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Email. htaywin2005@yahoo.com
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ESpf[k rqdkwwfaomfvnf; a'G;{ua'G;ESifh
wGufcsvdkufv#ifrl ,ckacwf *%ef;wGuf
pufyif cvkwfESdyfrSm;v#if wvGJwacsmf
tajzxG u f a umif ; xG u f v mayOD ; rnf ?
a'G;{ua'G;orm;rsm;uawmh rSm;&ef t
a=umif ; r&S d ? OD ; aES m uf w nf ; [l a om
h xdr;f trSwf *k%ðf ypmrsuEf mS
uGefysLwm. q&mt&if;xHwGif tao
usuf r S w f x m;aoma=umif h wa&;Ed k ; x
wGuv f nf; rSeaf eonfom? xd@k jyif q,fEpS f
atmuf uav;i,fav;rsm;yif jzpfaomf
vnf ; tvG e f t qif h j rif h a om '\ed u
usrf;wapmifjzpfonfh avmueDwdusrf;udk
tvGwu f surf w S cf hJ bl;av+yD? ysi;f &dot
tb,frmS ynm&tHeh nf;/ ynmrJo h tl m; OpPm
tb,frmS &tHeh nf; ponfh Ak'b < mom e,f
y,fwGif tvGefta&;ygaom b0aexdkif
enf; tawG;tac:rsm;udk ygVad &m teufyg
tm*Hkaqmif+yD; jzpfonf? +yD;v#if jrwfpGm
bk&m;. E_wcf ywfawmf atmify0JG if *gxm
awmfjrwfrsm;jzpf=uaom y&dwf}uD; q,fh
wokwu f kd ygVed \ d , E_wif &kH +yD;jzpf.?
Tod@k a=umifyZk eG pf m; u|wu f |w0f g;
vmaom armif a usmf a t;av;onf
avmu"gwfausmif;wGifvnf; xdyfwef;u
xl;c|efaom ausmif;om;jzpfcJhonf? aus;
vuf rl v wef ; rS w qif h òrd @ jyjzpf a om
awmifukwftxufwef;ausmif;odk@ ynm
&ifE@kd qufvufaomufp@kd &ef oGm;onft
wGif awmufrnfhrD;cJ w&J&J qdkbdouJhodk@
awmifuw k t f xufwef;ausmif;rS yOPrwef;
ausmif;om;tm;vHk;xJwGif yxrpGJcJhav
onf? wef;pOf xdyfwef;rS tqifhjrifhjrifh
atmif j rif c J h a om armif a t;ausmf o nf
1955 ckESpfwGif awmifukwf txufwef;
ausmif ; rS q,f w ef ; ud k atmif j rif c J h .
xdak cwf xdu k mvu q,fwef;atmifjcif;
qdkonfrSm tvGef*k%f,lp&maumif;aom
atmifjrifr_}uD;w&yfvnf; jzpfayonf?
a&S;u ,ckuo hJ @kd ratmifr&Sd igw h ynfah cwf
r[kwf? wef;vHk;u|wf atmifjrif=uonf
r[kw?f aoG;tefatmif óud;pm;rS pmppfXme
wcku wa,mufp ESpfa,mufp atmif
aomumvjzpfonf? e,fòrd@pmppfXmersm;
twGuf atmufyg pmajzXmerS atmifjrif
olr&Sdyg[k rSifjzLjzifh atmifpm&if; xGuf
aomumvwGif b*0gausmif;qif;uav;
onf tqifjh rifyh nmudk avhvmoif,b
tajccHtxufwef;udk vGwfvGwf u|wf
u|wf atmifjrifcJhavonf? olESifh twl
atmifjrifcJholrsm;xJrS trSwftrsm;qHk;ESifh
tawmfqHk; yk*~dKvfrSm a':cifodef;jzpf.?
aemifwGif &efukefwuUodkvfY ta&S@wdkif;
ynm (ygV)d XmewGif ygarmuQtjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf? olronf awmifuw
òr@d e,fuikd ;f &Sn&f mG ol&cdik t f rsK;d orD;rSygarmuQ
wOD;vnf;jzpfouJo h @kd q&m}uD;. ausmif;
aebuf oli,fcsif;vnf;jzpfayonf?
q,fwef;atmif+yD;aemuf qufvuf
ynmoif=um;&ef &cdik jf ynfe,f ausmufjzL
òrd@&Sd ausmufjzLaumvdyfwGif ynmawmf
oifqkudk oGm;a&muf av#mufxm;cJhav
onf? odk@aomf ynmawmfoifqkudkum;
r&&SdcJh? xdkacwfu awmom;wa,muf
wuUodkvfynmoif,la&;udpPrSm vG,ful
aom t&mr[k w f a cs? aus;vuf u
rd b q&morm;rsm; taejzif h v nf ;
q,f w ef ; atmif v #if ynmwwf j zpf + yD ?
awmrSm ausmif;q&mvkyv f @kd &+yD? tpd;k &0ef
xrf; vkyfvdk@&+yD? ,if;tqifhonf olwdk@
vufcHauseyfavmufaom taetxm;
wckudk a&muf&Sdav+yD[k rdbtrsm;pku
,lqae=ucsdefwGif q&m}uD;. rdbaqGrsKd;
rsm;u xdo k @kd r[kwcf =hJ u? ynmxl;c|eo f lu
av;udk rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;pkaygif;I ausmif;
qufxm;ay;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uavonf?
q&m}uD;onf ausmufjzLaumvdyf
wGif ESpEf pS cf ef@ynmoifco hJ nf? olavhvmcJh
aom ynm&yf r sm;rS m ord k i f ; / ygVd E S i f h
pdwóf udujf refrmpm wd@k jzpfonf? 1957 ckEpS f
wGif &efuek w f uUov kd o f @kd a&mufaomtcg
“rif;}uD;vm&if
bkef;}uD;vkyfrvm;/
bkef;}uD;vkyfr,fqdk&ifvnf;
pmwwfatmifoif?
pmwwfaywwf
l m; usrf;*efwwfjzpfatmif
vky?f vlvyk rf ,fq&kd if
pmayxl;c|eaf tmif
oif&r,f/ 'grS vl@
atmufwef;rusbl;?
rif;óuuf&ma&G;
b,fvrf;a&G;a&G;
ynmawmh
wwfatmifoif&r,f”
q&m}uD;onf ordkif;ynm&yfudk t"du
bmom&yftjzpf oif,cl . hJ ? ol.q&mrsm;
rSm a'gufwmoef;xGef; OD;xGef;atmifcsdef
paom tvGefxl;c|efonfh ordkif;ynm&Sif
h cg }uD;rsm;jzpfovdk jrefrmpm q&mrsm;wGif
vnf; jrefrmpmay. tvGefxif&Smaom
OD ; armif a rmif } uD ; (rG e f t rsKd ; om;)/
OD;ausmf&if (&cdkiftrsdK;om;) a'goef;aqG/
OD;wifarmifaX; (oHw)JG wd@k jzpf=u.? ygVpd m
aywG i f u m; q&m}uD ; p0f x G e f ; rS w f 0 if ;
jzpfonf? Tq&morm;rsm;onf &efukef
wuUodkvfwGif ynm&ifEdk@ aomufpdk@pOfu
q&m}uD;arhr&Edik af om aus;Zl;&Sif tmp&d
,rsm; jzpf=uayonf? 1959 ckESpfwGif
bDat (ordik ;f ) bG@J u&kd &Scd +hJ yD; 1960 jynfEh pS f
wGif bDat (ordkif;*k%fxl;) bGJ@udk quf
vuf qGwfcl;EdkifcJhonf? q&m}uD;onf
ynmESifhywfoufI avmb}uD;¶Hkr#ru
¶l;oGyfol[kvnf; qdkEdkifygao;onf? ol.
t"d u vrf ; !$ e f r S m qEN m "d y wd / 0d & d , m
"dywd/ pdwWm"dywd/ 0drHom"dywd [laom
jrwfAk'<. rSm=um;csufjzpf.? wuUodkvf
ausmif;om;b0u olaqmif;aom zJxD;
l @kd wGif at;ausmf (B.A, M.A, Ph.D)
a&;xd;k um av#mufomG ;avh&o dS jzifh trsm;
ol i g [m;p&m jzpf c J h y gonf ? od k @ aomf
q&m}uD;um; olwyg; &,foGrf;aoG;onf
udk vH;k 0rr_? *¶kvnf; rpdu k cf ?hJ xdo k @kd a&;xd;k
xm;jcif;onf rdru d , kd u
f kd rdr. d yef;wdik o f @kd
ra&mufa&mufatmif oGm;&ef pdw"f gwcf eG f
k f tm;ay;aejcif ; jzpf o nf [ k ,l q onf ?
olwyg; &,foGrf;aoG;av q&m}uD;rSm
ydkrdkóud;pm;av jzpfcJh&onf? rdrdonf ¶l;I
Tpmwrf ; ud k csd w f q G J x m;jcif ; r[k w f
a=umif; oufaojyEdkif&ef tm;xkwfcJh&
onf? 1960 jy!fhESpfwGif ordkif;XmewGif
enf;jytjzpf pwifwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh
onf? ol. r[m0dZ…mbGJ@pmwrf;twGuf
oH;k ESpwf w
d d jyifqifc&hJ onf? awmom;av;
wa,muftbd@k aiGa=u;tydt k v#H roH;k Edik f
I rdrdzwfvdkaom pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk
olwyg;xHwiG f iSm;&rf;zwf¶c_ &hJ onf? ol@b@JG
twGuf ta&;w}uD;zwfc&hJ aom pmrsm;pGm
xJrS ol&d,owif;pmonf wcktygt0if
jzpf o nf ? 1910 ck E S p f 0ef ; usif u
pwifxkwfa0cJhaom ol&d,ae@pOfowif;
pmrsm;udk OD;wifat;qdkolu vtvdkuf
ESpftvdkuf pHepfwus csKyfum odrf;qnf;
xm;avonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vfonf q&m}uD;tm;
vdkvdkvm;vm; iSm;&rf;cJhygonf? ESpfaygif;
av;ig;q,fpm&Sdaom owif;pm xkyf}uD;
rsm;udk q&m}uD;onf rysi;f r&d r+iD;raiG@bJ
oHk;ESpf=umatmif &ufrysuf zwf¶_cJhav
onf ? Tr#rsm;jym;vS a om owif ; pm
apmifa& axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk wapmifr
usef tptqHk; qufwdkufzwfjzpfolrSm
jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;xJrS q&m}uD;wa,mufu
vGv J #if &St d rhH xif?
1963 ckESpfwGif r[m0dZ…m (ordkif;)
bGJ@udk atmifjrifcJhygonf? q&m}uD;onf
jrefrmhacwfopfordkif;udk rsuf0g;xifxif
awG@jrifcJhbl;aom ouf&Sdordkif;[kqdku
vnf ; rS m ;tH h r xif y g? enf ; jyb0wG i f
OD;ae0if;. vufoHajymifvSaom emrnf
ausmf wuo taqmuftOD rdik ;f AH;k azmufcJG
pOfu wuUov kd tf 0dik ;f t0ef;wGif ud, k wf ikd f
&Scd o hJ rl @kd rsujf rif'Xd jzpf&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGm
ajymjyEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf?
xd@k aemuf q&m}uD;onf wm0eft&
armfvòrdif'D*&Daumvdyf awmif}uD;'D*&D
aumvd y f y nma&;wuU o d k v f &ef u k e f
wuUodkvfwdk@wGif vS!fhvnfI pmayydk@cs
oif=um;ay;cJyh gonf? armfvòrdiw f iG f aepOf
wke;f u weoFm&DtrsK;d om; ausmif;aqmif
wGif taqmifrª;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhygonf?
q&m}uD;ESihf twl waqmifwnf;aeolrsm;
rSm ,cktcg jrefrmjynfwiG f tvGex f if&mS ;
ausmf = um;aom q&mOD ; atmif o if ; /
OD;xGe;f jrifh (wuUov kd f rif;armf) ESihf aemif
wGif tqifjh rifyh nmOD;pD;XmewGif !$e=f um;
a&;rª;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom
q&m}uD ; OD ; apmvG i f w d k @ jzpf = uonf ?
xdk@aemuf awmif}uD;wuUodkvfodk@ a&G@
ajymif;wm0efxrf;aqmif&m emrnfausmf
pma&;q&m}uD ; wOD ; jzpf a om q&m
OD;cifarmifwifh (wuUov kd f bke;f Edik )f ordik ;f
ynm&Siw f OD;jzpfaom a':eDejD rifh (aemifwiG f
OD ; ae0if ; uawmf jzpf v mol ) wk d @ ES i f h
&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifcJhygonf? awmif}uD;wuU
odv k w f iG f pmayoif=um;yd@k csay;&if; jrefrm
Edik if t H rsK;d om;ynma&;ordik ;f udk a&;om;cJh
ygonf? q&m}uD;. 0goemrSm rvkyv f #if
rvky/f vkyrf v d #iv f nf; tpGr;f ukef tifwu kd f
tm;wdu k f pHepfwusvyk w f wfaom tusihf
&Syd gonf? Tpmtkyu f dk ðypkaepOf vkyaf zmf
udkifzuf q&mq&mrrsm;u okawoe
tvkyfjzifh ¶_yfaxG;aeaom q&m}uD;udk
tydkawG vkyfraeygeJ@ at;at;aeprf;yg?
cif A sm;yd k v k y f v d k @ vnf ; xrif ; ES p f x yf b J
pm;EdkifrSm[k vmajymavh&Sd=uaomfvnf;
q&m}uD;um; &nfrSef;csuf }uD;rm;olyDyD
rdrdtvkyfudk taumif;qHk;vkyfavh&Sdojzifh
bmbJvyk v f yk f atmifjrifrt _ xGwt f xdyu f kd
a&muf c J h o nf c snf ; om? ,if ; pmtk y f u k d
1971 ck E S p f t wG u f trsKd ; om;pmayqk
csD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&ygonf? xdk@aemuf EdkifiHjcm;
ynmawmfoif v$wf&eftwGuf av#muf
v$ m ac:cJ h a yonf ? ajzqd k r !f h o l r sm;rk m
jref r mwEd k i f i H v H k ; twd k i f ; twmt&
oH;k axmif&adS yonf? OD;ae0if;vufxufu
Ed k i f i H j cm; ynmawmf o if q k qk d o nf r S m
tvG e f & awmif h & cJ a om 'k v † b w&m;
wck j zpf a yonf ? vl w d k i f ; vd k c sif a om
qkwckvnf; jzpf.? q&m}uD;um; i,fpOf
 q&m}uD;a'guw
f mat;ausmf touf 70 jynft
h xdr;f trSwf *k%ðf ypmrsuEf mS &cdik t
f rsK;d om;owif;pm Zefe0g&v
D 2008 ckEpS f pmrsuEf mS 9
olwum &,foGrf;aoG;cHI xD;wacsmif; rnfvm;[k ar;vmcJo h jzifh q&m}uD;onf q&m}uD; ygarmuQa'gufwmat;ausmf a& æ ol (od@k r[kw)f
wGif Ph.D [laom bG@J uakd &;um pdwu f ;l &mxl;rSE_wfxGufcJhayonf?
&cdik t f rsK;d om;wdxu J txifu& yk*Kd~ vfwa,muf jzpfyga&/ &cdik v f rl sK;d wdtm;vH;k ordkif;*k%fa&mifajymifwJhol
wGif a&;qGJcJhaomtdrfrufonf trSefw jypfr_usL;vGefoludk jypf'%frusapbJ
twk,l wefz;kd xm;oifah & yk*Kd~ vfx;l / yk*Kd~ vfjrwfwa,muf.
u,f jzpfvm&ef vrf;pawG@+yD;jzpfI t&if tjypf r usL;vG e f o l r sm;ud k axmif c s?
*k%ft*F geef@vnf;jynfhpHkyga&? q&m}uD;eef@wdGwdkif;/ pum;ajymjzpfwdkif; ol
xuf tqrsm;pGm óud;pm;cJhygonf? The jy\emudk ajy+idr;f atmif jzefajzay;oltm;
usaemf¶@kd vil ,fwu d kd t+rJwrf; qH;k r=o0g' yD;wwfyga&? &cdkifjynfe,f&Jh &Gmi,fav;rSm
Nation owif;pmESifh The Guardian &mxl;cs tjypfay;aom pHepfatmufu
,if;txJu tm;vH;k eef@ oifah wmfz@kd xifa& q&m}uD;. qH;k r=o0g' pum;w rxifr&Sm; arG;zGm;cJah yrJh
owif;pmyg t,f'w D mhtmabmf acgi;f }uD; wuUodkvfonfvnf; ynmuef;aeaom
cGe;f udk q&m}uD;ud, k pf m;/ q&m}uD; rD;G ede@f rmS ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh &nf&,
G cf sujf rifrh m; óud;pm;cJo
h rl kd h
ydik ;f rsm;ukd }udrzf efrsm;pGm a&;om;avhusihf t&yf[, k q l um tvGew f &m jrwfE;kd wG,f
ud, k w f ikd ef m;axmifciG hf r&vdu k uf wfaw &cdik o f /l &cdik o
f m;tm;vH;k udk wqifh ud, k yf ikd o
f wd t+rJay;vdk h
tm;xkwfcJhonf? wmcJ h a om wuU o D v m jru|ef ; omud k
ajym=um;csifyga&? &nfrSef;csufawG jznfhcJhw,f//
Edik if jH cm;ynmawmfoiftwGuf ajzqdk ausmcdkif;cJh&ayonf? odk@aomf q&m}uD;
,if;csiu hf awmh “qENm"dy"d” qdak & pum;jzpfyga&?
aom atmif p m&if ; xk w f j yef a omtcg um; rqv ,E &W m;xJu ckid ;f aumif;¶Ho k m
t"dyg` ,u f awmh “ud, k t f jzpfcsiqf ;kH qENwckukd pdwrf mS ppJrG +rJ rSwAf smvf ol
q&m}uD ; onf ajzqd k o l oH k ; axmif . avhusio hf if=um;ay;xm;aom bG@J & ynm
rqkwrf epfvyk v f m;au jzpfujkd zpfaw” vd@k q&m}uD;u ol@b0eef@,OS yf em b0vrf; tauG@tajymif;
xdyq f ;kH u eHygww f pfpI JG yxr &cJah vonf? rwwf trsKd;tpm;xJu r[kwfI rqv
t+rJwrf;ajymjywwfyga&? i,fpOfup ynm&SmcJo h rl kd h
awmom;av;. tdrfrufonf trSefyif u tvk y f ð zwf v d k u f a omf v nf ; uH q d k ;
,if;Zl;eef@ &cdik o f /l &cdik o
f m;tm;vH;k ud, k ¶f @kd Zmudk vdck siuf wfawvJqkd óud;pm;or#t&mxifcJh&
taumiftxnfay:cJhav+yD? ynmoifqk rdk;arSmifusjcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ “a=umifukd
pGmudk pdwrf mS pJAG smvf q&m}uD;qH;k r=o0g' yD;a&twdik ;f rdrt d usK;d ordik ;f ynm ygarmuQ
&+yD;aemuf =opa=w;vs Edik if &H edS mrnfausmf ig;ajcmufyHkay:odk@ ypfcsvdkufonfESifhom
twGufaomf‚if; udk,fhwdkif;jynf/ udk,fhvlrsKd;tusdK;twGufaomf‚if;/ ol@ordkif; ol@vlrsKd;twGuf
rdek mh(cs)f wuUov kd Yf yg&*lb@JG ukd wufa&muf tvm;o¿mef wlavawmhonf?” rsm;
vkyfaqmifEdkifuwfygpDvdk@ q&m}uD;rDG;edef@rSm q&m}uD;udk,fpm; *k%fwifcJhw,f//
oif=um;cJyh gonf? 1978 ckEpS w f iG f q&m}uD; r=umrD xdkif;EdkifiH zm,ufwuUodkvfodk@
vufqifhurf;qENðyvdkufyga&? ?
tifrwefvv kd m;cJah om ordik ;f ynmqdik &f m ygarmuQ&mxl;jzifh oGm;a&muf tr_xrf;cJ&h
q&m}uD; oufawmf&mausm&f n S yf gpD æ ol
yg&*lb@JG ukd rdek mh(cs)f wuUov kd rf S atmifjrif ayonf? jru|e;f ndKndKwuUov kd rf S cGcJ mG cJ&h
cdik xf eG ;f xGe;f (aemfa0) rif;qd;k rif;npf tkycf sKyfwhJ acwfrmS
pGmqGwfcl;EdkifcJhygonf? q&m}uD;i,fpOfu aomfvnf; 0rf;enf;p&mr&SdbJ ynmudk ynm&Sud kd tvdrk &So
d rdk h
rdrdvdkvm;csufudk trsm;wum tavSmif ynmESifhwlatmif avhvmqnf;yl;olrsm;
q&m}uD; a'gufwmat;ausmf &&Scd ahJ ombG@J rsm; Ekid if u
H cGm urBm}uD;&Jh wpfae&mrSm
ajymifcI H a&;xm;cJah om rdred mrnfaemuf oif=um;jyoolrsm;&Sd&m urBmhwuUodkvf
(1) B.A ( History and Religion ) &efuek w f uUovkd ?f 1959 ordkif;wm0ef jznfhqnf;aew,f//
em;u bG@J rsm;tm;vH;k ukd ydik q f ikd f odr;f ydu k Ef ikd f rsm;od@k ajcOD;vSnchf iG &hf cJah yonf? tu,fI
cJyh gonf? tydak qmif;onft h aejzifh Oya' rqvu &mxl;rS rz,f&Sm;cJhaomf tifr (2) B.A ( Honors) Oriental History. &efuek w f uUov kd f 1960
(3) M.A (History of Asia) &efuek w f uUov
kd f 1964 ol
ynmbG@J wckuykd if t&,lvu kd yf gao;onf? wef atmhESvHk;emp&maumif;aom etz
(4) B.L ( law) &efuek w f uUov kd f 1966 ordik ;f wm0ef r+iD;raiG h
q&m}uD;ordkif;ynmudkom wwfonfr ppftkyfpk vufatmufu wuUodkvf[k
(5) Ph.D (History of Southeast Asia) Monash University. Vic.
jrefrmausmif;om;awGomru
[kwf? Oya'ynmudkvnf; aumif;rGefpGm qdik ;f bkwcf sw d xf m;aomfvnf; wuUov kd .f
Australia. (rdek mhcsw
f uUovkd /f =opa=w;vs/ 1979) urBmhausmif;om;awGtwGuf
oif , l w wf a jrmuf x m;ol jzpf o nf ? tESpfom& bmwckrSr&Sdaom t&yfwGif }uD;rm;wJh arwWm q&m
vl@b0qdo k nfum; tpOfojzifh acsmarG@ae tpdrf;0wf ppfaumifrsm;. trdef@tm%m
q&m}uD;a'gufwmat;ausmf a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo
h nfh pmtkypf mwrf; tcsK@d ol *h %
k af &mifajymifco hJ rdk h
wwf a om yef ; arG @ &m a&$ a umf a Zm atmuf r S m ynm&S i f ynm&S d b 0uae q&m
r[kwfwwf=u? wcsdefr[kwf wcsdefawmh ynmao ynmwwf tem;jymb0od k @ (1) Shan Tradition and Culture (in Burmese) Co- author vlrsKd;eJ@EdkifiHtwGuf
cvkww f u kd vf &JS ef acsmif;aeaom tukov kd f t&Siv f wfvwf b0ajymif;cJ&h ayrnf? xdik ;f published by Burma Socialist program Party, Rangoon. 1968 q&mcspw f hJ ordik ;f xJrmS
w&m;onf tvpfuakd pmifah e.? rdrq d ENukd Edik if w
H iG f pmayoif=um;ay;ae&if; tquf (2) A History of National Education in Burma (in Burmese) q&mhemrnf *k%fwifygw,fq&m//
jynfah jrmuf atmifjrifatmif taumift toG,af umif;rsm;&&Sv d mum tar&duef&dS Rangoon. Pale Sape. 1970. This book was awarded the National
xnf azmfEikd cf o hJ nft h jyif wuUov kd af jrudk aumfeJvfwuUodkvfwGif ygarmuQ tjzpf Literary First Prize by the Government of Burma in 1971. (ordkif;ygarmuQ q&m}uD;a'gufwmat;
(3) Arakanese Tradition and Culture (in Burmese) (Co-author) ausmf touf(70)jynfh
published by Burma Socialist Program Party, Rangoon. 1973 arG;ae@trSwfw&)
“ightazrSmcJhwm&Sdw,f? (4) On the birth of Modern Family Law in Burma and Thailand q&mtouf&mausmf&Snfygap?
ighom;jzpfcsifwJhtm¶Hkudk Southeast Asian Studies Program. Singapore June 1990
rysuaf peJ@w/hJ tJ'g (5) The Voice of young, Burma Southeast Asia Program Cornell &nfreG x
f yd x
f m; (rJaqmuf- xdik ;f Edik if )H
University. March 1993
q&m}uD; ESv;kH om;rSm
(6) Code and Custom in Burma and Thailand. To be published
oHrEd_ u
S o
f vdk pGaJ ewJh by Kiscadale, Scotland. 1993 tkwf*lrvdkyg
t&mbJ”
G cf ahJ om &mxl; wm0efrsm; a'gufwmat;ausmf oleJ@usaemfu w&Gm
q&m}uD; a'gufwmat;ausmf wm0ef,al qmif&u
wnf;om;? &yfaqGrsK;d &GmaqGrsK;d ºuGm;wm
1962-80 Lecturer in the Department of History, University of
Rangoon, Rangoon
awmhr[kwf? &Sufawmif &Sufrdygw,f?
1980- 82 Practicing Lawyer, Rangoon, Burma olu tar&duefEikd if rH mS ygarmuQ/ usaemf
eif;bl; ajccsbl;olwdkif; pGJvef;wG,fwm wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef tcGio hf mcJah vonf? u tar&duefEdkifiHrSm ausmif;om;awmif
1982-84 Associate Professor in the Department of History Payap
wwf=uonfh uHhaumfòrdifwef;/ t"dywd xd k @ aemuf ajrmuf y d k i f ; tD v D E G d K uf University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. rjzpfEdkifao;ygbl;?
vrf;/ bG@J EiS ;f obif/ opfyw k yf ifEiS hf *syq
f iftkd wuUodkvf/ e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfwdk@wGif 1984-89 Fellow/ Lecturer in the Department of Modern olu usaemhu f kd r=umc%ajymw,f/
eHab;rSm vlvmav#mufvSrf;&if; wynfh ygarmuQ w m0ef r sm;ud k xrf ; &G u f u m Language and Linguistics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
1991-92 Special Translator, Department of Sanskrit, Harvard
igaowJ h t cg igh t ¶d k ; awG u d k 'G g &m0wD
rsm;udk ynmEdk@csKdwdkufau|;um xm0& jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;. q&m}uD;jzpf&Hk oH w G J ò rd @ e,f ivH k ; armf a usmuf p mteD ;
University.
&efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;}uD; vkyf omru Ed k i f i H w umausmif ; om;rsm;. wef;vGaJ csmif; wbufurf;&Sd odraf wmfysH
1993-95 Assistant Professor of Asian Studies
awmh r nf [ k awG ; &if ; =unf E l ; aeom q&m}uD;ygjzpfcJh&avonf? q&m}uD;onf School of Continuing Education awmifay:rSm tkw*f el @J xm;ygw?hJ q&m}uD;
q&m}uD;. b0xJodk@ 1980 jynfhESpfwGif pmayoif=um;ydk@csay;¶Hkr#ru EdkifiHjcm;rS Division of Adult Degree Program cifAsm;? q&m}uD; pmayb0jzwfoef;r_ESifh
&efuek w f uUov kd f a&$bakd qmifwiG f &ckid jf ynf jref r mbmomjzif h xk w f v $ i f h a eaom New York University, New York
1996-99 Associate Professor of Asian Studies
trsK;d om;a&; tpOftvmwd@k ukd jynfov l l
e,f ajrmufOD;òrd@rS &ckdifausmif;om;wOD; a&'D,t kd pDtpOfrsm;wGiv f nf; jrefrmvli,f xktrsm;u todtrSwðf y+yD; av;pm;qJyg?
1997-2004 Editorial Consultant, Radio Free Asia ( Burmese
jzpfonfh pdex f eG ;f cdik f "g;xd;k cH&+yD; aoqH;k r_u rsm; tusKd;&Sd&m &Sda=umif;udk tvsOf;oifh q&m}uD;rSm ouf&x dS if&mS ; &Sad eqJjzpfojzifh
Service)
0ifa&mufvmcJhygonf? 0if;rif; trnf&Sd ovdk a[majymyd@k csv#u&f o dS nf? q&m}uD; *k % f a &mif r !_ d k ; EG r f ; bJ jynf o l @ buf u
Armausmif;om;u vli,fcsi;f &efjzpf&mwGif ,ckuo hJ @kd atmifjrifvmatmif pGr;f aqmif yg0ifaqmif&u
G cf hJ aqmif&u
G q
f J tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf wm0efrsm; &yfwnf+yD; jynfo@l tusKd ;jyKpmayrsm; trsK;d
"g;jzifh tvpfacsmif;xd;k I &ckid af usmif;om; Edik af om v#K@d 0u S cf surf sm;pGmxJu b,f[m om;a&; tusK;d ðyvkyif ef;rsm;udk a&;om;ðypk
aoqHk;&um jy\emay:cJh&onf? &cdkif u q&m}uD;udk t"du tm;ay;aecJyh govJ (1) Director, Students Residential Life
Moulmein Degree College. 1963-66 vkyaf qmifco hJ l jzpfaoma=umifh tkw*f rl vdk
ausmif;om;rsm;u rauseyfI qlqlylyl vd@k ar;jref;=u!fah omtcg olu “ightaz (2) Director, Students Residential Life yg? jynfolrsm; ESvHk;om[m q&m}uD;t
vkyv f m=u&m pD;yGm;a&;wuUov kd f ygarmuQ rSmcJhwm&Sdw,f? ighom;jzpfcsifwJhtm¶Hkudk Taunggyi Degree College. 1968- 63 wGuf tkw*f yl rm &Sad erSmyg?
csKyf a'gufwmcifarmif!Gef@u tultnD rysufapeJ@wJh/ tJ'g q&m}uD; ESvHk;om;rSm (3) President. The Arakanese Students Association University of
awmif ; I ausmif ; om;rsm;t=um;wG i f oHrEd_ uS o f vdk pGaJ ewJh t&mbJ” [k jyefajzcJh Rangoon. 1959-63/ 1978-80 cdik rf sK;d ol (rav;&Sm;)
jzpfyGm;cJhaom ra=ueyfr_rsm;udk q&m}uD; onf? wcsed u f aus;vufwiG f yifyef;cufcJ (4) Founder/ Member of the Central Committee Universities
Ethnic Students Federation, Rangoon ( Faculty position for the
a'guw f mat;ausmu f 0ifa&muf jzefajzI pGm ynmoifc&hJ aom q&m}uD;onf ,ckol student organization)
jy\emrD;udk at;+idr;f apcJo h nf? od@k aomf wwfEikd af om tcsed w f iG f ud, k &hf yfu,
kd &hf mG rS qlyu
G af eaom ESv;kH om;rsm;
(5) Adviser to the Arakan League for Democracy 2000 to date.
rat;cJhonfrsm;uawmh "g;xdk;r_usL;vGef ynmoifcsiaf omfvnf; ynmroif Edik &f mS (6) President, America-Burma Institute, Inc., New York. 1998 to
aom vli,fav;rsm;udk taxmuftyHh date. qmavmifaewJholawGudk +idrf;csrf;a&;
onfh ausmif;om; 0if;rif;udk rnfonfh
ay;I tar&duefwuUodkvfrsm;wGif ynm (7) President/ Director The Burma Action Committee, New York. w&m;awGodyfra[mygeJ@?
ta&;,lrr_ sK;d rS rðyvkyb f J &ckid af usmif;om;
1966 to date. qlylw,fqdkwm +idrf;csrf;csifvdk@yg?
(12) a,mufudk qlyrl j_ zifh axmif'%f ESpEf pS f oifay;vdkpdwf wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufaeyg (8) Vice –President, The Burma Buddhist Association. New
pD csrSwfcJhayonf? xdk@jyif Tjy\emESifh onf? q&m}uD;um; ZGJvHk@tusKd;a=umif; York. 1993-95.
ywfoufI q&m}uD;a'gufwmat;ausmf trSeyf if òcH=um;rS bHzk sm;od@k wufvrS ;f Edik cf hJ (9) Vice-President, Buddhist Rakhaing Cultural Association Adv
k pf H (u|e;f om;)
tm; tvkyrf S E_wx f uG rf nfvm; &mxl;cscH oljzpfygonf? U.S.A. 1996 to date.
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f rsK;d om;owif;pm Zefe0g&v
D 2008 ckEpS f q&m}uD;a'guw
f mat;ausmf touf 70 jynft
h xdr;f trSwf *k%ðf ypmrsuEf mS

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