romelic
gamoiyeneba
kategoriebisa
mixedviT,
(direqtivebis)
bavSvs
da
exmareba
maTgan
da
saxelmZRvanelo
formas
iseTi
iRebs.
sityvebis
sityvaTSeTanxmebebis
funqcionaluri
elementebis
gveubneba,
rom
bavSvebma
unda
daicvan
sityvebis
warmoTqmis
asakSi,
kombinaciebis
telegrafulia,
iwyeben.
radgan,
ZiriTadad,
am
TvalsazrisiT,
warmoadgens
bavSvebis
arsebiTi
metyveleba
saxelebisa
da
370
kavSiri
da
windebuli)
da
romlebic
sityvebsa
da
ideebs
Soris
kavSiris
gamonaTqvamebis
gasagebad
mozrdilebi
im
konteqsts
unda
icnobdnen, sadac iTqva es sityvebi. Tanya ball (tania burTi), magaliTad, SeiZleba
niSnavdes: tanias unda burTi an tania isvris burTs. miuxedavad amisa, orsityviani
winadadebebis
garkveulwilad
stadiaze
aiTvises
myof
inglisuri
bavSvebi
gramatika.
amtkiceben,
saxelmZRvanelo
rom
maT
principebi
romlebic
am
mimdevrobiT
aris
dalagebuli.
am
suraTi.
11.8).
11.8
saxelmZRvanelo
droTa
principebi,
ganmavlobaSi
raTa
bavSvebma
aRmoaCinon,
rom
unda
wesidan
gamoiyenon
moqmedi
sxva
piri
Sesaxeb
hipoTezebis
Camosayalibeblad.
Tumca,
vinaidan
es
17
Allgone milk All milk is all gone mTeli rZe (rac gvqonda) gaTavda.
extension.
371
ganmavlobaSi
bavSvebi
iyeneben
sxva
saxelmZRvanelo
principebs
am
es
unda
davimaxsovroT,
vinaidan
socialuri
ganviTarebis
romlebsac
bavSvebis
iyeneben
enis
Seswavlis
amocanis
Sesrulebisas.
hiperregularizacia
) _ gramatikuli Secdoma, romelic,
hiperregularizacia (overregularization)
(
Cveulebriv, vlindeba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da romlis
drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba, rom xdeba araswori
lingvisturi formebis warmoeba.
sur. 11.8: gramatikis aTviseba
aTviseba
mravali bavSvi Tvlis, rom mary was followed by the lamb (meris gahyva kravi) da
mary followed the lamb (meri gahyva kravs) erTi da igive mniSvnelobis mqone
winadadebebia.
18
qarTulSi amis magaliTia, rodesac bavSvebi amboben rsebobs da ara arsebobs, radgan maT ukve
naswavli aqvT, rom ar uaryofis gamomxatvelia da fiqroben, rom ar-is gamokleba uaryofiT mtkicebas
dadebiTad aqcevs. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
372
Sejameba
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs mosazrebas, rom bavSvebi ibadebian enis
Seswavlis
biologiurad
monacemebs
iZlevian
fonemuri
kontrastebis
ganpirobebuli
eqsperimentebi,
aRqmis
unariT.
romlebic
am
ideis
damadasturebel
aCveneben,
rom
bavSvebs
unari,
maT
Soris
Tandayolili
aqvT
iseTi
mniSvnelobebs
gadasinjviT,
romlebic
bavSvebi
swavloben
ganpirobebulia
im
iseTi
hipoTezebis
SeqmniTa
Tandayolili
da
principebiT,
rogoricaa urTierTgamoricxva.
kros-lingvisturi
kvlevebi
exmareba
mkvlevrebs,
gansazRvron,
gramatikis
garkveuli
tipis
stresebs,
rac
ar
xdeba
ganviTarebis
normalur pirobebSi (crockett & silbereisen, 2000; leventhal & brooks-gunn, 2000). aSS-sa da
msoflios
valdebuls
sxva
xdis,
qveynebSi
arsebuli
gaiTvaliswinon
is
tendenciebi
gamorCeuli
ganviTarebis
garemoebebi,
fsiqologebs
sadac
uwevs
373
huston et al., 1994; ladd & cairns, 1996). garda amisa, amerikuli kultura Tavs axvevs
cxovrebis
sxvadasxva
warmomadgenlebs.
arasaxarbielo
stils
magaliTad,
ekonomikur
qalebsa
da
xandazmuli
mamakacebs
qalebi
mdgomareobaSi,
ufro
vidre
da
umciresobaTa
xSirad
imyofebian
xandazmuli
mamakacebi;
ganviTareba
individis
socialuri
(social
development))
(
urTierTobebi
_
da
gza,
romliTac
molodinebi
icvleba
cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi.
rodesac
vaskvniT
dagvaviwydes _
normidan.
cxovrebis
mimdinareobis
Taobaze,
ar
unda
rodesac
Cveulebrivi
saSualo
aRvwerT
individi
im
awydeba,
fsiqologiur
unda
gaxsovdeT,
sirZneleebs,
rom
mravali
romelsac
individi
reformebis
gatareba
ukeTesi
janmrTelobis
dacvis
sistemis,
da
dasaregulireblad.
fsiqologebi
daxmarebas
gagviweven
374
erik
zigmund
froidis
qaliSvilis,
ana
froidis
grZnoba.
mSobelTan,
ndoba
romelic
uzrunvelyofs.
bunebrivi
bavSvs
Tumca,
Tu
maxasiaTebelia
sakvebiT,
ar
aris
siTboTi
Zlieri
da
mijaWvulobisa
fizikuri
dakmayofilebuli
siaxloviT
bavSvis
bazisuri
sivrce
da
Seswavlasa
is
da
intensiurad
iwyebs
manipulirebas
(xeliT
obieqtebis
mosinjvas,
(da
xandaxan
datrialebas,
SeZlebs
iniciativis
gamoCenas
rogorc
gonebriv,
ise
motorul
darwmunebulobis
SegrZnebas,
rac
aucilebelia
ganviTarebis
Semdegi
375
safexurisTvis,
an
aRZraven
danaSaulis
gancdas
da
mozrdilTa
samyaroSi
376
krizisi
ndoba undoblobis
warmatebuli gadawyveta
warumatebeli gadawyveta
daucveloba, SfoTva
avtonomia eWvis
movlenebis kontrolis
winaaRmdeg
SeuZleblobis gancda
winaaRmdeg
1,5-3
iniciativa danaSaulis
sakuTari Rirsebis
grZnobis winaaRmdeg
iniciatorsa da SemoqmedSi,
gancdis ararseboba
darwmunebuloba
6-pubertati
mozardoba
kompetenturoba
bazisuri socialuri da
saliTar TavSi
arasrulfasovnebis
inteleqtualuri unarebis
daurwmunebuloba,
winaaRmdeg
adekvaturoba
marcxis gancda
ego-identuroba
sakuTari pirovnebis
rolebis aRrevis
pirovnebis, sasiamovno,
danawevrebulobis gancda;
winaaRmdeg
damakmayofilebeli gancda
martoobis da
gancalkevebis gancda;
axlo urTierTobis
saWiroebis uaryofa
377
saSualo
qmnadoba19 uZraobis20
sakuTari survilebis
asaki
winaaRmdeg
damkayofilebaze zrunva;
zrunvis unari
momavalze orientaciis
ararseboba
xandazmuloba
mTlianoba21
sicarielis,
sasowarkveTis
kmayofileba cxovrebiT
gamousadegarobis gancda,
winaaRmdeg
19
Generativity.
Stagnation
21
ego-integrity
20
imedgacrueba
kompetenturobisa
gadavides
skola
da
sporti
TanatolebTan
iZleva.
inteleqtualuri
urTierToba
warmatebul
Sromisunarianobis
da
ki
da
socialuri
mcdelobebs
am
sistematur
motoruli
unarebis
ganviTarebaze.
unarebis
ganviTarebis,
ganviTarebis
mimarTulebebiT
bavSvi
saSualebas
kompetenturobis
mxriv, amcirebs
Semdgomi
cxovrebiseuli
stadiebis
miaCnda,
rom
mozardobis
ZiriTadi
krizisia
sakuTari
gadawyveta
individs
sakuTari
pirovnebis
mTlianobis
gancdis
sxva
adamianebTan
urTierTobebiis
urTierTobebi
sruli
damyarebisa
TavisTavad
da
emociuri,
zneobrivi
SenarCunebis
gulisxmobs
unaris
zogierTi
da
seqsualuri
ganviTareba.
pirovnuli
aseTi
prioritetis
SenarCunebas.
am
krizisis
daZlevisas
warumateblobas
individi
da
zrunvas
iwyeben
ojaxis
wevrebze,
samuSaoze,
sazogadoebasa
da
momaval Taobaze. isini, visac wina stadiebis krizisebi ar aqvT daZleuli, kvlav
sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT arian dakavebulni, eWvqveS ayeneben
warsulis
miRwevebs
da
inarCuneben Tavisuflebas.
miRebul
gadawyvetilebebs
da
usafrTxoebis
fasad
379
amzadebs
imisaTvis,
rom
warsuls
sinanulis
gareSe
Sexedos
da
xolo
miswrafebebi
ausrulebel
survilebadve
darCa,
individs
gamousadegrobis
SegrZneba eufleba.
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (psychosocial
stages)) _ erik eriksonis SemoTavazebuli
(
ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrul stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba sakuTar Tavsa da
sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis
sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs da individisa da socialuri garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnil socialur konfliqtebs.
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi
bavSvis sicocxlis SenarCuneba damokidebulia sxva adamianebTan Sinaarsiani da
efeqtiani urTierTobebis damyarebaze. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinare
procesia,
standartebi,
misaRebi
unarebi,
iqneba
rodesac
ganwyobebi
mocemuli
individis
da
qcevis
motivebi
sazogadoebisTvis.
iseT
paternebi,
formas
procesSi
Rirebulebebi,
iReben,
romelic
mravali
adamiani
CarTuli,
romelTa
zegavlenis
Sedegadac
iTvisebs
individi
gansxvavdeba
ojaxis
standartuli
deda,
mama,
da-Zmebi
individis
qcevis
paternebi,
Rirebulebebi,
standartebi,
380
mijaWvuloba
socialuri ganviTareba iwyeba bavSvsa da dedas, mamas, an sxva mudmiv mzrunvels
Soris mWidro emociuri urTierTobis damyarebiT. am Zlier, xangrZliv, socialuremociur urTierTobas mijaWvuloba ewodeba. vinaidan bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT Tavis
gamokveba
da
sicocxlis
dacva,
mijaWvulobis
SenarCunebaa.
cxovelTa
yvelze
samyaros
adreuli
zogierT
funqcia
bavSvisTvis
saxeobaSi
axalSobils
xdeba
ganviTarebis
kritikul
periodSi
da
Znelia
misi
Secvla.
miejaWvebian
da
ara
TavianTi
saxeobis
romelime
warmomadgenels.
Svili
naklebad
aris
damokidebuli
instinqtur
mijaWvulobaze.
tirili,
bgerebis
gamocema
rogorc
Cans,
Tandayolili
qcevebia,
romliTac Cvili agebinebs sxvebs, rom yuradReba miaqcion (Campos et al., 1991).
magaliTad, cxra Tvis bavSvi SerCeviT uRimis maT, viszec surs gavlenis moxdena
(Jones et al., 1991). cxadia, warmatebuli mijaWvuloba ara aris damokidebuli mxolod
Cvilis mier signalebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, Rimili) gamocemis unarze, aramed
_ mozrdilis mier am signalebis garCevisa da maTze reagirebis unarzec. vis
SeuZlia, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios Cvilis Rimils? jon boulbis (John Bowlby,
1973),
adamianTa
mixedviT,
Soris
Cvilebi
im
mijaWvulobis
individebs
ganviTarebis
ejaWvebian,
gavleniani
romlebic
Teoretikosis,
Tanmimdevrulad
da
381
mijaWvulobis
Sefasebis
erT-erTi
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
meTodia
meri
testi (Ainsworth et al., 1978). erT-erT pirvel standartul epizodSi, bavSvi SehyavT
saTamaSoebiT savse ucnob oTaxSi. dedis Tandaswrebis pirobebSi bavSvs saSualeba
eZleva, ukeT Seiswavlos oTaxi da iTamaSos. ramdenime wuTis Semdeg oTaxSi
ucnobi adamiani Semodis, esaubreba dedas da uaxlovdeba bavSvs. Semdeg deda
tovebs oTaxs. xanmokle ganSorebis Semdeg deda oTaxSi brundeba, deda da Svili
xvdeba
erTmaneTs
da
ucnobi
gadis.
mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines,
rom
am
testze
mijaWvuli
distresiT
bavSvebi
reagireben.
oTaxidan
misi
mSoblis
dabrunebis
gasvlaze
Semdeg
ki
garkveuli
siaxlovisken,
da
ubrazdebian
da
ewinaaRmdegebian
mas,
Tumca,
masTan
mosaxleobis
saSualo
fenebis
ojaxebisdan
Semdgari
SerCevevis
qveynebSi,
mijaWvulobis
rogoricaa
urTierTobebis
SvedeTi,
israeli,
kros-kulturulma
iaponia
kvlevam
da
CineTi,
mijaWvulobis
TiToeul
qveyanaSi
gansxvavebuloba
sxvadasxva
tipis
bavSvebis
yvelaze
metad
umetesoba
aisaxa
prioritetulobaze.
myarad
arasando,
garda
amisa,
mijaWvulia;
aramyarad
mkvlevrebma
382
bavSvebze
da
maT
dedebze
saxlis
Cveul
garemoSi
dakvirvebis
Sedegebze
situaciebis
testis
monacemebze
dafuZnebuli
kategoriebi
prognozireba
mTel
rig
situaciebSi;
es
gansakuTrebiT
exeboda
im
testSi
sando an arasando
mijaWvulobisTvis
damaxasiaTeblad iqceodnen, skolaSi qcevis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen 89 wlis asakSi (Bohlin et al., 2000). 15 Tvis asakSi myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi ufro
popularulebi iyvnen da naklebad SfoTavdnen sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis
gamo, vidre maTi aramyarad mijaWvuli Tanatolebi. adreul wlebSi mijaWvulobis
xarisxisa da Semdgomi qcevis aseTive kavSiri gamovlinda 10 wlis bavSvebSi (Urban
et al., 1991) da mozardebSi (Weinfield et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mijaWvulobis
xarisxs,
romelic
ucnobi
situaciebis
testiT
gamovlinda,
sazomebs
mozrdilTa
sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebis
prognozirebiTvisac iyeneben.
mijaWvuloba
(attachment)
emociuri
urTierToba
bavSvsa
da
masze
vnaxeT,
sicocxlisaTvis.
rom
mijaWvuloba
sando
sakmaod
mijaWvuloba
mniSvnelovania
mozrdilTan,
romelic
axalgazrda
sayrdensa
da
uqmnis.
is
saSualebas
aZlevs
bavSvs,
iswavlos
gariskva,
axal
gakeTeba
SeuZliaT
mSoblebs
imisaTvis,
rom
xeli
Seuwyon
am
myari
mSoblebis
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi da dadgenili qcevis wesebi
383
TiToeuli
bavSvi
sakuTari
temperamentis
Sesabamisad
iqceva
mSoblebTan
mocemuli
stili
ori
ori
ganzomilebis
momTxovnelobisa
da
moiazreba
mSoblis
survili,
Seasrulos
sazogadoebis
miRebuli
normebisadmi
Sesatyvisobas,
magrm
Tavadac
gulisxmierad
avtoritaruli
disciplinirebulobas
stilis
iTxoven
SemTxvevaSi
da
naklebad
mSoblebi
Tavisi
uTmoben
Svilebisgan
yuradRebas
maT
romliTac
unda
icxovron
mSoblebi
arc
disciplinirebulobas
iTxoven
Svilebisgan
da
arc
maTi
aRzrdis
zogadi
stilis
mqone
mSoblebic
ki
sxvadasxvagvar
384
mkafiod
dasaxuli
avtoritetuli
skolaSi,
miznebidan.
mSoblebi,
saxlSi iseT
romelTac
garemos
surT,
qmnian,
rom
sadac
aqedan
bavSvebma
bavSvebi
gamomdinare,
kargad
mixvdebian,
iswavlon
Tu
ratom
ar
aris
swavlaze
orientirebuli,
SeuZlebelia
bavSvis
saskolo
socializaciisa
da
jansaRi
fizikuri
ganviTarebisken.
vinaidan
wevrebzec,
azrovnebisa
da
mijaWvulobebidan
es
ukanasknelnic
qcevis
axali
bavSvebi
xdebian
meTodebis
aviTareben
bavSvisTvis
aTvisebis
sakuTar
misabaZi
procesSi.
modelebi
am
moTxovnilebebsa
adreuli
da
sxva
efeqtianad
iTvleba
avtoritetuli
stili,
romelic
Tanabrad
qcevz,
romelic
konkretuli
aRmzrdelobiTi
miznebis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
385
mSoblis gulisxmiereba
mimRebi,
uarmyofeli,
gulisxmieri,
aragulisxmieri,
bavSvze
mSobelze
centrirebuli
centrirebuli
avtoritetuli,
mSoblis
momTxovni,
reciprokuli,
avtoritaruli,
momTxovneloba
makontrolirebeli Zlieri
Zalauflebaze
ormxrivi
dayrdnobili
komunikacia
ara-momTxovni,
momTmeni
uyuradRebo,
iSviaTad
gulgrili,
makontrolirebeli
ganze mdgomi
iReben
bavSvebi
mijaWvulobis
kavSirisgan?
zigmund
froidis
da
sxva
uzrunvelyofen
akmayofileben
bavSvis
upirveles
bazisur
rom
Cvilebi
SeiZleba
imaTac
miejaWvon,
visTanac
kontaqtisas
kontaqtisas
komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs (Harlow & Zimmerman, 1958). man makakebi dabadebisTanave
moaSora dedebs da moaTavsa galiebSi, sadac maT ori xelovnuri deda daxvdaT.
erTi maTgani mavTulisgan iyo damzadebuli, meore ki _ xaoiani qsovilisgan.
harloum aRmoaCina, rom patara makakebma qsovilis dedasTan axlos daibudes da
cota dros atarebdnen mavTulis dedasTan. es maSinac ki ase xdeboda, rodesac
rZes maT mxolod mavTulis deda aZlevda. rodesac saSiSi stimuli (magaliTad,
dolze mobraxune saTamaSo daTunia) gamoCndeboda, patara makakebi qsovilisgan
22
Cupboard theory.
386
damzadebul
dedasTan
garbodnen.
rodesac
axali
saintereso
stimuli
Tavdapirvelad
eqsperimentatorebma
ifiqres,
rom
patara
sxva
maimunebTan
urTierTobis
saSualeba,
gauWirdaT
normaluri
sxva
maimunebis
mxardaWeris
mosapoveblad
da
gundSi
maRali
Day-care
387
mTeli
dReebis
manZilze
dedebTan
imyofebodnen
TavianT
saxlebSi.
Tumca,
axdens
baga-baRi
bavSvis
ganviTarebaze?
(2)
rogori
unda
iyos
optimaluri baga-baRi?
Cven ukve movxazeT is konteqsti, sadac SesaZlebelia pirveli SekiTxvis
interpretireba:
mniSvneloba
Tu
aqvs,
bavSvsa
da
nebismieri
mSobels
movlena
Soris
mijaWvulobas
(rogoricaa,
gadamwyveti
magaliTad,
baga-baRi),
gasacemad,
mkvlevarebi,
Cveulebriv,
erTmaneTs
adarebdnen
saxlSi
ki
socialuri
urTierTqmedebebis
farTo
arCevani,
rasac
arsebobs
yvelafris
ori
mizezi,
gaTvaliswinebiT.
ris
gamoc
pirveli
isaa,
pasuxs
rom
ara
bavSvebi
unda
daematos
gansxvavdebian
eqspertma
am
sakiTxis
principebi,
romlis
alison
Sesaxeb
klarkklark-stiuartma
arsebuli
mixedviTac
samecniero
unda
(Alison Clarke-Sewart,
literatura
vixelmZRvaneloT
da
1993)
mogvca
baga-baRebis
388
unda
hqondeT
TamaSebis
Tavisuflad
arCevis
saSualeba,
romlis
mSoblebi
saxlis
gareT
muSaoben.
baga-baRi
marTlac
bavSvis
baga-baRSi
miyvana.
stresis
aseTi
socialuri deprivacia
Semcireba
mxolod
389
Tbili
ganviTarebaze
urTierTobebis
da
sicocxlis
nakleboba
gavlenas
SenarCunebazec
ki.
axdens
1915
bavSvis
wels
jon
fizikur
hopkinisis
wels
gardaicvala.
momdevno
ocdaaTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
cieb-cxelebiT,
ver
imatebdnen
wonaSi
da
aReniSnebodaT
sxva
kvlevaSi
Seiswavles
kavSiri
bavSvobis
droindel
fizikur
da
390
ggoniaT,
yovelTvis
uxariaT
bavSvebs,
roca
aSoreben
moZalade
ojaxebs?
am
SeinarCunon
erTguleba
sakuTari
biologiuri
ojaxisadmi
da
dResdReobiT
bevri
mkvlevari
cdilobs
Carevis
iseTi
programebis
TavSi
vnaxeT,
Tu
ra
gavlenas
axdens
bavSvobis
gamocdileba
Semdgom
Tavis
dasawyisSi
Cven
visaubreT
mozardobisas
mimdinare
fizikuri
da
gonebrivi
simwifis
garkveul
dones,
mis
winaSe
axali
socialuri
da
mozardoba
mozardoba tradiciulad ganixileboda, rogorc cxovrebis mSfoTvare periodi,
romelic ganwyobilebis ukiduresi cvlilebebiTa da rTuli, araprognozirebadi
qceviT qariSxliTa da stresiT _ xasiaTdeba. es mosazreba me-19-e saukunis
dasasrulisa da me-20-e saukunis dasawyisis romantikos mwerlebTanac, maT Soris
goeTesTanac, gvxvdeba. mozardobis qariSxliTa da stresiT Teorias intensiurad
icavda j. stenli holi (G. Stenley Hall) _ Tanamedrove epiqis pirveli fsiqologi,
romelic dawvrilebiT werda mozardebis ganviTarebaze (1904). holis Semdeg am
mosazrebis ZiriTadi damcvelebi iyvnen fsiqoanalizis Teoretikosebi, romlebic
froidis tradiciis farglebSi muSaobdnen (magaliTad, Blos, 1965; Freud, 1946, 1958).
zogierTi maTgani amtkicebda, rom aseTi vnebaTa qariSxali mozardobis ara
mxolod normaluri nawilia, aramed misi ararseboba ganviTarebis Seferxebaze
391
bavSvebi
TandaTanobiT,
yovelgvari
araprognozirebadi
stresuli
vnebaTa
Relvis
Teoriis
eWv
qveS
dayeneba,
rac
dasavluri
erTmaneTs:
mozardTa
mcire raodenoba Tu
ganicdis
im
Sinagan
mRelvarebasa da araprognozirebad qcevas, romelTac maT miaweren (Offer & SchonertReichl, 1992). cxrilSi 11.6 mocemulia 20 aTasze meti mozardis fsiqologiuri
adaptaciis kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi (Offer et al., 1981a).
samwuxarod,
im
mosalodnelia,
sirTuleebi
mozardebs,
rom
romlebic
mogvianebiT,
Znelad
eguebian
mozrdilobaSic
cvalebad
pirobebs,
axasiaTebdeT
aseTive
ganvixiloT
gamokvleva,
debuleba
romelic eTanxmeba
TiToeul debulebas
91
90
90
86
xumroba
maSinac
maniWebs
siamovnebas,
roca
85
83
392
saidan viciT
mozardTa agresiulobis Sedegebi
farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi Seiswavlidnen 10-13 wlis mozardebs,
romlebic SvedeTis tipiuri qalaqis skolaSi swavlobdnen. maT yofaqcevis
daxasiaTebasa
(maswavleblebis
daxasiaTebebis
mixedviT)
da
biologiur
kriminaluri
qcevis
an
sxva
saxis
antisocialuri
qmedebebis
mozrdilad
Camoyalibeba,
romelic
sisxlis
samarTlis
danaSauls
adaptaciis
iseT
problemebTan,
rogoricaa
loToba
da
grafikze
mocemulia
agresiulobis
kriminaluri
sxvadasxva
qcevis
individTa
dones
Cadenis
raodenoba,
miaRwies
procenti.
da
romelTac
maT
kriminaluri
mier
qceva
13
wlis
asakSi
18-26
wlis
asakSi
seriozulad
iqna
zogadi
gamocdilebis
ganxilvis
Semdeg
gadavideT
ufro
formireba.
cxovrebis
ciklis
eriksoniseul
TeoriaSi
393
socialuri urTierTobebi
mozardTa
socialuri
ganviTarebis
kvlevebSi
ojaxisa
mozardze
(an
periodia,
ganwyobebisa
mozardebi
da
rodesac
qcevebis
TandaTanobiT
Tanatolebi
formirebaSi.
ecilebian
TanatolebTan
sazRvraven
TavianTi
mSoblebs
pirovnebis
urTierTobis
ganviTarebadi
procesSi
identobebis
mozardobaSi
Tanatolebis
jgufi
socialuri
mxardaWeris
mzardi
skolaSi
miRweuli
warmatebebis
ganxilva
gansakuTrebiT
urCevniaT
erTaderTi
da
upirobo
avtoritetia,
unda
gadaizardos
iseT
avtonomia mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (Allen & Land, 1999; Holmbeck &
394
aseTi
ODonnell, 1991).
gadasvla
Zneli
iqneba
im
mSoblebisTvis,
romlebic,
Tu
ara
sxvadasxva
kulturaSi
mozardebis
konfliqtebi
mSoblebTan? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen Cineli mozardebis konfliqtebiT honkongSi, vinaidan dasavlur kulturebTan SedarebiT, Cinuri kultura nakleb
aqcents
akeTebs
avtonomiurobaze.
(Semdgom
TavebSi
ufro
dawvrilebiT
(an
ar
gakeTeba)?.
Cineli
mozardebisTvis
Cveuli
iyo
saSualo
moTxovnilebas
sakuTari
an
sakuTari
gadawyvetilebebis
individualurobis
miRebis
saSualebiT.
gamokveTis
amgvarad,
im
wlebSi,
garkveulwilad,
icvleba
megobrebTan
damokidebuleba
asaxavs,
vidre
urTierTobaSi
(Tanasworuflebianobis
TvalsazrisiT)
395
mTavaria,
rom
mozardma
garemoSi
ipovos
socialuri
mxardaWeris
stabiluri wyaro (Bacher et al., 1997; Fuligni, 1997). amgvari socialuri mxardaWera mas
momavlis dagegmvis saSualebas miscems. swored am sakiTxs ganvixilavT qvemoT.
momavlis miznebi
mozardoba aris periodi, rodesac individma seriozulad unda gasces pasuxi
maradiul SekiTxvas: vin unda iyo, roca gaizrdebi? albaT, gaxsovT, rom es Tavi
daviwyeT 16 wlis biWis fiqriT imis Taobaze, Tu ra eloda mas momavalSi,
warsulidan gamomdinare. kiTxva vin unda iyo? TavisTavad asaxavs gavrcelebul
daSvebas,
rom
individebis
identobas,
nawilobriv,
maTi
miznebi
ganamtkicebs.
esaa
alternativebis
individis
SesaZleblobebisa
moazrebisa
da
da
arCevanis
interesebis
gakeTebis
Sefaseba,
da
misi
realuri
realurad
isaxaven
biWebis
profesiuli
miswrafebebi
da
molodinebi.
miswrafebebi
396
roca
gaizrdebian;
molodinebi
ki
iseT
samuSaos,
romelsac
ubnebis
skolebis
me-2,
me-4,
me-6
da
me-8
klaselebi.
suraTi 11.11
unda
gakeTdes
Raribi
ubnebidan
gamosuli
bavSvebis
miswrafebebisa
da
saboloo
SesaZleblobas
jamSi,
miscems
saganmanaTleblo
yvela
moswavles,
reformas
irwmunos
saWiroebs,
swavlis
romelic
mniSvneloba
da
Sedegianoba.
mozardobis dasasruls arCeulma miznebma _ rogori ganaTleba miiRos da ra
profesias daeuflos _ SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos mozardis momavalze.
Tumca, identobis yvela aspeqtis msgavsad, miznebis dasaxvis gaazreba ukeTesi
iqneba cxovrebis mTliani ciklis konteqstSi. mozardobisas miRweuli warmatebebi
safuZvels umzadebs mozrdili adamianis ganviTarebas.
sur. 11.11. profesiuli miswrafebebi da molodinebi
azriT,
mixedviT,
rogor
Raribi
samuSaos
ojaxebidan
iSovidnen
gamosul
(molodinebi)
biWebs
ara
mxolod
realurad.
Sedegebis
mokrZalebuli
397
aRwera,
rogorc
dakmayofilebis
SemTxvevaSi
siyvaruli
warmatebisa
da
da
mikuTvnebuloba,
pativiscemis
romelic
moTxovnilebaSi
mosazrebas
gansakuTrebulad
imis
Sesaxeb,
mniSvnelovania
mozrdiloba
socialuri
aris
periodi,
urTierTobebi
da
rodesac
pirovnuli
miRwevebi.
sur. 11.12 socialuri urTierTobebis gavlena keTildReobaze
eTikuri
Zala
da,
Cveulebriv,
meore
adamianis
survilebisadmi
farTovdeba.
istoriulad,
mozrdilTa
urTierTobebisa
da
ojaxebis
398
gamokvlevebis
Tanaxmad,
heteroseqsualTa
da
homoseqsualTa
siaxlovis
SeinarCunebas
funqciebis
ganawilebiTa
da
erToblivi
dafarva.
zogierT
dabrkolebebis
gamokvlevebi
heteroseqsualur
gadalaxva
aCvenebs,
rom
wyvilsac
sazogadoebis
intereTnikuri
mudmivad
uwevs
mxridan
aRiarebis
wyvilebic
awydebian
saxis
aseTi
urTierToba
zrdis
ojaxis
rols
zrdasruli
homoseqsualuri
wyvilebi,
romlebic
bavSvebs
zrdian,
arsebuli
(intimacy))
meore
adamianisadmi
srulad
emociurad,
399
heteroseqsualuri
wyvilisaTvis
qorwinebiT
kmayofileba
mcirdeba
SvilebTan
urierTobiT,
rodesac
isini
erT
WerqveS
aRar
cxovroben
(Levenson et al., 1993). xom ar gadaifiqreT bavSvebis gaCena? imedia, ara. Cveni mizani,
rogorc yovelTvis, im gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tqvenamde motanaa, romelic Tqveni
sakuTari
cxovrebis
mosalodneli
paternebis
codnasa
da
interpretirebaSi
zrdasrulobis
periodis
miaRwevs,
yvelam
unda
ecados
qorwineba
Tumca,
erTi
ram
cxadia:
aradamakmayofilebeli
qorwinebis
iyvnen.
TiToeuli
asakobrivi
jgufi
daiyo
or
jgufad:
400
qalebi
ufro
gaumjobesebaze
gadgomas
metad
iReben
pasuxismgeblobas,
amjobineben.
rogorc
sakuTar
maSin,
me-13-e
roca
TavSi
Tavze
arajansaRi
mamakacebi
vnaxavT,
qorwinebis
konfliqtidan
mudmivi
ganze
winaaRmdegobiT
mozrdilTa
ganviTarebis
sxva
Taviseburebebis
kvlevas,
rac
homoseqsualur
da
sxva
aranormatiul
urTierTobebs axasiaTebs.
meuRlis an partnioris gardacvalebaze msjelobisas isev mivediT erT-erT
mizezamde, romliTac garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis aqcenti cxovrebis bolosken
ojaxidan
megobrebze
stereotipuli
gadainacvlebs
mosazrebis
(ix.
mixedviT,
cxrili
xnovani
11.12).
moxucebulobaze
adamianebi
ufro
metad
erTad
adamianebi
partniorebis
ufro
arCevisas,
seleqciurebi
vinc
maT
(SerCeviTni)
emociur
xdebian
im
moTxovnilebebs
SesaZloa,
emociuri
gamocdilebis
regulirebisa
da
fizikuri
es
qveTavi
imave
mosazrebiT
davasruloT,
romliTac
daviwyeT:
iseTi
adamianebis
arCeviT
cdiloben,
romlebic
saukeTesod
SeZleben
401
qmnadoba
adamianebs, romlebmac intimuri urTierTobebis myari safuZveli Seqmnes, ufro
metad SeuZliaT yuradRebis warmarTva qmnadobaze,
qmnadobaze rac, sakuTari Tavis garda,
ojaxis,
samsaxuris,
moRvaweobas
da
sazogadoebis
maTze
zrunvas
Tu
momavali
gulisxmobs.
Taobebis
rogorc
wesi,
interesebisTvis
qmnadoba
Zalze
adamianebs
SesaZleblobas
aZlevs,
fsiqologiuri
rac
keTildReobis
ganvlili
siymawvilis
gancdis
damkvidrebis
bunebrivi
nostalgiis
anazRaurebaa.
saidan viciT
cxovrebis Sedegebi da qmnadoba
meoce
saukunis
interviuirebisa
ocdaaTiani
da
wlebidan
dakvirvebis
jorj
meTodiT
vailantma
Seiswavla
(George
95
Vaillant)
uaRresad
dros
Cveuli
qcevisgan.
interviu
moicavda
kiTxvebs
fizikuri
wliani
periodis
dasrulebis
Semdeg
SearCies
da
erTmaneTs
Seadares
saukeTeso da uaresi Sedegebis mqone mamakacTa 30-30 kaciani ori jgufi (ix.
cxrili 11.7).
11.7 saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebi cxovrebis Sua periodSi
dakavebulni iyvnen qmnadobis amocanebiT, iRebdnen ra sxvebze pasuxismgeblobas
da
402
kvleva
gviCvenebs
qmnadobis
winapirobebs:
saukeTeso
miRwevebis
mqone
keTildReobis
axalgazrdobis
wlebidan
im
gancdiT
(Carstensen
uyurebs,
&
romelic
Freund,
1994).
ucvlelad
rogorc
gamohyva
socialuri
ganvlil
cxovrebas
sasowarkveTiT.
maT
umravlesobaSi
ganvlili
uaresi miRwevebi
(30 cdis piri)
0%
33%
0%
40%
0%
57%
periodSi
megobrobis/megobrebis nakleboba 50 wlis
asakSi
403
3%
37%
3%
50%
17%
47%
20%
93%
60%
27%
66%
23%
23
(generativity)
)
(
sakuTari
Tavis
garda,
ojaxis,
samsaxuris,
404
asakovani
adamianebis
mimarT
uaryofiTi
stereotipis
erT-erTi
Sedegia
mas
Tan
SesaZleblobebs,
sdevs
axdens
maT
xandazmulTa
izolirebas
diskriminacia,
da
xels
rac
uwyobs
zRudavs
sakuTar
maT
Tavze
diskriminaciis
gavrcelebaSi
im
terminologiis
gamo,
romelsac
isini
Seswavlam
aCvena,
rom
mravalma
studentma
arc
ki
CarTo
masSi
asakis
mixedviT
diskriminaciis
ufro
siswrafis,
xmaurisa
da
Crdilebis
samyaro
aSinebda
mas.
rodesac
da
mowyvladobis
gamo;
igi
mozardTa
jgufis
sastiki
24
ageism.
405
rasizmisa
da
seqsizmis
msgavsi
uaryofiTi
stereotipi
asakovani
adamianebis mimarT.
sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebi
(sex differences)
biologiuri
safuZvlis
mqone
da
istoriulma
gansxvavebebma
SeiZleba
arsebiTi
gavlena
Tanmimdevrobis,
koncefcia:
cxovrebis
TiToeuli
fazaze
individi
dgeba dilemis winaSe, romelic man warmatebiT unda gadaWras, raTa efeqtianad
gaumklavdes Semdgomi fazebis konfliqtebs.
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare socializaciis procesi, umetesad, ojaxis
wevrebTan bavSvebis urTierTobiT iwyeba. patara bavSvebi Zalian adreuli asakidan
reagireben da urTierTqmedeben maTze mzrunvel adamianebTan. ucnobi situaciebis
testi
Seiqmna
mSoblebze
bavSvebis
mijaWvulobis
Sesafaseblad.
myari
mier
avtoritetuli
gamoyenebuli
stili
aRzrdis
stilebis
mSobeli-Svilis
kavSiris
kvlevis
mixedviT,
warmoqmnis
aRzrdis
yvelaze
didi
maimunebs
asakSi
aq
hqondaT
mosiyvarule
socialuri
unar-Cvevebi.
urTierTobebis
arqona
adamianis
zemoqmedebs
SemTxvevaSi,
fizikur
da
socialur ganviTarebaze.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis mixedviT, mozardoba aucileblobiT ar xasiaTdeba
qaliSxliTa da stresiT. mozardobaSi Tanatolebis mosazrebebi mravali sakiTxis
Sesaxeb konkurencias uwevs mSoblebis gavlenas. mozardebma unda daimkvidron
avtonomia mSoblebis avtoritetisgan. isini Relaven TavianT momavalze rogorc
406
adamianebi
ufro
seleqciurebi
xdebian
urTierTobebis
SerCevisas.
genderuli ganviTareba
is, rasac bavSvebis umravlesoba adreul asakSi igebs, isaa, rom maT socialur
samyaroSi ori kategoriis adamianebi arian: _ mdedrobiTi sqesis da mamrobiTi
sqesis. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli gansxvaveba, rasac bavSvebi amCneven, mTlianad
socialuria: isini anatomiis gacnobamde gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben sqesobriv
gansxvavebebs. vinaidan Tqven mozrdili adamiani xarT, romelmac anatomiac icis
da isic esmis, rom sqesobrivi ganxvavebebi fizikur gansxvavebulobaze metia,
SegiZliaT,
dafiqrdeT
am
gansxvavebebis
warmomavlobaze.
romeli
maTgania
safuZvlis
mdedrobiTi
mqone
maxasiaTeblebs,
sqesisgan,
sqesobrivi
romlebic
mamrobiT
gansxvavebebi
sqess
ewodeba.
am
sxvaobebi.
es
gansxvavebebi
universaluria,
biologiurad
aris
garkveuli
tradiciuli
socialuri
rolebis
Camoyalibebac
ganapirobes.
407
unda
ezruna,
mamakacs
ki
unda
enadira
ojaxisaTvis
sakvebis
ufro
aqtiurebi
da
agresiulebi
arian,
vidre
gogonebi.
mTel
es
gansxvaveba,
nawilobriv,
sqesobriv
hormonebs
ukavSirdeba
sqesisgan
gansxvavebiT,
genderi
fsiqologiuri
fenomenia
da
paternebi,
mdedrobiTi
sqesis
romelic
da
mocemul
mamrobiTi
sazogadoebaSi
sqesis
misaRebad
adamianebisaTvis.
iTvleba
ZiriTadad,
isini
romlebic
Seiswavlian
mdedrobiTi
da
mamrobiTi
sqesis
408
saidan viciT
rogor esmiT bavSvebs sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
4, 5, 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, evaraudaT, Tu rogor moiqceoda 10
wlis personaJi krisi an peti. yvela bavSvs uTxres, rom es personaJi Caiyvanes
lamaz
kunZulze,
Tumca,
zog
maTgans
uTxres,
rom
krisi
an
peti
am
adamianebma
gazardes
(magaliTad,
krisi
biWi
iyo
da
yvela
misi
varaudebze?
ganaxorcielebda
mocemuli
wlamde
bavSvebs
sqesisTvis
miaCndaT,
damaxasiaTebel
rom
qcevas,
personaJi
ganurCevlad
iTvaliswinebdnen
im
socialur
garemos,
sadac
gaizarda
bavSvebis
msjeloba,
mozrdilebTan
SedarebiT,
ucvlelad
eyrdnoba
cdiloben
sakuTari
genderuli
identobis
damkvidrebas
anu
romelime
409
sawyisis
gancda.
is
gulisxmobs
sakuTari
sqesis
miRebas
da
gacnobierebas.
genderuli
rolebi
(gender
roles))
(
qcevaTa
da
ganwyobaTa
erToblioba,
nawili
damaxasiaTeblad
imisa,
miiCneven,
rasac
adamianebi
kulturis
mier
qalisTvis
aris
Seqmnili
Tu
mamakacisTvis
mSoblebi
iyenebdnen
iseT
sityvebs,
rogoricaa
magari,
Zlieri,
mSoblebi
acmeven,
TavianT
gansxvavebul
vaJebsa
da
saTamaSoebs
qaliSvilebs
aZleven
da
gansxvavebul
gansxvavebulad
epyrobian (Rheingold & Cook, 1974). 18 Tvis bavSvebis mSoblebi midrekilni arian, rom
ufro dadebiTad upasuxon Svilebs, roca isini sqesisTvis Cveuli saTamaSoTi
TamaSoben.
magaliTad,
erT
eqsperimentSi
mamebi
nakleb
dadebiT
ukukavSirs
410
damokidebuli
mSoblebis
prioritetebsa
da
rolebze.
umcrosi
asakis
genderuli
Seswavla,
Tu
rolebis
riTi
aTviseba,
gansxvavdeboda
mkvlevrebma
erTmaneTisgan
daiwyes
imis
gogonebisa
detaluri
da
biWebis
SesaZloa,
imitom,
yuradRebis
koncentrireba.
am
rom
gogonebs
bavSvebidan
ufro
mxolod
met
xans
wlis
SeuZliaT
biWebi
iyvnen
dakavebulni iseTi TamaSebiT, sadac mTeli jgufi iyo CarTuli (Benenson et al.,
1997).
mkvlevrebma ver axsnes srulad, Tu ratom iwyeben 6 biWebi jgufur TamaSebs, 6
wlis gogonebi ki _ ara. rogorc yovelTvis, rTulia garkveva, ra ganapirobebs
amas _ biologia (sqesobrivi gansxvaveba) Tu molodinebi, romelic ufrosebs
SeaqvT biWebisa da gogonebis TamaSSi (genderuli gansxvaveba). maSinac ki, rodesac
gogonebi iwyeben jgufur TamaSs, es jgufebi gansxvavdeba biWebis jgufebisgan.
magaliTad, biWebis jgufebi ufro mimarTulni arian dominanturobaze _ vin visze
Zlieria, vidre gogonebisgan Semdgari jgufebi. gogonebis jgufebi, Cveulebriv,
ufro dainteresebulni arian saerTo TanxmobiT, vidre Zalauflebis damyarebiT.
Sesabamisad, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxva fsiqologiur garemoSi izrdebian, rac
ayalibebs samyaros maTeul xedvasa da problemebTan gamklavebis gzebs.
411
imisa,
rom
ganapirobebs
sqesobrivi
genderul
gansxvavebebi
gansxvavebebs.
biologiuri
informacias
fenomenia,
genderuli
rolebs
bavSvebi
Tavisive
sqesis
Tanatolebis
qcevis
sxvadasxva
gadaRebiT iTviseben.
moraluri ganviTareba
Cven
ukve
vnaxeT,
Tu
ramdenad
mniSvnelovania
cxovrebis
manZilze
axlo
aris
unda
SevafasoT.
rwmenaTa,
es
moraluri
aris
faseulobaTa
da
ZiriTad
qcevis
safuZveli.
msjelobaTa
sistema
Camoyalibdnen
iseT
mozrdilebad,
romlebic
miiReben
moralur
imas,
rom moraluri
412
romelic
zogad
cdilobda
kognitur
moraluri
ganviTarebasTan.
gansjis
piaJes
ganviTarebis
azriT,
imis
dakavSirebas
mixedviT,
Tu
qceva,
romelic
sami
parametris
mixedviT
varirebda:
qmedebebi,
winaswar
Zalian,
Zalian
cudi-dan
Zalian,
Zalian
kargi-mde.
umcrosma
413
uflebebTan da interesebTan.
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom kognituri unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad
bavSvebs uviTardebaT imis unari, rom yuradReba miaqcion ara mxolod Sedegebs,
aramed ganixilon orive _ Sedegebica da ganzraxvebic. Tumca, qcevis mimReblobis
Sesaxeb msjelobisa da dasjis aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobis gansxvavebuloba
miuTiTebs imaze, rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebs moraluri gansjis zogierTi tipi
ufro meti faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas aZlevs. rogorc wina TavSi
vnaxeT, is, Tu ris gakeTebas sTxoven bavSvebs, nawilobriv, ganapirobebs imas, Tu
ramdenad momwifebulebi Canan isini.
cxrili 11.8 moraluri argumentaciis kolbergiseuli etapebi
doneebi da etapebi
moraluri argumentacia
1. pirobiTamdeli moraluroba
stadia 1: orientacia
siamovnebaze/tkivilze
stadia 2: orientacia wageba-mogebaze;
jildoebis miReba
urTierTsamarTlianoba _
Tvali Tvalis wil
2. pirobiTi moraluroba
stadia 3: orientacia Seqebaze
(kargi-bavSvi)
stadia 4: orientacia kanonsa da
wesrigze
3. principuli moraluroba
stadia 5: orientacia
socialur kontraqtze
stadia 6: orientacia eTikur
principebze
etapi 7: orientacia globalur,
msoflio principebze
sazogadoebis keTildReobis
gaumjobesebisTvis xelSewyoba
samarTlianobis miRweva da
TviTgankicxvis acileba
iyo marTali universaluri
principebis winaSe da Tavs
grZnobde samyaros nawilad,
414
aigeba
dafuZnebulia
socialur
(ix.
sakuTar
sikeTeze,
dasasabuTeblad
cxrili
11.8).
11.8
interesebze
piradi
kolbergma
moraluri
maSin,
roca
sargeblisgan
gamoiyena
msjelobis
umaRlesi
umdablesi
done
damoukideblad.
dilemaTa
seria,
done
mimarTulia
am
stadiebis
sadac
erTmaneTs
efuZneba
im
mizezebs,
Tu
ratom
miiRo
pirovnebam
aseTi
stadiuri
modeli
oTxi
principiT
xelmZRvanelobs:
(1)
yovel
aiRo.
faqtobrivad, ganviTareba
1-3
stadiebze Tanxvdeba
normaluri
415
4-7
stadiebs.
faqtobrivad,
bevri
mozrdili
arasodes
aRwevs
mexuTe
moraluri
gansjis
safuZveli
meeqvse
stadiaze
TviTgankicxvis
mexuTe
stadiaze
sazogadoebis
keTildReobis
gaumjobesebisTvis
&
Zimba,
axla
1997).
mivubrundeT
kolbergis
Teoriis
vrcel
gansxvavebul, magram
es
kvleva
saTanadod
ar
aSuqebda
SesaZlo
gansxvavebebs
qalisTvis
da
ganviTareba
dafuZnebulia
Sesaxeb,
romelic
SeiZleba
periodis
Semdeg.
miuxedavad
arsebiTi
iyos
giliganis
moraluri
mier
gansjisTvis
TeoriaSi
Setanili
416
ganviTarebis
maRal
versia,
gansakuTrebuli
rom
genderuli
wminda
qaluri
gansxvavebebi
da
wminda
marTlac
mniSvnelovania
mamakacuri
socialuri
gadawyvetis
mizezebis
Sesaxeb
ekiTxebian,
isini
zrunvasa
da
es
rogorc
nazavi
SenarCundeba
mosalodnelia,
sistemaSi
momxdari
cxovrebis
moralur
udidesi
gansjaze
cvlilebebi.
erT-erTi
nawilis
aisaxeba
manZilze.
mozrdilis
mniSvnelovani
Tumca,
kognitur
cvlileba
gviani
gansjas
ras
metad
ambobs
iTvaliswineben
kanoni?),
zogad
vidre
sazogadoebriv
konkretul
dilemebs
interesebs
(magaliTad,
kamaTi,
ZiriTadad,
moraluri argumentaciis
isev
irgvliv
dasavluri
kulturebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
Sedarebam
aCvena:
SeuZlebelic
ki
aris,
rom
universalurad
ganvixiloT
aseTi
situacia:
gzis
napirze
xedavT
ucnobs,
romelsac
417
urTierTdamokidebulebas
da
urTierTdaxmarebas,
savaraudod,
unda
gefiqraT, rom daxmarebaze uaris Tqma amoraluri iqneboda (Miller et al., 1990).
ganvixiloT
kvleva,
romelSic
erTmaneTs
adarebdnen
sxvadasxva
kulturis
moralur msjelobebs:
saidan viciT
kanoniereba pirovnebaTaSorisi pasuxismgeblobis winaaRmdeg
moraluri
gansjis
kvlevisTvis
cdis
pirebi
moiwvies
ori
adgilidan:
megobris
TqvenTvis
matareblis
dacvis
principi
qorwilSi
bileTis
gulisxmobs,
saqorwino
beWdebis
sayidlad
fulis
rom
ar
unda
mitanis
moparva
moiparoT;
erTaderTi
gza
kanonierebis
iyo.
pirovnebaTSorisi
pasuxismgeblobaze
moraluris
kategoriebiT:
saqorwino
iwinaswarmetyveles,
rom
indoeli
respondentebi
ufro
met
dapireba
unda
Sesruldes
sjobs
moiparo,
vidre
beWdebis
gareSe
418
vrclad
vnaxavT,
amerikis
SeerTebuli
Statebi
da
indoeTi
tipiuri
msgavsad,
kolbergma
Camoayaliba
moraluri
msjelobis
stadiuri
miRma
tovebda
im
faqts,
rom
moraluri
msjeloba
safuZvelSive
rom
mozrdilTa
umravlesoba
xelmZRvanelobs
samarTlianobisa
da
skolis
moswavleebs
da
zrdasrulebs
indoeTsa
da
amerikis
SeerTebul
gadaWrisas.
(kanonierebis
dacvaze
indoelma
metad)
monawileebma
prioriteti
airCies
is
pirovnebaTSoris
variantebi,
sadac
pasuxismgeblobas
eniWeboda.
viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba
axla mokled mimovixiloT winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli zogierT sakiTxi, raTa
SevadginoT
rekomendaciebi
sworad
da
warmatebulad
daberebisTvis.
Tavis
SesaZleblobebs.
daberebasTan,
mravali
cvlileba,
sinamdveliSi
aris
romelic
unarebis
stereotipulad
gamouyeneblobis,
419
optimizacia da kompensacia (baltes et al., 1992; freund & baltes, 1998). albaT, gagaxsendaT,
rom seleqciuri niSnavs individis mier miRwevadi amocanebis dasaxvas. optimizacia
gulisxmobs
gavarjiSebas.
individisTvis
prioritetul
sferoebSi
mis
ganviTarebas
da
romelic
yvelaze
metad
mniSvnelovania
TqvenTvis,
am
miznebis
momwifebisas
mozardebma
SeiZleba
gadaWarbebuli
yuradReba
420
sxvadasxva
fsiqologiur
da
fizikur
sferoSi
da
romelic
kvlevebma
kiTxvis
niSnis
qveS
daayena
kognituri
sistemis
warmatebulad
daberebaze
SeiZleba
saubari,
rodesac
sferos
amorCeviTa
da
arsebuli
resursebiT
danakargebis
kompensirebiT.
enis aTviseba
bevri
mkvlevari
Tandayolili
darwmunebulia,
unari.
nebismier
rom
adamianebs
SemTxvevaSi,
enis
aqvT
enis
aTvisebis
Seqmnis
procesis
msgavsad,
bavSvebi
aviTareben
hipoTezebs
maTi
enis
421
eriksonma
cxovrebis
cikli
gansazRvra,
rogorc
krizisebis
seria,
aRmzrdelobiTi
zemoqmedebis
ararsebobas
SeuZlia
socialuri
ganviTarebis Seferxeba.
gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs,
rom
mozardTa
umravlesoba
kmayofilia
Tavisi
cxovrebiT.
mozardebma
mSoblebTan
unda
ganaviTaron
komfortuli
pirovnuli
socialuri
indenturoba
urTierTobebis
TanatolebTan
da
CamoyalibebiT
da
TavianT
cxovrebas
afaseben,
nawilobriv,
sxvebis
cxovrebaSi
adamianTa
mimarT
uaryofiTi
stereotipebi
asakis
mixedviT
rolebis
aTviseba
dabadebidanve
iwyeba.
socializaciisTvis
422
argumentaciis
gviandel
kvlevebSi
gaTvaliswinebuli
iqna
423
ra aris motivacia
motivaciis wyaroebi
kveba
kvebis fiziologia
kvebis fsiqologia
seqsualuri qceva
424
homoseqsualoba
miRwevis moTxovnileba
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
425
1994 wels gamocemul Tavis wignSi ,,msoflios mwvervalze (On Top of the World)
Jurnalisti rebeka stefensi (Rebecca Stephens) aRwers everestze asvlas. wignis
dasawyisSi vrclad aris moTxrobili everestis dapyrobis survilis Sesaxeb:
rodesac
Tavs
iCens
mwvervalze
asvlisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani
sosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridan
wveramde. ,,ra
mTasvlelma.
sisulele iyo
rogor
SemeZlo
aseTi
suleli,
daudevari
da
araseriozuli
raime
mizani,
romlis
gamoc
sicocxles
daTmobdiT?
sami
adamiani
426
ra
miRwevisas,
gaiZulebT,
iyoT
miuxedavad
im
daJinebulni,
didi
jiutni,
Zalisxmevisa,
Seupovarni
tkivilisa
raime
da
miznis
finansuri
yoveldRiuri
cxovreba
savsea
situaciebiT,
rodesac
adamianebi
SeecadoT
ufro
bejiTad
imuSavoT,
rom
saqoneli
gayidoT,
megobari
uqmnida
mas
sakmaris
motivacias;
SeiZleba
waikiTxoT
deteqtiuri
(teleserilebs)
iseTi
motivebis
gamosavlenad,
rogoricaa
siZunwe,
Zalaufleba da gataceba.
fsiqologiis
motivaciis
mkvlevarTa
aseTi
amocanaa
Teoriuli
safuZvlis
uzrunvelyofa
mdgomareobas,
SimSiliT?
Aaris
Tu
ara
Cveni
seqsualuri
qceva
determinirebuli
moTxovnilebebiT,
iseTi
fsiqologiuri
rogoricaa
SimSili
moTxovnilebebiT,
da
wyurvili
rogoricaa
da
pirovnuli
miRweva. aseve, naxavT, rom xSirad arc ise advilia erTmaneTisagan gamijno
fsiqologia
da
fiziologia.
xandaxan
iseTi
mamoZravebeli
Zala
(draivi),
427
fizikuri
da
fsiqologiuri
aqtivobebis
dawyebaSi,
mimarTulebis
da
gaurbian
garkveul
stimulebs
maTi
mimzidvelobis
da
calkeuli
analizi
im
wevrebis
sxvadasxva
funqcionirebasa
gzebis
ganxilviT
da
prioritetebze.
daviwyoT,
motivaciis
romliTac
motivacia,
kompleqsur
Sinagan
meqanizmebs,
romlebic
aregulireben
Tqveni
SemTxvevaSi
deprivaciis
Sinagani
mdgomareoba
warmoadgens
ucvlel
situaciaSi
ver
aixsneba
unarebis,
gamocdilebis,
428
es
mivaweroT
Tqveni
da
Tqveni
megobris
gansxvavebul
motivaciur
mdgomareobebs;
daskvnebis
gakeTebaze.
interpretacias savaraudo
adamianebi
mudmivad
axdenen
qcevis
ise, rogorc moxda. igive wesi moqmedebs Tqveni qcevis mimarTac. Tqven
xSirad
cdilobT,
gaarkvioT
Tqveni
qceva
garedanaa
motivirebuli
Tu
Signidan.
cneba
ZiriTadia
religiis,
kanonisa
da
eTikisaTvis.
araxelsayreli
pirobebis
miuxedavad
miznisken
mimavali
subieqtis
429
motivaciis
cnebas
qcevis
winaswarmetyevelebisa
da
axsnisaTvis.
motivacia
(Motivation)
fizikuri
da
fsiqikuri
aqtivobebis
dawyebis,
erTi
aqtiobisaTvis
meoresTan
SedarebiT
upiratesobis
ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi
430
romelic
aRmocendeba
cxovelis
fiziologiuri
moTxovnilebis
anu
qmnis
daZabulobas.
es
ltolva
organizms
daZabulobis
vinaidan
is
ukavSirdeba
sakvebis
miRebis
Sedegad
daZabulobis
Semcirebas.
SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis
axsna? udavod, ara. warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi, romelsac ar awvdidnen
sakvebs da wyals. daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis mixedviT, winaswar SeiZleba
imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen
sakvebs, Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi
saWmeli da sasmelia, isini garemos gamokvlevasa da dazvervas amjobineben da
maSinve
ar
garbian
saWmlisa
da
sasmelisken;
mxolod
cnobismoyvareobis
dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965; Zimbardo &
Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi, axalgazrda maimunebi did drosa da
energias
xarjavdnen
obieqtebiT
maT
manipulaciaze
garemoSi
da,
mocemuli
rogorc
Canda,
mowyobilobebiTa
amas
akeTebdnen
da
axali
,,maimunobiT,
romelic
pirdapir
ar
ukavSirdeba
biologiur
moTxovnilebebs.
431
da ara Sinagan
mdgomareobebze,
es
gviCvenebda,
rom
maT
qcevas
aRmZvrelebi
ukve SegiZliaT,
naxoT,
rom
qceva
motivaciis
garegani
da
Sinagani
impulssac
daemorCilebian.
axla
ganvixiloT
motivaciisadmi
homeostazi
(Homeostasis)
sxeulis
Sinagani
mdgomareobis
mudmivoba
an
wonasworoba.
wlebSi
ganaviTares
maikl
afterma
axali
Teoria,
romelic,
aseve,
uaryofs
da
misma
motivaciis,
naxavT,
motivaciur
situaciaSi
Tu
rogor
mdgomareobebs.
imyofebiT.
ra
gansazRvravs
magaliTad,
gsurT
TiToeuli
warmoidgineT,
mocemul
momentSi:
wyvili
rom
araTavsebad
samsaxureobriv
situaciaze
morgeba
Tu
432
mdgomareobaze
paraTelikuri
ganvixiloT
paraTelikur
reversiis
(gadasvlis)
Telikuri
kontrastuli
da
mdgomareobaSi
xarT,
rodesac
iseTi
terminebiT
cdilobs.
mdgomareobebi.
moqmedebebs
Tqven
axorcielebT,
xarT,
rodesac
axorcielebT
iseT
moqmedebebs,
romlebic
gsurT
masalis
daswavla,
raTa
kargad
CaabaroT
gamocda.
Tu
Tqven
gadaerTvebiT
faqtobrivad,
gveubneba,
paraTelikur
rom
Tqven
mdgomareobaSi.
yovelTvis
reversiis
imyofebiT
an
erT,
Teoria,
an
meore
Tqven
nawinaswarmetyvelebi
SesaZloa
reversiis
Zalze
tipebi.
mkafiod
SeigrZnoT
reversiis
erTi
am
TeoriiT
gansakuTrebiT
12.1.
metamotivaciuri
mdgomareobebis
oTxi
wyvilis
maxasiaTeblebi
Telikuri
paraTelikuri
seriozuli
mxiaruli
mizanze orientirebuli
aqtivobaze orientirebuli
upiratesobas
aniWebs
dagegmvas
negativisti
negativisti
damyoli
meamboxe
tradiciuli
aratradiciuli
ZiriTadi
433
sasiamovno
gabrazebuli
surs morgeba
surs damoukidebloba
mbrZanebloba
TanagrZnoba (simpatia)
Zalauflebaze orientirebuli
zrunvaze orientirebuli
mkacri azrovneba
mgrZnobiare
kontrolze koncentrirebuli
sikeTeze koncentrirebuli
surs dominantoba
auturi
aloikuri
upiratesad
sakuTar
koncentrirebuloba
sxvebTan identifikacia
egocentruli
saidan viciT
SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla
ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es
gasarTobad gaakeTes? Zalian Znelia am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfrinavidan gadaxtomis molodini ufro zrdis
daZabulobas,
vidre
amcirebs.
reversiis
Teoriis
Tanaxmad,
paraSutiT
Zlieri
aRgzneba
ganicdeba,
rogorc
Zlieri
aRfrTovaneba.
amgvarad,
Sesamowmeblad
mkvlevrebma
monacemebi
paraSutistTa
ori
klubis
reversia:
gadaxtomamde
isini
SfoTavdnen
(magram
ar
iyvnen
434
rogorc
ki
paraSutisti
gadadioda
Telikuri
mdgomareobidan
Teoria
gvawvdis
motivaciis
motivaciis
kvlevis
sxva
saintereso
tradicias,
zogad
romelic
midgomas.
axla
koncentrirebulia
reversiis
motivacias
Teoria
erTi
(Reversal theory)
metamotivaciuri
Teoria,
romelic
mgomareobidan
xsnis
meore,
adamianis
sapirispiro
daprogramebuli
tendenciebi,
romlebsac
arsebiTi
mniSvneloba
aqvT
cxovelis
genetikuri
memkvidreobis
nawils
warmoadgens.
oraguli
armia
sinqronizebulad
dadis
nadirobis
eqspediciebSi,
Citebi
435
adamianis
qcevis
instinqtebis
adreuli
mniSvnelobis
Teoriebi
midrekilni
gadafasebisken.
uiliam
iyvnen
jemsi
adamianisTvis
qcevas
(Tumca,
isini,
rogorc
wesi,
ar
vlindeboda
qcevaTa
saerTo
aqvs,
moqmedebaSi
Semodis,
agreTve,
iseTi
ZiriTadi
miznobrivi
iyo,
anu
emsaxurebodnen
mniSvnelovan
miznebs
anu
asruleben
ltolvebi
aRmocendeba
sicocxlis
(maT
Soris
seqsualuri)
da
fsiqikur
mimarTavs
dasakmayofileblad.
ganitvirTeba;
es
daZabuloba
daZabuloba
energias
aRmocendeba
ubiZgebs
sxeulebrivi
maSin,
adamians
moTxovnilebebis
rodesac
aqtivobis
es
energia
an/da
ver
obieqtisken,
aracnobierSi);
qmedebebze
Zalian
cxovrebiseuli
Tumca,
maTi
Zlieria
gavlena
imis
gadawyvetilebebis
gamo,
cnobier
rom
miRebisken
azrebze,
instinqtebi
ubiZgebdnen
grZnobebsa
da
mniSvnelovani
adamianebs
(Cven
am
amxsnelis,
cneba
eWvis
qveS
dadga
da
kritikis
sagnad
iqca.
(Margaret Mead,
1939)
sxvadasxva
kulturaSi
uamravi
qceviTi
variacia
adreuli
TeoriebisTvis
yvelaze
metad
damangreveli
iyo
Tavidan
icnobT,
sadac
naxeT,
rom
adamianebi
da
cxovelebi
erTnairad
436
aqvs
organizms
gamocdilebaSi?
aseT
SemTxvevebSi
motivacia
im
erTxel
orientirebulma
gadavxedoT
mkvlevrebma
me-7
eWvqveS
Tavs.
Cven
daayenes
vnaxeT,
mosazreba
rom
imis
kogniturad
Taobaze,
rom
axla
vnaxoT,
ra
rols
asruleben
motivaciaSi
molodinebi
da
SemecnebiTi aqtivobebi.
doroTi
da
misi
sami
megobari
gaisarjnen,
raTa
zurmuxtis
maT,
da
ara
jadoqars,
yovelTvis
xelewifebodaT
TavianTi
sanukvari
437
urTierTobebze,
romlebic
ukve
hqondaT
sxvebTan.
jadoqari
ozis
qcevebis
mamotivirebeli
Zalebis
Sesaswavlad.
isini
iziareben
samyaros
obieqturi
realobidan,
aramed
realobis
subieqturi
(1)
imiT,
rac,
Tqveni
azriT,
pasuximgebeli
iyo
warsulis
warmatebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac, gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da (3)
imiT, rasac ganWvretT winaswar, anu ra iqneba Tqveni qmedebis Sedegi. kognituri
midgoma
xsnis,
Tu
ratom
arian
adamianebi
xSirad
motivirebulni
momavali
movlenebis molodinebiT.
qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvneloba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954)
daamuSava socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT socialur daswavlas,
rodesac
albaToba
me-7
TavSi
imisa,
rom
ganvixilavdiT
Tqven
dakvirvebiT
ganaxorcielebT
daswavlas).
mocemul
roterisaTvis
qcevas
(moemzadebiT
ganxorcielebisken
ubiZgos
1936).
magaliTad,
Tu
socialuri
daswavlis
Teoria
daswavlis
Teoria,
438
niSani)
Zalisxmevis
SeiZleba
arqona,
an
mieweros
dispoziciur
iseT
arasakmari
goniereba,
anda
Zalebs,
iseT
rogoricaa:
situaciur
Zalebs,
maswavlebeli.
amgvari atribucia gavlenas axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro bejiTad
iSromebT,
Tu
CaTvliT,
rom
miRebuli
cudi
niSani Zalisxmevis
ararsebobis
niSani
usamarTlobis
an
SesaZleblobebis
arqonis
Sedegs
warmoadgens
erTxel
gadavxedoT
motivaciis
sxvadasxva
wyaroebs.
Cven
daviwyeT
erTmaneTisgan
gamijvna.
ltolvebi,
instinqtebi
da
daswavlis
qcevaze
Sesabamisi
garegani
stimulis
arsebobis
pirobebSi.
rodesac
iyeneben
motivaciur
cnebebs
imisaTvis,
rom
erTmaneTTan
439
ltolvebis
mniSvnelobas.
Teoria
rogorc
xazs
wesi,
usvams
qceva
motivaciaSi
garegani
daZabulobis
aRmZvrelebiTac
aris
da
imaze,
Tu
rogor
axdens
adamiani
samyaros
daxarisxebas
Caweril
ramdenad
students
mosalodnelia,
unda
rom
SevTavazoT
SeWams
picis
studenti
naWeri.
picis
rogor
naWers?
fiqrobT,
ar
gindaT,
gamoicnoT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: ,,me mWirdeba ufro meti informacia.
bolo qveTavSi gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis saWiro damatebiTi
informaciis
miRebis
organizeba
aseTi
prognozis
gamoTqmamde.
Tqven
ukve
naWami
dagWirdebodaT
students?
garegani
cdilobs
codna,
anu
Tu
ara
dietis
praqtikuli
dacvas?
xasiaTis
Tqven,
aseve,
informacia.
pica
romlebmac
rogoricaa
SeiZleba
studentis
mier
gavlena
picis
moaxdinon
SeWma.
iseT
daviwyoT
martiv
zogierTi
Sedegebzec
ki,
fiziologiuri
meqanizmebiT,
moTxovnilebis
romlebic
dafiqsireba;
asruleben
(2)
kvebiTiO
oTx
amocanas:
qcevis
dawyeba
(1)
sakvebis
da
Sinagani
organizeba;
(3)
440
SekumSva,
anda
tvinis
iseT
centralur
meqanizmTan,
rogoricaa
periferiuli reaqciebi
saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs
imis misaTiTeblad, rom is carielia? pirveli fiziologi, vinc amis garkvevas
Seecada, uolter qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom carieli kuWis
peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad
qenonis
erT-erTma
(A.L.Washburn) gaivarjiSa da
gabedulma
gadaylapa
studentma
a.
l.
uoSbornma
mier
Seesabameboda
aRniSnuli
kuWis
Zlier
SimSiliT
SekumSvebs,
gamowveuli
magram
ara
tkivilis
SegrZneba
gafarToebebs.
qenoni
kvlevebma
aCvena,
rom
SimSilis
SesagrZnobad
kuWis
SekumSva
ar
mTlianad
amokveTili
hqondaT
kuWi,
isev
ganicdidnen
SimSilis
grZnobasTan dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman, 1950), xolo kuWis gareSe
darCenili
virTxebi
mainc
daiswavlidnen
labirinTs
sakvebiT
dajildoebis
pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili SegrZneba
SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis mier SimSilis gancdaSi, magram is
amomwuravad ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis moTxovnilebas da
rogor xdeba motivirebuli sakvebis miRebisTvis.
carieli kuWi aucileblobiT ar SeigrZnobs SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara
sakvebis miRebas savse kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT (magram ara gaberili
buStiT) Sevsebis gamo kuWis gafarToeba individs sakvebis miRebis Sewyvetas
441
aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, organizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis wnevis wyaros mimarT.
sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve, warmoadgens simaZRris maniSneblebis
periferiul wyaros; es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba danayrebulobis, anu
sisavsis
gancdas.
SeiZleba
SeginiSnavT,
rom
danayrebis
Semdeg
naklebi
simaZRres
iwvevs,
vidre
naklebad
kaloriuli
da
cilebis
naklebi
Semcvelobis mqone sakvebi (Johnson & Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis
sakvebisadmi swrafvis aseTi dauyovnebeli Semcireba SeiZleba organizmis mier
sakvebis miRebis regulirebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyos, Tumca, ,,specifikuri
sensorul-specifikur simaZRreSi niSnavs, rom simaZRre Zalze uSualod aris
damokidebuli
im
konkretul
sakvebze,
romelsac
iRebT.
rodesac
adamianebs
SeiZleba
dabrkolebad
iqces
sxva
sxeulebrivi
signalebisTvis,
da
sadac
erTad
iyris
Tavs
periferiuli
wyaroebidan
wamosuli
informacia.
centraluri reaqciebi
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis
Sesaxeb, sadac iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro
rTul Teoriebs. yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac saubari iyo sakvebis miRebis
marTvaSi
tvinis
ventromedialuri
rolze,
aigeboda
hipoTalamusis
(vmh)
lateraluri
hipoTalamusisa
funqcionirebaze
dakvirvebis
(lh)
da
Sedegad
442
magram,
Tu
Tanmimdevroba
ise
Sebrundeboda,
rom
lateraluri
hipoTalamusi
nakleb
sakvebs
moixmarda.
am
dakvirvebam
ganapiroba
orcentriani
ganmavlobaSi
dagrovili
monacemebiT
ver
dadasturda
am
Teoriis
siswore (Martin et al., 1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, dazianebuli vmh-is mqone virTxebi
zedmetad STanTqamen mxolod im sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvenebaT. isini
intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur sakvebs. amrigad, vmh ver iqneba ubralo centri,
romelic
gadascems
signalebs:
,,kidev
Wame,
an
,,aRar
Wamo.
signali
moWarbebuli
refleqsuri
reaqcia
uzomod
Wama
iqneba.
Tu
virTxa
procesis
dawyebis
ori
ZiriTadi
signali
modis
receptorebidan,
ujredebis
neironebi
receptorebidan
cvlian
signali
aqtivobas
am
gadaecema
lh-s,
informaciis
sadac
glukozis
sapasuxod.
sxva
443
glukoza
da
cximovani
mJavebi,
vmh-isTvis
sakvebis
miRebis
qcevis
Sewyvetis
maniSnebelia.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian
imaze, rom Cven daviwyoT da davasruloT sakvebis miReba, Tumca, mdidari piradi
gamocdilebidan
moTxovnileba
TiTqmis
ar
aris
darwmunebiT
damokidebuli
gecodinebaT,
mxolod
rom
Tqveni
Tqveni
sakvebis
sxeulidan
wamosul
StatebSi
miRebulia
dReSi
samjer
Wama,
rac
sakvebis
miRebis
rom
sakvebis
miReba
ar
ukavSirdebodes
SimSilis
SegrZnebas?
Tu
kvebis
viTarebebis
fsiqologiaze
ganxilvas,
saubrisas
romelSic
Cven
adamianebi
did
yuradRebas
cdiloben
davuTmobT
miRebuli
im
sakvebis
444
uCivis
zedmet
wonas
sinamdvileSi
ki
qalebis
daaxloebiT 24% da mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matarebelad, ase rom,
isev Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa
da am realobis maTeul aRqmas Soris. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da
dietis mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
sxeulis wonasa da xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi reaqciis
saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.
fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: _ genebi da simsuqne
21-e
saukune
mecnierTa
STambeWdavi
gancxadebiT
daiwyo:
mkvlevrebma,
didi
raodenobiT
kaloriebis
dawvis
Tandayolili
predispozicia
romlebic
individis
simsuqnisadmi
midrekilebas
ganapirobeben
445
(Comuzzie & Allison, 1998; Gura, 2000). magaliTad, gamoyofil iqna geni, romelic
akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi signalis gadacemas, rom sakvebis miRebis procesSi
sakmarisi raodenobiT cximebi iqna Senaxuli organizmSi _ individma unda
Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang et al., 1994). es geni, romelsac leptini uwodes, Tu ar
gaaqtiurdeba, individi gaagrZlebs Wamas, amis potenciuri Sedegi ki simsuqne
iqneba. faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa Zalian mcire
raodenobas aReniSneba am genis mutacia, riTac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba aixsnas
kidec maTi zedmeti wona (Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al., 1997). vinaidan aseTi
mutacia Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis Warbi wonis uamrav sxvadasxvagvar
SemTxvevas.
miuxedavad
amisa,
mtkicebulebam,
rom
leptini
garkveul
rols
genetikuri
kvleva
imeds
iZleva,
rom
moiZebneba
simsuqnis
wonis
regulacias
Soris
kavSiris
aRmoCena
maT
axali
medikamenturi
aRmoCnda:
_ kvlevis
dros
leptiniT
ara
Camnacvleblad)
Sesacvlelad,
raTa
mZimewoniani
gaumjobesdes
maTi
adamianebis
organizmis
cxovrebis
metaboluri
stilis
procesebi,
446
simsuqne da dieta
ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT ra fsiqologia da cxovreba-s,
albaT, TqvenTvis ar unda iyos axali, rom pasuxi nawilobriv bunebaSi da
nawilobriv aRzrdaSi veZioT. qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi aRwerilia
SemTxveva,
rodesac
didi
gavlena
moaxdina
bunebam:
zogierTi
adamiani
ar
iyos
sakmarisi,
rom
konkretul
adamians
gasuqeba
,,aiZulo.
sakvebi xelmisawvdomi
da
sxeulidan momdinare
xilulia, msuqani
adamiani
ugulebelyofs sakuTari
damoukideblad.
arian?
rogor
mkvlevrebi
imateben
varaudoben,
adamianebi
rom,
wonaSi,
rodesac
Tu
gamudmebiT
SezRudul
mWamelebs
savse
SezRuduli
sufrebze.
mWamelebi
TavSeukavebloba
stresul
yvelaze
mdgomareobaSi
xSiria
imyofebian,
maSin,
rodesac
romelic
maT
447
maT
orwuTiani
Sefasdeboda,
Tu
improvizebuli
ramdenad
kargad
sityviT
gamosvla
metyvelebdnen.
mouwevdaT,
davalebis
riTic
Sesrulebis
molodini maTSi Zlier SfoTvas aRZravda. monawileTa cdis pirTa meore nawilma
icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqsperimentSi, romlis mizani iyo qsovilis aRqmis
Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis pirTa
es nawili sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen,
rom
eqsperimentis
Sesamowmeblad.
am
dawyebamde
cdis
SeesrulebinaT
sastimulo masala
iyo
davaleba
maRaziaSi
gemos
nayidi
aRqmis
gemrieli
aRnusxavdnen,
Tu
romeli
da
ramdeni
namcxvari
SeWama
TiToeulma maTganma.
gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi
SfoTavdnen, isini orive tipis (gemrielsac da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro
cotas Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveulwilad, Trgunavda maT SimSils,
Tumca, mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive tipis funTuSebs ufro meti
raodenobiT
Wamdnen.
amgvarad,
am
qalbatonebSi
SfoTva
iwvevda
zogad
448
SeuzRuda
SezRudu
gansxvaveb
vi
li
mWamelebi
mWamelebi
am
eqsperimentSi
mcireodeni
gamowveva
TviTSefasebisTvis _ mokle
sityviT
gemrieli
namcxvrebi
sakontrolo
6.2
5.1
-1.1
5.1
7.6
+2.5
gamosvlis
albaToba,
romelic
Sefasebuliyo,
SezRudul
jgufi
sakvebis
mSfoTvare
miRebas
vidre
jgufi
aCvena,
sakontrolo
3.0
2.6
-0.4
2.7
3.7
+1.0
iwvevda,
SeuzRudav
mWamelebSi.
ugemuri
namcxvrebi
unda
am
kvlevam
rom,
zogadad,
SezRuduli
mWamelebi
jgufi
mSfoTvare
rom
jgufi
maT
fsiqologiur
keTildReobas
safrTxe
SezRudul
mWamelebs
eubnebodnen,
rom
maT
ver
SeZles
problemis
gadaWris amocanis Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets, Tu maT sakuTar qcevaze
dakvirvebas
aiZulebdnen
ayurebinebdnen
maTi
warumatebeli
mcdelobis
yurebis
yuradReba
dros.
miaqcieT,
orjer met
rom
SezRuduli
kvebis
gamokvlevaTa
kvebis
Teoria
gvawvdis
mosazrebebs
imis
Taobaze,
Tu
ratom
uZneldebaT adamianebs wonis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen Warbi wonis
matarebelni. bevri Warbwoniani adamiani aRniSnavs, rom mudmivad dietaze imyofeba
_ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli movlena
moxdeba,
rac
TavSeukaveblobis
winapirobas
Seqmnis,
uzomod
kveba
iolad
449
Tu
rogor
xdeba,
rom
igive
fsiqologiur
Zalebs
adamianebi
Warbi
kaloriebisgan
sxeulis
gawmenda
TviTgamowveuli
Rebineba,
sakvebi
da
Semdeg
gaiwmindon
kuWi
miRebuli
kaloriebis
Sewovis
sindroms
SeiZleba
seriozuli
samedicino
Sedegebi
mohyves.
droTa
garkveuli
mtkicebulebebi
imisa,
rom
kvebiTi
aSlilobebisadmi
nawili
fokusirebulia
idealuri
wonis
Sesaxeb
qalebis
warmodgenaze,
romelsac sazogadoeba da media qmnis. (Wertheim et al., 1997). ase magaliTad, bevri
Jurnali,
romelic
specialurad
qalebisTvis
gamodis,
udides
mniSvnelobas
450
wonis
matarebelni
arian,
SeiZleba
ufro
meti
mxardaWera
miiRos
rigi
kvlevebiT,
sadac
naCvenebi
iyo
mniSvnelovani
kulturuli
gansxvavebebi.
bulimia
raodenobis
sakvebis
miRebiT,
rasac
Tan
sdevs
miRebuli
kaloriebisagan
icavs dietas, vidre _ hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda amisa, studentebs
sTxovdnen, rom wardgenili figurebidan (ix. suraTi 12.1)
12.1 amoerCiaT is figura,
romelsac isini idealurad miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis. studentebis
saSualo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia suraTze 12.2,
12.2 sadac SegiZliaT naxoT, rom
mamakacis sxeulebis maCveneblebi SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu vin
afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT
erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo maCveneblebi: idealuri mamakaci
imyofeba MM5 da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis
sxeuli, rogorc wesi, icleba erTi sruli quliT imis mixedviT, Tu romeli
qveynis warmomadgenlebi afaseben. amerikeli studentebisTvis idealuria F5-ze
odnav ufro gamxdari, hanelebi ki irCeven F6-Tan axlos myof figuras (Cogen et al.,
451
1996).
sur. 12.1. msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb.
Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si?
mamakacebis ideals?
rogor
SeiZleba
am
gansxvavebebis
axsna?
mkvlevarTa
azriT,
hanaSi,
iseve
rogorc sxva afrikul qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom zedmeti
wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofasTan
asocirdeba (Cogan et al., 1996, p. 98). rogorc 12.2. suraTze xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri
sxeulis
zomasa
da
xelsayrel
pirobebs
Soris
marTebulia
konkretulad
parametrebis
popularoba
mixedviT,
rogoricaa:
aqedan
momxibvleloba,
gamomdinare,
inteleqti
Tqven,
albaT,
da
ar
magram
TeTrkanianebTan.
kulturuli
Tanabrad
Yyoveli
faseulobebis
espanuri
moZiebuli
warmoSobis
SedegisTvis
dakavSirebas
sxeulis
amerikelebTan
mkvlevrebi
zomasa
da
cdiloben
da
dietis
452
dacvasTan.
qal i s i d eal ur i sxeul i
aSS
aSS
hana
mamakacebis arCevani
hana
mamakacebis arCevani
qalebis arCevani
qalebis arCevani
SeniSvna:
warmomadgeneli,
romelic
Tqven
xels
amJamad
uwyobs
ukve
xarT
kvebiTi
konkretuli
aSlilobebis
kulturis
ganviTarebas.
Warbi
wonisadmi
midrekilebaze
gavlenas
axdens
memkvidreoba.
misi
subkulturuli
damokidebuleba
sxeulis
zomisadmi.
magaliTad,
453
gamravleba
sixSiriTac
(reproduqcia),
magram
fiqrobT seqsualur
ramdenad
aixsneba
qcevaze? rodesac
amiT
hkiTxes,
is
sixSire,
Tu ra
ra
sixSiriT
fiqrobdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis 19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire,
dReSi erTxel mainc mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis azrebi (Michel et al.,
1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT sixSire, romliTac adamianebi fiqroben seqsze?
rogor ukavSirdeba azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?
motivaciis sakiTxi kvlav iqceva sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben
adamianebi garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas. rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri
qceva biologiurad mxolod gamravlebisTvis aris aucilebeli, Tumca, Tu kveba
arsebiTia individis gadarCenisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi cxoveli
da
adamiani
mTeli
cxovrebis
manZilze
martoxela
rCeba
da
es
araviTar
mTliani
saxeobis
gadarCenisaTvis.
STamomavlobis
gaCenisTvis
rom
romelic
gacilebiT
ganaxorcielebs
aRemateba
Tavad
mravalferovan
reproduqciis
qcevebs,
raTa
moTxovnilebas.
miaRwios
seqsualur
adgens
misaRebi
seqsualuri
qcevis
normebsa
da
standartebs.
Tu
ltolvebisa da
454
seqsualuri
qcevis
pirveladi
motivacia
reproduqciaa.
im
sqesi:
mamrobiTi
da
mdedrobiTi.
mdedrebi
gamoimuSaveben
didi
zomis
daiwyos),
xolo
mamrebi
gamoimuSaveben
spermatozoidebs,
romlebsac
unda
moaxdinos
moqmedebebis
sinqronizacia,
rom
saTanado
pirobebSi
aRgzneba
upiratesad
fiziologiuri
procesebiT
aris
sasqeso
jirkvlebi
TiTqmis
nebismier dros
mzad
amasTan,
mdedrebi
hormonalurad
yovelTvis
ar
arian
mzad
SewyvilebisTvis.
es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise _ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad
safuZvlad
udevs
prognozirebadi
stereotipuli
seqsualuri
qcevis
paterns
saxeobis yvela wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, Tqven naxeT virTxebis erTi wyvilis
Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba, maSin Tqven ukve iciT, rogor iqcevian danarCenebi.
mdedri virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimarTulebiT da iqcevs mis
yuradRebas; mamri Tvals miadevnebs mas roca is gaiqceva. Semdeg mdedri uecrad
Cerdeba
da
zemoT
wevs
sxeulis
ukana
nawils,
mamri
Sedis
masSi,
swrafad
iwyeba
rbola,
romelic
eakulaciamde
10-20-jer
wydeba
calkeuli
intromisiebiT. amis Semdeg mamri cota xniT isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli
isev Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve xanmokled wyvildebian (daaxloebiT 15 wami).
siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZliavia da grZeldeba daaxloebiT rva
saaTi.
mtaceblebs,
magaliTad
loms,
axasiaTebT
xangrZlivi
dawyvilebis
455
ritualiT tkboba _ arc meti, arc naklebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi
Tanmimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverplis, magaliTad, antilopebis
Sewyvileba mxolod ramdenime wams grZeldeba da Zalian xSirad es sirbilis
dros xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).
seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri
saxeobisTvis
Tanmxlebis
potenciuri
xmebis
partnioris
gagoneba
mier
aucilebel
ritualuri
pirobas
qcevebis
warmoadgens
Wvreta
da
seqsualuri
gamoyofs
qimiur
signalebs
feromonebs,
romlebic
izidavs
Tayvanismcemlebs, xandaxan didi manZilidanac ki (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
bevr saxeobaSi mdedri maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze metad aris
momzadebuli
ganayofierebisTvis,
hormonebis
koncentracia
da
seqsualuri
gamRizianebelia
memkvidreobiT
miiRes
am
aRgznebisa
da
yuradRebis
stimulebiT
aRgznebisken
miqcevisTvis;
midrekileba.
maT
rodesac
imisa,
rom
seqsualuri
reaqcia
cxovelebSi
mniSvnelovanwilad
SemTxvevebSi
upiratesobas
aniWeben
mdedri
mamrebs,
gupebi
romelTa
mdinare
pariadan
SeferilobaSic
(trinidadSi)
forToxlisferi
456
da
aRzrda
(,,sxva
mdedris
mier
arCeulis
arCeva)
upirispirdeba
romlebic
erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebodnen
mTliani
narinjisferi
suraTi
12.3.
12.3.
gviCvenebs
bunebisa
da
aRzrdis
Sedegs.
Seferilobis
am
Sesaxeb
eqsperimentma
ganvagrZoT
mogvimzada
saubari.
safuZveli,
qvemoT
raTa
vnaxavT,
rom
adamianis
mkvlevrebi
arCeva
0,8
mdedri
gupebi,
0,6
xedaven
sxva
0,4
0,2
gupebi
dabali
eqsperimentuli jgufi
maRali
sakontrolo jgufi
mdedrs
,,sakontrolo
akvirdebian
eqsperimentul
monacemebi
sxva
naklebad
jgufSi
mdedris
cxadyofs,
jgufSi
rom
ver
arCevans.
arsebobs
mixedviT
SemTxvevaSi
naklebi
mdedri
gupi
457
qalebSi
menstruaciis
hormonebi
ciklis
mniSvnelovan
kontrolSi,
rols
Tumca,
asruleben
normis
ovulaciisa
farglebSi
da
hormonTa
da
xarisxs.
mamakacebisTvis
hormoni
testosteroni
aucilebelia
raodenobis
individualuri
variacia
normis
farglebSi
ar
erotikuli
stimuli,
romelic
SeiZleba
iyos
fizikuri
an
pirovneba
damakmayofilebel
moqmedebaTa
erTobliobad
aRiqvams,
aTwleulebis
manZilze
swavloben
cxovelebis
sqesobriv
(William Master & Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es tradiciuli
pirobebSi
uSualod
akvirdebodnen
da
aRricxavdnen
im
458
stimulaciaze
adamianebis
reaqciebis
uSualod
Sesaswavlad
moqmedebebTan
asocirebul
arc
erT aspeqts
(garda
didi penisis
grZeldeba)
menjis
areSi
mimdinareobs
vaskularuli
fazaSi
miiRweva
agznebis
maqsimaluri
(Tumca,
cvalebadi)
done.
459
gantvirTvis
Zalze
intensiur
sasiamovno
gancdas.
orgazmi
sixSire
da
sisxlis
wneva
Zalian
maRalia,
guliscema
ki
anu
dasrulebis
fazaSi
sxeuli
TandaTanobiT
ubrundeba
(anu
isini
ar
reagireben
seqsualur
stimulaciaze),
romelic
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
mastersisa
jonsonis
kvleva
fokusirdeboda
seqsualuri
reaqciebis
fiziologiaze,
maTi
yvelaze
albaT,
mniSvnelovani
rogorc
procesebis
aRmoCena,
aRgznebaSi,
ise
fsiqologiuri
dakmayofilebaSi
reaqciebiT.
da
centraluri
rolis
dadgena
xSirad
aqvs,
vidre
fiziologiuri;
Sesabamisad,
SesaZlebelia
maTi
xSirad
am
uZlurebis
wyaros
warmoadgens
pirovnuli
problemebiT
Seafasebs
partniori
individis
seqsualur
moqmedebebs,
aracnobieri
aspeqti,
magram
jer
ar
gvisaubria
im
Zalebze,
romlebic
460
ganapirobeben
gansxvavebebs
reproduqcia,
rogorc
seqsualur
mizani,
qcevebSi.
mamakacebisa
da
daviwyebT
qalebisaTvis
im
ideiT,
rom
uzrunvelyofs
ukve
evoluciiT
gadarCena
vnaxeT,
aris
da
rom
cxovelebSi
ganmtkicebuli.
SenarCuneba
stereotipulia.
SeiZleba,
da
rom
seqsualuri
umTavresi
seqsualuri
igive
qcevis
mizania
qceva
adamianis
paterni,
reproduqcia
Zalze
ZiriTadad,
_
saxeobis
ritualizebuli
seqsualuri
qcevis
da
zogadi
unda
gavixsenoT
zogierTi
realia
adamianis
reproduqcidan.
erTi
moeTxovebaT.
Cais
qalebs
kovzi
sperma
SeuZliaT
da
ramdenimewuTiani
weliwadSi
mxolod
sqesobrivi
erTxel
kavSiri
ganaxorcielon
461
gamoTqva
strategiebs,
mosazreba,
emociebsa
rom
da
mamakaci
motivaciebs
da
qali
ganaviTareben
moklevadiani
da
sxvadasxva
grZelvadiani
strategiaa;
erTgulad
darCenisa
da
STamomavlobaze
zrunvis
masTan
darCeba
da
bavSvebis
aRzdaSi
daexmareba,
grZelvadiani
mkvlevrebma
Teoriis
evoluciuri
prognozebis
mravali
ganvixiloT
462
Camoayaliba
hipoTeza,
romlis
mixedviTac
am
kiTxvaze
pasuxi,
upiratesobas
Sexeduleba
hqonda:
aniWebdnen
rogorc
im
Canda,
saxes,
romelsac
mamakacis
ufro
SedarebiT
metad
feminuri
feminuri
saxe
misi
mflobeli
kargi
mzrunveli
iqneboda,
im
saxeze,
romelic
463
aspeqts,
kulturiT
kritikosebi
ganpirobebul
mogviwodeben,
variabilurobas
yuradReba
mivaqcioT
(cvalebadobas).
am
qcevis
seqsualuri
qcevis
gavrcelebuli,
wlebSi
mkvlevrebma
Caatares
gamokiTxvaTa
seria
seqsualuri
qcevis
Cveuli
svamdnen.
SegiZliaT
cxrilSi
miuTiToT
pasuxebis
saintereso
mxolod
mcire
tendenciebze?
nawilia
magaliTad,
warmodgenili.
Tqven
SeiZleba
sainteresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18
wlis asakidan erT partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
seqsualuri
qcevis
normebi
Seicvala
ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze.
cxrili 12.3. seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*
1994
seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan
(TiToeul kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia
procentebiT)
0
2-10
10 da meti
mamakacebi
26
44
33
qalebi
31
56
25-29 weli
25
53
19
464
55-59 weli
40
43
15
saSualo
30
49
17
ganaTleba
24
50
24
kolejis
ganaTleba
seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze
(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia
procentebiT)
arc erTi
weliwadSi
TveSi
kviraSi
ramdenjerme
ramdenjerme
orjer an
metjer
mamakacebi
14
16
37
34
qalebi
10
18
36
37
25-29 weli
15
31
47
55-59 weli
11
22
43
23
25-29 weli
10
38
47
55-59 weli
30
22
35
13
saSualo skola
10
15
34
41
koleji
18
38
35
saSualo skola
11
16
38
36
koleji
14
17
37
33
mamakacebi
qalebi
mamakacebi
qalebi
,,qaluri
da
evoluciis
,,mamakacuri
produqts.
aspeqti
SeiZleba
miuxadavad
amisa,
warmoadgendes
sxvadasxva
adamianTa
kulturebi
465
saTanadod
da
misaRebad
miiCneven.
seqsualuri
qcevis
scenarebi
seqsualuri
scenarebSi
realizebuli
ganwyobebi
da
faseulobebi
warmoadgens
scenari
warmoadgens
socialuri
daswavlili programa.
swori
da
miRebuli),
individualuri
molodinebis
da
normebidan
warsulSi
daswavlil
Tqveni
seqsualuri
partniorisgan.
rodesac
ar
aRiareben
scenarebis
SeiZleba
gaarTulos
da
problemuri
gaxados
partniorebis
urTierTSegueba.
yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebisTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze.
mkvlevrebi
xSirad
interesedebian:
seqsualur
urTierTobebs
veneriuli
daavadebis
iseT
ratom
pirobebSi,
gadadebis
axorcieleben
roca
safrTxe.
individebi
arsebobs
evoluciisa
riskian
dafexmZimebis
da
an
seqsualuri
winaaRmdeg).
amasTan,
ufro
metma
mamakacma
aRniSna,
rom
hqonia
seqsi
466
maTze
mimarTuli
seqsualuri
agresiis
gamocdileba.
sul
gamoikiTxa 341 qali, romelTa 78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini yofilan seqsualuri
agresiis garkveuli formis msxverplni; daaxloebiT 15% aRniSnavs, rom paemanis
situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987).
rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave paemanis situaciaSi momxdar
Zaladobaze, maT, qalebTan SedarebiT metwilad, msxverpli (anu gaupatiurebuli
qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994; Ryckman et al., 1998).
paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena,
simboluri
winaaRmdegobis
gamovlenis
sabolood
jamSi,
cota
qali
sqesobrivi
_
kavSiris
miuxedavad.
Zalian
daaxloebiT
simboluri
5%
daSvebis
aRniSnavs,
rom
ganzraxvis
gauweviaT
mcire,
arsebul
gansxvavebaSi,
SemTxveva.
rogorc
mkvlevrebi
Cans,
varaudoben,
aisaxeba
rom
paemanze
zogierTi
gaupatiurebis
mamakaci
simbolur
seriozuli
motivaciis
am
da
mniSvnelovani
qveTavs
homoseqsual
kategoria:
qalebsa
homoseqsualizmi.
(lesboselebsa)
da
marTavs
urTierTqmedeba.
seqsualur
qcevas
Sinagan
da
garegan
motivaciur
ZalTa
467
homoseqsualuroba
aqamde
Cven
farglebSi
vsaubrobdiT
axorcieleben
ganvixiloT
motivaciaze,
seqsualur
homoseqsualizmis
romlis
qcevebs.
gamoc
am
arseboba.
adamianebi
garkveul
konteqstSive
SegviZlia
homoseqsualizmis,
rogorc
aRmoaCina,
rom
misi
SerCevis
mamakacTa
37%-s
hqonda
homoseqsualuri
(procentuli
gviandel
homoseqsualuri
maCveneblebi
kvlevebSi
survilebi
da
qalebisTvis
cdilobdnen,
maTi
mcirediT
naklebi
erTmaneTisgan
dakmayofilebisTvis
iyo).
ganerCiaT
ganxorcielebuli
qmedebebi. maiklma da misma kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi qalebis
daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram
SerCevis mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi urTierToba gasul wels;
aseve, maT kvlevaSi mamakacTa 6%-s seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram
kvlav SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda, rom hqonda realuri seqsualuri kontaqti
meore mamakacTan gasul wels. ramdenad marTalia es ricxvebi? sanam sazogadoeba
mtrulad
iqneba
ganwyobili
homoseqsualuri
survilebis
dakmayofilebisadmi,
468
rom
kvlevebis
monacemebis
mixedviT,
seqsualuri
prioritetebi
erTmaneTs.
heteroseqsuali,
Tu
maTi
erT-erTi
seqsualuri
tyupiscali
qcevac
homoseqsualia,
gansxvavebuli
iqneba.
meore
ki
homoseqsuali
an
iyo.
da-Zmebis
qalebSi
seqsualuri
monozigoturi
orientaciebis
tyupebis
Sesaxeb.
48%-is
orive
Sedegebi
tyupiscali
genetikurad
iyos
mkvlevrebma
daiwyes
genebis
im
ganpirobebuli.
erTobliobis
flobdnen
moZieba,
ra
aseT monacemebs,
romlebic
SeiZleba
zogierTi
aspeqti
wmindad
biologiuri
faqtorebis
469
gavixsenoT
me-11
Tavidan,
rom
mkvlevrebis
dakvirvebiT,
gogonebi
da
biWebi
an
SegrZnebas.
sapirispiro
bemis
sqesis
Teoriis
Tanatolebisgan
mixedviT,
sakuTari
,,egzotikuri
gansxvavebulobis
gadaiqceva
erotikulad.
erotikulad
gadaiqceva.
magaliTad,
Tu
patara
gogona
imitom
gadaiqceva.
homoseqsualizmic
yuradReba
da
miaqcieT,
heteroseqsualizmic
rom
bemis
erTi
da
Teoriis
igive
Tanaxmad,
mizezebidan
jerjerobiT
mainc
axalia
da
ucnaurad
gamoiyureba.
momdevno
ramdenime
sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi
davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs, rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi
mniSvneloba
mixedviT
aqvs.
yvela
moqmedebs?
is,
heteroseqsualurobisgan,
adamiani
rac
bavSvobaSi
yvelaze
albaT,
aris
metad
ganmtkicebuli
ganasxvavebs
mudmivi
midrekilebebis
homoseqsualurobas
mtroba
homoseqsualurobis
bolodroindeli
ukiduresi
kvlevebi
homofobiuri
mowmobs,
ganwyobiT
rom
zogierTi
xasiaTdeba,
im
mamakacTagani,
faqtobrivad,
Tavad
470
Tavs
Seavses
afasebda,
25-debulebiani
rogorc
kiTxvari,
,,calsaxad
romelic
heteroseqsuals.
zomavda
studentebma
homofobiis
xarisxs.
am
homofobikad.
eqsperimentis
heteroseqsualuri,
videoCanawerebi.
TiToeuli
mowyobilobiT,
cvlilebebs.
lesbosur
lesbosuri
romelic
monacemebis
aqtebze
Semdeg
da
mamakacTa
studentis
ar
homofobikTa
studentebs
aCvenes
homoseqsualuri
aqtebis
reaqcia
afiqsirebda
mixedviT,
fazaSi
misi
Canawerebze
penisis
gansxvavdeboda
da
izomeboda
garSemowerilobis
heteroseqsualur
arahomofobikTa
reaqciebi,
da
Tumca,
umravlesoba
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
acnobierebs,
rom
isini
pirobebSi;
ltolvebis
dakmayofileba.
lesboseli
qali
aseTma
pirobebma
faqtobrivad,
ganicdis
imas,
rasac
ki
mravali
SeiZleba
gaarTulos
homoseqsuali
SeZenili
homofobia
mamakaci
am
da
SeZenili
anu
homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen % Oleson, 1999; Ross % Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). aseT
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqologiuri distresi, radgan (orive sqesis)
homoseqsual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli) aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba. garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba SfoTavs ara
Tavisi
homoseqsualobis,
seqsualuri
identurobis
(karCaketilSi
(D,Augelli,
1993).
jdoma)
1973
aramed
imis
gamovlena
sakuTar
wels
gamo,
mudmivad
(Tavisuflebaze
ojaxTan,
amerikis
rom
gamosvla)
megobrebTan
fsiqiatriulma
uxdebaT
da
sakuTari
an
dafarva
TanamSromlebTan
asociaciam
xma
misca
471
ganpirobebulia
sruliad
ara
Tavad
misaRebia
dakavSirebuli
seqsualuri
sakuTari
stresi,
motivaciiT
orientacia,
aramed
umeteswilad,
homoseqsualebisTvis
seqsualuri
motivaciis
da
lesboseli
qalebi
iseve
fiqroben
da
zrunaven
sasiyvarulo
rom
naklebad
adamianTa
uaryofiTia,
ganwyoba
Tu
homoseqsuali
adamianebis
icnoben
jgufSi
isini
am
mimarT
Semaval
gacilebiT
individebs;
faqtobrivad, rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi saSualod, miT ufro
keTilganwyobilia misi damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996). (rodesac me18-e TavSi crurwmenebis Temas ganvixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs
umciresobasTan urTierTobas adamiani maTdami gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde).
icnobT
romelime
homoseqsual
mamakacs,
lesbosels
an
biseqsuals?
rogor
Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven Tavad xarT
homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze
imis codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni
mTavari daskvna adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb. seqsualuri qcevis
zogierTi impulsi Signidan momdinareobs _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi da
saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri qcevis
Sinagani
modelebiT,
Tumca,
garegani
garemo25
aseve
warmoadgens
seqsualuri
25
External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
472
farglebSi.
homoseqsualobis
SemTxvevaSi
garegani
sazogadoebrivi
normebi
mniSvnelovani
motivaciis
mesame
magaliTis
ganxilvaze
gadavideT:
mamakacebisa
da
qalebis
seqsualuri
qcevebis
paternebis
axsnas
an
mamakacis
seqsualuri
scenarebis
SeuTavseblobis
erT-erTi
Sedegi
aRwevs
zogierTi
adamiani
warmatebas,
zogierTi
ki
warumatebelia?
473
jer kidev 1938 wels henri miureim (Henry Murray) ganacxada adamianTa miRwevis
moTxovnilebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva
sakuTari
adamianTan
da
moRvaweobis
gavlenas
Sefasebis
axdens
maT
tendenciaze.
mier
warmatebis
devid
miRwevis
maklelandma
da
da
misma
miRwevis
kvlevis
monawileTa
apercepciis
mixedviT
testis
fantazias.
(Tat)
moTxrobebis
savaraudod,
siZlieris
maT
unda
faseulobebis,
iyo,
rom
interesebisa
seria
da
da
aReweraT,
movlenebi
isini
maklelandi
waredginebodaT
suraTebis
ganviTardeboda
navaraudevi
dasadgenad
monawileebs
bundovani
Sedgena:
rogor
dasruldeboda.
TavianTi
moTxovnilebis
Tematuri
moeTxovebodaT
ra
xdeboda
momavalSi
Seqmnil
motivebis
e.w.
iyenebda
siuJetebSi
proecirebas.
maT
suraTze,
da
rogor
moaxdendnen
maklelandis
mixedviT,
maklelandma
SeimuSava
gazomvis
erTeulebi
adamianis
26
474
moTxovnileba
miznis
miRwevisaken
swrafvis
moTxovnileba,
biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom TviTonac icodes dakvra,
magram icis, rom ar aqvs gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is
wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobaze, raTa emecadina,
emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian kargi iqneboda erT dRes umaRlesi klasis
musikosad gaRviZeboda, magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni mecadineoba,
yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi albaToba imisa, rom iyo kidev erTi
Cveulebrivi orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.
magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone individebi ufro metad miiweven
zemoT, vidre dabali maCveneblebis mqoneni. vaJiSvilebi n Ach maRali maCveneblebiT
ufro metad aRweven profesiul asparezze TavianT mamebze ufro maRal statuss,
vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic n Ach dabali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian (McLaland
et al., 1976); n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis asakSi
Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n Ach dabali maCveneblebis mqone
475
adamianebs 41 wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs Tu ara es monacemebi
imaze, rom maRali n Ach individebi yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine SromisTvis?
cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Achis mqone individebs wardgenili amocana rTulad
eCvenebaT, maleve anebeben Tavs mis gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad
tipuri Cans maRali n Achis mqone individebisTvis, aris efeqturobis, Sedegianobis
wyurvili _ igive Sedegis miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT. Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da
ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom moxdes, rom isini Zalian afaseben
gaweuli
Zalisxmevis
ukukavSirsac,
romlis
mixedviTac
msjeloben
sakuTari
warmodgenilia
bostoneli
bavSvebis
jgufis
longituduri
analiziT
miRebuli monacemebi.
saidan viciT
aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis moTxovnileba
devid maklelandma da kerol francma (Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992)
erTmaneTs
Seadares:
erTi
mxriv,
monacemebi
aRzrdis
meTodebis
Sesaxeb,
miRwevisTvis
mozrdilobaSi
Semosavali,
maRal
romlebic
mozrdilobaSi
bavSvobaSi
n Ach-s
miznis
daaxloebiT
gancdil
Soris.
garda
miRwevisTvis
$10.000-iT
Zlier
ufro
amisa,
Zlier
mets
zewolasa
im
da
bavSvebis
zewolas
Seadgenda,
Semdgom
wliuri
ganicdidnen,
vidre
maTi
476
Tanatolebis
wliuri
Semosavali,
romelTac
ar
hqondaT
bavSvobaSi
aseTi
gamocdileba.
es
monacemebi
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
Tqveni
miRwevis
moTxovnilebis
xarisxi
moTxovnileba
ar
aris
erTaderTi
cvladi,
romelic
pirovnul
kontrolis
lokusis
mniSvneloba
(Rotter,
orientacia
1954).
ganxorcielebul
kontrolze)
Tu
qmedebebze
garemos
faqtorebze
(orientacia
(orientacia
internalur,
anu
Sinagan
eqsternalur,
anu
garegan
mizezs.
atribucia
aris
msjeloba
Sedegebis
mizezebis
Sesaxeb
SeiZleba
darwmunebulni
arian,
gavlena
rom
moaxdinos
gamocdaze
motivaciaze.
miRebuli
niSani
Tu
Tqveni
SeiZleba
megobrebi
mSeneblobis
lokusi
atribucia
,,ramdenad
(arastabiluri)
da
ar
aris
erTaderTi
(Peterson &Selingman,
ucvleli
aramdgradia
ganzomileba,
1984).
(stabiluri)
mizezobrivi
Cven
da
aseTi
romelzec
SeiZleba
kiTxvac
SegviZlia
mdgradia,
faqtori
droTa
an
cvalebadi
ganmavlobaSi?
477
(globaluri)
amocanebis
da
SemTxvevaSi.
farTod
pasuxi
gamoyenebadi
gvaZlevs
sxvadasxva
ganzomilebas
garemoebebisa
da
zogadi-konkretuli
(globaluri-specifikuri).
atribucia (Attribution) _
rogor
msjeloba Sedegebis
megobrebma
urTierTqmedebdes
kontrolis
mizezebis Sesaxeb.
Tqvenma
SeiZleba
gamocdaze
miRebuli
Sefasebebi
miRebuli
SeiZleba
Sefasebis
iseTi
SevaCeroT
atribuciaze.
Sinagani
faqtorebis
Zalisxmeva
SeiZleba
(cvalebadi
iseTi
garegani
pirovnuli
Tviseba);
faqtorebiT
anda
gamowveulad
maT
miRebuli
CaTvalon,
Sefaseba
rogoricaa
erT-erTi
im
emociaTagani,
romelic
warmodgenilia
cxrilSi
12.4.
12.4
motivaciaze
ufro
bejiTad
mecadineobaze
an
SromisTvis
Tavis
ganvixilavdiT
im
SesaZleblobas,
rodesac
Tqveni
orive
megobari
erTnairad xsnis maT mier miRebul Sefasebas C, magram Zalze mosalodnelia, rom
isini gansxvavebul
axsnebs
mogvcemen. erT-erTma es
SeiZleba miaweros
raime
478
kontrolis lokusi
garegani
SesaZlebl
rTuli
oba
amocana
ucvleli
Sinagani
oTxi
qcevis
SesaZlo
Sedegi
atribuciis
momdinareobs
mxolod
ori
iRbali
situaciidan,
romelSic
qceva
Tqveni
grZnobebi
warmatebasa
da
marcxTan
dakavSirebiT damokidebulia
atribuciis
im
stilze,
emociuri reaqciebi
atribucia
SesaZlebloba kompetenturoba
siamaye
mixedviT.
magaliTad,
Tqven
marcxi
arakompetenturoba
warmateba
Tqma
daTrgunuloba
amayobT
Semsubuqeba
braleulobis
kmayofileba
gancda
miawerT
moduneba
sircxvili
xarT,
da
daTrgunuli
Tu
marcxs
SesaZleblobis
arqonis
Sedegad
ganicdiT
grZnobas,
Zalisxmeva
aRiqvamT;
anda
madlierebis
rodesac
Tqvens
SiSi
sxvaTa
madliereba
moqmedeba
bedi
brazi
mrisxaneba
gakvirveba
gakvirveba
sindisis qenjna
gaoceba
479
aexsnaT,
ratom
SeuZlia
erT
adamians
marcxis
sawinaaRmdegod
moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara. aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi da, erTi
SexedviT, martivi ram iyo: _ optimizmi da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros
xedvis es ori gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa
da qcevaze.
atribuciis
pesimisturi
stili
mimarTulia
marcxis
Sinagani
warmoSobis
mizezebze. garda amisa, cudi situacia da individis roli mis gamowvevaSi miiCneva
ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad da globalurad): _ ,,me amas ver Sevcvli da
es
gavlenas
moaxdens
yvelaferze.
atribuciis
optimisturi
stili
marcxs
cvalebadi
(stabiluri),
an
modificirebadia
da
konkretuli
optimisti
iRebs
srul
pirovnul
Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad
pasuxismgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti Tavis warmatebas garegan-cvalebadzogad, an konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is Tvlis, rom ganwirulia
marcxisTvis, pesimisti ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre mosalodnelia
misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi sazomebidan gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi
adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis
Sesaxeb
agentebad
muSaobdnen
gaerTianebuli
samefos
wamyvan
sadazRveo
kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996). aRmoCnda, rom im mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis
SedarebiT
dadebiTi
stiliT
xasiaTdebodnen,
ufro
met
garigebebs
debdnen.
480
qveTavis
dasasruls
ganvixiloT
erT-erTi
kvleva,
romelic
gviCvenebs
pirobebisa
varaudoben,
da
rom
kargi
is
iRblis
wyalobiT
studentebi,
(garegani
romelTac
sjeraT,
atribucia)?
rom
Tavad
jgufma
SeimuSava
Carevis
meTodi,
romelsac
atribuciis
iyo
damokidebuli
karieraSi
winsvlis
TvalsazrisiT,
ayurebinebdnen
vizrdebodi,
metad
vacnobierebdi,
rom
nebismieri
ram,
rac
Cemi
481
warumateblobebis
uaryofiTi,
stabiluri
dispoziciuri
atribucia.
rom
Tqveni
pozitiuri
filosofia
dagexmaraT
samsaxuri
samuSao
garemo
sTuli
socialuri
sistemaa,
organizaciuli fsiqologi
adaptacia,
marTvis
stili
da
unarebi,
samuSaosadmi
an/da
organizaciuli
fsiqologebi
daxmarebas
uweven
gaumjobesebis
mizniT
organizaciuli
fsiqologebi
iyeneben
marTvis,
sxvadasxva
arian
samarTlianobis
samuSao
pirobebSi.
garkveuli
Sefaseba
sakuTari
am
SemecnebiTi
socialuri
Teoriebis
Tanaxmad,
muSakebi
saqmianobiT,
rogoricaa:
mgdomareobis
sxva
muSakebis
482
socialur
mdgomareobasTan
Sedarebis
gziT,
an
mosalodneli
waxalisebis
Teoria
gulisxmobs,
rom
muSaki
motivirebulia
da
fulad
danaxarjs)
da
Semosavals
(rasac
iReben
samuSaos
Secvalon
danaxarjebi
da
Semosavali.
es
SeiZleba
iyos
qceviTi
sxvadasxva
gacvla,
aspeqtebs,
momsaxure
rogoricaa
personalis
TanamSromelTa
socialuri
da
Soris
kulturuli
da
erTguleba,
samuSaoTi
kmayofileba,
stresi
da
samarTlianobis Teoria
romlis
mixedviT
muSaki
motivirebulia
TanamSromlebTan
samarTliani
an
is
urTierTobebi,
rodesac
monawileTa
danaxarji
maTi
Semosavlis proporciulia.
SeginiSnavT
situaciebSi?
samuSaoze
usamarTlobis
ganvixiloT
gadadis.
ras
an
samarTlianobis
situacia,
ganicdiT
rodesac
Tqven
am
Sedegebi
Tqveni
dros?
Tqvens
TanamSromeli
samarTlianobis
samuSao
ukeTes
Teoriis
483
faqtobrivad,
ukmayofilebas
midrekilni
rodesac
gamoxatavs
arian
am
naklebi
muSaki
samuSaos
ise
midis
mimarT,
produqtulobisken
samsaxuridan,
darCenili
_
isini
rom
is
TanamSromlebi
amcireben
Sromis
TanamSromlebis
samarTlianobis
fsiqologiuri
moTxovnilebebi.
mimzidvelad
(romelsac
Tan
sdevs
sasurveli
Sedegebi)
da
molodini,
instrumentuloba
da
valentoba.
molodini
asaxavs
imis
mosalodnel albaTobas, rom muSakis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iqneba mis mier samuSaos
garkveuli
xarisxiT
Sesruleba.
instrumentuloba
niSnavs,
rom
samuSaos
samuSao
situaciaSi
am
sami
komponentisTvis
sxvadasxva
rogor
SeiZleba
dagexmaroT
molodinis
Teoriis
analizi,
Tu
484
samuSos
pirobebs,
raTa
aRgedginaT
instrumentulobis
maRali
Rirebuleba?
winamdebare
qveTavis
samuSo garemoSi
daskvnis
saxiT
gTavazobT
miRwevisa da motivaciis
gamafrTxilebel
SeniSvnas
profesiul
asparezze,
yuradRebiT
gadaxedeT
Tqveni
cxovrebis
sxva
garkveulwilad
xeli
SegiSaloT
xangrZlivad
da
janmrTelad
cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas, raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi, Tu
rogor warimarTeba adamianis cxovreba da ra elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas
axdens mizezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes konkretul, an zogad,
ucvlel, an cvalebad da Sinagan, an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres
axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
rogor asruleben adamianebi dasaxul amocanebs da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben
amas.
organizaciuli
moqmedi
fsiqolebis
mamotovirebeli
interesTa
faqtorebi.
sferoSi
samarTlianobis
Sedis
da
samuSo
adgilze
molodinis
Teoriebi
moTxovnilebebis
ierarqia
(Hierarchi of needs)
maslous
Sexeduleba,
rom
doneze
garkveuli
intensiobiT
unda
dakmayofildes,
romlis
bazisuri
transcedenturobisaken.
biologiuri
moTxovnilebebidan
485
gecodinebaT
imis
Sesaxeb,
Tu
ras
niSnavs,
itanjebode
motivaciis
rom
mkvlevrebi
pirovnuli
swavlobdnen
Tvisebebis,
profesiuli
faseulobebsa
da
mowodebisa
da
moTxovnilebebis
urTierTTanxvedras.
profesiuli warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis SesanarCuneblad unda gqondeT
Tqveni
interesebisa
da
TqvenTvis
faseuli
miznebis
Sesatyvisi
samuSao.
man
gamokiTxa
sxvadasxva
profesiis
mamakacTa
jgufebi
im
Semdeg
versiebs
(maT
Soris
1994
wels
redaqtirebuls)
daemata
mier
mowonebul
da
armowonebul
saqmianobebsa
da
Sesabamis
man
Tqven?
bolo
periodSi
kadrebis
SerCevis
fsiqologiis
486
TanxmobisaTvis
mzaoba
ewodeba;
masSi
moazrebuli
kontiniumis
ori
(ix.
Tavi
14).
vnaxoT,
aseve,
organizaciebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
Sedegebze
orientirebulamde.
xedavT
rogor
wrfivad
lagdeba
es
maCvenebeli
aqvT
TanxmobisaTvis
mzaobis
mixedviT,
amjobineben
erTmaneTs
miznis
miRwevis
Cveneuli
meTodebi
da
organizaciis
prioritetebi.
sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT, romelic miznebis miRwevis motivacias SegiqmniT,
warmogidgenT
erT-erT
tyupebs
kvlevaSi
sTxoves,
sxvadasxva
SeevsoT
ojaxebSi
(strongis
gazrdil
profesiuli
identur
da
interesebis
kiTxvaris msgavsi) profesiuli interesebis ori kiTxvari (Moloney et al., 1991). ori
kiTxvaris monacemebis mixedviT, saSualo korelacia identuri tyupebisTvis iyo
0,38 da 0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom es tyupebi ar izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu Tqven gadawyvetT, rom
dedis an mamis profesiul kvals miyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom es sulac ar
aris mxolod garemos Sedegi.
maS ase, romeli profesiuli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis miRwevis motivacias?
rogorc
mravalricxovani
fsiqologebma
Caatares
cxovrebiseuli
kvlevebi,
romlebic
dilemis
dagexmarebaT
SemTxvevaSi,
am
aqac
mniSvnelovani
487
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
bolo sam qveTavSi yuradReba SevaCereT motivaciis specifikur tipebze da
qcevis specifikur tipebze. Tavis dasasruls isev davubrundeT motivaciis ufro
zogad
mniSvnelobas.
Cven
gvsurs
zogadi
warmodgena
SegiqmnaT
im
Zalebze,
dalagebulia
martividan
umaRlesisken,
rogorc
naCvenebia
suraTze 12.7.
12.7 maslous mixedviT, unda dakmayofildes ierarqiis TiToeuli donis
moTxovnilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis
safuZvelSi mdebareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa SimSili da
wyurvili. sxva nebismieri moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es moTxovnilebebi
unda dakmayofildes. rodesac biologiuri moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven
dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCerebulia da isini veranairad aisaxebian
Cvens
qcevaze.
motivacias
roca
Semdegi
biologiuri
donis
moTxovnilebebi
moTxovnileba
qmnis;
dakmayofilebulia,
es
aris
Tqvens
usafrTxoebis
moTxovnileba
xarT,
Tavs
imisa,
rom
giyvardeT
usafrTxod
grZnobT
da
uyvardeT.
da
gaqvT
Tu
kargad
socialuri
SeuZlia
imis
gakeTeba,
moazrovne
arsebebi
rac
saWiroa
sxvaTa
mxridan
pativiscemis
mosapoveblad.
adamianebi
arian,
rTuli
tviniT,
romelic
azris
Tqveni
warsulis
codna,
mimdinare
arsebobis
Tavsatexis
wvdoma
da
488
esTetikuris
moTxovnilebis
saxiT,
romelic
adamianis
SemoqmedebiTi
mxaris
TviTaqtualizaciis
TviTaqtualizaciis
moTxovnileba
potencialis srulad
gamoyenebis moTxovnileba,
gansazRvruli miznisken
swrafva
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi
mSvenierebisa da
wesrigis moTxovnileba
SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
codnis, gagebis,
siaxlis moTxovnilebebi
ierarqiis
adamianebi
mwvervalze
_
imyofebian
gamokvebilni,
safrTxisgan
ZalebSi
darwmunebulni,
elementaruli
moTxovnilebebis
potencialis
adamianuri
farglebs
sruli
sakuTari
ganviTarebisken
TviTaqtualizaciidan
swrafvidan
anu
gamomdinare.
aseTi
TviTaqtualizebuli
mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba
imisa, rom giyvardeT da
uyvardeT
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
moTxovnileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis,
uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba
SemoqmedebiTia,
Riaa
siaxleebisa
da
safexuria,
individualuri
romelic
scildeba
potencialis
ganviTarebis
sruli
farglebs;
esaa
adamiani
SeiZleb
umaRles
mdgomareobebamde
miiyvanos
cnobierebis
da
samyaroSi
Teoria
Teoriis
adamianis
ZiriTad
motivaciis
birTvs
gansakuTrebiT
warmoadgens
popularul
mosazreba,
rom
xedvas
TiToeul
489
da
agresiis
gamoxatvis
moTxovnilebebi.
garda
amisa,
Cveni
sakuTari
aseTi
SezRudvebis
dagexmarebaT
Tqveni
pirobebSic
ki
mamotivirebeli
vimedovnebT,
swrafvebis
rom
maslous
sxvadasxva
sqema
aspeqtis
garkveulwilad mowesrigebaSi.
Cven
grZeli
usiamovnebebiT
gza
ganvleT
savse
asvla
mas
Semdeg,
everestze;
rac
Cven
ganvixileT
aRvwereT
rebeka
kvebis
stefensis
da
SimSilis
urTierTqmedeben
buneba
da
aRzrda
rogorc
saxeobis,
ise
adamianebi
motivirebulni
arian
aRmZvrelebiT
garegani
stimulebiTac,
reversiis
Teoria
gamoyofs
metamotivaciuri
mdgomareobebis
opoziciur
wyvilebs.
490
sxeuli
flobs
mTel
rig
meqanizmebs
kvebis
procesis
dawyebisa
da
SewyvetisaTvis.
SeiZleba
aRmocendes
kulturuli
gavlenisa
da
sxeulis
xatis
evoluciuri
Teoriidan
gamomdinare,
seqsi
STamomavlobis
producirebis
meqanizmia.
mastersisa da jonsonis
Sromam mogvawoda
evoluciuri
fsiqologebis
azriT,
adamianTa
seqsualuri
qceva
asaxavs
gansxvavebebma
seqsualur
scenarebSi
SeiZleba
gamoiwvios
seriozuli
adamianebs
aqvT
miRwevis
mravali
moTxovnilebebi.
miRwevis
moTxovnileba
491
emociebi
emociis Teoriebi
emociis funqciebi
cxovrebiseuli stresi
492
stresis daZleva
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
janmrTelobis xelSewyoba
mkurnaloba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
493
da
sxeuli.
varaos
gankurnebis
ritualSi
vxvdebiT
swored
im
Temas,
494
mdgomareobas,
rogoric
aris
Zlieri
emocia,
gavlena
moaxdinos
fizikuri
damabneveli
situacia.
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
dasawyisisaTvis,
gTxovT,
warmoidginoT
naklebad
SegiZliaT.
pirveli,
Tqven
SegiZliaT
gagvimxiloT
Tqveni
guneba-
wakiTxvas
moaswrebT
wveulebaze
wasvlamde;
brazobT,
radgan
Tqvenma
fsiqologebi,
avadmyofobis
SeimuSaveben
pirovnuli
emociebidan,
stresis
aseve,
iyeneben
mkurnalobisa
keTildReobis
gavliT,
da
fsiqologiur
prevenciisaTvis:
gaumjobesebis
janmrTelobamde,
procesebsa
amave
strategiebs.
Seqmnis
konteqsts,
es
da
dros,
gza
romelSic
495
emociebi
warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom SegeZloT fiqri da
moqmedeba, magram ara grZnoba. mzad xarT, daTmoT SiSis gancdis unari satrfos
kocniT gamowveuli vnebis xarjze? daTmobdiT mowyenilobas mxiarulebis xarjze?
ra Tqma unda, es cudi garigeba iqneboda, romelsac maleve inanebdiT. Cven vnaxavT,
rom emociebi mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben. daviwyoT imiT, rom
SemogTavazebT
emociis
gansazRvrebas
da
aRvwerT
emociuri
gamocdilebis
safuZvlebs.
Tqven SesaZloa, emocia mxolod grZnobad CaTvaloT: _ `me vgrZnob bednierebas~,
an `vgrZnob brazs,~ magram Cven am mniSvnelovani cnebis ufro mravlismomcveli
gansazRvreba gvWirdeba, romelic moicavs rogorc sxeuls, ise suls. Tanamedrove
fsiqologebi emocias gansazRvraven, rogorc sxeulebrivi da mentaluri
cvlilebebis rTul paterns, romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs,
kognitur procesebsa da qceviT reaqciebs, romlebic Cndeba pirovnulad
mniSvnelovnad aRqmul situaciebze sapasuxod. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes,
risTvis aris saWiro yvela es komponenti, warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tavs
Zalian bednierad grZnobT. Tqveni fiziologiuri agzneba gamoixateba mSvid
guliscemaSi. Tqveni grZnoba iqneba dadebiTi. emociasTan dakavSirebuli kognituri
procesebi moicavs interpretaciebs, mogonebebsa da molodinebs, romlebic
saSualebas gaZleven, gansazRvroT situacia, rogorc bednieri. Tqveni TvalsaCino
qceviTi reaqcia, SesaZloa, iyos eqspresiuli (Rimili) an/da qcevaze
orientirebuli (sayvarel adamianTan Caxuteba). emociebis Cveneul gagebaSi
SevecdebiT, rom yvela es komponenti _ agzneba, grZnobebi, azrebi da qceva _
gavaerTianoT.
emocia cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens pasuxs
situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli.
bazisuri emociebi da kultura
warmoidgineT,
SekribeT.
ra
rom
iqneba
erT
oTaxSi
saerTo
maT
gansxvavebuli
mier
kulturis
emociebis
gancdaSi?
warmomadgenlebi
Tavdapirvelad
pirovnul
mdgomareobas,
aramed
adamianis
Tavis
tvinis
formas.
darvini
emociebs
gansazRvravda
TanSobil,
specifikur
496
gasamklaveblad
aris
mowodebuli.
saxeobis
ganviTarebis
istoriis
unda
aRmocenebuliyo.
emociebis
mkvlevrebma
universalobis
Sesaxeb
sakiTxisadmi
evoluciuri
midgoma
marTebulia,
savaraudoa,
rom
mTel
romelmac
xazi
gausva
uSualo,
TanSobili,
aradaswavlili
afeqturi
(emociuri) reaqciebis universalobas. man xazi gausva imas, rom Cvilebi yovelgvari
winaswari swavlis gareSe Zlier xmaurs pasuxoben SiSiT, an sunTqvis garTulebiT;
isini TiTqos winaswar arian mzad, rom garkveul stimulebs upasuxon emociuri
reaqciiT,
romelic
imdenad
zogadia,
rom
pirobebis
sakmaod
farTo
speqtrs
Seesabameba.
kroskulturulma gamokvlevebma daadastura varaudi, rom zogierTi emociuri
pasuxi
sakmaod
msgavsia
erTmaneTisagan
Zalian
gansxvavebuli
kulturebis
bavSvebTan.
saidan viciT
kroskulturuli emociuri reaqciebi CvilebTan
eqsperimenti Catarda 5 da 12 Tvis asakis iaponel da amerikel bavSvebze.
eqsperimentatorebi cdis pirebs saxlebSi ewvivnen
da Semdegi procedura
gamoavlines,
agreTve,
negatiuri
vokalizaciisa
da
fizikuri
497
es
eqspresiebi
maTTvis
`ucnauri~
iyo
da
gaocebis,
SiSisa
da
brazis
aramed
Zalian
adreul
asakSi
xvdebian
maT
`mniSvnelobas~
varaudobda,
rom
emociuri
eqspresiebis
garkveuli
nawili
adamianis
498
ikvleven,
moexdinaT standartul
emociebis
sTxovdnen
sxvadasxva
kulturis
fotosuraTebze mocemul
identifikacia.
adamianebs
zogadad
warmomadgenlebs,
eqspresiebTan
SeuZliaT
dakavSirebuli
Svid
emociasTan
mkvlevrebma
igive
kulturis
sxva
warmomadgenlebs
(romlebsac
romlebsac
isini
iyenebdnen
CamoTvlilTagan
eqvsi
(siZulvili
499
500
gamoxatvis
Zlier
Sekavebas;
dabali
kastis
warmomadgenlebisagan
erT dRes qalebis jgufi (xuTi warCinebuli da ori grioti) Seikribnen qalaqis
piras wyalsacavTan. am dros maT Tvalwin viRac qali wyalSi gadaxta. yvela qali
Sezara
aSkara
TviTmkvlelobis
mcdelobis
danaxvam,
magram
warCinebulebma
Tqveni
adgilze.
Tavis
pasuxi,
griotis
cxadia,
adgilze
isaa,
rom
dayeneba,
vidre
warCinebulma
warCinebuli
qalebma
aiTvises
eqspresiis
sferoSi
kulturuli
gansxvavebebis
meore
magaliTs
warmoSobiT
sirieli
amerikeli
amxanagis
panaSvidze
qalebis
jgufma,
rodesac
Semdegi
momsvleli
Semodioda.
rogor
SeiZleba
aixsnas amgvari qceva? imis gamo, rom gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebisTvis Zalian
Znelia Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis SenarCuneba panaSvidebis (sami dRe-Ramis)
ganmavlobaSi, isini qiraoben profesional damtireblebs, romlebic maT nacvlad
gamoxataven saTanado Zlier emociebs yovel axlad mosulTan. es gavrcelebuli
praqtikaa xmelTaSuazRvisa da axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis rig qveynebSi.
mesame magaliTisaTvis saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan
da
koleqtivisturi
kulturebi.
ganvasxvaoT individualisturi
individualistur
kulturebSi
wina
planzea
wamoweuli
(Triandis, 1994,
1995).
maSin,
roca
individualistebi
501
Rirebulebas
aniWeben
TviTdisciplinasa
da
cxovrebaSi
adgilis
rom
es
kulturuli
orientacia
gavlenas
unda
axdendes
emociis
eqspresiaze.
sur. 13.2. _ emociuri
emociuri eqspresia sxvadasxva kulturebSi
amerikel
(individualisturi
kultura)
da
kosta-rikel
(koleqtivisturi
ranJirebuli
komfortulad).
iyo
dadebiTi
0-dan
emociebis
(Zalze
arakomfortulad)
SemTxvevaSi
gansxvaveba
5-mde
ar
(Zalze
gamovlinda.
situacia
nakleb
problematuria,
Tu
saqme
individualisturi
gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas
sakuTari
damoukideblobis
dasacavad.
jgufSi
mkvlevrebma
uTanxmoebis
SearCies
studenti
gamowvevas.
am
fsiqologebi
msjelobis
amerikisa
Sesamowmeblad
(individualisturi
pirebs
ekiTxebodnen,
Tu
ramdenad
komfortulad
igrZnobdnen
Tavs
502
mdgomareobas
bevrad
ufro
komfortulad
afasebdnen
uaryofiTi
saqme
emociuri
arsebobis
paternebis
manZilze
tipebs
ganviTarda,
exeba,
romlebic,
yovelTvis
unda
SesaZloa,
gaxsovdeT,
rom
vnaxeT,
rom
emociur
situaciebze
garkveuli
fiziologiuri
pasuxebi,
romlebic
cdiloben,
daakavSiron
erTmaneTTan
sxva
fiziologiuri
emociis
Teoriebi
cdiloben,
axsnan
urTierTmimarTeba
emociis
ganxilviT,
Semdeg
romlebsac
mimovixilavT
sxeuli
Teoriebs,
iZleva
emociurad
romlebic
ikvleven,
relevantur
Tu
rogor
emociis fiziologia
ra xdeba, rodesac ganicdiT Zlier emocias? guliscema xSirdeba, sunTqvis
sixSire matulobs, piri giSrebaT, kunTebi iZabeba da, SesaZloa, agakankaloT
kidec. garda am SesamCnevi cvlilebebisa, bevri sxva SeumCneveli cvlilebac xdeba.
yvela
es
reaqcia
emsaxureba
sxeulis
mobilizebas
moqmedebisaTvis,
raTa
503
Zlieri
stimulaciis
SemTxvevaSi
orive
nawili
ufro
Zlierad
aris
mosalodneli
pasuxismgebelia
(epinerfini
da
safrTxisaTvis.
adrenalinis
norepinerfini)
simpatikuri
gamommuSavebeli
gamoyofaze,
rac,
nervuli
jirkvlebidan
Tavis
mxriv,
sistema
hormonebis
iwvevs
Sinagani
da
oflis
gamoyofas.
krizisis
gadavlis
Semdeg
dasamSvideblad
grZeldeba
Zlieri
emociuri
aqtivaciis
gancdis
Semdeg
cota
xnis
pasuxis
gacema
gadawyvites
SeerTebuli
Statebis
profesional
da
paternebi
emociis
sxvadasxva
eqspresiebs.
am
emociisaTvis.
gazomvebma
magaliTad,
gamoavlines
mwuxareba
gansxvavebuli
xasiaTdeboda
da
brazic
iwvevs
guliscemis
gaxSirebas,
magram
brazis
dros
504
Ria
reaqciebis
SemuSavebas
erTi
da
igive
bazisuri
sxeulebrivi
emociebisa
da
Tavdasxmis,
Tavdacvisa
da
gaqcevis
paternebisaTvis.
marcxena
da
marjvena
amigdala
dauzianes
epilefsiuri
gulyrebis
gakontrolebis mcdelobisas. operaciis Sedegi iyo is, rom d.r-s Zalian uWirda
SiSisa da brazis emociebis aRqma, rodesac es emociebi gamoxatuli iyo saxis
gamometyvelebiT,
an
xmis
intonaciiT
warmoidgineT,
rogori
iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom aRar SegeZloT adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini
cdiloben, gamcnon uaryofiTi emociebi.
505
sixaruli
da
mwuxareba
ar
warmoadgens
urTierTsawinaaRmdego
pasuxebs
aseve,
gamoyenebul
iqna
emociuri
procesebis
Sesaswavlad,
romlebic
(emociebiT
datvirTuli
mogonebebis
(emociurad
datvirTuli
gansxvavebiT
es
pet
skanebi
gancdis
Cndeba
Sedegad
Sinagan
aqtivacia),
stimulaciaze
garegani
movlenebis
mkvlevrebs
tvinSi
Semcveli
tvinis
im
mimdinare
sapasuxod
stimulaciisagan
filmebis
nawilebis
yureba)
dadgenis
gansxvavebiT
romlebic
emociur
aqtivoba
dadasturda
garkveul
gancdas
stimulze
aRmoaceneben.
filmisagan
damokidebuli,
magaliTad,
aRZruli
nawilebisagan,
amigdalaSi
emociebis
ufro
SemTxvevaSi,
meti
vidre
es
gansxvavebebi
pet
teqnikebi
iZleva
uamrav
faqtebs,
romlebic
vtiriT;
vkankalebT~
vbrazobT,
(James, 1890/1950,
radgan
gv.
Tavs
450).
vesxmiT;
Tvalsazrisi,
SeSinebulni
rom
emocia
varT,
radgan
sxeulebrivi
506
anu
avtonomiuri
nervuli
sistemis
aqtivobas,
rac
periferiulia
limburi
sistemis
nawili,
romelic
akontrolebs
emocias,
nervuli
sistemis
centralisturi
moqmedebisadmi
midgomis
moqmedeba
emociis
gancdisaTvis
irelevanturia:
eqsperimentSi
warmoadgendnen.
iSuamdgomlos
Semosul
kenonis
mixedviT,
stimulaciasa
da
emocia
masze
moiTxovs,
miRebul
rom
tvinma
reaqcias
Soris.
507
damoukideblobas.
qvemoT
vnaxavT,
rom
emociis
Tanamedrove
aris
zogadi,
mimdinareobaSi.
Cven
aradiferencirebuli
vaxdenT
da
fiziologiuri
pirveli
agznebis
nabiji
emociis
Sefasebas,
raTa
gagebul
procesi.
is
iqnes,
rogorc
moicavs
mxolod
mimdinare
pirovnebaSi,
transaqciebs
an
Tavis
garemosTan,
tvinSi
romlis
Sefasebac xdeba~ (Lazarus, 1984a, gv. 124). lazarusi, aseve, xazs usvams imas, rom
Sefaseba
xSirad
cnobieri
gaazrebis
gareSe
Cndeba.
Tu
arsebobs
warsulis
agzneba
gaiazreba
im
konkretul
garemoebaTa
mixedviT,
508
safrTxis
sidide
da
misi
daZlevisaTvis
saWiro
resursebi
da
Sefaseba
emsaxureba
imas,
Tu
rogor
moxdeba
gaurkveveli,
eqsperimentatori
eqnebodaT,
daerekaT
damatebiT
masTan
sTavazobda
gamokvlevis
cdis
Sesaxeb
pirebs,
ufro
meti
Tu
survili
informaciis
509
gamRizianebeli
gaRizianeba
moqmedeba
aRqmuli agzneba,
moqmedebis interpretacia
kenon-bardis Teoria
gamRizianebeli
tvinis aqtivacia da gadamuSaveba
agzneba moqmedeba emociuri gancda
emociis
klasikuri
Teoriebi
emociis
sxvadasxva
komponentebs
exeba.
am
gadamuSaveba
tvinis
sxvadasxva
nawilebSi,
rac
Semdeg
warmarTavs
510
sistemis
aqtivoba,
romlebic
Tan
axlavs
sxvadasxva
emociebs,
gancda
yovelgvari
aSkara
mizezis
gareSe
ar
iwvevs
neitralur,
SeCerdiT
gagixSirdaT,
da
sunTqva
warmoidgineT,
zedapiruli
rom
da
zustad
xSiri
axla
gagixdaT,
guliscema
uecrad
gulmkerdis
kunTebi
Zajonc),
romelmac
daadgina
iseTi
pirobebi,
romelSic
SesaZlebelia
yvelaze
xSirad
imeorebdnen
prezentaciis
dros,
met
mowonebas
511
Camoyalibebuli
Sinagani
kavSirebis
kontrols
eqvemdebarebodes.
gvaqvs
emociebi?
ra
funqcias
asruleben
emociebi
CvenTvis?
am
motivacia da agzneba
warmoidgineT aseTi SemTxveva: _ pirvelad CaicviT axali jempri da misi nakeri
mxarze irRveva. ratom mibrundebiT maRaziaSi da moiTxovT kompensacias? me-12
Tavis Tanaxmad, es SemTxveva unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sakiTxi motivaciis Sesaxeb.
Tu am moqmedebis Tqveneuli pasuxi iqneba: _`radgan me Zalian gavbrazdebi~, an
`radgan sasowarkveTa dameufleba~, aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom emociebi xSirad
iZlevian impulss moqmedebisaTvis; emociebs aqvT motivaciuri funqcia, iwveven ra
adamianSi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisaken swrafvas garkveuli realurad gancdili,
an warmodgenili movlenebis sapasuxod. amis Semdeg emociebi warmarTaven qcevas
garkveuli
miznebisaken.
yvelaferi,
raTa
sxva
moxibloT,
adamianis
iyoT
siyvarulisaTvis,
masTan
axlos
da
SesaZloa,
daicvaT
gaakeToT
igi.
sakuTar
kanoni
korelacia
amocanis
Sesrulebasa da
agznebis
ganvixiloT
SemTxvevebi,
rodesac
emocias
SeuZlia,
daiwyos
Tqvenze
512
SegwevT
raime
situaciebze
moqmedebis
Sesrulebis
fiziologiuri
agznebiT
unari?
rogorc
pasuxobT.
ukve
vnaxeT,
mecnierebi
emociur
varaudoben,
rom
gadmobrunebuli
laTinuri
U-s
formis
funqcias
()
(Hebb,
1955).
es
mrudi
moqmedebis
Sesrulebis
SemTvevaSi,
xarisxi.
SesaZloa,
ver
zedmetad
moaxerxoT
susti
Tqveni
fiziologiuri
qcevis
efeqturad
optimaluri
gansazRvrulia
agznebis
donis
cneba
saukeTeso
rodesac
donis
agzneba
gasaRebi
SedarebiT
amocanis
dabalia,
sirTulea.
Sesruleba
Zneli
an
maqsimaluria,
rTuli
amocanebis
optimaluri
done
done,
romelic
saWiroa
yvelaze
efeqturi
SesrulebisaTvis _ ufro matulobs. am mimarTebas ierkesierkes-dodsonis kanoni (YerkesDodson Law) ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac, rTuli amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba
mcirdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad, maSin, roca martivi amocanebis Sesrulebis
efeqturoba izrdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).
sur. 13.4 ierksierks-dodsonis kanoni
513
gadmogvcen
uaryofiTi
emociebi.
magaliTad,
ra
moxdeba,
rom
ar
gqondeT sxvebisagan imis gagebis unari, rom situacia saSiSia? an, rom Tqvenma
qcevam gamoiwvia sxvaSi brazis reaqcia? d.r-m amigdalaSi, garkveuli funqciis
dakargvasTan
erTad,
dakarga
Tavis
socialur
garemoSi
srulyofilad
funqcionirebis unari.
gancdil emociebs Zlieri gavlena aqvs imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebT socialur
viTarebebSi.
ganvixiloT,
ra
gavlena
aqvs
pozitiur,
an
negatiur
guneba-
gamokvlevis
imyofeboda.
stimulis
Canaweri
mimarTvebs,
asistentisagan,
romlebsac
cdis
romelic
pirebi
gverdiT
iyenebdnen
icodnen,
Tavazianobis
romeli
mixedviT
cdis
piri
afasebdnen.
rogor
rogorc
gunebaze
13.5
iyo)
suraTzea
TiToeul
naCvenebi,
Txovnas
guneba-
514
miuTiTeben,
agreTve,
emociis
gavlenaze
prosocialuri
qcevis
stimulirebaze (Hoffman, 1986; Isen, 1984; Schroeder et al., 1995). rodesac adamianebs Tavs
kargad agrZnobineben, maSin ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini CaerTon sxvadasxva
altruistul qcevaSi (Carlson et al., 1988). rodesac erT-erT gamokvlevaSi cdis pirebs
garkveul danaSaulSi damnaSaved agrZnobinebdnen Tavs, isini momavalSi daxmarebis
gawevis mzaobas gamoTqvamdnen, savaraudod, sakuTari danaSaulis Sesamsubuqeblad
(Carlsmit & Gross, 1969). amisave msgavsad, is, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs adamiani,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad prosocialuri iyo misi qceva. magaliTad,
rodesac adamianebi ixsenebdnen iseT situaciebs, romelSic uari uTxres sxvas
daxmarebis gawevaze, maT guneba ufuWdebodaT (Williamson et al., 1996). es, ZiriTadad,
maSin xdeboda, rodesac adamiani, romelsac uars eubnebodnen, maTi kargi megobari,
ojaxis
wevri,
an
romantikuli
mniSvnelovanwilad
partniori
damokidebulia
imaze,
iyo.
Tu
Tu
rogor
ramdenad
grZnobT
SegiZliaT
Tavs,
Tqveni
da
ixsenebT
cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis
sxvadasxva
Taviseburebebs.
1995,
2000).
emociuri
reaqciebi
mniSvnelovan
rols
asruleben
515
reprezentaciis
gadamuSavebas
es
da
paterni
masze
ganapirobebs
damokidebul
guneba-ganwyobilebis
mexsierebas.
guneba-
da
aRadginos
informacia,
romelic
mis
mimdinare
guneba-
516
guneba-ganwyobilebasTan
saWiroa
emociebis
damateba
dakavSirebiT
mogonebebis
mivyavarT
me-8 TavSi. am
im
azramde,
kodirebisaTvis
rom
mniSvnelovan
ukanaskneli
urTierTmimarTebasTan
SeniSvna
guneba-ganwyobilebasa
dakavSirebiT.
mkvlevrebma
da
kognicias
Tanmimdevrulad
Soris
aCvenes,
rom
gadawyvetis
ganvixiloT
kvleva,
kreatulobis
sasiamovno
Cuqnida),
met
efeqturobasa
romelSic
garkveul
gunebaze
dones
daayenes
sagrZnoblad
ukeTesi
eqimebs
da
kreatulobas
sTxovdnen
moiTxovda.
cdis
(eqsperimentatori
Sedegi
hqondaT
problemebis
pirebs,
cdis
gadaWras,
romlebic
pir
eqimebs
kreatulobis
rac
zomierad
kanfetebs
testSi,
vidre
sakontrolo jgufis eqimebs (anu maT, vinc winaswar ar iRebda saCuqars) (Estrada et
al., 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT am tipis aRmoCenebis uSualod gamoyeneba. Tqven ufro
efeqturad da kreatulad SegiZliaT saSinao davalebis Sesruleba, Tu kargi
guneba-ganwyobilebis SenarCunebas SeZlebT. Tqven, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT azri: _
`rogor unda SevinarCuno kargi guneba-ganwyobileba, roca amdeni saqme maqvs
gasakeTebeli?~
gavumklavdeT
axla
mas.
Cven
agreTve,
SevexebiT
vnaxavT,
stress
Tu
da
imas,
Tu
rogor
rogor
aris
SesaZlebeli
SegviZlia
sakuTari
517
Sesaxeb,
Tu
rogor
da
sad
aris
SesaZlebeli
emociebis
gamovlena.
urTierTkavSiri
fiziologiur
agznebasa
da
individis
emociur
da
sazogadoeba
es
aris
amkvidrebs
stresi
cxovrebis
(Sapolsky,
swraf,
1994).
Tanamedrove
cvalebad
temps.
industriuli
adamianebi
xSirad
iZulebulni arian, erTdroulad bevri ram akeTon; isini wuxan, rom maTi momavali
gaurkvevelia
ukeT
stresis
gareSe?
ustreso
cxovreba
gamowvevebs
ar
gvTavazobs
arc
da sakuTari
es
problemebi
moTxovnilebebidan momdinare
gamowvevebs
aucileblad
raTa
unda
gadaWras,
awydeba.
gadarCes
da
paterni
im
ganviTardes.
stresi
aris
organizmis
mastimulirebeli movlenis
mier
mimarT,
ganxorcielebul
romelic
urRvevs
reaqciaTa
wonasworobas, gamocdas
moZraobs,
profesorma
semestruli
gamocdis
TariRi
gadmogiwiaT,
518
kombinaciiT
iqmneba.
rogori
reaqcia
SeiZleba
gqondeT
zemoT
stresorebze
sxvadasxva
zogadi
fiziologiuri
kategoriis
stresorTa
reaqciebis
calkeul
ganxilviT;
efeqtebs.
Semdeg
dabolos,
stresuli
stresorTan
situaciis
da
masTan
kognituri
interpretacia-Sefaseba
dasapirispireblad
arsebul
urTierTqmedebs
fizikur,
socialur
da
bunebis
mqonea,
zogierTi
ki
araadaptaciuri
da
xSirad
specifikuri
da
araspecifikuri
reaqciebis
paterni,
iqneba
Tqveni
reaqcia,
rodesac
SedixarT
klasSi
da
igebT,
rom
garkveul stress
yoveldRiur
mdgomareobebi,
magaliTebsac
romlebic
naTlad
Seesabameba.
gamoxatuli
agznebis
dasawyisiT
iseTi
da
droebiTi
dasasruliT
agznebis
droSi
ganfenili
mdgomareoba,
sadac
wayenebuli
moTxovnebi,
519
imis
is,
gamo,
rac
rom
gsurT.
ver
axerxebT
modiT,
gamonaxoT
vnaxoT,
rogor
dro,
raTa
reagirebs
gaakeToT
sxeuli
am
dawyebisa da
agznebis
xangrZlivi
mdgomareoba,
romlis
drosac
Tanaxmad,
es
reaqcia
mxolod
mamrobiTi
sqesisaTvis
aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
cxovelebi
da
adamianebi
safrTxeze.
man
aRmoaCina,
rom
nervul
da brZolisaTvis, an
gaqcevis
reaqcia
uwoda.
am
stresuli
reaqciis
centri
mdebareobs
gaxSireba
da
gaRrmaveba,
guliscemis
gaxSireba,
sisxlZarRvebis
iseTi
sxeulebrivi
funqciis
SesaCereblad,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
520
xolo
burTulebi
Zvlis
(raTa
tvini
stimulirdeba,
SeebrZolos
SesaZlo
gamoimuSavos
infeqcias);
Sededebas Seuwyos
ufro
RviZli
meti
TeTri
stimulirdeba,
hipofizi
gamoyofiT,
reagirebs
romlebsac
tiroTropuli
hormoni
hipoTalamusidan
sasicocxlo
(tTh)
mosul
mniSvneloba
astimulirebs
signalebze
aqvT
ori
stresze
farisebr
hormonis
reaqciisaTvis.
jirkvals,
romelic
cnobilia,
rogorc
`stresis
Hhormoni,
astimulirebs
Tirkmelzeda
TiToeuli
garkveul
rols
asrulebs
sxeulis
brZolisTvis
521
Sinagani organoebi
- bronqebi farTovdeba
wnevas da guliscemas
sisxlZarRvebi
- dundeba Sardis buSti
misi
kolegebis
bolodroindeli
analizi
(2000)
aCvenebs,
rom
stresze
magaliTad,
rodesac
ganvixilavdiT,
aRvniSneT,
rom
gansxvavebulia,
nawilobriv,
im
me-12
qalisa
TavSi
adamianis
da
mamakacis
fardobiTi
rolebis
seqsualur
qcevas
dawyvilebis strategiebi
gamo,
rasac
qalebi
da
522
`zrunva da
yoveldRiurad
ganicdian
rogorc
qalebi,
ise
kacebi,
stresze
garedan
wamosuli
safrTxis
dasaxvedrad,
amJamad
ukve
reaqciebs
iseT
mavne
agentebze,
rogoricaa
baqteriuli
infeqciebi,
stadia
xanmokle
gangaSis reaqciebi
romlebic
amzadeben
aris
sxeuls
sxeulebrivi
energiuli
523
organizms
SeuZlia
erTxans
kidev
aitanos
winaaRmdegoba
da
gauwios
suraTze.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi _ araspecifikur adaptaciur fiziologiur
meqanizmTa
paterni,
romelic
vlindeba
TiTqmis
yovelgvari
seriozuli
safrTxes
uqmnis
imunuri
adaptaciuri
sindromis
amgvari
gageba
sistemis
Rirebuli
integrirebulobas.
aRmoCnda
zogadi
fsiqosomaturi
aixsneba,
daavadebis
im
eqimebis
mizezad.
is,
gasakvirad,
rac
kargad
romlebic
stress
emsaxureba
arasdros
sxeuls
miiCnevdnen
mwvave
stresTan
gamokvleva
daavadebas
warmogvidgens,
rogorc
gardauval
reaqcias
Teoriis
kombinireba
fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis
Sesaxeb
524
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis
tvinovani Sris gadideba
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis
tvinovani Sris SekumSva
limfuri struqturebis
gadideba/disfunqcia
limfuri sistemis
gadideba
sisxlSi hormonTa
Semcvelobis mateba
sisxlSi hormonTa
Semcvelobis mateba
limfuri kvanZebis
normalur zomaze
dabruneba
adptaciuri hormonebis
amowurva
reaqcia specifikur
stresorze
sisxlSi hormonTa
Semcvelobis SenarCuneba
maRali fiziologiuri
agzneba
avtonomiuri nervuli
sistemis parasimpatikuri
nawilis neitralizeba
afeqturi gancda _
xSirad depresia
avadmyofoba
sikvdili
epinefrinis gamoyofa,
dakavSirebuli
fiziologiuri agznebis
da negatiuri afeqtis
maRal doneebTan
stresoris momatebuli
intensivobisadmi ufro
didi mgrZnobeloba
daavadebisadmi
momatebuli
mgrZnobeloba
(Tu gagrZelda, II
stadiidan amoqmeddeba
zogadi adaptaciuri
sindromis ufro neli
komponentebi)
amtanoba stresoris
mimarT, Semdgomi
damasustebeli
efeqtebisadmi
winaaRmdegoba
stresisadmi momatebuli
mgrZnobeloba
Tu
stresoris
moqmedeba
grZeldeba,
gangaSis
reaqciis
sxeulebrivi
525
situaciaSi
momxdari
cvlilebebi
umniSvnelovanesi
mravali
Cveuli
msvlelobis
Zireul
cvlilebas
da
axal
moTxovnebTan
wyaroc
aris,
vinaidan,
garkveulad,
aqveiTebs
qorwinebiT
gamowveul
kmayofilebas (Cowan & Cowan, 1988; Levenson et al., 1993). amrigad, rodesac cdilobT,
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs daukavSiroT, saWiroa rogorc
pozitiuri, ise negatiuri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba.
cxovrebiseuli
seriozuli
movlenebis
kvlevis
sagnad
gavlena
iqca.
fsiqikur
kvleva
da
daiwyo
fizikur
1960-ian
janmrTelobaze
wlebSi,
rodesac
sakmaod
Scale),
martivi
instrumenti
adaptaciis
donis
Sesafaseblad,
mdgomareobis
romlebsac
sTxoves,
da
a.S.
mieTiTebinaT
zrdasrul
adamianTa
cxovrebiseul
pasuxebis
movlenaTa
safuZvelze,
nusxidan
romeli
variantSi
maCveneblebTan
SedarebiT,
LCU-s
anu
Sefasebebi
1990-iani
gaizarda
wlebis
45%-iT
gamokvlevaTa
Tavdapirvel
monawileebi
526
13.1
warmoadgens
am
skalis
modificirebul
variants
kolejis
mravali
xerxi
mdgomareobas
monawile
virusiT
aRmoaCines
Soris
moxaliseebi
inficirebaze.
cxovrebiseul
mimarTebis
gamosavlenad.
nebayoflobiT
is
movlenebsa
monawileebi,
da
erT-erT
Tanxmdebodnen
romlebsac
surdos
negatiur
Seavsebines
fsiqologiis
kurss
es
skala
gadiodnen
da
studentebs,
romlebsac
romlebic
sakurso
janmrTelobis
naSromi
unda
da
semestris
bolos
fizikuri
daavadebis
ramden
simptoms
527
vxedavT,
`saqmis
gadamdeblebi~
semestris
dasawyisSi
aRniSnavdnen
avadmyofobis nakleb, xolo semestris bolos _ met simptoms, vidre maTi `saqmis
argadamdebeli~ Tanatolebi (Tice & Baumeister, 1997).
cxrili 13.1.
13. stresis skala studentebisaTvis
romelic
warmoadgens
readaptaciis
sidides,
rac
cxovrebiseuli
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis
erTeulebi
100
73
mSobelTa ganqorwineba
65
patimroba
63
63
daqorwineba
58
samsaxuridan daTxovna
50
47
45
orsuloba
45
seqsualuri problemebi
44
40
39
39
problemebi mSoblebTan
39
38
37
528
36
35
31
30
29
29
29
28
26
26
26
kolejis gamocvla
24
23
20
___ (TariRi)
monacemi sul
Cemi mesame
(TariRi)
monacemi sul
(TariRi)
stress
`saqmis
aridebas
da
avadmyofobis
gadamdeblebis~
semestris
bolosaken
simptomebs
mier
semestris
semestris
fizikur
dasawyisSi
dasawyisSi
daavadebaTa
ganicdian.
stresisagan
mkveTri
zrda
Tavis
mosdevs.
gamodis, rom isini, savaraudod, cudad grZnoben Tavs swored im momentSi, roca
janmrTelad
yofna
esaWiroebaT,
raTa
yvela
dawyebuli
saqme
warmatebiT
itovebT,
sasurvelia,
konsultantTan,
rom
konsultacia
qceva
miiRoT
SeicvaloT.
fsiqologTan,
Tqveni
niSnebi
an
da
mkvlevrebma
gadamdeblebi
daadgines,
da
saqmis
rom
arsebobs
argadamdebeli
studenTa
ori
studentebi.
kategoria:
studentebs
saqmis
sTxoves,
529
magram
rogorc
vvaraudobdiT,
saqmis
gadadebis
moyvarulebi
romelic
negatiuria
da,
amasTanave,
umarTavi,
moulodneli
da
Cans
Zimbardo) ixsenebs, rom igi 1989 wels beisbolSi msoflios Cempionats eswreboda,
rodesac katastrofuli miwisZvra moxda:
daaxloebiT
san-franciskos
800
zonidan
respondenti
da
ramdenime
SemTxveviTobis
principiT
moSorebuli
qalaqidan.
katastrofis
fsiqologiurma
efeqtma
TiTqos
gadaiara
adamianTa
530
katastrofaze
axali
adamianTa
katastrofis
reaqciebis
oklahoma
sitis
ganzogadeba
dabombvis
daexmara
Sedegebis
da
incestis
msxverplni,
TviTmfrinavisa
da
seriozuli
matravmirebeli
movlenebi
piradad
ganicades,
SeiZleba
emociurad
aris
matravmirebeli
stresze
reaqcia,
movlenis
mudmivi,
romlis
drosac
akviatebuli
individi
gancdiT,
itanjeba
magaliTad,
e.w.
mimarT
da
reaqciiT
gamowveul
simptomTa
mateba,
sxva
adamianebTan
emociur
rogoricaa
tkivils
Zilis
gaucxoebis
SeuZlia
problemebi,
grZnobas.
gamoiwvios
gadarCenis
sabolood,
am
sxvadasxvagvar
gamo
danaSaulis
Zaladobis
msxverplni
xSirad
avlenen
posttravmuli
stresis
elisi: _ me SokSi karga xnis manZilze viyavi, SemeZlo laparaki faqtze, rom
gaupatiurebis msxverpli var, magram emociebma Tavi mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg
iCina.
beTi: _ pirveli ori kviris manZilze CemTan iyo xalxi, vinc SerCeuli myavda
Cemi ambis mosayolad da romlebmac Zalze, Zalze didi mxardaWera aRmomiCines;
ori kviris Semdeg ki maT TiTqos aseTi ram sTqves: _ `Zalian kargi, is ukve
gamovida mdgomareobidan da Cven SegviZlia wavideT~, magram mere da mere grZnob,
531
rom kidev ufro meti mxardaWera gWirdeba, radgan drois gasvlasTan erTad metad
acnobiereb Sens emociebs da imasac, rom saWiroa maTTan gamklaveba.
elisi: _ aris momenti, roca uaryof, rom es moxda. Sen TiTqos mTlianad
iviwyeb amas.
beTi: es imdenad ararealuria, ar ginda daijero, rom es marTla moxda, an, rom
es SeiZleba momxdariyo; Semdeg SiSis da brazis xangrZlivi periodi modis.
elisi: _ Zalian meSinoda, rom kvlav sirbili unda damewyo (elisi sirbilSi
varjiSis dros gaaupatiures). mas Semdeg, rac gamaupatiures, sruliad Sevwyvite
yovelgvari fizikuri varjiSi. am meoTxedSi isev daviwye, magram yovelTvis, roca
gavdivar sarbenad, SiSi ar mSordeba. guliscema miormagdeba. cxadia, marto ukve
aRar davrbivar, magram dRemde SiSi mainc mudmivad Tan mdevs.
beTi: _ kidev iseTi grZnoba gaqvs, TiTqos yvela Senma megobarma giRalata.
vnaxulob xolme sizmars, rom Cemi oTaxis gareT maupatiureben. sizmarSi yvelani
iyurebian
TavianTi
fanjrebidan.
saxeebs
Zalian
naTlad
vxedav.
yvela
Cemi
xedavs
ra
xdeba,
magram
saqmeSi
aravin
ereva.
viRviZeb
da
ukidures
matravmirebeli
Semawuxebeli
mogonebebis,
`gamonaTebebis~
saxiT;
movlenis
mudmivad
sizmrebis,
viTardeba
ganmeorebadi
halucinaciebis
gaupatiurebis,
da
gancdiT
disociaciuri
sicocxlisaTvis
saSiSi
katastrofis
SeiZleba,
aseve,
Semdeg
ganagrZon
da
Semcirdes
arseboba
da
ramdenime
Camoyalibdnen
TveSi.
am
qronikul
reaqciebma
sindromad,
romelsac narCeni stresis paterni ewodeba (Silver & Wortman, 1980). es SeiZleba
gagrZeldes
stresis
aSlilobebi
aReniSnebaT
es
monacemebi amtkicebs, rom zogierTi saxis mwvave stresisgan yvela rodi `ikurneba~
(Wortman & Silver, 1989; Wortman et al., 1993).
qronikuli stresorebi
532
gamoxatuli
qronikuli,
anu
dasawyisisa
droSi
da
ganfenili
dasasrulis
stresorebi.
mqone
rac
da,
meore
Seexeba
mxriv,
fsiqologiur
dakavSirebuli
stresi
SeiZleba
qronikuli
gaxdes.
mkvlevrebma
arian
gamowveuli
avad
SfoTvis
daZlevasTan
kibos
dakavSirebul
diagnoziT
da
mkurnalobiT
qronikul
stress
SeuZlia,
adamianisaTvis
pirobebiT
aris
qronikuli
gamowveuli.
stresi
ra
sazogadoebrivi
kumulaciuri
viTarebebiT
efeqti
aqvs
da
Tqvenze
mosaxleobis siWarbes, kriminals, ekonomikur pirobebs, haeris dabinZurebas, Sidsisa da terorizmis safrTxes? rogor zemoqmedeben aRniSnuli da garemos sxva
stresorebi
Tqvens
fsiqikurad
kargad
yofnaze? adamianTa
zogierTi
jgufi
gacilebiT
ufro
maRali
koeficienti
aqvT,
vidre
TeTrkanian
sisxlis
stresis
diskriminaciuli
maRali
wneva
Sedegia,
rasobrivi
afro-amerikelTa
romelsac
crurwmena
iwvevs
(prejudice):
Soris,
maT
rogorc
mimarT
Cans,
arsebuli
dabalstatusiani
samuSao,
Seicavs
(Lobel,
naadrevi
1994;
Lobel
mSobiarobisa
et
al.,1992).
da
mcirewoniani
amgvarad,
siRaribisa
bavSvis
da
gaCenis
rasobrivi
533
SedarebiT
200%-ze
naklebi
ojaxis
Semosavali.
1994
wlis
momzadeba,
sayidlebi
da
dabana
dakavSirebul
fizikur
mdgomareobaSi
samjer
namyofi
adamianebi
samjer
ufro
xSirad
cinikurad
mtrulad
ganwyobilni
da
optimizms
moklebulebi
da
cudi
janmrTelobiT,
mkvlevrebma
warmoadgines
monacemebi
im
dros
bolodroindeli
Semosavlebs
da
iyo
kargi,
an
Zalian
ekonomikuri
da
politikuri
sul
ufro
met
kargi.
bavSvs
mkvlevrebma
strategia
aiZulebs,
daaskvnes,
rom
zrdis
araTanabar
icxovros
xangrZliv
534
bavSvebis
jgufSi
da,
amasTan,
zomavdnen
maT
inteleqts
testis
IQ
zegavlena
aqvs
bavSvebis
kognitur
aqtivobaze
(cognitive performance).
es
yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
dagveTanxmebiT, rom sayvarel adamianTan urTierTobis gawyvetas, miwisZvras an
diskriminaciul crurwmenas (prejudiss) namdvilad SeuZlia stresis gamowveva, magram
ras ityviT ufro sust stresorebze, romlebsac yoveldRiurad ganicdiT? ra
SegemTxvaT guSin? albaT, arc ganqorwindiT da arc avtokatastrofaSi sikvdils
gadaurCiT.
ufro
SesaZloa,
dagagviandaT
akrZalul
adgilze
dagifrTxoT.
es
savaraudoa,
rom
dagekargaT
mniSvnelovan
dayenebisaTvis,
yvelaferi
aris
rveulebi,
Sexvedraze
an
kidev,
an
an
dagajarimes
xmaurianma
ganmeorebadi
saxelmZRvanelo.
manqanis
mezobelma
yoveldRiuri
Zili
stresorebi,
gamokvlevam,
romelSic
TeTrkaniani,
saSualo
klasis
usiamovnebebs
erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
(Zireul
cxovrebiseul
da
fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba
(Lazarus,1981;
1984b).
mkvlevrebma
aCvenes,
rom
yoveldRiuri
usiamovnebebi
535
mkvlevrebma
yoveldRiuri
sTxoves
sabavSvo
usiamovnebebi.
am
baRis
74
aRsazrdels,
informaciis
aReweraT
mosapoveblad
TavianTi
mkvlevrebi
ekiTxebodnen bavSvebs, moxda Tu ara bolo erTi Tvis manZilze iseTi ram maT
cxovrebaSi, rogoricaa `raRacis dakargva~, an `vinmeze gabrazeba~. mas Semdeg,
rac ganisazRvra, moxda Tu ara TiToeuli es movlena, bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen,
imoqmeda Tu ara maTze am movlenam cudad. ase rom, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebis
sazomSi aisaxeboda, Tu ramdenad ganicdida bavSvi TiToeuli am movlenisagan
gamowveul stress. bavSvebze yoveldRiuri stresebis zegavlenis dasadgenad,
mkvlevrebma sTxoves bavSvebis mSoblebs da aRmzrdelebs, aReniSnaT ramdenad
cudad iqceodnen bavSvebi. Sedegebma aCvena dadebiTi korelacia yoveldRiur
usiamovnebebsa da qcevis problemebs Soris: _ saSualod, bavSvebi, romelTa
cxovreba
ufro
metad
iyo
datvirTuli
usiamovnebebiT,
qcevaSi
ufro
met
bavSvi
ukve
ganicdis
stresis
garkveul
dones,
rac
uaryofiT
SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli
fokusirebas Cven, ZiriTadad, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebze vaxdendiT, magram isic
unda iTqvas, rom mravali adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi yoveldRiuri
dadebiTi gancdebiT balansirdeba (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
gancdebis fardobiTi balansi SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes janmrTelobis
mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, erT-erT gamokvlevaSi 96 kacs pozitiuri da negatiuri
movlenebis yoveldRiur angariSs sTxovdnen. am kacebs, agreTve, yoveldRiurad
umowmebdnen imunuri reaqciis siZlieres. Sedegebma aCvenes, rom sasurveli
cxovrebiseuli movlenebi kavSirSi iyo ufro Zlier imunur reaqciasTan, xolo
arasasurveli movlenebi _ ufro sust reaqciasTan (Stone et al., 1994). amrigad, Tu
gvinda cxovrebis Semdgomi mimdinareobis winaswarmetyveleba, yoveldRiur
usiamovnebebis
gaTvaliswineba
sakmarisi
ar
aris,
saWiroa,
vicodeT
is
yoveldRiuri siamovnebebic, rasac cxovreba gvTavazobs.
Cven ukve mimovixileT adamianTa cxovrebaSi stresis mravali wyaro.
fsiqologebi sakmaod didi xnis winaTac xvdebodnen, rom am sxvadasxva tipis
stresorTa gavlena, didwilad, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad
SeuZlia adamians, Tavi gaarTvas maT. axla ganvixiloT, ramdenad warmatebulad Tu
warumateblad umklavdebian adamianebi stress.
stresis daZleva
Tu
cxovrebaSi
stresebi
gardauvalia
da
Tu
qronikul
stress
SeuZlia
536
daZlevis
principebs,
ise
reaqciaTa
specifikur
tipebs;
aRvwerT
intervenciebs.
rogorc
dabolos,
daZlevis
ganvixilavT
zogad
zogierT
stresis Sefaseba
stresul situaciebTan gamklavebisas, pirveli nabijia, gansazRvroT, ramdenad
stresulni arian isini sinamdvileSi. kognituri Sefaseba (ix. gv. X) aris stresoris
kognituri
interpretacia
da
raodenobrivi
Sefaseba.
kognituri
Sefaseba
imisda
mixedviT,
konkretuli
Tu
moTxovnis
rogoria
Tqveni
mimarTeba
piradi
Tqvens
cxovrebiseuli
ZiriTad
miznebTan,
romelic
iwvevs
mwvave
distress
erT
adamianSi,
SeiZleba
537
gasamklaveblad
resursebs
da
grZeldeba
manam,
gansazRvravT
sanam
xdeba
Tqvens
xelT
saWiro
arsebul
moqmedebis
gamklavebis
pirovnul
da
socialur
SesaZleblobebs.
reaqciebis
mosinjva.
Tu
Sefaseba
pirveli
sakvanZo kiTxvebi
1. gamowvevis Sefaseba
2. alternativebis mimoxilva
3. alternativebis awon-dawona
- ganvaxorcielo saukeTeso
alternativa da sxvebsac gavumxilo?
538
Tu
ramdenad
Seesabameba
kognituri
Sefaseba
Semanelebeli
cvladis
ra
tipis
daZlevis
reaqciebis
gamoyeneba
dagWirdebaT.
axla
ganvixiloT
SeafaseT
situacia
da
sruliad
darwmunebuli
xarT,
rom
es
aris
uSaulo
dapirispireba
problemaze
mimarTuli
daZleva
Tu
magaliTi
brZola (safrTxis ganadgureba,
moSoreba, an Sesusteba)
539
Cveulebriv
problemuri
situaciisTvis
mzadyofnis
strategia.
es
Ria
qceviT;
aseve,
problemis
racionalurad
gadaWris
an
Sesamcireblad.
kontrolirebadi
Secvla,
an
problemis
stresorebis
Semcireba
gadaWris
samarTavad
SesaZlebelia
iseTi
amgvari
_
anu
mcdelobebi
stresorebisa,
moqmedebiT.
rogoricaa,
fokusirebuli
midgoma
ukeTesia
arakontrolirebadi stresorebis
540
unda
mravalferovani
advilad
Seesabamebodes
strategiebis
moaxerxebT
am
aRqmul
floba
moTxovnas.
adapturia,
Sesabamisobis
miRwevas
amrigad,
radgan,
da
dagexmarebaT,
gazardoT
TqvenSi
realuri
unari,
savaraudod,
stresul
daZlevis
ufro
movlenasTan
strategiebs flobT,
daakmayofiloT
garemodan
winaSe?
stresoris
gadafasebis
erT-erTi
teqnika
aseTia:
Seamcirebs
maT
SiSismomgvrel
Zalas.
SfoTavT
imis
gamo,
rom
541
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT stresis marTva imiT, rom SecvaloT is, rasac sakuTar
Tavs
eubnebiT mis
bihevioristma
1977,1985,1993)
inokulacias
Sesaxeb
da
SecvaloT
fsiqoTerapevtma
donald
SemogvTavaza
(acras)
samfaziani
iTvaliswinebs.
masTan
mopyrobis
(Donald
maihenbaumma
procesi,
fazaSi
xerxi.
Meichenbaum,
amgvar
stresis
cdiloben
sakuTari
romelic
adamianebi
kognitur-
`gamimarTla,
profesorma
swored
maSin
gamiZaxa,
roca
teqsti
samfaziani
gamonaTqvamebis
midgoma
inicirebas,
gulisxmobs
romlebic
reaqciebis
da
SeuTavsebelia
sakuTari
aqamde
Tavis
Sesaxeb
ganxorcielebul
momzadeba
me SemiZlia SevimuSavo misi daZlevis gegma.
542
saidan viciT
stresis inokulaciis treningi tkivilis samarTavad
am gamokvlevaSi monawileoba
moxvda
samkurnalo
jgufSi,
sadac
reabilitaciis
Cveulebriv
zemoT
aRwerili
danarCenma
kognituri
ocdaaTma
restruqturizaciis
mamakacma
mxolod
teqnikebis
reabilitaciis
543
gancdis
subieqturi
Sefasebebi
mkurnalobis
dawyebamde
da
Semdeg,
aTive
daavadebis
mimdinareobaze,
an
daavadebis
yoveldRiur
simptomebze
SemTxvevaSic
ki,
rogoric
aris
Sidsi,
sulieri
da
fizikuri
an
Sedegebis
Secvla;
xSirad
sasargebloa
stresorebTan
gamklavebisas.
socialuri mxardaWera,
mxardaWera, rogorc stresis daZlevis resursi
socialuri
mxardaWera
aris
sxvebis
mimarT
gaweuli
daxmareba,
romelic
amcnobs adamians, rom igi uyvarT, masze zrunaven, afaseben da rom igi sxva
adamianebTan urTierTobisa da urTierTvaldebulebebis qselSia CarTuli (Cohen &
Syme, 1985).Dsocioemociuri mxardaWeris am formebis garda garSemomyof adamianebs
544
ukukavSiri,
informacia)
uzrunvelyofa.
nebismieri
adamiani,
gamokvleva
miuTiTebs
stresisadmi
mowyvladobis
SemcirebaSi
socialuri mxardaWeris Zalaze (Cohen & McKay, 1983). rodesac adamianebs hyavT
xalxi, visac SeuZliaT mimarTon, isini ukeT axerxeben gaumklavdnen samsaxurebriv
stresebs,
umuSevrobas,
ojaxis
seriozul
mxardaWeris
daregulirebas;
daavadebebsa
pozitiuri
maT
da
sxva
sakuTar yoveldRiur
socialuri
movlenebis
rRvevas,
efeqtebi
SeuZliaT
scildeba
diagnostirebuli
Semcireba
Seiswavleboda
Tirkmlis
mZime
daavadebis
mqone
erT-erT
avadmyofTa
gamokvlevaSi
sikvdilianobis
kibos
da
iseTi
arakatastrofuli
daavadebebis
mqone
pacientebTan,
545
optimaluri
tipi
gansxvavebulia
stresis
sxvadasxa
wyarosTvis.
SegiZliaT
daavadebulTaTvis,
vidre
arakatastrofuli
daavadebebis
mqone
avadmyofebisaTvis?
sur. 13.10. socialuri mxardaWeris Rirebuleba
aRqmuli socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc diagnozis funqcia
(Martin
et.al.,
1994,
kiboTi
daavadebuli
pacientebis
monacemebi
aRebulia
Dakof&Taylor, 1990).
Casasmelia grafiki
mkvlevrebi, agreTve, cdiloben gansazRvron, Tu rodis iwveven mxardaWeris
wyaroebi realurad SfoTvis gazrdas. magaliTad, Tu vinme daJinebiT gTavazobT
eqimTan daniSnul Sexvedraze, an kolejis gasaubrebaze wamoyolas maSin, roca
Tqven marto wasvla girCevniaT, amis gamo SeiZleba damatebiTi SfoTva ganicadoT
(Coyne et al., 1988); aseve, seriozuli daavadebis mqone avadmyofebs, SesaZloa, ar
SeeZloT maT socialur wreSi arsebuli am adamianebis molodinebis gamarTleba.
socialuri mxardaWera _ sxva adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan
gamklavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio-emociuri da informaciuli
mxardaWera.
saidan viciT
molodinebi da qronikul daavadebasTan adaptacia
mkvlevrebi amowmebdnen, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofebis mier
garSemomyof adamianTa molodinebis aRqma daavadebasTan maT adaptaciaze.
avadmyofebs Tirkmlebis daavadebis bolo stadia hqondaT, yvelas sWirdeboda
dializi. mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen maT, rom skalaze (`srulebiT ar veTanxmebi~-dan
`srulebiT veTanxmebi~-mde) SeefasebinaT iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `xandaxan vgrZnob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan, rom
gacilebiT ukeT moverevi Cems daavadebas, vidre es realurad SemiZlia~ da
`zogjer vfiqrob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan sakuTar
mkurnalobaze meti pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, vidre es realurad SemiZlia~.
mkvlevrebi, aseve, zomavdnen, Tu ramdenad kargad axerxebdnen pacientebi
avadmyofobis daZlevas. Sedegebma aCvena Zlieri dadebiTi korelacia
molodinebsa da distresis xarisxs Soris. magaliTad, pacientebTan, romlebic
sakuTari ojaxisa da megobrebis molodinebs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc
gadaWarbebuls, ufro mosalodneli iyo Civili depresiasa da cxovrebis dabal
xarisxTan dakavSirebiT (Hatchett et al.,1997).
rogorc Cans, pacientebis megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi yvelafers akeTebdnen
maTTvis mxardaWeris uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca, maTi molodinebi pacientebisadmi
zrdida am ukanasknelTa distress.
546
stresors,
rogoricaa
cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebebi,
yoveldRiuri
gansazRvris
mizniT.
safrTxis
mimarT
adamianebi
iyeneben
stresis
SeuZliaT,
stresTan
reaqciebis
Sesaxeb
gamklaveba
codnis
stresoris
xelaxali
restruqturizaciiT.
SefasebiT,
stresis
an
inokulaciis
stresze
(acris)
treningi (stress inoculation training) warmoadgens kogniciaTa restruqturizaciis erTerT programas. adamianebi ukeTesad axerxeben stresis daZlevas, rodesac grZnoben,
rom akontroleben situacias. socialuri mxardaWera saukeTesoa maSin, rodesac
Tanxvdeba
individis
SesaZloa, uaryofiTi
547
ra
wvlili
SeaqvT
gancdaSi?
Cven
ukve
kiTxvaze
iqneba
fsiqikur
procesebs
warmogidgineT
`sakmaod
avad
sakmarisi
didi~.
da
kargad
sabuTebi
yofnis
imisa,
janmrTelobisaTvis
rom,
(wellness)
pasuxi
fsiqologiuri
am
da
fsiqologiis
dargi,
adamianebi
ganviTarebas.
romelic
janmrTelobis
mowodebulia
janmrTelobas;
ratom
imis
fsiqologia
dasadgenad,
xdebian
isini
avad
aris
Tu
rogor
da
rogor
(mind)
energiulobis
zogad
terminebiT.
mdgomareobas,
es
ar
romelic
aris
aRiwereba
ubralod
daavadebis,
siZlierisa
an
da
dazianebis
principebi
avadmyofobis
mkurnalobasa
da
janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebisaTvis.
kulturisTvis
winamdebare
damaxasiaTebeli
Tavi
gankurnebis
daviwyeT
ritualis
venesuelis
magaliTiT.
varaos
rogorc
548
sulier
simSvides,
saTnoebas,
idealur
ojaxur
urTierTobebs,
daavadebas,
avadmyofobasa
da
kargad
yofnas
miawerdnen
socialur
xelovnebasa
da
xelobaSi,
sxeulisa
da
sulis
sijansaRes.
boroti
ocnebebis
gamo.
tradiciuli
gankurnebis
ceremonia
avadmyofobas
danaSaulad),
romelic
aramed
unda
orientacia
miiCnevs
ara
ganixilavs,
aRikveTos
garantias
rogorc
Temuri
iZleva,
avadmyofis
pirad
ufro
gankurnebis
rom
Zlieri
pasuxismgeblobad
zogadi
disharmoniis
ritualebiT.
socialuri
es
(da
niSans,
kulturuli
mxardaWeris
qseli
biofsiqosocialuri modelisken
Cven axlaxan vnaxeT, rom aradasavlur kulturebSi gankurnebis praqtika xSirad
varaudobs sxeulsa da gonebas Soris kavSiris arsebobas. amis sapirispirod,
Tanamedrove mecnieruli azrovneba, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba biosamedicino models,
romelic
sxeulisa
da
gonebis
dualisturi
koncefciiT
xelmZRvanelobs.
am
daiwyes
urTierTqmedebaTa
tipebis
aRnusxva,
romelTa
SemTxvevaSi
549
cxovrebiseul
funqcionirebaze;
adamianebi
met-naklebad
moqnilebi
arian
stresis
sikvdilis
albaToba.
amgvari
gaazrebis
Sedegad
Camoyalibda
janmrTelobas
psychologist)
mravalganzomilebian
movlenas.
ganixilavs,
optimaluri
rogorc
janmrTeloba,
anu
dinamikur
kargad
yofna
da
garemos
an
aspeqtebs.
adreul
rodesac
etapze
misi
axorcielebT
gamovlenis
qmedebebs
mizniT,
daavadebis
Tqven
avlenT
warmoadgens
fsiqologiuri
codnis
gamoyeneba
kargad
yofnasa
da
xelSewyoba
niSnavs
zogadi
strategiebisa
da
konkretuli
praqtikosma
eqimebma
sazogadoebrivi
janmrTelobis
sazogadoebrivi
ganaTlebis,
wamoiwyes
dacvis
pirveli
sistemaSi
vaqcinebis
revolucia
(public
ganviTarebisa
health).
da
amerikul
kvlevebis,
sazogadoebrivi
iseTi
daavadebebis
SemTxvevaSi,
rogoricaa
gripi,
tuberkulozi,
550
mixedviT,
kognituri
nervuli
procesebisa
da
sistemis,
garemo
imunuri
sistemis,
faqtorebis
qceviTi
urTierTkavSirma
stilis,
SeiZleba
romelic
miznad
isaxavs
adamianTa
avad
gaxdomis
riskis
gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
am codnaze dayrdnobiT, advilia garkveuli rekomendaciebis mocema, magram
ufro sasurvelia, SeinarCunoT janmrTeloba iseTi kargi Cvevebis SemuSavebiT,
romlebic
CamoTvlilia
13.6
cxrilSi.
bevri
maTgani,
albaT,
ukve
nacnobia
albaTobis
gasazrdelad,
rom
Tqven
marTla
gaakeTebT
imas,
rac
sikvdilianobis procenti
sikvdilis mizezi
31.0
gulis daavadeba
23.2
kibo
6.8
dambla
4.8
4.2
1.9
mxolod avtoavariebi
551
3.9
pnevmonia da gripi
2.8
diabeti
1.3
TviTmkvleloba
1.1
Tirkmlebis daavadebebi
10
1.1
moweva
SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom nebismierma, vinc ki waikiTxa es wigni, ar
icoda, rom moweva Zalian saxifaToa. yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 400000 adamiani
kvdeba mowevasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT. aSS-Si yovelwliurad kiboTi
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa 30%-ze meti swored Tambaqos moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli
(Skaar et al., 1997). miuxedavad amisa, 60 milioni adamiani aSS-Si jer kidev eweva.
mwevelTa 70% ambobs, rom surs mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba, magram ver axerxebs
(daavadebaTa kontrolisa da prevenciis centri, 1997). janmrTelobis fsiqologebs
ainteresebT orive sakiTxi: _ (1) ratom iwyeben adamianebi mowevas _ amiT
fsiqologebi SeZleben mis prevencias da (2) rogor daexmaron adamianebs
mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebaSi _ riTic adamianebi SeZleben miiRon `eqsmwevelad~
gadaqcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani sargebeli.
cxrili 13.6. aTi nabiji pirovnuli keTildReobisken
1. regularulad ivarjiSeT.
2. miiReT noyieri, balansirebuli sakvebi (mdidari bostneuliT, xiliT,
marcvleuliT, naklebi cximiTa da qolesteriniT).
3. SeinarCuneT optimaluri wona.
4. iZineT 7-8 saaTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi, daisveneT yoveldRe.
5. mgzavrobisas
isargebleT
usafrTxoebis
RvedebiT
da
velosipedis
CafxutiT.
6. ar moswioT sigareti da ar miiRoT narkotikebi.
7. zomierad an saerTod ar miiRoT alkoholi.
8. iqonieT mxolod daculi, usafrTxo sqesobrivi urTierTobebi.
9. regularulad gaiareT samedicino-stomatologiuri Semowmebebi; daicaviT
samedicino reJimi.
10. CamoiyalibeT optimisturi damokidebuleba da SeiZineT megobrebi.
analizi imisa, Tu ratom iwyebs zogierTi adamiani mowevas, fokusirdeba
pirovnul Tvisebebsa da socialur faqtorebze. individTa erT tips, romlebic
mowevis dawyebasTan arian dakavSirebulni uwodes SegrZnebaTa maZieblebi
552
daexmaros
TambaqosaTvis
Tavis
danebebis
Sesaswavlad
Catarebuli
kvlevebi maT, vinc ukve daiwyo moweva. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma adamianma, vinc
scada
mowevisTvis
Tavis
danebeba,
magram
SemdgomSi
kvlav
daubrunda
mas,
TambaqosaTvis Tavis
danebebis mzard mzadyofnas mowmobs (DiClemente et al., 1991; Prochaska et al., 1993):
gansjis
danebebaze;
gansja _ mweveli fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis danebebaze, Tumca, jer ar
axorcielebs cvlilebebs qcevaSi;
momzadeba _ mweveli ukve mzad aris, rom Tavi daanebos mowevas;
moqmedeba _ mweveli axorcielebs gansazRvrul qmedebebs dasaxuli qceviTi
miznebis misaRwevad;
SenarCuneba _ axla mweveli ukve aramwevelia da cdilobs am mdgomareobis
SenarCunebas.
mocemuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yvela mweveli fsiqologiurad erTnairi
ar aris mowevisTvis Tavis danebebis sakiTxSi. intervencia imgvarad unda iyos
dagegmili,
rom
iwvevdes
mwevelis
mzadyofnis
gazrdas
manam,
sanam
is
553
formas,
rogoricaa
nikotinis
plastiri
da
nikotinis
saReWi
rezinebi.
Zlieri
ltolvis
daZlevis
strategiebi,
romelic
Tan
axlavs
masze
mravali
stresoris
zemoqmedeba.
mowevasTan
dakavSirebiT
Sidsi
Sidsi _ es aris SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
aTasobiT adamiani kvdeba am saSineli daavadebiT, mravali adamiani cxovrobs aiv
infeqciiT. aiv (adamianis imunodeficitis virusi) aris virusi, romelic anadgurebs
sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (T limfocitebi), riTac azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs sxeulis unars, SeebrZolos sxva daavadebebs. individi mowyvladi xdeba
mTeli rigi sxva virusuli da baqteriuli infeqciebis mimarT, ramac SeiZleba
gamoiwvios sicocxlisaTvis iseTi saSiSi daavadebebi, rogoricaa kibo, meningiti
da
pnevmonia.
gamovlenamde
periodi
virusiT
(sainkubacio
Tavdapirveli
periodi)
SeiZleba
iyos
inficirebidan
xuTi
simptomebis
weliwadi,
an
meti.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aiv virusiT inficirebulTa did nawils ara aqvs Sidsi
(samedicino diagnozi), maT uwevT mudmivi stresis qveS cxovreba, rom nebismier
dros am saxifaTo daavadebam SeiZleba uecrad iCinos Tavi. dResdReobiT ukve
arsebobs
mkurnaloba,
romelic
SesaZlebels
xdis
Sidsis
sruli
siZlieriT
gamowveulia
SeZenili
virusiT,
imunodeficitis
romelic
sindromis
azianebs
imunur
abreviatura,
sindromi
sistemas
asustebs
da
554
permanentuli
cvlilebebis
Setanas
seqsualuri
qcevis
paternebsa
da
rogoricaa
fsiqologiuri
risk-faqtorebis
Sefaseba,
bihevioraluri
sareklamo
da
sainformacio
kampaniebis
SeqmnaSi
da
cvlilebebis
gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb)
da
steriluri
SpricebiT
sargeblobis
Taobaze;
motivacia
adamianebi
unda
iyvnen
motivirebulni
Sidsis
prevenciis
ganxorcielebisaTvis;
qceviTi
unar-Cvevebi
adamianebs
unda
aswavlon
miRebuli
codnis
praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.
ratomaa
aucilebeli
motivirebulni,
magram
samive
ar
komponenti?
iyvnen
adamianebi
informirebulni
da,
SeiZleba
iyvnen
piriqiT.,
maT
Zlier
SeiZleba
555
saxelwodebiT
`janmrTeli
adamianebi
2010~,
sadac
mocemulia
qcevebis
gansxvavebebis
Sesaxeb.
Semcireba
programas
janmrTelobis
aqvs
ori
zogadi
statusebs
Soris
mizani:
moxucebSi,
(1)
mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva
_
fenaSi
umciresobebsa
da
bavSvebSi
da
(2)
janmrTeli
cxovrebis
didi
energia
daxarjes
sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva
jgufebSi
sakiTxi
rom
gavagrZeloT,
ganvixiloT
ori
konkretuli
mizani
556
iwveven
gulisa
da
respiratoruli
sistemis
mdgomareobis
SeiZleba
janmrTelobis
fsiqologiis
codna
daexmaros
adamians
faqtobrivad,
varjiSis
dawyebisTvis
mzadyofnas
yuradReba,
ZiriTadad,
koncentrirebulia
im
winaaRmdegobebze,
relaqsaciaSi,
aumjobesebs
garegnobas).
rogorc
ki
individebi,
yuradRebis
koncentraciis
gadanacvleba
xdeba
winaaRmdegobidan
sargeblobaze.
rogor unda moaxerxoT gansjis wina (precontemplation) etapis daZleva, Tu Tqven
jer kidev ar varjiSobT regularulad? mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom adamianebs
SeuZliaT iswavlon strategiebi, romlebic saSualebas miscemT maT, daZlion
varjiSis
xelisSemSleli
dabrkolebebi
(Simkin&Gross,1994).
Tqven
SegiZliaT
557
www.health.gov/healthypeople
es `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~-is veb-gverdis misamarTia; Tqven SegiZliaT gaecnoT
programis 467 konkretul mizans.
mkurnaloba
mkurnaloba
fokusirebulia
gamojanmrTelebaSi
adamianis
avadmyofobis
daxmarebaze.
Cven
daregulirebasa
ganvixilavT
mkurnalobis
da
sam
romlebic
fsiqologiuri
ganvixilavT
saSualebas
teqnikebi
magaliTebs,
sxeulis
romlebSic
aZleven
adamianebs,
reaqciebis
gonebas
zustad
gasakontroleblad
SeuZlia
mniSvnelovani
gamoiyenon
dabolos
wvlilis
558
kvlevis
wakiTxvamde
SeiZleba
fiqrobdiT,
rom
is,
vinc
Zalian
miRebuli
monacemebi
gviCvenebs,
rom
avadmyofobaze
Zalian
Zlieri
arian
sakuTari
janmrTelobis
dacviT,
roca
sjeraT,
rom
awvdis;
rwmundeba,
rom
pacientma
gaigo
misi
naTqvami,
moqmedebs
samedicino
fsiqologiur
strategiebi,
daxmarebis
kvlevebze
aseve,
gaweva
dayrdnobiT,
gamoiyeneba
mkurnalobis
pacientis
eqimi-pacientis
mizniT
(Siegel,
damyolobis
1988).
ganviTarebis
TanamSromlobis
deficitis
komponentebs
moicavs.
fsiqologiur
strategiebs
SeuZliaT
bevri
adamiani
stresze
axla
daZabulobiT
ukve
bevr
janmrTelobis
reagirebs,
mkvlevars
miaCnia,
gaumjobeseba.
rac
kunTebis
rom
magaliTad,
daZabvasa
da
559
varjiSebi
adamianisaTvis
relaqsacia
yoveldRiuri
rogorc
am
Zliermoqmed
cxovrebis
qveynebSi,
ise,
antistresul
nawils
gansakuTrebiT,
reaqcias
warmoadgenen
bevri
dasavleTSi.
sruli
warmoadgens.
organizmis
relaqsaciuri
relaqsaciuri reaqcia aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis daZabuloba,
Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba (cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba
sunTqva (Benson&Stuart, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996), iklebs eleqtruli aqtivoba tvinSi
da mcirdeba garemomcveli samyarodan centralur nervul sistemaSi Semavali
stimulebis raodenoba. agznebadobis amgvari dabali donis dros xdeba stresidan
gamosvla. relaqsaciuri reaqciis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia oTxi piroba: _ (1)
wynari garemo, (2) daxuWuli Tvalebi, (3) komfortuli poza da (4) ganmeorebiTi
gonebrivi xerxi, rogoricaa mokle frazis mravaljeradi monotonuri gameoreba.
pirveli sami mdgomareoba amcirebs nervul sistemaSi Semaval signals, xolo
meoTxe _ asustebs mis Sinagan stimulacias.
bioukukavSiri aris TviTregulaciis teqnika, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
daniSnulebiT, magaliTad, sisxlis wnevis kontroli, Sublis kunTebis relaqsacia
(wneviT gamowveuli Tavis tkivilisas) da Zlieri gawiTlebis Semcirebac ki. am
teqnikis Semqmnelis, fsiqolog nil mileris (Neal Miller, 1978) mixedviT, bioukukavSiri
aris procedura, romliTac adamiani igebs, Cveulebriv, sust, an Sinagan reaqciebs
mkafio garegani signalebis mowodebiT. pacients SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dainaxos~
sakuTari
sxeulis
reaqciebi,
romelTa
monitoringi
da
gaZliereba
saTanado
an
bgeriT
signalebad
gardaqmnian;
amis
Semdeg
pacientis
amocanas
xelebi
Tbili
gaqvT,
xolo
rodesac
SfoTavT,
xelebi
gicivdebaT?
560
magaliTad,
erT
kvlevaSi
monawileebs
SeeZloT,
daenaxaT
TavianTi
TiTebis
zustad
ver
gansazRvraven
saSualebiTac
kanis
temperaturis
wnevas.
aseve,
ganagrZoben
isini,
im
fiziologiur
bioukukavSiris
imis
kvlevas,
Tu
treningi
ratom
meqanizms,
romlis
amcirebs
sisxlis
moqmedebs
treningi
reaqcia
aris
mdgomareoba,
rodesac
mcirdeba
kunTebis
aris
TviTregulaciis
teqnika,
romlis
drosac
individi
utardeboda,
eqsperimentuli
qvejgufi,
xolo
50
tradiciul
aseTive
avadmyofisagan
mkurnalobasTan
erTad,
Semdgari
erTi
wlis
daufaravad
gamoemJRavnebinaT
sakuTari
SiSebi
da
sxva
Zlieri
561
TvalsazrisiT
fsiqologiur
daxmarebas
iRebdnen.
im
pacientebs
mkurnalobas
jgufur
da
TerapiaSi
Soris,
romlebic
damatebiT
mxolod
samedicino
pacientTa
sicocxlis
romlebic
monawile
Tve.
kargad
fsiqologiurma
kontrolirebuli
mkurnalobam
kvlevis
SeiZleba
es
Sedegebi
gavlena
gviCvenebs,
moaxdinos
rom
daavadebis
rom
samedicino
mkurnaloba,
tradiciul
mkurnalobasTan
erTad,
am
saidumloze
saubars
SeuZlia
sagrZnoblad
gaaumjobesos
Tqveni
kvlevebidan.
gancdis
gamomwvev
amgvari
Sekaveba
fsiqologiurad
mZime
gadasamuSavebelia
da,
nebaze
miSvebis
dancdas
Tan
sdevs
fizikuri
da
fsiqologiuri
562
daavadeba
iwvevs
periferiuli
saxsrebis
qronikul
anTebas,
romelsac
Tan
seansebs SeiZleba
xeli
Seewyo
am
neitraluri
erTi
grZnobdnen
davalebis
SexedviT,
Tavs
Sesrulebas
gantvirTvis
davalebam
jgufis
mravali
mravalferovani
pacientebi
uaryofiTi
peizaJis
odnav
emocia
uaresad
aRZra.
Tumca,
jgufis
grZnobebis
(disclosure
group)
pacientebisaTvis
SedarebiT
ganmartoebiT,
magnitofonTan,
gamosamJRavneblad,
martivma
odnav
fsiqologiis
bolo
amocanas
warmoadgens
rekomendaciebis
uamrav
adamianTan
intensiurad
muSaobis
Sedegad.
emociuri
stresis
mkvlevarma,
sindroms,
romelic
pirovnuli
uwoda
gulisxmobs
realizaciis
warmomadgenlebi,
gamofitva.
gamofitva
emociur
Semcirebas,
romelTac
profesiuli
rasac
moeTxovebaT
gamofitva
gamofitvas,
warmoadgens
depersonalizacias
xSirad
ganicdian
Zalze
intensiuri
im
da
profesiis
urTierToba
563
xSir
gauaresebas,
gacdenasa
cud
da
kadrebis
urTierTobebs
denadobas,
TanamSromlebTan,
samuSaos
problemebs
Sesrulebis
ojaxSi
da
Schaufeli
sindromma
et
al.,
arnaxul
1993).
dones
dRes
muSa-mosamsaxureTa
miaRwia,
rac
Soris
organizaciuli
`gamofitvis~
`gamofitvis
Semcirebis,
samuSaos
organizaciul
Rirebulebebis, samuSaos
gaumarTavobaze,
moculobis
da
rac
organizaciuli miznebis,
waxalisebis struqturis
gadasinjvas
564
gansakuTrebiT,
1974).
am
gulis
mkvlevrebma
koronarul
daadgines
daavadebebs
ori
qceviTi
Soris
paterni,
elementebis
ayeneben
adamianebs
gamovlenazea
safrTxis
fokusirebuli,
winaSe.
pirovnuli
romlebic
yvelaze
maxasiaTeblebidan
tipis
aridebas. sasixaruloa is
qceviTi
paternis
faqti,
Sesasusteblad,
rom bihevioraluri
umravles
SemTxvevaSi
565
mogvcems
viwinaswarmetyveloT,
romel
individebs
aqvT
kiboTi
rogorebicaa:
gulisxmiereba,
simtkice,
an
sakuTari
Tavis
avtoritetebisadmi
morCileba
da
uaryofiTi
emociebis,
sulis~
pacientebTan
zemoqmedeba
(Reed et al.,
1994).
mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines
SidsiT
daavadebul
individebi,
romlebic
sakuTari
sikvdilis
stresis, an avadmyofobis
rom
janmrTelobisaTvis
mtkice
safuZveli
SeqmnaT.
cxra
safexuri
meti
566
gadaWarbebulad
gamoxatul
Sejibrs,
agresias,
mouTmenlobasa
da
qceviTi
paterni
qcevaTa
erToblioba,
romelic
saSualebas
sakuTari
reaqciebi,
azrebi
da
grZnobebi
Tqveni
megobrebis,
balansirebuli
droiTi
gancda,
rac
gagiadvilebT
moqnilad
Tavi.
iyaviT
orientirebuli
momavalze,
rodesac
raRacis gakeTebaa
567
grZnobebi
sxvebs).
aRricxuli
gqondeT
yvela
is
Tviseba,
romelic
wasvliT;
situaciaSi.
amJamad
sakuTari
Tavi
gadaulaxavi
sxvis
adgilas
problemebis
warmoidgineT
gadaWris
konfliqtur
gzebis
aRmosaCenad
zogjer
warumatebloba
da
imedgacrueba
gicavT
kidec
dagifaron
momavali
dacemisagan.
iswavleT
Secdomebze.
miiReT
mimarTeT
kvalificiuri
specialistis
rCevas.
zogjer
jansaRi
gasarTobebi.
gamoyaviT
dro
dasvenebisaTvis,
gansxvavebul
gamoiyeneT es Zala.
`grZnobaTa~
Zala,
raTa
akontroloT
sakuTari
cxovreba.
568
Sejameba
aradasavlur
xangrZlivi
kulturebSi
tradicia
gonebaze fsiqologiuri
arsebobs.
janmrTelobis
zemoqmedebis
gamoyenebis
biofsiqosocialur
modelSi
janmrTelobaSi.
janmrTelobis
fsiqologebi
iseTi
fsiqologiuri
fsiqologiis
midgoma
gulisxmobs
imis
analizs,
Tu
ratom
mosaxdenad. janmrTelobis
dacvis
samsaxuri
(health care
situations) iseTi unda iyos, rom eqimebma SeZlon, Tavi aaridon `gamofitvas~ da
darCnen sakuTari saqmiTa da klientebiT gatacebulni.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
emocia
emocia aris cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, kognitur Sefasebas da qceviT da eqspresiul reaqciebs.
rogorc evoluciis Sedegi, bazisuri emociuri reaqciebi yvela adamianisTvis
saerToa.
sxvadasxva
kulturebs
emociebis
gamoxatvis
marTebulobis
gansxvavebuli
standartebi aqvT.
klasikuri Teoriebi emociuri pasuxis iseT aspeqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
periferiuli
sxeulebrivi
reaqciebi,
an
centraluri
safuZvelia
cvlileba
da
garemos
biologiur,
fizikur
da
569
stresTan
gasamklaveblad
SeiZleba
kognituri
gadafasebisa
da
gadastruqturebis gamoyeneba.
avadmyofobis
mkurnalobasa
da
prevencias
eZRvneba.
janmrTelobisa
da
avadmyofobis
biofsiqosocialuri
modeli
adgens
avadmyofobis
prevencia
XXI
saukuneSi
mimarTulia
cxovrebis
wesis
avadmyofobis
fsiqosocialuri
mkurnaloba
pacientis
mkurnalobas
sxva
ganzomilebas amatebs.
qceviTi
paterniT
avadmyofobis
albaTobas
tipi C,
gansxvavebulad
ganicdian.
Semcirdes
maT
mxardamWer
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebiT.
suraTebi
gv.405
garemoSi
saTanado
situaciuri
570
moqalaqeebi,
romlebic
safosto
dawesebulebisagan
xmaurianad
571
stili
High monitors/low monitors- Zlieri/susti makontroleblebi
572
tipebiT kategorizacia
niSnebiT aRwera
niSnebi da memkvidreoba
humanisturi Teoriebi
( -is) Teoriebi
me-s (self
TviTpativiscema da TviTprezentacia
573
pirovnebis Sefaseba
obieqturi testebi
proeqciuli testebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
mixedviT,
romelsac
frenologia
eyrdnoboda,
tvinis
Zlierad
yovel
organos
ukavSirdeboda
iseTi
niSnebi,
rogoricaa
mSobluri
uflebis
micemiT.
Tu
Tqven
Svilebi
gyavT,
mudmiv
SfoTvas
574
Tu Tqven ver xvdebiT, Tu ratom unda iyos kavSiri Tqveni Tavis qalas formasa
da mSobluri siyvarulis unars Soris, maSin gagexardebaT imis gageba, rom
frenologia
savsebiT
diskreditirebul
iqna.
Tumca,
is
impulsi,
rasac
rac
maTi
cxovrebiseuli
mimarTulebebis
winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas miscems.
mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan Tqven, albaT, ukve Zlieri intuicia
gaqvT ganviTarebuli imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor funqcionirebs pirovneba.
rogoria Tqveni pirovnebis Teoria? gaixseneT vinme, visac WeSmaritad endobiT.
axla, gaixseneT vinme, visac Tqven piradad icnobT da is TqvenTvis misabaZi
magaliTia. warmoidgineT im adamianis Tvisebebi, visTan erTadac mTeli darCenili
sicocxlis gatarebas isurvebdiT da Semdeg imisa, visac dasanaxadac ver itanT.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, pirveli, rac dauyovnebliv mogvdis TavSi, aris iseTi
pirovnuli
agresiuloba,
Tvisebebi,
uxasiaToba
rogoricaa
an
patiosneba,
pesimizmi.
jer
kidev
sandooba,
bavSvobaSi
keTilSobileba,
Tqven,
albaT,
575
pirovnebas
mravalnairad
saerToa
paternebi.
ori
Cven
gansazRvraven,
ZiriTadi
ganvsazRvravT
cneba:
magram
yvela
da
qcevis
unikaloba
pirovnebas,
pirovnebas
rogorc
unikaluri
Teoriebi
warmoadgenen
pirovnebebis
struqturisa
fsiqologiis
miznebidan
da
hipoTetur
funqcionirebis
ori
mTavari
debulebebs
Sesaxeb.
amocanis
individualuri
isini
gadaWraSi:
gvexmarebian
(1)
pirovnebis
viciT
pirovnebis
Sesaxeb.
gansxvavebuli
Teoriebi
gansxvavebul
davsvaT
kiTxva:
urTierTsawinaaRmdego)
ratom
arsebobs
Teoria?
pirovnebis
amdeni
mimarT
gansxvavebuli
midgomebSi
(xSirad
Teoretikosebi
rogor
cdiloben
gansxvavebuli
saxis
fenomenebis
axsnas.
zogi
dakavSirebiT.
da
bolos,
zogi
Teoria
cdilobs,
axsnas
576
pirovnebasTan
Tqveni
yoveldRiuri
gamocdileba.
Tumca,
sanam
da
niSnis,
fsiqodinamikurs,
humanisturs,
socialuri
daswavlis,
aRweriT,
romlebsac
fsiqologebi
iyeneben
pirovnebis
gagebisa
da
aRwerisaTvis.
tipisa da niSnis pirovnebis Teoriebi
ori
yvelaze
Zveli
mcdeloba
pirovnebis
aRwerisa
aris
adamianebis
aqvT
bunebrivi
sxvadasxva
kategoriebs.
tendencia,
modiT,
miakuTvnon
ganvixiloT
sakuTari
formaluri
da
sxvebis
Teoriebi,
qceva
romlebic
yovelTvis
vaxdenT
adamianebis
kategorizacias
ganmasxvavebeli
kategoriebad,
romlebsac
pirovnebis
tipebi
ewodeba.
577
xarisxobrivi,
aramed
Tvisebrivi
gansxvavebebi,
romlebic
adamianebis
gansasxvaveblad ixmareba.
erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli tipebis Teoria Cvens welTaRricxvamde mexuTe
saukunes ekuTvnis. misi avtoria hipokrate, berZeni eqimi, romelmac medicinas
hipokrates fici SesZina. misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis sxeuli Seicavs oTx
ZiriTad siTxes anu humors, romelTaganac TiToeuli asocirebulia garkveul
temperamentTan,
emociebisa
damokidebulia
imaze,
Tu
da
romeli
qcevis
paternTan.
humori
Warbobs
individis
pirovneba
sxeulSi.
hipokratem
mis
Teoriis
saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi
sjerodaT,
Sua
saukuneebis
Cven
vnaxavT
hipokrates
temperamentebis
Tanamedrove
gamoZaxils
hans
agebulebas
ukavSirebda
temperaments;
Teoria,
romelic
jer
kidev
sam
(msuqani,
kategoriad
rbili,
maTi
mrgvali),
sxeulebrivi
mezomorfuli
agebulebis
(kunTiani,
endomorfuli
mixedviT:
oTxkuTxedi,
Zlieri)
da
adamianebi,
tendenciebi.
aRsavse
energiiT,
eqtomorfebi
arian
gambedaobiT
gonebrivad
da
axasiaTebT
ganviTarebuli,
578
Teoriac
Zalian
dabali
Rirebulebis
aRmoCnda
individis
qcevis
mogvianebiT,
frenk
saloueim
saloueim
(Frank
Sulloway,
1996)
SemogvTavaza
gzebs.)
dabadebis
rigze
damyarebul
winaswarmetyvelebebSi
dabadebulebs:
isini
cdiloben,
warmatebas
miaRwion
iseT
miesalmebian,
maSin
rodesac
pirvelebi
status-qvos
amjobineben,
579
inovaciebis mxardamWerTa
procenti
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
dediserTebi'
pirvelad dabadebulni
gvian dabadebulni
mecnieris
nebismieri
dabadebis
zomis
rigi,
ojaxisaTvis,
romlebmac
gvian
miiRes
an
dabadebulni
uaryves
ufro
es
iRebdnen
Teoriebi.
inovaciur
gavecnoT
Teoriebs,
romlebic
ufro
meti
moqnilobis
SesaZleblobas
Teoriebis
daSvebis
mixedviT,
adamianebi
Seesatyvisebian
arsebul
580
konservatiuli
ganzomilebebs,
mecnierebi
romlebic
niSnebs
ubralod
iyeneben
ajameben
mxolod
dakvirvebis
rogorc
obieqtad
aRweriT
arsebuli
samSeneblo
masalas
olportis
mixedviT,
niSnebi
da
individualobis
uzrunvelyofen
Camoyalibebis
qcevis
wyaros.
SeTanxmebulobas
mravalgvarovan
stimulebze.
niSnebma
SeiZleba
imoqmedon,
rogorc
gamohyo
sami
saxis
niSnebi:
kardinaluri
niSnebi,
niSnebi da
centraluri
garSemoc
agebs
yovlismomcveli
warmoadgenen
optimizmi.
kardinaluri
pirovnebis
mTavar
niSnebi.
samagierod,
maxasiaTeblebs,
centraluri niSnebi
rogoricaa
patiosneba
an
tipis
niSnebis
ganumeorebel
unikaluri
mTlianobad
kombinaciebis
gadaaqcevs.
am
aRmoCena,
unikaluri
rac
yovel
niSnebis
adamians
Sesaswavlad
581
olporti
mxars
uWerda
calkeul/erTeul
SemTxvevaTa
Seswavlis
meTodis
gamoyenebas.
individis qcevis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad olports ufro metad pirovnebis
stimulis situacia
sityvis warmoTqma;
wveulebaze wasvla;
ucxoebTan Sexvedra;
intimuri Sexvedrebi;
nakluli produqtis
dabruneba
pasuxebi
arideba - ganrideba;
gawiTleba;
mexsierebis
deficiti;
gaCumeba;
ucnauri Jestebi;
minimaluri
mxedvelobiTi
kontaqti
niSani
(intervenciuli
cvladi)
morcxvoba
wels
gordon
olportma
da misma
kolegam
h.
s. odbertma
Caatares
ketelma
ganzomilebebis
iseTi
(Raymond Cattell,
erToblioba,
1979)
scada,
romelic
daedgina
amomwuravi
niSanTa
bazisuri
iqneboda.
amisaTvis
582
amosaval
wertilad
man
olportisa da
odbertis
zedsarTavi
saxelebis
sia
ukan
moicavda
da
romelsac
mniSvnelovan
Cven
qceviT
pirovnebad
aRviqvamT.
dapirispirebebs
ketelis
(opoziciebs),
16
faqtori
rogoricaa,
14.3,
14.3
aizenkma
moaxdina
neiroticizmis
kombinireba,
azriT,
TiToeuli
wris
pirovnebis
tipebisgan
raTa
ori
maTi
seqtori
erT-erTs.
ganzomilebis
wreze
eqstraversiisa
demonstracia
warmoadgens
Tumca,
hipokrates
aizenkis
niSnis
SesZleboda.
mier
Teoria
da
misi
dadgenili
iZleva
am
da
met-naklebad
labiluri
adamiani
mosalodnelia,
impulsuri iyos.
suraTi 14.3. pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT
labiluri
cvalebadi
xasiaTis
mSfoTvare
rigiduli
keTilgonieri
pesimisturi
TavSekavebuli
arasocialuri
wynari
gaRizianebadi
mousvenari
agresiuli
agznebadi
cvalebadi
impulsuri
optimisturi
aqtiuri
melanqolikuri qolerikuli
eqstravertirebuli
introvertirebuli
flegmatikuri sangvinikuri
socialuri
pasiuri
komunikabeluri
rom
583
eqstraversiisa
gamosaxulebas.
gansazRvruli
da
neiroticizmis
aizenkma
oTxi
am
ori
gamosaxulebis
pirovnebis
tipisagan
ganzomileba
yoveli
erTs
kvadrati
daukavSira.
gvaZlevs
wriul
hipokrates
miuxedavad
mier
amisa,
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
kvlevebi TvalnaTliv adasturebs aizenkis Teoriis mraval aspeqts. Tumca,
ukanasknel wlebSi miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom pirovnebis struqturas yvelaze
kargad axasiaTebs xuTi faqtori, romlebic arasrulad emTxveva aizenkis sam
ganzomilebas
1992).
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
yvela
pirovnebis
mkvlevari ar emxroba am xuT faqtors (Block, 1995; Eysenck, 1992; Pervin, 1994),
dResdReobiT swored isini warmoadgenen kriteriums niSnis struqturis Sesaxeb
diskusiaTa umravlesobaSi.
gamoiyeneboda
niSnebis
bipolaruli
ganzomilebebis
Sesaqmnelad;
iyo
erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli
sinonimuri
klasterebi.
am
meTodis
584
faqtori
eqstraversia
bipolaruli gansazRvreba
laparakis
moyvaruli,
energiuli
da
asertiuli
TanxmobisaTvis
mzaoba
da sastikis sapirispirod
organizebuli,
patiosneba
uyuradRebos,
pasuxismgebliani
frivolurisa
da
da
frTxili
upasuxismgeblos
sapirispirod
neiroticizmi
stabiluri,
mSvidi
da
kmayofili
SfoTianis,
gamocdilebisadmi
kreatuli,
inteleqtualuri
da
gonebagaxsnili
Riaoba
585
modelis
universalurobis
demonstrirebisaTvis
mkvlevarebi
iaponuris CaTvliT (McCrae & Costa, 1997). xuTi faqtori ar aris mowodebuli, rom
Seanacvlos mravali specifikuri niSnis termini, romelsac mniSvnelobis sakuTari
niuansi da elferi aqvs. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, is gamokveTs taqsonomias _
klasifikaciis sistemas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT yvela Cveni
nacnobi
adamiani
ise,
rom
gamovxatoT
is
mniSvnelovani
ganzomilebebi,
faqtorebi
Sedegad
da
Seiqmna
ara
niSnebis
Teoriis
terminTa
safuZvelze,
klasterebis
romelic
statistikuri
ambobda:
"es
aris
faqtorebi, romlebic unda arsebobdes." (Ozer & Reise, 1994). xuTfaqtoriani modelis
momxreebma
daiwyes
daekavSirebinaT
romlebic
am
xuTi
adamianebs
Teoriuli
dasabuTebis
ganzomileba
Zieba.
interaqciaTa
im
magaliTad,
maT
Tanmimdevrul
scades,
tipebTan,
samyarosTan kacobriobis
evoluciis manZilze (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; McCrae et al., 2000). evoluciuri safuZveli
dagvexmareboda,
agvexsna
xuTi
faqtoris
universaluroba
gansxvavebul
Tavisi
Tqven
dedis
msgavsad"
frustrirebulad
an
"meri
gigrZvniaT
Tavis
Tavi,
babuasaviT
radganac
jiutia".
Tqven
an,
da-ZmaSi
modiT,
ganvixiloT
pirovnuli
niSnebis
memkvidreobiTobis
586
erTi
proporciebi
magaliTad,
aqvT
Tu
socialuroba
tyupebSi
ojaxis
da
wevrebisa,
gaizardnen
pirovnuli
ufro
(romelTa
niSani
maRal
genebic
romlebsac
erTsa
da
msgavsi
imave
an
genebis
gansxvavebuli
gansxvavebul
garemoSi.
korelaciaSi
100%-iT
unda
emTxveva),
iyos
monozigotur
identur,
vidre
araidentur,
dizigotur
kvlevebic,
sadac
mravali
gansxvavebuli
gazomvis
teqnika
gamoiyeneba,
axlaxans
gaecaniT
pirovnebis
xuTfaqtorian
models.
mkvlevarebma
genetikuri
da
safuZveli.
poloneTidan
erT-erT
Seagroves
kvlevaSi
pirovnuli
mecnierTa
niSnebis
jgufma
monacemebi
660
pirovnebis kiTxvarebs,
zogadad,
adrindel
kvlevebSi
mxolod
TviTangariSis
monacemebs
TviTangariSis
pirdapiri
Sedegia.
faqtobrivad,
yvela
SemTxvevaSi
587
memkvidreobiTi
maCveneblebi
xuTfaqtoriani
modeliT
kvlav
muSaoben
memkvidreobiTobis
kvlevebis
dizainis
korelacia.
amdenad,
naSvilebi
bavSvebis
kvlevebi
gamoiyeneba
raoden
mniSvnelovania
pirovnul
niSnebSi
genetikuri
faqtoris
wvlili
(Bouchard, 1994).
winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara niSnebi qcevas?
warmoidgineT,
aRmniSvneli
rom
Tqven
termini,
gTxoves,
romelic,
amoirCioT
Tqveni
raime
rwmeniT,
pirovnuli
gansakuTrebiT
niSnis
kargad
xarT.
ra
viciT
Cven
axla?
Tu
pirovnebis
Teoriebi
gvaZleven
saSualebas,
daxasiaTebul
iqnas
konkretuli
niSniT,
saSualebas
mogcemT,
keTilganwyobil
qcevas
yvela
situaciaSi.
Tumca,
1920-ian
wlebSi
gansxvavebul
TvalsaCinoeba
magaliTad,
aRmoaCines
skolis
situaciebSi,
situaciebis
moswavleebSi
gancvifrebuli
mixedviT
mxolod
susti
qcevis
iyo,
radgan
mcire
konsistenturobaze.
korelacia
iqna aRmoCenili
588
tyuilis Tqma da TaRliToba gamocdis Cabarebisas (Hartshorne & May, 1928). msgavsi
Sedegebi
miiRes
sxva
mkvlevarebmac,
romlebic
swavlobdnen
kros-situaciur
qcevis
Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva
situaciebSi
ar
aris
konsistenturi,
paradoqsis
aRmoCenas
kvlevaTa
didi
raodenoba
mohyva
(mimoxilvisaTvis ixileT Cervone & Shoda, 1999). droTa ganmavlobaSi miRweul iqna
konsensusi, rom qceviTi arakonsistentoba gamovlinda, didwilad, imis gamo, rom
situaciebi
arasworad
iyo
kategorizebuli:
paradoqsi
maSinve
qreba,
roca
qceva
mniSvnelovnad
cvalebadobs,
Tu
Tqveni
analizis
done
mxolod
uxerxulad
grZnobs
Tavs
iseT
situaciebSi,
sadac
misgan
moelian
piradi
informaciis
gaziarebas
moelian)
is
SeiZleba
Zalian
gulaxdilobas
moiTxovs,
rogoricaa
samsaxurSi
miRebisas
interviu,
589
modiT,
ganvixiloT
kvleva,
romelSic
swavlobdnen
mravalferovani
am
romlebSic
calkeuli
winaswarmetyvelebaTa
banakis
sxvadasxva
bavSvebi
gasakeTeblad
situaciebis
arsebiTi
agresiul
mkvlevarebma
qcevas
Seagroves
maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb,
unars),
TviTregulatoruli
(moiTxovs
frustraciis
atanis
unars),
curva
SedarebiT
mcire
moiTxovs
fizikur
TviTregulacias.
siZlieresa
amis
da
sapirispirod,
koordinacias,
Tevzaoba
magram
motorul
miaqcieT
im
erTeulebs,
sadamdec
mividnen
mkvlevarebi,
raTa
gvaqvs
pirovnebis
("is
ver
umklavdeba
kognitur
moTxovnebs")
da
590
konsistentobis
paradoqsi
(Consistency paradox)
movlena,
romlis
drosac
maSin
rodesac
adamianis
qcevis
Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva
simorcxve
(Shyness)
individis
diskomforti
da\an
Sekaveba
iseT
591
paemani
ucnobTan,
sazogadoebis
martoxelebis
winaSe
imoqmedos
barebi,
aseve,
momzadebis
rodesac
gareSe.
adamians
moeTxoveba,
simorcxvis
mkvlevarebi
situaciebSi,
romlebic
xels
uSlis
adamianis
is
SeiZleba
iyos
mcire
TavSekavebuloba
da
socialuri
da
garemos.
arseboben
"morcxvi
eqstravertebi",
romlebic
aqtivobebSi
CarTvas,
aqvT
socialuri
unarebi
amis
efeqturad
axsnaa
avtoritetisadmi
damorCilebas
da
sircxvilis
gancdas,
Tu
592
dros
SeerTebul
axalgazrdebi
intensiurad
StatebSi
arian
simorcxvis
CarTulni
prevalentobis
eleqtronul
zrdas:
teqnologiebTan
SeiZleba
komponenti,
Seicvalos,
magram
es
maSinac
moiTxovs
ki,
rodesac
Tavdadebasa
masSi
da
aris
Secvlis
gaRimebaSi
da
mxedvelobiTi
kontaqtis
damyarebaSi
laRad;
ilaparakeT
xmamaRali
da
mkafio
xmiT,
593
gaamaxvileT
imaze,
rom
sxvebs
Tavi
komfortulad
meditaciaSi,
vizualizaciaSi,
relaqsaciaSi
sanam
da
aRmoCndebiT
idealuri
situaciaSi,
scenaris
romelic,
Tqven
morcxvi
xarT,
vimedovnebT,
rom
gaiziarebT
am
rCevebs.
sxva
gansxvavebuli
adamianebis
pirovnebebis
lakonuri
aRwera.
Tumca,
es
statikur, an,
ukidures
SemTxvevaSi,
stabilizebul
xats.
amis
sapirispirod,
individis
SigniT
arsebul
konfliqtur
Zalebs,
romlebic
iwveven
Teoriebi
hyofen
adamianebs aragadamfarav
kategoriebad
(rogoricaa
594
azriT, arsebobs
xuTi
universaluri
faqtori,
romelic
kros-kulturalurad
pirovnuli
niSnebi
maRali
xarisxis
memkvidreobiTobiT
xasiaTdeba.
jonsi "fsiqikis
gabedulad
cdilobs,
darvins" uwodebs
axsnas
pirovnebis
(1953). froidis
ganviTarebis
pirovnebis
sawyisi
Teoria
wyaroebi
da
froidis
Sexedulebebi
fsiqopaTologiasa
da
mkurnalobaze
pirovnebis
fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebi
(Psychodynamic
personality
theories)
froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalitikuri
fsiqikaSi
arsebuli
Teoriis
movlenebi
mixedviT,
pirovnebis
(intrafsiqikuri
birTvs
movlenebi),
qmnis
adamianis
romlebic
qcevis
iwvevs
nebismier
SemTxveviTi
adamianur
movlenebi;
moqmedebas
yvela
aqvs
moqmedeba
mizezi
da
gansazRvrulia
mizani,
romelic
motivebiT.
SeiZleba
595
pirveladi
monacemebi
miRebul
iqna
Terapiis
procesSi
myof
Sedegad
man
ganaviTara
normaluri
pirovnebis
Teoria.
modiT,
Tandayolili
instinqtebi
anu
ltolvebi,
romlebic
warmoadgenda
sxva
siamovnebis
miRebis
an
sxvebTan
fizikuri
kontaqtis
damyarebis
SegrZnebiTi
(sensualuri)
siamovnebisaken.
seqsualuri
impulsebi
Cndeba
moulodnelad
pubertatis
(sqesobrivi
momwifebis)
dros,
aramed
596
safexuri
fizikuri
mocemulia
wyaro
cxrilSi
icvleba
am
14.2.
14.2
is
Tvlida,
mowesrigebuli
rom
seqsualuri
progresiiT.
siamovnebis
fsiqoseqsualuri
asak
erogenuli
mTavari
am stadiaze fiqsirebuli
fiqsirebuli
zonebi
ganviTarebiTi
bavSvebis zogierTi
mizani
maxasiaTebeli
(konfliqtis
zrdasrulobaSi
potenciuri wyaro)
oraluri
0_1
piri,
ZuZuTi
tuCebi, ena
Sewyveta
kvebis
oraluri
qceva,
rogoricaa
moweva,
zedmeti
kveba,
inertuloba da miamitoba
analuri
2_3
anusi
tualetis
varjiSi/
falosur
4_5
i
latentu
6_12
ri
akuratuloba
qoTanze Zunwoba,
(meToduroba),
jiutoba,
an
miCveva
sapirispiro
genitalieb
oidiposis
pativmoyvareoba,
kompleqsi
an sapirispiro
ar
dacviTi
arsebobs
meqanizmebis
am safexurze ar xdeba
specifikur
ganviTareba
ugunuroba,
i are
genitalu
ri
13_18
genitalieb
mowifuli
zrdasrulebma,
seqsualuri
normalurad
vinc
moaxdina
597
urTierToba
adreuli
stadiebis
mimarT
gulwrfeli
da
mowifuli
interesi
seqsualoba
ganviTarebis
momdevno
cxrilSi
romelime
stadiaze
14.2,
adreul
normalurad
sxvadasxva
stadiaze
iwvevs
fiqsacias,
fiqsacias
gadasvlis
uunarobas.
fiqsaciam
SeiZleba
stadiebze
rogorc
warmoqmnas
Tu
ratom
aniWebda
froidi
adreul
gamocdilebebs
aseT
mniSvnelobas
miRebul
gamocdilebas
udidesi
gavlena
hqonda
pirovnebis
cneba
pirvel
konfliqtebi
warmodgenas
Semdgomi
qcevis
gviqmnis
froidis
mosazrebaze,
rom
SemTxveviTi
movlenebi.
piriqiT,
simptomebi
mniSvnelovnad
aris
determinizmis
gansakuTrebiT
gamohyo
xelmiuwvdomelia
rwmenam
miiyvana
aracnobieri
cnobierebisaTvis.
_
sxva
froidi
sacavi
iqamde,
rom
informaciisa,
avtorebs
hqondaT
man
romelic
ganxiluli
aracnobieri
froidis
determinantis
mixedviT,
qceva
cneba
SeiZleba
adamianis
motivirebul
cxovrebis
iqnas
centrSi
ltolvebiT,
598
faruli,
simptomebis,
latenturi
sizmrebis,
Sinaarsic.
werilobiTi
da
nevrotuli
(SfoTviT
metyvelebiTi
gamowveuli)
mcdari
qmedebebis
dRes
bevri
fsiqologi
aracnobieris
am
cnebas
froidis
yvelaze
aracnobieri
(Unconscious)
fsiqikis
sfero,
sadac
inaxeba
cnobierebidan
idi
(Id)
pirovnebis
iracionalurad
primitiuli,
funqcionirebs
da
aracnobieri
impulsurad
nawili,
moqmedebs
romelic
siamovnebis
misaRwevad.
kmayofili
megobris
saxlSi
gatarebuli
SabaT-kviriT.
igi
apirebda,
daewera: "mixaria, rom aseTi magari dro gavatareT erTad"28. miuxedavad amisa,
sakmaod
usiamovno
satelefono
saubris
dros
megobarma
Seatyobina,
rom
sinamdvileSi mas daewera: "mixaria, rom aseTi nagavi dro gavatareT erTad"*.
xedavT,
28
rogor
SeuZlia
"magari"-s
"nagavi"-T
Secvlas
aracnobieri
Im glad we got to spend a junk of time together nacvlad Im glad we got to spend a chunk of time together.
survili
599
pirovnebis struqtura
froidis
gzebidan,
TeoriaSi
pirovnuli
gansxvavebebi
warmoiqmneba
romlebiTac
adamianebi
umklavdebian
Tavis
im
ZiriTad
gansxvavebuli
ltolvebs.
am
gansakuTrebul
mdebareobebs
tvinSi
idisaTvis,
egosaTvis
da
superegosaTvis.
idi aris ZiriTadi ltolvebis sacavi. is iracionalurad operirebs, moqmedebs
impulsurad da ubiZgebs gamoxatvisaken da dauyovnebeli siamovnebisaken imis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, aris Tu ara is, rac mas surs, realurad SesaZlebeli,
socialurad
sasurveli
anda
moralurad
misaRebi.
ids
marTavs
siamovnebis
warmoadgens
individis
mier
sazogadoebisagan
naswavli
sindisis
Rirebulebebad
iRebs
zogad
cnebas.
mSoblebis
is
viTardeba,
rodesac
da sxva ufrosebis
bavSvi
akrZalvebs
sakuTar
socialurad
Camoyalibebas
igi
unda
cdilobdes.
amdenad,
superego
xSirad
konfliqtSia idTan. ids unda imis gakeTeba, rac siamovnebas mianiWebs, maSin
rodesac superego daJinebiT iTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac sworia.
ego aris me-s realobaze dafuZnebuli aspeqti, romelic gansjis, agvarebs
konfliqtebs idis impulsebsa da superegos moTxovnebs Soris. ego warmoadgens
600
arCeva,
romlebic
daakmayofilebs
idis
impulsebs
arasasurveli
gamocdaze
motyuebis
impulss,
am
tyuilSi
gamoWeris
SemTxvevaSi
ukiduresi,
eqstremaluri
survilebi
ganidevnebian
cnobieridan
ego
icavs
Tavs
muqaris
Semcveli
impulsebisa
da
ideebis
mozRvavebisagan.
ego
(Ego)
pirovnebis
aspeqti,
romelic
monawileobs
TviTdacvaSi
da
an
danaSaulis
gancdis
gamomwvevi
azrebi,
grZnobebi
an
egos
fsiqikuri
strategiebi
601
Soris
arsebuli
yoveldRiuri
konfliqtebisagan
Tavis
dasacavad
mniSvneloba
aqvT
individis
fsiqologiur
gamklavebaSi
Zlier
me-s
sasiamovno,
mosaxerxebeli
xati
da,
aseve,
misaRebi
socialuri
xati.
me-s
dacva
uaryofa
TqmiT
Canacvleba
Sekavebuli
arasasiamovno
grZnobebis,
realobisagan
rogoricaa,
mis
aRqmaze
Cveulebriv,
uaris
mtruloba,
frustrirebuli
survilebis
dakmayofileba
warmosaxul
602
izolacia
saziano
situaciidan
SeuTavsebeli
emociuri
muxtis
damokidebulebis
dakavSirebul
nawilebad
damokidebulebebisa,
romlebic
moSoreba
danawevreba
an
logikurad
(SeCereba
konfliqturi
arasodes
warmogvidgeboda,
sakuTari
sirTuleebisaTvis
bralis
sxvebze
gadatana
an
imis
damtkicebis
mcdeloba,
rom
sakuTari
qceva
saxifaTo
survilebis
gamoxatvis
SeCereba
sawinaaRmdego
formacia
regresia
represia
Senaxva;
es
iTvleba
meqanizmad
sublimacia
frustrirebuli
maTgan
seqsualuri
ganTavisufleba
survilebis
kulturaSi
dakmayofileba
socialurad
an
miRebuli
603
bavSvi. xedavT, rogori siyvaruliT vzrunav masze?" aseTi dacvis xerxebi SfoTvis
SemsubuqebaSi gadamwyvet, gamklavebis funqcias asrulebs.
Tu dacviTi meqanizmebi gvicavs SfoTvisagan, ratom aris, maT mainc SeiZleba
uaryofiTi Sedegebi mogvitanos? ramdenad gamosadegic ar unda iyvnen isini, egos
dacvis meqanizmebi imTaviTve Tavis motyuebaa. maTi gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi isini ufro met problemebs iwveven, vidre wyveten. fsiqologiurad
arajansaRia didi droisa da fsiqikuri energis xarjva miuRebeli impulsebis
lavirebaSi, dafarvasa da sxva arxisaken warmarTvaSi SfoTvis Semcirebis mizniT.
aseTi
qmedeba
cota
energias
tovebs
produqtiuli
cxovrebisaTvis
da
didi
adgili
davuTmeT
fsiqoanalitikuri
Teoriis
aRweras,
radgan
rigSi,
fsiqoanalitikuri
operacionalisturad
mecnierulad
gansazRvruli;
Sefaseba.
radganac
cnebebi
amdenad,
bundovania
rTulia
principSic
ki
da
Teoriis
ar
didi
SeuZlebelia
aris
nawilis
zogi
misi
centraluri hipoTezis uaryofa, froidis Teoria saeWvo rCeba. rogor unda iyos
pirdapiri
gziT
Seswavlili
cnebebi
libido,
pirovnebis
struqtura
da
karg
monaTxrobs,
magram
cud
mecnierebas.
is
sandod
ver
wesi,
moicavs
istoriul
rekonstruqcias
da
ara
SesaZlebeli
mimdinare
qcevis
istoriuli
warmoSobis
gadaWarbebuli
xazgasmiT
es
604
Teoria
ar
uTmobs
yuradRebas
amJamindel
stimulebs,
romlebic
SeiZleba
froidis
ganviTarebis
Teoriaa,
Teoriis
magram
kidev
sami
arasodes
mTavari
moicavda
kritika.
bavSvebze
pirveli,
is
dakvirvebebsa
da
bavSvis
dahyavs
am
mSobelTan
gamocdilebis
seqsualuri
mniSvneloba.
kontaqtis
mesame,
am
survils)
mas
minimumamde
Teorias
androcentruli
1996;
1998).
Westen,
es
kvlevebi
aCvenebs,
rom
Cveni
ar
gamoiwvevs
SfoTvas
an
tanjvas.
aseve,
mkvlevarebma
daadastures
rodesac
isini
SfoTvas
ganicdian.
mkvlevarebma
es
hipoTeza
axalgazrda
zrdasrulobis
zrdasruli
stabilur
identobas.
(23
wlis)
(gaixseneT
adamianebis
me-11-e
jgufma
Tavidan,
miaRwia
rom
erik
hqonda
identuroba,
zogi
ki
jer
kidev
krizisis
mdgomareobaSi
605
apercefciis testis baraTebze dayrdnobiT (ixileT Tavi 12, gv. ??). cdis pirTa
monaTxrobebi gaaanalizes iseTi dacvis
zogad
pirovnul
kategoriaSi.
travmebTan
dakavSirebuli
azrebisa
an
Tqven
SeiZleba
danaSaulis
da
an
grZnobebis
gaixsenoT,
magaliTad,
sircxvilis
Sekavebam
rom
gamocdilebasTan
SeiZleba
gamanadgurebeli
Teoria
normaluri
da
paTologiuri
pirovnebis
funqcionirebis
rodesac
misi
winaswarmetyvelebebi
mcdaria.
Tumca,
yvela
sxva
Teoriis
miseuli
impulsebi
inteleqtualuri
xedva,
rogorc
ebrZvian
brZolis
socialur
STamomavlebidan
bevrma
velisa,
romelzec
Rirebulebebs.
Seitana
aracnobieri
Tumca,
koreqtivebi
froidis
pirovnebis
606
o maT
meti
aqcenti
gaakeTes
egos
funqciebze,
egos
dacvebis,
me-s
adleris
yvela
azriT,
adamiani
umweo,
ganicdis
sxvebze
damokidebuli
inferiorobis
(anu
patara
bavSvis
arasrulfasovnebis)
adamianebi
cxovrebis
stils
aviTareben
inferiorobis
bazisuri,
horni
(Karen Horney))
mimarTulebiT
daupirispirda
froidis
aRizarda
ganudga
fsiqoanalitikur
orTodoqsul
falocentristul
aqcents
skolaSi,
froidistul
penisis
magram
Teorias.
mniSvnelobaze
igi
da
muSaobaze
mimarTuli
aracnobieri
impulsebiT
gadaWarbebuli
607
ar
iyo
SezRuduli
individis
unikaluri
cxovrebiseuli
mTeli
koleqtiuri
formebisa
adamianuri
aracnobieri
da
xsnis
simboloebis
rasa
iziarebs,
Tqvens
mier
intuitur
koleqtiuri
primitiuli
gagebas,
romlebic
aracnobieriT.
miTebis,
yofis
xelovnebis
universalur
Sesaxeb
instinqtur
grZnobisa
da
tendenciasTan.
fiqris,
iungma
an
misi
mravali
gansakuTrebuli
arqetipi
moiyvana
gziT
gancdis
istoriidan
da
miTologiidan: mze RmerTi, gmiri, deda miwa. animusi iyo mamrobiTi arqetipi, maSin
rodesac anima _ mdedrobiTi arqetipi da yvela qali da kaci ganicdida orive
arqetips gansxvavebuli xarisxiT. me-s arqetipia mandala anu jadosnuri wre; is
simbolurad asaxavs erTianobisa da mTlianobisken swrafvas (Jung, 1973).
janmrTeli,
integrirebuli
pirovneba
warmoedgina,
rogorc
iseTi
mgrZnobiaroba.
kompensatoruli
Sinagani
pirovnebis,
Zalebis
rogorc
konstelaciis,
dinamikur
xedvas
balansSi
ewoda
myofi
analitikuri
individad
Teoriebis
Sesaxeb
Camoyalibebis
Cven
TviTaqtualizaciis cnebaSi.
Sejameba
moTxovnileba.
vnaxavT
am
meore
Semdeg
qveTavSi
moTxovnilebis
humanisturi
paralels
608
energia
pacientebis
gamoixateba
SeswavliT,
movlenebs,
froidma
romelTa
Camoayaliba
erogenuli
zonebis
simptomebi
fsiqikuri
TanmimdevrobiT.
asaxavdnen
adreuli
determinizmis
im
cxovrebis
Teoria.
froidis
Seamciron
idis
siamovnebisaken.
pirovnebas,
daZlios
Seupovari
egos
Zlieri
miswrafeba
dacvis
Sinagani
seqsualuri,
meqanizmebi
emociuri
SesaZleblobas
konfliqtebiT
gamowveuli
da
aZleven
SfoTva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom froidis Teoriis bevrma aspeqtma ver gauZlo kritikas,
aracnobierisa da dacvis meqanizmebis msgavsma cnebebma aRiareba hpova mraval
fsiqologs Soris. froidis mimdevrebma, rogorebic arian adleri, horni da iungi,
misi Teoriis ramdenime Sesworeba da damateba SemogvTavazes.
humanisturi Teoriebi
pirovnebisadmi humanisturi midgoma xasiaTdeba individis piradi da cnobieri
gamocdilebis
integraciisa
humanisturi
Teoriis
TviTaqtualizaciisaken
da
zrdis
ZiriTadi
swrafvaze.
potencialis
niSania
mimarT
interesiT.
yuradRebis
TviTaqtualizacia
aris
yvela
gamaxvileba
mudmivi
swrafva
abraham
pirovnebis
ganviTardes
maslou
unikaluri,
da
mimarTulebebiT.
da
karen
rogorc
Seicvalos
gaixseneT
horni,
qcevis
Tandayolili,
TviTaqtualizaciis
me-12-e
Tavidan,
rom
ise
motivacia
SeZenili
miznisaken
masloum
momdinareobs
tendenciebidan,
mimavali
dadebiTi
TviTaqtualizacia
609
analitikuri
romelic
fsiqologia
pirovnebas
(Analytic psychology)
ganixilavs,
rogorc
fsiqologiis
dinamikur
mimarTuleba,
balansSi
myofi
swrafva
xandaxan
konfliqtSi
modis
sakuTari
da
dadebiTi
ganwyobis
mniSvnelobas
bavSvebis
aRzrdis
dros.
igi
rogorc
mozrdil
adamians,
Tqven
gWirdebaT,
gasceT
da
romelic
aqtualizaciisaTvis
xelisSemwyob
garemo
pirobebs
moiTxovs,
610
aseTi
xelisSemwyobi
aRzrdis
pirobebi,
bavSvi
aviTarebs
bazisur
mimarTaven
interpersonalur
an
intrafsiqikur
dacvebs.
sistema,
romelic
eqvemdebareba
qcevis
rigidul
wesebs,
raTa
qveS
cxovroben,
mixedviT,
rogoricaa
"me
sakuTari
unda
Tavis
viyo
mimarT
srulyofili,
wayenebuli
movaleobebis
keTilSobili,
mimzidveli,
mamaci" da ase Semdeg. hornis azriT, humanisturi Terapiis mizani iyo, daxmareboda
individs
TviTrealizaciis
Tandayolili
miRwevaSi
konstruqciuli
da
xeli
Seewyo
ZalebisaTvis,
adamianis
romlebic
bunebaSi
exmarebian
TviTganxorcielebisaken swrafvas.
TviTaqtualizacias anu namdvili me-s mimarTulebiT progresis aqcentireba
warmoadgens maslous, rojersisa da hornis Teoriebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
garda
amisa,
humanisturi
Teoriebi
aRweril
iqna,
rogorc
holisturi,
Teoriebi
azriT,
adamianebi
arsebiTad
motivirebulni
arian
moTxovnilebebis
ierarqiis ufro maRali doneebisaken (rac ganxilul iqna me-12-e TavSi), Tu ufro
dabal doneze aRmocenebulma defeqtebma ar CamoqaCes isini dabla.
humanisturi
Tandayolil
mimarTulebaze.
Teoriebi
Tvisebebze,
situaciuri
dispoziciuria,
romlebsac
faqtorebi
radgan
mTavari
ganixileba,
fokusirdeba
gavlenas
rogorc
axdenen
adamianis
qcevis
sirTuleebi
da
611
unda
aqtiurad
warmarTos
adamianebi
sasargeblo,
dadebiTad
moqmedi
rogorc
niSnis
anda
fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebi.
am
ukanaskneli
ganmeorebadi
Temebi.
humanisturi
dispoziciebi
specifikurad
orjer
dispoziciebs
erTi
mihyavT
da
imave
individi
saxiT.
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
TviTaqtualizaciisaken,
am
humanistur
motivebis
yvelaze
wminda gamoxatvisaken.
humanisturi Teoriebi fenomenologiuria, radgan isini xazs usvams individis
Tvalsazriss da realobis subieqtur xedvas da ara damkvirveblisa Tu Terapevtis
obieqtur
mosazrebas.
dainaxos
yoveli
orientirebuli
ase
rom,
adamianis
xedvacaa;
humanisturi
unikaluri
warsuli
fsiqologi
Sexeduleba.
gavlenebi
yovelTvis
es
cdilobs,
xedva
mniSvnelovania
awmyoze
mxolod
im
fsiqikur
procesebze,
romlebic
xsnian
mimdinare
gamocdilebas
an daTrgunul
da
iqnas yofierebis
aseve
filosofiuri
aniWeben
mravali
tradiciebidan,
Tanamedrove
romlebic
mecnierisa
da
mas
farTo
klinicistisTvis
romlebic
dietaze".
humanisturi
cxovreba
ufro
mogonebebis
aRizardnen
midgomebi
advilad
gamoqeqvaze,
froidiseuli
fokusirdeba
mosanelebeli,
romlebic
gaumjobesebaze,
misaRebi
xandaxan
medicinis
gaxdes,
umjobesia,
da
an
ara
"momwaro
imaze,
rom
mtkivneuli
gandevnili
darCes.
612
Teorias
xSirad
akritikebdnen
zedmetad
pesimisturi
Teoriebs
individualuri
pirovnebis
Sesaxeb,
an
adamianTa
Soris
da
qmedebis
mniSvnelovan
wyaros,
garemos
rolis
cvladebs,
xazgasmiT
romlebic
humanisturi
aseve
axdenen
Teoriebi
qcevaze
gavlenas.
am
SezRudvebis
miuxedavad,
humanisturi
tradiciidan,
nawilobriv,
gagebaSi
fsiqologiuri
Teoriis
gamoyenebis
tradiciis
sawyiss
Elms,
ganisazRvreba,
1988,
rogorc
froidis
naSromis
"fsiqologiuri
kritikisaTvis).
(gansakuTrebiT
fsiqobiografia
pirovnebis)
Teoriis
613
gamoyeneba
individis
cxovrebiseuli
mimarTulebis
aRwerisa
da
fsiqobiografiis
sagani
xdeba,
axsnisaTvis.
rodesac
ganTqmuli
an istoriuli figura
monawiles
SeiZleba
mosTxovon,
isaubros
ukanaskneli
Zlieri
versiebs:
adamianebi
ageben
Tavis
identobas
calkeuli
Teoriebis
mimdevrebi
aqcents
akeTebdnen
yoveli
individis
am
miznis
miRwevaSi,
nawilobriv,
gansazRvrulia
maTi
garemos
surviliT,
rac
gulisxmobs
moZraobas
TviTaqtualizaciisaken.
614
cxovrebaze
garemos
gavlenas.
Tanamedrove
mecnierebi
agrZeleben
humanistur
romlebic
biZgs
aZlevs
qcevas
da
warmoqmnis
funqcionirebadi
kavSiri
pirovnebasa
da
konkretul
qcevas
Soris.
magaliTad,
individualur
gansxvavebebze.
gaixseneT
me-7-e
Tavidan,
rom
adamianis
daswavlis
Teoriis
mimdevari
fsiqologebi
miuTiTeben
garemos
pirobebze,
ganmtkicebebis
istoriiT.
daswavlis
Teoriis
midgomis
mixedviT,
adamianebi
Semcirebis
Zalebis
ganmamtkicebeli
rols.
(siamovnebis
organizmebi
moqmedeben,
momgvreli)
raTa
Sedegebis
Seamciron
motivaciuri
daukmayofilebeli
daZabulobebs,
gadaiqceva,
romelic
meordeba
da
ganmtkicebulia
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
ganmeorebiTi
daswavlil
daZabulobis
Cvevad
SemcirebiT.
imitaciis (mibaZvis) gziT anu sxvebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT ise, rom sapasuxo
qmedebis faqtobrivad ganxorcielebis aucilebloba ar iqmneba. warmoidgineT,
615
patara biWi xedavs, rom mis ufros das aZleven kanfets, rodesac is mirbis
saxlSi dabrunebuli mamis Sesaxvedrad; umcrosma Zmam SeiZleba imave qcevis
ganxorcieleba
daiwyos.
imitaciis
fsiqologebis
warmodgeniT,
ideam
daiswavleba
gaafarTova
efeqturi
is
an
gzebi,
romlebiTac,
destruqciuli
qceva.
da
mileris
mosazrebas,
rom
qcevaze
gavlenas
axdens
garemos
pirobebi. Tumca, es Teoriebi erTi nabijiT win midian da xazs usvamen kognituri,
iseve rogorc bihevioraluri procesebis, mniSvnelobas, riTic moqmed sxeuls
moazrovne gonebas, fsiqikas ubruneben. isini, vinc pirovnebis kognituri Teoriebi
Seqmna, aRniSnaven, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani individualuri gansxvavebebi imaSi,
Tu rogor fiqroben da gansazRvraven adamianebi nebismier eqsternalur (garegan)
situacias. kognituri Teoriebi yuradRebas amaxvileben im fsiqikur procesebze,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi Tavis SegrZnebebs da aRqmebs realobis Sesaxeb
organizebul
STabeWdilebad
gardaqmnian.
humanisturi
Teoriebis
msgavsad,
miSelma
Teoria.
garemosTan
(Walter Mischel)
miSeli
aRniSnavs,
Tavisi interaqciebis
ganaviTara
rom
pirovnebis
adamianebi
kognituri
aqtiurad
bazisis
monawileoben
616
ver
daviWerdiT
mniSvnelovan
gansxvavebas
maT
qcevaSi.
miSelis
mixedviT (1973; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is, Tu rogor vpasuxobT garemos specifikur
movlenaze, damokidebulia 14.4 cxrilSi gansazRvrul
cvladebze. xedavT, ra
moiqceodiT,
radgan
Tqven
maTgan
erTi
konkretuli
cvladis
aseve
misi
sxva
adamianebTan
da
fizikuri
garemos
usulo
14.4.
pirovnebis
cvladebi
miSelis
miSelis
pirovnebis
kogniturkognitur-afeqtur
TeoriaSi
cvladi
kodirebebi
gansazRvreba
is
gza,
romliTac
magaliTi
axdenT
rogorc
ki
da
Sesaxeb
bobi
is
situaciebis daadginos,
ramdenad
vinmes
cdilobs,
mdidaria
informaciis es adamiani.
kategorizacias.
molodinebi
Tqveni
rwmenebi
da rwmenebi
socialuri
gregi
patiJebs
megobrebs
"ki"-s ityvian.
617
qmedebebis
mosalodneli
Sedegebis
Sesaxeb.
Tqveni
Sedegebis miRebis
unari.
Tqveni grZnobebi da emociebi,
afeqtebi
fiziologiuri
sindi
Zalian
advilad
pasuxebis wiTldeba.
CaTvliT.
miznebi
da Sedegebi
Rirebulebebi
da
afeqturi
mdgomareobebi,
TqvenTvis
Rirebulia
an
ar
qcevebi,
da
Tqven
romelTa
SegiZliaT
TviTregulato kognituri
ruli
Sesruleba
da
da
iani
laparakobs
gegmebi frangulad,
inglisurad,
rusulad
da
Sedegebis misaRebad.
gaeroSi imuSavebs.
gegmebi
miSelma da misma kolegebma
gvaCvenes
qcevis
paternebis
mniSvneloba
situaciebze.
kontaqtis
es
situaciebia:
wamowyeba
an
(2)
(1)
sxva
ufrosis
bavSvis
mier
mier
dadebiTi
gafrTxileba
raime
am
Sefasebebis
gasakeTeblad?
magaliTad,
ganvixiloT
damorCilebis
an
618
daTmobis
qceva.
bavSvebi,
vinc
banakidan
wamosvlisas
daaxasiaTes,
rogorc
Caketili,
morCilebi
iyvnen
im
situaciaSi,
rodesac
maT
Tanatolebi
adamianur
interaqciebze
aqcenti.
socialuri
daswavlis
kuTxiT
adamianebs ar marTavs Sinagani Zalebi, magram, amave dros, isini arc garemos
gavlenis qveS myofi ususuri marionetebi arian. socialuri daswavlis midgoma
xazs usvams kognitur procesebs, romlebic CarTulia qcevis sxvadasxva paternebis
CamoyalibebaSi
da,
Sesabamisad,
pirovnuli
Tvisebebis
SeZenasa
da
maTi
SebarCunebis procesSi.
da
garemos
stimulebs
Soris
arsebobs
rTuli
reciprokuli
619
auzTan
myof
adamianebs
da
amiT
ufro
socialur
atmosferos
SeqmniT, rac, Tavis mxriv, garemos ufro sasiamovnos gaxdis. es erTi magaliTia
adamians, adgilsa da qcevas Soris reciprokuli determinizmisa.
suraTi 14.4. reciprokuli determinizmi
reciprokuli
erTmaneTTan
determinizmis
urTierTqmedebs,
mixedviT
raTa
individi,
gavlena
misi
moaxdinos
qceva
da
da
garemo
Secvalos
sxva
komponentebi.
adamiani
garemo
qceva
socialuri
daswavlis
udides
speqtrs
iZenen.
dakvirvebiT
swavlis
meSveobiT
Tqven
620
movlenebze,
Tqven
SegiZliaT,
iwinaswarmetyveloT
Tqveni
qmedebebis
Sesrulebebis
miRma
TviTefeqturobis
SefasebisaTvis arsebobs
rodesac
iwyebT
mis
Sesrulebas;
magaliTad,
SfoTva
migvaniSnebs
ganxorcielebuli
magram
am
qcevis
molodinebs,
efeqturobis
aseve,
SeuZliaT
Sesaxeb
mowodebulma
winaswargansazRvruli
621
ukukavSiris
Seqmna
da
amdenad
TviTSesrulebad
winaswarmetyvelebad
iqcnen.
saidan viciT
TviTefeqturoba da bavSvebis akademiuri miRwevebi
banduram da misma kolegebma (1996) ikvlies 11-dan 14 wlamde 279 bavSvi romis
maxloblad
eCvenebina
ganlagebuli
rogorc
dasaxlebuli
bavSvebis,
aseve
punqtidan.
maTi
am
mSoblebis
kvlevis
mizani
TviTefeqturobis
iyo,
donis
giZneldebaT?"
zrdasrulebisaTvis
debulebebi
ukavSirdeboda
maT
mkvlevarebs
maTi
akademiuri
miRwevebis
Sefaseba.
Sedegebma
aCvena
mimarTuleba,
eqnebodaT.
wvlili
Tavis
Sehqonda
mxriv,
bavSvebis
bavSvebis
rwmenaSi,
rwmenebi
rom
zusti
maT
didi
aRmoCnda:
29
self-efficacy
622
banduras
TviTefeqturobis
warumateblobis
Tu
Teoria,
warmatebis
aseve,
molodinebi
aRiarebs
da
garemos
Sesatyvisi
mniSvnelobas.
gadawyvetilebebi
banduras
Teoriis
nawilebi.
qceviTi
Sedegebi
damokidebulia
TviTefeqturoba
(Self-efficacy)
rwmenebis
(mosazrebebis)
erToblioba,
rom
adamiani
qceva
efeqturobis
molodinebi
Sedegi
Sedegis
molodinebi
Teoria (Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000). socialuri inteleqti exeba im
gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar
gancdaSi. Teoria gansazRvravs individualuri gansxvavebebis sam tips:
o cxovrebiseuli
miznebis
arCevani.
adamianebi
gasxvavdebian
imisda
magaliTad,
kolejis
studentebi
xSirad
Relaven
"kargi
623
romelic
adamianebs
SemoaqvT
cxovrebiseuli
amocanebis
sakuTar gancdaSi.
xedavT, rogor urTierTqmedebs es sami ganzomileba, raTa warmoiqmnas qcevis
gansxvavebuli paternebi, romelTac Tqven aRiqvamT, rogorc pirovnebas? Tqven
SeiZleba icnobT or adamians, romelTac erTnairi zogadi cxovrebis mizani aqvT
_ SeiZleba orivesTvis kargi niSnebis miReba warmoadgens Rirebulebas, magram imis
mixedviT, Tu ra ician maT da rogor SeuZliaT am codnis gamoyeneba, maTi myisieri
gadawyvetilebebi qcevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli iyos. erT maTgans.
SesaZloa, swavlis naTeli (eqsplicituri) strategiebi aswavles, meore ki Zlivs
axerxebs amas specialuri daxmarebis gareSe. socialuri inteleqtis Teoria axal
xedvas
gvawvdis
imis
Sesaxeb,
Tu
rogor
gansazRvravs
winaswar
pirovneba
ganvixiloT
konkretuli
garemoebebi,
romlebSic
adamianebis
624
urTierTdamokidebulebis
gamovlenas
da
TviTgaxsnas.
sxva
adamianebi
aseve
warmoadgens
gzas
ufro
metad
sasurveli
moqmedebebisken
miznis
siZliereSi
am
gansxvavebebis
Sesafaseblad
mkvlevarebma
vcdilob
Cemi
yvelaze
gaziarebas"
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
dro,
siRrmiseuli
studentebma
romelsac
isini
azrebisa
iseTi
da
grZnobebis
faqtebic
realurad
aRniSnes,
atarebdnen
Tavis
Tavis
partniorebTan;
maTi
Sefaseba
urTierTobebisgan
miRebuli
meti
miiRon
im
droisgan,
romlis
gatarebac
SeuZliaT
Tavis
SeeZloT
sakmarisi
koncentracia,
raTa
damakmayofilebeli
urTierToba
im
konsistenturobiT,
romliTac
adamianebi
iqcevian
axlo
urTierTobebSi.
socialuri daswavlisa
daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba
socialuri
daswavlisa
da
kognituri
Teoriebis
winaaRmdeg
gamoTqmuli
625
produqti an ubralod gaerTianebulia sxva tipis azrebTan, imis nacvlad, rom maT
damoukidebeli
centraluria
mniSvneloba
pirovnebis
mieweros.
maTTvis,
funqcionirebaSi,
es
visi
azriTac
emociebi
naklia.
kognitur
seriozuli
Teoria,
radgan
is
fokusirebulia
struqturaze
da
procesebze
da
kritikis
miuxedavad,
pirovnebis
kognituri
Teoriebs
Teoriam gavlena
mTavari
wvlili
iqonia kognituri
interaqciis
Tu ra Semoaqvs
adamians qceviT garemoSi, imasTan, rasac iwvevs adamianSi qceviTi garemo. banduras
ideebma gamoiwvia maswavleblebis mier moswavleebis ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba da
daexmara
maT
janmrTelobis,
pirovnebis
axal
biznesis
mkurnalobasTan
da
konsistentobis
sportis
Zieba
erTad
sferoSi.
gadaiyvana
da
warmatebisaTvis
bolos,
kentoris
cxovrebiseuli
mieRwiaT
Teoriam
miznebisa
da
miSelis
azriT,
garemos
specifikur
movlenebs
adamianebi pasuxoben
626
TviTefeqturoba
ganxorcielebuli
udides
qcevebis
rols
gansazRvraSi.
TamaSobs
nensi
kentoris
adamianebis
Teoriis
mier
mixedviT,
mivadeqiT
pirovnebis
Teoriebs,
romlebic
yvelaze
metad
uSualod
pirovnulia: isini pirdapir exebian imas, Tu rogor marTavs TiToeul individi mis
imaze,
Tu
ras
fiqrobT
sakuTari
me-s
Sesaxeb?
am
kiTxvebis
jemsma
me-gamocdilebis
sami
komponenti
gamohyo:
materialuri
me
centraluri
iyo
fsiqodinamikuri
TeoriebisaTvis.
me-insaiti
warudgenen
adamianebi
samyaros
Tavis
me-s.
da
bolos,
SevexebiT
627
moicavs.
maT
Sorisaa
Tqveni
mogonebebi
sakuTari
Tavis
Sesaxeb;
gaxdomas
uaryofiTi
Sefasebebi
SesaZleblad
ganixilavT;
(TviTSefaseba)
da
Tqveni
warmodgenebi
Tavis
imis
dadebiTi
Sesaxeb,
Tu
an
ras
fiqroben Tqvenze sxvebi (Brown, 1009; McGuire & McGuire, 1988). me-8-e TavSi Cven
ganvixileT
sqemebi,
rogorc
"codnis
paketebi",
romlebic
ganasaxiereben
me-s kognituri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti SeiZleba iyos sxva
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebsac Tqven adarebT Tqvens amJamindel me-s koncefcias.
hezel markusma (Hazel
Markus)) da misma kolegebma SesaZlebeli me-ebi gansazRvres,
(
rogorc "idealuri me-ebi, rogorebic Zalian gvinda gavxdeT. esenia, aseve, me-ebi,
rogorebic SegviZlia, rom gavxdeT da me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomisa gveSinia"
(Markus & Nurius, 1986, p. 954). SesaZlebeli me-ebs wvlili SeaqvT qcevis motivirebaSi
_
isini
biZgs
aZleven
moqmedebas
da,
amave
dros,
iZlevian
imis
ganxilvis
628
(Self-esteem)
me-s
mimarT
ganzogadebuli
SefasebiTi
rom
relevanturi
studentebi
debulebebi
ver
mimxvdariyvnen
gabneuli
iyo
ufro
kvlevis
grZel
mizans,
mSoblobis
kiTxvarSi.
kiTxvaris
mixedviT.
mamakacebis
Tumca,
qvejgufebi,
mkvlevarebma
romlebmac
gamohyves
gansakuTrebiT
rogorc
maRali
qalebis,
da
aseve
gansakuTrebiT
sadac
bavSvebis
qceva
icvleboda
bednieridan
nerviulamde.
629
TviTSefaseba da TviTprezentacia
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom zogierT adamians uaryofiTi me-s koncefcia aqvs,
romelic SeiZleba aseve davaxasiaToT, rogorc dabali TviTSefaseba. adamianis
TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s generalizebul Sefasebas. TviTSefasebas SeuZlia
Zlieri
gavlenis
moxdena
azrebze,
guneba-ganwyobilebaze
da
qcevaze.
dabali
zeda
da
qveda
sazRvrebis
Camoyalibeba,
dabali
TviTSefasebis
monawileebma ufro farTo diapazoni miuTiTes: maT me-s naklebad zusti gancda
hqondaT,
vidre
maRali
TviTSefasebis
mqone
monawileebs.
ase
rom,
dabali
miaRwevs
Tu
ara
adamiani
warmatebas
cxovrebiseul
miswrafebebSi.
TvalsaCinoa, rom adamianebis umetesoba Zalian cdilobs TviTSefasebis da me-s
koncefciis
integrirebulobis
SenarCunebas
(Steele,
adamianebi
1988).
Tqven
eWvi
geparebaT
davalebis
Sesrulebis
sakuTar
unarSi,
sabotaJs
sakuTar
qmedebas!
am
strategiis
mizania,
warumateblobis
naklebobas (Higgins et al., 1990; Jones & Berglas, 1978). ase rom, Tu geSiniaT imis gageba,
gaqvT Tu ara is, rac saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamocdis CabarebisaTvis, SeiZleba
megobrebTan dro gaataroT mecadineobis magivrad. am gziT, Tu Tqven warmatebas
ar miaRwevT, SegeZlebaT amis gadabraleba mcire Zalisxmevaze, imis gamorkvevis
gareSe, gqondaT Tu ara sinamdvileSi warmatebis miRwevis unari.
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblobis molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi
qceviTi
reaqciebisa
da
qcevis
axsnis
ganviTarebis
procesi,
romlebic
630
saidan viciT
TviTuunaroba kolejis studentebSi
orma mkvlevarma sTxova kolejis studentebs, daefiqsirebinaT Tavisi pozicia
(veTanxmebi/ar veTanxmebi) TviTuunarobis gamzomav debulebebTan mimarTebaSi:
"bevrad mets gavakeTebdi, Tu mets vecdebodi"; "mgoni, ufro metad xasiaTs
daqvemdebarebuli adamiani var, vidre sxvebis umetesoba"; "vcdilob, saqmeebi
ukanasknel wuTamde gadavdo". maTi pirveli gamocdis win, studentebs hkiTxes, Tu
ra niSani iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli. gamocdis Semdeg maT mcdari pasuxebi
Seatyobines,
TiTqos
maTi
niSani
naxevari
quliT
ufro
dabali
iyo,
vidre
"sasurveli" (magaliTad, Tu maT "4" isurves, maT uTxres, rom maT "4-" miiRes). am
momentSi mkvlevarebma Seafases studentebis
TviTSefaseba. Tu TviTuunaroba
TviTSefaseba
nakleb
zians
kvlevis
dakavSirebuli
gamovlinda
mkvlevarebis
iyo
mamrobiTi
maRal
raime
aris zustad
sqesis
minawileebma:
TviTSefasebasTan.
korelacia
mosazrebiT,
ganicdida,
mamakacebs
me-s
qal
da
TviTuunaroba
studentebSi
TviTSefasebas
xifaTisagan
maT
is paterni, romelic
maRali
Tumca,
TviTuunarobasa
rodesac
dacvis
ufro
ar
Soris.
Zlieri
rac
moicavda
motyuebis
miznis
axsnas
da
namdvili
niSnebis
miwodebas.)
TviTuunarobis fenomeni, aseve, migviTiTebs, rom TviTSefasebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi dakavSirebulia TviTprezentaciasTan. TviTuunaroba ufro metad aris
mosalodneli
maSin,
rodesac
adamianebma
ician,
rom
Sedegebi
sajarod
xelmisawvdomi iqneba (Self, 1990). asea Tu ise, rogor unda ifiqros vinmem cudad
631
msgavsi
sakiTxebi
gvexmareba,
avxsnaT
maRali
da
dabali
wuTis
ganmavlobaSi
unda
eTamaSaT.
monawileebis
nawili
varjiSobda
TviTSefasebis
mqone
monawileebi.
damkvirveblis
gareSe
varjiSis
sajarod
damkvirveblis
gareSe
maRali
123
448
dabali
257
387
-134
+61
632
da
me-ebi,
SesaZlebeli
romlebic
sakmaod
farTod
gamoiyeneba
dasavluri
me-s.
kulturebi
dasavluri
me
Tumca,
im
individualisturi
tipis
kultura,
kultura
saidanac
umciresobas
rogorc
individisa,
romlis
qceva
organizebulia
da
qmedebebTan
mimarTebaSi
da
ara
sxvebis
azrebTan,
grZnobebTan
da
adamianis
organizebulia
qceva
imiT,
gansazRvrulia,
Tu
ras
aRiqvams
damokidebulia
moqmedi
piri
da
sxvebis
didwilad
azrebad,
633
mkvlevarebma
mravalgzis
daadastures
am
gansxvavebebis
realuroba
da
Sedegebi.
damoukidebeli
me-s
gageba
(Interdependent
construals
of
self)
me-s
me-s
erT-erT
kros-kulturul
kvlevaSi
gamoiyenes
gazomvis
instrumenti
saxelwodebiT oci debulebis testi (Twenty Statements Test - TST) (Kuhn & McPartland,
1954). am testis Catarebisas monawileebs sTxoven, 20 gansxvavebuli pasuxi gascen
SekiTxvas "vin var me?". rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.6,
14.6 am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi,
rogorc wesi, eqvs gansxvavebul kategoriad iyofa. cxrilSi, aseve, warmodgenilia
kvlevis Sedegebi, sadac TST-s Sesrulebas sTxovdnen daaxloebiT 300 students
SeerTebuli Statebidan da indoeTidan (Dhawan et al., 1995). udidesi gansxvavebaa
cxrilSi im raodenobis mixedviT, romliTac adamianebi me-Sefasebebs akeTebdnen.
amerikelebi ufro xSirad akeTebdnen amas, rac Seesabameba maTi me-s damoukidebel
gancdas. indoelma studentebma gamoTqves bevrad ufro naklebi me-Sefasebebi da,
Tavisi urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gancdis Sesabamisad, airCies ramdenadme ufro
meti debulebebi socialuri identobis Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom qalebsa
da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebi jamSi sakmaod mcirea _ kultura ufro metad
mniSvnelovania. Tqven SeiZleba dafiqrdeT, Tu rogor moqmedebs koleqtivisturi
kulturebis me-s koncefciebze dasavluri kulturis Semotana. erT kvlevaSi
Sedarebulia TST-s pasuxebi kenielebisa, romlebic praqtikulad ar ganicdian
dasavluri
kulturis
gavlenas
samburus
da
maasais
mwyemsebis
tomebis
nairobiSi.
tomebis
wevrebis
daaxloebiT
82%
pasuxebi
TST-ze
634
mxolod
17
procenti
iyo
socialuri
am
paternidan
kategori
magaliTebi
amerikelebi
iTi
Ti
iTi
34
28
26
26
yvela
fortepianoze
16
11
15
35
33
64
65
11
socialu
me var studenti.
ri
me var Svili.
identoba
ideolog
me
mjera,
iuri
adamiani kargia.
rwmenebi
me mwams RmerTis.
interese
me
bi
dakvra
miyvars
rom
me siamovnebas
maniWebs
axali
axali
adgilebis monaxuleba.
ambiciebi
minda,
meti
viswavlo
fsiqologiaSi.
me-
me
patiosani
Sefasebe
Sromismoyvare var
bi
vRelav
da
momavlis
Taobaze.
sxva
me
xmauriani
myavs.
me myavs ZaRli.
megobrebi
635
Tqven
kvlav
SexvdebiT
am
gansxvavebas
mogvianebiT
am
Cven
movitaneT
magaliTi,
rom
adamianebi
dasavlur
kulturebSi
wesrigSi.
amis
magivrad,
me-s
urTierTdamokidebuli
gagebis
arseboba
sakuTari
individualuri
miRwevebis
mimarT
kritikuli
_
_
koleqtivisturi
kulturis
warmomadgenlebs
individualisturi
kulturis
warmomadgenlebs,
da
amerikel
aReweraT
rac
situaciebi
sadiplomo
naSromis
iyo
debulebebi,
dacvaSi
saukeTeso
rogoricaa
Sefaseba
"rodesac
miviRe";
gamocdaSi
an
warumateblobis
636
aRniSnavdnen
gansxvavebas,
TviTSefasebis
romelic
Semcirebas.
Cven
es
gavakeTeT
aRmoCena
Seesatyviseba
me-s
damoukidebeli
im
da
iaponel
studentebSi,
aseve
TviTgaumjobesebisa
amerikel
situacia
proeqtis
pirvel
"damzadebulia"
fazaSi
maT
amerikeli
mSobliur
qveyanaSi.
studentebis
mier
es
niSnavs,
aRwerili
rom
situaciebi
TviTkritikas.
iaponeli
studentebi
iaponiaSi
macxovrebeli
da
bolos,
ramdenadme
nakleb
Tanamemamuleebi.
SeerTebul
StatebSi
TviTkritikulni
aq
SeiZleba
macxovrebeli
iyvnen,
vidre
aisaxebodes
maTi
amerikuli
romlebic
fiqrobdnen,
rom
SesabamisobaSi
movidodnen
amerikis
proeqtis
warmatebis
pirvel
da
fazaSi,
amerikelma
warumateblobis
situaciebs
uwodes
situaciebi.
meore
situaciebi.
"amerikaSi
fazaSi
da
iaponelma
TiTeul
damzadebuli"
studentebma
da
orive
studentebma
kulturaSi
"iaponiaSi
kulturidan,
aRweres
warmoSobil
damzadebuli"
iseve,
rogorc
ufro
uaryofiTi
cvlilebebiT,
orientirebulni
orientirebulni
iyvnen
maSin,
iyvnen
TviTkritikaze,
rodesac
amerikeli
TviTgaumjobesebaze,
TviTSefasebaSi
studentebi
TviTSefasebaSi
ufro
dadebiTi
86%-ma
gamoavlina
TviTkritika,
rodesac
pasuxobda
iaponiaSi
637
0,4
0,2
75%
55%
0
62%
-0,2
75%
86%
-0,4
-0,6
Teoriebi
warmatebiT
afiqsireben
adamianebis
koncefciebs
sakuTari
pirovnebis Sesaxeb da imas, Tu rogor surT maT sxvebis mier iyvnen aRqmuli. ufro
metic, me-s kros-kulturul gagebaTa kvlevam didi gavlena iqonia imaze, Tu
rogor
afaseben
fsiqologebi
Tavisi
Teoriebis
universalurobas.
miuxedavad
amisa, is, vinc akritikebs me-s Teoriis pirovnebisadmi midgomas, gmobs imas, rom am
midgomas sazRvrebi ar aqvs. ramdenadac amdeni ram aris me-s da me-s koncefciis
relevanturi,
yovelTvis
ar
aris
naTeli,
romeli
faqtorebia
yvelaze
konstruqtisa,
srulad
ar
Seesabameba
im
faqts,
rom
pirovnebis
638
aRweril sxva TeoriebSi, me-s Teoriebi aRweren mxolod zogierT rames, magram
ara yvelafers iqidan, rac Tqven pirovnebad gesaxebaT.
Sejameba
me-s Sesaxeb
informacias
da
sakuTari
TviTSemowmeba
marTaven
Tavis
urCevniaT,
da
imas,
Tu
sxvebis
maSinac
ki,
rogor
Sesaxeb.
rodesac
gadaamuSaveben
rogorc
Semowmebuli
adamianebi
Cans,
adamianebs
me-s
koncefcia
kulturebi
me-s
gansxvavebuli
gagebis
warmoqmnas.
xolo
koleqtivisturi
kulturebis
warmomadgenlebs
rTuli
SekiTxva,
romelsac
adamianebi
sakuTar
Tavs
usvamen
internetSi Sesvlis win, Semdegia: vin unda viyo me dRes? internetSi cxovrebis
erT-erTi yvelaze kargad dokumentirebuli aspeqtia is, rom adaminebi TavisTvis
axal identobebs igoneben (McKenna & Bargh, 2000; Reid, 1998). rodesac adamiani CeTis
oTaxSi Sedis, man SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom urCevnia kaci iyos, vidre qali,
Savkaniani, vidre TeTri, 40 wlis, vidre 18-is, an warmatebuli aRmasrulebeli
struqturis muSaki, vidre kolejis meorekurseli studenti. bevri adamianis
cxovrebaSi internets Zalian naTlad Semoaqvs SesaZlebeli me-ebis koncefcia.
modiT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT am internetis me-ebis zogierT dadebiT Sedegze.
mravali adamiani Tvlis, rom "realur" cxovrebaSi sakmaod viwrod aris
639
moiTxovs
misgan,
konsistenturi
iyos,
rac
SeiZleba
ar
konteqstis
zewolis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
interneti
asustebs
am
im
SiSis
gareSe,
romelic
realuri
samyarosaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
me-s
sakuTari
Sesaxeb,
vidre
isini
amas
moisurvebdnen
sxva
mxriv,
rodesac
isini
emociurad
ixsnebian
(Pennebaker, 1990).
sakuTari
Tavis
faruli
aspeqtebi,
SeuZlia
gamoiwvios
internetis
marginalizebuli
homoseqsualebi.
jgufebis
iseT
seqsualuri
mkvlevarebma
aqtiuri
jgufebSi,
romlebic
identobis
moaxerxes
monawileebisagan
gaTvaliswinebuli
pirebisaTvis,
anonimuri
(McKenna
&
rogorebic
monacemebis
Bargh,
1998).
iyo
arian
Segroveba
am
monacemebidan
37%-ma
jgufSi
monawileobis
Sedegad
sxvebs
gauziares
yuradRebas
gaaRrmavon
vamaxvilebdiT
me-s
gaazreba
internetis
da
dadebiT
CaerTon
aspeqtebze: adamianebis
TviTgaxsnaSi,
rasac
mohyveba
640
sakuTari
cxovrebis
iseT
fragmentaciamde,
romelic
gamoiwvevs
disadaptaciis qcevas (Reid, 1998). Cven adrec aRvniSneT, rom zogi mkvlevari
morcxvobis prevalentobis zrdas internetis xelmisawvdomobas miawers. da mainc,
imedia,
rom
adamianebis
umetesoba
sargebels
naxavs
im
SesaZleblobebisgan,
arsebobs
pirovnebis
erTiani,
unificirebuli
Teoria,
romelsac
memkvidreoba
Tu
garemo.
rogorc
naxeT
fsiqologia
qveTavSi
da
pirovnebis
ganviTarebisaTvis:
genetikuri
da
biologiuri
dakavSirebiT;
froidis
Teoria
Zlier
aris
damokidebuli
daswavlis
procesebi
Tu
qcevis
Tandayolili
wesebi.
romel
641
an
momavlis
miznebs;
xolo
kognituri
me-s
da
Teoriebi
aracnobier
Teoriebi
procesebs;
ki
yuradRebas
humanisturi,
cnobier
uTmobs
am
socialuri dawavlis
procesebs.
pirovnebis
me-s
gansxvavebas;
niSnis
Teoriebs
am
da
kognituri
Teoria
mxriv
ar
mcire
aqvT
gamokveTili pozicia.
5.
Sinagani
dispozicia
Tu
garemos
situacia.
socialuri
daswavlis
Teoriis
niSnis
yovel
Teoriebi
tips
gansxvavebuli
gvawvdian
nusxas,
wvlili
romelic
Seaqvs
pirovnebis
aRwers
pirovnebis
raTa
es
manqana
aTavseben.
amuSavdes.
socialuri
humanisturi
daswavlis
Teoriebi
Teoriebi
adamians
mZRolis
uzrunvelyofen
saWes,
Sexsenebebs,
mogzaurobisaTvis,
rom
gavlenas
fsiqikuri
axdens
ruka,
imaze,
romelsac
Tu
rogor
mZRoli
aris
irCevs
dagegmili,
xdeba
pirovnebis
Sefaseba.
Cven
aRvwerT
zogierT
gzas,
romliTac
642
garemosTan
SedarebiT;
daswavlis
procesebze
qcevis
fsiqologebs
ainteresebT
gansxvavebuli
Tvisebebi,
romlebic
rom
es
maxasiaTeblebi
SeiZleba
Sefasdes
an
gaizomos.
es
daSvebebi
subieqtur testebad.
obieqturi testebi
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis micema (qulebis miniWeba) da gamoyeneba
SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur
testSi Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli programebiT xorcieldeba.
saboloo Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, erTniSna cifria, romelic Tavsdeba erTaderTi
ganzomilebis
gaswvriv
(rogoricaa
eqstraversia).
es
monacemebi
SedarebaSi
mohyavT
normatiuli
SerCevis
monacemebTan.
pirovnebis kiTxvari (Personality inventory) _ TviTanagariSis meTodika, romelic
gamoiyeneba
pirovnebis
Sesafaseblad
da
moicavs
debulebaTa
CamonaTvals
643
mimarTulebis
misacemad. am kiTxvaris
maxasiaTeblebisa da misi
pacientebis
mier
gamovlenili
problemebis
saxeobebs
Seesabameboda.
MMPI-s skalebi ar hgavda sxva arsebul pirovnebis testebs, radganac isini
SemuSavda
empiriuli
strategiis
gamoyenebiT
da
ara
intuitiuri,
Teoriuli
Teoriuli
da
empiriuli
konstruqciis
Sesaxeb.)
debulebebi
Sedioda
skalaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini aSkarad ganasxvavebdnen or jgufs magaliTad, Sizofreniul pacientebs da normalur sakontrolo jgufs. TiToeul
debulebas unda eCvenebina misi validuroba imiT, rom mas TiToeuli jgufis
wevrebi erTnairad upasuxebdnen, xolo ori jgufis wevrebi ki - gansxvavebulad.
644
mniSvnelobas
atarebdnen
isini
eqspertebisTvis),
aramed
empiriul
MMPI-s
gansakuTrebuli
ganvasxvavoT
10
klinikuri
klinikuri
skala,
jgufebi
normaluri
TiToeuli
Seqmnilia
(rogoricaa
sakontrolo
imisTvis,
individebi
jgufisagan.
testi
rom
SizofreniiT)
aseve
Seicavs
Sinaarsi
ukeTesad
asaxavs
Tanamedrove
problemebs
da
monacemebi
ara
isini
Teoriulad
dakavSirebuli
TemasTan
da
qmnidnen
Tu
ara
SegiZliaT
arakreatuli
SeadginoT
jgufebis
kreatulobis
moZebniTa
da
skala
MMPI-dan
im
individebis
debulebebis
kreatuli
da
gansazRvriT,
645
mkvlevarebisaTvis
erT-erTi
MMPI-is
yvelaze
mimzidveli
Seamowmon
Catarebuli,
hipoTezebi
SesaZloa,
MMPI-ze,
bevrad
adre,
romelic
vidre
mravali
gaCndeboda
wliT
adre
warmodgena
iyo
gasazomi
konstruqtis Sesaxeb.
cxrili 14.7. MMPI-2
2 klinikuri skalebi
ipoqondria (Hs): paTologiuri SfoTva sxeulebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb
depresia (D): pesimizmi, uimedoba, moqmedebisa da azrovnebis Seneleba
konversiuli
isteria
(Hy):
mentaluri
problemebis
aracnobieri
gamoyeneba
fsiqopaTiis
skala
(Pd):
socialuri
normebis
ignorireba;
(Pt):
obsesiebi;
kompulsiebi;
SiSebi;
danaSaulis
gancda;
gadauwyveteloba
Sizofrenia (Sc): ucnauroba, uCveuli azrebi an qceva; sakuTar TavSi Caketva;
halucinaciebi; iluziebi
hipomania
(Ma):
emociuri
agznebuloba;
ideebis
araTanmimdevruloba;
moWarbebuli aqtivoba
socialuri introversia (Si): morcxvoba; sxvebis mimarT interesis ararseboba;
arasaimedooba
cxrili 14.8. MMPI-2
2 Sinaarsobrivi skalebi
SfoTva
antisocialuri qmedebebi
646
SiSebi
obsesiuroba
dabali TviTSefaseba/TviTpativiscema
depresia
socialuri diskomforti
janmrTelobasTan
ojaxuri problemebi
dakavSirebuli sazrunavebi
ucnauri azrebi
gabrazeba /risxva
cinizmi
antisocialuri qmedebebi
1994).
sapirispirod,
wamaldamokidebulebis
(substance
abuse)
instrumentis
MMPI-is
SemTxvevaSi,
da MMPI-2-is
mkvlevarebma
gamoyenebis
didi
sandooba
da
sifrTxiliT
unda
validuroba
yovel
problemebis
mqone
pirovnebis
individebis
kiTxvarebi
SefasebisaTvis.
Seqmnili
momdevno
iyo
or
klinikuri
qveTavSi
Cven
aRvwerT
zogadad
NEO PI
NEO pirovnebis kiTxvari (NEO Personality Inventory - NEO PI) aseve Seiqmna pirovnebis
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad araklinikur zrdasrulebis populaciaSi. is zomavs
647
ganzomilebidan
TiToeulze:
neiroticizmi,
eqstraversia,
Riaoba,
TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da patiosneba (Costa & McCrae, 1985). NEO PI-s Sesworebuli
versia
afasebs
30
calkeul
niSans,
romelic
organizebulia
xuTi
ZiriTadi
pirovnuli
janmrTelobasTan
maxasiaTebelebis
da
mravalferovan
damokidebulebis
cxovrebiseul
sakvlevad
movlenebTan,
fizikur
rogoricaa
yofiliyo.
fsiqometruli
skala
maCveneblebi
SeimuSaves
amerikuli
italiaSi,
da
magram
espanuri
mas
aqvs
msgavsi
populaciebisaTvis
da
"dinamizmisa"'
da
"dominantobis"
skalebisagan.
pirveli
muSaoben
enobrivi
da
erovnuli
barierebis
miuxedavad,
arsebiTia
648
mniSvnelovani
kros-kulturuli
kvlevebis
warmoebisaTvis
pirovnebisa
da
socialur fsiqologiaSi.
proeqciuli
individs
uCveneben
orazrovani/abstraqtuli
stimulebis
erTobliobas
da
Tu
Tu
dayrdnobili
SegixedavT
Tqvens
RrublisaTvis
megobrebs
SiSveli
sTxovdiT,
figura
an
da
daginaxavT
SeexedaT,
drakoni.
saxe
maT
msgavs
an
cxovelis
SeiZleba
fenomens
daenaxaT
eyrdnobian
respondentebs,
mixedviT
(rogoricaa
sakuTari
Tavis
Sefasebas
"mSfoTvare/mSvidi").
garkveuli
amgvarad,
ganzomilebebis
respondenti
iZulebulia,
warudgenen
stimulebis
seriebs,
romlebic
ganzrax
naxatebis
Sesaxeb.
pirvelad
proeqciuli
testebi
gamoiyenes
pacientebis
aracnobier
pirovnul
dinamikas.
radganac
stimulebi
adamians
motivebi
Semoaqvs
da
idiosinkratuli
proecirebulia
situaciaSi
konfliqtebi
mravalferovani interpretacia.
saxeldobr,
cxovrebis
(damaxasiaTebeli,
stimulebze,
nebas
Sinagani
gamocdilebidan.
ganmasxvavebeli)
aZlevs
pirovnebis
grZnobebi,
es
piradi
pirovnuli,
aspeqtebi,
Semfasebels,
romlebic
gaakeTos
649
Piotrowski et al.,
aseve
1985).
isini
ufro
xSirad
gamoiyeneba
SeerTebuli
testebis
adeqvaturi
Targmani
da
adeqvaturi
standartizeba
rorSaxis testi
rorSaxis testSi, romelic 1921 wels SeimuSava Sveicarelma fsiqiatrma herman
rorSaxma
(Hermann Rorschach)
bundovani
stimulebi
warmodgenilia
simetriuli
melnis laqebis saxiT (Rorschach, 1942). zogi maTgani Sav-TeTria da zogi _ feradi
(ixileT
suraTi 14.7).
14.7
testis
msvlelobisas
respondents
uCveneben
laqas
da
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis
650
romelic
gansxvavebul
testis
Camtareblebs
Soris
mniSvnelovani
Sedarebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva (Exner, 1991, 1993; Exner & Weiner, 1994). es
Sefasebis
sistema
azustebs,
magaliTad,
Sinaarsobrivi
pasuxebis
zogad
nimuSebi
warmatebiT
daukavSires
rogorc
mainc,
normaluri
Sefasebis
pirovnebis
sistemasTan da
maxasiaTebeli.
magaliTad,
eqsperimetatorma
SesaZloa
Seafasos
cxovrobdnen
seriozulad
da
gamoiyeneboda
movaleobebis
dalagebulad.
individualuri
mixedviT
gaixseneT
me-12-e
gansxvavebebis
da
Tu
ambebi
Tavidan,
rom
gamosavlenad
moyolil
TAT-i
iseT
iqna
xSirad
dominantur
SemogTavazebT
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT.
ramdenime
dainaxeT
daskvniT
Tu
ara
SeniSvnas
kavSiri
am
pirovnebis
Sefasebis
pirovnebis
Sefasebis
Teoriebis
yoveli
tipi
saukeTesod
aSuqebda
adamianuri
gamocdilebis
651
xSirad
pirobebi
kompiuterul
iseTia,
analizze
specifikuri
Sedegebis
eqspertizam
da
rom
profilebi,
dayrdnobiTac
zusti
ki,
romlebic
saSualebas
winaswarmetyveleba.
daxelovnebulma
intuiciam
unda
sxva
miiReba
obieqtur,
iZleva,
gakeTdes
pirobebSi
Seavson
klinikurma
obieqturi
normebi.
dasawyisSi
vTqviT,
rom
pirovnebas
ver
gavzomavT
mis
Tavze
Tu
fsiqologebi
Tqven
Segiswavlidnen,
Tqveni
pirovnebis
rogor
Tqvens
gangasxvavebT
azrebsa
Tqven
sxva
da
qcevaze
Tqvens
individebisagan,
amJamindel
romlebic
mraval
cxovrebaSi?
Tqvens
ra
msgavs
dauSviT,
rom
axla
marTlac
dadga
is
dro,
rodesac
Tqveni
652
urTierTobas
zogadi
pirovnebis
pirovnuli
niSnebis
sityvebs,
Teoriul
da
warmmarTvels,
adreul
gamocdilebebs,
rogorc
pirovnebis
struqtura
Sedgeba
idisagan,
superegosagan
da
Semarigebeli
egosagan.
miuRebeli
impulsebi
represirdeba
da
viTardeba
egos
dacvis
meqanizmebi
yuradReba
egos
funqcionirebaze
da
socialur
cvladebze
da
Teoriebi
fokusirebulia
TviTaqtualizaciaze
individis
potencialis zrdaze.
es Teoriebi holisturia, dispozociuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri.
653
humanisturi
tradiciis
Tanamedrove
Teoriebi
fokusirebulia
individis
cxovrebiseul ambebze.
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
socialuri
daswavlis
Teoriis
mimdevrebi
qcevaSi
da
pirovnebebs
Soris
koncefcia
pirovnuli
da
aris
dinamikuri
mentaluri
interpersonaluri
qcevisa
struqtura,
da
romelic
axdens
procesebis
motivacias,
xerxebSi,
romlebiTac
individualuri
gansxvaveba
aisaxeba
Cveul
Tu
momaval
miznebze;
cnobierebze
aracnobierTan
SedarebiT
da
654
maxasiaTeblebi
fasdeba
rogorc
obieqturi,
aseve
proeqciuli
testebiT.
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
obieqturi
testi,
MMPI-2,
gamoiyeneba
klinikuri
problemebis diagnostikisaTvis.
NEO-PI da BFQ
proeqciul
testebSi
adamianebs
sTxoven,
upasuxon
stimulebs.
ori mniSvnelovani proeqciuli testia rorSaxis testi da TAT-i.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. analitikuri fsiqologia
2. SfoTva
3. arqetipi
4. koleqtiuri aracnobieri
5. konsistentobis paradoqsi
6. ego
7. egos dacvis meqanizmebi
8. xuTfaqtoriani modeli
9. fiqsacia
10. idi
11. damoukidebeli me-s gageba
12. urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba
13. libido
14. pirovneba
15. pirovnebis kiTxvari
16. pirovnebis tipebi
17. SesaZlebeli me-ebi
18. proeqciuli testi
19. fsiqikuri determinizmi
20. fsiqobiografia
bundovan
655
sasurveli suraTebis
suraTebis da fotoebis sia
1. suraTi 11. gv. 431
2. suraTi 14.7 - rorSaxis erT-erTi laqa
3. suraTi 14.8 - TAT-is erT-erTi suraTi
ra aris paTologiuri
obieqturobis problema
istoriuli perspeqtivebi
fsiqopaTologiis etiologia
klasifikaciis miznebi
DSM-IV-TR
656
fsiqologia
fsiqologiuri
suicidi
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
fsiqologia
Sizofreniuli
aSlilobebi
Sizofreniis mizezebi
fsiqikuri
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
657
azriT,
pacientsac
da
sazogadoebasac
ganaTleba
sWirdeba
fsiqikur
mogiyveT
im
gansxvavebis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
arsebobs
Cemi
davimaxsovro,
Tu
rogorebi
arian
adamianebi
da
rogoria
samyaro
visac
cxovrebaSi
raimes
miRweva
surs,
sakuTari
Tavis
maSin
gamowveul
es
misi
mraval
mdgomareobiT
problemasTan
gamowveuli
gamklavebis
sevdis,
misi
fsiqikuri
dabejiTebuli
daavadebiT
surviliT
aRtacebis, risxvis, vinc mas avadmyofis iarliys awebebs imis gamo, rom xandaxan
gansxvavebul
qcevas
axorcielebs,
da
mdgomareobis
gasaumjobesebeli
658
fsiqologiuri
aSliloba,
ratom
viTardeba
da
rogor
aris
aSliloba
individebisa
da
ojaxebis
yoveldRiur
cxovrebaze
im
realuri
cxovreba;
adamianebis
gagiziarebT
aRweras,
maT
romelTac
sityvebsa
paTologiis30
da
yoveldRe
uwevT
gamocdilebas,
am
rogorc
cnebis ganxilviT.
icodiT,
rom
ar
iyo
saSiSi?
gifiqriaT
TviTmkvlelobaze?
rom
TiTqmis
yvela
Cvengans
ganucdia
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis
fsiqopaTologias
an
fsiqologiur
aSlilobas
uwodeben.
fsiqopaTologiuri
abnormality.
Abnormal Psychology iTargmna, rogorc paTofsiqologia, romelSic moiazreba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
da qcevis darRvevebi (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
31
659
qveTavs
daviwyebT,
paTologiuri-s
Semdeg
gavadevnebT,
Tu
ki
gansazRvrebis
obieqturobis
rogor
problemas
viTardeboda
es
ufro
detaluri
SevexebiT.
gansazRvreba
ganxilviT
bolos
ki
kacobriobis
Tvals
istoriis
aswleulebis manZilze.
ra aris paTologiuri
ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT, rom mocemuli pirovneba paTologiuria anu
rodis/ra
paTologiuris
momentSi
gadainacvlebs
kategoriaSi?
mocemuli
qceva
individis
normaluris
kategoriidan
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis
codnasa
da
mis
kulturul
gamocdilebaze,
situaciaze
da
im
qcevis
Tavisuflad,
nebismierad
ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis
dakargva.
660
an
romelic
safrTxis
winaSe
ayenebs
sxvebs
Tavisi
problemiT,
araracionaluroba/iracionaluroba.
individi
moqmedebs
an
laparakobs
araprognozirebadoba. individi
araprognozirebadad
an
araTanmimdevrulad
yovelgvari
TvalsaCino
mizezis
gareSe
muSts
urtyams
fanjaras,
socialur
mivyavarT
standartebs.
paTologiuris
Tumca,
mxolod
fsiqologiur
statistikur
daskvnamde.
uCveulobas
magaliTad,
ar
geniosebis
mxriv,
ukiduresad
arasasurvelad
iTvleba;
dabali
inteleqti,
amitom
xSirad
aseve,
mas
iSviaTobaa,
paTologiuris
magram
es
kategorias
miakuTvneben;
6.
xmamaRal
kamaTSi
CarTuli
qali
damkvirveblis
diskomforts
iwvevs
Taobaze,
Tu
rogor
unda
moiqces
socialuri
normebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
am
situaciebSic.
am
Temas
eZRvneba
CanarTi
fsiqologia
Cvens
661
SegiZliaT
myisierad
dainaxoT,
aSkara
Tu
ratom
yvela
ar
aris
paTologiuris
damkvirveblisTvis?
es
ganvixiloT,
kriteriumebi
mxolod
bolo
ufro
meti
darwmunebulobiT
mivakuTvnebT
qcevas
paTologiuris
da
mkveTrad
aris
gamoxatuli
indikatorebi,
miT
ufro
metad
warwera:
dRes
ar
aris
miRebis
saaTebi.
pirovnuli
tanjvis
am ukidures qcevas
kriteriumi
TavisTavad
ar
aris
sakmarisi
piroba
imisaTvis,
rom
kriteriumTa
erTobliobas.
umjobesia,
fsiqikuri
aSliloba
662
sasargebloa
fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis,
rogorc
kontiniumis
janmrTelobas;
meore
boloSi
ki
qcevebi,
romlebic
minimalur
fsiqikur
araadapturi qcevebi.
individualuri, jgufuri da garemos faqtorebi erTad efeqturad
optimaluri
muSaobs da uzrunvelyofs:
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
gamoyenebas;
minimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
subieqtur distress;
destruqciul qcevas;
usamarTlobis ganmtkicebas.
obieqturobis problema
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul individs fsiqologiurad aSlili an
paTologiuri vuwodoT, yovelTvis qcevis Sesaxeb msjelobas warmoadgens. mravali
mkvlevris
mizania
mikerZoebis
gareSe.
am
msjelobebisTvis
zogierTi
obieqturobis
fsiqologiuri
miniWeba,
yovelgvari
aSlilobisaTvis,
rogoricaa,
sxva
SemTxvevebi
ufro
metad
problemuria.
rogorc
vnaxeT
663
sruliad
gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebis
matarebelia.
vTqvaT,
mamakaci
kocnis
situaciebis
magaliTebiT,
romelSic
paTologiuris
Sesaxeb
daskvna
luizianas
samedicino
asociaciis
mier
iyo
Tavmjdomared.
kvlevis
Sedegad
dagrovil
iqna
monobis
praqtikis
romelic
is
iyo,
manamde ucnobi
iyo
TeTrkanianTa
rasisaTvis. erT-erTi
daavadebulni
iyvnen
sensoruli
Tavisuflebis
Ziebis
mania
fsiqikuri
aSliloba,
romelic
batonisgan
gaqcevas aiZulebda zogierT monas. saWiro iyo gaqceuli monebis daWera, raTa
saTanadod emkurnalaT daavadebisaTvis (Chorever, 1891)!
SedarebiT
politikuri
axlo
warsulSi
disidentebis
sabWoTa
maTi
kavSiris
miuRebeli
liderebs
devianturi
wesad
hqondaT
ideologiis
gamo
individs
erTxel
tendencia,
rom
Sesabamisi
interpretacia
miawebeben
SemdgomSi
mis
miscen.
paTologiuris
mier
iarliys,
ganxorcielebul
devid
rozenhanma
adamianebs
qcevasac
am
(David Rozenhan)
aqvT
daskvnis
da
misma
664
rozenhanma
da
saavadmyofoSi
moaxerxes
halucinaciebis
paranoiduli
miRebis
Svidma
Seracxadma
pacientis
simulirebiT.
Sizofreniis
Semdeg
isini
an
adamianma
statusiT
sxvadasxva
moxvedra
maniakalur-depresiuli
sruliad
erTi
fsevdopacients
rvave
normalurad
fsiqiatriul
simptomis
miRebisas
aSlilobis
iqceodnen,
Tumca,
dausves
diagnozi.
rozenhanis
interpretireba
konteqstis
Sesabamisad
xdeba.
fsevdopacientebi
dacvis
gamoyenebas
miawerdnen,
dakvirvebebis
Canawerebis
kvlevebma
aCvena,
Tu
rogor
aris
damokidebuli
paTologiebis
damadastureblad
gamoyenebuli
simptomebi
mxolod
da
mxolod
adamianebis
sanqcias
mier
iZleva.
socialuri
erTxel
normebis
daasvamen
ra
darRvevaSi
daRs,
am
profesiuli
adamianebs
maTi
amgvarad,
arsebobdes
am
msjelobas
paTologiuris
mivyavarT
sruliad
mosazrebamde,
obieqturi
rom
Sefaseba.
SeuZlebelia
fsiqologiuri
665
sjeraT
klinicistebs,
qceviTi
paterni,
rom
simptomTa
individisTvis
ufro
erToblioba,
seriozuli
romliTac
movlenaa,
warmodgenilia
vidre
ubralod
paTologiuris
cnebisa
da
paTologiuri
qcevis
mkurnalobis
zogierT
gadamwyvet
ucnaurad
an
zomebs
iRebdnen
paTologiurad
yvela
im
miiCnevdnen.
qcevis
aRmosafxvrelad,
adamianebi,
romlebic
romelsac
aseT
qcevebs
aRmoCenili
aqvT
preistoriuli
gaxvretili
Tavis
qalebi.
es
Sua
saukuneebSi
arsebuli
Selocvebi
mowodebuli
iyo
isteriis
warmodgenil
SelocvaSi
rwmena
fsiqologiur
aSlilobebSi
demonuri
Tavdapirvelad
dagafuZna
maRalma
RmerTma.
666
SegrZnebebs.
mravali
maTgani
droebiT
dabrmavda
an
dayruvda;
axsnis
farTomasStabian
Ziebas
STaberes
suli.
mravali
adamiani
20-ze meti
saukunis
meore
naxevarSi
paTologiuri
qcevis
mimarT
axali
fsiqologiuri
ganaxorciela
sirTuleebis
da
klasifikaciis
sayrdenad
aiRo
sistemis
mosazreba
imis
ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb,
rom
daavadebebs.
damaxasiaTebel
aseTi
simptomTa
sistemis
mixedviT,
erToblioba,
TiToeul
romelic
daavadebas
ganasxvavebs
mas
gaaCnia
sxva
simptomebis
aSlilobis
paternebis,
bunebrivi
darRvevis
mimdinareobisa
daqvemdebarebulobis
mixedviT.
aseTma
bunebismetyvelTa
gamoyenebuli
biologiuri
mier
dasawyisisTvis
da
arsebuli
mkurnalobisadmi
saklasifikacio
saklasifikacio
sistemebma,
sistemebis
667
Seqmnis
Semdeg,
modelireba
ganicada
da
mowodebuli
iyo
klinicistebisTvis
faqtorebi.
1896 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma emil krepelinma (Emil Kraepelin, 1855-1926) Seqmna
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis pirveli realurad amomwuravi klasifikaca. vinaidan
swamda, rom fsiqologiur problemebs fizikuri safuZveli hqonda, man samedicino
diagnozis
suliskveTebiT
aRwera
fsiqologiuri
diagnostirebisa
da
midgomis
alternatiuli
fsiqologiur mizezebsa da
mimdinareoba
paTologiuri
mkurnalobaze fokusirdeba. es
mosazreba
qcevis
kargad
STambeWdavma
Sromebma.
mesmers
miaCnda,
rom
mraval
cnobili
gaxda,
rogorc
hipnotizmi,
rac,
Tavdapirvelad,
668
problemebis
warmoqmnaSi,
romelTac
mxolod
fizikuri
safuZvlis
mqoned
miiCnevdnen.
Sarkos
erT-erTma
studentma,
zigmund
froidma
ganagrZo
hipnoziT
Teoriis
SemuSavebisTvis
fsiqopaTologiis
bunebisa
iyenebda,
da
romelic,
mizezebis
Sesaxeb
aseve,
axdens
Tanamedrove
Sesaxeb
daavadebebis
kombinirebul
variants
Tanamedrove
samedicino
warmoadgens.
da
mosazrebebi,
umravles
fsiqologiuri
qvemoT
swored
SemTxvevaSi,
modelebis
aspeqtTa
paTologiuris
mizezebis
exeba
fsiqologiuri
da
samedicino
problemebis
ganviTarebis
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
mkurnalobis
da,
saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi,
misi
iqneba
mizezebis
analizi.
qvemoT
mizezobrivi
faqtorebis
or
did
biologiuri midgomebi
samedicino
midgomis
modelis
daSvebis
tradiciebze
Camoyalibebuli
Tanaxmad, fsiqologiuri
Tanamedrove
darRvevebi
biologiuri
gamowveulia
bazisuri
tvinis
struqturul
anomaliebs,
biologiur
procesebsa
da
genetikur
zegavlenebs.
Tavis tvini rTuli organoa, romlis urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebi myife
balansSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. mis qimiur gadamtanebSi _ neirogadamtanebSi an
mis qsovilSi momxdar mcireoden cvlilebasac ki SeiZleba mniSvnelovani Sedegi
mohyves. am cvlilebebis mizezi mravali ram SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris genetikuri
faqtorebi,
Tavis
tvinis
dazianeba
da
infeqcia.
wina
TavebSi
vnaxeT,
rom
669
sferoSi
mimdinare
miRwevebma
gaaumjobesa
specifikur
genebsa
da
paTologiuris
sxvadasxva
formebis
bunebis
Secnobas,
winamdebare
TavSi
fsiqologiuri midgomebi
fsiqologiuri
socialuri
faqtorebis
aSlilobebis
garemos
midgomebi
safuZvlad
faqtorebs
fsiqopaTologiis
rolze
fokusirdeba.
pirovnul
miiCneven.
ganviTarebaSi
am
fsiqologiuri
midgomebSi
da
fsiqologiuri
Cven
ganvixilavT
paTologiis
sam
ZiriTad
modelis
modeli.
mixedviT,
biologiuri
fsiqopaTologiis
midgomis
mizezebi
msgavsad,
fsiqodinamikuri
pirovnebis
SigniT
aris
fsiqologiuri
aRvniSneT,
froids
adamianisaTvis
ufroa,
miaCnda,
vidre
rom
damaxasiaTebeli
biologiuri.
mravali
fsiqikuri
rogorc
fsiqologiuri
konfliqtebisa
wina
TavebSi
aSliloba
da
egos
yvela
dacviTi
ayalibebs _ normalur da
paTologiur qcevasac.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis Tanaxmad, qceva motivirebulia xSir SemTxvevebSi
gaucnobierebeli
ltolvebiTa
da
survilebiT.
fsiqopaTologiis
simptomebi
Tu aracnobieri
sxva
aSlilobebi
Seawuxebs.
am
fsiqikur
konfliqtTa
umravlesoba
idis
socialuri
iZulebebis
urTierTdapirispirebis
Sedegad
670
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
gandevna
an
uaryofa.
dacvis
meqanizmebis
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis
simptomebi
individebis
mier
TviT-
paTologiuri
qcevis
garemoSi
arsebuli
SemTxveviTi
mkurnalobis
gzebis
dasaxva
da
arasasurveli
qcevis
Caqroba.
modeli.
fsiqopaTologiisadmi
bihevioralur
TvalsazrisTan
erTad
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis
saTaveebs
arsebuli
garemos
stimulebSi,
iyeneben.
kognitur
kognituri
midgomas
midgomis
xSirad
mixedviT,
yovelTvis
ver
aRmovaCenT obieqturad
ganmamtkiceblebsa
da
TvalsaCino
reaqciebSi.
an
arasworad
mniSvnelovani
warmarTon
ganmamtkiceblebis
adapturi
qceva,
gakontrolebis
aris
xarisxis
pirovnebis
subieqturi
mier
aRqma,
interpretacia
midgomis
situaciuri
mixedviT,
Tu
pirovnuli
fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis
problemebi
realuri
terminebiT.
situaciis
671
aRqmis
an problemis
gadawyvetis
uSedego
mcdelobebis Sedegia.
sociokulturuli
midgoma.
fsiqopaTologiis
Sesaxeb
sociokulturuli
garkveuli
qcevis
tipi
individisTvis
adaptaciaSi
problemebis
etiologias,
cxovroben
uwyoben
adamianebi,
gansakuTrebuli
SeiZleba
fsiqopaTologiis
mogvianebiT,
gansazRvravdes
calkeuli
klasifikaciis
kulturuli
Sesaxeb
tipebis
qveTavSi,
im
an
garemo
pirobebs,
pirobebi,
romlebic
qvetipebis
visaubrebT
gamoyofas.
aseT,
sadac
xels
Cven
kulturasTan
SeWidul sindromebze.
axla ukve SegiqmeniT zogadi warmodgena im ZiriTad midgomebze, romlebsac
mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri daavadebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb gvTavazoben. unda aRiniSnos,
rom, miaCniaT ra fsiqopaTologia mTeli rigi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis rTuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro da
ufro metad ikaveben interaqcionistul pozicias. ase magaliTad, genetikurma
predispoziciam neirogadamtanebis an hormonebis doneze zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba
mowyvladi gaxados pirovneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobisadmi, magram aSlilobis
srulad ganviTarebisTvis fsiqologiuri an socialuri stresi an daswavlili
qceva iyos saWiro.
Semdeg
nawilSi
im
mcdelobebze
gveqneba
saubari,
romelic
ganxorcielda
ganisazRvreba
mTeli
rigi
kriteriumebis
gaTvaliswinebiT:
upirvelesi
mizania
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebisadmi
obieqturi
672
am
aSlilobebis
kategorizaciasa
da
daavadebebad
mkurnalobas
ganxilva
eqvemdebarebodnen.
daiwyes.es
daavadebebi
fsiqikuri
daavadebis
tipebis
paTologiurisTvis
erTmaneTisgan
gamijvna?
dakvirvebadi
qcevis
fsiqologiuri
paternis
diagnozi
aris
klasificirebisa
da
samedicino
monacemebze
sisxlis
SeuZlia
analizi
konteqstSi
dayrdnoba,
da
biofsia.
diagnostirebisas
rogoricaa,
eqims
magaliTad,
fsiqologiuri
iseT
fizikur
rentgenis
aSlilobebis
suraTi,
SemTxvevaSi
maqsimaluri
Sefasebebs
SeTanxmebulobisa
Soris
(konsistenturobis)
Tanmimdevrulobis
misaRwevad,
da
maT
fsiqologebma
673
saerTo
stenografiuli
ena.
klinikosTa
da
fsiqopaTologiis
sferoSi
SeTanxmebuli
mniSvnelobebis
mqone
terminebs
eZeben.
aerTianebs,
romlSic
Sedis
damaxasiaTebeli
simptomebi
da
diagnostikuri
sistema
fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis
programebis
Sefasebisas
mkvlevrebi
unda
SeTanxmdnen
aSlilobis
etiologiis
Sesaxeb
arsebiTi
uTanxmoebis
an
ra
unda
klinikosebma
gamoviyenoT
aRmoaCines,
konkretuli
rom
aSlilobisaTvis.
garkveuli
mkurnaloba
mkvlevrebma
an
Terapia
da
ufro
ufro
mkurnalobebis
amZimebs
kidec
efeqturobisa
da
mdgomareobas
specifikurobis
depresiis
Sesaxeb
SemTxvevaSi.
codnis
Semdgomi
fsiqiatriul
asociacias
ekuTvnis.
mas
fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis
674
diagnostikuri da statistikuri saxelmZRvanelo ewodeba. meoTxe gamocemis (DSMIV, 1994) teqsturi gadasinjva 2000 wels gamoqveynda da mas klinikosebi da
mkvlevrebi
saxeliT
DSM-IV-TR-is
icnoben.
masSi
klasificirebulia,
aSlilobebisadmi
midgomebis
mravalferovnebiT
gamowveuli
aRwerasa
gamaxvilebuli,
vidre
da
aSlilobebis
etiologiur
mimdinareobebze
Teoriebsa
da
ufro
metad
mkurnalobis
aris
strategiebze.
SeTanxmebis
miuRwevlad
datovon
Sexvedrebi
da
ikvlion,
Tu
romeli
daavadebaTa
internacionalur
klasifikacias
(ICD
International
aSlilobasTan
SesaZlo
kavSirSi
myofi
fsiqologiuri,
informaciis klasi
aRwera
675
RerZi I
klinikuri aSlilobebi
RerZi II
(a) pirovnuli
aSlilobebi
disfunqcionaluri paternebi.
(b) gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba
RerZi
zogadi samedicino
III
mdgomareobebi
RerZi
fsiqosocialuri da
IV
garemos problemebi
RerZi V funqcionirebis
mTlianobiTi Sefaseba
RerZze
mocemulia
rogorc
gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba,
aseve,
pirovnuli
informacias
zogadi
samedicino
mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb,
rogoricaa,
676
romelic
SeiZleba
sasargeblo
iyos
konkretuli
individisTvis
romlebmac
SeiZleba
axsnas
pacientis
stresuli
reaqciebi
an
kategoriebi
da
maTi
organizebisa
da
warmodgenisTvis
janmrTelobis
eqspertebis
umravlesobis
mosazrebaTa
cvlilebebs
sazogadoebaSi
paTologiuris
Sesaxeb
arsebuli
mosazrebebis
cvlilebebi.
TiToeuli DSM-is gadasinjvis procesSi gamoiricxa zogierTi diagnostikuri
kategoria, zogierTi ki, piriqiT, daemata kidec. magaliTad, DSM-III-is (1980w.)
SesavalSi amoRebulia nevrotul da fsiqotur aSlilobebs Soris gansxvavebis
tradiciuli ganmarteba. nevrotuli aSlilobebi anu nevrozebi Tavdapirvelad
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romlis drosac
sferoSi
warmoqmnil
sirTuleebSi;
aRar
gamoiyeneba,
rogorc
677
xasiaTdeboda
TviT-damangreveli
an
daZlevis
araadekvaturi
strategiebiT.
amis
erT-erTi
saukeTeso
homoseqsualoba.
magaliTia
SegiZliaT
gaixsenoT XII Tavidan, rom 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis nusxidan homoseqsualurobis amoRebas. im dromde
homoseqsualoba DSM-Si Setanili iyo, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadeba.
gansazRvreba.
samarTlebrivi
sistemis
metic,
cnebaa.
Seuracxadoba
samarTalSi
popularuli
Seuracxadobis
kulturisa
da
gaTvaliswinebis
praqtika 1843 wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac inglisSi deniel maknaTeni (Daniel
M`Naghten) mkvlelobaSi udanaSaulod cnes Seuracxadobis mizeziT. misi savaraudo
msxverpli britaneTis premier ministri iyo _ maknaTens swamda, rom mas RmerTma
Caagona mkvleloba (man SemTxveviT premier ministris nacvlad misi mdivani mokla).
bodvebis
verdiqtis
nacvlad
risxvam
biZgi
fsiqiatriul
misca
saavadmyofoSi
lordTa
palatas,
moaTavses. am
rom
gamoekveTa
678
mimarTuleba,
farglebs.
e.w.
am
maknaTenis
wesis
wesi,
mixedviT,
romelic
damnaSave
gansazRvravda
ver
unda
Seuracxadobis
xvdebodes
mis
mier
garemoebebis
Sesaxeb,
romelSic
damnaSave
SesaZloa
ansxvavebdes
swors
arazneobrivi iyo,
magram
mainc
ver
SeZlos
moqmedebis
ganxilvisas
visaubrebT).
xSirad,
magaliTad,
fobiebis
mqone
adamianebma ician, rom oboba maT arafers dauSavebs, magram ar xelewifebaT misi
danaxvisas panikuri qcevisagan Tavis Sekaveba. fsiqikuri daavadebis Sesaxeb aseTi
mosazreba samarTlebriv standartebSic iqna CarTuli, ramac imoqmeda hinklis
SemTxvevaSi. mis nafic msajulebs miaCndaT, rom hinkli ar akontrolebda Tavis
qcevas, romelic msaxiob judi fosteris akviatebidan momdinareobda.
gaanTavisufles Tu ara hinkli? araviTar SemTxvevaSi. igi vaSingtonis olqis wm.
elizabetis fsiqiatriul klinikaSi moaTavses da 2001 wlamde iq imyofeboda.
faqtobrivad, Seuracxadobis, rogorc dacvis, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi
ZiriTadi araswori gageba mkvlelebs Tavisuflad darCenis saSualebas aZlevs
(Caplan, 1992; Silver et al., 1994). Seuracxadobis sarCeliT udanaSaulod miCneul
individTa daaxloebiT 90% fsiqiatriul klinikebSi xvdeba. hinklis SemTxvevis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi individebs sazogadoebaSi mxolod mas Semdeg uSveben, rac
eqspertebi daadgenen, rom isini aRar arian saSiSni. dapatimrebisgan gansxvavebiT,
xSirad
winaswar
fsiqiatriul
darwmunebulni
ar
aris
gansazRvruli,
dawesebulebaSi.
unda
rogor
yofiliyvnen
Tu
fiqrobT,
fsiqiatrebi
ra
vadiT
hinklis
da
aTavseben
individs
SemTxvevaSi
ramdenad
fsiqologebi,
rom
hinklis
SemTxvevis Sedegad
mravalma
sasamarTlom Secvala
Seuracxadobis
679
Seitana
Seuracxadobis
sarCeli
da
mxolod
maTgani
(4.2%)
iqna
dakmayofilebuli (Janofski et al., 1996). amgvarad, mcirea albaToba imisa, rom Tqven
odesme mogmarTaven TxovniT, rom dajdeT nafic msajulTa skamze da gansajoT,
meore
adamiani
Seuracxadia
Tu
ara,
magram
warmoidgineT,
rom
es
moxda.
ritualebiT
iyo
dakavebuli
da
romelic
Seracxadad
scnes.
fsiqiatri
eqspertebis
mosazrebebis
Secvla
kvlevebis
Sedegebma
gamoiwvia,
romelmac
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba.
dResdReobiT
homoseqsualobas
ubralod
seqsualuri
TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT variantad miiCneven. is mxolod maSin Tanxvdeba DSM-IVTR-is diagnozs, rodesac individs aReniSneba mdgradi da SesamCnevi distresi
seqsualur orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p.582). diagnostikuri
kriteriumi, cxadia, gamoiyeneba im homoseqsualebis mimarT, visac awuxebs es
problema.
dabolos, DSM-is adreuli gamocemebis kritikosebs afiqrebdaT is faqti, rom
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevebSi yuradRebis miRma rCeboda kulturuli
variaciebi. DSM-IV-TR-Si aSlilobaTa umravlesobis aRwera moicavs informacias
Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara klinikuri) aRniSvna im
qcevis
adgilobrivad
specifikuri
paternebi
da
Semawuxebeli
680
individis
Taijin Kyofusho.
sxeuli,
sxeulis
Seuracxmyofelia
intensiuri
nawilebi
sxva
an
SiSi
funqciebi
adamianebisaTvis
imis
Taobaze,
arasasiamovno,
Tavisi
rom
individis
samarcxvino
garegnobiT,
suniT,
an
saxis
ra
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis
TiToeul
ZiriTad
formas,
aSlilobebis
klasificirebis
mizania
rogorc
sxvadasxva
yvelaze
informacia
xuT
ganmavlobaSi
farTod
RerZzea
ganviTarda,
gamoyenebad
mocemuli.
raTa
sistema
saklasifikacio
diagnostikuri
ufro
sistemas;
kategoriebi
Tanmimdevruli
da
mTeli
droTa
gamosadegi
gamxdariyo.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
mas Semdeg, rac aRvwereT paTologiuris Sesaxeb msjelobis ZiriTadi farglebi,
mivadeqiT ZiriTad informacias _ iseTi ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresia da Sizofrenia. TiToeuli
kategoriis SemTxvevaSi jer aRvwerT, ras ganicdian Tavad daavadebuli individebi
da rogor aRiqvamen maT damkvirveblebi, Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xsnian
681
etiologiisadmi
biologiuri
da
fsiqologiuri
midgomebi
am
aSlilobebis
ganviTarebas.
arsebobs fsiqopaTologiis mTeli rigi sxva kategoriebi, romelTa ganxilvasac
ver davuTmobT dros, Tumca, qvemoT mocemulia maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovanTa
Sesaxeb mokle, Semajamebeli informacia.
nivTierebebis
gamoyenebis
aSlilobebi
moicavs
alkoholsa
da
qimiur
gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb
mravali
sakiTxi
cnobierebis
mdgomareobebis
somatoformul
aSlilobebSi
Sedis
fizikuri
(somaturi)
simptomebi,
an
xdeba,
moicavs
gonebriv
CamorCenilobas,
komunikaciur
winamdebare
individebs
TavSi
calkeuli
SevafasebT
im
sixSires,
fsiqologiuri
ra
sixSiriTac
aSlilobebi.
monacemebi
aReniSnebaT
miRebulia
masSi
monawileobdnen
mozardebi
da
ar
monawileobdnen
ufrosi
asakis
komorbidulobis
saxeliT
aris
cnobili
(morbidulobas
daavadebis
682
realurad
erTdroeulad
ori
an
meti
aSliloba
aReniSneboda.
mkvlevrebma
ra
sxvadasxva
simptomebsa
da
gamocdilebebs,
iqneba,
adamianuri
Tu
isini
sisusteebi,
kriteriumTa
nusxaSi
sruliad
romelTac
SexvdebiT.
am
ucxod
mogeCvenebaT.
konkretuli
msgavsebebis
bevrs
fsiqologiuri
gacnobiereba
axasiaTebs
aSlilobis
xels
Seuwyobs
saWiroebs.
axlad
gTxovT,
SeZenili
winaaRmdegoba
codna
gauwioT
megobrebisTvis
da
cdunebas
ojaxis
da
ar
wevrebisTvis
universitetTa
umravlesobaSi
funqcionirebs
aseT
sakiTxebze
momuSave
sakonsultacio centrebi.
Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT SfoTvasa da depresias da SedarebiT mokled
visaubrebT pirovnul aSlilobebsa da disociaciur aSlilobebze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciebSi TiToeul Cvengan ganucdia SfoTva an SiSi.
Tumca, zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTva imdenad problemuri xdeba, rom efeqturad
funqcionirebasa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT tkbobaSi uSlis xels. dadgenilia,
rom
mozrdili
SfoTviTi
TiToeul
mosaxleobis
aSlilobebisTvis
am
erTmaneTisgan
aSlilobaSi
TiTqmis
25%-s
drodadro
damaxasiaTebeli
SfoTva
gansxvavdebian
gadamwyvet
SfoTvis
simptomebi
rols
gancdis
aReniSneba
(Kessler et
asrulebs,
sxvadasxva
al.,
1994).
Tumca,
isini
xarisxiT,
SfoTvis
683
diagnozs
situaciazea
fokusirebuli,
sayvareli
adamianis
specifikuri
usvamen.
rogoricaa:
kargad
simptomebi
xSirad
yofnis
SfoTva
_
ararealuri
Taobaze.
varirebs
specifikur
cxovrebiseul
SfoTva
SfoTvis
finansebis
gamoxatvis
pirovnebidan
gzebi
pirovnebamde,
an
_
magram
aSlilobebi
xasiaTdeba
(Anxiety disorder) _
fsiqologiuri
agznebiT,
fsiqikuri
daZabulobis
aSlilobebi,
grZnobiT
da
romelic
TvalsaCino
SfoTviTi
aSliloba
SfoTviTi
SfoTviTi
SeuZlebelia
aSliloba
pirovnebis
funqcionirebis
nerviulobis
gauaresebas
gakontroleba
an
iwvevs,
gverdze
socialur
Tu
samsaxureobriv
valdebulebebs.
panikuri aSliloba
am
sirTuleebs
684
generalizebuli
qronikulad
SfoTviTi
arsebobisgan
aSlilobisTvis
gansxvavebiT,
damaxasiaTebeli
panikuri
aSlilobis
SfoTvis
mqone
adamianebi
TviTregulirebadi
hiperaqtiuroba(rogoricaa
aCqarebuli
guliscema),
es hgavs grZnobas,
romelic
Txemidan
fexis
TiTebamde
gagirbens
ganmeorebiTi
moulodneli
Setevebi
da,
amasTanave,
intensiurad
mixedviT,
panikuri
aSlilobis
diagnostireba
unda
moxdes
wesi,
aSinebT
iseTi
adgilebi,
rogoricaa:
xalxmravali
oTaxebi,
buStze
kontrolis
dakargvis
gamo
an
panikis
Setevis
simptomebi,
Setevebis
mqone zogierTi
momavali
685
gaxdes
fobiebi
SiSi
aris
racionaluri
safrTxeze (rogoricaa
reaqcia
obieqturad
identificirebul
garegan
SeiZleba aiZulos
axdens
miRwevisaTvis
SezRudulma
individis
adaptaciaze,
fobiamac
iwvevs
aucilebel
ki
cxovrebaze.
mniSvnelovan
moqmedebebs.
SeiZleba
udidesi
DSM-IV-TR-Si
Zalze
gavlena
fobiebis
ori
distress
da
aferxebs
speficikurma,
moaxdinos
kategoriaa
aSkarad
konkretuli
aRwerili:
sqesobrivi
gansxvaveba
umravlesoba qalia
TiTqmis yvela
qalia
bavSvoba
686
mRrRnelebi (rodentofobia)
bunebrivi garemos tipi
umravlesoba an
Stormebi (brontofobia)
TiTqmis yvela
simaRleebi (akrofobia)
qalia
sisxlis-infeqciis-dazianebis tipi
bavSvoba
umravlesoba qalia
nebismieri asaki
TiTqmis yvela
bavSvoba an 20-iani
qalia
sisxli (hematofobia)
nemsebi (belonofobia)
situaciuri tipi
daxuruli sivrceebi
(klaustrofobia)
rkinigza (saidrodromofobia)
sazogadoebrivi
situaciis
winaswar
warmodgenisas,
romelSic
individi
qcevis
ganxorcielebis
eSinia.
pirovneba
acnobierebs,
rom
SiSi
moWarbebuli da safuZvels moklebulia, magram SiSi mainc aiZulebs mas, rom Tavi
aaridos iseT situaciebs, sadac arsebobs sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqtad gaxdomis
SesaZlebloba.
socialuri
fobia
xSirad
TviT-damakmayofilebel
winaswar
gasauareseblad.
adamianebi
warmatebulni
maSinac
arian
ki,
rodesac
socialur
socialuri
garemoSi,
isini
ar
fobiis
uSveben,
mqone
rom
warmateba dadebiTad aisaxos maTze (Wallace & Alden, 1997). amerikel mozrdilTa
13.3%-s aReniSneba socialuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad identificirebul garegan
687
fobiebi
Tavs
iCenen
zogierT
sxvadasxva
tipis
obieqtebze
an
individs
SeiZleba
obobebze
hqondes
fobiuri
reaqciebi.
TiToeul
warmoiqmneba.
kvlevis
mixedviT,
amerikel
mozrdilTa
11.3%-s
obsesiurobsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone zogierTi adamiani iketeba azrebisa da qcevebis
specifikur paternebSi.
mxolod
raRac
erTi
wlis
win
17
wlis
jimi
mravalmxrivi
niWiT
erTbaSad,
fsiqologiuri
uunarobis
gamo,
martosul
gariyulad,
mainc
meordeba
an
narCundeba.
obsesiebi
ganicdeba,
rogorc
688
aSlilobis
mqone
adamianTa
obsesiuri
azrebi
gacilebiT
metad
jimis
banaoba),
romelic
obsesiebze
sapasuxod
xorcieldeba
garkveuli
dakavSirebuli
diskomfortis
Sesamcireblad
an
aRsakveTad
aSlilobis
mqone
individebi,
sawyis
periodSi
mainc,
Tumca,
SfoTvis
gaCenisTanave,
dauZleveli
xdeba
daZabulobis
am
fsiqikuri
iracionalurobis
an
problemis
moWarbebulobis
mqone
da
adamianebi
maTi
ganicdian,
Semcirebis
obsesiebis
unaris
arqonis
689
(varjiSis)
dros
gaaupatiures,
isev
eSinoda
sirbilis
ganaxlebis:
marto
aRar
davdivar
sarbenad,
magram
SiSi
jer
isev
rCeba.
am
halucinaciebiTa
(flashbacks).
individebs
da
disociaciuri
PTSD
SeiZleba
xatebiT
anu
e.w.
ganuviTardeT
fleSbeqebiT
gaupatiurebaze,
imisa,
rom
mqone
PTSD-s
adamianebs
amavdroulad
sxva
rogoricaa
seriozuli
ubeduri
SemTxveva,
stiqiuri
ubedureba
an
fizikuri Zaladoba (Green, 1994). kolejis studentTa SerCevis 84%-ma aRniSna, rom
gamocdilebaSi hqondaT, sul mcire, erTi travmatuli movlena, daaxloebiT erTma
mesamedma ki _ oTxi da meti aseTi calkeuli movlena daasaxela (Vrana & Lauterbach,
1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebi da qalebi Tanabari sixSiriT ganicdian
travmatul movlenebs, qalebSi orjer metia PTSD-s ganviTarebis albaToba, vidre
mamakacebSi (Breslau et al., 1997). mamakacebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalebTan gansakuTrebiT
didia albaToba imisa, rom bavSvobaSi miRebuli travmis Sedegad ganviTardes
PTSD. mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben am sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gagebas.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba Zalian arRvevs individis cxovrebas. rogor
umklavdebian
mkvlevrebi
PTSD-sa
da
sxva
SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis
wyaroebis
690
xsnian
ganxilul
fsiqologebi
TiToeul
SfoTviTi
etiologiur
aSlilobebis
midgomaSi
ganviTarebas?
(biologiuri,
qvemoT
fsiqodinamikuri,
biologiuri
sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom SfoTvas biologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. erTerTi Teoria cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris garkveuli fobiebi, vTqvaT, obobebis
an
simaRleebis
magaliTad,
SiSi,
ufro
eleqtroobis,
kulturisTvis,
metad
SiSebi.
SemoTavazebul
gavrcelebuli,
vinaidan
iqna
mravali
mosazreba,
vidre
SiSi
rom
sxva
safrTxeebis,
saerToa
sxvadasxva
evoluciuri
warsulis
im
obieqtebze
an
situaciebze
reaqciis
saxiT
ganviTarebul
fobiebs,
SfoTviT
aSlilobebSi
biologiuri
faqtoris
rolis
damadasturebel monacemebs iZleva (Holland et al., 1999; Klerman et al., 1994). magaliTad,
gavixsenoT III Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinSi GABA neirogadamtanis Semcvelobis
Semcirebisas adamianebi xSirad ganicdian SfoTvas. rogorc XVI TavSi vnaxavT,
GABA-s
Semcvelobaze
moqmedi
nivTierebebi
warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba
SfoTviTi
691
dResdReobiTac
cdiloben
simptomebsa
OCD-s
da
Tavis
tvinis
genetikuri
faqtoris
wvlilis
damadasturebeli
monacemebi,
fobiebi
fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri
simptomebi
modeli
warsulis
amodis
fsiqikuri
daSvebidan,
konfliqtebidan
rom
SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis
an
SiSebidan
momdinareobs.
survils.
simbolizebuli
Semdgom
saxiT
cxovrebaSi
gamoxatavs
obieqtma
konfliqts,
an
situaciam,
SeiZleba
fobiis
romelic
gaaqtiureba
aracnobieri
konfliqti
SeiZleba
cnobierSi
amoitanos,
rasac
iqneba
bavSvobaSi
saxlSi
miRebul
gamocdilebasTan
dakavSirebuli
impulss
gamoxatavs,
CanacvlebiT
pirovneba
garkveul
Semsubuqebas
692
saqmianoba,
romelic
mcire
ritualuri
moqmedebebis
Sesrulebas
bihevioraluri
SfoTvis bihevioraluri axsnebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor xdeba SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis
simptomebis
gamomuSaveba
da
ganmtkiceba.
mkvlevrebi
ar
eZeben
ganpirobebul
SiSebad
miiCneven:
gavixsenoT
patara
alberti,
romelsac jon vatsonma da rozali reinerma TeTri virTxis SiSi ganuviTares (ix.
gverdi X _ aq Caiwereba Sesabamisi gverdis nomeri VII Tavidan).
bihebioraluri axsnis
qcevas
aSlilobis
SeuZlia
bihevioraluri
akviatebul
(obsesiur)
analizi
aCvenebs,
rom
azrebTan
dakavSirebuli
aSlilobebis
SenarCuneba
SfoTvis
Semcirebis/reduqciis
kognituri
SfoTvis Taobaze kognituri mosazrebebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im perceptul
procesebsa da ganwyobebze, romelmac SeiZleba daamaxinjos pirovnebis winaSe
arsebuli safrTxis miseuli Sefaseba. man SeiZleba an gadaafasos safrTxis
693
sakuTari
SesaZleblobebi.
magaliTad,
socialuri
fobiis
mqone
adamianma farTo auditoriis winaSe sityviT gamosvlis win SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos
SfoTvas:
kognituri
Seamowmes:
axsna
individebs
fsiqologebma
sjeraT,
rom
SfoTvisadmi
iseT
mgrZnobelobis
sxeulebriv
simptomebs,
gazomviT
rogoricaa
kvlevaSi
SfoTvisadmi,
mkvlevrebi
romelic
afasebdnen
aSS-is
sahaero
im
studentTa
akademiis
jgufis
kadetTa
mgrZnobelobas
ZiriTadi
wvrTnis
imis
gamo
SeiZleba
daemarTos
panikis
Seteva,
rom
igi
sakuTar
Teoriebis
mixedviT,
SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis
mqone
adamianebi
694
panikuri
aSlilobis
fiziologiuri,
mqone
sxeulTan
individebisTvis
dakavSirebuli
am
cnebebSi
simptomebi
panikis
Sedis,
Setevis
magaliTad,
sakontrolo
didi
kategoriidan
Semdegis
ganxilvaze,
romelsac,
aseve,
detalurad
geqnebodaT
cxovrebaSi
periodebi,
rodesac
Tavs
saSinlad
ganwyobilebis
ukiduresi
gamovlinebebi
arRvevs
maTi
cxovrebis
695
guneba
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder) _
depresia,
romelic
monacvleobiT
mkvlevrebma
maniasTan
iCens
Tavs.
daadgines,
rom
fsiqopaTologiaSi
surdos
analogad
miiCneven,
radganac
Zalze
magaliTi
disforiuli
ganwyobileba
mada
Zili
motoruli aqtivoba
danaSaulis gancda
koncentracia
azrovnebisa
da
koncentrirebis
Semcirebuli
unari;
696
gulmaviwyoba.
suicidi
depresiis
siRrmiTa
diagnozis
da
mqone
individebi
xangrZlivobiT
erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian.
Tu
arsebuli
mravali
simptomebis
maTgani
cxovrebis
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebis
gavrcelebis
statistikis
uzarmazar
sazogadoebas.
fasad
evropaSi
ujdeba
Catarebul
Tavad
daavadebuls,
erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi
mis
ojaxsa
gamovlinda,
da
rom
klinikebSi
atareben,
xolo
maTi
20%
simptomebis
gamo
sruliad
klinikebSi
yvela
diagnostirebul
daavadebaTa
umravlesobas
bipolaruli aSliloba
bipolaruli
bipolaruli aSliloba xasiaTdeba Rrma depresiuli periodebis maniakalur
epizodebTan
monacvleobiT.
maniakalur
epizodSi
pirovneba,
rogorc
wesi,
da
winaaRmdegobas
enTuziazmi,
grZnobs.
gansakuTrebiT
maniakalur
ki
maSin,
periodSi
roca
individi
igi
raimenairad
xSirad
ganicdis
Zalas
mkveTri
samsaxureobrivi
Sepyrobilia
da
ra
Tu
flobs.
Semcireba
sxva
individs
da
socialuri
maniakaluri
SeiZleba
SeiZleba
an
Warbad
siamovnebis
ganwyobilebiT,
aReniSnebodes
individi
Zilis
iyos
dakavebuli
momtani
saqmianobiT.
avlens
usafuZvlo
697
optimizms,
midis
nebismier dapirebas
da SeuZlia
yvelafris darigeba-gaCuqeba.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depressive disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSliloba
(Bipolar
disorder)
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSliloba,
romelic
epizodi
xasiaTdeba
(Manic episode) _
ukiduresi
bipolaruli
aRfrTovanebisa
aSlilobis
da
komponenti,
usazRvro
eiforiis
bolo periodSi semi Tavs fantastiurad grZnobda. mas imdeni energia hqonda,
rom TiTqmis arasodes sWirdeboda Zili da igi sruliad darwmunebuli iyo, rom
skolaSi saukeTeso moswavlea. mas anerviulebda, rodesac vinme Zalze nela
iqceoda; maT ar SeeZloT misi monologebis brwyinvalebis gageba da aravis
xelewifeboda misi tempiT cxovreba. sems hqonda finansebTan dakavSirebuli
aRmafrTovanebeli ideebi da ver xvdeboda, ratom ar cdilobdnen misi megobrebi
mis gegmebSi CarTvas.
rodesac mania Semcirebas iwyebs, semis msgavsi adamianebi maT mier dauokeblobis
periodSi Seqmnili usiamovnebebisa da zianis gamosworebas cdiloben. amgvarad,
maniakaluri epizodi TiTqmis yovelTvis Rrma depresiuli periodiT icvleba.
bipolaruli aSlilobebisas guneba-ganwyobilebis darRvevebis xangrZlivoba da
sixSire
varirebs
funqcionirebis
pirovnebidan
xangrZlivi
pirovnebamde.
periodebi
aqvT,
zogierT
romelTac
maTgans
normaluri
drodadro
xanmokle
epizodebs
pirdapir
klinikuri
depresia
cvlis,
Semdeg
isev
angrevs
da
anadgurebs
Tavad
am aSlilobis
mqone adamianebs,
maT
698
mTeli
danazogi
danaSaulis
an
ucnobebs
grZnobas
guluxvi
Semdgom
saCuqrebi
depresiul
daurigon,
fazaze.
rac
gaamZafrebs
bipolaruli
aSliloba
gacilebiT iSviaTia, vidre klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba. is mozrdilTa 1.6%Tan aRiniSneba da Tanabrad nawildeba mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (Kessler et al.,
1994).
gunebaguneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: mizezebi
ra
faqtorebi
moqmedebs
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobis
ganviTarebaze?
am
biologiuri
garkveuli
tipis
biologiur
kvlevebis
faqtorze
Sedegebi
migvaniSnebs.
guneba-ganwyobilebis
magaliTad,
is
faqti,
aSlilobebSi
rom
sxvadasxva
gansxvavebuli
mdgomareoba
udevs
safuZvlad.
ori
qimiuri
agentis,
zusti
bioqimiuri
meqanizmi
mkvlevrebi
PET
(saqaridis
saxeoba,
romelic
energiis
gamosanTavisufleblad
699
matulobs
monacemebi
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobaze
genetikuri faqtorebi axdens gavlenas (McGue & Christensen, 1997). tyupebis Seswavlam
aCvena, rom Tu identuri tyupebidan erT-erTi guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobiT
avaddeba, arsebobs 67%-iani Sansi, rom meore tyupiscalsac aRmoaCndes igive
aSliloba. es monacemi mxolod 20%-s udris araidentur tyupebSi, romelTac ar
aqvT identuri genetikuri masala (Ciaranello & Ciaranello, 1991; Gershon et al., 1987). iReben
ra
mosazrebas
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebis
Tandayolilobis
Sesaxeb,
erT-erT
seria
pensilvaniaSi
emiSebis
Temis
warmomadgenelTa
bipolaruli aSlilobis paternze iyo mimarTuli (Egeland et al., 1987). emiSebi aseTi
kvlevebisTvis
idealuri
monawileebi
arian
maTi
didi
ojaxebis,
detaluri
tendencia,
rom
bipolaruli
depresia
Taobebis
manZilze
gamovlindes
misgan
Tavisufali
individebis
genetikuri
masalis
uSualod
Sedarebis
warmatebis
Sesaxeb
pirveli
moxsenebebi
700
sezonuri
afeqturi
xanmokledRian
aSlilobis
sezonebze
mqone
aReniSnebaT.
individebs
diagramaze
depresiis
simptomebi
mocemulia
maRali
eqsperimentuli
Semcirebaze
ki
eqsperimentuli
mimarTul
serotoninis
jgufis
jgufis
pacientebi
dietaze
Semcvelobis
pacientebs
Tavis
dasves;
tvinSi
sakontrolo
SesananCunebeli
saa-s
simptomebis
serotoninis
jgufis
dieta
daeniSnaT.
recidivi
aReniSnaT,
medikamenturi
an
sinaTlis
Terapia
ganamtkicebs
mosazrebas
701
vnaxoT,
damatebiT
ras
gacnobebT
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebis
fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri midgomis mixedviT, depresiis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols
aracnobieri konfliqtebi da bavSvobidan momdinare mtruli grZnobebi asrulebs.
froids
depresiul
adamianebTan
TviTkritikasa
da
danaSaulis
grZnobasTan
mimarTuli
risxva
warmoadgenda
am
TviTgankicxvis
wyaros.
es
risxva
magaliTad,
pirovnebis
mSoblisa
moTxovnilebebisa
gancdili
danakargi,
grZnobebs,
romelic
da
realuri
axla
da
Svilis
molodinebis
iqneba
ukve
es
Tu
pirovnebis
urTierToba,
sadac
dakmayofildeba.
simboluri,
egoze
ar
xdeba
mozrdilobaSi
aaqtiurebs
miemarTeba
mtrul
da
Sedegad
bihevioraluri
midgoma
bihevioraluri
depresiis
pirovnebis
fesvebis
mier
aracnobierSi
miRebuli
dadebiTi
Ziebis
da
nacvlad,
uaryofiTi
ganmtkicebis
raodenobis
mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebebis
Semdeg.
sakmarisi
dadebiTi
(Biglan,
ganmsWvalul
megobrebs
1991),
Tumca,
Rlis
Cveulebisamebr,
depresiuli
Tavidan
pirovnebis
TanagrZnobiT
uaryofiTi
guneba-
ganmtkicebis
erT-erT
wyaros
da
pirovneba
ufro
metad
iZireba
702
verSefasebisa
da
uaryofiTi
ukukavSiris
gadafasebis
tendencia
axasiaTebs
kognituri
kognituri midgomis farglebSi depresiis Sesaxeb ori Teoria arsebobs. erTi
Teoriis mixedviT, aRqmis sqemebis Camoyalibebas uaryofiTi (negatiuri) kognituri
axsnis stilis Teoria miiCnevs, rom depresias iwvevs individis rwmena imisa, rom
igi sakmaod an saerTod ver akontrolebs sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
movlenebs. TiToeuli am modelTagani xsnis depresiuli gamocdilebis zogierTi
aspeqts. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1983, 1985, 1988), depresiis wamyvanma mkvlevarma, ganaviTara
kognituri sqemebis Teoria. bekis mixedviT, depresiuli adamianebi sami tipis
uaryofiTi
uwodebs,
kogniciiT
esaa
gamoirCevian,
uaryofiTi
rasac
igi
kognitur
depresiul
Tvalsazrisi/Sexeduleba
sakuTar
Tavze,
triadas
mimdinare
da
yovelTvis
depresiis
uaryofiT
kidev
Sedegs
erT
maxasiaTebels
moelis,
ver
iqneba
qmnis.
individi,
motivirebuli
romelic
raime
miznis
paralizeba.
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _
axsnis
stilis
romelic
Teoriis
mixedviT,
seligmens
(Martin
Tavi
ekuTvnis,
ar
zemoqmedebas.
mniSvnelovani
XII)
SeuZliaT
gakontroleba.
martin
Seligman)
(ix.
individebs
maTTvis
momavlis
seligmenis
703
moqmedebebis
dawyebas;
emociuri
deficitiT
isini
rigidulni,
iTvisebdnen
axal
situaciebs.
iseT
situaciaSic
ki,
sadac
eZleodaT
miaCnda,
rom
depresiuli
adamianebic
daswavlili
umweobis
konkretuli
(globaluri-specifikuri)
ucvleli-cvalebadi
da
(stabiluri-
Sinagani
mdgomareoba
axdens,
Tqven
agerCiaT.
nacvlad
imisa,
rom
is
Sinagani,
SemofargleT
fsiqologiis
gamocdasTan
an
kursTan
mimdinare
magaliTad,
adamianebs,
movlenebs,
zogadad,
amyofebs
axasiaTebT
maT
depresiul
TviT-dadasturebis
mdgomareobaSi.
anu
maTi
me-
704
koncefciis
Sesatyvisi
informaciis
moZiebis
tendencia
am
erTmaneTisgan
ganarCies
da
maRali
interviusTvis
mosamzadebel
sami
jgufi:
erTi
jgufi
mesame
xasiaTdeboda
individTa
jgufi,
romelic,
TviT-pativiscemiT.
etapze
aseve,
TiToeuli
mTel
rig
aradepresiuli
jgufis
kiTxvarebze
iyo,
cdis
pirebma
gasces
pasuxi.
interviuze cdis pirebs uTxres, rom am kiTxvarebs orma studentma gasca pasuxi
da TiToeulze daiwera pirovnebis daxasiaTeba, rasac
dadebiTi
(es
pirovneba
kargad
damkvidrebuli,
TviTdarwmunebuli
da
rogorc
xedavT,
depresiuli
cdis
pirebi
araTanabrad
iyvnen
maRali
TviT-Sefasebis
mqone
individebi
aSkarad
dadebiT
ukukavSirs
dadebiTi
ukukavSiris
moZiebiT.
es
eqsperimenti
aCvenebs,
rom,
705
maRali TviT-
pativiscema
pativiscema
82
64
25
dadebiTi daxasiaTeba
5.67
6.60
9.70
uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba
7.89
6.48
2.45
Sereuli
-2.22
0.12
7.25
depresiuli
negatiuri Sefasebis amorCevis
procenti
arCeuli daxasiaTebis sizuste*
gonebamaxviluri
reaqciis
da
stils,
romliTac
mamakacebi
qalebi
SemoTavazeba
arian
uaryofiT
Seexeba
guneba-
TavianTi
ki,
moSorebas
grZnobebis
piriqiT,
sxva
rameze
aqtiurad
SesaZlo
mizezebze
cdiloben
yuradRebis
fiqrisken
depresiuli
gadataniT
an
midrekileba;
grZnobebis
fizikuri
Tavidan
saqmianobebis
uaryofiTi
grZnobebis
individebSi,
movlenebis
Sesaxeb,
rac,
Tavis
raodenobasa
da/an
intensiurobas.
romlebic
zogadad
msjeloben,
mxriv,
kvleviT
fiqroben
zrdis
uaryofiTi
dasturdeba,
depresiaze,
rom
ufro
mosalodnelia mwvave depresiuli epizodebis ganviTareba (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-
706
Hoeksema et al., 1993). qalTa da mamakacTa Soris reaqciis stilis mixedviT arsebuli
gansxvaveba qalebs bavSvobaSi depresiis ganviTarebis didi risks uqmnis (NolenHoeksema & Girgus, 1994).
amerikis
fsiqologTa
asociaciis
iniciativiT
depresiisas
sqesobrivi
cxovrebisa
da
bavSvebisa
da
asakovani
mSoblebis
momvlelis
depresiis
mizezi
SeiZleba
faqtorTa
rTuli
kombinacia
iyos
da
rom
suicidaluri
axalgazrda
mamakacis
am
sevdian
iklavs
Tavs,
analizi
aCvenebs,
rom
mTlianad
ganxorcielebul
(Shneidman,
1985).
mTlianad
aSS-s
mosaxleobaSi
oficialurad
ra
mraval
TviTmkvlelobas
ubedur
SemTxvevebs
an
sxva
mizezebs,
yvela
asakis
mosaxleobaSi
sikvdilianobis
merve
wamyvani
mizezia,
594
pirvelkurselTa
gamokvlevam
aCvena,
rom
26%-s
nafiqri
hqonda
707
ufro xSirad vxvdebiT, ar aris gasakviri, rom qalebi Tavis mokvlas samjer ufro
xSirad cdiloben, vidre mamakacebi; Tumca, mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli
mcdeloba ufro xSirad aris warmatebuli. am gansxvavebas iwvevs is faqti, rom
mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben cecxlsasrol iaraRs, qalebi ki mimarTaven
naklebad mtkivneul saSualebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saZile abebi (Berman &
Jobes, 1991).
bolo
aTwleulebis
erT-erTi
sagangaSo
socialur
mozardTa
problemas
suicidi warmoadgens. yovel cxra wuTSi erTi mozardi cdilobs Tavis mokvlas
da yovel 90 wuTSi mcdeloba warmatebulia. yovel kviraSi 1 000 mozardis mier
Tavis mokvlis mcdelobidan 125 aRwevs mizans. 1960 wlidan amerikel mozardebSi
TviTmkvlelobis
Tavgamodebuli
sixSire
200-dan
mcdelobebisda
300%-mde
miuxedavad,
gaizarda
mozard
(Garland
vaJebSi
&
Zigler,
oTxjer
1993).
metia
naklebia
TviTmkvlelobis
sixSire,
TeTrkanianebTan
SedarebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am monacemebis zusti axsna (Bingham et al., 1994;
Murphy, 2000). es rasobrivi gansxvaveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.
monacemebis rasobrivma, sqesisa da asakis niSnis mixedviT Sedarebam aCvena, rom
TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali riskis winaSe TeTrkaniani mowifuli mamakacebi
dganan, yvelaze mcire riskis winaSe ki _ afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli qalebi.
cxovrebis rogori stili ubiZgebs mozardebs TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisken?
orive
sqesisTvis
warmoadgens
winmswreb
(Gould
et
al.,
travmatul
1996).
sxva
movlenas
axlo
mniSvnelovanma
urTierTobis
movlenebma,
rRveva
romelic
mxardaWeras.
TviTmkvleloba
ukiduresi
reaqciaa,
romelsac
708
mozardTa
suicidi
aris
ara
imwuTieri
zegavlenis
Sedegad,
impulsurad
periodis
acnobebs
finaluri
sxvebs
an
stadia.
wers
suicidis
Tavisi
axalgazrda
ganzraxvis
msxverplTa
Sesaxeb.
amrigad,
miuZRvna
suiciduri
tendenciebis
mqone
adamianebis
Seswavlasa
da
ganzraxvebis
niSnebisadmi
mgrZnobiaroba
da
sakmarisi
Carevis
romelTac
sruli
TviTganadgurebis
garda
ver
ipoves
gansacvifrebeli
TviTmkvlelobis
sixSire
gamonaklisi:
xuTjer
adgilobriv
aRemateba
mTeli
amerikel
mozardebSi
mosaxleobis
mozardebis
mizezebze
umuSevrobasTan
erTad,
saubrobs.
farTod
suicidis
sixSires
gavrcelebul
ganapirobebs
siRatakesa
ojaxebis
da
ngreva,
709
ukve
mimovixileT
aSlilobebi
da
visaubrebdeT,
mokled
fsiqopaTologiis
guneba-ganwyobilebis
ganvixiloT
ori
ZiriTadi
aSlilobebi.
pirovnuli
klasi:
sanam
aSlilobebi
da
SfoTviTi
Sizofreniaze
disociaciuri
aSlilobebi.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
pirovnuli aSliloba warmoadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv
(qronikul), xist, araadaptur paterns, romelic seriozulad auaresebs individis
funqcionirebis
mniSvnelovani
SesaZleblobas
distresis
socialur
gamowveva.
misi
da
sxva
amocnoba,
garemoSi
Cveulebriv,
da
SeuZlia
siWabukis
an
arsebobs
(DSM-IV-TR-Si
mocemulia
10
sxvadasxva
tipis
pirovnuli
paranoiduli
pirovnuli
aSlilobis
mqone
adamianebs
axasiaTebT
maTTan
maT
mniSvneloba
SeuZliaT
mouZebnon;
sruliad
moelian,
rom
uwyinar
maTi
situaciebs
megobrebi,
faruli
meuRle
usiamovno
an
mSoblebi
uRalateben maT.
SeuZliaT.
isini
didi
TeatralurobiT
ayeneben
TavianT
moTxovnebs,
narcisuli
pirovnuli
aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi
sakuTari
mniSvnelobis
710
ormxrivi
uflebebis
mqoned
pasuxismgeblobis
gareSe
igrZnon
sxva
Tavi
da
gansakuTrebuli
adamianebi
keTilganwyobis,
sakuTari
miznebisaTvis
CarTva
gulgrilobiT
da
saxlidan
gamoirCeva.
gaqceva.
es
antisocialur
moqmedebebi
pirovnul
sxvaTa
uflebebisadmi
aSlilobas
xSirad
sxva
romelic
akmayofilebda
opiumis
borotad
gamoyenebis
kriteriums,
sxva
tipis
aSlilobebi,
aris
monacemebi,
romelic
am
aSlilobebSi
genetikuri komponentis arsebobaze miuTiTebs (Livesley et al., 1993; Nigg & Goldsmith,
1994).
Tu
gavixsenebT
pirovnuli
me-14
maxasiaTeblebis
Tavidan
(ix.
gv.
Tandayolilobis
Sesaxeb
msjelobas
ar
unda
ganvixiloT
genetikisa
da
garemos
urTierTqmedebebi,
Svilad
aiyvanes
dabadebidan
ramdenime
dReSi.
Sesabamis
uwyebebSi
711
cxovrebis
pirobebis,
garemoebebis
Sesaxebac
moipoves
informacia:
nivTierebebze
antisocialur
an
alkoholze
pirovnul
damokidebulebis
aSlilobaSi
garemos
problemebi.
wvlilis
es
Sefasebis
gazrdil
cdispirebTan,
saSualod,
ufro
meti
iyo
antisocialuri
pirobebSi
izrdeboda.
mkvlevrebs
kvlav
surT
imis
garkveva,
Tu
ra
aSliloba
darRveva.
aris
identurobis,
adamianebisTvis
mexsierebisa
mniSvnelovania,
rom
da
cnobierebis
akontrolebdnen
individualurobis
SegrZneba
me-s
(self)
sxvadasxva
aspeqtebis
miaCniaT,
konfliqtebs
uaryofen
sakuTari
rom
disociaciur
SeTanxmebulobisa
Tavis
nawilebs.
mdgomareobaSi
da
uwyvetobis
yovelgvari
individebi
daTmobis
organuli
gaurbian
gziT
da
disfunqciis
Segroveba
imis
Sesaxeb,
Tu
ra
xarisxiT
SeiZleba
axldes
Tan
Stati) momxdari
712
identobis
aSliloba
(dia)
Tu
meore
mfrTxali
da
seqsualurad
gulubryviloa.
TiToeul
713
aTanxmebs. mcire xnis Semdeg mkvdari Cvili iwevs win da umoZraod wevs iatakze.
igi droebiT ase rCeba, magram aravis swydeba guli _ es misi droa. cocxali
Cvili xoxavs da Cerdeba mtverSi amogangluli. mzareuli sami dRis saWmels
amzadebs da
TiToeuls
calke paketSi
alagebs
_ Cven
yvelas sxvadasxva
amdeni
pirovnebebis
bavSvis,
mkvdari
Cvilis,
cocxali
Cvilis,
mqone pirovnebis
Semadgenili pirovnebebis ganviTareba gadarCenis arsebiT funqcias emsaxureba. diais msxverpli SeiZleba ecemaT, daemwyvdiaT an mietovebinaT im adamianebs, visac,
savaraudod, uyvarda igi; maT, viszec imdenad
SeeZloT
maTTan
SebrZoleba,
fsiqodinamikuri
Tvalsazrisis
maTgan
wasvla
mixedviT,
es
da
maTi
msxverplebi
SeZulebac
ki.
danawevrebis
Sinagani
xasiaTebis
SeqmniT
maT
daicves
TavianTi
ego
arsebuli
bavSvobaSi,
seqsualurad
megobrebis
iqnen
mier.
xangrZlivi
Zalze
erT
periodis
Seuracxyofilni
kvlevaSi
kiTxvaris
ganmavlobaSi
mSoblebis,
saSualebiT
fizikurad
naTesavebis
mopovebul
an
an
axlo
iqna
448
rogorc
15.5
cxrilSia
naCvenebi,
dia-is
355
SemTxvevaSi
wamyvani
714
DID (%)
depresia (%)
98
54
fizikuri
82
24
seqsualuri
86
25
fsiqologiuri
86
42
uaryofa
54
21
47
fizikuri da seqsualuri
74
14
(N=355)
(N=235)
Seuracxyofis SemTxveva
tipebi
Sejameba
SfoTviTi
aSliloba,
aSlilobebi
panikuri
posttravmatuli
xuT
aSliloba,
stresis
kategoriad
fobiebi,
aSliloba.
iyofa:
generalizebuli
obsesiur-kompulsuri
generalizebuli
SfoTviTi
aSliloba
SfoTviTi
da
aSliloba
ki,
aseve,
arakontrolirebadi
qcevebi.
travmatulma
movlenebma,
715
iwvevs
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
guneba-ganwyobilebis,
forma
da
bipolaruli
Semecnebisa
da
motivaciis
aSliloba.
cvlilebebs.
mkvlevrebma
komponenti
aCvenes,
iseve
rom
guneba-ganwyobilebis
ukavSirdeba
depresiasa
da
aSlilobis
manias,
rogorc
kognitur
cxovrebiseul
interpretaciaze,
gamocdilebas.
romelsac
seriozuli
adamianebi
depresiis
maRali
aZleven
sixSire
TavianT
qalebSi,
gzebTan.
depresiuli
individebi
sakmaod
xSirad
fiqroben
TviTmkvlelobaze.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi azrovnebisa da qcevis araadapturi formebia; isini
SeiZleba
imdenad
socialur
mTlianobis
da
Rrma
iyos,
profesiul
darRvevebia.
rom
ziani
garemoSi.
miuxedavad
miayenos
normalur
disociaciuri
imisa,
rom
funqcionirebas
aSlilobebi
mkvlevrebi
identobis
disociaciuri
internetis
saSualebiT
saubari
girCevniaT
maTTan
piradad
popularul
presaSi:
es
axali
istoriebi
qmnian
(xSir
SemTxvevebSi)
716
aRmoCenili
aqvs
saSualebebSi
realuri
Seqmnil
SemTxvevebi,
aseT xats.
maT
romelic
Tanxvdeba
internetomaniis
sainformacio
diagnozi
miusadages
diagnozis
SemTxvevaSi
gaugebaria,
Tu
konkretulad
romeli
im
miznebs,
romelsac
emsaxureba
individebis
mier
internetis
magaliTad,
adamianebi
qselSi
Sedian
informaciis
mosaZieblad,
damokidebulni
romelTac
internatomaniis
gamoyenebis
ufro
gaxdnen
miznebisa
diagnozs
specifikuri
da
aqtivobebis
usadageben?
aspeqtebi,
Tu
romelic
erTobliobaze,
arsebobs
internetis
fsiqologiuri
Seguebis
rom
mocemul
individs
aRmoaCndeba
fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis
magaliTad,
gzebi
SeiZleba
warmoadgendes
cnobili
aSlilobebis
simptomebs,
internets
pirovnuli,
socialuri
da
profesiuli
cxovrebisTvis
717
(Kraut et al., 1998; Nie & Erbring, 2000). Tumca, risi frTxilad SemoTavazeba da gaazrebac
gvsurs,
aris
maxasiaTeblebi,
mosazreba
imis
romelic
iwvevs
fsiqopaTologias
samarTlianad
Sesaxeb,
rom
arsebobs
fsiqopaTologiis
uwodeben
internetis
specifikur
internetze
formas
zogadi
da
am
damokidebulebas
internetomanias.
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rogoria depresiuloba an SfoTvis gancda maSinac
ki,
rodesac
umravlesobas
ar
gangvicdia
es
grZnobebi
aSlilobisTvis
Tvisobrivad
aSliloba
gansxvavebul
fsiqopaTologiis
mdgomareobas
mwvave
formaa,
gulisxmobs.
romlis
drosac
Sizofreniuli
aSlilobis
mqone
pirovneba
swored
iseTebi
arian,
imisa,
rom
Sizofrenia
SedarebiT
iSviaTia
aSS-is
mozrdili
yvelaze
saidumloebiT
moculi
da
tragikuli
fsiqikuri
aSlilobiT.
718
damainteresa,
tkivils
xom
ar
vayenebdi
xeebs
da
mobodiSeba
daviwye.
myof
uzarmazari
patara
gaxda.
mis
wertilad
garda
moCanda,
veRarafers
igi
win
vxedavdi.
moiwevda
guli
da
bolos
gamiCerda.
dro
usasrulod gaiWima. saxis Tavidan moSoreba vcade, magram man damcina... misTvis
TvalebSi Sexedva vcade da gavacnobiere, rom fexqveS miwa gamomecala (1975,
p.96).
vonegutis aRwera garkveul warmodgenas SegiqmniT Sizofreniis simptomebze.
Sizofreniis
asociaciebi
azrovneba
samyaroSi
Soreuli
da
yovelgvar
aralogikuri
sqemas
xdeba;
moklebulia.
ideaTa
xSirad
Soris
aRiniSneba
halucinaciebi,
halucinaciebi romelic warmosaxviT sensorul aRqmebs _ xatebs, sunebs an,
yvelze xSirad, bgerebs (Cveulebriv, xmebs) moicavs da romelTac pacientebi
realurad miiCneven. pirovnebas SeiZleba esmodes xma, romelic uwyvet komentars
ukeTebs mis qcevas, an ramdenime xmis saubari; damaxasiaTebelia bodvebic _ cru an
iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis
metyveleba
pirobebSi.
daukavSirebeli
an
SeiZleba
gamogonili
araTanmimdevruli
sityvebis
sityvier
gaxdes
salaTas
erTmaneTTan
daemsgavsos,
an
an
SeiZleba
situaciis
Seusabamo
iyos.
fsiqomotoruli
qceva
funqcionirebisa
da
pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis
gauareseba,
simptomebs
dadebiT
da
uaryofiT
kategoriebSi
aTavseben.
ki
bodvebi, araTanmimdevruloba
uaryofiTi
simptomebi
da
socialuri
dezorganizebuli
gariyuloba
da
qceva,
sxva
gasadavebuli
erTi
an
ori
mwvave
faza
aReniSneba
da
Semdeg
normalur,
Cveul
719
damaxasiaTebeli
simptomebis
mravalferovnebis
gamo,
ZiriTadi simptomebi
araadekvaturi/araSesatyvisi qceva da emociebi;
araTanmimdevruli metyveleba.
katatoniuri
paranoiduli
aradiferencirebuli
rezidualuri
dezorganizebuli tipi
720
ucnauri
da
dezorganizebuli
qceva
axasiaTebs.
emociebi
akeTebs kata. kata ufro saeWvo mxares warmoadgens, vidre Tagvi. dumbo kargi
biWi iyo. man dainaxa, rac katam gaakeTa, Tavisi Tavi katasTan daayena, amrigad,
xalxi aRar Sexedavda maT, rogorc komediantebs (Zimbardo, personal communication,
1957).
mister F.B-is maneruloba, depersonalizebuli, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba da
bodvebi am tipis Sizofreniis ZiriTadi niSnebia.
katatoniuri tipi
Sizofreniis katatonikuri tipis wamyvani maxasiaTebelia motoruli aqtivobis
darRveva. xandaxan am aSlilobis mqone adamianebi stuporSi arian gayinulni.
individebi
umoZraod,
xSirad
ucnaur
pozebSi,
rCebian
xangrZlivi
periodis
da
katatonikur
garegani
tips
gamRizianeblebis
ukiduresi
zemoqmedebis
negativizmic
axasiaTebs,
paranoiduli tipi
gareSe
aSkarad
xorcieldeba.
romelic
aSkarad
721
Sizofreniis
am
tipis
mqone
adamianebs
rTuli
da
sistematuri
bodvebi
devnis
bodva.
individebi
grZnoben,
rom
maT
mudmivad
uTvalTvaleben,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
ieso
qriste.
devnis
bodvas
SeiZleba
Sizofreniis
mqone
individebTan
simptomebis
gamovlena,
aradiferencirebuli tipi
Sizofreniis es krebiTi kategoria aRwers pirovnebas, romelsac aReniSneba
gamokveTili
bodvebi,
dezorganizebuli
halucinaciebi,
qceva,
rac
erTze
araTanmimdevruli
meti
tipis
metyveleba
kriteriumebs
an
an
Zalze
gaurkvevel,
rezidualuri tipi
rezidualuri tipis diagnozis mqone individebs, Cveulebisamebr, Sizofreniis
ZiriTadi ganvlili epizodi awuxebT, Tumca, amasTanave, Tavisufalni arian iseTi
ZiriTadi
aSlilobis
dadebiTi
arseboba
simptomebisgan,
Tanmxlebi,
rogoricaa
meorexarisxovani
halucinaciebi
dadebiTi
an
an
bodvebi.
gasadavebuli
722
Sizofreniis mizezebi
sxvadasxva
mizezebze,
etiologiuri
misi
midgoma
ganviTarebis
Sizofreniis
sxvadasxva
gzebsa
Zalze
da
gansxvavebul
mkurnalobis
sawyis
sxvadasxva
genetikuri midgomebi
didi
xania
cnobilia,
rom
Sifozrenias
ojaxebSi
gavrcelebis
tendencia
es
monacemebi
Sizofreniis
mkvlevarma
irving
gotesmanma
(Irving
Sedegebis
gaerTianebiT
miiRo
da
maqsimalurad
viwro
kategoriebSi
mogrovda
mosaxleobaSi
ojaxebisa
ganxorcielda
da
tyupebis
1920-1987 wlebSi;
kvlevebiT,
gamovlinda
romelic
maRali
evropis
korelacia
genetikuri
faqtorebi
mniSvnelovan
zegavlenas
axdens
Sizofreniis
723
etiologiaze
Sizofreniis
(Kety
mqone
et
al.,
ganvixiloT
1994).
pacientTa
biologiur
kvleva,
da
mimReb
romelSic
fasdeboda
naTesavebSi
azrovnebis
Semdeg
ganuviTardaT.
sakontrolo
SerCeva
Sezofreniis
mqoneTa
metyveleba,
garemos
mniSvnelovnobis
Sesafaseblad,.
am
verbalur
aSlilobis
maCvenebeli,
risTvisac
gamoyenebul
iqna
azrovnebis
aSlilobis indeqsi (Thought Dosirder Index _ TDI). Sedegebi mocemulia 15.7 cxrilSi _
TDI-s
yvelaze
maRali
maCvenebeli
metad
darRveul
azrovnebaze
miuTiTebs.
aSlilobis
mixedviT.
monacemebi
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
genetikuri
yvela
naSvilebi
individi
dabadebidan
mcire
xnis
Semdeg
daaSores
15.7
azrovnebis
individebSi,
individebSi,
naTesavebSi
darRvevis
sakontrolo
maCveneblebi
SerCevis
Sizofreniis
naSvileb
mqone
individebsa
naSvileb
da
maT
724
individebi
maTi biologiuri
naTesavebi
gansxvaveba
naSvilebi individebi
individebi
Tavad naSvilebi
sakontrolo SerCevis
4.82
1.15
3.67
1.37
0.99
0.38
1.44
0.82
0.62
1.11
1.31
-0.20
maTi biologiuri
dedmamiSvilebi da
naxevrad
dedmamiSvilebi
maTi mimRebi naTesavebi
romelic
mas
Sizofreniis
riskis
winaSe
ayenebs.
mkvlevrebi,
mkvlevrebi
progress
aRweven
genTa
im
kombinaciebis
aRmoCenaSi,
imisa,
rom genetikur
msgavsebasa
da
Sizofreniis
risks
Soris
mizezis
farTod
gavrcelebuli
hipoTeza
midrekileba-
faqtorebic
(manifestirebuli)
unda
daerTos,
Sizofreniuli
raTa
potenciurma
aSlilobis
saxe
riskma
miiRos.
gamovlenili
ganvixileT
ra
725
Sizofreniis mqone mSobelTa 100 bavSvisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 50-dan 10%-s aqvs
Sizofreniis ganmapirobebeli genetikuri struqtura. amasTan, daaxloebiT 5%-s
cxovrebis sawyis etapze, 5%-s ki Semdgom cxovrebaSi ganuviTarda aSliloba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom maRali riskis mqone cdis pirTa 40% ar daavadda SizofreniiT.
Tavs tvinis funqcionireba da biologiuri maniSneblebi
arsebobs Sizofreniisadmi meore biologiuri midgoma, romelic am aSlilobis
mqone individTa Tavis tvinSi arsebuli darRvevebis ZiebiT aris dakavebuli. am
mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvlevaTa umravlesoba Tavis tvinis gamosaxvis teqnikebs
eyrdnoba (ix. Tavi III), romelic Sizofreniis mqone da sakontrolo SerCevis
normaluri individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da funqcionirebis uSulod
Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva (Gur & Pearlson, 1993; Marsh et al., 1997; Vita et al., 2000).
magaliTad, magnituri rezonansis procedura imis saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, rom
Sizofreniis mqone individTa 50%-ze mets gadidebuli aqvs parkuWebi _ Tavis
tvinis struqturebi, romelSic miedineba cerebrospinaluri siTxe (Degreef et al.,
1992).
bavSvobaSi
gamovlenili
Sizofreniis
mqone
individebTan
mozardobis
periodSi aRiniSneba parkuWebis zomis progresuli zrda (Rapoport et al., 1997). garda
amisa,
gamosaxvis
teqnikebiT
dadgenilia,
rom
Sizofreniis
mqone
individebs
rodesac
erT-erTi
an
orive
tyupiscali
SizofreniiT
iyo
726
Rirebuleba
aqvT
diagnostirebisa
da
kvlevisaTvis.
magaliTad,
Tvalebis
moZraobis
disfunqciis
gamovlena,
vidre
Cveulebriv
darRvevebis
Sizofreniis
mizezs
an
Sesabamisi
Sedegs
diapazonis
warmoadgendes.
arseboba,
rogor
romelic
uwyobs
xels
SeiZleba
garemos
romelic
zrdis
Sizofreniis
albaTobas
da
risk-jgufSi
Semavali
urTierTobaSi
gadaxrebis
(deviaciebis)
zegavlenas
Sizofreniis
727
ganviTarebaze (Milkowitz, 1994; Wearden et al., 2000). am gadaxrebSi Sedis ojaxSi saerTo
yuradRebis ganawilebis SeuZlebloba; mSoblebis mier ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebis an gasagebi da zusti komunikaciis sirTuleebi.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom im ojaxis metyvelebis paternebi, sadac Sizofreniis mqone
wevri
cxovrobs,
naklebi
gulisxmierebiTa
da
naklebi
interpersonaluri
rCeba
sakiTxi:
devianturi
ojaxis
struqtura
Sizofreniis
orientirebul)
funqcionirebas,
raTa
naxon,
kvlevebs
Tu
axorcieleben:
romeli
isini
paterni
zomaven
uZRvis
win
ojaxis
Sizofreniis
naTesavebis
empaTiis
unars,
rac
maT
mier
pacientebis
guneba-
simptomTa
done
gameorebis
aReniSnebodaT.
am
albaToba,
kvlevis
romelTa
Sedegebi
naTesavebsac
Tanxvdeba
sxva
empaTiis
kvlevebiT
dros
ojaxuri
komunikaciis
rolis
Sesaswavlad,
mkvlevrebma
mimarT mravlad
gamoiTqmeboda
kritikuli
damokidebuleba
hqondaT
pacientisadmi.
erT
kvlevaSi
stabilur
periodebSi
saxlSi
cxovrobdnen.
TiToeuli
ojaxi
pacientTa
mdgomareoba,
emociis
gamoxatvis
maRali
xarisxis
mqone
728
analogiuri
ojaxebSi mcxovreb
mdgomareoba
emociis
pacientTa mxolod
gamoxatvis
17%-Tan
dabali
dafiqsirda.
xarisxis
mqone
TumcaRa, emociis
kvleva
imeorebs
zogad
models:
Svilebis
mimarT
mSoblebis
kritikis,
unda
iqnes
mTel
ojaxze,
sistemaze,
rogorc
raTa
Seicvalos
Cvens
mier
kvlevebis
ganxiluli
miuxedavad
mTeli
Riad
rigi
darCenili
interpretaciebis
kiTxvebi
gviCvenebs,
da
Tu
metyveleba,
qceva.
gasadavebuli
arsebobs
paranoiduli,
emociebi
Sizofreniis
xuTi
aradiferencirebuli
da
aSlilobasTan
SeWiduli
Tavis
tvinis
anomaliebi
da
dezorganizebuli
tipi:
dezorganizebuli,
rezidualuri.
arsebobs
sxva
biologiuri
729
Tavis
erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes
gasaidumloebulisa
da
mistikuris,
amocanas
Sesaxeb
fsiqikuri
daavadebis,
warmodgenis
gabaTileba
Zvir
sazRaurs
moiTxovs
maTgan,
vinc
scildeba
misi
normis
fsiqopaTologia,
statistikurad
mainc,
SedarebiT
normis
farglebSi
Tavsdeba.
daRi (Stigma) _ individze an jgufze adamianebis uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli
cxovrebaSi
fsiqologiuri
fsiqopaTologiis
aSlilobebis
SeWris
mqone
sixSiris
adamianebs
dadgenisda
xSirad
iseT
daRs
samarcxvino
uaryofiTi
niSani;
fsiqologiur
damokidebulebebis
konteqstSi
erToblioba,
romelic
es
aris
pirovnebisadmi
mijnavs
mas,
rogorc
fsiqikuri
daavadebis
mizeziT
saavadmyofoSi
moxvedramde
SesaSuri
yvelaferi,
rac
manamde
vicodi
da
siamovnebas
maniWebda,
730
amtanobas
moklebulad
gamoiyureboda,
da
sazogadoebisa,
romelic
aRiniSneboda
cvlilebebi
maT
mier
daRis
aRqmaSi:
miuxedavad
maTi
damokidebuleba
swrafva da
daSveba.
aseT
aqvs
fsiqikuri
aSlilobebisadmi:
daxmarebisken
Semsubuqebac
moaqvs
da
daRic;
mkurnaloba
aumjobesebs cxovrebis xarisxs, daRi ki, amave dros, auaresebs mas (Rosenfield, 1997).
731
moTavsebulni,
sakuTari
surviliT miiRes
monawileoba
winamdebare
rom
pacientebad
treners
miaCnda.
isini
saavadmyofoSi
realurad,
treneri
myof
samedicino
eqsperimentatoris
an
qirurgiul
mokavSire
iyo,
romelmac araferi icoda imaze, Tu ra icodnen cdis pirebma misi codnis Sesaxeb.
amgvarad,
man
informacia
ar
maTi
icoda,
Tu
romeli
eqs-pacientobis
cdis
Sesaxeb.
piri
fiqrobda,
Sesabamisad,
rom
nebismieri
mas
hqonda
gansxvaveba
daavadebis
urTierTqmedeba,
rom
iarliyi
WeSmariti
miawebes,
diskomforti
SeiZleba
imgvarad
Secvalon
SeeqmnaT:
uaryofis
molodinma
732
SeiZleba
warmoSvas
uaryofa;
fsiqikuri
daavadeba
kidev
erT
samwuxaro
im
adamianTa
SeniSnva
daRis
Sesaxeb:
kvlevam
aCvena,
rom
naklebad
ganicdis
daRis
romlebmac
waikiTxes
Sizofreniisgan
moqmedebas.
magaliTad,
gankurnebuli
jimis
studentebi,
Sesaxeb,
ufro
SedarebiT
naklebi
iyo,
Tu
maT
gamocdilebaSi
hqondaT
maTTan
gacnobisas
Tqven
SegeZloT
SegeTvisebinaT
normis,
ara
cxovrebiseuli
fundamentur
marto
exmarebian
sixarulis
gagebas.
miRma
rogor
maT,
vinc
rCeba,
axdenen
itanjeba
aramed
am
aSlilobebisgan
afarToeben
fsiqologebi
da
adamianis
fsiqiatrebi
da
bunebis
araswori
Sejameba
fsiqikurad
stigmam
SeiZleba
daavadebulad
pirovnebaTSorisi
warmoqmnas.
Semsubuqebis
wodebuli
da
sazogadoebrivi
pacientebi
SemTxvevaSic
ki
mravali
mkurnalobis
ganicdian
adamiani
itanjeba
gaucxoebis
Sedegad
stigmis
stigmisgan.
sxvadasxva
fsiqikuri
zemoqmedebas.
forma
daavadebis
metic,
Tavad
733
araadekveturoba,
araSablonuroba,
araracionaluroba,
damkvirveblis
diskomforti
araprognozirebadoba,
da
socialuri
normebis
standartebis darRveva.
fsiqikuri
daavadebisadmi
gacnobierebiT,
rom
Tanamedrove
fsiqikuri
midgomebis
aSlilobebi
warmoqmna
daiwyo
avadmyofobaa,
imis
romelic
mkurnalobas saWiroebs.
arsebobs
mTeli
rigi
midgomebisa,
romelic
ikvlevs
fsiqopaTologiis
etiologias.
fsiqologiur
midgomebSi
moiazreba
fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri,
da
specifikuri
SemTxvevebis
zogadi
tipebis
Sesaxeb
DSM-IV-TR
xuTRerZian
mravalganzomilebian
fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis
profesionalebs
sistemas
im
iyenebs,
fsiqologiuri,
rac
exmareba
fizikuri
da
734
fobiuri,
obsesiur-kompulsuri
da
posttravmaturi
stresis
aSliloba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis
gavrcelebul
aSlilobebSi
afeqtur
moiazreba
aSlilobas
emociis
klinikuri
darRvevebi.
depresiuli
yvelaze
aSliloba
biologiuri
da
fsiqologiuri
axsna
SfoTviTi
da
guneba-ganwyobilebis
Sizofrenia
fsiqopaTologiis
mwvave
formaa,
romelic
xasiaTdeba
aRqmis,
Sizofreniis
savaraudo
mizezebi
damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi
aRmoCenilia
miuxedavad
imisa,
cvlilebebamde
rom
fsiqologiuri
mivyavarT,
fsiqikur
aSlilobebis
daavadebasTan
agorafobia
bipolaruli aSliloba
bodva
mkurnalobas
dadebiT
dakavSirebuli
daRi
735
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba
daswavlili umweoba
disociaciuri amnezia
disociaciuri aSliloba
DSM-IV-TR
etiologia
komorbidi
maniakaluri epizodi
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza
nevrotuli aSliloba
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba
paTofsiqologia
panikuri aSliloba
pirovnuli aSliloba
stigma (daRi)
fsiqoturi aSliloba
fsiqologiuri diagnozi
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba
fobia
Seuracxadoba
Sizofreniuli aSliloba
SiSi
SfoTviTi aSliloba
socialuri fobia
specifikuri fobiebi
halucinaciebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
konteqsti
736
fsiqodinamikuri Teoria
froidis fsiqoanalizi
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
bihevioraluri Terapia
kontrganpirobeba
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
generalizaciis teqnikebi
kognituri Terapiebi
kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
egzistencialuregzistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
klientze centrirebuli Terapia
geStalt-Terapia
jgufuri Terapiebi
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi
biosamedicino Terapiebi
fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
farmakoTerapia
737
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiTiTadi cnebebi
avtobiografiaSi
mxeci
treisi
tomsoni
(1995)
aRwers
25
wlian brZolas
Sexvedraze
SevTanxmdiT,
rom
Semxvdeboda
kviraSi
erTxel,
Wkviani
da
kompetenturi
qali
Canda,
romelsac
SeeZlo
CemTvis
1977
wlis
zamTarSi,
masTan
yovelkvireuli
seansebi
Cemi
stabilurobis saSualeba iyo, radgan vicodi, rom Cem qaotur azrebs mousmendnen
da seriozulad aRiqvamdnen. gasul gazafxuls dawyebulma depresiam nel-nela
iklo.
gazafxulisTvis
Tavs
vgrZnobdi
ukeTesad
ara
bednierad,
magram
738
umniSvnelovanesia,
rom,
tomsonis
TqmiT,
man
fsiqoTerapiuli
kursis Sedegad Tavi ukeT igrZno, Tumca, es ar iyo myisieri Sedegi. tomsonis
depresia imdenad damangreveli iyo, rom mas uwyveti mkurnaloba esaWiroeboda.
aseve,
monaTxrobidan
Cans,
rom
Terapiuli
urTierTobebi
pirovnuli
dadebiTad
moqmedebda
tomsonis
fsiqikur
janmrTelobaze,
magram
TavSi
SevexebiT
TiToeul
dasaxelebul
Temas.
ganvixilavT
istoriuli,
aSlilobebis
kvleva
da
meTodebs?
kulturuli
mkurnalobaze?
praqtika,
rogor
da
rogor
rodesac
vimoqmedoT
socialuri
Zalebi
urTierTmoqmedebs
mkvlevarebi
qmnian
racionalurobas
da
fsiqologiuri
erTmaneTTan
amowmeben
moklebul
Teoria,
mkurnalobis
gonebaze,
rogor
xorcieldeba
nebismieri
aseTi
da
Careva
Tavad
Terapevtebic,
mowodebulia
misi
Tumca,
pirovnebis
cxovrebaSi
funqcionirebis
garkveuli
mimarTulebiT Sesacvlelad.
miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi
Terapiuli procesi SeiZleba moicavdes oTx ZiriTad Temas an mizans:
739
1. problemuri
diagnostireba,
momentebis
arsebuli
problemisTvis,
Semdgomi
ganviTarebis
prognozireba
anu
Sefaseba
gziT,
rogoricaa
medikamentebiT
mkurnaloba,
qirurgia
an
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia.
fsiqoTerapia
(Psychotherapy)
TerapiaTa
jgufidan
nebismieri,
romelic
aSlilobasTan
dakavSirebuli
araswori
qcevis,
azrebis,
fsiqiatrebi
da
eqimebi,
rodesac
cdiloben
tvinis
funqcionirebis
azrebi,
yoveldRiuri
interpretaciebi
cxovrebis
da
strategiebs.
ukukavSiri,
am
Terapiebs
romelic
ganapirobebs
axorcieleben
rogorc
740
klinikuri
fsiqologebi,
ise
fsiqiatrebi.
arsebobs
fsiqoTerapiis
oTxi
gziT,
maT
Soris,
sasurveli
da
arasasurveli
reaqciebis
debulebebis
SecvliT
aRwevs.
restruqturirebuli
egzistencialur-humanistur
tradiciebze
aRmocenebuli
Terapiebi
pacientis
zrdisaken,
ganviTarebisaken.
gaumjobesebaze
isini
ufro
ufro
Sinaarsiani
pirovnebaTSorisi
arsebiTad
janmrTeli
fokusirdebian,
vidre
adamianebis
seriozuli
urTierTobebis
funqcionirebis
darRvevebis
mqone
rCevisTvis
mZRolebsa
da
mimarTaven
nebismiers,
da
esaubrebian
vinc
mousmens
barmenebs,
maT.
gamyidvelebs,
sazogadoebaSi
taqsis
arsebuli
741
imisa,
vidre
rom
adre,
dResdReobiT
isini,
adamianebi
Cveulebriv,
mxolod
ufro
maSin
xSirad
mimarTaven
akiTxaven
fsiqikuri
rogoricaa
Cveulebriv,
profesiis
iseT
arCeva,
sferoebSi
skolis
uwevs
problemebi,
adamianebs
narkotikebix
momsaxurebis
centrebSi
an
raionul
klinikebSi.
isini
iyeneben
TanamSromlobisTvis.
mravali
fsiqiatrisa
da
fsiqologisgan
gaTvaliswineba
da
amitom
SeuZliaT
Terapiis
procesSi
ojaxis
wevrebis CarTva an, sul mcire, klientis ojaxur Tu samuSao garemosTan gacnoba.
RvTismsaxuriRvTismsaxuri-konsultanti religiuri jgufis wevria, romelic fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis
mkurnalobaSi
specializirdeba.
xSirad
es
konsultantebi
fsiqologi
aris
fsiqologiuri
specialisti,
problemebis
romelic
Sefasebasa
da
universitetSi
mkurnalobaSi;
32
arsebobs doqtoris ori saxis xarisxi: (1) Ph.D _ filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori; eniWeba
nebismieri profesiis adamians, romelic akmayofilebs saTanado kriteriumebs; (2) magaliTad, M.D. _
xarisxi, romelic eniWeba romelime konkretuli specialobis mqone adamians, romelic aris Tavisi
saqmis profesionali da akmayofilebs saTanado kriteriumebs; am SemTxvevaSi medicinis
mecnierebaTa doqtori. (mTargmnelis SeniSnvna)
742
fsiqiatri
aris
specialisti,
romelsac
miRebuli
unda
hqondes
medicinis
dasrulebis
Semdeg
gavlili
unda
hqondes
specializacia
aris
xarisxis
specializirdeboda
medicinis
mqone
fsiqikuri
an
filosofiur
Terapevti,
aSlilobebis
mecnierebaTa
romelic
gagebisa
doqtoris
doqtoranturaSi
da
mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.
CamoTvlili specialistebi sxvadasxva garemoSi muSaoben. es SeiZleba iyos
saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi, skolebi da kerZo ofisebi. humanisturi orientaciis
zogierTi Terapevti, ufro bunebriv garemoSi muSaobis mizniT, sakuTar saxlSi
amjobinebs
jgufuri
seansebis
Catarebas.
TerapiebisTvis,
romelic
klientis
asocirebul
garemoSi
amjobineben
muSaobas.
magaliTad,
is
specialistebi
iyeneben,
romlebic
fsiqologiuri
problemebis
pacients
biosamedicino
da
fsiqoanalituri
TerapiebisTvis
da
Tanamedrove
SevCerdebodeT,
jer
Terapiebsa
ganvixiloT
da
Terapevtebze
fsiqikurad
ufro
dawvrilebiT
daavadebulTa
mkurnalobis
xedvis
kuTxe
da
sxva
kulturebSi
miRebul
mkurnalobis
praqtikasac gavecnoT.
fsiqologfsiqolog-konsultanti
(Counseling
psychologist)
fsiqologi,
romelic
743
RvTismsaxuriRvTismsaxuri-konsultanti
konsultanti
(Pastoral
counselor)
religiuri
fenis
da
specializacia
doqtoranturis
fsiqikur
da
dasrulebis
emociur
Semdeg
aSlilobebSi.
gavlili
aqvs
fsiqologiuri
fsiqologiur
aSlilobebs
cxovrebiseul
problemebad
744
rogor
gimkurnalebdnen
gasul
saukuneebSi,
Tu
fsiqologiuri
problemebi
ufro
farTo
konteqstSi
ganixileboda
da
ufro
adamianur
mopyrobasac imsaxurebda.
wels
londonis
beTlemis
wminda
mariamis
hospitalma
fsiqologiuri
problemebis mqone pirveli pacienti miiRo. momdevno 300 wlis manZilze sulierad
daavadebul pacientebs jaWvebiT abamdnen, awamebdnen da garkveuli sazRauris
fasad
xalxs
gasarTobadac
transformirebuli dasaxeleba
uCvenebdnen.
bedlemi33
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
beTlemis
problemebisadmi,
fsiqikuri
rogorc
daavadebebisadmi,
eqimi
filip
pineli
(Philippe Pinel)
werda:
fsiqikurad
daavadebuli
romelTa
samwuxaro
mdgomareoba
imsaxurebs
yvelanair
zrunvasa
da
SeerTebul
StatebSi
fsiqologiuri
darRvevebis
mqone adamianebs,
XIX
dargma,
saukunis
Sua
garkveuli
wlebSi,
ndoba
da
rodesac
fsiqologiam,
pativiscema
moipova,
rogorc
qveyanaSi
745
fsiqikurad
daavadebul
pacientTa
SezRudvas
socialur-politikuri
moZraobis
ZiriTad
elementad
iqca.
maT
aTavsebdnen
marto
dacvis, aramed
mkurnalobis
mizniTac
samwuxarod,
(Rothman, 1971).
humanuri mizani
dawesebulebebi,
mcirediT
gansxvavdeboda
Tu
arasakmarisi
darRvevebis
odenobis
mqone
momsaxure
personaliT,
individebisTvis
gankuTvnili
daiwyes
gamosvla,
sul
mcire,
im
fsiqiatriuli
pacientebis
sazogadoebrivi
mxardaWeris
pirobebSi
normalurad
SeeZloT
kulturuli
lturuli simboloebi da gankurnebis rituali
ku
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis istoriuli tendenciebis mimoxilva
dasavluri mosazrebebiTa da praqtikebiT Semoifargleboda, romelic xazs usvams
individis unikalurobas, damoukideblobas da warmatebasa Tu warumateblobaze
pirovnul pasuxismgeblobas. demonologia da daavadebis modeli igive aqcents
akeTebs da fsiqikur aSlilobas ganixilavs, rogorc pirovnebis SigniT mimdinare
process da individis marcxs.
mravali
sxva
anTropologebma
kultura
gaaanalizes
ar
iziarebs
am
fsiqologiuri
mosazrebas
aSlilobebis
(Triandis,
axsnebi
1995).
da
746
TanamSromlobaze,
urTierTdamokidebulebaze,
tomis
gadarCenaze,
araevropuli
kulturis
azrovnebas.
mraval
afrikul
kulturaSi
afrikuli
praqtika
Camoyalibda,
sadac
daixvewa
da
mkurnalobaSi
qselur
Terapiad
CarTulia
pacientis
wodebul
mTliani
borot
Zalebze
uSualo
zemoqmedebis
da
savaraudo
paTologiuri
mdgomareoba,
romelsac
daavadebuli
adamianis
da
ritualebs
(Levi-Strauss, 1963).
ritualuri
gankurnebis
ceremonia
747
ceremoniaSi
iyeneben,
Secvlil
mdgomareobaSi
keTili
sulebi
esaubreba
adamians
da
imisa,
rom
Samanebi
da
sxva
mkurnalebi
gansakuTrebul
rols
scildeba erT
piriqiT,
pretenzia
kompetenturobas
anu
aqvs
imis
mkurnalobisa
codnas,
Tu
ra
da
aris
gankurnebis
gasakeTebeli,
kontrolze.
an,
ukidures
(Katz, 1982,
1983).
amis
naTeli
magaliTebia
im
uaxles
Terapiul
garemosa
da
mxardamWer
garemocvaze
mimarTuloba,
romlebic
xazs
usvamen
fsiqoTerapiisa
koleqtivisturi
sazogadoebriv
(romelSic
sazogadoebebis
konteqstSi
Terapiebis
moazrebs)
TviT-analizi
(romelic
integrireba.
es
moiazreba)
da
individs
arsebul
mcdeloba
Terapias,
748
tendenciebisa
Semdeg,
ufro
da
zogierTi
dawvrilebiT
kulturuli
ganvixiloT
variaciis
Tanamedrove
mokle
praqtikaSi
gamoyebuli Terapiebi.
Sejameba
Terapiuli garemos mTavari mizania fsiqikuri daavadebis mizezebis gansazRvra
da mkurnalobis dagegmva. arsebobs biologiuri da fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis
Terapiebi. Terapevtebi bevrgan muSaoben da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiul meTodebs
iyeneben. dasavlur kulturaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs, Tavdapirvelad,
sazogadoebisgan
izolirebulad
amyofebdnen.
fsiqikuri
daavadebis,
rogorc
da
spiritualur
konteqsts,
sadac
viTardeba
da
ikurneba
(Shamanizm)
spiritualuri
tradicia,
romelic
moiazrebs
im
saxiT,
rogoric
Seqmna
zigmund
froidma
(Sigmund Freud),
nevrotuli
da
mSfoTvare
pirovnebis
aracnobier
motivebsa
da
749
superegos
gacnobierebas,
moTxovnebisadmi
zedmetad
damyolobis
represiis
umniSvnelovanesia,
gandevnis
anu
ganixileba, rogorc
raRac
ar
aris
process
aracnobieridan
wesrigSi.
gaarkvios,
konfliqtebTan
gandevnil
fsiqoanalitikosis
konfliqtebs
iyenebs
pacienti
gamklavebisas.
simptomi
wamosuli Setyobineba
Soris
amocanaa,
arsebuli
imis
Sesaxeb, rom
daexmaros
aRmoaCeninos34
rogor
pacients
arsebul simptomebsa
kavSiri.
fsiqodinamikuri
rodesac
igi
adreul
bavSvobaSi
ganxorcielebuli
gandevnisgan
mcdelobaa.
Sesabamisad,
es
aris
droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli
anu
xuT
seansamde
grZeldebodes).
garda
amisa,
is
saWiroebs
kargi
TerapiisTvis
(fsiqodinamikuri
Semoklebulia
gacnobierebasa
Terapiis
Terapiuli
da
maT
da
SeuZliaT
SedarebiT
procesis
soliduri
gviandel
xangrZlioba.)
mogvarebaSi
Tanxis
formebSi
gandevnili
pacientisTvis
gadaxda.
gacilebiT
konfliqtebis
daxmarebis
gasawevad
750
esenia:
Tavisufali
asociaciebi,
winaaRmdegobis
analizi,
sizmrebis
analizi,
asociacia
uwyvetad,
(Free association)
gaazrebis
gareSe
Terapiuli
saubrobs
meTodi,
sakuTar
rodesac
azrebze,
meTods,
gamokvlevisa
da
romelic
gandevnili
fsiqoanalizSi
masalis
gamoiyeneba
aracnobieris
gamonTavisuflebisTvis,
Tavisufali
imisa, Tu
amocanaa,
Tvali
gaadevnos
maT
da
ubralo
sityvebis
miRma
saSualeba,
romelic,
rogorc
wesi,
avtoritetul
figurebzea
winaaRmdegoba
751
fsiqoanalitikosi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs
sakiTxebs, romelTa
survilebsa
Tu
ar
gamocdilebaze
saubari.
aseT
winaaRmdegobas
sizmris analizi
fsiqoanalitikosebs miaCniaT, rom sizmari pacientis aracnobieri motivebis
Sesaxeb informaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. rodesac adamians sZinavs,
superego SedarebiT naklebad akontrolebs ididan momdinare miuRebel impulsebs,
amitom motivebi, romelTa gamoxatvac ver xerxdeba cxadSi, SeiZleba sizmris
saxiT gamovlindes. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, sizmars ori saxis Sinaarsi aqvs:
Tumca,
imdenad
mtkivneuli
da
miuRebelia,
rom
damaxinjebulad,
motivebis,
mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebisa
da
gadatana da kontrgadatana
fsiqoanalituri Terapiis intensiuri kursis dros pacients, rogorc wesi,
Terapevtis
mimarT
identificireba
emociuri
warsulSi
reaqcia
uyalibdeba.
gadatanili
emociuri
xSirad
xdeba
konfliqtis
Terapevtis
centralur
752
dedasTan
(dedaCemi
amandam Caanacvla...).
gadatanas
ewodeba
da
damokidebulebebSi
Terapevti
exmareba
pacients
wyaros
masze
moZiebiTa
gadatanili
da
grZnobebis
(Winarick,
datvirTulobisa
am
1997).
da
pacientis
saxis
Terapiuli
mowyvladobis
gamo,
urTierTobis
Terapevtma
emociurad
mkacrad
unda
CarTulobas
SeiZleba
Soris
daarRvios
gadis.
balansi,
cxadia,
rac
rom
unda
Terapiulma
gaacnobieros
situaciam
da
iolad
gaiTvaliswinos
Terapevtma.
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
froidis mimdevrebma SeinarCunes misi mravali ZiriTadi idea, Tumca, zogierTma
principma
da
praqtikulma
meTodma
modificieba
ganicada.
zogadad,
socialur
garemoze
(da
naklebad
fokusirdebian
warsulze);
(2)
753
(da
nakleb
yuradRebas
aqceven
idsa
da
superegos
Soris
konfliqts).
me-14-e TavSi vaxseneT ori cnobili neofroidisti _ karl gustav iungi da
alfred
adleri.
SedarebiT
Tanamedrove
fsiqodinamikur
neofroidianul
analizi
interpretacia,
(Dream
riTac
analysis)
xdeba
sizmrebis
pacientis
fsiqoanalituri
aracnobieri
motivebisa
da
konfliqtebis wvdoma.
gadatana (Transference) procesi, rodesac fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas
pacienti
Terapevtze
warsuli
emociuri
mimarTavs
im
konfliqtis
grZnobebs,
centralur,
romelic
Tavdapirvelad
mniSvnelovan
figuraze
miemarTeboda.
kontrgadatana
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) situacia, rodesac fsiqoanalitikoss
pirovnuli grZnobebi uCndeba pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients sakuTar
cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani adamianis msgavsad aRiqvams.
hari stek salivans (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953) miaCnia, rom froidis Teoriasa da
TerapiaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri urTierTobebis roli da miRebis,
pativiscemisa da siyvarulis moTxovnilebebi. misi azriT, fsiqikuri aSlilobebi
moicavs ara marto travmatul intrafsiqikur procesebs, aramed _ problemur
interpersonalur urTierTobebsa
ki. patara
usafrTxoebis
ararsebobidan
momdinareobs.
salivanis
azriT,
es
sistema
bavSvis
pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobebis
754
kargi-me
(asocirebulia
daZabulobidan,
dedis
romelsac
siTbosTan),
is
bavSvTan
cudi-me
(asocirebulia
urTierTobisas
avlena),
dedis
ara-me
socialuri
zemoqmedebs
garemo,
erTmaneTze.
sadac
pacienti
orive
mxaris
frTxilad
grZnobebi
mihyavT
iqamde,
da
ganwyobebi
rom
gamoTqvas
icoda,
vin
mokla
igi.
1989
wels
mxaris
gamomZieblebs
suzanis
daxmarebiT,
man
aRidgina
didi
xnis
win
gandevnili,
rogorc
aRvniSneT,
froidi
(1923)
fiqrobda,
rom
adamianis
755
gakontrolebaSi.
amisaTvis
interpretirdeba,
rogorc
cxovrebis
gandevnili
damangreveli
mogonebebis
paternebi
Sedegi.
Terapiis
STambeWdavi
gacnobierebis
SemTxvevebze.
drois
xangrZlivi
gavixsenoT,
rom
adamianebi
WeSmarit
mogonebebad
miiCnevdnen
ukanasknel
Sesaxeb
wlebSi,
xSiri
saubari
popularul
SeiZleba
mediaSi
Tavad
gandevnili
iqces
xelovnul
mosmenilma
daxasiaTebam
zogierTi
individi
igive
mogonebebis
sjeraT
gandevnili
mogonebebis,
fsiqoTerapiis
meqanizmebis
saSualebiT, SeiZleba isini Caunergon kidec pacients (de Rivera, 2000; Sarbin,
1997).
jamSi,
magaliTad,
uari
mkvlevarebma
Tqves
Seiswavles
sakuTar
gauupatiurebia
bavSvobaSi.
gaupatiurebaze
ararealuri
qalebi,
braldebebze
es
qalebi
iyo.
es
da
mixvdnen,
romlebmac,
aRiares,
rom
gamokvlevebi
maTi
saboloo
rom
aravis
mogonebebi
adasturebs,
rom
756
mogonebebis
aRdgenis
Seamsubuqos
fsiqoanalitikosTa
aRdgenili
mogonebebis
rwmenam
pacientebis
garkveuli
SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad
mdgomareoba.
nawili
faqtobrivad,
adreuli
travmatuli
gamocdilebis sando asaxvas warmoadgens (Schooler & Eich, 2000; Williams, 1995).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu davinteresdebiT, SeuZlia Tu ara warsulis gandevnil
mogonebebs
awmyo
diskomfortis
axsna,
darwmunebulni
unda
viyoT,
rom
kleini
(1975)
gaemijna
froidis
mosazrebas
oidiposis
konfliqtis
Carevis
amocana
iyo
am
aracnobieri
seqsualuri
konfliqtebis
im
pacientebTan
muSaobisas,
romelTa
konfliqtebi
verbaluri
dakargvis
grZnobebiT.
kleins
miaCnda,
rom
superegos
primitiuli
konfliqtis,
nacvlad
rogorc
sqesobrivi
fsiqikis
umniSvnelovanesi
mikuTvnebulobis
maorganizebeli
gacnobierebas
win
uswrebs
arasasurvelis
erTianobasa
da
uaryofa
mTlianobas.
da
sasurvelis
kleinisTvis
SenarCuneba;
siyvaruli
siyvaruli
mxolod
badebs
erotikuli
757
sxvebze.
sayvarel
Tumca,
adamianebze
es
cnobieri
mimarTuli
siyvaruli
savaraudo
dakavSirebulia
destruqciuli
sinanulTan
siZulvilisa
da
urTierToba
qmnis
fsiqoanalituri
Teoriisa
da
praqtikis
Terapiebi,
koncefciebs,
isev
aniWeben
ra
viTardeba.
sxvadasxva
erT-erTi
xarisxis
mniSvnelobas
umniSvnelovanesi
axali
is,
warmodgenis
Tu
rogor
xdeba
Camoyalibeba,
individis
rogor
aRiqvams,
me-koncefciis
rogor
anu
ganicdis
sakuTar
mas
Tavze
mocemuli
romelsac
dacva
sWirdeba.
am
mimarTulebis
wamyvani
damcveli
da
misi saavtoro
Terapia
fokusirdeba
imis
garkvevaze,
Tu
rogor
Sesabamisad,
Terapevtis
amocanaa,
SeZlebisdagvarad
Rrmad
Cawvdes
romelic
gacilebiT
swraf
gankurnebas
saWiroebs.
bihevioraluri
758
Terapia,
romelsac
axla
ganvixilavT,
simptomebisgan
swafad
gaTavisuflebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Sejameba
fsiqodinamikuri
Terapiebi
zigmund
froidis
aracnobieri
konfliqtisa
da
Teoria
fsiqoanalitikuri
TerapiaTa
yuradRebis
warmoadgens.
bihevioraluri
sagans
orientaciis
dakvirvebadi
Terapevtebi
garegani
qceva
amtkiceben,
rom
bihevioraluri (qceviTi)
(qceviTi) Terapia da
gamoiyeneba.
oriveSi
moiazreba
daswavlis
principebis
meToduri
mizniT.
pirovnuli
problemebis
(akviatebebi),
bihevioraluri
depresia,
farTo
Terapia
speqtrze,
damRupveli
muSaobs
sadac
miswrafebebi
devianturi
Sedis
fobiebi,
(magaliTad,
qcevebisa
da
kompulsiebi
alkoholizmi
an
759
problemebTan
ukeT
muSaobs,
vidre
zogadi
xasiaTis
pirovnul
empiriuli
kvlevis
tradiciebzea
dafuZnebuli.
yvela
cocxali
moTxovnebTan
problemebis
efeqtianad
SesaZlebelia
TerapiiT.
daswavlis
samizne
simptomad.
adaptaciis
qceva
simptomi
daZleva,
xerxebi.
misi
(an
xelaxali
ar
ganixileba
Tavad
aris
Tu
organizmma
araadapturi
daswavlis)
raime
problema.
ver
reaqciebis
principebze
safuZvlad
koregireba
dafuZnebuli
mdebare
fsiqodinamikosi
daiswavla
procesis
Terapevtebis
desensitizacia
teqnika,
rodesac
(Systematic
desensitization)
relaqsirebul
bihevioraluri
mdgomareobaSi
SemaSinebel
760
ratom
SfoTavs
stimulTan)
zogierTi
Sexvedrisas,
adamiani
rogoricaa
iseTi
oboba,
uwyinari
araSxamiani
gamRizianebelTan
gveli
an
(anu
socialuri
ganpirobebulia
pirovnebis
mier
warsulSi
SeumCnevlad
daswavlili
axali
reaqciis
gamomuSaveba.
bihevioraluri
Terapiis
Sesaxeb
pirvel
CanawerebSi swored aseT logikas vxvdebiT. meri qover jonsma (Mary Cover Jones,
1924)
aCvena,
rom
pirobiTi
refleqsis
gamomuSavebiT
anu
ganpirobebiT
eSinoda
kurdRebis.
Terapia
moicavda
oTaxis
erT
mxares
piteris
jonsis
Semdeg,
sxvadasxva
teqnikebs
situaciaSi
daZirvas37
_
da
bihevioristi
sistematur
aversiul38
Terapevtebi
iyeneben
desensitizacias,
kontrganpirobebis
imploziur36
Terapias,
Terapias.
sistematuri
sistematuri desensitizacia da sxva eqspoziciuri Terapiebi
nervuli sistema erTdroulad ver iqneba modunebulic (anu relaqsirebuli) da
agznebulic, radgan SeuZlebelia urTierTsapirispiro procesebis erTdroulad
aqtivireba. es martivi debuleba centraluria reciprokuli (urTierT) Sekavebis
35
761
students,
romelSic
testireba
Zlier
SfoTvas
iwvevs.
yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom gamocdis uSualo molodini (debuleba 14) man ufro stresulad
miiCnia, vidre Tavad gamocdaze gasvla (debuleba 13). (2) klients aswavlian
kunTebis TandaTanobiT Rrmad modunebas. modunebis swavlebas anu relaqsaciis
trenings
ramdenime
seansi
sWirdeba,
romlis
drosac
klienti
swavlobs
762
garkveuli
raodenobis
seansebis
Semdeg
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
stimulTa
Terapia
gansakuTrebiT
kargad
muSaobs
fobiebis
mqone
pacientebTan.
imploziuri
Terapia
sistematuri
desensitizaciisgan
diametralurad
klients
dasawyisSive
waredgineba
yvelaze
SemaSinebeli
stimuli
warmoidginos,
SeZlebisdagvarad
Zlierad
ganicados
es
situacia.
Sinagania
(individis
SigniT
xdeba),
process
SfoTvis
gamowvevas.
rodesac
SfoTva
aRar
warmoiqneba,
qreba
is
763
araadapturi
qcevac,
romelic
misTvis
Tavis
asarideblad
gamoiyeneboda.
am
realurad
aTavseben
SiSis
momgvrel
situaciaSi.
magaliTad,
yvebian
fobiis
Sesatyvisi
ukiduresad
SemaSinebeli
situaciis
Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac SeZrwuneba da SiSi Cacxreba, klients aTavseben SiSis
momgvrel
situaciaSi,
romelic,
cxadia,
aRar
aris
imdenad
SemaZrwunebeli,
764
warmosaxviT
iqneba,
realuri
kontaqtiT
Tu
uaxlesi
meTodiT
Tavis
mokvlazec
ki
fiqrobda,
imdenad
gausaZlisi
iyo
aSliloba,
aversiuli Terapia
zemoT aRwerili eqspoziciuri Terapiis formebi klients uSualod realurad
uwyinar stimulTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. magram ra unda movimoqmedoT maT
dasaxmareblad, visac saziano stimulebi izidavs? narkotikebze damokidebuleba,
seqsualuri
perversiebi
SemTxvevaSic
devianturi
aversiuli
Terapiisas
da
umarTavi
qcevis
iyeneben
Zaladoba
aRmZvrelad
is
problemebia,
mimzidveli
kontrganpirobebis
stimuli
procedurebs,
romelTa
gvevlineba.
raTa
moxdes
765
mocemuli
stimulis
Sewyvileba
mZlavr
damazianebel
stimulTan,
rogoricaa,
TviT-damazianebel
romlebic
mravaljeradi
ganxorcielebis
dartyma
dros,
an
individs
qcevebs
mirtyma
msubuq
axorcieleben,
sxva
sagnebze.
eleqtrul
rogoricaa
aseTi
dartymas
qcevis
ayeneben.
es
formis
aversiuli
Terapia
wamebas
gavs.
sainteresoa,
ratom
gaxdes,
rogorc
xdeba,
magaliTad,
patimrebisTvis
gankuTvnil
aravin
iRebs
proceduris
Catarebis
nebarTvas.
ukanasknel
wlebSi,
reaqciiT.
qcevis
modifikaciis
sxva
meTodebi
efuZneba
operantuli
tradiciebze
mkurnalobis
Camoyalibda.
zogad
pirobiTi
strategias,
ganmamtkiceblebis
ganmamtkiceblebis
romelic
mimarTulia
marTva
qcevis
766
es
reaqcia
ganmeordes
da
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
gaxSirdes.
operantuli
Caanacvla.
qcevis
problemebze
muSaobisas
STambeWdavi
Sedegi
miiRes,
ganxiluli
ori
magaliTi.
Cven
aRvwereT,
rogor
gamoiyenes
qcevis
iyo,
romelsac
saTvale
unda
etarebina.
Terapevtma
pirobiT
sasurveli
ganxorcielebisas
qceva
individs
da
momsaxure
Jetons
personali
aZlevs.
es
samizne
Jetonebi
qcevis
mogvianebiT
yoveli
SeiZleba
gaicvalos mTel rig waxalisebebsa da privilegiebze (Kazdin, 1994; Martin & Pear, 1999).
waxalisebis aseTi sistemebi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis iseTi qcevebis
Sesacvlelad, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis movla, wesrigisa da sisufTavis dacva
saarsebo garemoSi da xSiri dadebiTi socialuri urTierTqmedebebi.
aversiuli
Terapia
gamoiyeneba
saziano
Terapiis
midrekilebis
tipi,
mqone
romelic
adamianebis
samkurnalod.
pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis
mkurnalobis
strategia,
marTva
romelic
(Contingency
menegement)
gulisxmobs
qcevis
zogadi
Secvlas
midgomaSi
Terapevti
gamorCeulad
ganamtkicebs
arasasurveli
qcevis
767
saidan viciT
bihevioraluri mkurnaloba narkotikebze damokidebulebisas
mkvlevarebma
moZebnes
damokidebulebisgan
70
mamakaci
gankurneba
da
surda.
qali,
romelsac
TiToeulma
kokainze
monawilem
gaiara
da
mis
sanacvlod
SeiZleboda
sabiTumo
saqonlis
SeZena.
aZlevdnen.
uaryofiTi
iyo,
mas
Semdeg,
yovel
rac
Semdeg
maTi
jerze
Sardis
analizi
baraTebis
isev
raodenoba
da
isev
izrdeboda.
maTi
yofnasTan:
ganmamtkicebeli
SeuwyvilebelTa
ar
iyo
jgufis
Sewyvilebuli
TiToeuli
narkotikis
wevri
gareSe
mimagrebuli
iyo
iRebda
ganmtkicebas
SegviZlia
(baraTebs).
darwmunebulni
viyoT,
kvlevis
rom
aseTi
baraTebis
sqemidan
nebismieri
ganmamtkiceblisa
(baraTebis)
da
sasurveli
qcevis
(narkotikis
erTi
SeuwyvilebelTa
wlis
Semdegac
jgufis
SewyvilebulTa
wevrebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
jgufis
uwyveti
wevrebi,
warmatebiT
SeamCnieT,
rom
aq
igive
principi
moqmedebs,
rac
arasasurveli
Caqrobis strategia
ratom agrZeleben adamianebi imis keTebas, rasac tkivili da tanjva moaqvs
maSin, roca sxvagvarad moqcevis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT? pasuxi aseTia: qcevis
mraval formas mravalricxovani da sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi aqvs _ zogierTi
768
qcevis
SenarCunebas,
misi
aSkarad
uaryofiTi
Sedegebis
strategia
gamosadegia
SenarCuneba
TerapiaSi
gaurkveveli
maSin,
ganmamtkicebeli
rodesac
disfunqciuri
garemoebebiT
xdeba.
am
xdeba
programis
Sedgena,
rom
arasasurveli
qcevis
ganxorcielebisas
mkvlevarebma
araadaptur
qcevaze
mkvlevarebma
miaRwies,
gaarkvies,
rom
ganmamtkiceblad
rom bavSvebi
dawyebiTi
moqmedebda
yuradRebas
skolis
oTxi
moswavlis
TanaklaselTa
yuradReba.
iCendnen
am oTxi
moswavlis
ki
ganmtkicebiT
SeiZleba.
Sizofreniuli
ganvixiloT
aseTi
qcevis
situacia:
SenarCuneba
mraval
da
fsiqiatriul
saWiro
informaciis
miReba
surs.
amitom
sakuTar
azrebze,
Sedegi
sakuTar
moaqvs;
TavSi
momsaxure
arian
personali
Caflulni
da
mihyavs
daskvnamde,
aranormalurad
rom
iqcevian.
769
Terapiebis
diapazoni
gaafarToves
socialuri-daswavlis
SeqmniT,
sadac
klienti
xedavs,
Tu
rogor
waxalisdeba
modeli
Rirebulia
fobiebis
daZlevisa
da
socialuri
Cvevebis
modelis mibaZva
socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mtkicebiT, individebi reaqciebs dakvirvebis
meSveobiT daiswavlian. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fobiebis mqone adamianebs unda
SeeZloT, rom modelis qcevis mibaZviT gadaeCvion SiSis reaqcias. magaliTad,
gvelebis SiSis mkurnalobisas Terapevti jer aCvenebs klients, rom SedarebiT
usafrTxo garemoSi SesaZlebelia gvelTan uSiSrad miaxloveba; es SeiZleba iyos
galiasTan axlos misvla an misTvis xelis Sexeba. amis Semdeg klients CvenebiTa
da waxalisebiT exmarebian, rom gaimeoros igive qceva. TandaTanobiT formirdeba
miaxloebis qceva. sabolood, klients SeuZlia, rom gveli xelSi aiyvanos da mas
sxeulze
Tavisuflad
moZraobis
saSualeba
misces.
klients
aranairi
qcevis
klienti
uyurebs,
Tu
rogor
iRebs
modeli
waxalisebas
770
monawileobis
rodesac
meSveobiT
Terapevti
uCvenebs
(Participant modeling)
sasurvel
qcevas
Terapiuli
da
klients
sakontrolo
jgufis
mdgomareobas.
simboluri
modelirebiT
Terapiisas
SeeZloT,
nebismier
dros
gaeCerebinaT
filmi
da
modunebuliyvnen.
meSveobiT
modelireba
aSkarad
yvelaze
warmatebuli
iyo
am
daswavlis
araadekvaturi
funqcionirebis
TerapevtTa
mier
socialuri
swavleba.
Semotanil
Cvevebis
fsiqikuri
mqone
umTavres
siaxles
adamianebisTvis
aSlilobis
mqone
ufro
adamianebi
771
adamianebs
socialuri
miznebis
efeqturad
miRwevis
SesaZleblobas
aZlevs, rodesac isini mimarTaven sxvebs an urTierTqmedeben sxvebTan. am unarCvevebSi Sedis imis codna, Tu (1) ra (Sinaarsi) vTqvaT da movimoqmedoT mocemul
situaciaSi, raTa gamoviwvioT sasurveli reaqcia (Sedegi); (2) rogor (stili)
vTqvaT da moviqceT; (3) rodis (dro) vTqvaT da vimoqmedoT. urTierTobis unarCvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa sakuTar TavSi
daurwmunebloba _ sakuTari mosazrebebisa Tu survilebis gamoxatva da dacva
pirdapir, gasagebad da agresiis gareSe (Alberti &Emmons, 1990; Bower & Bower, 1991). am
problemis daZlebaSi dasaxmareblad socialuri daswavlis mravali Terapevti
gvirCevs qcevis repeticias _ imis TvalsaCinod warmoadgenas, Tu rogor unda
moviqceT mocemul situaciaSi da ra sasuveli dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba Cven
mier ganxorcielebul qcevas (Yates, 1985).
mozrdilTa paTologiur qcevas xSirad win uswrebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis
nakleboba
bavSvobaSi
amitom
mkvlevarTa
da
TerapevtTa
erT-erTma
iyo
gamokvlevam
urTierTobis
aCvena,
Cvevebis
rom
drois
swavleba
xanmokle
periodSi
winasaskolo
asakis
Sekribes
aTjer
grZeldeboda. iwereboda
da
TiToeuli
maTi qceva
Sexvedra
mxolog
20
wuTi
772
romlebic
Caketilebad
TamaSis
gamocdilebamac
TanatolTan
magram
Zalze
mcired.
da
mkvlevarebma
arakontaqturebad
gazarda
daaskvnes,
bavSvebis
rom
iTvlebodnen.
sociabiluroba,
erTi-erTze,
wyvilSi
maT
SeeZloT
xelmZRvanelis
rolSic
gamoecadaT
Tavi
unar-Cvevebis
gavarjiSebis
Sedegad,
gauumjobesdaT
socialur
aswavles
sxvadasxvagvar
socialur
situaciebSi
saTanado
sityvieri
Terapevtebs
ganaxorcieleben
yoveldRiur
maTi
klientebi
cxovrebaSi
mniSvnelovania,
yovelTvis
radgan
(Kazdin,
ainteresebT
Terapiul
1994).
mkurnalobis
es
Semdegi
garemoSi
sakiTxi
efeqtianobis
sakiTxi:
ramdenad
daswavlil
yvela
qcevebs
TerapevtisTvis
nebismieri
sazomi
unda
mniSvnelovani
SeiZleba
mxareebi,
daikargos
Terapiis
droTa
procesSi
ganmavlobaSi,
qcevaSi
Terapiis
miRweuli
dasrulebis
773
ganmtkicdeba,
waxaliseba
eZlevaT
iqneba
es
parcialuri
Tavazianobis
gamoCena
(nawilobrivi)
Tu
windaxeduleba.
ganmtkicebis
ganrigiT,
raTa
mosdevs
TandaTanobiT
qcevas.
amcireben
sagrZnobi
garegani
gamtkicebis
bihevioristma
Terapevtebma
TandaTanobiTi
Semcirebis
meTodi
bavSvebis
gadacvlac
nivTebs
SesaZlebeli
poulobdnen,
iyo
iseT
an
qulebiT
sasiamovno
ajildovebdnen
ganmamtkiceblebze,
(romelTa
rogoricaa
amowmebdnen.
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
SemowmebaTa
ricxvi
TandaTanobiT
Terapiebis
dafiqrdiT da
gaiazreT,
ganxilvamde,
ra
arsebiTi
erTi
wuTiT
SexedeT
gansxvavebaa Cvens
mier
cxrils
16.2,
ganxilul
or
qcevis
Sesamcireblad
sixSiris
gasazrdelad
bihevioraluri
Terapia
da
araadapturi
daswavlis
qcevis
sixSiris
principebs
iyenebs.
Sewyvileba.
pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis
marTvisas,
samizne
qcevis
moxsna;
individebs
SiSis
daZleva
modelis
mibaZviT
SeuZliaT.
774
fsiqoanalizi
bihevioraluri Terapia
adamianis
biologiuri instinqtebi,
sawyisi buneba
da agresiuli, romelTac
dauyovneblivi
SesaZleblobiT ibadebian;
gamonTavisufleba
esaWiroebaT da aiZuleben
principebs emorCileba
adamians, rom
daupirispirdes socialur
realobas.
normaluri
ganviTareba xdeba
adapturi qcevebi
adamianuri
Tanmimdevrul stadiebze
daiswavleba ganmtkicebiTa
ganviTareba
konfliqtebis gadawyvetis
da mibaZviT.
Sedegad. identifikaciisa
da internalizaciis gziT
yalibdeba egos mxridan
zrdasrulisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli marTvis
meqnizmebi da xasiaTis
struqturebi.
fsiqopaTolog paTologiaSi aisaxeba
problemuri qceva
iis buneba
konfliqtis araadekvaturi
momdinareobs araadapturi
gadawyveta da ganviTarebis
qcevebis arasworad
adreul stadiebze
problema da ar arsebobs
aranairi safuZvlad
mdebare daavadeba.
775
kontoli.
Terapiis
fsiqoseqsualuri
aRikveTeba simptomaturi
mizani
qceva da Canacvldeba
funqciebis gaZliereba da
adapturi qcevebiT.
aracnobieri da gandevnili
impulsebis mxridan
kontrolis Sesusteba.
gamokveTili
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli
Terapia mimarTulia
qcevaze da dakvirvebad
sfero
fantaziebi da kogniciebi.
grZnobebsa da moqmedebebze.
drois aspeqti
wasrulis konfliqtebisa
ainteresebT mxolod
da gandevnili grZnobebis
klientis qcevis
cnobierebaSi amotanaze,
ganmtkicebis istoria.
garCevasa da gaazrebaze
ikvleven da mkurnaloben
orientacia.
aracnobieri
es aris fsiqoanalizis
ar ainteresebT
masalis roli
centraluri sakiTxi,
aracnobieri procesebi da
romelsac
cnobieri subieqturi
neofroidianebeli
gamocdileba.
SedarebiT nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
insaitis
insaits centraluri
roli
aris saWiro.
makoregirebel emociur
gamocdilebaSi.
Terapevtis
Terapevti moqmedebs,
Terapevti moqmedebs,
roli
pirvelad, sawyisi
konfliqtebisa da
776
winaaRmdegobis warmoqmnis
qcevis daswavlaSi.
mizezebs; gamijnuli da
mniSvnelovania
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva;
gadatanis reaqciis
naklebi mniSvneloba
ganviTarebas.
eniWeba pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobas.
kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri TerapiiT cdiloben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas,
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis SecvliT.
es Terapia efuZneba Semdeg daSvebas: paTologiuri qcevis paternebi da emociuri
distresi momdinareobs problemebidan, romelic exeba imas, Tu ras (kognituri
Sinaarsi) fiqroben da rogor (kognituri procesi) fiqroben adamianebi. kognituri
Terapia fokusirdeba sxvadasxvagvari SemecnebiTi procesebis cvlilebebsa da
kognituri
gadastruqturebis
sxvadasxva
meTodebis
swavlebaze.
am
midgomis
gaumjobesebis
saSualebebi.
am
qveTavSi
aRvwerT
kognituri
rwmenis
warmodgenebis
anu
TviT-efeqturobis
sistemebis
Secvlas
gamomuSavebis
(depresiis
CaTvliT)
kognituri
da
mcdari
Terapiisa
da
romliTac
problemuri
grZnobebisa
da
qcevebis
Secvlas,
rac
gvgonia,
rom
unda
vakeToT.
es
aris
kongitur
bihevioraluri
777
miuRebeli
qcevis
paternebi
kognituri
modificirdeba
kognitur
bihevioraluri
modifikacia
(Cognitive
behavior
modification)
ganwyobebis
gavlenaze
kognitur
aqcents
da,
meore
mxriv,
qcevis
Terapiuli
midgomis
kritikuli
nawilia
fsiqoTerapevtisa
da
qcevisken,
isini
iwyeben
axali,
konstruqciuli
debulebebis
debulebebis
negatiuri
debuleba
Semcirebas
saSinlad
mosawyeni
viyavi
wveulebaze;
magaliTad,
aRarasodes
momavalSi
dasawyebad,
gamovexmauro
raime
gaviwafo
maspinZlis
damaintrigebeli
kargi
frazebi
anegdotis
monaTxrobs.
unda
movifiqro
da
cocxlad
moyolaSi
ganvlili
situaciebis
uaryofiTi
bihevioraluri
modifikacia
klients
qcevis
warmatebulobaze
efeqturad
misaRwevad
moqcevis
realisturi
albaTobas.
strategiebis
miRwevadi
SemuSavebis
da
miznebis
Sedegebis
dasaxvis,
maT
realisturad
778
isini
ganxorcieleba.
amis
darwmunebulobis
Terapia
daiswavlian,
cvlis
rom
xelewifebaT
sapirispirod,
anu
kognituri
klientis
garkveuli
azrebsa
sakuTar
TviT-efeqturobis
mosazrebebs
sakuTari
da
saxis
qcevebis
warmodgenebSi
gamuSavebaze
mimarTuli
SesaZleblobebis
Sesaxeb.
maTgan
gadawyvetilebis
miRebas
iTxovda,
gaaumjobesebda
maT
rom
es
amocana
mxolod
ukve
arsebuli
SesaZleblobebis
Sefasebis
saSualeba iyo (Wood & Bandura, 1989). am kvlevaSi iseTi azrebi, rogoricaa me
SemiZlia viswavlo amis ukeTesad gakeTeba, realurad exmareboda studentebs
amocanis ukeT SesrulebaSi.
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
zogierTi
kognitur
bihevioraluri
Terapevti,
pirvel
rigSi,
rwmenebis,
mravali
fsiqologiuri
problema
momdinareobs
sxva
adamianebTan
da
azrTa
nakadi
SeiZleba
efuZnebodes
(1)
usafuZvlo,
arakeTilgonier
paternebi
meTodebiT.
aaron
Caanacvlos
bekma
problemebis
gadawyvetis
warmatebiT
ufro
gamoscada
efeqturi
da
moargo
Terapevti
exmareba
pacients
damaxinjebuli,
mcdari
azrebis
779
is
uaryofiTi
azrebi,
romlebic
sakuTari
Tavis
mimarT
uCndebaT;
mivaRwio
skolaSi, sadac
aseTi
gadawyveta
SeiZleboda
uaryofiT
gamocdilebad
qceuliyo
klientisTvis.
bihevioraluri Terapiebis msgavsad, am TerapiaSic centraluri adgili ukavia
klientis mimdinare mdgomareobas.
depresiul mdgomareobaSi yofnis erT-erTi uaresi Tanmxlebi movlenaa misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli uaryofiTi grZnobebiT cxovrebis aucilebloba da apaTiuroba.
sakuTari uaryofiTi guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi mexsierebaSi
acocxlebs yvelafers, rac ki odesme cudi momxdara cxovrebaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv,
kidev ufro amwvavebs daTrgunulobis gancdas. depresiuli adamianebi samyaros
depresiis Savi saTvaliT uyureben _ kritikas xedaven iq, sadac ar aris; Seqebas
sarkazmad aRiqvamen, rac kidev erTi mizezia imisTvis, rom depresiulebi iyvnen.
kognituri Terapiebi aCereben depresiis am daRmaval spirals imiT, rom exmarebian
780
klients, ufro metad ar CaiZiros depresiaSi Tavad depresiis gamo (Teasdale, 1985).
kognituri Terapiebis daxvewis mizniT, mkvlevarebi agrZeleben depresiis gancdaSi
siRrmiseuli azrobrivi (insaitis) wvdomis gamoyenebas (Jacobson et al., 1996; Teasdale et
al., 1995).
magaliTad,
erT-erTi
gamokvleviT
dasabuTda,
rom
Terapia
yvelaze
racionalurracionalur-emociuri Terapia
kognituri Terapiis erT-erTi adreuli formaa racionalurracionalur-emociuri Terapia
(reT)), romelic albert eliss (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1995; Windy & Ellis, 1997) ekuTvnis.
racionalur-emociuri
romelic
Terapia
pirovnebis
Secvlis
yovlismomcveli
sistemaa,
klientebs
SeiZleba
hqondeT
gamyarebuli
ZiriTadi
faseulobebi,
cnobierebaSi
ararseboba
SeWras
cdilobs.
(movlena)
iwvevs
magaliTad,
sqesobrivi
daTrgunulobisa
da
aqtis
dros
TviT-gankicxvis
garCeviT,
rogoricaa
gadaRla,
alkoholis
zemoqmedeba,
mcdari
781
zemoqmedebis
sxva
formebi
mohyveba,
romliTac
xdeba
dogmaturi,
Terapia
mimarTulia
individisTvis
sakuTari
gaxdeba
SesaZlebeli,
rac
igi
Tavs
daaRwevs
pirovnuli
zrdis
yovlismomcveli
sistema,
romelic
im
iracionaluri
azrebis
Sejameba
kognituri Terapiebis msvlelobisas adamianebis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebas
imis
SecvliT
cdiloben,
Tu
ras
da
rogor
fiqroben
isini
cxovrebiseul
qmediTi
gamonaTqvamebiT.
depresiis
kognituri
Terapiisas
ganzogadebul
saxeobaSi,
romelic
mimarTulia
yvela
adamianisTvis
782
rogorc
mTliani
me-14-e
TavSi
pirovnebis
vnaxeT,
cneba,
humanisturi
romelic
Teoriebis
mudmivi
birTvs
cvlilebisa
da
warmoadgens
Camoyalibebis
awesebs,
adamianebi
Tavad
irCeven,
rani
iyvnen;
amisaTvis
qmnian
arCevanis
Tavisuflebas
pasuxismgeblobac
axlavs
Tan.
vinaidan
adamianebi
bolomde mainc ver acnobiereben TavianTi qcevis yvela SesaZlo Sedegs, SfoTva
da
sasowarkveTa
potencialis
euflebaT.
srulad
maT
danaSaulis
realizebis
gancdac
SesaZleblobebis
stanjavT,
xelidan
sakuTari
gaSvebis
gamo.
romlebic
praqtikaSi
iyeneben
adamianis
bunebis
zogadi
gaelvebis
individualurobis
simdidre
damkvidreba
da
da
mravalferovneba;
gamonaxon
sakuTari
SeZlon
sakuTari
potencialis
srulad
filosofiam,
aseve,
dasabami
misca
moZraobas
XX
saukunis
60-iani
wlebis
bolos.
am
moZraobaSi
gaerTianda
srulad
gamoyenebasa
da
pirovnuli
gamocdilebis
mniSvnelovnad
mowodebuli
gafarTovda
iyo
da
fsiqologiuri
gamoyenebadi
gaxda
aSlilobebis
fsiqikurad
mqone
janmrTeli
783
midgomas:
klientze
centrirebul
Terapias,
jgufur
Terapiasa
moZraoba adamianis
adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (Human-potential movement) _
Terapiuli moZraoba, romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da praqtikul
saqmianobas, rac xels uwyobs saSualo adamianis potencialis gamovlenas,
misi
ufro
srulad
gamoyenebisa
da
pirovnuli
gamocdilebis
misi
miZRvnili
Tavis
qmediTunarianoba
erT-erTi
da
mniSvnelovani
efeqtianoba:
mizania,
gamokvlevebisa
da
fsiqologiuri
tanjvis
Semsubuqeba.
21-e
saukunis
sferoSi
dakavebul
praqtikosTa
xelT
arsebuli
im
King
Terapiisas
&
Moreggi,
Terapevti
1998).
da
kompiuteris
klienti
gamoyenebiT
eleqtronuli
ganxorcielebuli
fostiT
ukavSirdebian
momxmareblebs
iSviaTad
SeuZliaT
internet-fsiqologTa
da
784
miuxedavad
am
naklovanebebisa,
eleqtronuli
fostiT
anonimuroba
klientebs
yvelaze
Semawuxebeli
problemebis
kibersivrceSi
gaTvaliswinebiT,
saerTaSoriso
Terapiis
yvela
mkvlevarebma
uaryofiTi
Camoayalibes
internet-sazogadoeba,
da
dadebiTi
fsiqikuri
romelic
mxaris
janmrTelobis
mowodebulia
internet-
amisa,
Terapevtebi
igoneben
internetisa
da
kompiuterebis
mkurnalobis
monacemebi:
erT
jgufs,
nawilobriv,
kompiuteris
sakuTari
Tavis
Sesaxeb
da
SeTavazebebi
azrovnebis
eqvsi
Tvis
Semdeg
orive
jgufs
SenarCunebuli
hqonda
785
imeds
gvaZlevs,
rom
Terapevtis
Semcvleli
kompiuteruli
programebiT
urTierToba
Seadgenda.
21-e
saukunis
dasawyisSi
mkvlevarebi
www.ismho.org
fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis
saerTaSoriso
internet-
www.metanoia.org/imhs/
wamyvani
veb
gverdi,
sadac
mocemulia
786
efuZneba
mosazrebas,
rom
yvela
adamiani
xasiaTdeba
TviT-
787
788
789
modian
garkveuli
droebiTi
sargebeli
urTierTobebis
misces
maT.
ojaxuri
dasamyareblad,
wyvilebisa
da
ramac
SeiZleba
ojaxis
Terapiis
partniorTa
Soris
informaciis
gacvlis
Cveuli
paternebis
erToblivi
SexvedrebiT,
xSir
SemTxvevebSi,
maTi
urTierTqmedebis
aCvenebs,
rom
mcirdeba
ojaxuri
krizisebis
raodenoba,
wyvili
ki
790
ojaxuri Terapiis klietia mTliani ojaxi, romelsac aqvs Tavisi birTvi, xolo
ojaxis TiToeuli wevri ganixileba, rogorc urTierTqmedebaTa sistemis wevri
(Schwebel
&
Fine,
ojaxis
1994).
fsiqoTerapevti
muSaobs
ojaxis
Sewuxebul,
manZilebis
da
erTi
mTlianis
saxiT
moqmedi
adamianebis
pirovnebaTSorisi
mier
narkotikebis
moxmarebis
Sesamcireblad
mkvlevarTa
monawile
mozardebi
maSin
ufro
Seamcirebdnen
narkotikebis
Cveuli
uaryofiTi
dadebiT
uaryofiTi
emociebis
qmedebebs
qcevebi
gamoxatva,
(magaliTad,
SvilebTan
sityvieri
optimizmisa
urTierTobisas
agresia)
da
72%
siyvarulis
romlebmac
aRzrdis
stilis
zogadi
gaumjobeseba
aCvenebs,
SesaZloa,
miiyvanes
kidec
mozardi
narkotikebis
gasinjvamde
da
Semcireba
da
moxmarebamde.
ojaxis
Terapias
SeuZlia
ojaxSi
arsebuli
daZabulobis
791
virjinia satiri (Virginia Satir, 1967), ojaxis Terapiis meTodebis avtori, aRniSnavda,
rom ojaxis TerapiiT dakavebuli fsiqoTerapevti mraval rols asrulebs: is aris
Terapiul
amxsneli;
seansebze
is
aris
ganxorcielebuli
gavlenis
urTierTqmedebebis
wyaro, Suamavali
da
interpretatori
arbitri.
ojaxis
da
TerapiiT
pirovnebebis
dispoziciur
aspeqtebs.
es
siZneleebi
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
sruliad
SesaZlebelia
urTierTqmedebis
araefeqturi
formebis
wevrebTan
elementebis
da
am
muSaobis
mizania
disfunqciuri
struqturuli
struqturebis
SemuSaveba da
efeqturi
ganviTarebaSi
interesis
amaRelvebeli
gaZliereba.
periodi
yovelwliurad
TviT-daxmarebis
iyo
amerikis
daaxloebiT
10
milioni mozrdili moqalaqe dadis aseTi jfugebis Sexvedrebze (Kessler et al., 1997).
mxardamWeri
jgufebis
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
Sexvedrebi,
jgufis
rogorc
wamyvanebi
ar
wesi,
arian
ufasoa,
gansakuTrebiT
janmrTelobis
dacvis
im
sferoSi
wamratebebsac
pirvelad
gamoiyena
aRweven.
specialur
organizaciam
jgufebSi
anonimuri
TviT-daxmarebis
alkoholikebi
(AA),
idea
Tumca,
qalTa
moZraobam,
romelic
mowodebuli
iyo
sazogadoebrivi
da
fsiqikuri
aSlilobebi,
cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebebi
da
sxva
792
ukanasknel
wlebSi
adamianebma
daiwyes
internetis,
rogorc
TviT-
Sexvedris
adgils
romelTac
avadmyofobis
Tumca,
warmoadgens
_
interneti
iseT
gansakuTrebiT
mdgomareobaSi
magaliTad,
qronikuli
myofi
mniSvnelovan
adamianebisTvis,
gadaRlis
sindromis
an
problemebis
cxovrebiseuli
gakontroleba;
sirTuleebiT
uzrunvelyofen
gatanjuli
socialur
adamianebisTvis;
mxardaWeras
uzrunvelyofen
naklebi
sazogadoebasTan
TvalsazrisiT,
mWidro
sakuTari
midrekilebiT
urTierToba
qcevis
xasiaTdebodnen.
individebs,
sisworeSi
naTelia,
alkoholizmis
darwmunebulobis
rom
am
kontrolis
ganmtkicebis
ganviTarebaSi
mniSvnelovani
wvlili
Seitana
jgufuri
daexmaros
pacientebsa
da maT
ojaxebs,
rom
avadmyofobis
periodSi
aseTi
mxardamWeri
jgufebis
muSaobis
zogadi
mimarTulebaa
793
Terapiebi
bolo
magaliTia
Cven
mier
ganxiluli
Terapiebisa,
Terapiebi
amasTan,
SesaZleblobas.
problemebze,
sistemebSi
ufro
iZleva
ojaxuri
romlebic
wrmoqmnili
xelmisawvdoms
socialuri
wyvilebisa
ukavSirdeba
siZneleebis
da
xdis
qcevebis
ojaxis
Seguebas
Sedegebs.
da
fsiqikur
dakvirvebisa
Terapia
da
aTvisebis
muSaobs
individis
warmoadgens
Terapiis
janmrTelobaze
mizania
urTierTobebis
wyvilebsa
da
biosamedicino Terapiebi
tvinis ekologia myife balansiT xasiaTdeba. rodesac tvinSi rame arasworad
xdeba, Cven vxedavT qcevis paTologiuri paternebs an ucnaur kognitur da
emociur reaqciebs. garemos, socialur Tu qceviT darRvevebs, rogoricaa
narkotikebi da Zaladoba, aseve, SeuZlia tvinis qimiis da moqmedebis Secvla.
biosamedicino Terapiebi, umeteswilad, fsiqikur aSlilobebs tvinis hardware-is
problemebad miiCneven. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Semsubuqebisadmi
sami saxis biosamedicino midgomas aRvwerT: fsiqoqirurgias, eleqtrokonvulsiur
Soks da farmakoTerapias.
fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
los anjeles Taims-is saTauri iuwyeboda: tvinSi moxvedrili tyvia adamians
fsiqikuri
daavadebisgan
kurnavs
(2/23/188).
statia
mogviTxrobda
19
wlis
794
axalgazrda
itanjeboda.
mamakacis
Sesaxeb,
TviTmkvlelobis
kalibriani
tyvia.
simptomatikisgan
obsesiur-kompulsuri
mcdelobisas
saintereso
da
romelic
iyo,
uvneblad
rom
man
is
SeunarCunda
pirdapir
gadarCa,
SublSi
ganikurna
gonebrivi
aSlilobiT
isrola
22
paTologiuri
SesaZleblobebi, Tumca,
sxva,
ara
terminia,
aseTi
ukiduresi
romelic
Terapiuli
aerTianebs
tvinis
zemoqmdebiT.
qsovilze
fsiqoqirurgia
ganxorcielebul
TavSi;
limburi
sistemis
funqcionirebis
ganmapirobebeli
gzebis
CaWra
Sublis
wilebisa
da
diencefalonis
SemaerTebeli
nervuli
boWkoebi,
egaS
mkurnalobis
moniSma
sakuTar
(Egas Moniz).
meTodSi,
man
romelic,
1949
wels
rogorc
nobelis
Canda,
premia
cvlida
miiRo
fsiqikurad
da
lobotomiis
kompulsiuri
kandidatebi
da
SfoTviTi
iyvnen
agznebadi
aSlilobebis
Sizofreniuli
mqone
pacientebi.
romelTac
unikalur
lobotomiis
pirovnul
procedura
maxasiaTeblebs.
hqondaT
gavlili,
lobotomiis
Semdeg
kargavdnen
maT
aRar
795
SeeZloT
momavlis
mosazrebebisadmi,
dagegmva,
axasiaTebdaT
infantilizmi,
gulgriloba
inteleqtualuri
da
garSemomyofTa
emociuri
gasadaveba;
es
mZime
uaryofiTi
Sedegebi,
dadebiTi
ki
naklebad
TvalsaCinoa,
misi
Terapia
(ekT))
aris
Tavis
tvinze
eleqtruli
Sokis
mania
da,
yvelaze
xSirad,
depresia.
meTodika
aseTia:
pacientis
60
wamamde
grZeldeba.
pacients
winaswar
amzadeben
aseTi
mtkivneuli
erTi
an
ori
kviris
Semdeg
iwyebs
moqmedebas.
miuxedavad
amisa,
mizniT
tvinis
qsovilze
ganxorcielebuli
qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
boWkoebi,
gansakuTrebiT,
TalamusTan
da
hipoTalamusTan
796
eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapia
eleqtrokonvulsiuli
Sokis
(ekT)
(Electroconvulsive
gamoyeneba
therapy
Rrma
depresiis
aris
ase
ECT)
warmatebulad
samkurnalod.
Tu
ekT
ase
kargad
moqmedebs,
ratom
xSirad
demonizirebuli?
aSlilobebis
samkurnalo
yvela
saxelmwifo
dawesebulebaSi
gaCnda
Sizofrenia
pacientis
da
epilefsia.
dakvirvebisas,
epilefsiuri
romelsac
gulyrebis
erTdroulad
Semdeg
mas
hqonda
Sizofreniis
romlebic
mkurnaloba,
rogorc
miT
wesi,
win
mZimea
aRidgenen
uswrebda
amneziac.
mkurnalobas;
Tumca,
mexsierebis
rac
gamokvlevam
Sinaarsebs
ufro
aCvena,
xangrZlivia
rom,
mkurnalobis
pacientebi
dasrulebidan
ramdenime Tvis manZilze (Cohen et al., 2000). metic, pacientebs, romelTac mTeli
cxovrebis
manzilze
eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapiis
100-ze
meti
procedura
tvinis
muSaobis
xanmokle
Seferxebebis
minimizaciisTvisac
ki,
797
(Psychopharmacology)
fsiqologiis
dargi,
romelic
medikamentebis
aRmoCena,
romelTac
SeeZloT
mSfoTvare
pacientebis
Terapiul
qlorpromazinis,
programebSi
SetaniT
daiwyo.
trankvilizatorebis,
medikamentebiT
gansakuTrebiT,
mkurnalobam
TiTqmis
fsiqologiis
moqmedebas.
dargia,
romelic
fsiqofarmakologiis
sferoSi
Seiswavlis
momuSave
qcevaze
mkvlevarebi
personals
aRar
sWirdeboda
mcvelebis
rolSi
yofna,
pacientebis
saxe
gaumjobesda
mas
Semdeg,
rac
fsiqiatriul
dawesebulebebSi
cxovrobda
qlorpromazinisa
da
sxva
fsiqiatriul
medikamentebis
dawesebulebebSi.
gamoyenebam
SeaCera
mkurnalobaSi
da
sapirispiro
arsebul
fsiqiatriul
pacientTa
naxevarze
naklebi
imyofeboda
798
dReisaTvis
Terapiul
programebSi
sami
ZiriTadi
kategoriis
medikamentebi
romlebic
pasuxismgebelia
fsiqotur
simptomebze,
depresiasa
da
ukidures SfoTvaze.
antifsiqoturi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi cvlis bodviTi mdgomareobebis, halucinaciebis,
socialuri gariyulobis (Caketilobis) da perioduli agznebadobis (aJitaciis)
Sizofreniul simptomebs (Dawkins et al., 1999). antifsiqoturi preparatebis moqmedeba
zRudavs neirogadamtan dofaminis aqtivobas tvinSi. iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa
Torazini) da haloperidoli
klozapini
(cnobilia,
rogorc
klizarili),
uaxlesi
wamyvani
serotoninis
aqtivobis
dones,
romelic
akavebs
dofaminur
sistemas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es preparatebi amcireben tvinis aqtiobis zogad dones, isini
ar arian mxolod trankvilizatorebi. mravali pacientisTvis yvela es preparati
gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod agznebis Semasustebeli da damamSvidebeli. isini
aqroben
an
amcireben
Sizofreniis
dadebiT
simptomebs,
bodvebisa
da
halucinaciebis CaTvliT.
samwuxarod,
axasiaTebs.
antifsiqotur
vinaidan
preparatebs
dofamins
Tavisi
uaryofiTi
roli
aqvs
gverdiTi
motorul
moqmedeba
kontrolSi,
iSviaTi
daavadeba
agranuklocitozi,
rodesac
Zvlis
tvini
aRar
799
mkvlevarebi
agrZeleben
preparatebis
xangrZlivi
gamoyenebis
Sedegebis
pacientTa
or
mesameds
18
Tvis
ganmavlobaSi
axali
simptomebi
antidepresantebi
antidepresantebi
aZliereben
neirogadamtanebis
norepinefrinisa
da
tofranili
da
elavili,
amcireben
sinafsuri
napralidan
neirogadamtanebis
eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapiis
kandidatebi
gaxdnen)
prozaks
SemTxvevebs,
rodesac
gasaocari
pirovnuli
qalbatonis
SemTxveva,
fsiqiatri
pacientebma,
cvlilebebi
romelsac
piter
romelTac
ganicades.
krameri
tezs
krameri
prozaki
aRwers
hqondaT
magaliTisTvis
uwodebs.
mTel
tezi
rig
daniSnuli,
ganvixiloT
Tavad
gaecno
800
Cems win iyo pacienti, romlis qcevis Cveuli stili STambeWdavad Secvliliyo.
is msubuqad saubrobda, aRar iyo daTrgunuli da kedelze akruli; piriqiT,
pepelasaviT dafarfatebda adamianebs Soris. iq, sadac sxvebis gulis mogebaze da
keTilganwyobis mopovebaze mimarTuli qceva iyo, axla sicocxlis siyvaruli da
mxiaruleba sufevda (Kramer, 1993, p. 11).
tezis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba Zalze STambeWdavi iyo, Tumca, prozakisa da
sxva fsiqoaqtiuri medikamentebis kritikosebi Relaven imis gamo, rom prozaki ara
marto
depresias
xsnis,
aramed
pacientebs
sakuTari
individualurobisa
da
liTiumis
marilebi
efeqturi
aRmoCnda
bipolaruli
aSlilobebis
da
TvalSisacemi,
dozebiT
gamoyavT.
gamojanmrTelebis
aSlilobis
mqone
maniakaluri
pacientTa
kargi
im
60-80%-s,
Sansi
aqvs
siWarbis
romlebic
mdgomareobidan
liTiumiT
adamianebisTvis,
romelTa
mkurnalobdnen,
Tumca,
mdgomareoba
liTiumis
bipolaruli
xSirad
irxeva
anqsiolizuri saSualebebi
antifsiqoturi da antidepresiuli preparatebis msgavsad, anqsiolizuri anu
damamSvidebeli
doneebis
saSualebebi,
regulacias
axdens.
Cveulebriv,
sxvadasxva
tvinSi
saxis
neirogadamtanebis
SfoTviTi
aqtivobis
aSlilobis
dros
Semakavebel
neironebs,
misi aqtiurobis
zrdiT
mcirdeba
tvinis
801
iseT
preparatebze,
rogoricaa
prozaki,
radgan
is
konkretulad
mier
aRweril
medikamentebs,
romlebic
mowodebulia
sxvadasxvagvari
saxiT.
sazogadoebrivi
vinaidan
jandacvis
fsiqikuri
organizaciebis
janmrTelobis
dacva
TandaTanobiT
kompetanciis
sferoSi
gadadis
da
SedarebiT
axlaxans
iafi
saSualebiT
Catarebulma
medikamenturi
gamokvlevam,
romelic
mkurnalobiT
fsiqoaqtiuri
daxmarebis
eqimebisTvis
da
sxva
specialobis
medikosebisTvis
mimarTvebis ricxvma _ 32.7 milionidan 45.6 milion mimarTvamde (Pincus et al., 1998).
amasTan, adamianTa zogierTi jgufi ufro metad iRebs medikamentebs, vidre _
sxvebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi, romelic xuTi weliwadi grZeldeboda, mkvlevarebi
akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor niSnavdnen medikamentebs kaliforniis zogadi profilis
oTxi saavadmyofos pirveladi gadaudebeli daxmarebis samsaxuris (umeteswilad
TeTrkaniani) eqimebi. isini afroamerikelebs ufro meti raodenobis antifsiqotur
medikamentebs da ufro didi dozebiT uniSnavdnen, vidre sxva pacientebs. Tumca,
afroamerikeli
pacientebi
sulac
ar
iyvnen
ufro
saSiSni
an
ufro
metad
mokled
mimovixileT
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis
medikamenturi
802
kiTxvebs
kidev
ufro
aqtualurs
da
sainteresos
xdis
gamokvlevebi,
romlebic aCveneben, rom Terapiis zogierTi forma iseve moqmedebs tvinze, rogorc
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursi.
saidan viciT
bihevioraluri Terapiis Sedegad tvinSi momxdari cvlilebebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone monawileebs unda aerCiaT da
gaevloT medikamenturi Terapia (fluoqsetin hidroqloridiT) an
bihevioraluri Terapia (stimulis wardgena da reaqciis aRkveTa). emisiur
pozitronuli tomografiiT gadaiRes pacientebis tvini mkurnalobamde da
mkurnalobis Semdeg, ramac orive saxis Terapiis Semdeg tvinis
funqcionirebaSi erTnairi cvlilebebi aCvena (Baxter et al., 1992; Schwartz et al.,
1996).
am tipis kvlevebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebze migviTiTebs: aramedikamentur
Terapiebs
SeiZleba
medikamentebiT
iseTive
ganmakurnebeli
mkurnalobas,
Tumca,
efeqti
hqondes
medikamentebiT
tvinze,
rogorc
mkurnalobisTvis
TerapiisTvis
upiratesobis
miniWeba
meoresTan
SedarebiT
xSirad
magaliTad,
ganurCevlad
riskisa,
Sizofreniis
mkurnaloba
aSlilobebis
Sesamsubuqeblad.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapia
803
sakmaod
efeqturia
damokidebuleba
antifsiqoturi,
Rrma
isev
depresiis
sakamaToa,
antidepresiuli
Sesamsubuqeblad.
adamianebi
da
eridebian
anqsiolizuri
Tumca,
am
vinaidan
saxis
preparatebi,
misdami
mkurnalobas.
rogorc
wesi,
medikamenturi
mkurnalobis,
gansakuTrebiT,
antidepresantebis,
miznad
sxvadasxva
isaxavs
Terapiebis
calkeuli
Terapiebis
urTierTSedarebas.
am
Sedegianobis
kvlevebis
Semowmebas
zogadi
da
mizania
zusti
meTodologiebi
SeimuSaves.
aizenkis
kritikulma
gamonaTqvamebma
804
Sefasdes Terapiebis Sedegianoba. martivad rom vTqvaT, unda Candes, rom raRacis
keTeba gamojanmrTelebis SemTxvevaTa met procents iZleva, vidre _ arafris
keTeba.
aseve,
mkvlevarebi
cdiloben,
dagvanaxon,
rom
maT
mier
gamoyenebuli
gamoyenebiT
uzrunvelyofs,
afaseben.
romelic
metameta-analizi
mkvlevarebs
mowodebulia
mravali
formaluri
sxvadasxvagvari
mkvlevari
svams
umravlesobaSi
cdis
pirebs
Cems
kiTxvas:
mier
eqsperimentebi
gamovlinda
Tu
ara
eqsperimentis
nawinaswarmetyvelebeli
movlena?
warmoadgenen.
SedegianobasTan
Terapiis
meta-
sul
mciredi dadebiTi
efeqti
mainc
aqvs,
romelic
scildeba
805
Sedegebis
gazomvis
meTodebi,
pacientis
molodinebisa
da
mkvlevarebi
jer
kidev
cdiloben
am
problemebis
daZlevas
da
remisiis
efeqti
(Spontaneous-remission
effect)
fsiqikuri
bazisuri
kriteriumi,
romliTac
unda
Sefasdes
Terapiebis
Sedegianoba.
placebo
Terapia
procedurisgan
(Placebo therapy)
damoukidebeli
nebismieri
Terapia,
specifikuri
romelic
klinikuri
iwvevs
klienti
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
metameta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis Semowmebeli statiskituri meTodi,
romelic
iZleva
formaluri
meqanizms
mravali
sxvadasxvagvari
sxvadasxva
tipis
Terapiebis
urTierTSedarebas
axdenen,
depresiuli
da
placebo
kontrolis
Sedegianobis
Sedareba;
(2)
28
sxvadasxva
dawesebulebaSi;
(3)
SemTxveviT
SeirCa
240
ambulatoriuli
806
Terapiuli
seansebis
videoCanawerebis)
Terapiuli
procesis
ganmavlobaSi,
da
saboloo
Sedegebis
mkurnalobis dasawyisSi, 16
mkurnalobis
dasasrulisTvis
da
ori
saxis
fsiqoTerapias,
romelic
specialurad
Seiqmna
an
cxovrebasa
proceduraSi
(anu
da
pirovnebaTSoris
eqsperimentatorebma
ar
urTierTobebze.
icodnen,
romeli
ormag
pacienti
brma
romel
preparati.
rogorc
medikamentebis,
ise
placebos
SemTxvevaSi
yvelaze
bihevioralurma
moipoves
erTmaneTs
Sedegiani
Terapiebma,
Sedegianobis
Semdgom
marto
da
kombinirebuli
Terapia
yvelaze
romelmac
gaiara
kvlevaSi
dadgenil
fsiqodinamikurma
mixedviT,
proeqtebSi
fsiqoTerapiis
fsiqoTerapiul
monawilidan,
aRmoCnda,
medikamentur
mkurnalobis
kriteriumebs
Sualeduri
mkvlevarebi
Sedegianobasa
mkurnalobas.
warmatebuli
akmayofilebda
da
mdgomareoba
da
kombinirebul
gamokvlevaSi
simptomebis
im
kongitur
afasebdnen
erT-erT
aRmoCnda
kursi,
da
519
Semsubuqebis
monawileTa
55%-is
mdgomareoba, vin mxolod medikamenturi mkurnaloba miiRo da im monawileTa 52%is mdgomareoba, vinc mxolod fsiqoTerapiiT mkurnalobda, xolo im pacientebidan,
vinc iRebda kombinirebul _ fsiqoTerapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas _ 85%-s
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis igive maCvenebeli hqonda.
807
depresiis simptomebi
yvelaze metad
tricikluri
preparati
medikamenturi
mkurnalobis Sedegad
fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia
Semcirda, Tumca,
kognituri
Terapia
simptomebi, aseve,
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda
placebo abebi
0
10
mkurnalobis
mimdinare
statusi
15
20
25
fsiqodinamikuri da
30
suraTi
klinikuri
dakvirveba
pirveladi
kvleva
Teoriuli
modeli
16.3.
ufro
Terapiis Seqmna
fsiqikuri/fizikuri
daavadebebis
mkurnalobis
gamocda
kontrolis
gareSe klinikis
kontongentze
Sedegiani
ganviTarebis
safexurebi
sawyisi
gamokvlevebi
laboratoriaSi
depresiis
mkurnalobis
fsiqologiur
mniSvnelovani
wvilili
fsiqikuri
kvlevebi
gviqmnis
Seaqvs
janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebaSi.
moklevadiani
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT
mkurnalobas
garda
naTel
im
amisa,
es
warmodgenas
meTodebze,
romelTa
Tu
romeli
saukeTeso
TiToeuli
aSlilobisTvis.
mocemulia
praqtikaSi
efeqtianobis
Sefaseba
Terapia
suraTze
iqneba
tipis
16.3
ganzogadebuli
808
Sedegianic
ar
unda
iyos
mkurnaloba,
xSirad
ukeTesia
daavadebis
gadawyvetaa.
Cven
mier
ganxiluli
yvela
tradiciuli
Terapia
mkurnalobas
an
iZulebuli
gaxdeba,
rom
imkurnalos,
fsiqikuri
809
funqcionirebaze,
sazogadoebriv
saqmianobaze,
samsaxursa
Tu
profesiul zrdaze.
fsiqologiuri
prevencia
problemebis
ramdenime
doneze
SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes (Rabins, 1992, Reiss & Price, 1996). pirveladi prevencia mimarTulia
mdgomareobis Tavidan acilebaze daavadebis ganviTarebamde. am mizniT, magaliTad,
SeiZleba gadaidgas nabijebi imisaTvis, rom davaswavloT individebs gamklavebis
unar-Cvevebi,
SeiZleba
romliTac
SfoTva
an
isini
depresia
garemos
uaryofiTi
gamoiwvion,
metad
aspeqtebisadmi,
adaptirebadni
romelmac
gaxdebian,
an
romelTa saSualebiTac SeeZlebaT maTi Secvla (Durlak & Wells, 1997; Kaplan, 2000).
meoradi
prevencia
xangrZliobis
dasawyisSive
mesameuli
cdilobs
Semcirebas.
gamovlenisa
prevencia
fsiqologiuri
ukve
es
da
cdilobs,
aSlilobis
ganviTarebuli
keTdeba
programebiT,
mkurnalobis
ar
dawyebis
dauSvas
xangrZliv
aSlilobis
romelic
da
amiT
mesameuli
an
aSlilobis
SesaZleblobas
recidivebi
zemoqmedebas.
simwvavis
iZleva.
zRudavs
prevenciuli
tipebis
mianiSnebda,
prevenciis
romelic
ganxorcieleba
fsiqikuri
(1)
mkurnalobisTvis
im
janmrTelobis
ganicada.
prevenciis
msxvilmasStabian
dacvis
zogadma
umniSnelovanesi sistemuri
damateba;
(2)
daavadebebis
810
wyalobiT
gaxda
SesaZlebeli.
rac
Seexeba
fsiqopaTologias,
am
cvlilebebi
da
radiacia
(Bell,
vinaidan
1982).
wvlili
Seaqvs
fsiqoaqtiuri
nivTierebebi,
terorizmi,
bunebrivi
ubedurebebi
da
rogoricaa
SfoTviTi
aSliloba
da
depresia,
garemoSi
ara
marto
individualur,
relevanturi
dawesebulebebis
mizezobrivi
da
faqtorebis
samTavrobo
gageba,
doneebze
aramed
warmoqmnili
raTa
gamarTleba
problemebis
winaSe,
romelic,
prevenciuli
programebis
moeZebnos
aseve,
saboloo
amisaTvis
dauyovnebel
mizania
gaRebul
xarjebs
gadawyvetas
sazogadoebis
yvela
sxva
saWiroebs.
wevrisTvis
External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa
Sinagani garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
811
fsiqoTerapiiT
Carevis
dakavebuli
mkvlevarebi
cdiloben,
gamokvlevebis
analizi
aCvenebs,
rom
mTlianobaSi
gansazRvron,
Terapiuli
Sedegs. didi
raodenobis
fsiqoTerapia
Sedegiania.
miznad
isaxavs
calkeuli
aSlilobebisTvis
maqsimalurad
rom
SesaZlebeli
gaxdes
aSlilobis
ganviTareba
da
misi
Sedegebis
minimizacia.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
Terapia moiTxovs diagnozis dasmas da mkurnalobis kursis daniSvnas.
Terapia SeiZleba iyos samedicino an fsiqologiuri.
arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi: fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri,
kognituri da egzistencialur-humanisturi.
mravali sxvadasxva profesionali dakavebulia fsiqoTerapiiT.
warsulSi fsiqikuri aSilobebis mkurnaloba uxeSi da araadaminuri iyo.
fsiqikuri
aSlilobis
daavadebad
miCnevas
pacientTa
ufro
humanuri
kulturaSi
arsebobs
antropologia
gviCvenebs,
rom
mraval
Terapiebi
Seiqmna
zigmund
froidis
fsiqoanalitikuri
Teoriis safuZvelze.
froidi xazs usvamda aracnobieri konfqlitebis rols fsiqopaTologiis
etiologiaSi. fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis mizania am konfliqtebis gadaWra.
812
am
Terapiis
mniSvnelovani
winaaRmdegobisadmi
mdgenelebia:
yuradReba,
Tavisufali
sizmrebis
asociaciebi,
analizi,
gadatana
da
kontrgadatana.
neofroidianelebi met aqcents akeTeben pacientis awmyo, mimdinare socialur
situaciaze, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze da me-koncefciaze.
bihevioraluri Terapiebi
bihevioraluri
Terapia
iyenebs
daswavlis
da
ganmtkicebis
principebs
modifikaciis
yvela
teqnikisTvis
damaxasiatebeli
elementia
stimulis wardgena.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gamoiyeneba pirobiTi ganpirobebuloba
qcevis modificirebis mizniT; upiratesad iyeneben dadebiT ganmkticebasa da
reaqciis Caqrobas.
socialur-daswavlis TerapiaSi gamoiyeneba qcevis modelireba da socialuri
unar-Cvevebis
gavarjiSeba,
raTa
individebs
sakuTar
SesaZleblobebSi
darwmunebaSi daexmaron.
kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri
paternebis
Terapia
Secvlaze,
mimarTulia
romelic
uaryofiTi
individs
an
iracionaluri
sakuTari
Tavisa
azrebis
da
socialuri
moiTxovs
problemis
bihevioraluri
modifikacia
klientisgan
813
egzistencialur-humanistur
Terapiebi
individebs
TviT-aqtualizaciaSi
exmareba.
Terapevtebi cdiloben aradireqtiulni iyvnen, rodesac klients exmarebian
sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi warmodgenis SeqmnaSi, romelsac SeuZlia garemodan
momdinare kritikasTan gamklaveba.
geStalt-Terapia mimarTulia erTian pirovnebaze _ sxeulze, fsiqikaze da
sacxovrebeli garemo.
jgufuri Terapiebi
jgufuri
Terapia
saSualebas
aZlevs
adamianebs,
daakvirdnen
da CaerTon
da
internetis
TviT-daxmarebis
jgufebi
SesaZleblobas
Terapiebi
fsiqikuri
daavadebis
fiziologiuri
aspeqtebis
cvlilebaze orientirdebian.
radikaluri
da
Seuqcevadi
moqmedebis
gamo
fsiqoqirurgia
iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapia
Zalze
efeqtiania
depresiul
pacientebTan,
Sedis
antifsiqoturi
medikamentebi
SizofreniisTvis,
fsiqoTerapiebma
da
medikamenturma
mkurnalobam
SeiZleba
814
Sefasebis
proeqtebi,
rogoricaa
depresiis
Terapiebis
NIMH-is
mier
strategiebi
aucilebelia
SesaCereblad
da
ukve
fsiqologiuri
warmoqmnili
aSlilobebis
minimizaciisTvis.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. aversiuli Terapia (p. 514)
2. qcevis repeticia (p. 516)
3. qcevis modifikacia (p. 512)
4. bihevioraluri Terapia (p. 512)
5. biosamedicino Terapia (p. 504)
6. kaTarzisi (p. 508)
7. klienti (p. 505)
8. klientze centrirebuli Terapia (p. 522)
9. klinikuri ekologia (p. 532)
10. klinikuri fsiqologi (p. 505)
11. klinikuri socialuri muSaki (p. 505)
12. kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia (p. 518)
13. kognituri Terapia (p. 517)
14. pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (p. 514)
15. fsiqolog-konsultanti (p. 505)
16. kontrganpirobeba (p. 512)
17. kontrgadatana (p. 509)
18. sizmris analizi (p. 509)
19. eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ECR) (p. 525)
20. daZirva (p. 513)
21. Tavisuafali asociacia (p. 508)
22. geStalt-Terapia (p. 522)
23. moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (p. 521)
24. imploziuri Terapia (p. 513)
aSlilobebis
Sedegebis
815
situaciis Zala
rolebi da wesebi
socialuri normebi
konformuloba
situaciis Zala: mxilebani faruli kameriT
816
socialuri urTierTobebi
mowoneba
siyvaruli
817
yvirili
daiwyes
da
sirenebiviT
naxevar
saaTs
mainc
gahyvirodnen
818
momdevno da yvela sxva SabaTs biWebma uari Tqves, elanZRaT beberi italieli
mewaRe, romelsac Ciradac ar agdebdnen da romelsac axla arxeinad SeeZlo,
yovel
SabaTs
esmina
Tavisi
operebisaTvis,
CaerTo
ise
xmamaRla,
rogorc
urTierTobebisa
da
urTierTdamokidebulebebis
gavlenas
maT
azrebze,
socialuri
cvladebis
gavlenas
individis
qcevebze,
fsiqologebi
cdiloben
Cawvdnen
qcevis
arss
misi
socialuri
sxvebis
urTierTqmedebebs,
realur,
wamosaxul
romlebsac
an
adamianebs
simbolur
Soris
arsebobas;
aqvT
adgili;
aqtivobebs
im
da
socialuri
Zalaze,
romelic
akontrolebs
adamianis
qcevas.
MmimovixilavT
819
xdeba
socialuri
realobis
konstruireba,
yalibdeba
da
icvleba
kiTxvas:
asrulebs
Tu
ara
fsiqologiuri
codna
raime
rols
qcevis
mizezebis
axsnas,
pasuxebs
Zalze
gansxvavebul
sferoebSi
ganmsazRvreli
mizezebi
im
socialuri
situaciis
maxasiaTeblebia,
warsul
gamocdilebaze,
faseulobebsa
da
Sexedulebebze.
rogorc
papa
eqsperimentebs,
socialuri
rolebia
TqvenTvis
misaRebi?
socialuri
roli
aris
820
roli. rodesac saklaso oTaxSi xarT, Tqven iRebT studentis rols. sxva
SemTxvevaSi
Tqven,
SesaZloa,
iyoT
saukeTeso
megobari
an
Seyvarebuli.
tipis
qcevebs,
TqvenTvis
met-naklebad
Sesatyvissa
da
xelmisawvdoms?
situaciebi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba imiT, rom adamianebi emorCilebian qcevebis
warmarTvel wesebs, anu iTvaliswineben specifiur moTxovnebs. zogierTi wesi
situciebSi
sxva
adamianebTan
urTierTobebisas.
ramdenad
xmamaRla
(Rules)
garkveul
situaciaSi
garkveuli
saxiT
moqcevis
moTxovnebi.
Cveulebriv, Tqven, SesaZloa, arc ki icodeT wesebisa da rolebis zegavlenis
Sesaxeb, magram erTma klasikurma socialur-fsiqologiurma eqsperimentma, e.w.
stanfordis
cixis
eqsperimentma,
gamoavlina
am
Zalebis
ganmacvifrebeli
821
kaliforniaSi,
zafxulis
erT
kvira
dilas,
sirenis
xmam
daarRvia
romlebic
gamokiTxvebis
safuZvelze
stabilur,
fizikurad
patimrebi,
eqsperimentis
vrceli
fsiqologiuri
miCneul
janmrTel
da
mimdinareobis
iqnen,
testirebisa
kanonmorCil,
saSualo,
normalur
periodSi
cixeSi
da
emociurad
adamianebad.
imyofebodnen,
iyvnen,
iqceodnen
agresiulad,
zogjer
sadisturadac
ki.
isini
wesebs.
dakargva.
damorCilebaze
Tavdapirvelad
uaris
privilegiebSi
Tqmas
mohyveboda
Sedioda
kiTxvis,
damamcirebeli
tualetis
xeliT
da
recxva,
uazro
samuSaoebis
azidvebi
zurgze
Sesruleba,
rogoric
zedamxedvelis
fexiT
iyo
da
822
male
gamoamJRavnes
paTologiuri
qcevebi,
pasiur
winaaRmdegobas
stresuli
fsiqosomaturi
simptomebi.
warmoSobis
MmexuTe
gamonayari
mTel
patimars
sxeulze
ki
mas
gauCnda
Semdeg,
rac
da,
saerTod,
adamianis
bunebis
studentebic,
ZiriTadad,
janmrTelni
situaciidan.
Mmomdevno
periodSic
Sesaxeb.
iyvnen
da
maTze
sabednierod,
advilad
is
da
sxva
am
mZime
gamovidnen
mravalwlianma
dakvirvebebma
ar
cixis
"zedamxedvelebis"
dakvirvebad
saSualebiT,
eqsperimentis
qcevebi
situaciaSi
alalbedze
Sedegebis
erTmaneTisagan
(ix.
suraTi
ganawilda,
17.1).
mixedviT,
gansxvavdeboda
Tumca
nakisrma
praqtikulad
rolebi,
rolebma
"patimrebisa"
agdebuli
Seqmnes
da
yvela
monetis
gansxvavebebi
mniSvneloba
uswavlebia
Tu
situaciaSi
yofilan
hqonda
rogor
sapatimros
unda
odesme,
situaciaSi.
moqceuliyvnen
miuxedavad
da
amisa,
monawileTaTvis
isini
yovelma
arc
realuri
maTganma
aravis
cixis
daiswavla
823
reagireba
moexdinaT
dasjis
socialur
gamoyenebas.
patimrebs
struqturaze,
romelic
SeeZloT,
mxolod
Zalismierad
qmnida
Sedegi
aris
dasja,
meorisa
ki
damoukideblobisa
da
Rirsebis
dakargva.
eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs msgavsi gansxvavebuli situaciuri Zalebis
zegavlena ukve gamocdili hqondaT TavianT adreul socialur urTierTobebSi:
mSobeli-Svili, maswavlebeli-moswavle, eqimi-pacienti, ufrosi-muSa, kaci-qali. maT
ubralod daxvewes da ganaviTares TavianTi adreuli qcevis paternebi am axal
konkretul situaciaSi. nebismier students nebismieri roli SeiZleba Sexvedroda.
zedamxedvelebis rolis Semsrulebeli studentebi gancvifrebulebi miuTiTebdnen,
Tu ramdenad advilad Seiferes sxva adamianebis makontrolebis roli. uniformis
Cacmac ki sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom kolejis pasiuri studentebi cixis
agresiul zedamxedvelebad gadaqceuliyvnen. ra tipis adamianad iqceviT, rodesac
ama Tu im rols aiRebT? sad mTavrdeba Tqveni pirovnuli me da sad iwyeba Tqveni
socialuri identuroba?
socialuri normebi
imis garda, rom jgufs Tavisi wevrebis roluri qcevebis mimarT aqvs garkveuli
molodinebi, mas aqvs, agreTve, molodinebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda
moiqcnen
jgufis
ganwyobebisa
da
Camoyalibebuli
wevrebi.
qcevebis
jgufis
specifikur
manifestirebuli
socialuri normebi.
wevrebis
socialuri
an
mimarT
moTxovnebs,
faruli
normebi,
romlebic
saxiT
SesaZloa,
socialurad
jgufis
arseboben,
exebodes
misaRebi
mier
ewodebaT
qcevebis
Zalze
824
dauWerT
mxars.
socialuri
normebi,
agreTve,
qcevis
garkveul
momxmarebels
Tavazianad
unda
moeqceT,
miuxedavad
imisa,
ramdenad
qcevebis
erTgvarobas,
an
akvirdebiT
negatiur
im
Sedegebs,
ramdenime
mniSvnelovan
funqcias
asruleben.
mocemul
jgufur
iwinaswarmetyvelos,
Tu
rogor
Semova
meore
monawile
mocemul
situaciaSi, rogor Caicvams, ras ityvis da, aseve, isic, Tu rogori qcevebia maTgan
mosalodneli, raTa daimsaxuron jgufis sxva wevrebis mowoneba. Tqven xSirad
Tavs uxerxulad grZnobT axal situaciaSi swored imitom, rom, xSirad, ar iciT
Tu
rogor
unda
moiqceT.
normidan
gadaxris
SemTxvevaSi,
garkveuli
viwro.
magaliTad,
mokle
Sarvali
da
maisuri
Zalze
Seuferebeli
wevrebs,
gansazRvron,
winaaRmdeg
is
yovel
Tu
SemTxvevaSi
konkretul
ramdenad
maT
situaciaSi,
SeiZleba
SesaZloa
Cveulebriv,
socialuri
iwvnion
jgufuri
SeuZliaT,
normebidan
iZulebis
gadaxra,
sami
iseTi
825
Sexedulebebs.
gavleniTac
ratom
Tqven
axdenT
xarT
konformulebi?
socialuri
arsebobs
moTxovnebis
pirobebi,
ignorirebas
romelTa
da
iqceviT
aRvwerT
klasikur
eqsperimentebs,
romlebic
gavlenis
orive
tipis
sailustraciod gamodgeba.
miReba
rom
gixdebaT,
adamianebis
did
sakmaod
jgufTan
gaaurkvevelia.
erTad
MmagaliTad,
sadilobT
elegantur
iciT,
romeli
Cangali
unda
ixmaroT,
rodesac
pirvel
Tav
saWmels
SeuZlia
informaciul
zegavlenas
normis
kristalizacia
anu
formireba da gamyareba.
saidan viciT
informaciuli gavlena ayalibebs normebs
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT sinaTlis wertilis
moZraobis
odenoba,
romelic
realurad
ar
moZraobda,
magram
moZravad
misi
826
rom
rodesac
igive
monawileni
marto
darCnen
da
kvlav
sTxoves
Zveli
jgufis
is
wevrebi,
romlebic
xmamaRla
gamoTqvamdnen
TavianT
Sefasebebs (Rohrer et al., 1954). Nnormebi gadaecema jgufis wevrebis erTi Taobidan
meores da adamianebis qcevaze gavlenas axdenen maSinac ki, rodesac ukve aRar
arsebobs jgufi, romelmac is SeimuSava (Insco et al., 1980). saidan viciT, rom normebs
SeiZleba (gaaCndeT) aseTi transgeneraciuli zegavlena hqondeT? avtokinetikuri
efeqtis Seswavlisas mkvlevarebi jgufis wevrebs TandaTanobiT cvlidnen axali
wevrebiT, manam, sanam ar moxdeboda maTi sruli ganaxleba. magram Sefasebis norma
igive rCeboda, maSinac ki, rodesac jgufis Semadgenloba mTlianad Secvlili iyo,
e.i. norma gadaecemoda axal Taobas (Jacobs& Campbell, 1961). atyobT, am eqsperimentis
Sedegebi
ramdenad
emsgavseba
realur
cxovrebaSi
momaval
Taobaze
normebis
gadacenis process?
konformuloba (Conformity) adamianebis tendencia, miiRon referentuli
jgufis sxva wevrebis qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence) jgufis efeqti, romelic
warmoiSoba
individis
survilis
gavlena
safuZvelze,
iyos
koreqtuli,
swori
da
mocemul situaciaSi.
(Normative influence)
jgufis
efeqti,
romelic
SeiZleba
imis
saukeTesod
demonstrireba,
rom
zogjer
adamianebi
827
mowonebulni, miRebulni an aRiarebulni sxvebisgan? socialuri fsiqologiis erTerTma pirvelma Zalze mniSvnelovanma warmomadgenelma solomon aSma (Solomon Asch
1940,
1956)
Seqmna
situacia,
romelSic
eqsperimentis
monawileebi
daskvnas
Tumca,
gansxvavebulad
jgufis
xedavda.
wevrebis
kolejis
umetesoba
studenti
aRniSnavda,
vaJebsi
rom
daarwmunes,
realobas
rom
isini
umravlesobis
tipiuri
mier
gakeTebuli
stimulebis
wyeba
mcdari
mocemulia
SefasebiT.
marcxena
eqsperinentSi
naxazze.
xolo
winaswar
SeTanxmebul
monawileebTan
SedarebiT.
maTi
swori
828
aSi
im
umravlesobas,
monawileebs,
uwodebs
romlebic
umetes
dezorientirebulebs
SemTxvevebSi
da
eWviT
eTanxmebodnen
marTulebs.
is
zogierTebi
ki
imasac
amtkicebdnen,
rom
xazebis
sigrZeSi
kvlevebSi
aSi
axdenda
Semdegi
sami
faqtoris
varirebas:
ucnobi
gansvlis
sidide.
man
aRmoaCina,
rom
mdgradi
konformulobis
efeqti
829
rogorc
mosalodneli
iyo,
umravlesobisgan
damoukidebloba
wevrsa
da
jgufis
sxva
wevrebs
Soris.
sagulisxmoa,
rom
individebis
is
aRwerebis
keTdeba.
da
ar
am
eweva
umravlesobaSi
eqsperimentebis
angariSi
im
xazzgasma
garSemo
faqts,
swored
gakeTebul
rom
konformul
angariSebi
eqsperimentis
erT
xSirad
monawileebi
SemTxvevaSi
icaven
TavianT
damoukideblobas
(zogierTebi
ki
umravles
SemTxvevaSi
araorazrovan
situaciebSic
ki.
konformulobis
informaciuli
zegavlenis
kombinaciebs:
miRebis, mowonebisa
da
aRiarebis
830
saidan viciT
konformulobis mcdeloba
texasis
universitetis
A&M
damokidebulebebis
umravlesoba.
Sesaxeb,
magaliTad,
studentebs
rasac
maT
miewodaT
amJRavnebda
uTxres,
rom
informacia
maTi
studentebi
im
Tanatolebis
sruliad
ar
miiRo"
(sinamdvileSi,
studentebis
umravlesoba
sruliad
daefiqsirebinaT
TavianTi
damokidebuleba
debulebis
mimarT.
Zlierad
studentobasTan.
aigivebdnen
Zlieri
debulebisTvis iseTi
isini
Tavs
identifikaciis
xsenebuli
jgufis
interpretacia gaekeTebinaT,
universitetis
wevrebma
scades
am
iyo
mkacri
megobrobis
Sewyvetis
damokidebulebebi.
im
mimarTulebiT
studentebma
da
ki,
gamoxates
romlebic
831
gecodinebaT,
rom
es
sakmaod
sawvalebeli
saqmea.
magaliTad,
jgufis
Sefasebebi
yovelTvis
gansxvavebulia
individebis
wevrebis
Sefasebebis
saSualo,
maSin
es
iqneba
polarizaciis
SemTxveva. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria jgufis wevrebis sawyisi tendencia gamoTqvan frTxili an riskiani Sefasebebi jgufuri polarizaciis procesi
maT waiyvans meti sifrTxilis an meti riskis demonstrirebis mimarTulebiT.
mkvlevarebma gamoTqves mosazreba, rom jgufuri polarizacias safuZvlad
udevs
ori
tipis
procesi:
informacia-gavlenis
modeli
da
socialuri
megobrebs
mcire,
magram
gansxvavebuli
mizezebi
gagaCniaT,
rom
832
azrovnebis _ erT-erT Sedegs,. irvin jenisma (Irving Janis, 1982) termini jgufuri
azrovneba gansazRvra, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi myofi jgufisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tendencia, konsensusis misaRwevad arasasurveli informaciis
gacxrilvisa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is Tanxvdeba lideris
mosazrebas.
i. jenisis jgufuri
jgufuri azrovnebis Teoria aRmocenda maSin, rodesac is
cdilobda gaeanalizebina iseTi istoriuli movlena, rogoric iyo amerikis
SesaZlo SeWra kubaSi 1960 wels. am SeWraze Tanxmoba prezidentma kenedim
misca mas Semdeg, rac man Caatara kabinetis sxdoma, romelzec SeWris
SeWris momxre
mrCevelebma minimumamde daiyvanes da daTrgunes sawinaaRmdego mosazreba. am
movlenis analizidan jenisma gamokveTa jgufuri aqtivobis mTeli rigi
maxasiaTeblebisa, romelmac, misi azriT, ganapiroba jgufis wevrebis
damorCileba jgufuri azrovnebisadmi. man
man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom,
magaliTad, jgufebi, romlebic Zlieri SeWidulobiT xasiaTdebian, emijnebian
ra eqspertebs da operireben lideris uSualo miTiTebebiT, miiReben jguguri
azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel gadawyvetilebebs. sxva mkvlevarebma jenisis
ideebis Semowmeba scades rogorc Semdgomi istoriuli movlenebis analizis,
aseve laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis saSualebiT (Esser,1998).
,1998). am kvlevebma
(
aCvena, rom jgufebi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladni arian jgufuri azris mimarT
maSin, rodesac axdenen koleqtiuri survilis _ mTeli
mTeli jgufisTavis misaRebi
dadebiTi mosazrebis SenarCunebis _ realizebas (Turner
(
& Praatkanis,, 1998).
jgufis wevrebs unda esmodeT, rom uTanxmoeba xSirad aumjobesebs jgufur
gadawyvetilebas, Tumca, is, SesaZloa amcirebdes jgufis pozitiur
TviTSefaseba. maSinac ki, rodesac is, erTi SexedviT, Sorsaa jgufis
pozitiuri grZnobisgan. SemdgomSi, rodesac CaerTvebiT jgufur RonisZiebaSi,
yuradReba gaamaxvileT, raTa SeZloT aRniSnuli procesebis SemCneva.
jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) jgufis tendencia, miiRos
miiRos iseTi
833
gadawyvetileba,
romelic
aris
ufro
eqstremaluri,
vidre
is
azrovneba
(Groupthink)
gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi
jgufis
sakuTar Sexedulebebs. rogor xdeba es? rogor xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavs aRweven
jgufis
gavlenas
(aranormatiuli)?
Semoabrunos
da,
saerTod,
arsebobs
umravlesoba
rogor
raime
da
aris
pirobebi,
Seqmnas
axali
SesaZlebeli
sadac
raime
umciresobs
normebi?
rodesac
siaxle
SeuZlia,
amerikeli
rom
konformizmi
dakavSirebulia
demokratiul
procesebTan,
zogierTi
umravlesobis
Secvlis
unars.
frangi
mkvlevari
serJ
moskoviCi
(Serge
Mosscovici) pirveli iyo imaT Soris, vinc umciresobis gavlenebis kvlevebi daiwyo.
saidan viciT
umciresobis Senelebuli zegavlena
erTerT-erT eqsperimentSi, romelSic monawileebs daurigdaT feradi
baraTebi TxovniT, mieTiTebinaT feri, umetesobam sworad gansazRvra is.
Tumca eqsperimentatoris ori Tanamonawile mwvaneze miuTiTebda, rogorc
cisferze. uryevi umciresobis
umciresobis poziciam Tavidan zegavlena ar moaxdina
umravlesobaze, magram SemdgomSi, eqsperimentis zogierTi monawile mwvane
feris Sefasebisas TandaTan cisfriken gadainacvla (Moscovici, 1976; Mosciovici
& Faucheux,1972)..
834
amdenad,
umciresobis
uryevma
Sexedulebebma,
bolos
da
bolos,
SesaZloa
da informaciul
zegavlenas
1996).
aZlevs
informaciuli
SesaZleblobas,
daZlios
zegavlenis
es
umravlesobis
unari
umciresobas
warmomadgenelTa
iSviaTad
survili
ar
damcveli.
Cveulebriv,
umciresobis wevrebisa da im
siaxleebis
da
cvlilebebis
moTxovna
modis
problemis
dafuZnebuli
gaadaWris
umravlesobis
alternatiuli
Sexedulebebsa
da
gzebi.
konfliqti
disidenturi
myarad
umciresobis
fsiqologebma
scades
socialuri
normebisa
da
socialuri
ramdenad
iolad
SeiZleba
sazriani,
damoukidebeli,
racionaluri
da
835
uyurebs,
rom
rogorc
ki
adamiani,
ainTeba
romelic
abra
hamburgers
warweriT
"ar
miirTmevs,
WamoT";
rogor
rogor
wyvets
Cerdebian
Wamas,
adamianebi
rodesac
sagzao
niSnis
avtomagistralze
delaveri
moZraobisas
daketilia
mZRolebi
danaxvisas
da
abruneben
rodesac
manqanebs
momxmareblebi
danarCeni
mgzavrebi
dgebian
karisken
zurgiT, sacodavi
msxverplic
gamoavlindes
Cveulebrivi
adamianebis
uCveulo
qcevebi.
Tqven
iciT,
fsiqologiuri
kvlevebi
aCvenebs,
rom
savaraudod,
analogiur
SemTxvevebSi, Tqvenc iseve moiqceodiT, rogorc sxvebi. poeti jon doni werda:
aravin
aris
adamianebi
kunZuli,
yoveli
adamiani
urTierTdakavSirebulni
arian
erTi
mTliani
saziaro
kontinentis
situaciebiT,
nawilia.
normebiTa
da
Zlieri
iqneba
situacia.
Cven mivediT seriozul daskvnamde, rom situaciebi arsebiT rols asruleben
adaminis
qcevis
determinaciaSi.
albaT,
Tqvenc
SegiZliaT,
gaixsenoT
836
rogorc
eqsperimentma
qcevis
aCvena.
Tu
mniSvnelovan
rogori
determinantebs.
dramatuli
stanfordis
zegavlenis
moxdena
cixis
SeuZlia
romelic
ar
icnobs
fsiqologiis
Sesaval
kurss.
Tqven
xvdebiT
vuwodebT
ubiZgebs
adamianebs,
Tu
Catarebul
ra
moxda
amerikuli
rom
da
igive
situacia
sxvadassxva
sinamdvileSi.
fexburTis
erTi
matCs
kvleva
ligis
exeboda
or
ramdenime
gunds
Soris.
wlis
win
prinstonis
837
raodenoba.
TiTqmis
yvela
prinstonelma,
TamaSi
Seafasa,
iyo.
amis
sapirispirod,
dartmuTeli
studentebis
umravlesobam
CaTvala, rom uxeS TamaSSi orive mxare Tanabrad iyo damnaSave da rom
TamaSi
iyo
prinstonelma
"uxeSi,
sufTa
studentebma
da
lamazi".
dainaxes,
rom
metic,
Canaweris
mowinaaRmdegem
naxvisas
orjer
meti
cxadyo,
rom
socialuri
movlenis
situaciebi
mniSvnelovnebas
SeuZlebelia
obieqturad
iZenen
da
fexburTis
matCisnairi
moukerZoeblad
maSin,
rodesac
ganxilva.
rTuli
socialuri
seleqciurad
mayurebeli
asaxsnelad,
gulSematkivrebi
Tu
esoden
rogor
mividnen
gansxvavebul
prinstoneli
interpretaciebamde,
da
dartmuTeli
mivubrundeT
aRqmis
sakiTxs. gavixsenoT me_5-e Tavi, sadac Tqven xSir SemTxvevaSi unda migemarTaT
codnisTvis,
rom
SemdegSi
mogexdinaT
gaurkveveli
perceptuli
obieqtebis
iyeneben
interpretirebisaTvis,
warsulSi
magram
SeZenil
perceptuli
codnas
procesebis
mimdinare
obieqtad
movlenebis
adamianebi
da
qcevebis
gagebasa
da
kategorizebas
axdenen.
am
paragrafSi
farTod
rogor
afaseben
adamianebi
im
Zalebs,
romlebic
gavlenas
axdenen
sxva
838
movlenebis
mizezebi.
ratom
Sewyvita
Cemma
megobarma
gogonam
CemTan urTierToba? ratom miiRo samuSao man da ver miviRe me? ratom gaiyarnen
Cemi mSoblebi mravalwliani erTad cxovrebis
mivyavarT garkveuli moqmedebis,
movlenisa
Tu Sedegis
SesaZlo
mizezobrivi
mniSvnelovani
nawili
aris
is,
rom
isini
ganuwyvetliv
axdenen
cvladebi,
romlebsac
adamianebi
iyeneben
atribuciuli
daskvnebis
informacia
imis
Taobaze,
Tu
ratom
moiqca
adamiani
ase
da
ara
Tanaxmad,
adamianebi
garkveuli
mizezobrivi
faqtoris
dakavSirebas
839
yviriliT
gvTavazobs
kovariaciis
mosazrebas,
Sefasebebis
rom
adamianebi
safuZvelze
aseT
informaciis
daskvnebebs
sami
akeTeben
ganzomilebis
mocemuli
Tqven
erTaderTi
iyo,
akeTebT.
vinc
magaliTad,
yviroda.
warmoidgineT,
savaraudod
rogori
rom
Tqveni
megobari
atribuciuli
daskvnas
mizniT
aTasobiT
kvleva Catarda
kvlevebis
840
davuSvaT,
Tqven
megobars
saaTze
Sexvedraze
SeuTanxmdiT.
axla
rvis
aRqma/percepcia
(Social perception)
procesebi,
romelTa
aRwers
informaciis
gamoyenebis
gzebs,
romelsac
iyenebs
fundamenturi
tendencias,
Secdoma
konkretuli
(afS),
qcevis
an
warmoadgens
misi
adamianebSi
Sedegis
mizezis
arsebul
Ziebisas,
eqsperimentis
monawileni,
monetis
agdebis
safuZvelze,
iyofodnen
841
damsmels
instruqcia
eZleoda,
daesva
gamomwvevi
kiTxvebi,
monawileebi,
romlebic
uyurebdnen
TamaSs)
Seafases
TamaSis
xedavT,
kiTxvis
damsmelebs
eCvenebaT,
rom
maT
da
Sejibris
mogwonT?
TavisTavad
upiratesobas
aniWebda
yofiliyaviT?).
da
xels
(gana
naTelia,
Tqvenc
uwyobda
ar
maT,
rom
situacia
isurvebdiT
gonebamaxvilad
kiTxvis
damsmels
kiTxvebis
damsmeli
gamoCeniliyvnen,
rasac
fundamenturi
Secdoma
(Fundamental
attribution
error)
aiciloT
afS?
kerZod,
im
situaciaSi,
rodesac
aketebT
negatiur
am
qcevas?
Tqven
SegiZliaT
aseT
varjiSs,
pirobiTad,
uwodoT
Deleted: K
842
sazogadoebaSi
nawilobriv,
cxovrobs,
kulturuli
radganac
wyaroebic
aqvs
monacemebi
adasturebs,
(Miller, 1984).
gaixseneT
rom
afS-s,
me-14-e
TavSi
rogorc
Sedegi
kulturebis
urTierTdamokidebulebebis
warmomadgenlebi
naklebad
kulturisa,
fokusirdebian
aradasavluri
situaciaSi
momqmed
midgoma
mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli
aRmoCnda.
amerikeli
rodesac
iaponeli
korespondenti
xazs
usvamda
situaciur
843
axdenen uaryofiT
844
845
Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba
atribuciul
damsaxurebad
(Self-serving
bias)
qcevis
winaswarmetyveleba
an
movlenis
(Self-filfilling
Sesaxeb
prophecy)
winaswarmetyveleba,
zogierTi
romelic
846
847
848
mimarT?
849
dadastureba
adamianebi
Sesabamisad
(Behavioral
iqcevian
da
confirmation)
sxvebis
Semdeg,
am
procesi,
specifiurad
reaqciebs
romlis
mosalodneli
iyeneben
TavianTi
Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
ramdenad mZlavria qceviTi dadasturebis Zalebi? pasuxi analogiuria imisa,
rac Cven gavakeTeT TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis SemTxvevaSi. es damokidebulia
imaze Tu ramdenad xelmisawvdomia garSemo arsebuli swori informacia.
saidan viciT
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebiM
mkvlevarebma Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac studenti gogonebis erT jgufs,
aRmqmelebs Seuqmnes yalbi molodinebi gogonaTa meore jgufis,
samizneebis eqstravertulobaintrovertulobasTan dakavSirebiT.
faqtobrivad, samizneebis yoveli wevri uzrunvelyofil iqna reitingiT,
romelic eqsperimentatorebs mis eqstravertad an introvertad aRqmis
saSualebas aZlevda. Tumca, TviT am gogonebis TviTSefasebebi, am
ganzomilebebze, gansxvavebuli iyo. ra moxda, rodesac aRmqmelebma,
samizneebTan urTierToba daamyares? rodesac samizneebs ar hqondaT
myari TviTSefaseba, adgili hqonda qceviT dadasturebas. aRmqmelebi
aRwevdnen imas, rom samizneebs iseTi qcevebi ganxorcielebinaT, romlebic
daadasturebdnen maT molodinebs. Tumca, rodesac samizneebs SedarebiT
myari da zusti me-koncefcia hqondaT, isini aRmqmelebis molodinebis
sawinaaRmdego qcevebs avlendnen (Swann & Fly, 1984).
kidev erTxel SegiZliaT naxoT, rom molodinebi yvelaze efeqtiania maSin,
rodesac garemos aqtualuri mdgomareoba samiznis realuroba - orazrovani an
Deleted: P
850
851
852
neitraluri
Zalian ar veTanxmebi
853
uceb mogdiT TavSi? Kkvlevebma aCvenes, rom qcevebi miT ufro Seesabamebian
damokidebulebebs, rac ufro metad, es ukanasknelni, gamWvirvaleni arian.
saidan viciT
damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis safuZvelze saarCevno qcevis winaswarmetyveleba
mkvlevarebma, torontos raionSi (ontario, kanada) 1990 wlis
adgilobrivi arCevnebis win da Semdeg, Caatares satelefono gamokiTxva.
arCevnebis win maT amomrCevlebs dausves kiTxva: rogor fiqrobT, romel
partias miscemT xmas? da SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom Tqveni arCevani sabolooa
Tu fiqrobT, rom kidev SeiZleba SeicvaloT azri?.AarCevnebis Semdeg maT
sTxovdnen, daesaxelebinaT maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani. winasaarCevno
damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis sazomad gamoyenebuli iyo pasuxis gacemis
siswrafe kiTxvaze vis miscemT xmas?. PpasuxebisTvis saWiro drois
gamosaTvlelad gamoyenebuli iyo kompiuteri (koreqtireba xdeboda
respodentis metyvelebis individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT).
rogori iyo mimarTeba damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobasa da qcevas Soris?
is individebi, romelTac gamoavlines gamWvirvale damokidebulebebi, e.i.
iZleodnen SedarebiT swraf pasuxebs, ufro metad axorcielebdnen im
saarCevno qcevas, romelic gamokvlevisas gamoxates (Bassili, 1995).
am Sedegis mniSvnelovani nawilia is, rom rogorc maRali gamWvirvalobis,
ise dabali gamWvirvalobis respodentebi, arCevnebamde, aRniSnavdnen, rom ar
Seicvlidnen azrs. amdenad, qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis damokidebulebis
gamWvirvalobis maCvenebeli ufro sando maCvenebeli aRmoCnda, vidre TviT
amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi!
rogor iqceva damokidebuleba maRali gamWvirvalovis Tvisebis mqoned?
(Fazio,1995)Kkvlevebma aCvena, rom damokidebulebebi ufro gamWvirvalea, rodesac
isini uSualo gamocdilebas efuZnebian. Tqven jim keris filmebisadmi ufro
gamWvirvale damokidebuleba geqnebaT, Tu Tqven misi monawileobiT ramdenime
filmi naxeT, manam sanam mis Sesaxeb raimes moismendiT an waikiTxavdiT. Aaseve,
damokidebulebebi ufro gamWvirvalea maSin, rodesac isini sakmaod xSirad
meordebian, anu rac ufro xSirad gixdebaT maTi verbaluri formulireba.
damokidebulebebiT ukeT xdeba qcevebis winaswarmetyveleba, rodesac maT
854
.32
.52
855
.57
856
Secvlis mizanmimarTuli
mcdelobebi.
gaazrebis
SesaZleblobis
modeli
(Elaboration
likelihood
model)
adamianebi
Setyobinebis
TavianTi
kognituri
gasaazreblad
da,
procesebis
Sesabamisad,
fokusirebas
misdevdnen
axdendnen
darwmunebis
857
meti 3-D filmebi unda awarmoos. meore ki amtkicebda, rom kolejSi swavlis
safasuri 50%-iT unda gaizardos. romeli gamosvla ufro metad gamoiwvevs
gaazrebis centralur procesebs? axla ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelSic
ganxilulia pirovnuli relevanturobis mniSvnelovneba gamogonil, fiqciur
samyaroTa gancdaSi.
saidan viciT
saTauri Sesacvlelia. sityvebi sworad aris naTargmni, Tumca, tesqti mTlianad Tavidan aris
dasalagebeli stilisturad da gramatikulad. pirveli ori winadadeba perifrazirebulia.
pirovnuli Sesabamisoba warmosaxul samyaroSi
aris Tu ara TqvenTvis damajerebeli is informaciebi, romlebsac
xvdebiT xelovnur samyaroebSi, iseTSi rogoricaa mxatvruli literatura,
romelsac kiTxulobT, an filmebi, romlebsac uyurebT? mkvlevarTa erTma
jgufma ivarauda, rom am saxis informacia Tqvenze damajereblad
imoqmedebs im xarisxiT, ra zomiTac mocemuli nawarmoebi Seesabameba Tqvens
pirovnebas. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen ielisa da prinstonis universitetebis
studentebi. orive universitetis studentebisagan Semdgar erT jgufs
waukiTxes moTxroba, romlis moqmedebac prinstonSi viTardebida. igive
moTxroba waukiTxes meore jgufsac, magram am SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba ielSi
viTardeboda. moTxrobis gmirebi saubrobdnen realur Temebze, sasargebloa
Tu ara mzis sxivebi kanisaTvis, gadamdebia Tu ara fsiqiuri daavadebebi da
sxva. Mmkvlevarebma ivaraudes, rom eqsperimentis monawileni ufro
Sesatyvisad CaTvlidnen teqsts, romelic maT sakuTar saswavlebels
Seexeboda. magaliTad, prinstoneli studentebi, romlebic kiTxulobdnen
teqsts prinstonis Sesaxeb, ufro motivirebulni unda yofiliyvnen,
guldasmiT waekiTxaT es teqsti da Rrmad Caswvdomodnen gmirebis
argumentebs. rogorc 17.5 suraTidan Cans, Sedegebma daadastura es hipoTeza.
studentebma gamoavlines damokidebulebebis cvlileba im argumentebis
mimarT, romlebic gadmocemuli iyo sxva skolasTan dakavSirebul
moTxrobaSi (magaliTad, prinstonis versia ielis studentebisaTvis). es
niSnavs, rom rodesac informacia ar iyo pirovnulad relevanturi,
studentebma ar gamoiyenes informaciis gaazrebis centraluri procesebi,
raTa Caswvdomodnen argumentebis sisustes da moeqcnen maTi zegavlenis
858
Nnaxati 17.5.
Ddarwmuneba da pirovnuli Sesabamisoba
859
860
TviTaRqmis Teorias.
disonansis Teoria
damokidebulebebis kvlevisas erT-erTi fundamenturi daSveba aris is, rom
adamianebs sjeraT rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi, maTi damokidebulebebi ucvleli
rCeba (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). konsistenturobis es tendencia gamoyenebul iqna
socialur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod, leon festinjeris (Leon Festinger, 1957) mier
Camoyalibebul kognituri disonansis TeoriaSi. kognituri disonansi aris
konfliqtis mdgomareoba, romelsac adamiani ganicdis gadawyvetilebis miRebis,
qcevis ganxorcielebis an misi Sexedulebebis, grZnobebis da Rirebulebebis
sawinaaRmdego informacis miRebis Semdeg. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
megobris rCevis sawinaaRdegod, SearCieT manqanis garkveuli tipi, romlis
yidvasac apirebT. ratom unda gagiCndeT eWvi Tqveni arCevanis sisworesTan
dakavSirebiT? daSvebulia, rom rodesac adamianis codna mis damokidebulebasa da
qcevas Soris urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, is, Tanmimdevrulad ar misdevs romelime
maTgans, aramed Cndeba winaaRmdegobrivi mdgomareoba da adamiani motivirebulia,
moaxdinos misi reduqcia. disonansis reducirebis tendencia aqtivirdeba am
861
862
davaleba Zalze mosawyeni iyo. maT mxolod fulis gamo Tqves tyuili
(Festinger &Cdarlsmith, 1959).
rogorc am eqsperimentma aCvena, maRali disonansis pirobebSi, momxdari faqtis
Semdeg individi moqmedebs sakuTari qcevis gamarTlebis mimarTulebiT da iwyebs
TviTdarwmunebas. es analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom damokidebulebebis Secvlis
erT-erTi gza, pirvel rigSi, aris qcevis Secvla. bibliuri drois brZenebma
icodnen es principi. isini rabinebs avalebdnen, adamianebisgan ar moeTxovaT
rwmenis dadastureba, sanam ar ilocebdnen. aseve, gavixsenoT papa salvatore am
Tavis dasawyisidan. SeamCnieT, rogor ostaturad Seuqmna man disonansi Tavxed
biWebs? MmaT upasuxes konfliqturi kogniciiT: Cven yvirilSi 25 centi unda
migveRo da Semdeg _ is ki CvenTvis mxolod 10 centis gadaxdas apirebs Secvales ra Tavisi qceva da uari Tqves yvirilze.
asobiT eqsperimentma da realurma dakvirvebebma aCvena kognituri disonansis
Zala: mas SeuZlia Secvalos damokidebulebebi da qcevebi (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993;
Wicklund & Brehm 1976). Tumca, bolo dros mkvlevarebi dainteresdnen imis garkveviT,
Tu ramdenad SeiZleba disonansis efeqtebis ganzogadeba sxva kulturebze. kidev
erTxel gaixseneT, rom cneba me (Self) gansxvavebulad esmiT sxvadasxva
kulturebSi. rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, Crdiloamerikelebi, Cveulebriv,
863
TviTTviT-aRqmis Teoria
disonansis Teoria, aRwers erT gzas, romliTac adamianebi, sul mcire,
dasavlur kulturebSi, TavianTi qcevebiT (me avirCie es diski) gavlenas axdenen
TavianT damokidebulebebze (me es unda momwondes ufro metad, vidre sxva).
deril bemis (Daryl Bem, 1972) mier ganviTarebuli TviT-aRqmis Teoria (Self-perception
theory) adgens sxva pirobebs, sadac qcevebi gavlenas axdenen damokidebulebebze.
TviTTviT-aRqmis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven, Tqvens aqtualur an MmomavalSi SesaZlo
Sinagan mdgomareobas (Sexedulebebi, daamokidebulebebi, motivebi da grZnobebi)
aRiqvamT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iqceviT amJamad an rogor iqceodiT warsulSi
msgavs situaciebSi. Tqven sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnas iyenebT imisaTvis, rom
gansazRvroT Tqveni qcevis SesaZlo mizezebi. magaliTad, kiTxvaze mogwonT
fsiqologia? adamiani reagirebs pasuxebiT ra Tqma unda, me vswavlob ZiriTad
kurss, Tumca, es ar momeTxoveba, yvelafers vkiTxulob fsiqologiasTan
864
Deleted:
865
daTanxmeba
am TavSi Cven vmsjelobT damokidebulebebze da maTi Secvlis SesaZleblobebze.
Tumca, TqvenTvis naTeli unda iyos, rom xSirad, mravali adamiani cdilobs
SegacvlevinoT qceva. adamianebi cdiloben dagiTanxmon (compliance) miaRwion
Tqveni qcevebis iseT Secvlas, rom isini Seesabamebodnen maT moTxovnebs. rodesac
reklamis damkveTi uamrav fuls xarjavs telvizorebis gamyidvelevze maT mxolod
is ki ar undaT, rom Tqven kargad ifiqroT maT nawarmze, aramed maT surT, rom
Tqven maRaziaSi Segiyvanon da gayidinon is. amis msgavsad, eqimebs surT, rom Tqven
misdioT mis samedicino rCevebs. socialuri fsiqologebi intensiurad swavloben
im pirobebs, romlebSic adamianebi gamoxataven Tanxmobas garemos moTxovnebis
mimarT (Gialdini, 2001). Cven aRvwerT zogierT meTods da Tqven SeafaseT, Tu ramdenad
xSirad axorcielebT iseT qcevebs, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevebSi ar
ganaxorcielebdiT.
TviTTviT-aRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) - mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac,
adamianebi sakuTar Tavs akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi qcevebis
mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaerkvnen sakuTar Sinagan mdgomareobebSi
imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian mocemul situaciaSi.
daTanxmeba (Compliance) - komunikaciis
wyaros
pirdapiri
moTxovnebis
migeba
erTi wesi, romelic dominirebs adamianis cxovrebaSi, aris is, rom rodesac
vinme rames gikeTebs, Senc, aseve, rame unda gaukeTo mas. am wess ewodeba migebis
norma (Reciprocity norm). laboratoriulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom adamianis mxridan
sul mcire sikeTis gakeTebasac ki, xSirad sapasuxod mohyveba ufro didi sikeTis
migeba (Regan, 1971). movaWreebis mier Tqvens mimarT migebis gamoyeneba sakmaod
Tavazian xasiaTs atarebs: ras getyviT iciT, fasTan SedarebiT, me 5 dolariT
naklebs gamogarTmevT an ufasod inebeT es nimuSi, Cveni dRevandeli saubris
aRsaniSnad. es strategia Tqven fsiqologiuri distresis mdgomareobaSi gayenebT,
Tu ar gamoiCenT sapasuxo Tavazianobas da ar SeiZenT rames.
daTanxmebis kidev erTi meTods, romelic, aseve, migebis normidan
gamomdinareobs, xSirad karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTods uwodeben: rodesac
866
adamianebi ara-s amboben did Txovnaze, isini xSirad Tanxmdebian ufro zomieri
Txovnis Sesrulebaze.
saidan viciT
karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi
erT eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs sTxoves, ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi, kviraSi ori saaTi, rogorc konsultantebs, daeTmoT
arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebisaTvis. Yyvela studentma uari ganacxada. Aamis
Semdeg maT sTxoves, zooparkSi mainc gaeseirnebinaT isini. didi daTmobis
saxiT studentebis 50%-ma Tanxmoba ganacxada am SedarebiT mcire Txovnis
Sesrulebaze. rodesac studentebis sxva jgufs sTxoves igive, ise rom
maTTvis didi TxovniT ar miumarTavT, aRmoCnda, rom maTgan, mxolod 17%
daTanxmda am Txovnis Sesrulebas (Cialdini at al,.1975).
rogor axdens daTanxmebis es meTodi migebis normis amoqmedebas? rodesac
adamianebi didi Txovnidan zomierze gadadian, isini amiT TqvenTvis raRacas
akeTeben: sanacvlod Tqvenc unda gadadgaT sapasuxo nabiji da daeTanxmoT, an ara
da daarRvevT migebis normas. Dda Tqvenc TanxmdebiT!
valdebuleba
karebis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi gulisxmobs dididan mcire Txovnaze
gadasvlas. movaWreebma, aseve, ician, rom Tqveni raimeTi davaldebulebiT,
SesaZlebelia mcire daTmobis Semdeg ufro didi daTmobac gagaakeTebinon.
EeqsperimentebSi adamianebi, romlebic Tanxmdebodnen mcire valdebulebis aRebaze
(magaliTad, peticiaze, Txovnaze xelis mowera), Sesabamisad, ufro ganwyobilni
iyvnene daTanxmebodnen ufro did valdebulebasac (magaliTad, saxlis win
daedgaT didi dafa mowodebiT). Aam xerxs xSirad uwodeben karSi fexis Cadgmis
867
rom
gaweuli
samsaxuri
deficiti
adamianebs ar uyvarT imis SegrZneba, rom maT ar aqvT raime (an sxva kuTxiT Tu
mivudgebiT, moswonT hqondeT is, rac ar aqvT sxvebs). MmagaliTad, eqsperimentis
monawileebi maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen im Sokoladis gemos, romelic qilaSi ori
cali iyo, vidre im Sokolads, romelic imave qilaSi aTi cali iyo (Worchel et al.,
1975). rogor muSaobs deficitis principi bazarze? movaWreebma ician, rom maT
SeuZliaT meti fuli dagaxarjvinon, Tu mogaCveneben, rom esa Tu is nivTi
deficituria: esRa aris rac damrCa, ase, rom jobs exlave iyidoT, me ukve myavs
myidveli, romelic unda mobrundes da iyidos. es strategia gagrZnobinebT, rom
Tqven xelidan gauSvebT sasurvel moments, Tu exlave ar SeiZenT nivTs.
modelireba
daTanxmebisaTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebis bolo magaliTis saCveneblad, Cven
davubrundebiT konformulobis ideas. rodesac adamianebi avlenen
konformulobas, isini iReben referentuli jgufis qcevas. amgvarad, erT-erTi gza
imisa, rom gaxado adamianebi konformulebi aris is, rom Seqmna informaciuli
zegavlenis pirobebi. maSin adamianebi sakuTar qcevas Secvlian sasurveli qcevis
modelis Sesabamisad.
saidan viciT
wylis dazogvis qcevis modelireba
kaliforniis Statis qalaq santa-kruzis universitetis administracias
surda, rom sauniversiteto qalaqSi mcxovreb studentebs ufro
ekonimiurad exarjaT energia da wyali. vinaidan studentebi amtkicebdenen,
rom bunebis damcvelebi iyvnen, administraciam es daijera da saSxapeebSi
gamoakra dabanis procedurasTan dakavSirebuli instruqcia, romliTac
varaudobda, rom miaRwevda qcevis Secvlas da wylis xarjis mniSvnelovan
Semcirebas. mamakacTa saSxapeSi gamokruli instruqcia mimarTuli iyo
868
869
870
urTierTobebis (mere exposure) gamo. rac ufro xSirad xarT raimesTan an vinmesTan
erTad, miT ufro giyvarT is (Zaionc,1968). xangrZlivi urTierTobebis es efeqti
niSnavs, rom mTlianobaSi Tqven sul ufro da ufro metad mogewonebaT is
adamianebi, romlebic Tqvens irgvliv arian. magram, rogorc Cven amas Semdeg
davinaxavT, komputerebis epoqa axal mniSvnelobas aniWebs siaxlovis ideas. dRes
mravali adamiani inarCunebs urTierTobas komputeruli qselis meSveobiT.
SesaZloa, isini geografiulad erTmaneTisagan Zalze Sors iyvnen, magram ekranze
gamoCenili yoveldRiuri Setyobinebebi fsiqologiurad Zalze aaxlovebs maT.
axla ki yuradReba sxva faqtorebsac mivapyroT, romlebsac ZaluZT gamoiwvion
mowoneba da mizidva.
fizikuri mimzidveloba
kargia Tu ara, fizikuri mimzidveloba xSirad aRvivebs megobrobas. dasavlur
kulturaSi arsebobs Zlieri stereotipi, rom fizikurad mimzidveli adamiani
yvelaferSi kargi iqneba. 70-ze meti gamokvlevis mimoxilva adasturebs, rom
fizikuri mimzidvelobis stereotipi udides zegavlenas axdens adamianis
socialur kompetenturobis Sesaxeb msjelobaze. adamianebs sjeraT, rom
mimzidveli adamianebi ufro metad sociabilurebi da eqstravertulebi arian,
vidre naklebad mimzidvelni (Eagly et al., 1991). miuxedavad amisa, fizikuri
mimzidveloba gacilebiT nakleb efeqts axdens gonierebasTan an karieraSi
warmatebasTan dakavSirebul msjelobebze. stereotipebis socialur safuZvelze
msjelobisas TqvenTvis, albaT, ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom fizikur
mimzidvelobas Tavisi roli aqvs mowonebaSi.
saidan viciT
fizikurad mimzidveli partniorebis kval da kval
erT klasikur gamokvlevaSi mkvlevarebma minesotis universitetis axlad
miRebul, SemTxveviT SerCeul studentebs sTxoves, erTmaneTisTvis
sacekvaod paemnebi daeniSnaT _ am studentebze mkvlevarebma farTo
informacia Seagroves, dawyebuli maTi zomebidan da inteleqtiTa da
pirovnuli TaviseburebebiT damTavrebuli. cekvis saRamos da Semdegac
studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT SemTxveviT SerCeuli partniorebi da
871
TavSi
standartebis
aRvniSneT,
mixedviT.
kulturebi
magaliTad,
gansxvavdebian
fizikuri
silamazis
afro-amerikelebs
naklebad
uaryofiTi
msgavseba
msgavsebis Sesaxeb cnobili andaza amtkicebs: feri fersao, madli RmerTsao.
marTalia es? kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi pasuxi aris diax.
msgavseba
iseTi
parametrebis
mixedviT,
rogoricaa
Sexedulebebi,
antipaTiamde
(Rosenbaum, 1980).
rodesac
Tqven
aRmoaCenT,
rom
viRacis
romlebic
erT
oTaxSi
cxovroben?
kargi
urTierTobebis
mqone
Seiswavles.
magaliTad,
erT-erT
kvlevaSi
fasdeboda
TanaoTaxelTa
872
ormxrivoba
da bolos, Tqven gagaCniaT tendencia mogwondeT is adamianebi, visac Tqven
moswonxarT. gaxsovT Cveni saubari movaWreebze, romlebic iyenebdnen migebas? wess,
romlis mixedviTac miRebulis sanacvlod raRac unda gasce, am SemTxvevaSic
aqtualuria. adamianebi mowonebiT pasuxoben imaT, visac, maTi azriT, isini
moswonT (Backman & Secord 1959; Kenny & La Voie 1982). metic, rwmenam, rom Tqven vinmes
moswonxarT an ar moswonxarT, SesaZloa, ise imoqmedos Tqvens qcevaze, rom Tqven
Tavadac xeli SeuwyoT msgavsi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas (Curtis & Miller, 1986).
Tqven SegiZliaT winaswar TqvaT, rogor moeqceviT mas, visac, Tqveni azriT,
moswonxarT? visac ar moswonxarT? warmoidgineT, rom mtrulad eqceviT mas, visac,
Tqveni azriT, ar moswonxarT. atyobT Tqvens grZnobebSi, rogor SeiZleba Caerios
sakuTari
Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba?
arsebul
socialur
samyaros,
rodesac
aRmovaCenT,
Tvals
rom
gadavavlebT
is
Cvens
urTierTobebi,
irgvliv
romlebsac
873
siyvarulis gancda
ras niSnavs, ganicado siyvaruli? Tqven unda gamonaxoT dro, raTa ifiqroT am
mniSvnelovan cnebaze. rogor fiqrobT, Tqveni gansazRvreba Seesabameba Tqveni
megobrebis gansazRvrebebs? mkvlevarebi Seecadnen, am kiTxvebze pasuxi sxvadasxva
gziT gaecaT da raRac saerTo midgomac gamoinaxa. adamianebis mier siyvarulis
gaazreba sam jgufad SeiZleba daiyos (Aron & Westbay, 1996):
umravlesoba
aRniSnavs,
rom
siyvarulis
me
ver
davamyareb
SenTan
sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebs.
sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebi,
SesaZlebelia
daxasiaTdes
zogadi
niSnebiT.
gansxvavebulad
ganicdian
siyvaruls.
Mmkvlevarebi,
gansakuTrebiT
individualuri
gansakuTrebiT
gansxvavebebis
gamaxvilda
SeswavliaT.
zrdasrulTa
ukanasknel
mijaWvulobis
wlebSi
stilis
kvlevebze (Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Hazan, 1994). gaixseneT me-11-e Tavidan, ramxela
mniSvneloba Hhqonda bavSvis swori socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis, mSoblebTan
mibmulobas. Mmkvlevarebma daiwyes imis garkveva, Tu ramxela mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes, Semdgom cxovrebaSi, mibmulobis
bavSvebi
izrdebian
da
uCndebaT
sakuTari
am adreul
gamocdilebas, rodesac
valdebulebiTi
urTierTobebi
da
874
ra
aris
mijaWvulobis
stili?
cxrili
17.2
iZleva
debulebebs
axlo
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (Hazan & Shaaver, 1987; Saver & Hazan, 1994). gamoZebneT dro da
miuTiTeT, romel debulebas eTanxmebiT. rodesac igive kiTxviT mimarTes sxva
adamianebs, Tu romeli debuleba ukeT aRwerda maT, umravlesobam (55%) airCia
pirveli
debuleba.
es
aris
daculobis
mijaWvulobis
stili.
sagrZnobma
umciresobam airCia meore debuleba (25% - dacviTi stili), xolo mesme ki _ 20%-ma
(SfoTviTi-ambivalenturi
stili).
aRmoCnda,
rom
SeTavsebulobis
es
stilebi
zustad gansazRvraven urTierTobebis xarisxs (Feeney & Noller, 19990; Tidwell et al., 1996).
im
adamianebisgan
daculobis
romantiuli
gansxvavebiT,
stilis
mibmulobis
urTierTobebi
romlebmac
mqone
meore
da
adamianebs
mesame
stilebi
aRmoaCndaT
airCies,
xangrZlivi
magaliTad
da
adamianebi,
debuleba 1:
SedarebiT
advilad
vuaxlovdebi
sxvebs
da
Tavs
komfortulad
vgrZnob,
arakomfortulad
vgrZnob
Tavs,
rodesac
sxvebTan
axlo
urTierTobebSi Sevdivar. miWirs maTze srulad mindoba, miWirs isic, rom sakuTar
Tavs ufleba mivce, damokidebuli viyo maTze. me vRiziandebi, rodesac vinme
Zalian axlos dgeba CemTan. xSirad partniori ufro met siaxloves mTxovs, vidre
es CemTvis aris misaRebi.
debuleba 3:
vTvli, rom sxvebs ar sur, CemTan ise axlos iyvnen/yofna, rogorc es me
momewoneboda. xSirad vnerviulob, ganvicdi, rom partniors ar vuyvarvar, an ar
surs CemTan darCena. me minda, rom Cems partniorTan Zalian axlos viyo da es
xSirad afrTxobT adamianebs.
875
Cven
aRvniSneT,
rom
arsebobs
damoukideblobisa
da
urTierTdamokidebulebebis
Rirebulebebs
ufro
maRla
kulturebi,
ayeneben,
romlebic
vidre
adamianis
gaziarebul
kulturul
individualobas. rogor
mowmobs,
rom
arsebobs
myari
safuZveli
vifiqroT,
rom
49%-ma
(Levine, 1995).
urTierTdamokideulebebze
orientirebuli
kulturebis
876
hqonia
iseTi
urTierTobebi,
romlebic
didxans
ar
gagrZelebula
da
Sewyvetila. ra moxda? igive kiTxva ufro pozitiurad rom davsvaT, risi Tqma
SeuZliaT mkvlevarebs im situaciebze da adamianebze am situaciebSi, romlebsac
xangrZliv sasiyvarulo urTierTobebamde mivyavarT?
erTi Teoria sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs gaiazrebs, rogorc sxvis CarTvas
Cvens sakuTar me-Si (Aron et al., 1991; Aron & Aron, 1994). ganvixiloT 17.7 suraTze
mocemuli
diagramebi.
TiToeuli
maTgani
asaxavs,
Tu
rogor
SeiZleba
axlo
kvlevam
aCvena,
rom
is
adamianebi,
romlebic
TavianTi
sur. 17.7. sxvebis meme-Si CarTulobis skala (IOS Inclusion of Others in the Self)
ganicdian,
ufro
met
valdebulebas
ganicdian
urTierTobebis
xangrZliobasTan dakavSirebiT.
kidev
romeli
faqtorebi
uwyobs
xels
urTierTobebis
gaxangrZlivebas?
moTxovnilebebia:
intimuroba,
seqsi,
emociuri
CarTuloba,
xarisxiT
urTierTobaSi.
kmayofildeba
TiToeuli
es
moTxovnileba
mocemul
877
TiToeuli
moTxovnilebisTvis,
arsebuli/mimdinare
partnioris
garda,
megobruli
Tu
urTierTobebi
TqvenTvis
Zalze
mniSvnelovania
giyvarT
iTxovs
dazustebas,
raTa
gavarkvioT,
ratom
inarCuneben
adamianebi
urTierTobebs, Tumca fizikurad ukve SeuTavseblebi arian (Choice & Lamke, 1999).
nacem qalTa TavSesafris 100 qalidan, isini, vinc Tvlidnen, rom garkveuli Sansi
hqonda
ZiriTadad
ekonomikur
safuZvelze
Tavs
valdebulad
Tvlidnen,
Zalze
ubedurebi
iyvnen
col-qmrul
urTierTobebSi,
magram
mainc
urTierTdamokidebulni iyvnen.
fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi
urTierTobebi da interneti
iwvevs ki vinmeSi eWvs is faqti, rom internetis gamoCenam udidesi
impulsi misca adamianebis urTierTobas da maT daaxloebas? warmoidgineT
13 wlis biWi, saxelad denieli, niu-iorkidan, romlis axali megobari
gogona, aseve, 13 wlis reiCeli samxreT karolinaSi imyofeba. maT ar
SeeZloT suraTebis gacvla internetiT. rodesac dedam dens urCia, suraTi
aSS-is fostiT gaegzavna, man upasuxa: de, is ar apirebs CemTvis Tavisi
misamarTis
Mcxadia,
me-20-e
saukunis
bolo
aCvena,
rom
internetis
momxmarebelTa
yvelaze
aqtiur
878
momxmareblis
gamokiTxvam
cxadyo,
rom
maTi
90%
internets
fizikur
sivrceSi
gadainacvla.
ganvixiloT
kvleva,
romelSic 568 individi monawileobda (59% qali da 41% kaci). maT sTxoves,
rom erTmaneTisTvis internetiT axali ambebi gaegzavnaT (Mc Kena et al., 2001).
am
jgufis
wevrebis
63%
internetiT
gacnobis
Semdeg
satelefono
wlis
Semdeg
damyarebuli
Catarebulma
urTierTobebi
gamokiTxvam
isev
myari
iyo.
ki
aCvena, rom
faqtobrivad,
internetiT
SerCevis
15%
aRvniSneT,
mdgenelia.
siaxlove
rom
aucilebelia,
rom
mowonebis
adamians
erT-erTi
SexvdeT,
vidre
mniSvnelovani
Tqvens
Soris
monawileebma,
or
gansxvavebul
pirobebSi,
urTierToba
etapis
Semdeg
safexurian skalaze
partniorebs
sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT
erTmaneTi
15
hqondaT,
bevrad
meti
urTierTsimpatiebi
gamoavlines
(saSualod
2.45).
ratom
unda
momxdariyo
ase?
mkvlevarebi
naklebad
moeqcnen
garegnobis
gavlenis
qveS.
ufro
metic,
879
romantikul
cxovrebaSi
dadebiT
mamoZravebel
Zalad
CaiTvalos.
qcevebi,
raTa
dainaxoT
is
gzebi,
romliTac
socialuri
garemocva
TavianT
sasiyvarulo
gamocdilebas
axasiaTeben,
rogorc
vnebas,
partniori
Cvens
me-Si.
damokidebulebis
modeli
gulisxmobs,
rom
iseT
specifikur
moTxovnilebebs,
romlebsac
daakmayofilebs.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
situaciis Zala
adamianis azrebi da aqtivobebi ganicdis situaciis zemoqmedebas.
sxva
veravin
880
individebi
TavianTi
rwmenebis,
faseulobebisa
da
midrekilebebis
Teoria aRwers
im Sefasebebs,
romlebsac
adamianebi akeTeben
Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba
da
TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba,
SesaZloa,
aris
obieqtebis,
movlenebis
an
ideebis
pozitiuri
an
negatiuri Sefaseba.
yvela
damokidebuleba
ar
iZleva
qcevis
zustad
winaswarmetyvelebis
SesaZleblobis
gulisxmobs
modelis
argumrentebis
Tanaxmad,
gulmodgine
darwmunebis
analizs,
centraluri
maSin
roca
881
socialuri urTierTobebi
interpersonaluri
mimzidveloba
determinirebulia,
nawilobriv,
fizikuri
urTierTobebi
ganisazRvreba
ltolvis,
intimurobis
da
valdebulebis parametrebiT.
mozdrilTa mijaWvulobis stili gavlenas axdens urTierTobebis xarisxze.
adamianis valdebulebebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis dros dakavSirebulia
siaxlovisa da damokidebulebis doneze.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
damokidebuleba
atribuciis Teoria
qceviTi dadastureba
kognituri disonansi
daTanxmeba
konformuloba
kovariaciis principi
gaazrebis SesaQleblobis modeli
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma
jgufis polarizacia
jgufuri azrovneba
informaciuli gavlena
normatiuli gavlena
normebis kristalizacia
darwmuneba
migebis norma
wesebi
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
TviT-aRqmis Teoria
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
socialuri norma
socialuri aRqma
socialuri fsiqologia
882
socialuri roli
Tavi 18. socialuri fsiqologia, sazogadoeba
sazogadoeba da kultura
agresia
evoluciuri midgoma
individualuri gansxvavebebi
situaciuri gavlenebi
kulturuli zemoqmedebebi
crurwmenebi
crurwmenebis safuZvlebi
stereotipebis efeqtebi
crurwmenebis daZleva
avtoris bolosityvaoba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
883
1963 wels filosofosma hana arendtma (Hannah Arendt) gamoaqveyna wigni aihmani
[aihmans] kargad axsovda, rom cud xasiaTze iyo xolme, Tu ki ar SeeZlo imis
gakeTeba,
rac
misi
mowodeba
iyo
milionobiT
kacis,
qalisa
da
bavSvis
ubedureba
gaukuRmarTebulebi
iyo
iyvnen
is,
da
rom
arc
uamravi
adamiani
sadistebi,
isini
hgavda
iyvnen
mas,
da
isini
jerac
arc
arian
rogorc
Cans,
[aihmanis
cxovrebis]
ukanasknel
wuTebSi
man
Seajama
is
isev
moicva
Zaladobam,
rac
gamoixateba
israelisa
da
884
danaSaulebebisaTvis
wevrebs Soris
konfliqtis
Sedegad
gasul
da iorubas
rogorc
sigiJis
gamovlena,
yvelaferi
mivaweroT
uazrobas
da
da
cxovreba
adamianis
qcevaze
Si
Cven
mivadeqiT
socialuri
im
Zalebis
adgils,
sadac
zemoqmedebis
unda
yvelaze
naTelyofs
adamianSi
destruqciuli
da
arahumanuri
aqtebis
adamianuri
ganaxorcielos
arsebis
Tandayolil
didsulovani
ltolvas
altruistuli
iyos
aqtebi,
prosocialuri
yovelgvari
jildos
am
TavSi
Tvlian.
ganxilul
imedi
sakiTxebs
gvaqvs,
studentebi
rom
provokaciulad
SesaZlebloba
geqnebaT,
da
isini,
unda
daamTavroT
imis
gagebiT,
Tu
fsiqologiuri
Zalebi
calkeul
individebze,
jgufebSi
rogor
gavlenas
axdenen
da
rogor
rogor
isini
moqmedeben
socialur
erTiandebian
individebi
msoflio
istoriis
yvelaze
SemaSfoTebel momentebze.
altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva
TiTqmis yvela tragediis Semdeg Tqven xedavT suraTs, rom adamianebi TavianTi
sicocxlis
riskis
fasad
cdiloben,
daicvan
sxva
adamianebis
sicocxle.
Zalisxmeva
im
imediT,
rom
aRmoaCendnen
da
daexmarebodnen
885
prosocialur
qcevebs,
romlebsac
adamianebi
axorcieleben
TavianTi
kulturas
da
msxverpladac
ki
ewirebian
sxvebis
keTildReobas.
am
Tavs
amerikul
yoveldRiur
gazeTSi
gamoqveynebuli
altruizmis
(Altruizm)
prosocialuri
qcevebi,
romlebsac
adamiani
mxridanac
altruistul
moelian
maT
qcevebs
mimarTac
axorcieleben
imitom,
altruistuli
rom
qcevebis
886
ganxorcielebas.
rodesac
naxavT
am
mamaci
mZRolis
msgavs
magaliTebs,
metad
bunebrivia,
ratom,
warmodgenili
Tqven
iyo
unda
me-3-e
da
daubrundeT
me-12-e
TavebSi
im
da
diskusiaze
exeboda
fiqrs,
romelic
evolociur
Zalebs.
wevrebisTvis
altruistul
qcevas
garkveuli
azri
aqvs,
vinaidan,
maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis sakuTari sicocxle safrTxis qveS dgeba, is miznad
isaxavs
sakuTari,
zogadi
genetikuri
memkvidreobis
gadarCenas.
faqtobrivad,
studentebisadmi
maTi
warmosaxuli
naTesaobis
xarisxis
mixedviT. zogierTi Zalian axlo naTesavi iyo, rogoricaa Zma (0.5- iani
genetikuri
gadafarva),
sxvebi
SedarebiT
Soreuli
naTesavebi
iyvnen,
gviCvenebs, rom
rac ufro axloa naTesaoba, miT ufro metad gamoxataven adamianebi maTi
gadarCenis survils. suraTi, agreTve, asaxavs Sedarebas im situaciasTan,
rodesac
ar
idga
sikvdil-sicocxlis
sakiTxi:
studentebs
ekiTxebodnen,
887
pirvel
naTesaobis
SemTxvevaSi.
Sefaseba
aris
sikvdil-sicocxlis
ufro
mkacri,
vidre
scenaris
SemTxvevaSi
yoveldRiuri
scenaris
riskavs
mZRoli
sicocxles,
sxva
adamianebis
genebis
gadasarCenad?
ormxrivi
miuTiTebs,
rom
(reciprokuli)
adamianebi
altruizmis
altruistul
cnebas
qcevebs
(Trivers, 1971). es
axorcieleben
cneba
imitom,
rom
garkveuli azriT, sxva adamianebis mxridanac moelian, rom isinic maT mimarT,
aseve, ganaxorcieleben altruistul qcevebs. Tuki Sen ixrCobi, me gadagarCen, im
imediT, rom Senc igives gaakeTeb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me damemuqreba daxrCobis
saSiSroeba. amdenad, ormxrivoba altruizms sasicocxlo Rirebulebas aniWebs. am
cnebas, sxva formiT Tqven ukve SexvdiT adre. Mme-17-e TavSi, magaliTad, Cven
SemovitaneT
migebis
(reciprokulobis)
normis
cneba,
raTa
agvexsna
is
gza,
Tqven
fsiqologiuri
disstresSi
iqnebiT
manam,
sanam
ar
888
aRiniSnos,
cxovelebSi
romlebic
rom
kooperaciis
mowmoben,
reciprokulobis
rom
ormxrivi
yvela
altruizmis
aspeqts.
mraval
molodinis
gareSe
cneba
mkvlevarebma
situaciaSi,
axdenen
ver
xsnis
socialur
moipoves
adamianebic
kooperirebas
da
da
monacemebi,
cxovelebic
resursebis
ganawilebas (Matheson & Bernstein, 2000; Wedekind & Milinski, 2000; Widdig et al., 2000).
magaliTad, kangis tomis (Kung people) warmatebuli monadireebi, romlebic CrdilodasavleT bocvanaSi da namibiis mosazRvre raionebSi cxovroben, nanadirevis
xorcs TavianTi tomis sxva, nadirobis naklebi Cvevebis mqone wevrebs unawileben,
Tumca, SeuZlebelia, rom sapasuxod saTanado resursebs elodnen (Hawkes, 1993). am
tipis dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, mkvlevarebi cdiloben, altruizmis asaxsnelad
ufro farTo Teoriuli safuZveli ipovon.
Tu davuSvebT, rom, rogorc Cans, altruizms evoluciuri safuZveli aqvs,
MmaSin dgeba sakiTxi: altruizmSi individualur gansxvavebebs SeuZlia Tu ara
Tanamedrove adamianis memkvidreobazec moaxdinos gavlena? gavixsenoT, rom me-12
TavSi
ganvixileT
zogierTi
faqtori,
romelic
evoluciuri
fsiqologiis
Cveneuli
ganxilva
saSualebas
gvaZlevs,
faqtorebis
am
sias
889
gogonebs
saubris
aCvenebdnen
eqsperimentatoris
videoCanawers,
sadac
es
da
cdis
minawile
ukanaskneli
avlenda
mzadyofnas
sxvebze
ufro
metad
gaeriskaT.
dabali
SeefasebinaT
sxvadasxva
parametrebis
mixedviT,
fizikuri
da
CaTvliT.
Tumca,
figurirebdnen,
orive
qalebi
saxis
ufro
CanawerSi
mimzidvelad
Zalze
da
msgavsi
sasurvelad
aniWeben
iseT
mamakacebs,
romlebsac
TavianTi
resursebis
gaakeTos sazogadoebrivad
sasikeTo saqme:
altruizmi.
890
egoizmi. prosocialuri
qcevebis
ganxorcieleba
mxolod
sakuTari
koleqtivizmi.
jgufis
Pprosocialuri
warmatebebis
prosocialuri
misaRwevad.
qcevebi,
raTa
qcevebis
ganxorcieleba
adamianebma,
gaaumjobeson
SesaZlo,a
TavianTi
garkveuli
ganaxorcielon
ojaxis,
saZmos
an
principlizmi.
principebidan
Pprosocialuri
gamomdinare.
qcevis
SesaZloa,
ganxorcieleba
vinme
moraluri
prosocialur
qcevebs
SegiZliaT
naxoT,
rogor
moqmedeben
es
motivebi
gansxvavebul
situaciebSi.
Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli motivebidan yvela SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos sxva
adamianebis
momsaxurebis
qcevas.
isini
zogjer,
SesaZloa,
winaaRmdegobaSic
unda
mivce,
vinaidan,
samarTlianobis
principis
Tanaxmad,
yovel
adamians Tanabari ufleba unda hqondes es. axla warmoidgineT, rom saqmeSi CaerTo
sxva
motivebi
da
Tqven
romelime
individs
upiratesobas
aniWebT
sxvebTan
SedarebiT.
saidan viciT
empaTiam usamarTlobamde SeiZleba migviyvanos
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen, latariis bileTebi gaenawilebinaT
mTeli
jgufisaTvis
an
jgufis
ramdenime
wevrisaTvis.
Tu
bileTebi
erT-erT
variantSi
monawileebi
kiTxulobdnen
avtobiografiaSi
aRwerili
iyo,
rom
misi
avtori
xangrZlivi
891
romantikuli
urTierTobebis
Semdeg
miatova
partniorma.
ra
gavlenas
batsonma
da
misma
kolegebma
uzrunvelyves
kidev
ramdenime
cdis
misi
altruistuli
daxmarebisaken.
motivi
ufro
axlaxans
aRweril
damajerebeli
eqsperimentSi,
aRmoCnda,
vidre
uaxloesi
abstraqtuli
ganvixiloT
mTliani
situaciis
konteqstSi:
is,
rac
erTi
SexedviT,
Tvalsazrisidan
gamomdinare,
SesaZloa,
prosocialuri
qceva
Tu
ramdenad
Zlierad
aris
determinirebuli2-adamianebis
qcevebi
gviCvenebs,
daxmarebisaTvis
Tu
ramdenad
maTi
unari
aris
damokidebuli
,imoqmedon
adamianebis
prosocialuri
qcevis
mzadyofna
motivebis
892
erTma dareka mas Semdeg, rac qali ukve mkvdari iyo da yvelaferi damTavrda
(Rosenthal, 1964). kiti jenovezes mkvlelobis sagazeTo cnobam SeaZrwuna mTeli eri,
romelsac ar surda daejerebina, rom adamianebma msgavsi apaTia da gulqvaoba
gamoiCines.
magram iqneba ki
vuwodoT?
iqneb,
samarTliani,
SesaZlebeli
rom am adamianebs
iyos
maTi
qcevis
apaTiurebi
axsna
da gulqvebi
situaciuri
Zalebis
vaJebi.
TiToeuli
maTgani
moaTavses
satelefono
kavSiriT
ganmavlobaSi/dros
cdis
pirebs
telefonSi
esmodaT
xmauri,
cdis
pirs
eqsperimentatorisTvis
sagangebo
situaciis
Sesaxeb SetyobinebisTvis.
aRmoCnda, rom Carevis albaToba damokidebuli iyo TviTmxilvelTa im
nagulisxmev odenobaze, romlebmac, cdis pirebis azriT, gaiges Seqmnili
situaciis Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti adamianis CarTulobas varaudobda cdis
piri, miT ufro gvian atyobinebda eqsperimentators, an sulac gaCumebas
arCevda.
rogorc
18.2
suraTze
SegiZliaT
naxoT,
yovel
or
kacian
893
es
aris
pasuxismgeblobis
difuziis
Sedegi.
rodesac
erTze
met
adamians
2 monawiliani jgufebiD
3 monawiliani jgufebi
6 monawiliani jgufebi
daxmarebis aRmoCenis procenti
sagangebo situaciis dawyebidan gasuli wamebi
sur. 18.2
TviTmxilvelis Careva sagangebo situaciis dros
rac ufro meti adamiania CarTuli mocemul situaciaSi, miT naklebia SesaZlebloba, rom romelime
maTgani Caereva masSi. Yyvelaze swrafad TviTmxilvelebi reagireben or monawilian jgufebSi.
mimdinare
movlenebis
situaciaSi,
rodesac
adamianebi
Sesaxeb.
TavianTi
Tumca,
mraval
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebiseul
saqmeebiT
arian
894
TviTmxilvelis
TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention) mzadyofna, daexmaro
pasuxismgeblobis
difuzia
(Diffusion
of
responsibility)
sagangebo
qadagebani
erT-erTSi
maT
unda
waekiTxaT
sxvadasxva
SenobebSi,
mokle
instuqtaJi
CautardaT.
yovelgvari
dawyeba.
meore
jgufs
zustad
sakmao
dro
hqondaT
imaTgan,
visac
saWiroze
bevrad
meti
dro
hqonda
63%-ma
sagangebo situaciis
SemCneva. SesaZloa, SeamCnies kidec, magram ver SeZles misi sagangeboobis Sefaseba.
nebismier
SemTxvevaSi,
Tqven
xedavT,
rom
daxmarebis
qcevis
ganxorcieleba
895
CautaroT
adamians,
romelsac
ubralod
sZinavs.
imis
moyolil
ambavs,
romelic
aRwers,
Tu
rogor
eswreboda
igi
leqcias,
daamTavrebda.
swored
am
dros
oratori
sabolood
modunda
da
896
an Tu
Ppirveli
pasuxismgeblobas
da
interaqcia
ar
TviTmxilvelebic
gulisxmobs
uazrod
Sehyureben
personalur
danaSauls.
eqsperimentebi
migviTiTeben,
rom
daxmarebis
Txovnis
aqti
exmianeba
897
wevrebis
mimarT
altruistulad
iqcevian
imitom,
rom
SeinarCunon
da
principuloba.
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi,
am
motivebs
Soris,
cnebis
Semotanis
dros,
Cven
citatebi
movitaneT
sagazeTo
ufro
met
informacias
gvaqvdian
agresiis
gamovlinebebis
Sesaxeb;
brbos
mier
israelis
mokluli: vertmfrenebi
Camogdebulia
mokle
nimuSebidanac
ki
kargad
Cans,
Tu
ramdenad
mravalferovania
898
SenarCunebas
uzrunvelyofs.
karl
lorencis
lorencis
mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda
rogorc
mtredi,
romelsac,
bunebis
ironiiT,
agresia
(Aggression)
qceva,
romelic
sxva
individis
fizikur
an
899
biologiur
saxeobebSi
gamovlenac
ver
aris
sanugeSo
adamianisaTvis
Cven
varaudobda.
faqtobrivad,
adamiani,
Tavisi
socialuri
garemoTi
analizi
adasturebs,
Zaladobisadmi
rom
Tandayolil
gadarCenis
tendenciaSi
tendencia
saxeobebis
gamovlindeba.
Tumca,
konteqstSi,
TqvenTvis
gasagebi
xdeba,
Tu
ratom
aviTareben
zogierTi
adamiani
naklebad
agresiuli
Cans,
vidre
sxvebi.
Cveulebriv,
900
saidan viciT
genetikisa da garemos faqtorebis roli agresiaSi
mravali
im
mkvlevarebma
Taobaze.
meTodis
miagnes
pasuxs
magaliTad,
fraternaluri
midrekileba;
faqtorebis
gamoyenebiT,
maT
genetikuri
Seadares
identuri
tyupebis
SemTxvevaSi,
roli ayvanil
wina
agresiaSi
(dizigoturi)
sxva
romelic
maT
TavebSi
faqtorebis
bavSvebSi. erT
rolis
(monozigoturi)
pirovnebebis
Seafases
avRwereT,
da
agresiulobisadmi
bunebrivi
kvlevaSi
da
aRzrdis
gamoyenebuli
iqna
ufro
srulad
Cven
me-16-e
TavSi
aRvwereT).
meta-analizma
aseve,
gaamaxviles
romlebic,
SesaZloa,
aseve,
qmnidnen
rogorc
me-13-e
TavSi
predispoziciebs.
yuradReba
tvinsa
da
agresiuli
vnaxeT,
hormonalur
qcevebisadmi
tvinis
garkveuli
miiyvans
(Davidson
et
al.,
2000).
yuradReba
gamaxvilda,
agreTve,
SesaZloa,
gaauaresos
tvinis
SesaZleblobebi,
negatiuri
emociebis
901
ar
ganicdides
umravlesobas
icavs
fiziologiur
stresul
dramatuli agresiuli
reaqciebs,
qcevebis
rac
adamianebis
ganxorcielebisagan: maTi
adamianebi
agresiis
gansxvavebul
saxeebs
avlenen.
erTi
mniSvnelovani
da
aRiZvreba
impulsuri
emociiT:
agresia
adamianebi
waremoadgens
agresiuli
aqtebiT
reaqcias
reagireben
es
gaxlavT
mizanmimarTuli
impulsuri
(warmoadgens
agresiis
instruments
magaliTi.
garkveuli
instrumentuli
instrumentuli
miznis
agresia
misaRwevad)
da
am
klasterebi
ori
tipis
Seesabameba
daudasturdaT
adamianebs
(Caprara
midrekileba
et
pirovnuli
al.,1996).
impulsuri
Taviseburebebis
magaliTad,
agresiis
mimarT,
gansxvavebuli
pirebi,
zogadad,
romlebsac
SeiZleba
Zlier
sawinaaRmdegod,
emociur
pirebi,
reaqciebs
romlebsac
iZlevian
mTel
gaaCniaT
rig
situaciebSi.
midrekileba
amis
instrumentuli
Zaladobis
mravali
forma
gamarTlebulia
da
ar
ganicdian
moralur
902
ganaxorcielon
agresiuli
aqtebi.
Eaxla
ganvixilavT
situaciis
im
gamoZebnoT
dro
da
gaixsenoT,
bolos
rodis
ganaxorcieleT
SeuracxyaviT
vinme
imisTvis,
rom
masSi
fsiqologiuri
distresi
mxolod
zogierTia
im
kiTxvebidan,
romlebsac
svamen
mkvlevarebi
instrumentuli
agresia
(Instrumental
aggression)
kogniturad
frustraciafrustracia-agresiis hipoTeza
namdvilad mZime dRe iyo im dRes, bolo registracia unda gamevlo kursze.
verc veravin vnaxe, rom damxmareboda. rodesac meaTased miTxres; Tqven sxva
kancelarias unda mimarToT-o, ise gavgiJdi, rom faqtobrivad kari gavamtvrie
es ambavi erTi kerZo magaliTia imisa, rasac frustraciafrustracia-agresiis hipoTezas
uwodeben (Dollard etal., 1939). am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracias maSin aqvs adgili,
rodesac adamianebs xeli eSlebaT dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi. frustraciis
zrdis
pirobebSi
ki
Zalze
didia
agresiis
gamovlenis
albaToba.
kavSiri
903
gansakuTrebiT
gamoavlines
am
mimzidveli
saTamaSoebis
saTamaSoebiT
mimarT,
TamaSis
rogorc
ki
maTi
ufleba,
agresia
xelSi
Cagdebis
agresiuli
gasacemad,
qcevis
ganxorcielebamde
mecnierTa
jgufma
migviyvans?
Seiswavla
Aam
kiTxvaze
urTierTmimarTeba
san-
ricxvi
izrdeboda
umuSevrobis
zrdis
Sesabamisad,
magram
uwyobs
Zaladobis,
frustraciiT
determinirebuli
tendenciis
gamokvleva
miuTiTebs,
Tu
rogor
urTierTqmedeben
individualuri
da
socialuri Zalebi, ris Sedegadac viRebT Zaladobis jamur dones . Cven SegviZlia
viwinaswarmetyveloT umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul frustraciaze dafuZnebuli
agrsesiis garkveuli done. Tumca, rodesac adamianebi acnobiereben, rom maT mier
gamoxatulma agresiam, SesaZloa, avnos maT Semdgom dasaqmebas, Zaladoba maSinaTve
muxruWdeba. es Tqven, albaT, gamocdilic gaqvT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. albaT,
Zalze bevri situaciaa, romelSic Tqven Tavs sakmaod frustrirebulad grZnobT,
raTa gamoxatoT agresia, magram Tavs ikavebT, vinaidan acnobierebT, rim es xels
SegiSliT samomavlo gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi.
904
frustracia agresiis
agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration aggression hipothesis) am
adamianebi
naklebad
avlenen
agresias,
vidre
maSin,
rodesac
temperatura da agresia
cxeli zafxuli iyo, Cems manqanaSi ki kondicioneri gafuWda, Tanac im biWma
gza gadamiWra, mec gavekide da vcdilobdi gamesrisa.
arsebobs kavSiri temperaturasa da agresias Soris? ganvixiloT 18.3 suraTze
asaxuli monacemebi. es monacemebi asaxavs im eqsperimentis Sedegebs, romelSic
nakvlevi
iyo
temperaturis
gavlena bolo
ori
wlis
manZilze
mineapolisSi
periodSi
maT,
SesaZloa,
miiRon
sasmeli
an
raime
sxva
saSualeba,
rac
905
sur. 18.3
temperatura da agresia
romelsac
adamianebi
diskomfortis
sicxis
daZlevas
interpretirebas.
da
rogor
GgaixseneT
axdenen
me-13-e
TavSi
sicxiT gamowveuli
mocemuli
msjeloba
sicxeSi
Tqven
viRacas
esaubrebiT
da
grZnobT,
rom
gcxelaT
da
zustad
gaakeTebT
daukavSirebT,
(Tqven,
im
xarisxiT
mcdar
agreTve,
gamoxatavT
daskvnas
da
SegiZliaT
mis
mimarT
diskomforts
gaixsenoT
me-17-e
agresias,,
ra
Tanamosaubres
TavSi
ganxiluli
marTalia,
ratom
aCvenebs
18.3
suraTi
TavdasxmaTa
raodeniois
Zalian
maRali
temperaturis
dros
adamianebi imdenad
diskomfortulad
grZnoben Tavs, rom ufro metad cdiloben ganeridon saCoTiro situaciebs, vidre
CxubSi CaerTon (Cohn & Rotton, 1997). qvemoT aRwerili mesame studenturi ambavi
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor mJRavndeba mtruli ganwyobileba da rogor Zlierdeba is.
906
iwveven,
SeuZliaT
agresiis
gamovlenamde
migviyvanon.
aq
arian
midrekilni,
ganzraxvis
gareSe
Sesrulebuli
moqmedebebis
meSveobiT
gancxadebiT
(Cven
mimdinareobda).
es
gvWirdeba!),
Mmcdeloba
Semdeg
daiwyo
sityvieri
gabrazebul
gadaizarda
(magaliTad,
winaaRmdegobis
eqsperimentatorebi
gonebaClungebi
xarT,
Sesabamisad,
xdebida
Tvlian,
rom
adamianebma
biWebo).
praqtikulad,
agresiis
eskalacia.
daiswavles
eskalaciis
907
rom
eskalaciis
urTierTmimarTebebsac
rogorc
Cans,
exeba?
mivyavarT
scenari,
frustraciasa
situaciis
frustraciis
Secvlis
da
uSedego
SegrZnebamde,
rac
agresias
sawyis
kidev
Soris
mcdelobas,
ufro
zrdis
ki
migviyvanos
ganvixiloT
fizikuri
garemoeba, rom
sxva
da
situaciuri
verbaluri
Zalebi,
agresiis
romlebmac,
gamovlenamde.
aseve,
SeiZleba
sayuradReboa
is
TavisTvis
moulodnelad, axorcieleben
impulsur
agresiul
aqtebs.
memkvidreobis
nawils
da
rom
garkveul
situaciur
faqtorebs
monacemebi
mowmobs,
rom
individis
mxridan
agresiulobis
gamovlenis
908
vidre
agresiasa
da
kulturas
Soris
urTierTmimarTebebs
SevexebodeT,
1991).
Sedegebi
aqvs
am
gansxvavebebs
agresiul
qcevebTan
mimarTebiT?
dakavSirebulad
Tvlis,
misgan
naklebad
aris
mosalodneli
zegavlenis
swavloben
kulturis
erT-erTi
erTi
da
warmomadgeneli
igive
bavSvebi.
saukeTeso
magaliTi
iqneba
situaciebze
reagirebas
iaponel
amerikel
da
is,
Tu
sxvadasxva
skolamdeli
konfliqtur
gaeTamaSebinaT
dilemebs
situaciebi
da
da
Semdeg
eCvenebinaT,
sTxoves,
rogor
TojinebiT
damTavrdeboda
es
bavSvi
iwyebda
kamaTs
da
xels
hkravdnen
erTmaneTs.
amerikelma
hqondaT
is
sanqciebi,
romelic
sxva
adamianebisaTvis
zianis
me-s
arseboba,
romelic
daculi
unda
iqnas
sxvebis
909
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
Cven
ganvsazRvreT
mTavari
kulturuli
gansxvaveba
mniSvnelovani
Sedegad,
aris
is,
rom
gansxvaveba,
romelic
samxreTelebis
romelSic
aRmoCenili
qceva
iqna
am
kvlevebis
regulirdeboda
e.w.
Rirsebis
umciresi
kamaTic
ki
reputaciisa
da
socialuri statusis gamocdad iqceva (Cohen et aal., 1996, p.945). Rirsebis kultura
ar axdens yvela saxis agresiis sanqcionirebas, daSvebulia agresiis mxolod is
saxeebi, romlebic sakuTrebis an pirovnuli Rirsebis xelyofisagan dacvasTan
arian dakavSirebulni (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994).
saidan viciT
CrdiloelTa da samxreTelTa reaqciebi Seuracxyofaze
kolejis student biWebs Crdiloelebs da samxreTelebs Cautares
cda
zomieri
Seuracxyofis
amtanobaze.
vidre
cdis
piri
derefanSi
ndobiT
aRWurvili
piri
jiqur
midioda
cdis
pirze
da
es
18.4
suraTidanac
Cans,
zomierma
Seuracxyofam
marTlac
praqtikulad,
Tavazianad
ufro
uTmobdnen
Tavazianebi
gzas,
magram
iyvnen,
rodesac
vidre
maT
Crdiloelebi
mxars
da
gahkravdnen,
adamiani
aSS-Si
iziarebs
azrs,
rom
samxreTuli
kultura
ufro
910
dasavlur
kulturaSic
ki,
rogoric
amerikis
SeerTebuli
Statebia,
situaciaSi.
Tumca,
Seuracxyofis
gareSe
samxreTelebi
ufro
evropuli
kulturebi,
romlebSic
mkvlelobebis
raodenobebi
bevrad
ufro naklebia, vidre aSS-Si, aseve, Sedian damoukidebeli me-s mqone kulturebis
gafarToebul
wreSi.
maS,
ra
damatebiTi
kulturuli
faqtorebi
erTveba
am
procesSi?
erT-erTi faqtori, romelic aSS-sTvis SeiZleba dadgindes, garemoSi arsebuli
agresiuli qcevebis modelebis xelmisawvdomobaa. me-7-e TavSi visaubreT imis
Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi Zalze swrafad iTviseben agresiul qcevebs ufrosebisagan.
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvebi xedavdnen ufrosebis mier saTamaSo plastikuri
Tojinebis cemis, xelis kvris da fexiT Sedgomis magaliTebs, SemdgomSi, Zalze
didi
sixSiriT,
TviTonac
imeorebdnen
maT,
vidre
bavSvebi
sakontrolo
911
odenobiT
riTac
xels
awvdis
bavSvebs
uwyobs
Zaladobis
agresiuli
qcevis
imitacias
televizia
modelebs
pirdapir
SesaZloa, swored aSS-Sia yvelaze TvalSi sacemi satelevizio Zaladoba. erTerTma eqsperimentma daadastura, rom amerikeli bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT proteleviziurebi an televiziaze damokidebulni arian, vidre germaneli bavSvebi
(Smith & Schutte, 1982). amdenad, aSS-Si agresiis Semcirebis erT-erT gzad gvesaxeba
bavSvebis
mkacri
SezRudva
da
maTTvis
agresiis
am
modelebis
rogorc
me-7-e
fizikurad,
TavSi,
TviTonac
aRvniSneT,
xSirad
rom
iyeneben
bavSvebi,
agresias,
romlebic
sxvebis
xSirad
qcevebis
isjebian
kontrolis
monaTxrobi
ambebi,
romlebic
Seeswrnen
los-anJelesis
amboxebas,
romelic rodnei kingis pirvel gasamarTlebas mohyva, 1992 wels (Farver & frosch,
1996).
es
bavSvebi
movlenebs)
(gansxvavebiT
Txrobisas
imaTgan,
iyenebdnen
romlebic
personaJebis
ar
ufro
Seswrebian
mtrul
aRniSnul
aRwerebs,
ufro
avRniSnoT,
ubralod
xatebi
ki
rom
bavSvebi
TamaSobdnen
maT
sasiamovno
saTamaSoebiT:
warmosaxvaSi
eqsperimentatorebis
amboxebasTan
arsebobda.
dakavSirebuli
los-anJelesis
amboxebas
StatebSi
mravali
bavSvi
izrdeba
iseT
qalaqur
garemoSi,
qcevis
kulturuli
determinaciisadmi
miZRvnil
am
paragrafs
912
arian
daSorebulni
da
Zalze
gvanan
erTmaneTs
religiurobisa
da
drois
garkveul
periodSi.
Ees
aris
me-17-e
TavSi
aRwerili
normebis
analogiurad,
amerikis
SeerTebuli
Statebi,
Tavisi
sakomunikacio
saSualebebiT, erT Zalian did soflad iqca, romelic icavs agresiuli qcevis
normebs.
am paragrafSi aRvwereT agresiis gamomwvevi Zalebi dawyebuli genetikuridan
da kulturuliT damTavrebuli. magram rCeba kidev erTi mosazreba, romelsac jer
ar SevxebivarT da romlis Tanaxmadac, rom adamianebi zogjer agresiul qcevas
axorcieleben winaswarSeqmnili crurwmenebis gamo. adamianebi mxolod imitom, rom
gansxvavebul
romlebsac
eTnikur
uwodeben
Tu
rasobriv
sxvebs),
jgufebs
SesaZloa,
ekuTvnian
gaxdnen
(anu
agresiis
iseT
jgufebs,
msxverplni.
axla
913
winaswar
Seqmnil
crurwmenebs.
crurwmenis
arseboba
imis
situacia,
romelsac
cxovreba.
damokidebuleba
SeuZlia
crurwmena
(attitude)
samizne
daamciros
(Prejudice)
obieqtis
aris
mimarT,
da
gaanadguros
winaswar
romelic
sxva
daswavlili
moicavs
negatiur
arsebul
damokidebulebebs
da
qceviT
ganzraxvebs,
acilebul,
simcdaris
adamianebi
naTeli
avlenen
mtkicebulebebis
crurwmenebs,
rodesac
arsebobis
amtkiceben,
miuxedavad.
rom
magaliTad,
afro-amerikelebi
damokidebulebebs
da
qceviT
ganzraxvebs,
acilebul,
vinaidan
cdilobs,
gaigos
maTi
sirTule,
simyaris
mizezebi
da
914
wlis
gadawyvetileba
sazogado
saswavlebebSi
segregaciis
gauqmebasTan
negatiur
progress,
Sedegebs
romelsac
warmoSobisa
da
socialurma
maTi
am
efeqtebis
paragrafSi
fsiqologebma
gagebaSi,
iseve,
miaRwies
rogorc
aRvwerT
im
crurwmenebis
maT
praqtikul
is
siadvile,
romliTac
adamianebi
SeiZleba
uaryofiTad
ganawyo
maTi
adamianebi
sakuTari
socialuri
garemos
organizebas
axdenen,
ara-me-s
winaaRmdeg,
orientaciamde
Cven
isini-s
winaaRmdeg.
adamianebi
Tavis
identificirebas
axdens
da
garejgufebad
im
jgufebad,
Sidajgufuri
mikerZoeba
sakuTari
jgufis
gadafaseba,
sxvasTan
ufro
xSirad
xdebian
mtruli
grZnobebisa
da
usamarTlo
damokidebulebis obieqtebi.
minimalurad SesamCnevi miniSnebac ki sakmarisia, rom gamoiwvios tendenciuroba
da crurwmenis Camoyalibeba maT mimarT, vinc garejgufs miekuTvnebian.
saidan viciT
SemTxveviT arCeuli niSani iwvevs jgufis solidarobas
holandiaSi
Catarebuli
eqsperimentebis
seriaSi
cdis
pirebi
915
sTxoves,
eweraT,
Sesabamisad,
mwvane
an
lurj
qaRaldebze.
terminiT/saxeliT
da,
Tumca,
feris
mixedviT
gansazRvrul
socialuri
socialuri
kategorizacia
(Social categorization) -
procesi,
romlis
garejgufebi
(Out-groups)
jgufebi,
romlebTanac
adamianebi
identifikacias ar axdenen.
sxvasTan SedarebiT.
mravali
eqsperimenti
Catarda
im
Sedegebis
Sesaswavlad,
romelic
SemTxvevaSi iyo (Tajfel, 1982; Tajfel & Billing, 1974). gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi,
Zalian xSirad, urTierTobas iwyeben, rogorc ucxoebi, magram TiTqmis maSinve
avlenen gasaocar erTsulovnebas swamT, rom maTi Sidajgufis wevrebi yvelaze
sasiamovno da kargad momuSave xalxia. rodesac dgeba resursebis ganawilebis
dro, adamianebi yvelafers akeTeben, raTa araferi uwiladon garejgufis wevrebs.
aseTi Sedegebi Tavs iCens imis miuxedavad, rom garejgufi riskis qveS dgeba da
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sida da garejgufebis zogierT wevrs Soris, SesaZloa
,kargi urTierTobebic iyos (Park & Rothbat, 1982; Quattrone, 1986).
916
Tu
yvela
am
Zalas
gamoviyenebT
xelovnurad
Seqmnil
jgufebSi,
Tqven
formamde,
da
dafuZnebulia
tendenciebi,
romelic
seqsizmamde
sqesobriv
xSirad,
adamianis
niSanze.
maSin
dafuZnebulia
diskriminaciis
Cven
Zlierdeba,
kanis
da
isini-s
rodesac
ferze
an
eTnikur
formamde,
romelic
gansxvavebebis
Cndeba
sawyisi
STabeWdileba,
rom
romelsac
axasiaTebs
crurwmenebisadmi
daqvemdebarebulobis
maRali
xarisxi, ufro metad msjeloben imis Sesaxeb, adamianebidan vin romel kategorias
ekuTvnis.
saidan viciT
crurwmena da rasibrivi xasiaTis msjeloba
studentebis jgufs Sesavsebad misces skala, romelic zomavda maT
damokidebulebas afro-amerikelebis mimarT. maT Sefasebebze dayrdnobiT,
erTi
jgufi
klasificirda,
rogorc
crurwmenebis
mqone,
meore
ki
gamoiyureboda.
mkvlevarebs
hqondaT
hipoTeza,
rom
Sefasebebis
gakeTebas.
mkvlevarebma
iwinaswarmetyveles,
rom
orazrovani
suraTis
amocnobaze
erTi
wamiT
meti
dro
eqsperimenti
aCvenebs,
Tu
ramdenad
mniSvnelovania
crurwmenebis
mqone
917
gansxvavebebs (Phillips & Ziller, 1997). adamianebs, romlebsac maRali qulebi aqvT
universaluri
orientaciis
skalaze,
axasiaTebT
iseTi
tipis
debulebebze
jgufebad
dayofamde.
axla
ki
vnaxoT,
rogor
erTveba
stereotipebi
crurwmenebis funqcionirebaSi.
stereotipebis efeqtebi
Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT socialuri kategorizaciis Zala mravali saxis
crurwmenis sawyisebis asaxsnelad. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze
crurwmenebis gavlrna, Cven unda avxsnaT mexsierebis is struqturebi, romlebic
mniSvnelovnad amyareben maT, kerZod, ki
_ stereotipebi. stereotipebi
918
stereotipuli safrTxe uwodes (Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998). stereotipuli
safrTxe Cndeba MmaSin, rodesac adamianebi aRmoCndebian iseT situaciebSi,
919
stereotipebi
(Stereotypes)
adamianebis
garkveul
jgufebTan
920
921
922
923
924
samyaro pataravdeba
internetis zedapiruli mimoxilvac sakmarisia, rom davrwmundeT _
samyaro dapataravda. axla ukve bevri CvenTagani urTierTobas amyarebs
ucxo adamianebTan eleqtronuli fostisa da Catis meSveobiT da aseTi
urTierTobebi kidev ufro gafarTovdeba imis Sesabamisad, rac ufro meti
adamiani aiTvisebs msoflio qselis teqnologiebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi
arasportuli Tema, romelzec laparaki iyo 2000 wlis msoflio
olimpiadaze, interneti iyo. olimpiuri sofeli, sadac sportsmenebi
cxovrobdnen, kargad iyo aRWurvili uaxlesi aparaturiT, raTa msoflios
yvela kuTxidan Camosul sportsmenebs msoflio qselSi mogzaurobis
saSualeba hqonodaT. gazeTebi iuwyebodnen, rom kubelma sportsmenebma,
romelTac manamde ar HhqondaT internetTan urTierTobis gamocdileba,
erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi aamoqmedes 160-ze meti veb gverdi (Jordan, 2000).
erT-erTi kiTxva, romelsac 21-e saukune namdvilad svams fsiqologiis
winaSe, aris is, Tu rogor Seegua adgilobrivi kulturebi msoflio qsels
da, piriqiT, ra gavlena moaxdena adgilobrivma kulturebma masze.
ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina internetma kuveitis cxovrebaze
(Wheeler, 1998). rogorc mraval sxva qveyanaSi, kuveitSic interneti
Tavdapirvelad akademiuri wreebisTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi, kerZod,
kuveitis universitetis TanamSromlebisTvis. Tumca, Zalian mokle droSi is
sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi gaxda. umravles SemTxvevaSi, kuveitelebic
iseve iyeneben internets, rogorc mTel msoflioSi, CatisTvis: adamianebi
mas, ZiriTadad, salaybod iyeneben da kuveitelebic aRniSnaven, rom aqvT
urTierTobebi da romanebi kibersivrceSi. da mainc, kuveitSi internetis
gamoyeneba TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, rac mas sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs: bevri
daZvreba internetSi, magram cota Tu aqveynebs raimes. kuveitSi
internetiT sakuTar Tavze informaciis gavrceleba potenciuri safrTxis
Semcveli aqti ufroaa, vidre _ sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis saSualeba. is
aris iaraRi Tqveni mtris winaaRmdeg da instrumenti, raTa SenarCunebuli
iqnas dogmebisadmi konformuloba da gaadvildes yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
marTva (Wheeler, 1998. pp365-366). aseTi kulturuli SezRudvebis pirobebSi
Zneli warmosadgenia, rom kuveitSi interneti sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvis
925
926
morCilebis paradigma
pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da socialuri maxasiaTeblebis erTmaneTisgan
gamojvnis mizniT, milgremma Caatara laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis mTeli seria
avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis 19 laboratoriuli eqsperimenti, romelSic 1000ze meti cdis piri monawileobda. milgremis pirveli eqsperimentebi ielis
universitetSi tardeboda niu heivensa da mis gareubnebSi mcxovreb mamakacebze,
romlebsac anazRaureba eZleodaT eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis. mogvianebiT
man damorCilebis kvlevis laboratoria universitetidan gadaitana brijportSi,
koneqtikutis StatSi, sadac sagazeTo gancxadebebis saSualebiT agrovebda
927
cdis situacia
eqsperimenti ise iyo dagegmili, rom cdis piri iZulebuli iyo daejerebina, rom
igi asrulebda ra brZanebebs tkivils ayenebda, stanjavda da, SesaZloa,
moekla kidec udanaSaulo adamiani. TiToeul maswavlebels, sanimuSod, miayenes 45
voltis Zabvis eleqtro dartyma, raTa mas warmodgena hqonoda, Tu ra intensiobis
tkivils iwvevda igi. moswavle mSvidi, sasiamovno garegnobis, gawonasworebuli
manerebis mqone, ormocdaaTiode wlis mamakaci iyo, romelic sxvaTa Soria
928
ambobda, rom guli awuxebs, magram fulis gamo mzad aris gaiaros es procedura.
mas gverdiT oTaxSi abamdnen eleqtro skamze da maswavlebelTan urTierTobda
Sida sakomunikacio qselis meSveobiT. moswavles evaleboda dawyvilebuli
sityvebis damaxsovreba da wyvilidan erT-erTi sityvis dasaxeleba, rogorc ki
gaigebda am wyvilis meore sityvas. moswavlem, winaswar dadgenili ganrigis
Sesabamisad, maleve daiwyo Secdomebis daSveba da maswavlebelmac ar daayovna
eleqtroSokis gamoyeneba. msxverplis protesti izrdeboda eleqtroSokis
voltaJis matebasTan erTad. 75 voltze man daiwyo Civili da buzRuni. 150-ze
eqsperimentSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da ganTavisufleba moiTxova. 180
voltze is yviroda, rom veRar gauZlebs am tkivils. 300 voltze igi gahyviroda,
rom metis atana aRar SeuZlia da ganTavisuflebas iTxovda. bolos tiriliT
laparakobda Tavis avadmyof gulze da kioda. Tu maswavlebeli yoymanobda, an
uars acxadebda ufro maRali eleqtro Sokis miyenebaze, eqsperimentatori mas
eubneboda eqsperimenti moiTxovs, rom Tqven gaagrZeloT an Tqven ar gaqvT
arCevani, unda gaagrZeloT.
rogorc ukve xvdebiT, situacia cdis pirebisaTvis Zalze stresuli iyo.
umetesoba protests gamoTqvamda da ganuwyvetliv aRniSnavdnen, rom maT amis
gagrZeleba aRar SeeZloT. is, rom eqsperimentSi Seqmnilma situaciam cdis pirebSi
Zlieri protesti gamoiwvia, naTlad Cans eqsperimentis angariSebidanac:
195 voltiani Sokis Semdeg: xom gesmiT rogor yviris? magaria ra, ar
eleqtroSoki: ho Tu ara?
929
daemorCila avtoritets. arc erTi cdis piri ar SeCerebula 300 voltze nakleb
Zabvaze. moswavleebis mimarT 65%-ma gamoiyena maqsimaluri eleqtro Soki 450
volti. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom maTi umravlesoba sityvierad acxadebda
930
931
moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi
(Demand characteristics)
eqsperimentuli
932
8. Sexebis SesaZlebloba.
9. siaxlove.
10. institucionaluri konteqsti.
adamiani.
avtoriteti
erTi
msxverpli.
15. cdis piri, rogorc mowme.
16. mewyvile
akontrolebs
Sokis
wyaros.
miTiTebebs.
7. avtoriteti daSorebulia.
sur. 18.5. damorCileba milgremis eqsperimentebSi
933
934
935
im
situaciebze,
romlebic,
SesaZloa,
warmoiqmnes
Tqvens
936
visac
rodesac
SeuZlia
arCevani
gaakeTos
danarCenebi mdumared
iboginos.
SesaZloa,
arsebobis
Sesaxeb,
im
gadgebian
faqtma,
romlebic
maRali
rom
zneobrivi
qcevis
sasargeblod,
Tqven
iciT
SesaZlebels
iseTi
xdian
situaciuri
borotebis
Zalebis
banalurobas,
ratom
xdeba, rom garkveul dros da garkveul adgilas adamianTa erTi jgufi iwyebs
adamianTa meore jgufis sistematur ganadgurebas
meore
jgufis
mimarT.
am
paragrafSi
Cven
gavaanalizebT
zogierT
irvin
staubma
(Ervin
Staub,
1989,2000)
Seiswavla
genocidis
sawyisi
wertili
xSirad
sazogadoebis
wevrebis
mZime
cxovrebis
jgufebis
gamijvnis
tendencia.
aseT
SemTxvevaSi,
gare
jgufi
gamodis
937
rolSi
ideologiis
gamoyvana
nawils,
warmoadgenda
romelsac
kulturuli
erTnairad
Tu
iziarebdnen,
politikuri
rogorc
eris
calkeul
incidentebs
mivyavarT
msoflio
samarTlianobaze
fiqramde (Lerner, 1980) anu mosazrebebamde imis Taobaze, rom vinaidan Cven
samarTlian
samyaroSi
vcxovrobT,
daCagrulma
xalxma
raRac
unda
survili misi SeCereba niSnavs aRiaro, rom misi wamowyeba, TavisTavad, iyo
mcdari. metic, rodesac esa Tu is reJimi Zaladobas mimarTavs, sxvaTa
dumili
aRiqmeba
SemTxvevasTan
Tanxmobad,
gvqonda
saqme
rom
im
misi
qmedebebi
eTnikuri
samarTliania.
wmendiT
gamowveul
aseT
xocva-
miuxedavad
masmediaSi
farTo
gaSuqebisa,
ramdenime
wlis
rasac
daerTo
dabombvebi,
romlebsac
aSS
vietnamis
winaaRmdeg
romlebmac
1975
wels
daipyres
dedaqalaqi
pnom
peni,
ipoves
studentebi,
Cinovnikebi,
moRalateebad
gamocxaddnen.
emsaxureboda
ideologiis
imata
profesionalebi,
mkvlelobaTa
ganmtkicebas
da
mkafiod
romlebic
ricxvma,
potenciur
vinaidan
gansazRvruli
es
miznis
938
moZebna.
igive
moments
SegviZlia
Tvali
mivadevnoT
genocidis
ganadgureba.
aRmosavleT
ganvixiloT
germaniaSi,
socialisturi
nacionalur
sistemis
gamokiTxvebSi
rRvevis
asaxuli,
Semdeg,
15-dan
20
mimarT.
am
ganwyobilebebis
safuZveli,
rogorc
da
Turqebi
ikaveben
samuSao
adgilebs,
aRmoCnda,
iyo
riTac
xels
uwyoben
Cven
zemoT
ukve
aRvwereT:
crurwmenebi
da
diskriminaciis
reJimi
mters
gantevebis
vacis
rols
moargebs,
iwyeba
misi
zegavlena
nawilobriv
moicavs
mowinaaRmdegis
jariskacebis
939
sazizRari
mtris
jariskacebi
gaSinagnebuli
fsiqologiurad
xati.
amgvarad,
omis
programirdebian
dros,
mkvlelebad,
axalgazrda
swored
im
cocxali
magaliTia
is
procesi,
romelsac
aSS
ganuwyvetliv
CabeWdviT,
prezident
jorj
buSs
da
sxva
politikur
liderebs
huseini
iqca
hitlerad,
ufro
advili
gaxda
msjeloba
aqtiuri
rom
gatexon
xalxis
neba.
maSinac
ki,
rodesac
omi
dasaxlebuli
es
altruizmis
ukiduresi
gamovlineba
iyos.
gavixsenoT
zemoT
aRniSnuli, rom evoluciuri midgoma ojaxis wevrebis dacvas (anu genebis dacvas)
ganixilavs, rogorc altruizmis mniSvnelovan safuZvels. zogierTi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom adamianebs ojaxsa da ers Soris kavSiri bavSvobidan aqvT
940
da
asaxsnelad,
adamianebi,
varT
YTu
misi
ratom
romlebic
Svilebi.
swiraven
omSi
nuTu
es
adamianebi
midian,
ise
kavSiri
Tavs
axdenen
sakmarisia
imisTvis
samSoblosaTvis?
socialuri
nuTu
realobis
fsiqologiuri
miviRoT
im
faqtorebis
garemoebebis
Sesaxeb
SeswavliT,
damatebiTi
romlebmac
informacia
1992
wels
SegviZlia
serbebi
waaqeza,
da ustaSebs
(xorvatebi)
sakuTari
ojaxisTvis
ucodvelebad
warmodgena
maSinac
ki,
rodesac
agresiuli
moqmedebebis
aramed
msxverplebi.
konfliqtis
gamwvavebasTan
erTad,
serbi
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
isini
ubralo
mkvlelebad
iqcnen,
xeli
mihyves
941
msoflio
interesebs,
rac
maT
agresorebs
aucilebelia
uwodebs
maTi
rom
icaven
gadarCenisa
im
da
mniSvnelovan
individualobis
Zalebi
saSineleblebisaTvis,
qmnian
romlebic
saTanado
amave
konteqsts
konteqstSi
omisaTvis
savsebiT
da
im
mizanSewonilad
gveCveneba.
mSvidobis
Semswavleli
fsiqologebis
mcdelobas,
gamoiyenon
fsiqologiuri
socialuri
fsiqologias
rogor
unikaluri
unda
problemebi.
gadaiWras
amerikis
fsiqologiis
saSualebebi
gamoyenebiT
gaaCnia
nacionaluri
fsiqologTa
Tu
asociacias
im
mSvidobis
sakiTxebis
SenarCuneba.
Sesaswavlad,
internacionaluri
Tu
disharmoniis
gamocemebiT,
romlebic
exeba
Zaladobis
mizezebs,
damangreveli
942
adreuli
mecnieruli
kvleva,
romlebsac
axla
Cven
mSvidobis
qcevebze.
ra
fsiqologiuri
iZulebiT
SeiZleba
aixsnas
germaniaSi
aqcevdnen
morCil
faSisturi
masad.
maTi
ideologiisadmi
avtoritaruli
usityvo
reJimebi
erTgulebiT
safrTxes
uqmnida
pirovnebis
bunebaze
komunikaciis
(Adorno
efeqtebze
et
al.,
1950),
propagandisa
da
jgufis
da
damarwmunebeli
wevrebze,
jgufuri
fsiqologiis
erT-erTi
pioneri
iyo
943
iyvnen
romlebic
10
wlis
erTmaneTs
biWebi
skolis
(romlebic
Semdeg
oTx
patara
xvdebodnen.
jgufad
jgufis
gaaerTianes),
liderebis
rolSi
maTi rotacia.
jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) im jgufuri procesebis kvleva,
met
mtrulobas
avlendnen,
vidre
sxva
stilis
liderobis
Tu
ise
kargi
aRmoCnda.
maTi
saqmianoba
ar
iyo
warmatebuli,
944
produqtiuloba
ki
Zalze
dabali
da
uxarisxo
iyo.
vinaidan
jgufs
wamoiWreboda
gamoxatva.
stils
TiTqmis
mianiWa.
am
ukmayofileba,
yvela
biWma
stilma
SesaZlebeli
upiratesoba
xeli
Seuwyo
iyo
liderobis
jgufisadmi
misi
Riad
demokratiul
loialobas
da
demokratiulma
atmosferos
stilma
sxva
aCvena
Tavisi
formebTan
fsiqologiuri
SedarebiT
da
upiratesoba
bevrad
maRali
Cven
realur
cxovrebaSic
SegviZlia
vnaxoT.
Sesabamisi
tipis
945
demokratiuli
avtoritaruli totalitaruli
mosazrebebis
miRma,
rodesac
mmarTvelobis
demokratiuli
demokratia
iSviaTad
eomeba
meores
gamgeblobis
kvlevebma
moqalaqeni
pirebma
waikiTxes
saerTaSoriso
krizisis
aRwera,
romelic
yureSi.
erTi
eri
SeiWra
meore
eris
saxelmwifoSi,
raTa
qveynad
axasiaTebda:
SeWra
Sefasebuli
iyo,
rogorc
miiRo
(opoziciis
CaTvliT).
aseve,
arapirdapiri
meore
diqtatoris
mier,
xalxis
nebis
gauTvaliswineblad.
cdis
946
SeWras.
vinaidan
scenarebi,
sxva
danarCeni
maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT
demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi
demokratiuli sazogadoebebis
imedi gaqvs
cxovrob,
garkveulwilad,
sxva
daskvna,
romelic
gamovitanoT,
daskvnamde
mivediT
im
liderobis
isaa,
rom
formebTan
demokratia
kvlevebze
dakavSirebuli
yvelaze
dayrdnobiT,
kargad
romlebic
cdebidan
muSaobs.
Caatares
am
patara
da
aseTi
midgoma
dRes
protestantebs
Soris
CrdiloeT
irlandiaSi
urTierTobebis
daTbobis
gamoiyeneba.
mizniT,
1989
TemTaSorisi
urTierTgagebisa
pativiscemis
zrda
da
urTierTobebisa
gansxvavebuli
yvela
da
kooperaciis
kulturuli
ganviTareba;
tradiciebisadmi
Crdilo-irlandiur
politikur
efeqtianobis Sefaseba. es
Sefaseba miuTiTebs, rom aris mcire progresi. oTxi wlis manZilze warmatebad
unda CaiTvalos im pirTa raodenobis Semcireba, romlebic kaTolikeebis mimarT
947
gamoxatavdnen
crurwmenebs
CrdiloeT
(Knox, 1994).
irlandiaSi
mdgomareobis
gamosworebis kidev erTi mcdeloba exeba skolis moswavleebs (Cairns et al., 1995). am
dazaralebul raionebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis umetesoba dadis skolebSi, sadac
umkacresi segregacia xdeba religiuri mrwamsis mixedviT. asea Tu ise, bolo oci
wlis manZilze gaixsna skolebi, sadac protestanti da kaTolike moswavleebi
erTad
swavloben.
romelTa
gamoc
am
siaxlem
TemTaSorisi
ukve
uzrunvelyo
daaxloebis
process
mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi,
ukve SeuZlia
politikuri
calkeuli
mTavrobebs
FfarTod
skolebis
SeuZliaT
gamoyeneba,
(da
doneze
unda
saerTo
romlis
gaakeTon
miznebis
gakeTebac
kidec)
SeiZleba,
TavianTi
miRwevisaTvis
isaa,
rom
SesaZleblobebis
aucilebeli
ormxrivi
problemebis
gadawyvetis
interaqtiul
procesSi
iyvnen
CarTulni,
iseTi
monawileTa
analitikuri
xelSeuxeblobis
diskusiebis
dacva
Catarebis
da
konfidencialoba;
aucilebloba.
garda
aseve,
Ria
da
amisa,Mmonawileebi,
SeTanxmebis
monawileobdnen,
misaRwevad.
rogorc
mesame
saubris
mxris
warmomadgenlebi
fasilitatorebi,
magram
ar
SexvedrebSi
Suamavlobdnen
mxareebs Soris.
kelmanis jgufma es Sexvedrebi maSin wamoiwyo, rodesac saerTod laparakic ki
ar iyo israel palestinis molaparakebebze. Sexvedrebze iseTi garemo iyo
Seqmnili,
rom
mxareebs
uSualo
Sexvedrebis
saSualeba
hqondaT,
rac
farTod
gamoeyenebinaT
948
Zaladoba,
ganmsWvaluli
orive
jgufebi,
regionSi
TavianTi
arsebobs
politikuri,
saomari
ekonomikuri
suliskveTebiT
Tu
religiuri
fsiqologiuri
kvlevebis
Sedegad
mopovebuli
daskvnebis
praqtikuli
morCilebis
Seswavlis
milgremiseul
kvlevebs
meore
msoflio
omTan
metad,
vidre
dispoziciuri
Zalebi
iwveven
avtoritetisadmi
avtoritets,
qceviT
is
mainc
avlenda
misdami
morCilebas.
gantevebis
vacis
rolSi
mkvlelobebis
samizneebi
xdebian.
dehumanizacias.
adamianebi,
romlebic
da
romlebic
liderebi
omSi
sabolood,
xSirad
midian,
masobrivi
cdiloben
xSirad
amas
mtris
realuri
an
mSvidobis
Semswavleli
fsiqologebi
dainteresebulni
arian
im
daadastura
mosazreba,
rom
demokratiis
gafarToeba
msoflio
iqnas
ganmavlobaSi
im
programebis
meSveobiT,
dapirispirebul
mxareTa
gadaWras.
avtoris bolosityvaoba
romlebic
Soris
xels
uwyoben
urTierTobebsa
da
didi
xnis
problemis
949
Cven
davasruleT
mogzauroba,
romelSic
fsiqologia
da
cxovreba
romlebic
fsiqologiiT
dainteresebul
students
elis
win.
vimedovnebT, rom gayvebiT Tqven interess da, metic, SesaZloa, Tqveni wvlilic ki
SeitanoT
fsiqologiis
ganviTarebaSi,
rogorc
mecnierma
mkvlevarma
an
virwmunoT,
momdevno
fazaSi Sesvlas,
mkvlevarebma
prosocialur,
scades
kerZod,
aexsnaT,
altruistul
Tu
ratom
qcevebs
axorcieleben
maSinac
ki,
rodesac
adamianebi
es
maT
interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
adamianebi,
aseve,
imitom
axorcieleben
prosocialur
qcevebs,
rom
950
gansxvavebuli
pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebi
saSualebas
gvaZlevs,
Tumca,
arsebobs
agresiuli
qcevebis
Semakavebeli
faqtorebi,
situacia
frustracias
SeuZlia
agresiamde
migviyvanos;
uSualo
gaRizianebam,
gansxvavebul
kulturebSi
agresiuli
qcevis
gansxvavebuli
normebia
xSirad
uneburma
minimalurma
maCveneblebmac
ki
SeiZleba
biZgi
miscen
stereotipebi
gavlenas
axdens
adamianebis
mier
qcevebisa
da,
saerTod,
informaciis Sefasebebze.
mkvlevarebma
gamoavlines
crurwmenebis
Secvlis
faqtorebi
iseTi
milgremis
morCilebasTan
dakavSirebuli
kvlevebi
iZleva
mniSvnelovan
crurwmenebis
moqmedebis
msgavsma
xangrZlivma
procesebma
SeiZleba
adamianebi
Tavs
swiraven
samSoblosaTvis
TavianTi
ojaxebisa
da
mSvidobis
fsiqologebi
eZeben
gzebs,
raTa
Sewyviton
erebs
Soris
dapirispireba da mtroba.
demokratiuli
mkvlelobebs.
sazogadoebebi,
sul
mcire,
ar
amarTleben
masobriv
951
tradiciul
mtrebs
Soris
urTierTobebis
xelSemwyobi
programebma,
952