Pagbasa at Pagsuri

Rebyu ng Literatura

- Ito ang pinaka attorney ng isang mananaliksik. Dito isinasaad ang mga nasaliksik ng isang mananaliksik
ukol sa kanyang stand na mayroong kaugnayan sa isinasakatuparang pananaliksik.
-Mababasa ito sa mga libro gaya ng ecyclopedia,professional journals, manuscript,thesis, dissertation at
iba pa.Maaring magsaliksik sa silid-aklatan.
-Isinusulat ito ng mayroong pagbibigay ng credit sa isang awtor. Hindi dapat angkinin ng isang
mananaliksik ang ideya o teksto ng ibang tao upang hindi makasuhan ng plagiarism.
-Ito ay ang pag-aaral,pag iimbestiga na isinasagawa na at may kaugnayan o pagkakatulad sa paksa ng
Pananaliksik na isinagawa.
-Isinusulat ito upang mabigyang katwiran at mapalitaw ng mananaliksik ang rasyonal at halaga ng isang
pananaliksik.

Ilang Konbensyon sa Pagsulat ng Rebyu

Ang mga sumusunod ay ilan lamang sa mga konbensyon sa pagsulat ng rebyu ng isang pag-aaral:

1. Ang pagbubuod ay ang paglalahad ng mga pangunahing ideya sa mga binasang literatura gamit
ang sariling salita. Ito ay ang pinaiksing bersyon ng orihinal na teksto.
2. Ang pagpaparirala ng orihinal na teksto (paraphrasing) ay mabisang metodo upang maiwasan
ang pangongopya o plagiarism habang isinasagawa ang rebyu ng isang pag-aaral. Ang
pagpaparirala ay ang kumpletong pagpapalit ng salita at hindi ang simpleng pag-aayos ng mga
salita batay sa orihinal. Magagawa ang pagpaparirala kung ganap na naiintindihan ng
nagsasagawa ng rebyu ang orihinal na teksto.
3. Direktang sipi. Ito ay ang pinakamadaling konbensyon sa pagsulat ng rebyu sapagkat eksaktong
kinukopya ng nagsasagawa ng rebyu ang mahahalagang detalye na nasa orihinal na teksto.
4. Ang personal na komento ay mahalaga ring konbensyon sa pagsulat ng rebyu sapagkat dito
nabibigyan ng pagkakataon ang nagsasagawa ng rebyu na pagtatahiin ang kaugnayan ng bawat
literatura na kasama sa pag-aaral.
5. Ang pinakamagandang konbensyon sa pagsulat ng rebyu ay ang kakayahan ng nagsasagawa ng
rebyu na gamitin ang kombinasyon ng alinman sa mga naunang konbensyon na tinalakay.

Mga Uri o Anyo ng Talå

1. Direktang Sipi—Ginagamit ito kung isang bahagi låmang ng akda ang nais sipiin.
2. Buod ng Talå—Ginagamit ito kung ang nais lamang gamitin ay ang pinakamahalagang ideya ng
isang talå, tinatawag din itong sinopsis. Layunin ng buod na mabigyan ng pangkalahatang ideya
ang mambabasa. Bagama't ang buod ang pinaikling bersiyon ng isang talå, taglay nito ang
pangunahing ideya.
3. Presi—Mula ito sa salitang Prances na precis na ang ibig sabihin ay pruned or cut down. Presi
ang tawag kung ang gagamitin ay ang buod ng isang talå. Sa paggamit ng presi, pinapanatili nito
ang orihinal na ayos ng ideya at ang punto de bista ng may-akda.
4. Sipi ng Sipi—Maaaring gamitin ang sinipi mula sa isang mahabang sipi. Ang ganitong uri ay
ginagamitan din ng panipi.
5. Hawig o Paraphrase - Isa itong hustong paglalahad ng mga ideya gamit ang higit na payak na
salita ng mananaliksik.
6. Salin/Sariling Salin - Sa mga pagkakataong ang talâ ay nása wikang banyaga, ginagamitan ito ng
pagsasalin. Ito ay ang paglilipat ng ideya mula sa isang wika tungo sa iba pang wika.
Bibliyograpiya- Bahagi ng isang pananaliksik o aklat ang bibliyograpiya o talasanggunian. Ito ay
nagpapakita ng talaan ng mga aklat, dyornal, pahayagan, magasin, di nakalimbag na batis katulad ng
pelikula, programang pantelebisyon, dokumentaryo, at maging ang mga social media networking site na
pinagsanggunian o pinagkuhanan ng impormasyon.
Ang metodolohiya ay sistematikong kalipunan ng mga metodo o pamamaraan at proseso ng
imbestigasyon na ginagamit sa pangangalap ng datos sa isang pananaliksik. Nagmula ito sa mga katagang
Latin na methodus na nangangahulugang patakaran o alituntunin at logia na nangangahulugang larangan
ng pag-aaral. Samakatuwid, ang metodolohiya ay tumutukoy sa isang organisadong larangan ng pag-aaral
ng mga pamamaraan at tuntunin na ginagamit sa pagtuklas ng bagong kaalaman. Ang metodo ay
tumutukoy sa pamamaraan ng pagtuklas; ang metodolohiya naman ay kalipunan at pagkakaayos ng mga
kaalamang ito.
 Ang disenyo sa pananaliksik ay ang pangkalahatang estratehiya na pinipili ng mananaliksik
upang pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng bahagi at proseso ng pananaliksik sa maayos at lohikal na
paraan.
 Ang suliranin ng pananaliksik ang nagtatakda sa uri ng disenyong gagamitin ng mananaliksik
 Ang disenyo ng pananaliksik ay pangkalahatang pamamaraan na ginagamit ng mananaliksik sa
kanyang pag-aaral.
Ang mga sumusunod ay ang iba’t-ibang disenyo ng pananaliksik:

1. Deskriptibo (Descriptive Research)

- Konkreto o abstrato ang deskripsyon sa pamamagitan ng pagtugon sa mga katanungan na
sino, ano, kailan, saan, at paano. Inilalarawan nito ang mga kasalukuyang ginagawa sa
pananaliksik na may pag-sasaalang-alang sa mga pamantayan at kalagayan. Ang mga
sumusunod ay ang mga halimbawa nito:

a. Implikasyon ng pagkahilig ng mga kabataan sa paglalaro ng dota sa kanilang

partisipasyon sa klase.
b. Ebalwasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa salik na nakaapekto sa tagumpay ng isinagawang
programa sa paaralan

2. Disenyong Aksyon (Action Research)

- Kinasasangkutan ito ng mga pag-aaral na tumutuklas sa kalagayan, mga pamamaraan o
estratehiya, modelo, polisiya, at iba pa na ang layunin ay ang pagpapaunlad ditto para sa higit
na epektibong gamit.
- Ginagamit upang makahanap ng solusyon sa mga espesipikong mga tanong ng isang
mananaliksik na may kinalaman sa kanyang larangan. Ang resulta nito ay ginagamit ding
batayan sa pagpapabuti ng bagay na siyang paksa ng pananaliksik. Ang mga halimbawa nito
ay ang sumusunod:

a. Pagsukat sa Kalagayan ng Pamumuno ng mga Lider Mag-aaral sa Pamantasan ng

Marikina Bilang Batayan ng mga Mungkahing Plano ng mga Namumuno sa Paaralan.
b. Pananaliksik sa pinaka-epektibong bilang ng mga miyembro tuwing may pangkatang
gawain ang inyong klase sa Filipino upang masigurong ang lahat ay tumutulong o
nakikibahagi at natututo sa mga gawain.
3. Historikal
- Ito ay gumagamit ng mga pamamaraan sa pagkalap ng datos upang makabuo ng konklusyon
sa nakaraan.
4. Kwantitatibong Pananaliksik
- Isang uri ng pananaliksik na kinasasangkutan ng pagkuha sa sukat ng sagot ng mga
respondent ng pag-aaral. Kailangan ito upang malaman ang bigat o weight ng sagot
kasangkot ang estadistikang pagpapahalaga. Halimbawa: Kung nais natin na malaman ang
 bilang ng potensyal na market ng isang produkto, mainam na gamitin ang dalas ng sagot
(frequency count) o bahagdan (percentage).
- Kinabibilangan ito ng empirikal at masistemang imbestigasyon ng iba’t-ibang paksa.
Kasangkot din dito ang iba’t-ibang penominang panlipunan gamit ang matematika,
estatistika, at pagcompute.

5. Kwalitatibong Pananaliksik
- Tumutukoy sa pamamaraan ng pangangalap ng datos ng isang mananaliksik na kung saan ay
personal ang pagkuha ng datos sa paksa ng pag-aaral upang higit na maunawaan ang karakter,
pag-uugali, katangian ng pakikipag-ugnayan, at iba pang sirkumstansya na maaaring maging
salik sa pagbibigay ng interpretasyon sa datos na makakalap.

6. Pag-aaral ng isang kaso (Case study)

- Ito ay naglalayon ng malalimang unawain ang isang particular na kaso kaysa magbigay ng
pangkalahatang konklusyon sa ibat-ibang paksa ng pag-aaral. Ginagamit ito upang paliitin o
maging ispesipiko, o kaya’y pumili lamang ng isang tiyak na halimbawa mula sa isang
napakalawak na paksa.
7. Komparatibong Pananaliksik –Ito ay naglalayong maghambing ng anomang konsepto,kultura,
bagay pangyayari at iba pa. Madalas gamiting ang cross-national na pag-aaral ang ganitong uri ng
disenyo upang mailatag ang mga pagkakaiba at pagkakatulad sa pagitan ng mga lipunan, kultura
at istitusyon.
8. Pamamaraang nakabatay sa Pamantayan (Normative Studies)- naiiba ang disenyong ito
sapagkat ito din ay nagbibigay-diin sa pagpapabuti o pagpapaunlad ng populasyong pinag-aaralan
batay sa tanggap na modelo o pamantayan.
9. Etnograpikong Pag-aaral- Ito ay isang uri ng pananaliksik sa agham panlipunan na nag-
iimbestiga sa kaugalian, pamumuhay, at ibat-ibang gawi ng isang komunidad sa pamamagitang
ng pakikisalamuha rito.

1. INSTRUMENTO AT PAMAMARAAN NG PANANALIKSIK

Lilinawin sa bahaging ito ang disenyo ng pananaliksik at ang mga pamamaraan kung paano ito
maisasakatuparan. Nilinaw na sa nakaraang aralin ang iba't ibang disenyo ng pananaliksik. Narito ang
ilang batayang pamamaraan:
a. Sarbey. Isang metodo na ginagamit upang mangalap ng datos sa sistematikong pamamaraan sa isang
tiyak na populasyon o sampol ng pananaliksik. Pamilyar na sa atin ang mga mga sarbey sa opinyon. Ang
sarbey ay ginagamit din sa mga siyentipikong layunin tulad ng marketing research, sikolohiya, kalusugan
at medisina, at sosyolohiya.
b. Pakikipanayam o Interbyu. Ito ay pagkuha ng impormasyon sa isang kalahok na may awtoridad o di
kaya ay may personal na pagkaunawa sa paksa ng pananaliksik.
Ang semi-structured interview o pakikipanayam na bahagyang nakabalangkas naman ay mas nagbibigay
ng kontrol sa mananaliksik o tagatanong sa magiging daloy ng panayam. Maaari ding unstructured o
walang estruktura ang pakikipanayam. Ang layunin nito ay upang galugarin ang nararamdaman ng
kalahok tungkol sa paksa ng panayam
c. Dokumentaryong Pagsusuri. Ang dokumentaryong pagsusuri ay isang pamamaraan sa pananaliksik
na ginagamit upang kumalap ng impormasyon na susuporta at magpapatibay sa mga datos ng
pananaliksik sa pamamagitan ng analitikal na pagbasa sa mga nasusulat na komunikasyon at mga
dokumento upang malutas ang mga suliranin.
d. Nakabalangkas na Obserbasyon at Pakikisalamuhang Obserbasyon. Ginagamit ito sa mga uri ng
pananaliksik na nangangailangan ng field study gaya ng etnograpiya. Ang nakabalangkas na obserbasyon
ay pagmamasid ng mananaliksik sa mga kalahok na pokus ng pag-aaral habang sistematikong itinatala
ang kanilang pagkilos, interaksiyon, at pag-uugali sa pamamagitan ng gabay sa obserbasyon.
READING AND WRITING

 This is also known as business letter or business correspondence.

 It is a vital part of office work.
 Normally takes place between employees and employers.
A resume contains a brief and concise summary of the applicant’s work history and educational background.
College Admission essay is very much different from any academic writing. The college admission needs a
touch of your personal life. It should capsulize your whole personality.
A memorandum is a short interoffice form of communication used by an officer in conveying his
message to the concerned person or department. Memo as it is shortly called and with the plural form,
memoranda may be used in conveying decisions or information or making a request.
A letter of inquiry is a request for information that the writer believes the reader can provide. In this
letter, you are asking for a specific information or answer about something.
A resignation letter is a document that notifies your employer that you are leaving your job. It
formalizes your departure from your current employment, and can be written as a printed letter or an
email message.
PE
Badminton traces its origin in China and India. Its name was derived from Badminton, the hometown of
the Duke of Beaufort, Gloucestershire, England. The rules of badminton were formalized and
standardized for a tournament play by the Bath Badminton Club in 1878. In 1879, a badminton
association was formed in New York, U.S.A. The game requires much running on the court. The
Governing body of Badminton is BWF; Badminton World Federation was formed in 1934.
What is the objective of Badminton?
The objective of badminton is to hit the shuttlecock back and forth over the net without allowing
it to hit the floor in bounds on your side of the net.
Badminton Terminologies
1. Ace - A point, a score.
2. Bird- A shuttlecock.
3. Carry- An indecisive hit of the shuttle.
4. Cross Court- A hit from one side of the court directly to the opposite side of the opponent's court.
5. Down- Loss of service. One down in single, two downs in doubles.
6. Fault- Illegal play which results in loss of service.
7. Flight- The path the shuttle follows after being struck.
8. Inning- In doubles, the side's turn of service.
9. Love- No score, zero.
10. Let- A serve that is repeated because of serving our turn or incorrect half court and the point is won.
11. Match point- The final point in a match; or the winning point in the third game.
12. Wood shot- Striking the shuttle with any part of the wood of the racket.

Table tennis, along with lawn tennis and badminton, descended from tennis, an ancient medieval game.
The sports began as a social diversion being played in domestic surroundings. It became popular under
the name Wiff-Whaff and Gossima (trade names) in England in the second half of the nineteenth century.
J. Jacques and Son introduced it as ping pong as it imitated the sound of the ball striking the table and the
vellum bats that were used. Table Tennis became the fashionable craze in England. PingPong was played
as an after-dinner amusement rather than a sport by the early years of this century. In 1903, the
technicalities in playing ping pong were published as well as the dressing code for the sizes when it is
played.
The International Tennis Federation (ITTF) was established in Berlin in 1926.
DEFINITIONS
1. A rally is the period during which the ball is in play.
2. 2. The ball is in play from the last moment at which it is stationary on the palm of the free hand
before being intentionally projected in service until the rally is decided a let or a point.
3. A let is a rally of which a result is not scored.
4. A point is a rally of which the result is scored.
5. The racket hand is the hand carrying the racket.
6. The free hand is the hand not carrying the racket.
7. A player strikes the ball if he touches it in play with his racket, held in the racket hand, or with his
racket below the wrist.
8. A player obstructs the ball if he or anything he wears or carries, touches it in play when it is
traveling toward the playing surface and has not passed beyond the end line, not having touched
his court since last being struck by his opponent.
9. The server is the player due to strike the ball first in a rally.
10. The receiver is the player due to strike the ball second in the rally.
11. The umpire is the person appointed to decide the results of each rally.
 12. The assistant umpire is the person appointed to assist the umpire with certain decisions.
13. Anything that a player wears or carries includes anything that he was wearing or carrying at the
start of the rally.
14. The ball shall be regarded as passing over or around the net assembly if it passes anywhere other
than between the net and the net post or between the net and playing surface.
15. The end line shall be regarded as extending indefinitely in both directions.

Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on
foot. Running is a type of gait characterized by an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground.
Types of Running
1. Road Running - One of the most popular types of running, road running includes running on
paved roads, paths, and sidewalks.
2. Treadmill Running - A great alternative to running outside when the weather is bad, treadmill
running is usually easier than outdoor running and can be gentler on your joints.
3. Racing - Some runners enjoy the thrill and competition of participating in road races, from 5Ks to
half and full marathons.
4. Trail Running - For those who love to enjoy scenery and peaceful surroundings while exercising,
trail running is a great option.
5. Track Running - Some runners like running on a track for safety and convenience.
Volleyball is a game played by two teams with six players on each team.
Basic Skills in Volleyball
A. Serving
Serving is used to put the ball in play. The action is done with arm swing that sends the ball over the net
into the opponent’s court.
B. Passing
Passing is used to receive the ball from your opponents, as in service, or as a technique to accurately
control the ball in a way that eliminates lifting or carrying the ball.
C. Setting
It is use to receive a teammate’s pass in order that the play may continue by passing the ball overhead to
an attacker. The action of setting is to contact the ball with the finger pads momentarily at the forehead
and following through with arms fully extended to the hitting target.
D. Attacking/Spiking
It is used to put the ball into the opponent’s court in order to earn point or side out. The action of this skill
will incorporate a quick approach followed by a strong, full arm swing, and follow-thru.
E. Blocking
It is used to stop the ball of the opponent’s attack to cross the net. A block is effective if it immediately
places the ball back into the opponent’s court or if it temporarily slows down the ball in order for a
defender to make dig.
F. Digging
It is used to receive the opponent’s attack. The dig resembles a forearm pass from a low ready position
and is used more for balls that are hit near the defender.
Basketball is the world's most well-liked team sports, wherein the target is to shoot a ball through a basket
horizontally positioned to earn points while following of rules. it's played with two teams of 5 players
played on a marked rectangular court with a basket at each width. Its court has 18 inches in diameter and
10 feet high
This team sport was invented by James Naismith, Canadian clergyman, educator, and physician in
December 1891.
A baseball/softball game is played by two teams who alternate between offense and defense. There are
nine players on each side.
GEN BIO 2
THE PHYLOGENIC TREE AND BASIC TAXONOMIC CONCEPTS
To build phylogenetic trees, scientists must collect accurate information that allows them to make
evolutionary connections between organisms. Using morphologic and molecular data, scientists work to
identify homologous characteristics and genes. Similarities between organisms can stem either from
shared evolutionary history (homologies) or from separate evolutionary paths (analogies). Newer
technologies can be used to help distinguish homologies from analogies. After homologous information is
identified, scientists use cladistics to organize these events as a means to determine an evolutionary
timeline. Scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony, which states that the order of events
probably occurred in the most obvious and simple way with the least amount of steps. For evolutionary
events, this would be the path with the least number of major divergences that correlate with the evidence.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE PHYLOGENIC TREE
To build phylogenetic trees, scientists use morphologic and molecular data, and identify homologous
characteristics and genes. After homologous information is identified, scientists use cladistics to organize
these events as a means to determine an evolutionary timeline. Scientists apply the concept of maximum
parsimony, which states that the order of events probably occurred in the most obvious and simple way
with the least amount of steps. For evolutionary events, this would be the path with the least number of
major divergences that correlate with the evidence. The phylogenetic tree, first used by Darwin, is the
classic "tree of life" model describing phylogenetic relationships among species, and the most common
model used today. New ideas about HGT and genome fusion have caused some to suggest revising the
model to resemble webs or rings.

Devastating diseases and plagues brought about by deadly pathogenic prokaryote have been among us
since early times. There are records about microbial diseases as far back as 3000 B.C. Infectious diseases
remain among the leading causes of death worldwide. Emerging diseases are those rapidly increasing in
incidence or geographic range. Pathogenic prokaryotes, however, are only a small percentage of all
prokaryotes. Human life is only possible due to the action of microbes, both those in the environment and
those species that call us home. Internally, they help us digest our food, produce crucial nutrients for us,
protect us from pathogenic microbes, and help train our immune systems to function correctly.
Prokaryotes also play roles in the carbon and nitrogen cycles. The most important contributor of carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere is microbial decomposition of dead material. Nitrogen is recycled in nature
from organic compounds to ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrite, nitrate, and nitrogen gas. Microbial
bioremediation is the use of microbial metabolism to remove pollutants. The environment also benefits
with the use of prokaryotes for bioremediation. Bioremediation has been used to remove agricultural
chemicals that leach from soil into groundwater and the subsurface. Toxic metals and oxides, such as
selenium and arsenic compounds, and even oil spills can also be removed by bioremediation.

EUKARYOTIC ORIGINS
The oldest fossil evidence of eukaryotes is about 2 billion years old. Fossils older than this all appear to
be prokaryotes. It is probable that today's eukaryotes are descended from an ancestor that had a
prokaryotic organization. The last common ancestor of today's Eukarya had several characteristics,
including cells with nuclei that divided mitotically and contained linear chromosomes where the DNA
was associated with histones, a cytoskeleton and endomembrane system, and the ability to make cilia/
flagella during at least part of its life cycle. It was aerobic because it had mitochondria that were the result
of an aerobic alpha-proteobacterium that lived inside a host cell. Whether this host had a nucleus at the
time of the initial symbiosis remains unknown. The last common ancestor may have had a cell wall for at
least part of its life cycle, but more data are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Today's eukaryotes are
very diverse in their shapes, Organization, life cycles, and number of cells per individual. Prokaryotes
existed for billions Of years before plants and animals appeared. During the first two billion years, the
atmosphere was anoxic and only anaerobic organisms were able to live. Cyanobacteria began the
oxygenation of the atmosphere. The increase in oxygen concentration allowed the evolution of other life
forms. The first eukaryotes evolved from ancestral prokaryotes by a process that involved membrane
proliferation, the loss of a cell wall, the evolution of a cytoskeleton, and the acquisition and evolution of
organelles. The mitochondria and plastids originated from endosymbiotic events when ancestral cells
engulfed an aerobic bacterium, in the case of mitochondria and a photosynthetic bacterium in the case of
chloroplasts.

1. - African trypanosomiasis also called as African sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma

parasites and spread by infected tsetse flies. Every individual may have somewhat different
symptoms. However, symptoms usually appear within 1 to 4 weeks of infection. After several
weeks, the infection may progress to meningoencephalitis. This is a brain infection as well as an
infection of the fluid around the brain and spinal cord. The symptoms of African sleeping
sickness may resemble of those other health disorders, but if left untreated, infection worsens and
death occurs within months.
2. The phylogenetic tree depicts the sequence in which evolutionary events occurred, as well as the
order in which specific features and creatures evolved in relation to one another. It has nothing to
do with time.
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Statistical Experiments
Statistical experiments are processes that generate a set of data. Experiments whose outcomes
cannot be predicted are called random experiments. The set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment is called a sample space. A sample point on the other hand, is an element of a sample
space. It is one possible outcome of an experiment.
A set of possible values from a random experiment is called random variable. A random variable
is a function that assigns a real number to each element of the sample space.
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES
1. Discrete Random Variable – If a random variable can only take a finite number of distinct values,
then it is said to be discrete. A discrete random variable has a countable number of possible values.
2. Continuous Random Variable – If a random variable can infinitely many possible values, then it
is continuous. A continuous random variable can take values that are measured on a continuous scale,
for example, time, length, weight, height, and temperature
Mean of a Random Variable
The measure of the central location of a random variable is called the expected value or mean of that
random variable.

∑ X • P( X )
Variance of a Random Variable
A measure of variability or the spread of the values for a random variable X is the variance. The
variance measures the degree of spread of the different values of the random variable about its
expected value or mean.
Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution
The normal probability distribution has the following properties:
1. The distribution curve is a bell – shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center
3. The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always approaching the axis
but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line.
6. The area under the curve 1. Thus, it interprets the probability or proportion or the percentage
associated with specific sets of measurement values.
The Standard Normal Curve
A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean and a standard
deviation = 1 By substituting the mean, and the standard deviation, = 1 in the formula,
mathematicians are able to find the areas under the normal curve.

For instance, a sample might be drawn from the population, its mean is calculated, and this value is
used as a statistic or an estimate for the population mean. Thus, descriptive measures computed from
a population are called parameters while descriptive measures computed from a sample are called
statistics. We say that the sample mean is an estimate of the population mean
A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means computed
from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
The probability distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
The Central Limit Theorem is of fundamental importance in statistics because it justifies the use of
normal curve methods for a wide range of problems. This theorem applies automatically to sampling
from infinite population. It also assures us that no matter what the shape of the population distribution
of the mean is, the sampling distribution of the sample means is closely normally distributed
whenever n is large.