[DM^K_\MCBC Q_M^BCB CKH D@_SK

Q_KI_BC@

NBL[HSBC CK CK_KLE@ ] LMKDLMB\ Q@HÇSMLB\

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B

C@LKDSK: FB_KD @NKHMB IB\SMBO[_[ BHBDMB

MDSKI_BDSK\:
- YM
YMHO
HOK_
K_ CMKI
CMKI@,
@, LE
LEM_
M_MD
MD@\
@\ HK
HK@D
@D
- CK
CK]^
]^MM K
KCY
CYB_
B_C
CEEKD
KD_]
_],, J@E
J@EBD
BD\@
\@D
DBB__
__K\
K\K
K
- BH
BHHM
HM\@
\@DD
DD GK
GKH@
H@C]
C],, QK_
QK_KZ
KZ _@
_@JB
JB\
\
- GB
GB_M
_MB
B BH
BHKJ
KJBD
BDC_
C_B,
B, S@
S@__
__K\
K\ LB
LBHM
HMUS
US@
@
- H[
H[Z
Z K\S
K\SKN
KNBD
BDM,
M, ^B
^B_B LB
LB_E
_E[B
[BGB
GBLB
LB

?125-2
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

_K\[GKD

Hb Hky ck Obsks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb sk kdlukdtrb kstbohklmc` kd kh

Cklrkt` Hkimshbtmv` D± ?9>, quk nuk pr`guhibc` kh 1> ck gbrz` ck 2=53 y puohmlbc`
kh ?3 ck gbrz` ck 2=53, kstb hky sk kdlukdtrb b su vkz rkihbgkdtbc` p`r kh
CKL_KS@ \[Q_KG@ Dº 11;-=1-QLG .
 Bh ebohbr ck hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb d`s rknkrmg`s
rknkrmg`s bh l`djudt` ck prmdlmpm`s
prmdlmpm`s,, d`rgbs
y pr`lks`s quk rkiuhbd kh mdirks`, h`s ckrkle`s y h`s ckokrks quk l`rrksp`dckd b
h`s skr
skrvmc
vmc`rk
`rkss pú
púohml
ohml`s
`s quk prkstb
prkstbd
d skrvml
skrvmlm`s
m`s ck db
dbtur
turbhk
bhkzb
zb pkr
pkrgbd
gbdkdt
kdtk
k kd hb
 Bcgmdmstrblmüd Qúohmlb. \kiúd hb hky kd gkdlmüd, kst`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s d`
pukckd ckskgpkòbr gâs ck ud kgphk` ` lbri` púohml` rkgudkrbc`, mdlhus` kd hbs
Kgprksbs ck pr`pmkcbc cmrkltb ` mdcmrkltb ckh Kstbc` ` ck Kl`d`gçb Gmxtb.

Hb Lb
Lbrr
rrkr
krb
b Bc
Bcgm
gmdm
dmst
strb
rbtmtmvb
vb sk kstru
kstrult
ltur
urb
b p`r
p`r irup
irup`s
`s `l
`lup
upbl
blm`
m`db
dbhk
hkss y dm
dmvk
vkhk
hks.
s.
 Bsmgmsg` h`s lbri`s d` n`rgbd pbrtk ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb y kh mdirks` skrâ
p`r kh dmvkh mdmlmbh ck lbcb irup` `lupblm`dbh kstbohklmídc`sk hbs vblbdtks kd kh
prksupukst` ck lbcb kdtmcbc.
Hb Hky ck obsks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb, kstbohklk quk h`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s
lukdtbd l`d rksp`dsbomhmcbc tbdt` kd gbtkrmb lmvmh, pkdbh y bcgmdmstrbtmvbgkdtk p`r 
kh lugphmgmkdt` ck hbs d`rgbs hkibhks y bcgmdmstrbtmvbs kd kh kjkrlmlm` ckh skrvmlm`
púohml`, smd pkrjumlm` ck hbs sbdlm`dks ck lbrâltkr cmslmphmdbrm` p`r hbs nbhtbs quk
l`gktbd.

Q`r `tr` hbc` kstbohklk quk hbs Kdtmcbcks Qúohmlbs sk kdlukdtrbd pr`emomcbs ck
gbdtkdkr dki`lm`s l`d sus skrvmc`rks, cmrkltbgkdtk ` b trbvís ck `ribdmzblm`dks
smdc
smdcml
mlbh
bhks
ks,, l`
l`dc
dcml
mlm`
m`dk
dkss ck trb
trbob
obj`
j` ` ok
okdk
dknml
nmlm`
m`ss quk
quk mg
mgph
phmq
mquk
ukd
d md
mdlr
lrkg
kgkd
kdt`
t`ss
rkgudkrbtmv`s ` quk g`cmnmqukd kh \mstkgb Údml` ck _kgudkrblm`dks quk sk
kstbohklk p`r hb prkskdtk Hky, kd brg`dçb l`d h` quk cmsp`dk kh Brtçluh` >1 ck hb
L`dstmtulmüd Q`hçtmlb ckh Qkrú.

?
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

MDS_@C[LLMÜD

Kd kh prkskdtk trbobj` ck mdvkstmiblmüd trbtbrkg`s s`ork Hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb

quk l`gprkdck b h`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s6 quk l`d lbrâltkr kstbohk sk kdlbribd ck

prkstbrr skrvml
prkstb skrvmlm`s
m`s ck dbt
dbturb
urbhkz
hkzb
b pkr
pkrgbd
gbdkdt
kdtk
k kd hb Bcgmdm
Bcgmdmstr
strblm
blmüd
üd Qú
Qúohml
ohmlb6
b6 ks
mgp`rtbdtk trbtbr s`ork kstk tkgb yb quk hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb pr`p`rlm`db
miubhks `p`rtudmcbcks b t`c`s h`s skrvmc`rks, nmjbdc` p`smomhmcbcks y l`dcmlm`dks ck
lbrâltkr ikdkrbh k mgpkrs`dbh, quk ibrbdtmzbd su cksbrr`hh` y pr`irksmüd, smd quk hb
cmgkdsmüd ck hb kdtmcbc l`dstmtuyb nblt`r hmgmtbdtk. Kst` qumkrk cklmr quk hb lbrrkrb
bcgmdmstrbtmvb sk kdlbrib ck ormdcbrhk pr`tkllmüd b h`s trbobjbc`rks, `t`riâdc`hks
kstbomhmcbc, p`r h` lubh h` kstbohklmc` kd hb hky y su rkihbgkdt` bgpbrbd cmleb
pr`tkllmüd y dmdiudb but`rmcbc pukck mr l`dtrb khh`.
Qr`nudcmzbrkg`s bckgâs s`ork hb kstrulturb ck hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb y l`g`

kstk sk cmvmck kd irup`s y dmvkhks6 bckgâs ck skòbhbr kd quk sk obsbd pbrb hb

cmvmsmüd ck hb kstrulturb `ribdmzblm`dbh.
\`or
\`ork
k hb lbr
brrk
rkrb
rb bcgm
bcgmdm
dmst
strb
rbtmtmvb
vb tb
tbgo
gomí
míd
d p`
p`cr
crkg
kg`s
`s vk
vkrr qu
quk
k rkqu
rkqums
msmtmt`s
`s s`d
nudc
nudcbg
bgkd
kdtb
tbhk
hkss pbrb
pbrb quk
quk kh lm
lmuc
ucbc
bcbd
bd`
` pk
pkru
rubd
bd`
` pu
pukc
kcb
b md
mdir
irks
ksbr
br b hb lbrr
lbrrkr
krb
b
bcgm
bcgmdm
dmst
strb
rbtmtmvb
vb y quk
quk ck
ckrk
rkle
le`s
`s,, `o
`ohmhmib
iblm
lm`d
`dks
ks y pr`e
pr`emo
moml
mlm`
m`dk
dkss b su vk
vkzz hk s`
s`d
d
`t`ribc`s, bsç l`g` tbgomíd p`crkg`s vkr quk kst`s pukckd `otkdkr ud bslkds`.
Kxphmlbrkg`s bckgâs s`ork kh ríimgkd cmslmphmdbrm` c`dck kstbohklkrkg`s quk
`lurrkd kd lbs` ck mdlugphmgmkdt` ` nbhtbs b sus nudlm`dks kd kjkrlmlm` ckh skrvmlm`
púohml` y hb sbdlmüd bckgâs quk hks s`d bsmidbcbs bdtk khh`. Kstb hky bckgâs ks

guy lhbrb bh skòbhbr lubhks s`d h`s knklt`s quk sk pr`culk bdtk hb ckstmtulmüd ck ud
skrvmc`r púohml` y quk bllm`dbr pukck t`gbr kstk skrvmc`r sm l`dsmckrb quk hb
sbdlmüd hk bnkltb.
\k p`crâ vmsubhmzbr tbgomíd lubhks s`d hbs lbusbs quk pr`culkd kh lksk ck hb
lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb.
Nmdbhg
Nmdbhgkdt
kdtk
k t`lbrk
t`lbrkg`s
g`s kh tkg
tkgb
b ckh
ckh \ms
\mstkg
tkgb
b Údml`
Údml` ck _kgudk
_kgudkrbl
rblm`d
m`dks
ks c`d
c`dck
ck
kspklmnmlbrkg`s lüg` sk kdlukdtrb l`dstmtumc` hbs rkgudkrblm`dks. B l`dtmdublmüd
pr`l
pr`lkc
kckr
krkg
kg`s
`s b cbr
cbr md
mdn`
n`rg
rgbl
blmü
müd
d gâs
gâs cktb
cktbhhhhbc
bcb
b s`
s`or
ork
k kh tkgb
tkgb ck Hb Lb
Lbrrk
rrkrb
rb
 Bcgmdmstrbtmvb kd kh Qkrú.

<
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

ÇDCMLK

◀ MDS_@C[LLMÜD
◀ SÇS[H
SÇS[H@
@ M: CK HB LB__K
LB__K_B
_B BCGMDM
BCGMDM\S_B
\S_BSM^B
SM^B

2. CKN
CKNMDML
MDMLMÜ
MÜD
D
?. Q_MD
Q_MDL
LMQM@
MQM@\
\
<. K\S
K\S_[
_[LS
LS[
[_B
3. MDI_K\@
;. B\LK
B\LKD\
D\@
@ KD HB
HB LB__
LB__K_
K_B
B
>. @OHMIBLM@
@OHMIBLM@DK\,
DK\, Q_@E
Q_@EMOMLM@
MOMLM@DK\
DK\ ] C
CK_KL
K_KLE@\
E@\
9. _ÍIM
_ÍIMGK
GKD
D CM
CM\L
\LMQ
MQHM
HMDB
DB_M
_M@
@
5. SÍ_G
SÍ_GMD
MD@
@ CK HB L
LB_
B__K
_K_B
_B
◀ SÇS[H
SÇS[H@
@ MM: CK
CKH
H \M\SKGB
\M\SKGB ÚDML@ CK _K
_KG[DK
G[DK_BLM@
_BLM@DK\
DK\

2. OB\K
OB\K\
\C CKH
KH \M\S
\M\SKG
KGB
B
?. EBOK
EBOK__ OÂ
OÂ\M
\ML@
L@
<. HB\
HB\ O
O@D
@DMN
MNML
MLBL
BLM@
M@DK
DK\
\
3. H@\
H@\ O
OKD
KDKN
KNML
MLM@
M@\
\
◀ L@DLH[\M@DK\
◀ _KNK_KDLMB\
 

3
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B

2. CKN
CKNMDML
MDMLMÜ
MÜD
D
Hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb kd hb bltubhmcbc ks kh l`djudt` ck d`rgbs, prmdlmpm`s y

pr`lks`s quk p`smtmvmzb kh bllks`, h`s ckrkle`s y hbs `ohmiblm`dks ck hbs pkrs`dbs
quk kdtrbd b ckskgpkòbr kh lbri` ck skrvmc`r púohml`, b trbvís ck hb Bcgmdmstrblmüd
Qúohmlb6 hb lubh tmkdk l`g` `ojkt` pkrgmtmr hb mdl`rp`rblmüd ck pkrs`dbh mcüdk`,
ibrbdt
ibrbdtmzb
mzbrr su pkr
pkrgbd
gbdkdl
kdlmb,
mb, bsk
bskiur
iurbr
br su ck
cksbr
sbrr`h
r`hh`
h` y pr`
pr`g`v
g`vkr
kr su rkb
rkbhmz
hmzblm
blmüd
üd
pkrs`dbh kd kh ckskgpkò` ckh skrvmlm` púohml`.
\md
\md kgob
kgobri
ri`,
`, eby
eby kxlk
kxlkpl
plm`
m`dk
dks,
s, kdtr
kdtrk
k khh`
khh`ss sk kx
kxlk
lkpt
ptúb
úb b h`
h`ss l`
l`di
dirk
rksm
smst
stbs
bs,,
gmdmstr`s, trbobjbc`rks ckh Kstbc`, gmkgor`s ck hbs Nukrzbs Brgbcbs y Q`hmlçb
Dblm`dbh6
Dblm`dbh6 kst` sk cb kd rbzüd, ck quk hbs pkrs`dbs
pkrs`dbs dbt
dbturbhk
urbhkss l`d lbri` pbrb kh
Kstbc`, lugphkd su nudlmüd, su ckokr skr, khh`s sk kdlukdtrbd `ohmibc`s ck trbobjbr 

p`r y pbrb h`s lmucbcbd`s quk h`s ksl`imkr`d pbrb ckskgpkòbr cktkrgmdbcbs
nudlm`dks.
 Bsmgmsg`, ckok kdtkdckrsk l`g` \krvmc`r Qúohml`6 bh lmucbcbd` kd kjkrlmlm` quk
 prkstb skrvmlm` kd kdtmcbcks ck hb Bcgmdmstrblmüd Qúohmlb, l`d d`gorbgmkdt` `
l`dtrbt` ck hb But`rmcbc l`gpktkdtk, l`d hbs n`rgbhmcbcks ck hb Hky, kd j`rdbcb
hkibhh y sujk
hkib sujkt`
t` b rktrmo
rktrmoulmüd
ulmüd rkgudkr
rkgudkrbtmvb
btmvb pkrgbdk
pkrgbdkdtk
dtk kd pkrç`c`s rkiuhbrks2. ]
pkrç`c`s
Nudlm`db
Nudlm`dbrm`
rm` Qúohml`6 bh lm
Qúohml` lmuc
ucbc
bcbd
bd`
` qu
quk
k ks kh
khki
kimc
mc`
` ` ck
cksm
smid
idbc
bc`
` p`
p`rr bu
but`
t`rm
rmcb
cbc 
c 
l`gpktkdtk l`dn`rgk bh `rckdbgmkdt` hkibh pbrb ckskgpkòbr lbri`s ckh gâs bht`
dmvkh kd h`s p`ckrks púohml`s y kd h`s `ribdmsg`s l`d but`d`gçb? .

H`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s kstâd bh skrvmlm` ck hb Dblmüd. Kd tbh rbzüd ckokd ck lugphmr 
kh skrvmlm` púohml` ouslbdc` kh cksbrr`hh` dblm`dbh ckh Qbçs y l`dsmckrbdc` quk
trbslmkdck h`s pkrm`c`s ck i`omkrd`, supkcmtbr kh mdtkrís pbrtmluhbr bh mdtkrís l`gúd
y b h`
h`ss ckok
ckokrk
rkss ckh
ckh sk
skrv
rvml
mlm`
m`,, l`
l`ds
dstmt
tmtum
umrr ud irup
irup`
` lb
lbhmhmnmnmlb
lbc`
c` y kd pk
pkrg
rgbd
bdkd
kdtk
tk
supkrblmüd, ckskgpkòbr sus nudlm`dks l`d e`dkstmcbc, knmlmkdlmb, hbo`rm`smcbc y
v`lblmüd ck skrvmlm`6 y, l`dculmrsk l`d cmidmcbc kd kh ckskgpkò` ckh lbri` y kd su
vmcb s`lmbh.

 @\@_M@,
Ekhmbstb. Gbdukh
Qâi. =29. (?11<). Cmllm`dbrm` ck lmkdlmbs jurçcmlbs p`hçtmlbs y s`lmbhks . Oukd`s Bmrks.
?
 Momckg. Qâi.335.

;
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

?. Q_MD
Q_MDL
LMQM@
MQM@\
\
Hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb lukdtb l`d 3 prmdlmpm`s kskdlmbhks:
➯  Kh prmdlmpm` ck miubhcbc ck `p`rtudmcbcks , kh lubh h` rkhblm`dbg`s l`d kh
g`c` p`r kh lubh mdirksb udb pkrs`db b ckskgpkòbr kh lbri` ck skrvmc`r 

púohml`, kh lubh sk cb ck gbdkrb `ohmibt`rmb b trbvís ck l`dlurs`s, h`s lubhks

s`d rkihbgkdtbc`s ck gbdkrb knmlbz.
➯ Kh prmdlmpm` ck kstbomhmcbc , eblk rknkrkdlmb kd quk ud skrvmc`r púohml`
pukck gbdtkdkrsk kd kh lbri` ck gbdkrb kstbohk.
➯ Kh prmdlmpm` ck ibrbdtçb ckh dmvkh bcqumrmc`,  kst` d`s qumkrk cklmr quk kh
skrvmc
skrvmc`r
`r pú
púohml
ohml`
` gkcmbd
gkcmbdtk
tk hb lbrrkr
lbrrkrb
b bcgmdm
bcgmdmstr
strbtm
btmvb,
vb, p`c
p`crâ
râ su
suomr
omr ck dmv
dmvkh
kh
skiúd sus n`rgblm`d ikdkrbh, sus gírmt` y kh tmkgp` ck pkrgbdkdlmb kd kh
dmvkh, kxmstkd dmvkhks irup` pr`nksm`dbh, tíldml` y buxmhmbr.
➯ Kh prmdlmpm` ck rktrmoulmüd justb y kqumtbtmvb,   kst` eblk gkdlmüd b hb

pkdsmü
pkdsmüd
d quk
quk tk
tkdc
dcrâ
râd
d h`
h`ss skrv
skrvmc
mc`r
`rks
ks pú
púoh
ohml
ml`s
`s bh lksb
lksbrr su lb
lbri
ri`
` p`
p`rr hb
hbss
lbusbhks kxprksbs kd kh C. Hkimshbtmv` ?9>.

<. K\S
K\S_[
_[LS
LS[
[_B
Ck blukrc` b h` kstmpuhbc` kd kh Lbpçtuh` MM ckh _kihbgkdt` ck hb Hky ck Lbrrkrb
 Bcgmdmstrbtmvb, hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb sk kstrulturb p`r irup`s `lupblm`dbhks y
dmvkhks lhbsmnmlbc`s kd rbzüd b su n`rgblmüd, lbpblmtblmüd ` kxpkrmkdlmb rkl`d`lmcb,
ck hb smiumkdtk gbdkrb:
H`s irup`s `lupblm`dbhks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb s`d lbtki`rçbs quk pkrgmtkd

`ribdmzbr b h`s skrvmc`rks kd rbzüd b su n`rgblmüd, lbpblmtblmüd ` kxpkrmkdlmb

rkl`d`lmcb. H`s irup`s `lupblm`dbhks s`d: pr`nksm`dbh, tíldml` y buxmhmbr.<
➯ Kh Irup` Qr`nksm`dbh kstâ l`dstmtumc` p`r skrvmc`rks l`d tçtuh` pr`nksm`dbh `
irbc` blbcígml` rkl`d`lmc` p`r hb Hky [dmvkrsmtbrmb.
➯ Kh Irup` Síldml` kstâ l`dstmtumc` p`r skrvmc`rks l`d n`rgblmüd supkrm`r `
udmvkrsmtb
udmvkrsmtbrmb
rmb mdl`gphkt
mdl`gphktb
b ` lbpb
lbpblmtbl
lmtblmüd
müd tkld`
tkld`hüiml
hüimlb
b ` kxpk
kxpkrmkdl
rmkdlmb
mb tíldmlb
tíldmlb
rkl`d`lmcb.
➯ Kh Irup`
Irup` Buxmhm
Buxmhmbr
br kstâ
kstâ l`dstm
l`dstmtum
tumc`
c` p`r skr
skrvmc
vmc`rk
`rkss qu
quk
k tmk
tmkdkd
dkd mds
mdstru
trullm
llmüd
üd
skludcbrmb y kxpkrmkdlmb ` lbhmnmlblmüd pbrb rkbhmzbr hbo`rks ck bp`y`. Hb

s`hb
s`hb tkdkdl
tkdkdlmb
mb ck tçt
tçtuh`
uh`,, cmp
cmph`g
h`gb,
b, lbpblm
lbpblmtbl
tblmüd
müd ` kxp
kxpkrmk
krmkdlm
dlmb
b d` mgphml
mgphmlb
b
<
 Cklrkt` Hkimshbtmv` ?9>

>
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

pkrt
pkrtkd
kdkd
kdlm
lmb
b bh Ir
Irup
up`
` Qr`n
Qr`nks
ksm`
m`db
dbhh ` Síld
Síldml
ml`,
`, sm d` sk eb p`
p`st
stuh
uhbc
bc`
`
kxprksbgkdtk pbrb mdirksbr kd íh.
H`s dmvkhks s`d h`s kslbh`dks quk sk kstbohklkd ckdtr` ck lbcb irup` `lupblm`dbh
pbrb hb pr`irksmüd ckh skrvmc`r kd hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb. Hb Lbrrkrb l`gprkdck
ck lbt`rlk dmvkhks bh Irup` Qr`nksm`dbh hk l`rrksp`dck h`s `le` dmvkhks supkrm`rks6
bh Irup` Síldml`, cmkz dmvkhks l`gprkdcmc`s kdtrk kh tkrlkr` y kh cklmg`skiudc`6 bh 
Irup` Buxmhmbr, h`s smktk dmvkhks mdnkrm`rks.
Qbrb hb pr`irksmüd sulksmvb kd h`s dmvkhks sk t`gbrâd kd lukdtb h`s nblt`rks
smiumkdtks:
➯ Kstucm`s ck n`rgblmüd ikdkrbh y ck lbpblmtblmüd kspklçnmlb ` kxpkrmkdlmb
rkl`d`lmcb
➯ Gírmt`s mdcmvmcubhks, bcklubcbgkdtk kvbhubc`s
➯ Smkgp` ck pkrgbdkdlmb kd kh dmvkh.
 B l`dtmdublmüd, pbrb knklt`s ck udb gby`r kxphmlblmüd, ud irânml` 3  quk mhustrb hb
kstrulturb ck hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb.

3. MDI_K\@

3
 Khbo`rblmüd: \K_^M_ “ IQI_E, skiúd Hky ck Obsks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb (CHki ?9>) y Hky Gbrl` ckh
Kgphk` Qúohml` (Hky ?529;)

9
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

Kd kh brtçluh` 2?± ck hb Hky ck Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb sk kstbohklkd h`s rkqumsmt`s

dklksbrm`s pbrb bllkckr b hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb, bsç tkdkg`s:
- \k
\krr l
lmu
mucb
cbcb
cbd`
d` pk
pkru
rubd
bd`
` kd kjkr
kjkrlm
lmlm
lm`
`
- Blr
Blrkc
kcmtb
mtbrr o
oukd
ukdb
bll`dc
`dcult
ultb
bys
sbhu
bhuc
c l`g
l`gpr`
pr`obc
obcb
b
- _ku
_kudmr
dmr h`
h`s
s btrm
btrmout
out`s
`s pr
pr`pm
`pm`s
`s ck
ckhh rksp
rkspklt
kltmv`
mv` i
irup
rup`
` `lu
`lupbl
pblm`d
m`dbh 
bh 

- Qrk
Qrkskd
skdtbr
tbrsk
sk y skr bpr
bpr`ob
`obc`
c` kkd
d kh l`d
l`dlur
lurs`
s` c
ck
k bc
bcgms
gmsmüd
müd
; 
- H`
H`s
s ck
ckgâ
gâs sqquk
uk sk
skòb
òbhk
hk hb Hk
Hky.
y.
Kh Cklrkt` Hkimshbtmv` D± ?9>, l`dtmkdk l`g` pr`lkcmgmkdt` `ohmibt`rm`, kh l`dlurs`
ck gírmt`s pbrb `lupbr h`s lbri`s ck skrvmc`r ck lbrrkrb ` skrvmc`r l`dtrbtbc` pbrb
hb
hbo`
o`rk
rkss ck db
dbtu
turb
rbhk
hkzb
zb pkrg
pkrgbd
bdkd
kdtk
tk,, kh ibdb
ibdbc`
c`rr ks md
mdl`
l`rp
rp`r
`rbc
bc`
` b hb Lbrrk
Lbrrkrb
rb
 Bcgmdmstrbtmvb gkcmbdtk rks`hulmüd
rks`hulmüd ck d`gorbgmkdt` ` l`dtrbt` skiúd skb kh lbs` k
mdirksb b hbo`rbr p`r kh dmvkh gâs obj` ckh irup` `lupblm`dbh ckh lubh sk p`stuhü.
H`s p`stuhbdtks quk bprukokd kh pr`lks` ck skhkllmüd y quk d` bhlbdlkd hbs
vblbdt
vblbdtks,
ks, mdt
mdtkir
kirbd
bd udb ‘Hm
‘Hmstb
stb ck Khkimo
Khkimohks
hks‗‗ kd kst
kstrmlt
rmlt`
` `rc
`rckd
kd ck gír
gírmt`
mt`,, luy
luyb
b

vmikdlmb skrâ ck skms gksks b knklt`s ck luormr `trb vblbdtk ck miubh ` smgmhbrks
lbrbltkrçstmlbs b hb quk p`stuhbr`d y quk pucmkrbd pr`culmrsk kd cmle` pkrm`c`.
\md kgobri`, p`r rbz`dks ck bustkrmcbc nmslbh cksck hb skiudcb gmtbc ck hb cílbcb
ckhh `lek
ck `lekdt
dtb,
b, hb
hbss hk
hkyk
ykss ck pr
prks
ksup
upuk
ukst
st`
` vm
vmdm
dmkr
kr`d
`d mg
mgp`
p`dm
dmkd
kdc`
c` hmhmgm
gmtb
tblm
lm`d
`dks
ks bh
d`gorbgmkdt` y b hb l`dtrbtblmüd ck pkrs`dbh obj` lubhqumkr n`rgb ` g`cbhmcbc. Hbs
gkdlm`dbcbs rkstrmllm`dks prksupukstbrmbs pbrb kh bllks` ck pkrs`dbh dklksbrm`
pbrb hb Bcgmdmstrblmüd Qúohmlb, ebd ikdkrbc` hbs smiumkdtks l`dsklukdlmbs:
➯ Ruk t`cbs hbs kdtmcbcks púohmlbs tkdibd ud irbd dúgkr` ck phbzbs vblbdtks
y gule
gulebs
bs sk eb
ebyb
ybd
d vm
vmst
st`
` `ohm
`ohmib
ibcb
cbss b lu
luor
ormr
mr h`
h`ss lb
lbri
ri`s
`s cm
cmrk
rklt
ltmv
mv`s
`s l`
l`d
d

pr`nksm`d
pr`nksm`dbhk
bhkss bjk
bjkd`s
d`s b hb lbr
lbrrkr
rkrb
b bcg
bcgmdm
mdmstr
strbtm
btmvb,
vb, mgp
mgpmcm
mcmkdc
kdc`
` bsl
bslkdc
kdckr
kr b
pkrs`dbh ck lbrrkrb quk p`crçbd ebokr `nrklmc` gkj`rks lbhmnmlblm`dks.
➯ @trb gkcmcb bc`ptbcb p`r hbs kdtmcbcks l`dsmstmü kd rklurrmr b hb l`dtrbtblmüd
ck pkrs`dbh b trbvís ck l`dtrbt`s ck \krvmlm`s D` Qkrs`dbhks, b qumkdks d`
sk rkimstrbob kd hbs phbdmhhbs ckh Kstbc`. Ks kd kstk pudt` kd c`dck yb sk
bprklmb quk ckomc` b hb l`dtrbtblmüd mdckomcb ck pkrs`dbh, l`dtrbtbc` obj` hb
g`cb
g`cbhmc
hmcbc
bc ck \krv
\krvml
mlm`
m`ss D` Qk
Qkrs
rs`d
`dbh
bhks
ks,, sk `rmi
`rmimd
mdbr
br`d
`d pr`o
pr`ohk
hkgb
gbss kd hb
 Bcgmdmstrblmüd Qúohmlb (lb`s `ribdmzblm`dbh) y b su vkz sk `rmimdü ud
pkrjumlm` kl`dügml` y g`rbh bh pkrs`dbh quk ckomü ebokr smc` mdl`rp`rbc` b

hb Lb
Lbrr
rrkr
krb
b Bc
Bcgm
gmdm
dmst
strb
rbtmtmvb
vb,, yb quk
quk prks
prkstb
tbob
obd
d sk
skrv
rvml
mlm`
m`ss pk
pkrs
rs`d
`dbh
bhks
ks y
;
 Cklrkt` Hkimshbtmv` ?9>

5
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

ckskgpkòbobd hbo`rks pkrgbdkdtks ck n`rgb mdmdtkrrugpmcb kd su pukst`

ck trbobj`.
\kiúd hb Hky ck hbs obsks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb, kh mdirks` b hb Lbrrkrb
 Bcgmdmstrbtmvb skrâ p`r kh dmvkh mdmlmbh ck lbcb irup` `lupblm`dbh. Hbs vblbdtks sk
kstbohklkd kd kh prksupukst` ck lbcb kdtmcbc. Kh skrvmc`r ck lbrrkrb cksmidbc`
pbrb ckskgpkòbr lbri` p`hçtml` ` ck l`dnmbdzb tmkdk ckrkle` b rkt`rdbr b su irup`
`lupblm`dbh y dmvkh ck lbrrkrb, bh l`dlhumr hb cksmidblmüd.
Hb l`dtrbtblmüd ck ud skrvmc`r pbrb rkbhmzbr hbo`rks bcgmdmstrbtmvbs ck dbturbhkzb
pkrgbdkdtk d` pukck rkd`vbrsk p`r gâs ck trks bò`s l`dsklutmv`s. ^kdlmc` kstk
phbz`, kh skrvmc`r quk ebyb vkdmc` ckskgpkòbdc` tbhks hbo`rks p`crâ mdirksbr b hb
Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb, prkvmb kvbhublmüd nbv`rbohk y smkgprk quk kxmstb hb phbzb
vblbdtk, rkl`d`lmídc`sk kh tmkgp` ck skrvmlm`s prkstbc`s l`g` l`dtrbtbc` pbrb
t`c`s sus knklt`s. H` cmspukst` kd kstk brtçluh` d` ks bphmlbohk b h`s skrvmlm`s quk
p`r su pr`pmb dbturbhkzb skbd ck lbrâltkr bllmckdtbh ` tkgp`rbh. Ck blukrc` b h`
kstmpuhbc` kd kh brtçluh` <3± ckh _kihbgkdt`, hb kstbomhmcbc hbo`rbh sk bcqumkrk b
pbrtmr ckh d`gorbgmkdt`, p`r h` quk d` kxmstk pkrm`c` ck prukob.
gby`r mhustrblmüd, ud lubcr` > ckh pr`lks` ck ikstmüd ck
 B l`dtmdublmüd, b knklt`s ck gby`r
skrvmc`rks ck hb Hky ?9>.

;. B\LK
B\LKD\
D\@
@ KD
KD H
HB
BLLB_
B__K
_K_B
_B

>
 Khbo`rblmüd: \K_^M_ “ IQI_E, skiúd Hky ck Obsks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb (CHki ?9>) y Hky Gbrl` ckh
Kgphk` Qúohml` (Hky ?529;)

=
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

Kh bslkds` ckh skrvmc`r kd hb lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb sk pr`culk gkcmbdtk pr`g`lmüd

b dmvkh mdgkcmbt` supkrm`r ck su rkspkltmv` irup` `lupblm`dbh, prkvm` l`dlurs` ck
gírmt`s.9 
Hbs kdtmcbcks púohmlbs phbdmnmlbrbd sus dklksmcbcks ck pkrs`dbh kd nudlmüd ckh
skrvml
skrvmlm`
m` y sus p`smom
p`smomhmc
hmcbck
bckss prksu
prksupuk
pukstb
stbhks
hks.. Bdu
Bdubhg
bhgkdt
kdtk,
k, lbc
lbcb
b kdt
kdtmcb
mcbc
c p`
p`crâ
crâ

rkbhmzbr ebstb c`s l`dlurs`s pbrb bslkds`, smkgprk quk kxmstbd hbs rkspkltmvbs
phbzbs vblbdtks.
Ks ckokr ck lbcb kdtmcbc kstbohklkr pr`irbgbs ck lbpblmtblmüd pbrb lbcb dmvkh ck
lbrrkrb y ck blukrc` l`d hbs kspklmbhmcbcks, l`g` gkcm` ck gkj`rbr kh skrvmlm`
púohml` k mgpuhsbr kh bslkds` ckh skrvmc`r.
Qkrmücmlbgkdtk y b trbvís ck gít`c`s tíldml`s, ckokrâd kvbhubrsk h`s gírmt`s
md
mdcm
cmvm
vmcu
cubh
bhks
ks y kh cksk
ckskgp
gpkò
kò`
` kd kh lbri
lbri`,
`, l`
l`g`
g` nblt
nblt`r
`rks
ks ck
cktk
tkrg
rgmd
mdbd
bdtk
tkss ck hb
lbhmnmlblmüd pbrb kh l`dlurs`.
Kh lb
lbgo
gom`
m` ck ir
irup
up`
` `lup
`lupbl
blm`
m`db
dbh,h, pr
prkv
kvm`
m` kh lu
lugp
gphmhmgm
gmkd
kdt`
t` ck h`
h`ss rkqu
rkqums
msmtmt`s
`s

l`rrks
l`rrksp`d
p`dcmk
cmkdtk
dtks,
s, d` pukck
pukck pr`cul
pr`culmrs
mrsk
k b ud dmv
dmvkh
kh mdnkrm
mdnkrm`r
`r bh bhlbdz
bhlbdzbc`
bc`,, sbh
sbhv`
v`
l`dskdtmgmkdt` kxprks` ckh skrvmc`r. \k kstbohklkrâ hb duhmcbc ck h`s blt`s quk
l`dtrbvkdibd hbs rkihbs ck bllks`.
 B l`dtmdublmüd, b knklt`s ck gby`r mhustrblmüd, ud lubcr` 5 ck hb pr`irksmüd kd hb
lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb

>. @OHMIBLM@D
@OHMIBLM@DK\,
K\, Q_@EMOMLM
Q_@EMOMLM@DK\
@DK\ ] CK_K
CK_KLE@\
LE@\
\`d `ohmiblm`dks ck h`s skrvmc`rks:
➯ Lugphmr pkrs`dbh y cmhmikdtkgkdtk h`s ckokrks quk mgp`dk kh skrvmlm` púohml`.
9
5  Cklrkt` Hkimshbtmv`
 Khbo`rblmüd: \K_^M_ ?9>
“ IQI_E, skiúd Hky ck Obsks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb (CHki ?9>) y Hky Gbrl` ckh
Kgphk` Qúohml` (Hky ?529;)

21
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

➯ \bhvbiubrcbr h`s mdtkrksks ckh Kstbc` y kgphkbr bustkrbgkdtk h`s rklurs`s

púoh
púohml
ml`s
`s66 L@DL
L@DL@_
@_CB
CBDL
DLMB
MB\:
\: _.G.
_.G. Dº 11=-
11=-?1
?11>
1>-K
-KN-
N-21
21 (Bpr
(Bpruk
ukob
obd
d hb
Cmrkltmvb s`ork dkutrbhmcbc y trbdspbrkdlmb ck h`s kgphkbc`s púohml`s ckh
\klt`r Kl`d`gçb y Nmdbdzbs curbdtk kh pr`lks` khklt`rbh ckh bò` ?11>)
➯ L`dlurrmr pudtubhgkdtk y `oskrvbr h`s e`rbrm`s kstbohklmc`s.
➯
L`d`lkr y kxebustmvbgkdtk hbs hbo`rks ckh lbri` y lbpblmtbrsk pbrb ud gkj`r 
ckskgpkò`.
➯ @oskrvbr oukd trbt` y hkbhtbc eblmb kh púohml` kd ikdkrbh, eblmb h`s supkrm`rks
y l`gpbòkr`s ck trbobj`.
➯ Iubrcb
Iubrcbrr bos
bos`hu
`hutb
tb rks
rkskrv
krvb
b kd h`s bsudt`
bsudt`ss qu
quk
k rkv
rkvmst
mstbd
bd tbh lbrâlt
lbrâltkr,
kr, búd
ckspuís ck ebokr lksbc` kd kh lbri`.
➯ Mdn`rgbr b hb supkrm`rmcbc ck h`s blt`s ckhmltmv`s ` ck mdg`rbhmcbc l`gktmc`s
kd kh kjkrlmlm` ck hb nudlmüd púohmlb.
➯ Hbs ckgâs quk hk skòbhkd hbs hkyks ` kh rkihbgkdt`.

H`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s quk cktkrgmdb s`d cktkrgmdbc`s p`r hky ` quk bcgmdmstrbd
` gbdkjbd n`dc`s ckh Kstbc` ckokd eblkr cklhbrblmüd jurbcb ck sus omkdks y rkdtbs
bh t`gbr p`sksmüd y bh lksbr kd sus lbri`s, y pkrmücmlbgkdtk curbdtk kh kjkrlmlm` ck
íst`s.
Q`r h` tbdt`, s`d pr`emomlm`dks b h`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s:
➯ _kbhmzbr bltmvmcbcks cmstmdtbs b su lbri` curbdtk kh e`rbrm` d`rgbh ck trbobj`,
sbhv` hbo`r c`lkdtk udmvkrsmtbrmb.
➯ Qkrlmomr rktrmoulmüd ck tkrlkr`s pbrb rkbhmzbr u `gmtmr blt`s ckh skrvmlm`.
➯
_kbhmzbr bltmvmcbc p`hçtmlb pbrtmcbrmb curbdtk kh lugphmgmkdt` ck hbs hbo`rks.
h bo`rks.
➯ Kgmtmr `pmdmüd b trbvís ck h`s gkcm`s ck l`gudmlblmüd s`lmbh s`ork bsudt`s
ckh Kstbc`, sbhv` but`rmzblmüd kxprksb ck hb but`rmcbc l`gpktkdtk.
➯ Lkhkorbr p`r sç ` p`r tkrlkrbs pkrs`dbs ` mdtkrvkdmr, cmrkltb ` mdcmrkltbgkdtk,
kd h`s l`dtrbt`s l`d su Kdtmcbc kd h`s quk tkdibd mdtkrksks kh pr`pm`
skrvmc`r, su lüdyuik ` pbrmkdtks ebstb kh lubrt` irbc` ck l`dsbdiumdmcbc `
skiudc` ck bnmdmcbc.
➯ Hbs ckgâs quk skòbhkd hbs hkyks ` kh rkihbgkdt`.
\`d ckrkle`s ck h`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s ck lbrrkrb:
➯
Eblkr lbrrkrb púohmlb kd obsk bh gírmt`, smd cmslrmgmdblmüd p`hçtmlb, rkhmim`sb,
kl`dügmlb, ck rbzb ` ck skx`, dm ck dmdiudb `trb çdc`hk.

22
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

➯ I`zbr ck kstbomhmcbc. Dmdiúd skrvmc`r pukck skr lksbc` dm ckstmtumc` smd` p`r 
lbusb prkvmstb kd hb Hky y ck blukrc` bh pr`lkcmgmkdt` kstbohklmc`.
➯ Qkrl
Qkrlmo
momr
mr hb rk
rkgu
gudk
dkrb
rblm
lmüd
üd quk
quk l`
l`rrk
rrksp
sp`d
`dck
ck b su dm
dmvk
vkh,h, md
mdlh
lhuy
uykd
kdc`
c` hb
hbss
o`dmnmlblm`dks y okdknmlm`s quk pr`lkcbd l`dn`rgk b hky.
➯ I`zb
I`zbrr bd
bdub
ubhg
hgkd
kdtk
tk ck tr
trkm
kmdt
dtb
b cç
cçbs
bs ck vb
vblb
lblm
lm`d
`dks
ks rkgu
rkgudk
dkrb
rbcb
cbss sb
sbhv
hv`
`

bluguhblmüd l`dvkdlm`dbh
l`dvkdlm`dbh ebstb ck 1? pkrç`c`s.
➯ Eblk
Eblkrr us
us`
` ck pk
pkrg
rgms
ms`s
`s ` hmlk
hmlkdl
dlmb
mbss p`
p`rr lb
lbus
usbs
bs ju
just
stmnm
mnmlb
lbcb
cbss ` g`
g`tmv
tmv`s
`s
pkrs`dbhks, kd hb n`rgb quk cktkrgmdk kh rkihbgkdt`.
➯ @otkdkr prístbg`s bcgmdmstrbtmv`s, ck blukrc` b hbs d`rgbs pkrtmdkdtks.
➯ _kmdl`rp`rbrsk b hb lbrrkrb púohmlb bh tírgmd` ckh ckskgpkò` ck lbri`s
khkltmv`s kd h`s lbs`s quk hb Hky mdcmquk.
m dcmquk.
➯ Kjkrlkr c`lkdlmb udmvkrsmtbrmb, smd buskdtbrsk ckh skrvmlm` gâs ck skms e`rbs
skgbdbhks.
➯ _klmomr gkdlm`dks, cmstmdlm`dks y l`dckl`rblm`dks ck blukrc` b h`s gírmt`s

pkrs`dbhks. Hb @rckd ckh \krvmlm` Lmvmh ckh Kstbc` l`dstmtuyk hb gâxmgb

cmstmdlmüd.
➯ _klh
_klhbg
bgbr
br bdtk
bdtk hb
hbss md
mdst
stbd
bdlm
lmbs
bs y `r
`rib
ibdm
dmsg
sg`s
`s l`rr
l`rrks
ksp`
p`dc
dcmk
mkdt
dtks
ks ck hb
hbss
cklmsm`dks quk bnkltkd sus ckrkle`s.
➯  Bluguhbr b su tmkgp` ck skrvmlm`s ebstb lubtr` bò`s ck kstucm`s
udmv
udmvkr
krsm
smtb
tbrm
rm`s
`s b h`
h`ss pr
pr`n
`nks
ksm`
m`db
dbhk
hkss l`
l`d
d tçtu
tçtuh`
h` rkl`
rkl`d`
d`lm
lmc`
c` p`r
p`r hb Hk
Hkyy
[dmvkrsmtbrmb, ckspuís ck qumdlk bò`s ck skrvmlm`s knkltmv`s, smkgprk quk d`
skbd smguhtâdk`s.
➯ D` skr trbshbcbc` b kdtmcbc cmstmdtb smd su l`dskdtmgmkdt`
➯
L`dstmtumr smdcmlbt`s l`d brrkih` b hky.
➯ Eblkr us` ck hb eukhib, kd hb n`rgb quk hb hky cktkrgmdk
➯ I`zb
I`zbrr bh tí
tírg
rgmd
md`
` ck hb lbrr
lbrrkr
krb
b ck pkds
pkdsmü
müd
d ckdt
ckdtr`
r` ck
ckhh ríim
ríimgk
gkd
d qu
quk
k hk
l`rrksp`dck.
➯ H`s ckgâs quk skòbhkd hbs hkyks ` kh rkihbgkdt`. H`s ckrkle`s rkl`d`lmc`s
p`r hb Hky b h`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s s`d mrrkdudlmbohks. S`cb kstmpuhblmüd kd
l`dtrbrm` ks duhb.
Qbrb cktkrgmdbr hb rksp`dsbomhmcbc bcgmdmstrbtmvb kh prmgkr pbs` ks mckdtmnmlbr hb
kxmstkdlmb ck ud sujkt`, qumkd skb rksp`dsbohk ck ud l`djudt` ck nudlm`dks y

btrmoulm`dks cktkrgmdbcbs, kd kh prkskdtk lbs` kstbg`s rknmrmídc`d`s bh skrvmc`r 

púohml`. Kd l`dl`rcbdlmb l`d Hb Hky Gbrl` ckh Kgphk` Qúohml`, brtçluh` 2=±,

2?
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

kst
stb
boh
ohk
klk qu
quk
k, h`
h`ss kg
kgp
phk
hkb
bc`s púohml`
hml`ss s`d rksp
rksp`
`ds
dsbo
bohk
hkss lm
lmvvmhmh,, pkd
kdbh
bh `
bcgmdmstrbtmvbgkdtk p`r kh mdlugphmgmkdt` ck hbs d`rgbs hkibhks y bcgmdmstrbtmvbs
kd kh kjkrlmlm` ckh skrvmlm` púohml`.
Kst` d`s qumkrk cklmr quk l`g` sujkt` ck ckrkle` y kd kjkrlmlm` ckh skrvmlm` púohml`,
quk `t`ribd6 tbgomíd tmkdkd rksp`dsbomhmcbc kd nbhtb ck udb d`rgb ` udb hky y kstb

pukck skr tbdt` lmvmh, bcgmdmstrbtmvb, ` pkdbh.

Lbok ckstblbr quk kstbs `ohmiblm`dks, pr`emomlm`dks y ckrkle`s6 ouslbd kh pur` y
hmgpm` kjkrlmlm` ck hb nudlmüd bcgmdmstrbtmvb pbrb su oukd cksbrr`hh`. Kstbs sk ckokd
rkspktbr y eblkr lugphmr gkcmbdtk h`s prmdlmpm`s `t`ribc`s kd hb Hky Dº ?9333.
\m omkd l`dtbg`s l`d ckrkle`s kd lbhmcbc ck bcgmdmstrbc`s ` bcgmdmstrbc`rks,
tb
tbgo
gomí
míd
d tk
tkdk
dkg`
g`ss qu
quk
k lugp
lugphmhmrr hb rk
rksp
sp`d
`dsb
sbom
omhmhmcb
cbc
c quk
quk l`
l`dh
dhhk
hkvb
vb ks
kst`
t` y hb
hbss

`ohmiblm`dks quk s`d pbrtk ck lbcb nudlmüd ` trâgmtk bcgmdmstrbtmv`.

 B L`dtmdublmüd sk bcjudtb kh prkskdtk lubcr`=  l`g
l`gpbr
pbrbtm
btmv`
v` ck hbs sbdlm`
sbdlm`dks
dks
bphmlbcbs kd h`s cmnkrkdtks rkiçgkdks hbo`rbhks
h bo`rbhks

9. _ÍIM
_ÍIMGK
GKD
D CM\
CM\LM
LMQH
QHMD
MDB_
B_M@
M@
Kh ríimgkd cmslmphmdbrm` eblk bhusmüd b hb rksp`dsbomhmcbc quk tkdcrâd h`s skrvmc`rks
púohml`s kd kh pkrm`c` quk kstíd ckskgpkòbdc` kh lbri`, su rksp`dsbomhmcbc vb
cksck kh âgomt` Bcgmdmstrbtmv`, Lmvmh y l`g` uhtmgb rbtm` hb Qkdbh, kstb úhtmgb lukdtb
l`d ud irbd phmki` ck supukst`s ck ekle` y l`dsklukdlmbs jurçcmlbs pbrb bqukh gbh
skrvmc`r púohml` quk sk bpr`vklek ck su lbri`, h`s ckhmt`s quk l`gktkrçb s`d kh
bous`
bous` ck but
but`rm
`rmcbc
cbc,, hb l`dlusm
l`dlusmüd,
üd, kh pkluhb
pkluhbc`
c` y nmd
nmdbhg
bhgkdt
kdtk
k hb l`rru
l`rruplm
plmüd
üd ck
=
 Khbo`rblmüd: \K_^M_ “ IQI_E, skiúd Hky ck Obsks ck
c k hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb (CHki ?9>) y
Hky Gbrl` ckh Kgphk` Qúohml` (Hky ?529;)

2<
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

nudlm`dbrm`s. °Qkr` cksck quk g`gkdt` sk l`dsmckrb udb nbhtb cmslmphmdbrmb0, sk hk

l`ds
l`dsmc
mckr
krb
b l`g
`g`
` tb
tbhh b t`
t`cb
cb bllm
bllmüd
üd u `gms
`gmsmü
müd
d v`
v`hu
hudt
dtbr
brmb
mb ` md
mdv`
v`hu
hudt
dtbr
brmb
mb qu
quk
k
l`dtrbvkdib sus pr`pmbs `ohmiblm`dks, pr`emomlm`dks y ckgâs quk tkdibd quk vkr 
l`d su kskdlmb pr`pmb ks cklmr su ckokr skr , kh rksuhtbc` ck udb s`hb nbhtb pr`v`lb
ck gbd
gbdkrb
krb mdg
mdgkcm
kcmbtb
btb hb bphmlb
bphmlblmü
lmüd
d ck hb sbdlmü
sbdlmüd
d l`r
l`rrks
rksp`d
p`dcmk
cmkdtk
dtk,, ek bqu
bquçç hb

p`tkstbc sbdlm`dbc`rb cmslmphmdbrmb, hb lubh sk kdlbribrâ ck p`dkr bh gbrikd bh

pkrs`dbh.
Hbs nbhtbs cmslmphmdbrmbs sk cmvmckd kd < tmp`s:
2) Lbusbs
Lbusbs rkhbt
rkhbtmvb
mvbss bh trbobj`
trbobj` hbo
hbo`rb
`rbh:
h: \k cb gkcmbdtk kh mdlugphmgmkdt` ck
hbs d`rgbs prkvmstbs kd hb hky y su rkihbgkdt`, hb dkihmikdlmb ckh ckskgpkò`
ck sus nudlm`dks,kh bous` ck but`rmcbc,kh prkvbrmlbt` ` kh gbh us` ck su
lbri`.
?) Lbusbs
Lbusbs rkhb
rkhbtmv
tmvbs
bs b hb cmsl
cmslmph
mphmdb
mdb:: \k gbdmnmkstb b trbvís ckh mdlugphmgmkdt`
ck ürckdks p`r pbrtks ck h`s supkrm`rks rkhblm`dbcbs b su hbo`r, lbkr kd nbhtb

b trbvís ck hb vm`hkdlmb ` nbhtb ck rkspkt` pbrb l`d sus supkrm`rks l`g`

l`gpbòkr`s ck trbobj`,blt`s ck mdg`rbhmcbc, blt`s ck e`stmibgmkdt` skxubh.
<) Lbus
Lbusbs
bs rkhb
rkhbtmv
tmvbs
bs bh ckokr
ckokr ck hb oukdb nk: Lubdc` sk utmhmzbd ` cmsp`dkd
oukdb
ck gbdkrb mdbcklubcb h`s omkdks b okdknmlm` pr`pm` ` ck tkrlkr`s, kh cbò` `
cktkrgmdbr hb mdutmhmcbc ck h`s omkdks ck hb kdtmcbc púohmlb lubdc` sk tuv` hb
p`sksmüd ck kstb l`d oukdb nk.

Kxmstk
Kxmstkd
d tmp`s
tmp`s ck sbd
sbdlm`
lm`dks
dks cms
cmslmp
lmphmd
hmdbrmb
brmbss , hbs lu
lubhk
bhkss pu
pukck
kckd
d skr b trb
trbvís
vís ck
bg`dkstblm`dks ck n`rgb vkrobh ` kslrmtb, hb suspkdsmüd ckh lbri` smd ckrkle` b

ebokrks p`r <1 cçbs, kh lksk ck lbri` smd ckrkle` b ebokrks p`r 2? gksks
l`dtmdu`s y nmdbhgkdtk hb ckstmtulmüd ckh lbri`, kst`s skrâd cktkrgmdbc`s p`r hb
irbvkcbc ck hb nbhtb, ckpkdckrâ gule` ckh l`dtkxt` ckh ekle`, hb pbrtmlmpblmüd ckh
bikdtk l`g` tbgomíd kh rksuhtbc` ` knklt` ikdkrbc`, bsç gmsg` sm sk cktkrgmdbsk
gâs nbhtbs kstbs sk bluguhbrbd y sk cktkrgmdbrb kh irbc` ck sbdlmüd, hb lubh
rklbkrâ kd hb gâs irbvk. Kh skrvmc`r quk nuksk ckstmtumc` d` p`crâ rkmdirksbr bh
lbri` p`r ud phbz` ck ; bò`s l`g` gçdmg`
Kh pr`lks` bcgmdmstrbtmv` cmslmphmdbrm` pbrb h`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s sk s`gktk b
mdvkstmiblmüd b trbvís ck hb l`gmsmüd ck pr`lks`s bcgmdmstrbtmv`s cmslmphmdbrm`s, smd

kgobri` hb cklmsmüd ck l`dv`lbr b udb l`gmsmüd sk cbrâ b pbrtmr ck irbvkcbc ck hb

nbhtb, bsç gmsg` kstb d` pukck curbr gâs ck trkmdtb cçbs.

23
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

 B l`dtmdublmüd, sk bcjudtb kh prkskdtk lubcr` 21 b knklt`s ck mhustrbr hbs nbsks ckh
pr`lks` cmslmphmdbrm`.

5. SÍ_G
SÍ_GMD
MD@
@ CK HB L
LB_
B__K
_K_B
_B
Kh tírgmd` ck hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb sk cb s`hbgkdtk p`r 3 supukst`s:
b) Nbhhklmgmk
Nbhhklmgmkdt`,
dt`, kd ks
kstk
tk supukst`
supukst` d` kxmstk
kxmstk hb sulksmü
sulksmüd
d p`r pbrt
pbrtk
k ck h`s
pbrmkdtks ckh skrvmc`r púohml`.
o) _kdudlmb,
_kdudlmb, hb lu
lubh
bh pukc
pukck
k skr prkskdtb
prkskdtbcb
cb bdtks c
ck
k <1 cçbs lb
lbhkdcb
hkdcbrm`
rm`
l) Lksk ck
cknmdmtm
nmdmtmv`,
v`, sk pukck
pukck sus
suslmtbr
lmtbr l`d
l`d hb hhkib
hhkibcb
cb b h`s 91 bò`s
bò`s ck kcbc,
kcbc, hb
pírcmcb ck dblm`dbhmcbc, p`r mdlbpblmcbc
m dlbpblmcbc ck kjkrlmlm`
c) Ckstmtulmü
Ckstmtulmüd,
d, prkvm` pr
pr`lks
`lks`
` bcgmdm
bcgmdmstrbtm
strbtmv`
v` cmslmphmdb
cmslmphmdbrm`
rm`
Ckpkdckd ck kst`s çtkgs, kh tírgmd` ` lksk ck hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb.

KH \M\SKGB ÚDML@ CK _KG[DK_BLM@DK\

2. OB\K
OB\K\
\ CKH
CKH \M\S
\M\SKG
KGB
B
\kiúd kh brt. ; ckh C. Hki. D± ?9> Kh \mstkgb Údml` ck _kgudkrblm`dks (\[_) sk
bp`yb kd h`s prmdlmpm`s ck:
➯ [dmvkrsmcbc
➯ Obsk tíldmlb
21
 Khbo`rblmüd: \K_^M_ “ IQI_E, skiúd Hky ck Obsks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb (CHki ?9>) y
Hky Gbrl` ckh Kgphk` Qúohml` (Hky ?529;)

2;
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

➯ _khblmüd cmrkltb l`d hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb

➯  Bcklubcb l`gpkdsblmüd
l`gpkdsblmüd kl`dügmlb
kl`dügmlb

] skiúd kh brt. 3< ckh C. Hki d± ?9> ks l`dstmtumc` p`r:

➯ Kh ebokr oâsml`
➯
Hbs o`dmnmlblm`dks
➯ H`s okdknmlm`s

Lbok
Lbok bòbc
bòbcmr
mr qu
quk
k lubh
lubhqu
qumk
mkrr tmp`
tmp` ck dki`
dki`lm
lmbl
blmü
müd
d y/`
y/` ok
okdk
dknml
nmlm`
m` qu
quk
k rksu
rksuhthtk
k kd
g`cmnmlblmüd ckh \[_ kstbohklmc` p`r Hky ks tbjbdtkgkdtk pr`emomc` pbrb t`cbs hbs
kdtmcbcks púohmlbs, ckomídc`sk
ckomídc`sk lugphmr l`d kh brt. >1 ck hb Lbrtb Gbidb pkrubdb.
 Bsmgmsg`, d` pukckd
pukckd (h`s smstkgbs ck rkgudk
rkgudkrblm`dks
rblm`dks ck skrvmlm`s púohml`s) utmhmzbr 
l`g` rknkrkdlmb kh sukhc` gçdmg`, hb udmcbc ck rknkrkdlmb ` smgmhbrks pbrb kh
rkbjustk ck hbs rkgudkrblm`dks, smkdc` údmlbgkdtk rkimc`s p`r kh \[_.

?. KH EB
EBOK
OK_
_ OÂ\
OÂ\ML
ML@
@
L`rrksp`dcmkdtk b h`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s, rkiuhbc` lbcb bò` kd pr`p`rlmüd y l`g`
p`rlkdtbjk ck hb [dmcbc _kgudkrbtmvb Qúohmlb ([_Q). Cmle` g`dt` ks nmjbc` p`r 
Cklrkt` \uprkg` obj` v`t` bpr`obt`rm` ckh L`dskj` ck Gmdmstr`s, su bltubhmzblmüd
ks pkrmücmlb y ckpkdckrâ ck hb p`hçtmlb ckh I`omkrd` y kh prksupukst` cmsp`dmohk.
_kbjustbr kh g`dt` mgphmlb tbgomíd rkbjustk kd h`s ebokrks oâsml`s y o`dmnmlblm`dks
kd rknkrkdlmb b h`s gmsg`s.
Kxmstkd lbt`rlk (23) dmvkhks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb, smkdc` h`s ck dmvkh mdnkrm`r 

l`rrksp`dcmc`s p`r ud ebokr oâsml` kqumvbhkdtk b udb (12) [_Q. Kd lubdt` b su

pr`p`rlmüd b l`d kh dmvkh gâxmg`, ks nmjbc` bdubhgkdtk.
Hb rkgudkrblmüd ck h`s skrvmc`rks l`dtrbtbc`s kstbrâ phbsgbcb kd kh l`dtrbt`
l`rr
l`rrks
ksp`
p`dc
dcmk
mkdt
dtk,
k, tk
tkdm
dmkd
kdc`
c` kd lu
lukd
kdtb
tb hb ks
kspk
pklm
lmbh
bhmc
mcbc
bc,, nudl
nudlmü
müd(
d(ks
ks)) y tbrk
tbrkb(
b(s)
s)
kspklçnmlb(s) quk sk hk bsmidkd, d` mgphmlb o`dmnmlblmüd dm okdknmlm` kstbohklmc` kd
kstb Hky.
H`ss nu
H` nudl
dlm`
m`db
dbrm
rm`s
`s tk
tkdc
dcrâ
râd
d su rk
rkgu
gudk
dkrb
rblm
lmüd
üd nmjb
nmjbcb
cb p`
p`rr lb
lbri
ri`s
`s kspk
kspklç
lçnmnml`
l`s,
s,
kslbh`dbc`s kd `le` (15) dmvkhks6 Kh Qrksmckdtk ck hb _kpúohmlb `lupb kh dmvkh
gâxmg`. H`s lbri`s ck lbcb dmvkh bsç l`g` hb pr`p`rlmüd kdtrk h`s gmsg`s y kh dmvkh

gâxmg` skrâd nmjbc`s p`r rkihbgkdt`.

2>
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

Dmdiúd nudlm`dbrm` dm skrvmc`r púohml` p`crâ pkrlmomr udb rkgudkrblmüd quk (kd t`tbh)
supkrk b hb ckh Qrksmckdtk ck hb _kpúohmlb, kxlkpt` kd lbs`s ck o`dmnmlblmüd
pkrs`dbh ` p`r \krvmlm` Kxtkrm`r ck hb _kpúohmlb.

<. HB\
HB\ O
O@D
@DMN
MNML
MLBL
BLM@
M@DK
DK\
\

Hb o`dmnmlblmüd ck lbrâltkr pkrs`dbh sk `t`rib l`d rbzüd ck ;% ckh ebokr oâsml`

p`r lbcb qumdqukdm`, d` pukck kxlkckr ck `le` (15) qumdqukdm`s.
Hb o`dmnmlblmüd ck lbrâltkr nbgmhmbr sk nmjb ck gbdkrb bdubh y p`r Cklrkt` \uprkg`,
tkdmkdc` kh v`t` bpr`obt`rm` ckh L`dskj` ck Gmdmstr`s. Kd lubdt` b hbs lbribs
nbgmhmbrks, l`rrksp`dck hb o`dmnmlblmüd b hb gbcrk, sm khhb y kh pbcrk prkstbd skrvmlm`s
bh Kstbc`.
\kiúd kh brt. ;< ckh C. Hki. D± ?9>, hb o`dmnmlblmüd cmnkrkdlmbh tmkdk p`r `ojkt`:
➯ L`gpkdsbr b ud skrvmc`r ck hb lbrrkrb p`r kh ckskgpkò` ck ud lbri` quk
mgphmquk rksp`dsbomhmcbc cmrkltmvb6 y,
➯
L`gpkdsbr
L`gpkd sbr l`dcm
l`dcmlm`
lm`dk
dkss ck trb
trbobj
obj`
` kxlkpl
kxlkplm`d
m`dbhk
bhkss rks
rkspkl
pklt`
t` ck
ckhh skrvml
skrvmlm`
m`
l`gúd.
➯ Kstb o`dmnmlblmüd d` ks bphmlbohk b nudlm`dbrm`s.

3. H@\
H@\ OKD
OKDKN
KNML
MLM@
M@\
\
L`rrksp`dckd h`s smiumkdtks okdknmlm`s b h`s nudlm`dbrm`s y skrvmc`rks púohml`s:
Bsmidblmüd p`r lugphmr ?; bò`s ck skrvmlm` , `t`ribc` p`r ud g`dt` quk kqumvbhk
b c`
c`ss (1?)
(1?) rk
rkgu
gudk
dkrb
rblm
lm`d
`dks
ks gkds
gkdsub
ubhk
hkss t`
t`tb
tbhk
hks6
s6 y trks
trks (1<)
(1<) rkgu
rkgudk
dkrb
rblm
lm`d
`dks
ks
gkdsubhks bh lugphmr <1 bò`s ck skrvmlm`. Bgo`s okdknmlm`s sk `t`ribd p`r údmlb

vkz.
Biumdbhc`s, `t
`t`
`ri
rib
bc`
c`ss kd Nm
Nmks
kstb
tbss Qbtr
trmb
mbss y Dbv
bvmc
mcbc
bc,, su g`
g`d
dt` ks nmnmjb
jbc
c`
bdubhgkdtk p`r Cklrkt` \uprkg`.

L`gpkd
L`gpkdsbl
sblmüd
müd p`r Smk
Smkgp`
gp` ck \krvmlm`s, `t`rib
\krvmlm`s `t`ribc`
c` bh pkrs`
pkrs`db
dbhh d`g
d`gorb
orbc`
c` bh
g`gkdt` ckh lksk p`r kh mgp`rtk ckh ;1% ck su rkgudkrblmüd prmdlmpbh pbrb h`s
skrvmc`rks l`d gkd`s ck ?1 bò`s ck skrvmlm`6 kd lbs` ck ?1 ` gâs bò`s ck
skrvmlm`, skrâ ck udb rkgudkrblmüd prmdlmpbh p`r lbcb bò` l`gphkt` ` nrbllmüd ck >
gksks y ebstb ud gâxmg` ck <1 bò`s ck skrvmlm`.

Kd lbs` ck lksk y p`stkrm`r rkmdirks`, hb lbdtmcbc pbibcb surtk knklt` lbdlkhbt`rm`

ckh tmkgp` ck skrvmlm`s bdtkrm`r pbrb kstk okdknmlm`.

29
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

H`s trbobj`s quk rkbhmlk ud skrvmc`r púohml` kxlkcmídc`sk ck su j`rdbcb hbo`rbh

`rcmdbrmb, skrâd rkgudkrbc`s kd pr`p`rlmüd b su ebokr oâsml`. Kst` d` ks bphmlbohk
pbrb h`s nudlm`dbrm`s púohml`s (d` rklmokd pbi`s).
Hbs cmktbs p`r pbrtmlmpblmüd y bsmstkdlmb b cmrklt`rm`s u üribd`s kqumvbhkdtks ck

Kgprksbs k Mdstmtulm`dks lbrklkd ck dbturbhkzb rkgudkrbt`rmb. \us g`dt`s s`d

nmjbc`s p`r Cklrkt` \uprkg`.
 B knklt`s ck gby`r mhustrblmüd rkspklt` bh smstkgb údml` ck rkgudkrblm`dks
rkgudkrblm`dks,, sk
bcjudtb kh prkskdtk lubcr` 22 ck hb kstrulturb ckh gmsg`.

L@DLH[\M@DK\

➯ Hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb kd kh Qkrú ks ud l`djudt` ck prmdlmpm`s, d`rgbs y

pr`lks`s quk rkiuhbd kh mdirks`, h`s ckrkle`s y h`s ckokrks ck h`s skrvmc`rks
púoh
púohml
ml`s
`s qu
quk,
k, l`
l`d
d lbrâ
lbrâlt
ltkr
kr kstb
kstboh
ohk,
k, prks
prkstb
tbd
d sk
skrv
rvml
mlm`
m`ss ck dbtu
dbturb
rbhk
hkzb
zb
pkrgbdkdtk kd hb bcgmdmstrblmüd púohmlb. \u `ojktmv` ks hb mdl`rp`rblmüd ck

22
 Khbo`rblmüd:
Hky \K_^M_Qúohml`
Gbrl` ckh Kgphk` “ IQI_E,
(Hky skiúd
?529;)Hky ck Obsks ck hb Lbrrkrb Bcgmdmstrbtmvb (CHki ?9>) y

25
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

pkrs`dbh mcüdk`, ibrbdtmzbdc` su pkrgbdkdlmb y cksbrr`hh`, s`ork hb obsk ck

gírmt`s y lbhmnmlblm`dks kd kh ckskgpkò` ck sus nudlm`dks y ckdtr` ck udb
kstrulturb udmn`rgk ck irup`s `lupblm`dbhks y ck dmvkhks
➯ Hb lbrrkrb bcgmdmstrbtmvb kstâ rkiuhbcb p`r hb Hky ck obsks ck hb lbrrkrb
bcgmdmstrbtmvb y ck rkgudkrblm`dks ckh sklt`r púohml` y su rkihbgkdt`. Kh

ríimgkd hbo`rbh púohml` bcgmdmstrbtmv` kstbohklmc` kd kstb Hky sk lbrbltkrmzb

p`r skr ud smstkgb lkrrbc`, kd kh lubh kh mdirks` b hb lbrrkrb sk rkbhmzb p`r kh
dmvkh gâs obj` ckh irup` `lupblm`dbh y hb pr`g`lmüd ck h`s skrvmc`rks
púohml`s kd h`s cmnkrkdtks dmvkhks ckpkdck ckh lugphmgmkdt` ck rkqumsmt`s
pr
prkv
kvmb
mbgk
gkdt
dtk
k ck
cktk
tkrg
rgmd
mdbc
bc`s
`s,, quk
quk mdlh
mdlhuy
uykd
kd bdtm
bdtmiø
iøkc
kcbc
bc kd kh pu
puks
kst`
t`,,
lbpblmtblmüd y kvbhublmüd.
➯ Hb lbrrkrb lukdtb l`d trks irup`s `lupblm`dbhks l`d cmstmdt`s dmvkhks lbcb
ud`, kd c`dck hb e`g`ikdkmcbc rkgudkrbt`rmb kstâ kstbohklmcb gkcmbdtk ud
smstkgb údml` ck rkgudkrblm`dks. Hb rkgudkrblmüd kstâ l`dstmtumcb p`r ud

sbhbrm` oâsml`, bckgâs ck o`dmnmlblm`dks y okdknmlm`s.

➯ L`dsmc
L`d smckrb
krbg`s
g`s tbgomí
tbgomíd
d quk kd l`g
l`gpbr
pbrblm
blmüd
üd ck `tr
`tr`
` ríi
ríimgk
mgkd
d hbo
hbo`rb
`rbhh smd
lbrrkrb l`d vçdluh` hbo`rbh l`g` kh LB\, ks ck gby`r pr`tkllmüd y okdknmlm`
pbrb h`s skrvmc`rks púohml`s.
➯ L`d rkspklt` b hb l`kxmstkdlmb
l`kxmstkdlmb ck bgo`s rkiçgkdks sk kstbrçb vuhdkrbdc`
vuhdkrbdc` kh
ckrkle` ck miubhcbc quk sk kdlukdtrb rkl`d`lmc` kd dukstrb L`dstmtulmüd
Q`hçtmlb ckh Qkrú6 yb quk kh Kstbc` d` cm` ud trbt` miubhmtbrm` b t`c` su
pkrs
pkrs`
`db
dbh,h, pksk
ksk b quk hb
hbss pkr
krss`db
`dbs l`
l`dt
dtrb
rbtb
tbcb
cbss gkc
kcmmbdtk
bdtk kh LB
LB\
\
cksbrr`hhbobd hbo`rks ck lbrâltkr pkrgbdkdtk kst`s sk kdl`dtrbobd sujkt`s

b suo`rcmdblmüd y rklmoçbd ud pbi` p`r hb hbo`r prkstbcb6 lbrbltkrçstmlbs

pr`pmbs ck ud l`dtrbt` ck trbobj`, pkr` quk p`r ebokr smc` l`dtrbtbc`s
gkcmbdtk LB\ y d` ck blukrc` bh pr`lkcmgmkdt` kstbohklmc` p`r kh Cklrkt`
Hkimshbtmv` Dº ?9>, tkdçbd ckrkle`s hmgmtbc`s.
➯ Kd lub
lubdt`
dt` bh smstkg
smstkgb
b údm
údml`
l` ck rkgudk
rkgudkrbl
rblm`d
m`dks,
ks, sk pukck
pukck l`
l`dlh
dlhumr
umr quk
lubhqumkr g`cmnmlblmüd bh gmsg` smstkgb skrâ mgp`smohk ck rkbhmzbr sm ks quk
d` sk cb l`d ud lbgom` (bh \[_) ckomcbgkdtk rkbhmzbc` p`r Hky. H` gmsg`
bphmlb pbrb h` quk l`dstmtuyk bh \[_ (Ebokr oâsml` y o`dmnmlblm`dks) lubhks
g`dt`s s`d nmjbc`s p`r Cklrkt` \uprkg`. Kd lubdt` b hbs o`dmnmlblm`dks, sk

`t`ribd p`r tmkgp` ck skrvmlm`, kd cçbs nkstmv`s (Nmkstbs Qbtrmbs y Dbvmcbc) y

p`r l`gpkdsblmüd p`r kh tmkgp` kd kh skrvmlm`.

2=
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

_KNK_KDLMB\

 Cklrkt` Hkimshbtmv` ?9>, `otkdmc` ck:

ettp://www.rrkk.i`o.pk/khgmdmstkrm`/C`lugkdts/C.%?1Hki.%?1D
%L?%O1%?1?9>%?1Hky%?1ck%?1O
%L?%O1%?1?9>%?1Hky%?1ck%?1Obsks%?1ck%?1h
bsks%?1ck%?1hb%?1Lbrrkrb
b%?1Lbrrkrb
%?1Bcgmdmstrbtmvb.pcn  

◀ Ibzz
Ibzz`h
`h`
`HHum
umss Bho
Bhokr
krt`
t`,, Bpudtks ck Ckrkle`
Ckrkle` Bcgmdmstrbtmv` Qkrubd`

?1
 

HB LB__K_B BCGMDM\S_BSM^B
BCGMDM\S_BSM^B CK_KLE@ BCGMDM\S_BSM^@
BCGMDM\S_BSM^@

◀ ‘Qr`o
‘Qr`ohkgâtm
hkgâtmlb
lb ck hb kxmstkdl
kxmstkdlmb
mb ck cmstmdt`s rkiç
rkiçgkdk
gkdks
s ck l`dtrb
l`dtrbtblmü
tblmüd
d ck
 pkrs`dbh kd kh kstbc`‗   (?1
(?12<)
2<).. Q`dtm
Q`dtmnml
nmlmb
mb [dmvk
[dmvkrsm
rsmcbc
cbc Lbt
Lbtühm
ühmlb
lb ck
ckhh Qkr
Qkrú.
ú.
@otkdmc`:
ettp://tksms.pulp.kcu.pk/rkp`
ettp://tksms.pulp.kcu.pk/rkp`smt`rm`/omtstrkbg/ebdchk/2?<
smt`rm`/omtstrkbg/ebdchk/2?<3;>95=/3;15/OK
3;>95=/3;15/OK

HS_BDPHB_L@PH[M\BPL@DS_BSBLM@DP
HS_BDPHB_L@PH[M\BPL@DS_BSBLM@DPQK_\@DBH.pcn0skq
QK_\@DBH.pcn0skqukdlk72
ukdlk72

◀ _ki
_kihbg
hbgkdt
kdt`
` ck hb Hky ck Obsks ck hb Lbr
Lbrrkr
rkrb
b Bcg
Bcgmdm
mdmstr
strbtm
btmvb.
vb. @otk
@otkdmc
dmc`
` ck
ck::
ettp://www?.l`dirks`.i`o.pk/smlr/lkdc`lomo/l
ettp://www?.l`dirks`.i`o.pk/smlr/lkdc`lomo/l`d?Pumoc.dsn/;LL=O
`d?Pumoc.dsn/;LL=O2C>9<2>L
2C>9<2>L
K<51;?;9;L;11;KL=9K/
$NMHK/cs11;P=1PplgPrkihbgkdt`P
$NMHK/cs11;P=1PplgPrkihbgkdt`PhkyPckPobsksP
hkyPckPobsksPlbrrkrbPpuohmlb.pcn 
lbrrkrbPpuohmlb.pcn 

◀ \K_^
\K_^M_
M_.. (Bi`
(Bi`st
st`
` ck ?12
?12?)
?).. Kh ríimgkd ckh Cklrkt` Hkimshbtmv` ?9> . @otkdmc`
ck:

- ettp://mdst.s
ettp:/ /mdst.skrvmr.
krvmr.i`o.pk/n
i`o.pk/nmhks/br
mhks/brlemv`s/Qr
lemv`s/Qr`irbgbKdt
`irbgbKdtrkdbgmkd
rkdbgmkdt`S\L-?12?
t`S\L-?12?--
15/Qr`irbgbKdtrkdbgmkdt`S\L-?12?-15-3-S\L.pcn 
- ettp:/
ettp://st`rbik
/st`rbik.skrvmr
.skrvmr.i`o.pk
.i`o.pk/omohm`
/omohm`tklb/\K_^
tklb/\K_^M_%?1-%?
M_%?1-%?1Kh%?1skr
1Kh%?1skrvmlm`
vmlm`
%?1lmvmh%?1pkrubd`%?1-%?1Lbp?.QCN

?2