PT N´ng l˜Òng

Ch˜Ïng 3: Îng l¸c hÂc l˜u chßt

Ph¶n 2: Ph˜Ïng trình n´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng và dòng th¸c

Bài gi£ng cıa TS. Nguyπn QuËc fi

nguyenquocy@hcmut.edu.vn

Ngày 1 tháng 10 n´m 2015

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng

NÎi dung c¶n n≠m

Ph˜Ïng trình n´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng
Ph˜Ïng trình n´ng l˜Òng cho dòng th¸c
Các ˘ng dˆng cÏ b£n cıa PT n´ng l˜Òng: bÏm, turbine, o v™n tËc,
l˜u l˜Òng . . .

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Bernoulli equation
Conservation of Energy for Inviscid Flows

A cylindrical particle of inviscid fluid ,

A streamline with coordinates shown
Newton’s 2nd law:

m~a F
external

forces: pressure, and weight

dv p
m dA ds mg cos ✓
dt s

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

dA ds d–V
v v s, t
dv v v ds v v
dt dt v
dt t s dt t s
dv dv p dp
for steady flows : v ,
dt ds s ds
cos ✓ dz ds

dv dp dz
mv d–
V mg
ds ds ds

mv dv dp d–
V mg dz
Integrate along the streamline

m v dv dp d–
V mg dz

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

V2
m dp d–
V mgz const.
2
for incompressible fluids , d–
V const.:

V2
m pd–
V mgz const.
2

per unit area /volume per unit weight

V2 p V2
⇢gz p ⇢ const. z H const.
2 ⇢g 2g

⇢gz : hydrostatic pressure p

: pressure head
p : static pressure ⇢g
V2 V2
⇢ : dynamic pressure : velocity head
2 2g
z : potential head
H : total head
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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Be reminded: of a fluid particle

p V2
z H const.
⇢g 2g
or along a streamline, from Point 1 to Point 2:

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
⇢g 2g ⇢g 2g

Bernoulli equation
only VALID for:
Inviscid fluids
Steady flows
Along streamlines
Incompressible flows
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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Bernoulli equation
Across the streamline

p
˜Ìng dòng thØng: R z const.: qui lu™t thu tænh.

Ÿng dˆng: »ng o áp

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Bernoulli equation
Example of stagnation points

Stagnation point Stagnation streamline

Stagnation point
(a) (b)

V2 = 0 V1 = V0

(2) (1) p1 V12 p2 V22

z1 z2
⇢g 2g ⇢g 2g

z1 z2 , V2 0, p2 p1 ⇢V1 2 2
(1)

Áp sußt d¯ng = Áp sußt tænh + Áp sußt Îng

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Bernoulli equation
Exchange of kinetic, Potential, and Pressure Energy

A2 A1
v2 v1
p2 p1

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Bernoulli effect

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Application of Bernoulli Equation

Ventury tube for measuring flow rate

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
2g 2g

Assume z1 z2 : horizontally

v2 2 v1 2 p1 p2
2g
p1 p2
v1 v2 A2 A1 , H

A2
Q C A2 v2 C 2gH
2
1 A2 A1

C :(emperical) coe. due to energy loss

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Application of Bernoulli Equation

Pitot tube for measuring flow velocity

V1 = 100 mi/hr (2)

(1)
Pitot-static tube

pA vA 2 pB
⇢g 2g ⇢g
pB pA pB pC
vA 2g 2g 2gH
⇢g ⇢g

Pitot’s 1st exp. some loss: vA Cv 2gH

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Application of Bernoulli Equation

Flow through a small hole

VA 0 for large tank,

zA zB H

VB 2gH

due to some loss VB Cv 2gH

due to contraction of the jet at exit:
ac Cc a
actual flow rate

Q Cc aCv VB Cc Cv a 2gH
patm VA2 patm VB2
zA zB Q Ca 2gH
2g 2g
C: Coe. of discharge

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Application of Bernoulli Equation

Flow through a small hole

Coe. of contraction

dj

dh CC = 0.61 CC = 1.0

CC = A j /A h = (dj /dh)2

CC = 0.50
CC = 0.61

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng l˛ t˜ng: Ph˜Ïng trình Bernoulli

Application of Bernoulli Equation

Measuring water flow rate by WEIRs

Consider a minute area b.dz as an orifice:

v 2gz
dQ C .b.dz 2gz
H 2
Q Cb 2g zdz Cb 2g H 3 2
0 3

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng th¸c

Energy Equation
Energy Equation for Viscous Flows

Bernoulli equation to be modified for real incompressible fluid:

introducing a term to account energy loss, hloss : energy loss by a unit
weight of fluid, due to:
viscous friction,
turbulent shear stress,
local loss at valves, fittings, . . .
correcting velocity head for real velocity distribution on a wetted area.
flows through hydraulic machines: PUMPS, TURBINES

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng th¸c

Kinetic energy correction factor ↵

Nonuniform distribution:
KE V2
m ⇢dA v t ↵
mg 2g
1 2 1
KE mv ⇢ v 3 dA t
2 A 2
1
↵ ⇢V 3 A t
2

V : averaged velocity at the

section, hence:

3
1 v
↵ dA
A A V

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng th¸c

Modified energy equation

for flows through PUMPS

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 ↵1 Hb z2 ↵2 hloss
2g 2g
Hp is the energy supplied to a unit weight of fluid, or Pump head.

Công sußt bÏm Nb QHb Pipe

Outlet

Nb Pump

Công sußt Îng cÏ N c Elbow

Tee

⌘b Valve

⌘b : Hiªu sußt bÏm (%)

Inlet

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 PT N´ng l˜Òng cho dòng th¸c

Modified energy equation

for flows through TURBINES

Ht is the energy taken from a unit weight of fluid, or Turbine head.

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 ↵1 Ht z2 ↵2 hloss
2g 2g

Công sußt turbine Nt QHt

Công sußt Îng cÏ N c Nt ⌘t
⌘t : Hiªu sußt turbine (%)

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