ACTIVE FORM AND PASSIVE FORM: Câu chủ động và câu bị động

I. Định nghĩa
1. Câu chủ động
Câu chủ động là câu được sử dụng khi chủ thể thực hiện hành động tác động vào người
hay vật khác.
Ex: I am making a cake. (Tôi đang làm bánh.)
2. Câu bị động
Câu bị động là câu mà trong đó chủ thể không thực hiện hành động mà ngược lại bị tác
động lên bởi một yếu tố khác.
Ex: The room was cleaned. (Căn phòng đã được dọn sạch.)

TỔNG HỢP CÁC THÌ CỦA CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG VÀ CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG

Tense (Thì) Active (Chủ động) Passive (Bị động)

Thì hiện tại đơn (Simple Present)
Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present
Continuous)
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành (Present
Perfect)
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp
diễn (Present Perfect Continuous) Ex: They have been
Thì quá khứ đơn (Simple Past)
Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn (Past
S + am/is/are + V3/ed + (by
S + V(s/es) + O + O)
Ex: They sell bread here. Ex: Bread is sold here (by
them).
S + am/is/are + V_ing + S + am/is/are + being +
O V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They are selling Ex: Bread is being sold here
bread here. (by them).
S + has/have + V3/ed + S + has/have + been +
O V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They have sold bread Ex: Bread has been sold here
here. (by them).
S + have/has + been + S + have/ has + been +
V_ing + O being + V3/ed +(by + O)
Ex: Bread has been being
selling bread here. sold here (by them).
S + was/were + V3/ed + (by
S + V2/ed + O + O)
Ex: They sold bread here. Ex: Bread was sold here (by
them).
S + was/were + V_ing + S + was/were + being +
 Tense (Thì)
Continuous)
Thì quá khứ hoàn thành (Past
Perfect)
Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp
diễn (Past Perfect Continuous)
Thì tương lai đơn (Simple Future)
Thì tương lai tiếp diễn (Future
Continuous)
Thì tương lai hoàn thành (Future V3/ed + O
Perfect)
Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp
diễn (Future Perfect Continuous)
Thì tương lai gần (Near Future)
Động từ khiếm khuyết (Model
Verbs)
Active (Chủ động) Passive (Bị động)
O V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They were selling Ex: Bread was being sold
bread here. here (by them).
S + had + been + V3/ed +
S + had + V3/ed + O
(by + O)
Ex: They had sold bread
Ex: Bread had been sold
here.
here (by them).
S + had + been + V_ing S + had + been + being +
+O V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They had been selling Ex: Bread had been being
bread here. sold here (by them).
S + will/shall + V_inf + S + will + be + V3/ed + (by
O + O)
Ex: They will sell bread Ex: Bread will be sold here
here. (by them).
S + will + be + V_ing + S + will + be + being +
O V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They will be selling Ex: Bread will be being sold
here. here (by them).
S + will/shall + have + S + will + have + been +
V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They will have sold Ex: Bread will have been
bread here. sold (by them).
S + will + have been + S + will + have + been +
V_ing + O being + V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They will have been Ex: Bread will have been
selling bread here. being sold here (by them).
S + am/is/are + going to S + am/is/are + going to +
+V+O be + V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They are going to sell Ex: Bread is going to be sold
bread here. (by them).
S + must/ should/ can/ S + must/ should/ can/ may
may + V_inf+ O + be + V3/ed + (by + O)
Ex: They should sell Ex: Bread should be sold
bread here. here (by them).
 Tense (Thì) Active (Chủ động) Passive (Bị động)
S + have/ has to + V_inf S + have/ has to + be +
+O V3/ed + (by + O)
Have to/ Has to
Ex: They have to sell Ex: Bread has to be sold (by
bread here. them).
Lưu ý:
 Không dùng "By + tân ngữ" nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động có tính mơ hồ, chung
chung (people, something, someone, they, he, she).
 Riêng các đại từ: I, you, he... thì tùy theo câu, nếu thấy không cần thiết thì có thể bỏ.
Ex: They mended this street.
→ This street was mended.
 Nếu có trạng từ chỉ thể cách thì để nó đứng giữa BE và V3/ed.
Ex: Scientists have studied the problem carefully.
→ The problem has carefully been studied by scientists.
Bước 5: Nếu có "No" đầu câu thì làm như bình thường, xong đổi sang phủ định
Ex: Nobody visited Lan.
→ Lan wasn’t visited.

II. Các dạng đặc biệt của câu bị động

1. Bị động kép (Double passive)

 Bị động kép nằm trong cùng một mệnh đề.
Ex: - They ordered the man to be shot
→ The man was ordered to be shot.
- They opened the door and stole some pictures
→ The door was opened and some pictures were stolen.
 Bị động kép xuất hiện ở các mệnh đề trong câu.
Ex: I can assure you that I will arrange everything in time.
→ You can be assured that everything will be arranged in time.
2. Câu bị động với các động từ chỉ quan điểm, ý kiến
Các động từ chỉ quan điểm, ý kiến là: say/ think/ believe/ report/ consider...
Chủ động People/ they + say/think/believe... + (that) + S + V
Cách 1: It is/was said…….. that + S + V
Bị động to_V + O (cùng thì)
Cách 2: S + am/is/are/was/were + said +
to have + V3/ed + O (hơn 1 thì)
Ex: - People said that he was nice to his friends.
Cách 1: It was said that he was nice to his friends.
Cách 2: Vì 2 mệnh đề "People said" và "he was nice to his friends" cùng thì quá khứ
nên ta sẽ có đáp án là:
->He was said to be nice to his friends.
 - People said that he had been nice to his friends.
Cách 1: It was said that he had been nice to his friends.
Cách 2: Vì mệnh đề "He had been nice to his friends" trước thì mệnh đề "he was nice to
his friends" (said là thì quá khứ đơn nhưng had been là quá khứ hoàn thành) nên ta sẽ
có đáp án là:
->He was said to have been nice to his friends.
3. Câu bị động với các động từ tri giác
Các động từ chỉ tri giác là: see, hear, notice, feel...
 Trong câu chủ động, theo sau các động từ này động từ nguyên mẫu V_inf thì trong
câu bị động sẽ chuyển thành To_inf.
Ex: We heard him go out last night.
→ He was heard to go out last night.
 Trong câu chủ động, theo sau các động từ này V_ing thì trong câu bị động sẽ giữ
nguyên V_ing.
Ex: I saw him playing football.
→ He was seen playing football.
4. Câu bị động với động từ "Let"
 Động từ "Let" (let somebody do something) trong câu chủ động thường được chuyển
thành "BE ALLOWED TO_V" trong câu bị động.
Ex: The teacher let Bill go home early.
→ Bill was allowed to go home early.
 Khi động từ nguyên mẫu sau "LET" có thêm một tân ngữ và cùng đối tượng với chủ
ngữ, thành phần "CHỦ NGỮ + LET" vẫn giữ nguyên, chỉ chuyển đổi phần sau.
Ex: - He let her cheat him.
→ He let himself be cheated.
- Don’t let the others see you.
→ Don’t let yourself be seen.
 Câu mệnh lệnh
Khẳng định: Let + O + be + V3/ed
Phủ định: Let + O + not + be + V3/ed
Ví dụ:
- Write your name here.
→ Let your name be written here.
- Don’t insult the weak.
→ Let the weak not be insulted.
5. Câu bị động có 2 tân ngữ: Tân ngữ trực tiếp - chỉ vật, tân ngữ gián tiếp - chỉ người
Đối với câu bị động có 2 tân ngữ, chúng ta sẽ có 2 cách làm. Ngoài ra ta cần thêm các
giới từ "to" hoặc "for" trước tân ngữ khi chuyển sang câu bị động.
Ví dụ 1: My mother gives me a cake.
Trong đó:
Tân ngữ 1 là "me"
Tân ngữ 2 là "a cake"
→ I am given a cake by my mother.
→ A cake is given to me by my mother.

Ví dụ 2: My mother makes me a cake.

→ I am made a cake by my mother.
→ A cake is made for me by my mother.

6. Câu bị động với cấu trúc: S + V + O + V_ing

Trong đó, động từ chính (V) thường là: Keep, remember, find, see….

Ví dụ:
- She kept me waiting.
→ I was kept waiting
- They saw the thief climbing over the wall.
→ The thief was seen climbing over the wall.

7. Câu bị động với [thể nhờ bảo] have/get

S + have + sb + V_inf + sth

Câu chủ động
S + get + sb + to_V + sth
Câu bị động S + have/get + sth + V3/ed + (by + sb)
Ví dụ:
- I have the mechanic fix my car.
→ I have my car fixed by the mechanic
- My mother gets me to wash the dishes.
→ I get the dishes washed by my mother.
8. Câu bị động với cấu trúc "would like"
Would like/ would love + To_inf + O
Would like/ would love + sb + To_inf + O
Ví dụ:
- I would like to give Mary a nice present.
→ I would like Mary to be given a present.
- I would love someone to take me out to dinner.
→ I would love to be taken out to dinner.
9. Câu bị động với NEED/ WANT
Something + need/ want + V_ing/ to be V3/ed : mang nghĩa bị động
Ví dụ:
Your hair needs cutting = Your hair need to be cut.
(Tóc bạn cần được cắt)
The garden wants to be weeding = The garden wants weeding.
(Mảnh vườn cần được làm cỏ)
10. Câu bị động với MAKE
Trong câu chủ động, theo sau động từ MAKE là động từ nguyên mẫu V_inf thì trong
câu bị động sẽ chuyển thành To_inf.
Ví dụ:
They made me go.
→ I was made to go.
11. Câu bị động với Gerund (V_ing)
Các gerund theo sau một số động từ như advise, suggest, recommend... được thay
bằng "should be V3/ed" trong câu bị động.
Ví dụ:
They advised employing part time workers
→ They advised that part time workers should be employed
12. Câu bị động với cấu trúc: It's one's duty to V_inf
Câu chủ động It’s one’s duty to_V (Đó là nhiệm vụ của ai để làm gì)
Câu bị động S + be + supposed + to_V
Ví dụ:
It's your duty to do this work.
→ You are supposed to do this work.
13. Câu bị động với cấu trúc: It's impossible + to do sth
Câu chủ động It’s impossible + to do sth (Không thể làm gì)
Câu bị động S + can’t + be + V3/ed
Ví dụ:
It is impossible to repair that machine.
→ That machine can't be repaired
14. Câu bị động với các động từ: Crowd, fill, cover
Đối với các động từ crowd, fill, cover thì ta dùng "with" thay cho "by"
Ví dụ:
Clouds cover the sky.
→ The sky is covered with clouds.
15. Một số nội động từ vẫn có hình thức bị động. Trong trường hợp này động từ phải đi
kèm với giới từ
Ví dụ:
- The Queen slept in this bed.
→ This bed was slept in by the Queen.
- Someone will care for her children while she is away.
→ Her children will be cared for while she is away.
V. Bài tập
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:
1. We can’t go along here because the road……………………
A. is repairing        B. is repaired        C. is being repaired        D. repairs
2. The story I’ve just read……………….Agatha Christie.
A. was written        B. was written by        C. was written from        D. wrote by
3. I’m going to go out and………………………………………….
A. have cut my hair        B. have my hair cut        C. cut my hair        D. my hair be cut
4. Something funny ………………………in class yesterday.
A. happened        B. was happened        C. happens        D. is happened
5. Many US automobiles……………………in Detroit, Michigan.
A. manufacture        B. have manufactured        C. are manufactured        D. are
manufacturing
6. A lot of pesticide residue can…………………………………..unwashed produce.
A. find        B. found        C. be finding        D. be found
7. We………………by a loud noise during the night.
A. woke up        B. are woken up        C. were woken up        D. were waking up
8. Some film stars……………….difficult to work with.
A. are said be        B. are said to be        C. say to be        D. said to be
9. Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? – I don’t enjoy……………………at.
A. be laughed        B. to be laughed        C. laughing        D. being laughed
10. Today, many serious childhood diseases………………………by early
immunization.
A. are preventing        B. can prevent        C. prevent        D. can be prevented
11. Do you get your heating……………………..every year?
A. checking        B. check        C. be checked        D. checked
12. Bicycles…………………..in the driveway.
A. must not leave        B. must not be leaving        C. must not be left        D. must not
have left
13. Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony…………………..next weekend.
A. is going to be performed        B. has been performed        C. will be performing      
D. will have perform
14. All bottles………………………………..before transportation.
A. frozen        B. were froze        C. were frozen        D. are froze
15. ………………………………………..yet?
A. Have the letters been typed        B. Have been the letters typed        C. Have the
letters typed        D. Had the letters typed
16. English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or Singapore
where……………..for administration, broadcasting and education.
A. is used        B. it is used        C. used        D. being used
17. The telephones…………..by Alexander Graham Bell.
A. is invented        B. is inventing        C. invented        D. was invented
18. Lots of houses……………….by the earthquake.
A. are destroying        B. destroyed        C. were destroyed        D. is destroyed
19. Gold…………………….in California in the 19th century.
A. was discovered        B. has been discovered        C. was discover        D. they
discover
20. The preparation…………………..by the time the guest……………………….
A. had been finished- arrived        B. have finished- arrived        C. had finished-were
arriving        D. have been finished- were arrived
21. The boy…………………….by the teacher yesterday.
A. punish        B. punished        C. punishing        D. was punished
22. “Ms Jones, please type those letters before noon”_ “They’ve already………………,
sir. They’re on your desk.”
A. typed        B. been being typed        C. being typed        D. been typed
23. Sarah is wearing a blouse. It………………….of cotton.
A. be made        B. are made        C. is made        D. made
24. They had a boy………………….. that yesterday.
A. done        B. to do        C. did        D. do
25. We got our mail ………………..yesterday.
A. been delivered        B. delivered        C. delivering        D. to deliver
26. James……..the news as soon as possible.
A. should tell        B. should be told        C. should told        D. should be telled
27. My wedding ring …………………. yellow and white gold.
A. is made        B. is making        C. made        D. make
28. Mr. Wilson is………………... as Willie to his friend.
A. known        B. knew        C. is known        D. know
29. References …………………….in the examination room.
A. not are used        B. is not used        C. didn’t used        D. are not used
30. Laura ………………….in Boston.
A. are born        B. were born        C. was born        D. born
31. His car needs …………………..
A. be fixed        B. fixing        C. to be fixing        D. fixed
32. Her watch needs …………………..
A. repairing        B. to be repaired        C. repaired        D. A and B
33. My mother is going …………………….. this house.
A. sold        B. sell        C. to be sold        D. to sell
34. There’s somebody behind us. I think we are ………………………..
A. being followed        B. are followed        C. follow        D. following
35. Have you………………….. by a dog?
A. bite        B. bit        C. ever been bitten        D. ever been bit
36. The room is being ……………………….at the moment.
A. was cleaned        B. cleaned        C. cleaning        D. clean
37. It …………………..that the strike will end soon.
A. is expected        B. expected        C. are expected        D. was expected
38. It is …………………..that many people are homeless after the floods.
A. was reported        B. reports        C. reported        D. reporting
39. He was said ……………….. this building.
A. designing        B. to have designed        C. to design        D. designed
40. Ted ……………………..by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
A. got sting        B. got stung        C. get stung        D. gets stung
Exercise 2: Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences.
1. America __________ By Columbus in 1492.
A. are discovered        B. were discovering        C. is discovered         D. was discovered
2. Parrots and crows __________ the most intelligent birds.
A. were considering         B. are considered         C. Considered         D. was considered
3. I still can’t believe! My bicycle__________ last night.
A. was stolen         B. was stealing         C. were stolen         D. stole
4. Mary traffic accidents __________ by dangerous driving.
A. cause         B. caused         C. are caused         D. which are caused.
5. Many US automobiles __________ in Detroit, Michigan.
A. manufacture        B. are manufactured         C. have manufactured        D. are
manufacturing
6. Grass __________ by fat cows on the green meadow.
A. are eaten        B. was being eaten         C. were being eat         D. was been eaten
7. So much progress __________ that there may be space-frights to Mars.
A. is being made        B. are being made        C. will be made        D. will being made
8. Many people believe we can look forward to the day when even our household jobs
like cleaning and decorating__________ by computer-control robots.
A. will be doing         B. are being done         C. would be done         D. will be done.
9. English __________ since 2002.
A. have been learned         B. has been learnt        C. has to learn         D. have to learn
10. Your bill should __________ before you leave the hotel.
A. be paid         B. is paid         C. are paid        D. was paid