LLLLLL

MACALUDAS, DAYNALYN T.
ESPANOLA, CHARLES ANGEL

CEBRERO, SHAINA MARIE
ILIGAN, KRYZELLE ALTHEA
BENITEZ, ESTELLA MARIE
MODYUL SA MGA BARAYTI AT
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
Republic of the Philippines

Fatima, General Santos City
KOLEHIYO NG AGHAM PANLIPUNAN AT
HUMANIDADES DEPARTAMENTO NG FILIPINO
Ikalawang Semestre – Akademikong Taon 2020-2021
KURSO MGA BARAYTI AT BARYASYON NG WIKANG FILIPINO

(Course)
YUNIT
(Chapter)
PAMAGAT NG
ARALIN Mga Teoryang Pangwika/Pangkultura
(Lesson Title) (Variability Concept (Labov)
Pagkatapos ng talakayan ay inaasahan na matatamo ng mga

mag-aaral ang mga sumusunod na layunin:
LAYUNIN NG
ARALIN  Matalakay ang Teoryang pangwika/pangkultura na binuo ni
(Lesson Objectives) William Labov.
 Malaman at maunawaan ang variability concept.
 Mabigyan ng halimbawang pananaliksik ang variability
concept.
Matutunghayan sa modyul na ito ang teoryang pangwika ni

William Labov, tungkol sa Variability concepts. Matatalakay rin ang
LAGOM NG
ilan sa pananaliksik na pansektoral na tungkol sa teoryang pag-
PANANAW aaralin.
(Overview/Introduction)
PAGGANYAK
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
PAGSUSURI
(Analysis)
WILLIAM LABOV
 Si Labov ay ipinanganak
noong Disyembre 4, 1927, at
PAGLALAHAD lumaki siya sa New Jersey.
(Abstraction)  Nag-aral sa Harvard
University at nakakuha ng
kanyang degree sa Ingles at
Pilosopiya noong 1948.
 Matapos ang hindi na matagumpay na pagtatangka na
magkaroon ng karera bilang isang manunulat, kumuha siya
ng posisyon sa bisnes ng kanyang pamilya, Ang Union Ink
Company, bilang isang chemist na dalubhasa sa pagbuo ng
mga tinta para sa komersyal na aplikasyon tulad ng silk-
screening (Labov, 2001a).
 Noong 1961, bumalik siya sa paghabol ng kanyang
akademiko at nagumpisang nagtapos ng trabaho sa Columbia
University, na pinili ang larangan ng Lingguwistika bilang pag-
aaral. Noam Chomsky at ang iba pang mga theorist ay
kamakailan lamang nagpasigla ng disiplina, kaya si Labov ay
kinuha niya ang oportunidad na maka ambag ng mga bagong
paraan ng pag-iisip tungkol sa wika. Natapos niya ang
master’s degree at doctorate sa ilalim ng direksyon ni Uriel
Weinreich, isang iskolar ng Yiddish na dalubhasa sa pag-
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
aaral ng pakikipag-ugnay sa wika.
 William Labov is a leading scholar in the field of
sociolinguistics. He has explored a broad range of topics
during his career, and he is widely known for the study of
language variation and change. The research paradigm
that he pioneered is known as variationist sociolinguistics.
Variationist sociolinguistics
- A central doctrine of this field holds that variation is

inherent to linguistic structure. The way a language is spoken
(and written) differs across individuals as well as across
situations encountered by the same individual. Labov argued
that such differences are not only normal but also necessary
to a language’s functioning.
VARIABILITY CONCEPT
 Pananaw ni William Labov sa Variability Concept
Sa pagkakaroon ng ibat ibang varayti / register / anyo ng wika

nagreresulta ito sa pananaw na pagkakaroon ng herarkiya ng wika.
Tinawag ito ni Bernstein (1972) na Deficit-Hypothesis, na batay sa
mga obserbasyon niya sa mga nag-aaral sa elementarya sa ilang
paaralan sa England. Nakita niya na may magkaibang -katangian
ang wika ng mga batang mula sa mahihirap na kalagayan. Nakita
niya na may katangiang masuri at abstrak (elaborated code) ang
wika ng una at detalyado at deskriptibo (restricted code) naman sa
huli.
Ang pananaw na ito ay hindi sinang-ayunan ni Labov (1972)
sa dahilang nagbubunga ng pagtinging di pantay-pantay sa wika
ang ganitong pagtingin. Itinaguyod niya ang konseptong
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
varyabilidad ng wika (variability concept). Sa paniwala niya,
natural na penomenon ang pagkakaiba-iba ng anyo at
pagkakaroon ng varayti ng isang wika. At mahalagang tingnan
nang pantay-pantay ang mga varayting ito - walang mababa,
walang mataas. Ang paniwalang ito ay makabuluhan sa ating
pagtuturo ng Filipino kaugnay ng iba pang wika sa iba't ibang
rehiyon.
Within the broad field of sociolinguistics, Labov developed a
research paradigm known as the study of language variation and
change, or variationist sociolinguistics. One of the hallmarks of
this approach is its reliance on empirical observation of language in
use. The linguistic data analyzed come from more or less authentic
discourse contexts. Broadly speaking, the goal of variationist
research is to uncover patterns in the use of variable linguistic
forms. Quantitative methods are essential in revealing such
patterns because usage is typically a matter of the relative
frequency of one form versus a competing form rather than a
categorical preference.
The term linguistic variation (or simply variation) refers to

regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a
particular language is used. Variation between languages, dialects,
and speakers is known as interspeaker variation. Variation within
the language of a single speaker is called intraspeaker variation.
All aspects of language (including phonemes, morphemes,
syntactic structures, and meanings) are subject to variation.
Variation in language use among speakers or groups of speakers is
a notable criterion or change that may occur in pronunciation
(accent), word choice (lexicon), or even preferences for
particular grammatical patterns. Variation is a principal concern
in sociolinguistics. It has been discovered that variation is
typically the vehicle of language change." (Pooria Barzan &
Behnam Heydari, 2019).
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Variationist Theory
 Pinangunahan ni William Labov (1971), isang

Amerikanong linggwista na nag- impluwensya sa mga
metadolohiya sa linggwistika.
 Ang teoryang ito ay naniniwala na ang madalas na
pagbigkas ng isang tiyak na salita o mga salita ay
tumutugon sa pokus ng diskurso.
 Binibilang ang dalas na gamit sa wika upang masuri ang
kalikasan ng diskurso.
 Nakapokus sa baryasyon ng wikang ginagamit ng mga
taong sangkot sa isang diskurso; kinapapalooban ito ng
pagkakaiba sa tono, intonasyon, gamit ng salita gayon din
ang estrukturang panggramatika ng isang ispiker.
 Sabi ni Lavov, ang mga tagapagsalita ay gumagamit ng
iba’t ibang porma upang masabi ang isang kahulugan.
Ang pagbabago sa wika ay bunga ng impluwensya ng
sosyal at kultural na factor na maaaring resulta ng kontak
at panghihiram, o bunga ng imahinasyon ng isip ng tao
para sa mga teoristang ito ay may kasaysayan din ang
pagkakalikha ng mga salitang bumubuo sa isang wika.
Ang pangunahing kaalaman na ang mga tao ay
gumagamit ng iba’t ibang wika, at ng iba’t ibang varayti ng
wikang iyon at ang paggamit ng wikang iyon ay
nagbibigay ng iba’t ibang kahulugan.
The term linguistic

variation (or simply
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
variation) refers to
regional, social, or
contextual
differences in the ways
that a particular
language is used.
Variation between
languages,
dialects, and speakers is
known as interspeaker
variation. Variation
within the language of
a single speaker is
called intraspeaker
variation. All aspects
of language (including
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
phonemes, morphemes,
syntactic structures,
and meanings) are
subject to variation.
Variation in language
use among speakers or
groups of speakers is a
notable criterion or
change that may occur
in pronunciation
(accent), word choice
(lexicon), or even
preferences for
particular grammatical
patterns. Variation is a
principal concern in
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
sociolinguistics. It has
been discovered that
variation is typically the
vehicle of language
change."
The term linguistic
contextual
that a particular
language is used.
Variation between
languages,
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
a single speaker is
called intraspeaker
and meanings) are
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
in pronunciation
(lexicon), or even
preferences for
vehicle of language
change."
The term linguistic
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
contextual
that a particular
language is used.
Variation between
languages,
a single speaker is
called intraspeaker
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
and meanings) are

in pronunciation
(lexicon), or even
preferences for
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO

vehicle of language
change."
The term linguistic
contextual
that a particular
language is used.
Variation between
languages,
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO

a single speaker is
called intraspeaker
and meanings) are
in pronunciation
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
(lexicon), or even
preferences for
vehicle of language
change."
The term linguistic
contextual
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
that a particular
language is used.
Variation between
languages,
a single speaker is
called intraspeaker
and meanings) are
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
in pronunciation
(lexicon), or even
preferences for
vehicle of language
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
change."
The term linguistic
contextual
that a particular
language is used.
Variation between
languages,
a single speaker is
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
called intraspeaker
and meanings) are
in pronunciation
(lexicon), or even
preferences for
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
vehicle of language
change."
he term linguistic
contextual
that a particular
language is used.
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
Variation between
languages,
a single speaker is
called intraspeaker
and mea
Mga Halimbawang Pananaliksik na ginamitan ng
Teoryang Variability Concept
Ang pananaliksik nina Macatabon at Calibayan (2016) na

may pamagat na “Varayti at Varyasyon ng Wikang B’laan sa
Bacong, Tulunan, Hilagang Cotabato at Lampitak, Tampakan,
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
Timog Cotabato, Philippines“ ay isang magandang halimbawa
rito. Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na alamin ang varayti at varyasyon
ng wikang B’laan sa dalawang munisipalidad. Saklaw ng pag-aaral
na ito ang mga B’laan na nakatira lamang sa barangay Bacong,
Tulunan, Hilagang Cotabato at Lampitak, Tampakan, Timog
Cotabato. Nakabatay ang pag-aaral na ito sa teoryang variationist
ni Lavov et al (1968), na ang wika ay lagi nang may pagbabago.
Ang iba’t ibang paraan ng pagsasabi ng isang bagay ay maaaring
makita sa lebel ng grammar, sa varayti ng wika, sa iba’t ibang istilo,
dayalekto at rejister ng wika na gamit ng bawat indibidwal na
tagapagsalita sa iba’t ibang lugar at panahon.
Pangkalahatang layunin ng pag-aaral na ito na alamin ang

varayti at varyasyon ng wikang B’laan sa Bacong,Tulunan,Hilagang
Cotabato at Lampitak, Tampakan,Timog Cotabato. Sinagot ang mga
sumusunod na katanungan: (1) Ano ang varayti ng wikang
B’laan? (2) May varyasyong leksikal at morpolohikal ba ang
wikang B’laan sa Bacong, Tulunan, Hilagang Cotabato at
Lampitak, Tampakan, Timog Cotabato? (3) Ano ang sanhi ng
pagkakaroon ng varayti at varyasyon ng wikang B’laan?
Pamaraang deskriptibo o palarawan na nilapatan ng pagsusuring
istruktural at sosyolinggwistikal ang ginamit sa pag-aaral.
Ang mga B’laan ay kalimitang naninirahan sa mga

bulubundukin ng Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Saranggani, at Sultan
Kudarat. Sila ay isa sa mga “minority ethnic groups” na
kasalukuyang pangatlo sa malalaking kultural minority na
naninirahan sa kapuluan ng Mindanao. Sa kasalukuyan ang mga
B’laan na naninirahan sa Mindanao ay may bilang na humigit
kumulang sa 450,000. Nahahati ito sa iba’t ibang bayan na sakop ng
Mindanao, gaya ng Tampakan sa lalawigan ng Timog Cotabato.
Ang mga B’laan ay nahahati sa dalawang subgroups ang “To
Lagad” o highlanders na naninirahan sa kabundukan ng Davao del
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BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
Sur, South Cotabato, North Cotabato at Sultan Kudarat at ang “To
Baba” o lowlanders na naninirahan naman sa mga dalampasigan ng
Saranggani, General Santos City at sa ibang bahagi ng Davao del
Sur. Karamihan sa kanila ay mga To Lagad.
Ang wikang B’laan ay may dalawang varayti ang To Lagad at

To Baba na kung saan ang To Lagad o highlanders ay mga B’laan
na nakatira sa mga kabundukan ng Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat at
iilang bahagi ng Davao del Sur. Sila ay likas na malumanay kung
magsalita samantalang ang To Baba naman o lowlanders na
katutubong B’laan ay karaniwang naninirahan sa mga baybayin ng
Sarangani, General Santos City at iilang bahagi ng Davao del Sur at
sa mga isla ng Sarangani ay makikilala sa maragsa nilang tono sa
pagsasalita.
Varyasyong Morpolohikal ng Wikang B’laan

Paraan ng B’laan Lampitak, B’laan Bacong,
Pagkakabuo Tampakan Tulunan
ng Salita
Saol Ansef ( damit Saol Ansef (damit pang-
pang-itaas ng itaas ng lalaki)
Pagtatambal lalaki)
Sdoh Bnes (baboy Sdeh Bnas (baboy ramo)
ramo)
Salwal Ansef Salwal Ansef (damit
(damit pang-ibaba pang-ibaba ng lalaki)
ng lalaki)
Bong Fulong Bong Tow (pinuno ng
(pinuno ng pangkat) pangkat)
Aswoh Lebon Tego Kayeh
(pamamanhikan) (magkagusto)
Dwata (Diyos) Adwata (Diyos)

Tagah (pagluluto) Kaftagah
Pagkakaltas ng
(pagluluto)
Ponema
Falimak (Agong) Magol Falimak
(Agong)
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FILIPINO
Amdah (namin) Amda (namin)
Lebon (babae) Libon (babae)

Sdoh Bnes (baboy Sdeh Bnas (baboy
Pagpapalit ng
ramo) ramo)
Ponema
Natuklasan na (1) Ang wikang B’laan ay may dalawang

varayti ang To Lagad at To Baba. (2) Kakikitaan ng varyasyong
leksikal at morpolohikal ang wikang B’laan sa dalawang lugar na
pinagkunan ng datos. (3) Ang pagkakaroon ng varyasyong leksikal
at morpolohikal ng wikang B’laan ay dulot ng dimensyong
heograpiko o kalayuan ng lugar na kanilang pinaninirahan.
Napatunayan sa pag-aaral na tulad ng ibang katutubong wika
sa Pilipinas, may natatanging varayti at varyasyon din ang wikang
B’laan. Ang pagkakaibaiba ng mga leksikal na aytem at paraan ng
pagkakabuo ng mga salita ng bawat pangkat ng tribung B’laan ay
patunay lamang na ang wika ay hindi homogeneous.
Bagamat iba-iba ang mga salitang ginagamit na panumbas
sa mga bagay-bagay at paraan ng pagbuo ng mga salita ng tribung
B’laan sa dalawang munisipalidad ay naiintindihan pa rin ng bawat
tagapagsalita ang kanyang katribu dahil nagsasalita lang sila ng
magkaibang dayalek ng isang wika kaya nagkakaintindihan pa rin
sila.
Ayon sa sosyolinggwistikong pananaw, dahil sa distansya ng
lugar na pinaninirahan ng tribu at ang pagkakaroon ng maraming
wikang ginagamit sa kanikanilang lugar ay naiimpluwensyahan ng
ibang wika na sinasalita sa komunidad ang kanilang wika. Sa
ganitong sitwasyon mahalaga para sa tribung B’laan ang varyasyon
ng gamit ng wika upang magampanan ang papel nito sa paraan ng
kanilang interaksyon sa iba’t ibang gawain sa pamayanan kung
saan sila nakatira.
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When people use language in different social and

communicative contexts, their language often differs in terms of both
grammatical and lexical choice. People who use the same language
in different regions and countries may also talk differently.
Biber (1995a)
Biber and his colleagues have explored register and genre
variation from three different perspectives: synchronic (e.g. Biber
1985, 1987, 1988), diachronic (e.g. Biber and Finegan 1989), and
contrastive (e.g. Biber 1995b). Biber’s MF/MD analysis framework
has been well received as it establishes a link between form and
function. This excerpt outlines the MF/MD approach and provides a
background for case study 5 in Section C, which will compare
conversation and speech in American English using Biber’s
approach and WordSmith Tools.
Biber, D. 1995a. ‘On the role of computational, statistical,
and interpretive techniques in multi-dimensional analysis of
register variation’.
Overview of the multi-dimensional approach to register

variation
The multi-dimensional approach to register variation was
originally developed for comparative analyses of spoken and written
registers in English (e.g., Biber, 1986, 1988). Methodologically, the
approach uses computer-based text corpora, computational tools to
identify linguistic features in texts, and multivariate statistical
techniques to analyze the co-occurrence relations among linguistic
features, thereby identifying underlying dimensions of variation in a
language. The primary research goal of the multi-dimensional
approach is to provide comprehensive descriptions of the patterns
of register variation, including
CSSH-ABFIL
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(1) identification of the underlying linguistic parameters, or
dimensions, of variation, and
(2) Specification of the linguistic similarities and differences among
registers with respect to those dimensions.
Two primary motivations for the multi-dimensional approach

are the assumptions that:
(1) generalizations concerning register variation in a language must
be based on analysis of the full range of spoken and written
registers; and
(2) no single linguistic parameter is adequate in itself to capture the
range of similarities and differences among spoken and written
registers. The approach thus requires analysis of numerous spoken
and written registers with respect to numerous linguistic features.
Some of the general characteristics of the multi-dimensional
approach are:
1. It is corpus-based, depending on analysis of a large
collection of naturally-occurring texts.
2. It uses automated computational techniques to analyze

linguistic features in texts. This characteristic enables
distributional analysis of many linguistic features across many
texts and text varieties.
3. It uses interactive computational techniques to check the
analysis of ambiguous linguistic features, ensuring accuracy in
the final feature counts.
4. The research goal of the approach is the linguistic analysis of
texts, registers, and text types, rather than analysis of individual
linguistic constructions.
5. The approach is explicitly multi-dimensional. That is, it is
assumed that multiple parameters of variation will be operative in
any discourse domain.
6. The approach is quantitative. Analyses are based on
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frequency counts of linguistic features, describing the relative
distributions of features across texts. Multivariate statistical
techniques are used to identify co-occurrence patterns among
linguistic features and to analyze the relations among texts.
7. The approach synthesizes quantitative and functional
methodological techniques. That is, the quantitative statistical
analyses are interpreted in functional terms, to determine the
underlying communicative functions associated with each
empirically determined set of occurring linguistic features. The
approach is based on the assumption that statistical co-
occurrence patterns reflect underlying shared communicative
functions.
Dimensions represent distinct groupings of linguistic features
that have been empirically determined to co-occur with significant
frequencies in texts. It is important to note that the co-occurrence
patterns underlying dimensions are identified quantitatively (by a
statistical factor analysis) and not on any a priori basis. Dimensions
are subsequently interpreted in terms of the communicative
functions shared by the co-occurring features. Interpretive labels are
posited for each dimension, such as ‘Involved versus Informational
Production’ and ‘Narrative versus Non-narrative Concerns’.
In earlier synchronic multi-dimensional analyses of English
(e.g., Biber 1986, 1988), approximately 500 texts from 23 registers
were analyzed, including face-to-face conversations, interviews,
public speeches, broadcasts, letters, press reportage, official
documents, academic prose, and fiction. Subsequent analyses
have used this approach to analyze texts from a number of more
specialized registers, such as elementary school textbooks and
student writing, job interviews, and the writings of individual
authors. Linguistic features analyzed in these studies include both
lexical and grammatical characteristics of texts.
Choice of Linguistic Features Included in Multi-

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dimensional Analyses
Although the co-occurrence patterns underlying dimensions are
determined empirically, those patterns depend on the prior choice of
linguistic features to be used in the analysis. Most multi-dimensional
analyses to date have focused on lexical, grammatical, and
syntactic features, with the goal of being as inclusive as possible.
That is, any linguistic characteristic that can be interpreted as
having functional associations is a candidate for inclusion in multi-
dimensional analyses. Previous analyses have included: – lexical
features, such as type-token ratio and word length;
– semantic features relating to lexical classes, such as hedges,
emphatics, speech act verbs, mental verbs;
– grammatical feature classes, such as nouns, prepositional
phrases, attributive and predicative adjectives, past tense verbs,
perfect aspect verbs, personal pronouns; and
– syntactic features, such as relative clauses, adverbial clauses,
that complement clauses, passive post-nominal participial clauses.
One characteristic of multi-dimensional analyses is that they

can be extended by investigating the role of additional features in
relation to previously determined dimensions. For example, Biber
(1992b) analyzes the distribution and function of linguistic features
marking reference and cohesion within texts, showing how these
features relate to the previously identified multi-dimensional
structure of English. While some cohesion features variation studies
4 function as part of previously identified dimensions, other
cohesion features co-occur in new patterns to define additional
dimensions associated with the marking of reference in discourse.
Konklusyon
Register – Fuentes (2020) – Ang register ay barayting

kaugnay ng panlipunang papel na ginagampanan ng tagapagsalita
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sa oras ng pagpapahayag.
Sa pag – aaral na ito, mayroong 25 na register ang
naaanalisa kasama na ang harapang usapan, interbyu, opisyal na
mga dokumento at iba pa paraan ng pakikipagkomunikasyon.
Mahihinuha mula sa naging result ana ang register na ang iba ang
register na ginagamit depende sa kung ano ang ginagamit at kung
sino ang gumagamit. Tulad na lamang ng mga aklat sa
elementarya, pangangalap ng mga impormasyon, mga dyaryo a
kahit mga patalastas. Nangangahulugan na ang bawat dimensiyon
ay may sariling paraan at katangian ng register.
Hyland (1999)
Hyland (1999) compares the features of the specific genres
of metadiscourse in introductory course books and research articles
on the basis of a corpus consisting of extracts from 21 university
textbooks for different disciplines and a similar corpus of research
articles. This excerpt presents the methodology and findings of the
paper.
Title: Hyland, K. 1999. ‘Talking to students: metadiscourse in
introductory coursebooks’. English for Specific Purposes 18/1:
3-26.
In general, metadiscourse variations were more pronounced
between genres than disciplines, particularly for high frequency
items, and the textbooks tended to exhibit greater disciplinary
diversity than the RAs.
Discussion
Textbooks, as a specific form of language use and social
interaction, both represent particular processes of production and
interpretation, and link to the social practices of the institutions
within which they are created. We might expect, then, that
metadiscourse variations will reflect the different roles that textbooks
and research papers play in the social structures of disciplinary
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activity and anticipate that their use will contain clues about how
these texts were produced and the purposes they serve.
Metadiscourse is grounded in the rhetorical purposes of writers and
sensitive to their perceptions of audience, both of which differ
markedly between the two genres. One audience consists of an
established community of disciplinary peers familiar with the
conceptual frameworks and specialised literacies of their discipline.
The other is relatively undifferentiated in terms of its experience of
academic discourse, often possessing little more than a general
purpose EAP competence in the early undergraduate years (e.g.
Leki & Carson 1994). As a result of such contextual differences,
what can be said, and what needs to be said, differs considerably. It
is therefore interesting to speculate on the patterns observed and I
will consider textual and interpersonal variations in turn.
Konklusyon
Hyland – Metadiscourse – ang retorikal na layunin ng mga

manunulat na nakaayon sa pananaw at nararamdaman ng kanilang
mga mambabasa.
Sa pag -aaral na ito, inilahad ni Hyland ang pagkakaiba ng
dalawang metadiscourse tulad ng metadiscourse na ginamit ng mga
manunulat sa kanilang mga artikulo ma madalas na ginagamitan ng
mga retoriko iba naman ang pamamaraan na ginagamit sa mga
aklat pampaaralan at mga aklat pananaliksikna kung saan
kakikitaan ng higit na pormalidad tulad ng mga proseso ng
produksyon at interpretasyon, karaniwang makikita ito ang mga
varasyon at ang iba’t ibang papel ng mga aklat at papel pananaliksik
na kung aano ng aba ang nilalaman nito, ang mga makukuhang
impormasyon na nakapaloob dito at kung ano ang gamit nito sa
lipunan.
Lehmann (2002)
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
Lehmann (2002) presents a large-scale study of zero-subject
relative constructions (ZSRs) on the basis of the demographically
sampled spoken BNC and the fivemillion-word Longman Spoken
American Corpus (LSAC). This study shows that there is a sharp
difference between American English which has 2.5% subject
relatives with a zero relativizer and British English which has 13%.
Title: Lehmann, H. 2002. ‘Zero subject relative
constructions in American and British English’. New Frontiers
in Corpus Research, pp. 163-177. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Taking into account possible occurrences results in an even

greater difference between American and British English, with ZSRs
being over five times more frequent in British English than in
American English. Thus the results in Table 1 firmly establish a
pronounced difference in the use of ZSRs between these two major
varieties of English.
Examples:
(22) there’s this woman Ø went out to like some Caribbean or
something to have a vacation and then she met this guy (LSAC:
118901:?)
(23) It was Joanne Ø said you’d go down there, so you said alright.
(BNC:KDG: 1795:PS000)
(24) this dog I got friendly with, they were people Ø got in there for
the summer, got and just abandon it so there’s all these dogs
running around the coast. (LSAC:165301#dr2791)
(25) well I mean we had one girl Ø didn’t know what she was going
about, … (BNC:KDW:6217:PS1C1)
Table 2 shows the distribution of the four main types and other
matrix clause choices.
Table 2 shows that the ranking of matrix clause types in
American and British English is fairly similar. The only exceptions
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
are constructions with the verb be and the verb have which are
reversed in the order of their ranking. The most striking difference is
found with existential there constructions, which cover 61% of all
ZSR constructions in British English and only 29% in American
English.
The most important findings presented above are the
difference between American English and British English and the
fact that younger speakers use fewer ZSRs than older speakers.
Given that, synchronically, language change is only observable as
variation, a variation phenomenon like the realization form of subject
relatives lends itself to speculation about an ongoing language
change. On the assumption that language acquisition is completed
at a certain age between 16 and 25, we may conclude that we are
indeed observing an ongoing language change in British English,
with an observable decrease of the use of ZSRs from the older to
the younger generation. This is particularly important because
variation and change do not mutually imply each other.
However, using speaker age for documenting language
change is certainly not uncontroversial. Only under the assumption
that language use remains stable after the phase of language
acquisition can speaker age be used for documenting ongoing
language change. Even if language acquisition is completed at the
age of about 18, this does not necessarily mean that the frequency
of use of the acquired repertoire remains stable over the course of
an adult’s life.
The finding that ZSRs are over five times more frequent in
British English than in American English could mean that the same
language change – loss of ZSRs – has progressed further in
American English. This may have been caused by the large number
of immigrants speaking Western European languages like German,
French, Italian and Spanish, which only have overt relativizers
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
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BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
REPERENSIYA
Matthew J. Gordon (2017). William Labov. Retrieved from

https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/978019938465
5.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-364
Macatabon, R. A et. al. (2016). Varayti at Varyasyon ng

Wikang B’laan sa Bacong, Tulunan, Hilagang Cotabato at Lampitak,
Tampakan, Timog Cotabato, Philippines. Retrieved from
http://oaji.net/articles/2016/15431475117176.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR10Wgf6nA4UysH54A6l_G1WEzTMv3mquNfmgdBbP
zpWQXhdjCRN46sp8
Matthew J. Gordon (2018). William Labov,- Linguistic-

Oxford bibliographies. Retrieved from
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-
9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0195.xml
Kabanata 2 Modyul 4 (Teoryang Pandiskurso). (N.D) Retrieved from

https://quizlet.com/537427173/kabanata-2-modyul-4-teoryang-
pandiskurso-flash-cards/
CSSH-ABFIL
BARYASYON NG WIKANG
FILIPINO
PAGLALAPAT
(Application)
PAGTATAYA
(Evaluation)

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MACALUDAS, DAYNALYN T.

ESPANOLA, CHARLES ANGEL

Republic of the Philippines

KURSO MGA BARAYTI AT BARYASYON NG WIKANG FILIPINO

(Lesson Title) (Variability Concept (Labov)

Pagkatapos ng talakayan ay inaasahan na matatamo ng mga

Matutunghayan sa modyul na ito ang teoryang pangwika ni

- A central doctrine of this field holds that variation is

 Pananaw ni William Labov sa Variability Concept

Sa pagkakaroon ng ibat ibang varayti / register / anyo ng wika

The term linguistic variation (or simply variation) refers to

 Pinangunahan ni William Labov (1971), isang

The term linguistic

and meanings) are

variation is typically the

within the language of

Ang pananaliksik nina Macatabon at Calibayan (2016) na

Pangkalahatang layunin ng pag-aaral na ito na alamin ang

Ang mga B’laan ay kalimitang naninirahan sa mga

Ang wikang B’laan ay may dalawang varayti ang To Lagad at

Varyasyong Morpolohikal ng Wikang B’laan

Dwata (Diyos) Adwata (Diyos)

Lebon (babae) Libon (babae)

Natuklasan na (1) Ang wikang B’laan ay may dalawang

When people use language in different social and

Overview of the multi-dimensional approach to register

Two primary motivations for the multi-dimensional approach

2. It uses automated computational techniques to analyze

Choice of Linguistic Features Included in Multi-

One characteristic of multi-dimensional analyses is that they

Register – Fuentes (2020) – Ang register ay barayting

Hyland – Metadiscourse – ang retorikal na layunin ng mga

Taking into account possible occurrences results in an even

Matthew J. Gordon (2017). William Labov. Retrieved from

Macatabon, R. A et. al. (2016). Varayti at Varyasyon ng

Matthew J. Gordon (2018). William Labov,- Linguistic-

Kabanata 2 Modyul 4 (Teoryang Pandiskurso). (N.D) Retrieved from

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