NH HNG CA CC LOI HNG N N NH BAN U

-nh hng ca hng lng

-nh hng ca hng treo

NH HNG CA HNG LNG

Trng hp hng lng cha y trong khoang t y n np v khng
c mt thong, nh hng ca hng lng n n nh tu tnh tng t nh
ti trng rn
Trng hp hng lng khng c cha y trong khoang, tc l c xut
hin mt thong, cn tnh nh hng ca mt thong hng lng n n
nh tu
Xt trng hp trn tu c khoang cha hng lng th tch v v khi lng
ring !cl
Khi tu nghing gc !, mt thong
cht lng trong khoang cng nghing
gc !, trng tm ca khi cht lng
dch chuyn t v tr f n f1, gy
mmen nghing ph xc nh theo
cng thc :
mph = wcl ff1
= wcl fm.!
= !cl.v. ix/v.! = !cl ix !
Mng = Mhp - mph
= W.GM. ! - !cl ix ! =
Mt thong cht
lng

Gim n nh tu khi
nghing

 chng nh hng xu ca hng lng ngi ta c gng

gim Momen qun tnh ca mt thong cht lng bng cch:
-Cha y cc kt cht lng
-Hn ch chiu rng mt thong hoc chia mt thong ra lm
nhiu phn

NH HNG CA HNG TREO

Xt trng hp trn tu c treo mt vt rn c khi lng w treo trn
dy di AB=l
i vi hng treo, khi tu nghing
mt gc nh s gy ra Moment
nghing ph l: Mn=w.l.
Chu nh hng ca hng treo nn
Moment phc hi lc ny l:

Nh vy: Do nh hng ca hng treo nn chiu cao tm

nghing gim i mt lng:

N NH GC NGHING LN
- Chiu cao tm nghing dng o n nh ban u nhng
khng cho y hnh nh v tnh n nh ca tu=>phi
xem xt s gi gn con tu gc nghing ln
- gc nghing ln, n nh ngang quyt nh nhng iu
kin hng hi v an ton ca con tu.
- gc nghing ln:
+ Tm nghing M khng cn nm trn trc i xng.
+ Tm ni B di chuyn khng phi trn cung trn nh trong
n nh ban u m theo ng cong khng theo lut.
+ tng tay n moment ngu lc (moment hi phc)
gia lc ni v trng lc khng cn tuyn tnh vi gc
nghing na m chuyn hn sang giai on phi tuyn.

CNH TAY N N NH TNH

1. Bn knh tm nghing
It
BM =
V

It : momen qun tnh tit din ng nc i vi

trc ngang Ox

2. To tm ni mi

Y = BM ( ) cosd
0

Z = BM ( ) sin d
0

3. Cnh tay n n nh tnh theo cng thc:

GZ=Ycos+Zsin-KGsin=Ycos+(Z-KB)sin-asin
LK :Cnh tay n Cnh tay n n
n nh hnh
nh trng lng
dng

4. Ta tm nghing tnh theo cng thc:

YM=Y-BMsin; ZM=Z+BMcos

 th ng cong cnh tay n GZ ()

C th thay trc
tung GZ bng
Mhp

Trc x: trc gc nghing ngang

Trc y: trc cnh tay n n nh ban u GZ
-Gc phn t th 1: ng cong GZ khi nghing mn phi
-Gc phn t th 4: ng cong GZ khi nghing mn tri
th GZ () i xng qua trc x nn thng ch th hin ng cong GZ gc
phn t 1

Phn tch th GZ () sau

Intact Statical Stability

4.5

Moment Arm GZ

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

25

50

Heeling Angle

75

85

Intact Statical Stability

4.5

Moment Arm GZ

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

25

50

Heeling Angle

75

85

Lc u gc nghing ngang =0 -> GZ=0 (W v F

cng nm trn 1 ng thng) -> Mhp =0

Intact Statical Stability

4.5

Moment Arm GZ

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

25

50

Heeling Angle

75

85

Gc nghing ngang tng dn ln (Do ngoi lc tc ng Mng ) th GZ

cng tng ln tng ng
hnh v ny =250 th GZ =2,5 ft

Intact Statical Stability

4.5

Moment Arm GZ

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

25

50

Heeling Angle

75

85

- Gc nghing ngang c tng n mt gi tr no m th GZ s t gi tr cc

i.
y, m =500 th GZmax = 4 ft
- Khi vt qu gi tr m th GZ li gim dn n gc ln v . V lc ny tu s tip
tc nghing cho n khi b lt p

Intact Statical Stability

4.5

Moment Arm GZ

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

25

50

Heeling Angle

75

85

Ta nhn thy rng khi tu nghing do ngoi lc (sng, gi, bo, ko tu) -> Mng .
Lc ny bn thn con tu s sinh ra Mhp (do ni lc tu sinh ra) chng li Mng
Khi GZmax s to ra Mhpmax
Nu Mng > Mhpmax th tu s tip tc b nghing cho ti khi tu lt

Intact Statical Stability

4.5

Moment Arm GZ

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

25

50

Heeling Angle

75

Gc nghing ngang tip tc tng trong khi GZ li gim

85

Intact Statical Stability

4.5

Moment Arm GZ

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

25

50

Heeling Angle

75

85

n v tr ny v =85 th GZ=0 -> G v B li thng hng ln na. Nhng tnh

trng ny khng tt v M =0 v ngoi im ny th tu thc s b lt p.

C TNH CA NG CONG
-Tr s chiu cao tm nghing GM
-Tr s tay n ln nht GZ v gc nghing m ti GZmax
-Khong gc nghing m n nh dng v

IU KIN N NH TNH
Moment nghing III lun ln
hn Moment phc hi (Mhp>Mng)
cho nn tu s mt n nh v
b lt.
Moment II c mt im tip xc
vi ng cong Moment phc hi
(im C): cn bng phim nh
=> V tr cn bng khng n
nh
Moment I ct ng cong moment phc hi ti 2 im A,B
-A: v tr cn bng n nh
-B: v tr cn bng khng n nh

T c th thy, iu kin cn v n nh tnh l:

(1)
(2)

Mph = Mng
d
( M ph M ng ) > 0
d

PHNG PHP V NG CONG TAY N

PANTOKAREN
V sn Czebyszew (c 2 pha mn)
Dng ng nc ban u (=00) N0
Qua tm O ca ng nc ban u v ng nc ph th nht di
gc nghing (ly bng 100) N1
Tm khong cch t tm ng nc ph
ti O:
T xc nh c
N1 v F1

Gc
nghing

(1)

10
20
30

90

BM()


(2)

BMcos (3) BMsin

(3)
(4) (5)

(5)


(6)

Y=/2.(4)


(7)

(KB-KB0)= /2.(6) (7).cos (8)sin

(8)
(9)
(10)

(9)+(10)


=(11)

 TH PANTOKAREN
Nhn xt: th Pantokaren
nh gi c tnh n nh
ca tu, ng thi cho php
xc nh nhanh v d ng
cong tay n trng thi ti
bt k ca tu (ng vi mi
ng nc) khi bit v
tr trng tm.

N NH NG
n nh ng l n nh tu khi Mng l mmen ng, tu nghing t
ngt c gia tc gc
Do tu nghing c gia tc gc nn ngoi 2 thnh phn momen nghing Mng
v momen hi phc Mhp bit cn c thm thnh phn momen qun tnh
Tu cn bng:
t:

M ng + M hp + M qt = 0 M ng = M hp + W .
q =
dq dq d
dq
=
=
.
= q.
dt
d dt
d
dq
Wq
+ M hp = M ng
d
Wqdq + M hp d = M ng d

Tch phn 2 v c:

q2
W
+
2

M hp d =

M ng d

Khi tu cn bng ti gc nghing =d th q=0 nn ta c:

M hp d = M ng d

Ang =

M ng d
0

Ahp =

M hp d
0

M hp d = M ng d

Cng ca momen nghing khi tu nghing t 0-> d

Cng ca momen hi phc khi tu nghing t 0-> d

C cng ca moment phc hi: Aph = M ph ( )d = W . GZ ( ).d

l cnh tay n n nh ng

 TH N NH NG
th n nh ng: l th biu din s ph thuc ca cnh tay
n n nh ng hoc cng ca moment phc hi theo gc nghing
ngang
Nhn xt: ng cong n nh ng l ng cong tch phn ca ng cong n
nh tnh nn n c nhng c tnh sau:
Din tch di ng cong n nh tnh
(t v tr cn bng ti mt gc nghing
ngang ) l tr s cnh tay n n nh
ng gc nghing ngang .
im cc i ca ng cong n nh
ng E tng ng vi im mt n nh F
(v) ca ng cong n nh tnh
im un ca ng cong n nh ng
N tng ng vi im cc i ca ng
cong n nh tnh M (m) ca ng cong
n nh tnh.
Trc honh tip tuyn vi ng cong n
nh ng ti =0.

XC NH GC N NH NG TRN TH
Gc n nh ng c gii t phng trnh:
Tm gc n nh ng da trn th n nh tnh
Cch lm: Gi s, moment
nghing ng Mng l khng i.
Trn trc tung ta t on OE=
v ng thng song song vi trc
honh. Dng ng thng BFC
vung gc vi trc honh sao cho:
Din tch OEA=Din tch ABF th
im C (d) chnh l gc n nh
ng.

Tm gc n nh ng da trn th n nh ng
Cch lm: Ti im K (=57.30) dng ng vung gc v trn
t KF=
. Ni ko di O vi F ta c ta c ng thng cnh
tay n ng ca Moment nghing. ng cnh tay n ng ca
moment nghing v ng cong cnh tay n ng ct nhau ti im
N tng ng vi gc d phi tm.

MOMEN GII HN (MOMEN LT TU)

T hnh c th thy: DTch OABO = DTch BCDB
- Nu mmen nghing nhch cao hn ng AD s khng
cn tn ti s cn bng din tch (DT OAB>DT BCDB), khi
tu ri vo trng hp nguy him
- Ngc li ng mmen
nghing h thp hn AD,
lun lun xc nh c gc
d, ti s cn bng din
tch hai tam gic
Vy: Gi tr Mmen nghing
ti v tr AD cn gi l mmen
gii hn hay mmen lt tu.

 TH N NH KHI C GC NGHING BAN U

- Tin hnh tng t nhng trong h to mi OZ. Vi
O=GZ giao vi ng vung gc trc honh ti 0
- Cch xc nh gc n nh ng trn y ph hp cho
trng hp tu ch chu tc ng ca mmen nghing do gi
gy nn

NH HNG LC NGANG (DO SNG) N N NH NG

Trong thc t, ngoi gi, tu cn b nhiu nhn t khc gy hi n n nh.
Sng tc ng n tu lm thay i tnh n nh nu so vi trng hp
khng c sng
Tu chu tc ng ng thi ca gi v sng trong hai tnh th khc hn
nhau:
- Khi tu b lc sang pha cui sau sng (cng chiu tc ng ca sng)
vi bin lc ln nht, vn tc lc tin ti 0, nu b bi tip mmen
nghing lm cho tu nghing theo chiu nghing va xy ra tu s b lc
n gc ln hn. Trng hp ny, gc n nh ca tu xc nh theo
trng hp tu c gc nghing ban u.
- Tu b mmen nghing tc ng ti thi im khi b nghing vi gc lc
ln nht sang pha u sng, tnh hnh n nh s hon ton khc vi tnh
trng nu trn. Ti thi im ny vn tc gc ca lc ngang tu bng 0,
ton b nng lng mmen phc hi chuyn sang th nng. Nng lng
ny cng nng lng sng, mmen nghing tc ng ng thi s bt u
nghing v cui sng. Trong trng hp ny, tu s b nghing n gc
nghing ng ln hn gc ng tnh cho trng hp trc.

M hnh tu lm vic trn sng

TIU CHUN N NH
Tiu chun n nh l cc ch tiu, nh mc kim tra, nh gi mc
n nh tu
Tu theo cch t vn , c hai h tiu chun chnh
4.8.1.H tiu chun vt l
Thit lp trn c s gii phng trnh cn bng ca tu di tc dng
mmen ngoi lc
Tiu chun khoa hc v vn nng nhng kh thit lp
Tiu chun trch trong Quy phm ca Nga v Vit nam

4.8.2.H tiu chun thng k

Thit lp trn c s :
- Thng k cc tu b tai nn do thiu n nh
- Xc nh cc yu t n nh l nguyn nhn gy lt tu
- Xc nh gii hn di v a thnh tiu chun
Tiu chun d thit lp v ph hp vi thc t nhng cng
nhc, hn ch s sng to ra mu tu mi
Cc tiu chun n nh thng k
hin nay thng thit lp theo cng l
trnh nghin cu ca nh khoa hc d
H Lan Rakhole da trn c s quy
nh i vi th n nh ti thiu :
- Thng k th n nh ca cc
tu b tai nn do thiu n nh
- Xc nh th n nh ti thiu
v a thnh tiu chun i vi th O
n nh

th n nh
ti thiu
th cc
tu tai nn

 V d h tiu chun n nh thng k i vi tu c hin

nay l h tiu chun do IMO thit lp da trn c s cng
trnh nghin cu ca nh khoa hc ngi H Lan l Rakhole
ld
1.ho >= 0,35 (m)
2.l30 >= 0,22 (m)
3.!m >= 25 - 30o
4.ld30 >= 0,03 (m)
5.ld40 >= 0,09 (m)
6.ld40 - ld30 >= 0,05
(m)

Tip
tuyn

lhp

ld

ho
O

!
m

1 rad =57o3

THNG TIN N NH
1.Khi nim
Thng tin n nh l nhng t liu cn thit v n nh nhm gip ngi s dng
c th kim tra, nh gi mc n nh ca tu trong iu kin khai thc thc
t
2.Cc ni dung chnh
1.Gii thiu chung v tu : cng dng, vng hot ng, quy phm p dng
v..v
2.Thng tin v mc n nh ca tu
Mc n nh ca tu c th hin di dng cc th n nh, xy
dng cho cc ch ti trng in hnh (ch ti trng nguy him nht v
n nh)
V d v cc ch ti trng nguy him i vi tu c (theo Quy phm Vit
nam)
- Ra ng trng vi 100% d tr
- Tu t ng trng tr v vi 100% sn phm + 10% d tr
- Tu t ng trng tr v vi 20% sn phm + 70% , mui + 10%
d tr
- Tu ang trn ng trng vi c v li t trn boong + 25% d
tr

3.Kim tra n nh tu
- Kim tra theo cao trng tm tu zG
zG <= [zG]
zG - cao trng tm tu ti thi im kim tra
[zG] - cao trng tm gii hn, xc nh t cc tiu chun n nh
la chn
- Kim tra theo chiu cao tm nghing ban u ho
ho >= [ho]
[ho] - chiu cao tm nghing gii hn, xc nh tng t [zG]
ho - chiu cao tm nghing tu ti thi im kim tra, c th tnh gn
ng t
cng thc tnh chu k lc tu nh sau

NH HNG CA HNH DNG TU N

TNH N NH
Hnh dng thn tu nh hng thit thc n ng cong cnh tay
n cng nh nh hng n n nh tnh v n nh ng.
Kho st nh hng ca cc yu t hnh dng sau n dng
ng cong tay n, khong tay n v tr s n nh ng.
T s B/T
Mn kh tu
Thng tng

1. NH HNG CA T S B/T

i vi n nh ban u
Chiu cao tm nghing tu c tnh nh sau:
GM = BM (ZG ZB)
GM =

Ix
(ZG Z B )
V

Ix
C1 LB 3
C1 B 2
B2
=
=
=C
V CB LBT CB T
T

I x C.T .2 BdB B 2 dT
d
2
V

=
B2
Ix
C
V
T

C1: ph thuc vo hnh dng ng nc

Ix
d
V = 2 dB dT
B
T
Ix
V

BM=Ix /V tng th

Ix
d
V >0
Ix
V

Bin lun:
a) Nu ch c B
tng:
b) Nu ch c T
gim:
c) Nu c B v T
thay i nhng
V=const

Ix
d
V = 2 dB >0
B
Ix
V

V=CB LBT tng

I
d x
V = dT >0
V gim

T
Ix
V

Do V=C B LBT = const dV=C B L (TdB+BdT)=0
dB
dT
TdB+BdT = 0
=
B
T
I
d x
V = 3 dB >0
B
Ix
V

BM=Ix /V tng

KT LUN: tng GM =Ix /V (ZG ZB )ca tu th phi:

Tng chiu rng tu B

Tng chiu cao mn kh

Gim chiu chm T

Gim ZG
- Dch chuyn trng lng xung di (t boong xung hm)
- Tng trng lng t di trng tm (t y khoang hng)
- Bt trng lng trn cao (boong)
Tng ZB
Notes: Tuy nhin cn ch rng, nu tng GM qu mc cng
lm cho tu cng l nguyn nhn h hi thn tu do sng va
p v lt tu.

i vi n nh tnh v ng:
nh hng ca B/T khng ch vi GM m cn lm thay i ln
ng cong n nh tnh.
B ln lun to cho GZ() ln v theo :
-Phm vi tay n n nh dng cng ln V.
-GZmax cng ln hn
-GM ln hn

GZ

GM1
GM2
T2

T1

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

B2
B1

C th thy r, vi hai tu c cng lng chim nc, tu (I) c B

ln hn, chiu cao GM1 ln hn v theo ng cong GZ=f() cao
hn ng cong tng ng cho tu (II) ng vi B nh hn.

2. NH HNG MN KH TU:
Kho st tay n hi phc ca 2 tu c cng hnh dng, lng
chim nc D v ZG nhng c Fb khc nhau (2 tu khng c thng
tng)

Khi nghing gc nh: ng cong tay n 2 tu nh nhau

Khi boong tu I bt u b v nc th GZ () bt u gim
Tu II do c d tr lc ni ln hn nn GZ () tip tc tng
Khi tay n tu I bng 0 th cnh tay n tu II vn ln hn 0

Chiu cao mn kh
khng nh hng
n nh ban u

Chiu cao mn kh nh hng:

-Tay n n nh hnh dng
gc nghing ln.
- Gi tr gc lnv.

T th di ta thy:
Tu II c d tr n nh ng ln hn tu I
Tu II c Momen gii hn (momen lt) ln hn tu I

V D: nh hng ca chiu cao mn kh trong Trng hp tu

Captain v Monarch
Tu captain c GM=0,79m>Tu Monarch
GM=0,73m=> Kt qu: Khi cng c vt bo
tr v cn c sau khi hon thnh nhim v
th tu Captain khng v c qun cng
Do FbCaptain =1,98m<FbMomarch =4,27m
-GZmax nh hn
-v nh hn
DT gii hn GZ () vi trc
ca tu Captain<Monarch

lCaptain < lMonarch

Khi cng nghing ti 1 gc no
th d tr n nh ca
Captain<Monarch
=>khi vt bo Tu Monarch v
c ch

NOTES: Mn kh tu nh hng trc tip n din tch mt hng

gi ca tu => Mng tng
- Din tch ny cng ln cng c nguy c lm cho tu chu mmen
nghing do gi ln, d dng dn n tnh trng nguy him.
- Tuy nhin, din tch mt hng gi khng ch ph thuc vo chiu
cao mn kh m cn vo thng tng, b tr trang thit b trn
boong
xc nh c p lc v momen nghing do gi cn xc nh
trc tin:
-Cp gi
Hn ch vng hot ng ca cp tu
-Vn tc gi

p lc gi c tnh
theo cng thc sau:

Tnh din tch mt hng gi

STT
(I)

Tn din tch hng gi

(II)

1
2

Mn kh
Thng tng cabin li
Thng tng trn boong
chnh
Thng tng trn boong cu
sinh

Mn chn sng gia tu
Mn chn sng mi
Trang thit b khc
Phn mn ni thm (do T
gim)
TNG

3
4
5
6

Din tch H s Din tch hng Cao tm Momen tnh

Ai
hng gi
gi
hng gi Zi
hng gi
(III)
(IV)
(V)=(III)x(IV)
(VI)
(VII)=(V)x(VI)

Cao tm hng gi cch chun:

(V )
(VII )

Z=
(V )

(VII )

Trong :
H s hng gi k c xc nh tu thuc vo tnh lin tc ca din
tch hng gi nh sau :
-Mn kh, boong thng tng, mn chn sng mikn : k=1
-Gi s din tch hng gi c lan can c li: k=0,6
-Din tch hng gi c lan can khng c li: k=0,2
-Cc loi dy: 0,25-0,6

Quy phm ca ng kim Vit Nam a ra cng thc momen

nghing cho tu bin v tu sng nh sau:
Tu i bin: Mng = 0,001.p.A.Z
Tu sng: Mng = 0,001.p.A.(Z-T/2)
Notes: d mn kh ln lm cho Mng tng nhng vn an ton
hn tu c mn kh thp

3. NH HNG CA THNG TNG

nh hng ca thng tng kn nc n ng cong cnh tay
n ging nh nh hng ca mn kh.

NH HNG CA HIN TNG NC PH LN BOONG

N N NH TU
Khi tu hot ng trong iu kin thi tit khc nghit => trn
boong tu c th hng chu mt lng nc ng k do sng trn
hay tu b nghing ti mc nc ph mt boong tu
Hu qu:
-Nc trn qua cc l trn thn tu hoc cabin vo trong tu =>
lm h hng hng ho, c, thit b trn tu hoc c th lm thay
i trng lng v trng tm tu.
-Trng hp cc l c bt kn hon ton th nc khng vo bn
trong tu nhng ng trn mt boong (do cc l thot nc trn
mn khng ln)
=> Lng nc ny thng phn b khng i xng qua mt ct
dc tm=>to Mngbsung

Xt s thay i chiu cao tm nghing ca tu khi xut hin vng

nc:
= nh hng ca vic hay i trng tm tu+mt thong vng nc
trn boong

Vw
Vw
i
GM = T +
GM Z w
V
2 Aw
V + Vw
Trong :
Vw : Th tch khi nc trn boong
V : Th tch chim nc ca tu khi nc cha trn ln boong
Zw : Chiu cao trng tm khi nc trn boong
i : Momen qun tnh vng nc trn boong
hmg: Chiu cao mn gi
Awd: Din tch mt vng
nc trn boong

Momen nghing do khi nc trn boong:

M ngbosung =w( ).rn ( )

Nc trn vo boong tu gy:
-Gim chiu cao tm nghing GM
-Lm xu n nh ng v n nh tnh

S lng v v tr
cc ca khot
mn chn sng
phi v ng
ch, ng m d
dng nc
thot tt

NH HNG HNH KHCH TP TRUNG 1 BN

MN N N NH

Hin tng hnh khch tp trung 1 bn mn ko theo vn

chuyn dch trng vt trong tu theo cc hng khc nhau:
-T mn sang mn, to mmen nghing ngang v gc nghing
ngang ,
-Chuyn dch trng tm tu t thp n cao khi hnh khch a
nhau ln lu cao, ko theo vic gim chiu cao tm nghing.
Nhng hu qu ny c cp trong phn chuyn dch trng
vt trn tu.

Khi xt gc nghing khi hnh khch tp trung cn n gi tr

gii hn trn sau y m ta c th gp:
- Gc nc trn f, ti nc theo ming l trn vo tu,
- Mp ca boong mn kh nhng nc,
- Hng tu nh ln mt thong.
Trong bt c trng hp no, gc nghing khi khch tp trung
bn mn khng c chm n mt trong cc gi tr trn va
k.
Theo kinh nghim ca nhng nh hng hi, gc gy hong lon
cho hnh khch c th t 120+
Da vo kinh nghim ny, trong cc Qui phm ng tu ngi ta
xut gc nghing do do khch tp trung bn mn khng qu
100, nh hn mt t so vi gc s hi

Trong thc t, tu khch cn phi gnh chu trng thi tu b nghing

ngang khi quay vng, ng thi vi khch tp trung bn mn. V mt
n nh tu phi tha mn cc iu kin sau:
- Tng cng gc nghing do khch tp trung v nghing do tu quay
vng khng vt qu gii hn nht nh. Gc gii hn c th l do gc
nh nht chn t gc s hi, gc trn nc, gc mp boong
nhng nc hoc gc m hng tu nh ln mt nc.
- Tng cc mmen nghing do khch tp trung v tu quay vng khng
c vt qu gii hn nht nh.
Theo quan st, khi tnh mmen nghing do khch tp trung bn mn
c th s dng cc d liu thng k sau:
- S khch trn mt m2 din tch boong: 6;
- Trng lng khch Vit Nam 65kG, trng tm cch sn ang ng
1,1m, trng tm ngi ngi so vi sn 0,3m.

Chng 4:
PHN KHOANG V CHNG CHM TU

Vi nt v lch s phn khoang

Mc ch ca phn khoang nhm ngn nga ri
ro chm tu khi nc trn vo tu
Lch s phn khoang
- Th k XIII:
- 1854: vn bn mang tnh php l cp yu cu lm vch
kn nc hm my tu thu ra i
- 1862: ng kim Lloyds khai thc c s php l ca vn
bn trn.
M u cho qui phm phn khoang chng chm

Vi nt v lch s phn khoang

Qu trnh pht trin ca qui phm:
- 1981: Anh, a tiu chun phn khoang cho tu i bin
di trn 129,5m
- 1912: sau thm ho chm tu Titanic thc s thit lp
nhng qui tc chng chm p dng chung cho cc nc
- 1913: Lun n-Anh, Hi ngh quc t bn v an ton i
sng trn bin (ICSLS)
- 1929: xy dng xong cng c an ton i sng trn bin

Vi nt v lch s phn khoang

- 1948: Cng c tip tc c sa i v pht trin. c
60 nc cng nhn
- 6/1960: thay i 1 phn no so vi cng c 1948
- 1/11/1974: ICSLS thng qua cng c quc t v an ton
sinh mng con ngi trn bin SOLAS 74
- 17/02/1978: ngh nh th 1978 ca SOLAS c ban
hnh
- 25/05/1980: cng c quc t c t chc hng hi
IMO ban hnh bt u c hiu lc. VN l nc tham
gia cng c nm 1991.
- 1981: IMO thng qua b sung sa i SOLAS 74 gi l b
sung sa i 1981 (1/9/1984)
- 1983: b sung sa i 1983 (1/7/1986)

SOLAS
Mc ch ch yu ca cng c solas l nhm a ra cc tiu chun ti
thiu v kt cu, v khai thc tu bo v an ton sinh mng cho tt c
mi tuyn vin trn tu bao gm c hnh khch
Chng I: cc yu cu chung
Chng ny quy nh cc quc gia tin hnh nh gi cc tu v cp cc
giy chng nhn an ton, kim sot vic thc thi cc quy nh ca solas
trn tu.
Chng II c phn thnh 2 chng bao gm:
Chng II-1 quy nh v kt cu tu, s phn khoang, n nh, vic kn
nc v vn lp t in, cc my mc trn tu p ng cc tnh
hung khn cp xy ra.
Chng II-2 quy nh v cu trc tu tha mn vic ngn nga ha hon,
vic b tr thit b bo chy v cha chy cn thit trn tu

SOLAS
Chng III thit b cu sinh
Quy nh vic b tr cc trang thit b cu sinh, cu nn trn tu phu hp
vi chng loi tu
Chng IV thng tin lin lc
Quy nh v vic lp t cc thng tin ln lc trn tu GMDSS bao gm
c vic cu nn Epirb, sart
Chng V an ton hnh hi
Quy nh s h tr ca cc quc gia v dch v lin quan n an ton
hng hi nh cung cp khi tng, bng tri, lung chy tu, tm kim v
cuus nn trn bin
B tr nhn lc trn tu, lp t cc thit b theo di hnh trnh, nhn bit
s liu tu khc
Chng VI: vn chuyn hng ha
Nu nhng ch khi chuyn ch hng ha c th gy nguy him cho
tu v ngi

SOLAS
Chuong VII: vn chuyn hng ha nguy him
Phn A: v ch hng nguy him loi bao gi, bao gm nhn mc v cc
ti liu lin quan. Vic xp hng v cc ch dn cn thit
Phn A1: v ch hng nguy him ri th rn bao gm ti liu, yu cu xp
hng, ngn cch v yu cu bo co khi c s c
Phn B: yu cu v kt cu tu v vic lp t thit b cho tu ch ha
cht nguy him th lng ph hp IBC code
Phn C: cc yu cu v kt cu tu v vic lp t cc thit b cho tu ch
kh nn ph hp vi IGC code
Phn D: v quy nh c bit khi ch hng c tnh phng x ph hp INF
code, v tun th cc quy nh ch hng nguy him ni chung IMDG code
Chng VII tu chy bng nng lng ht nhn
Yu cu c bn i vi tu chy bng nng lng ht nhn, nhng ch
nguy him v phng x

SOLAS
Chng IX: qun l an ton hot ng tu
Cc vn cng ty xy dng v duy tr qun l hot ng tu
theo quy tc h thng qun l an ton ISM code
Chng X phng tin cao tc
Cc bin php an ton vi tu chy tc cao
Chng XI: nng cao vn an ton hng hi
Bin php c bit nng cao an ton
Bin php c bit nng cao an ninh
Chng XII bin php an ton b sung cho tu ch hng
ri
Yu cu i vi tu ch hng ri c chiu di trn 150 m

Tnh chng chm

1. nh ngha v cc khi nim c bn
nh ngha

Kh nng tu m bo c tnh ni v tnh n nh

trong trng hp tu b tai nn thng khoang, nc dn

vo bn trong
iu kin m bo tnh chng chm: sp xp cc vch
kn nc v boong kn nc hn ch khng gian b
ngp khi tn bao b thng

Tnh chng chm

1. nh ngha v cc khi nim c bn
nh ngha
S lng vch kn nc cng nhiu th tnh chng chm
tng ng thi trng lng tu cng tng v bt tin trong
vic xp d hng, b tr thit b, tn vt liu lm vch
chn s vch kn nc thch hp
Mc chng chm ca cc tu l khc nhau v ph
thuc vo chc nng v ln ca tu

Cng c

quc t v an ton i sng trn bin (SOLAS: Safety of

life at sea )

Khi nc trn khoang m ca tu th s dn n cc kh

nng sau:
-Tng th tch phn chm, chiu chm tu
-Chi mi v chi li (tu thuc v tr khoang b m)
-Nghing ngang nu tu c vch dc
-Thay i din tch mt thong cc kt ng cht lng gim
tnh n nh
T , nhim v chnh ca chng chm tu l:
-Xc nh t th v n nh ca tu khi ngp mt hoc mt s
khoang tnh ton chng chm
-B tr hp l cc vch kn nc (gm: cc vch dc , vch
ngang) m bo tu vn gi c tnh ni v tnh n nh khi
tu b m 1 hay 1 s khoang Phn khoang chng
chm

Tnh ton chng chm

H s ngp khoang (h s m ca khoang): T s th
tch c th cha y nc khi khoang hon ton b ngp trn
th tch l thuyt ca khoang

V
=
V0

V - dung tch thc t nc vo khoang m

V0 -dung tch l thuyt khoang

H s in y (h s m mt thong)

ks

S
=
S0
ks =

S din tch thc t mt thong khoang m

S0 -din tch mt thong l thuyt
I
I0

Tnh ton chng chm

Phn loi khoang tai nn
Khoang m loi 1: nc trong khoang khng
thng vi mc nc ngoi mn tu.
Khoang m loi 2: nc trong khoang bng
vi mc nc ngoi mn tu.

Cc phng php tnh ton chng chm

ng vi 2 loi khoang m ta c 2 phng php xc
nh t th v tnh n nh ca tu:
vPhng php thm trng lng:
- p dng cho khoang loi 1
- Coi lng nc trn vo khoang l trng lng nhn
vo tu.
- Lng chim nc tng, mn nc, trng tm tu,
tm ni thay i

Cc phng php tnh ton chng chm

vPhng php tn tht sc ni (lng chim
nc khng i)
- Thng p dng cho khoang loi 2
- Khoang b ngp b coi nh ct b khi tu lm gim
lng chim nc
- Do trng lng khng i nn lng chim nc ton
b tu khng i
Chiu chm tu tng
- V tr trng tm khng i nhng v tr tm ni thay
i

Tnh ton chng

chm
Tnh cc i lng tnh ni: d , ,
Tu tai nn
Tnh cc i lng n nh: GM

m
bo an
ton

Phng php thm trng lng

(Trim line added-weight)
Tnh tng t trng hp tu nhn thm mt ti trng w
t ti v tr trng tm khoang tai nn vi trng lng bng
trng lng th tch nc dn vo khoang
p dng cc cng thc tnh nh hng qu trnh thm
ti trng rn, lng n n nh tu xc nh cc i
lng c trng cho tnh ni v tnh n nh sau khi tu tai
nn
Cc thng s ca tu trc khi ngp khoang: W, T,
Aw,

, GM, GML

Cc thng s ca khoang ngp: w, ( X g , Yg , Z g ) , it , il

(x f , y f )

Phng php thm trng lng

Phng php thm trng lng

1. Trng lng nc trn vo khoang:

w = .v= ..vt
2. Gia s chiu chm trung bnh:

w
Tn =
. Aw
3. Gia s chiu cao tm nghing ngang sau khi b m:
Nu khoang ngp hon ton: GM =

w
(T + Tn / 2 GM Z g )
W +w

Nu khoang khng ngp hon

ton:

ib
w
GM =
(T + Tn / 2 GM Z g )
W +w
V +v

Chiu cao tm nghing ngang mi: GuMu=GM+GM

Phng php thm trng lng

W
GM L
W+w
w.Yg

4. Chiu cao tm chi mi: Gu M Lu

5. Gc nghing ngang:
6. Gc chi:

tg =

tg =

(W + w).Gu M u

w.( X g X F )
(W + w).Gu M Lu

7. Bin lng chiu chm mi v li

8. Chiu chm mi v li mi:

w.( X g X F )
W .GM L

Nu tu ang kho st c xy dng th

Firsov th c th xc nh chiu chm mi v li
b nn 1 cch n gin hn nh sau:
- Xc nh th tch ngm nc ca tu b nn: Vu =V+v
V . X B + v. X g
- Khong cch tm ni cch sn gia: LCBu = X Bu =
V +v

Vi gi tr Vu v
LCBu ta c th tra
th Firsov c
TAu v TFu

- Khi tnh ton bng pp thm trng lng, do gi thit

chiu chm thay i trong gii hn khoang ngp mn
thng nn coi hnh dng v trng tm tit din ng
nc m tu ngp xem nh khng i.
- Nu khoang thng rt ln,
gi thit tnh ton trn khng
cn ng na. Nn ta s dng
ng cong V (T) trong
ng cong tnh ni tnh
gn ng gia s chiu chm
C: Pu = P+p
Vu (T)=V+.vt (T)
- ng cong v= .vt (T) c v v pha bn phi ng AB
- Giao nhau gia V(T) v v= .vt (T) chiu chm mi ca tu
b ngp nc (bin lng chiu chm do ngp khoang)

ng dng
Tu va vo ngm,

D = 4800T

, do y b thng nc

vo hon ton cc b cha rng y i mn tri, c dung

tch V=69,5 m3. To trng tm g ca b cha: nm cch
mt ct gia tu v pha ui 22,4m ; cch mt ct dc gia
tu v mn tri 2,8m ; cch y tu 0,5m. Bit tu trc khi b
va: L=96m; B=12,3m; T=5,6m; to trng tm ng nc
F cch mt ct gia tu v pha ui 0,2m, GM=0,62m;
GML=112m
Xc nh t th v n nh ban u ca tu sau khi b h
hng, bit gia s lng chim nc trn 1cm chiu chm
8,3T/cm

NG DNG
Tu b va hng mn khong gia tu, nc vo khng ngp
c khoang mn m dng nh kho. Lng nc vo
khoang l 57T. Tnh gc nghing ca tu do nc vo, nu
ban u tu chy khng nghing
Cho bit: D=870T; T=2,5m; f=402m2; GM= 0,82m. Kch thc
khoang b ngp lxb=8x4,2m. To trng tm ca nc trong
khoang Xg = 1,1m; Yg = 2,1m; Zg = 1,65m.

PHNG PHP TN THT SC NI

(Lost Buoyancy Methode)

1. Gia s chiu chm trung bnh

.vt
v
Tn =
=
Aw f Aw f . ft

T
v
2. Chiu cao tm nghing mi GM n = GM + (T + n Z g
V
2

3.Gc nghing tu b nn
4.Chiu cao tm chi mi
5.Gc chi ca tu b nn

tg =

i
(
)

2
+
f
.
Y
b
C

v.(YFn Yg )
V .GM n

GM Ln = GM L

il + ( X F X C )2 f

v.( X Fn X C )
tg =
V .GM Ln

6.Gia s chiu chm mi, li

TFu

= X Fn .tg
2

TAu = X Fn .tg
2

7.Chiu chm mi v ui mi

TFu = TF + Tn + TFu
TAu = TA + Tn + TAu

Tng t nh pp thm trng lng, khi

khoang ngp ln ta cng xc nh gia s chiu
chm nh ng cong th tch ngm nc V(T)

-Trn c s ng hnh
l thuyt ta c th tnh
v(T)=.v t (T) ti cc
chiu chm khc nhau.
- Vi mi chiu chm ta
v v bn tri ng
V(T) mt on v(T)
tnh trn.
- Ni cc im ta c
ng cong Vu(T).

Vi mi trng thi ca tu ta c V=const. im giao nhau

gia ng cong Vu(T) vi ng thng vung gc vi trc
honh ti v tr tng ng th tch V Tung ca im
xc nh chiu chm mi ca tu b nn
-Bin lng chiu chm
-Th tch v b mt do khoang ngp
C Tn ta thc hin tnh ton theo pp trnh by. Nhng:
-Dng cc gi tr ca DNn ch khng phi tit din ng
nc ban u.
-Khi tnh momen qun tnh do khoang ln nn khng c s
gin c.

Ch

TRNG HP TU B NGP MT S
KHOANG

- S dng khi nim khoang thay th thay cho khoang

ngp trong cc cng thc tnh ca nhng pp hc.
- Tnh ton cc thng s ca khoang thay th nh sau:

ng dng
Xc nh t th ca tu du khi tu b tai nn mi,
khoang mi b ngp nc hon ton ngm trn
sang b cha mn phi nhng ngp khng hon ton.
Kch thc b cha mn lxb=12x5,3m.
3
Dung tch l thuyt ca khoang mi vt1 = 36m , to
trng tm: X g1 = 37,2m;Yg1 = 0; Z g1 = 1,2. m
3
v
=
56,5
m
Dung tch l thuyt ca b cha mn t 2
, to
trng tm: X g 2 = 29,5m;Yg 2 = 2,6; Z g1 = 0,55
. m
Cc thng s ca tu du trc khi b nn:
L = 80m; B = 10,6m;Tl = 2,6m;Tm = 2,2; = 0,85; = 1580T ;
X f = 0,4m; GM T = 2,6m; GM L = 178m

YU CU N NH CA TU B
THNG THEO CNG C 1960
qYu cu chung
- Chiu cao tm nghing ban u ca tu giai on ngp
nc cui cng c t th khng nghing, xc nh bng
phng php tn tht sc ni, khng nh hn 0,05m.
- Gc nghing tu khi b m khoang, khng i xng phi
nh hn 200 trc khi iu chnh cn bng ngang, hoc
120 sau khi iu chnh.
- Tr s tay n ln nht ca ng cong n nh tnh khng
nh hn +0,1m tnh cho tnh trng s c, ng thi di
ca phn tay n dng khng nh hn 300 khi ngp i
xng v 200 khi ngp khng i xng.

qi vi tu khch
Trong cc php tnh n nh tai nn cn phi ly kch thc l
nh sau:
-Theo chiu di: 3m+3%L hoc 11m (chn gi tr no nh hn)
-Theo chiu ngang: 1/5B
Tu khch c:
-N<=600: phi tho mn yu cu n nh khi ngp 1 khoang
-600<N<1200:
+ phi tho mn yu cu n nh khi ngp 2 khoang lin tip
bt k nu vch ngn nm on nh hn (N/600-1)L
+ phi tho mn yu cu n nh khi ngp 1 khoang bt k nu
vch ngn nm on ln hn (N/600-1)L
- N>=1200: phi tho mn yu cu n nh khi ngp 2 khoang
lin tip bt k
Tu khch c L>100m: phi tho mn yu cu n nh v cn
bng khi ngp 3 khoang ng thi

qi vi tu khch
- Gc nghing khi ngp tu khch, ngp khng i xng khng
c ln hn 150 trc lc dng bin php chnh t th v iu
chnh cn bng ngang hoc 70 sau khi iu chnh.
- Trong cc giai on ngp trung gian hoc khi iu chnh t
th, gc nghing khng c ln hn 20. Tay n n nh tnh ln
nht phi t 0,05m tr ln v phm vi n nh dng khng nh
hn 7. Trong trng hp ngp khng i xng, phm vi tay n
dng khng nh hn 20, o t v tr cn bng .
- Din tch on ng cong tay n dng khng nh hn
0,015m.rad. Din tch xc nh cho on th nm gia gc
nghing ng vi v tr cn bng ca tu v gc nghing 22 trong
trng hp ngp mt khoang, hoc gc 27 trong trng hp ngp
ng thi hai hoc trn hai khoang k nhau. Trong mi trng hp
tnh ton u phi n gc trn.

- Trong mi iu kin khai thc, n nh nguyn bn ca tu

phi (intact stability) tu c th chu c giai on ngp nc
cui cng ca mt khoang chnh bt k c chiu di qui nh, trong
gii hn chiu di ngp nc.
- Nu hai khoang chnh k nhau c ngn bng mt vch c bc
ph hp vi cc iu kin qui nh, n nh nguyn bn ca tu
phi tu c th chu c s ngp nc ca hai khoang chnh
k nhau .
- Khi h s phn khoang qui nh 0,50 hoc nh hn, song ln
hn 0.33, n nh nguyn bn phi cho tu c th chu c
s ngp nc ca hai khoang chnh k nhau bt k.
- Khi h s phn khoang qui nh 0,33 hoc nh hn, n nh
nguyn bn phi cho tu c th chu c s ngp nc ca ba
khoang chnh k nhau bt k.

PHN KHOANG
Phn khoang tu p dng cho cc tu lm cc vic sau:
- Tu ch khch,
- Tu Ro-Ro di t 100m tr ln,
- Tu nh c di t 100m tr ln,
- Tu ko di t 40m tr ln,
- Tu cuc di t 40m tr ln,
- Tu cu h,
- Tu ch du,
- Tu ch ha cht,
- Tu cung ng, dch v,
- Tu ch hng kh di t 100m tr ln.

PHN KHOANG
Yu cu ca phn khoang
Nguyn tc chung c nht tr a vo cng c 1960 l trn
tu phi b tr h thng vch ngn kn nc phng khi tu b m
mt hoc mt s khoang, nh cc vch kn nc gi khng cho
nc trn sang cc khoang ln cn, tu ch b chm su song khng
qu ng chm ti hn.
Theo qui nh ghi trong cng c ng chm ti hn ny chy
song song, pha di ng boong vch, cch boong vch 3 = 76
mm.

MT S KHI NIM
ng nc phn khoang (subdivision loadline): ng nc
dng khi phn khoang, l ng nc tng ng vi chiu chm ln
nht tho mn cc yu cu v phn khoang.
Chiu di phn khoang Ls (subdivision length of the ship) chiu
di ln nht phn thn tu nm thp hn ng chm ti hn.
Boong vch (Bulkhead Deck) l boong cao nht m cc vch ngang
kn nc ko ti theo sut chiu di tu.
ng chm ti hn (immersion limit line) l ng thp hn
mt trn ca boong vch o mn t nht 3=76mm. i vi
nhng tu mp boong v mp mn lin kt gy gc bnh thng th
dng chm ti hn l ng giao tuyn ngay trn mn ca hai mt
bn trn v boong vch v v mn.
Chiu di ngp (floodable length of the ship) chiu di phn thn
tu ng vi chiu chm n ng chm ti hn.

NG CONG KN NC
ng cong kn nc l
ng cong tri di theo
chiu di L m bt k 1
im no trn n th tung
ca im l chiu
di phn khoang khi
nc vo y khoang th
ng nc ngp ti v
tr DN tn di ng
nc ti hn
-Trc honh: to dc
tu
-Trc tung: chiu di phn
khoang ti v tr nht nh

H S NGP KHOANG
(Permiability)
- Ch cp th tch ngp khoang di ng nc ti hn
-Theo qui phm ca cng c, thng p dng trung bnh
trn c chiu di ca 3 phn tu:
+ Khoang my (Machinery spaces): l khong khng gian t
mp c bn n ng chm ti hn v gia 2 vch ngang kn
nc; lp t my chnh, my ph, ni hi chnh v tt c
cc kt cha nhin liu trc nht.
+ Phn mi trc khoang my
+ Phn ui sau khoang my
Khoang hnh khch (Passenger spaces): khoang dnh cho
hnh khch n, v s dng + Cc khoang di ng
nc ti hn dnh cho thuyn vin n s dng

H s c tnh nh sau:
1. Khoang my:

ac
= 0,85 + 0,1
v

2. Phn mi v ui ngoi khoang my:

a
= 0,83 + 0,35
c
Vi:
a- Th tch khoang hnh khch di ng nc ti hn
c- Th tch cc khoang t di ng nc ti hn xung
quanh khoang my dng ch hng v d tr
v- Tng th tch phn tu kho st di ng nc ti hn

CHIU DI KHOANG CHO PHP

(the maximum permissible length)
-L tch chiu di ngp v h s phn khoang (F: factor of
subdivision)
Chiu di khoang cho php < chiu di ngp lm tng an
ton cho tu.
H s phn khoang (F):
<=1
ph thuc vo:
+ Chiu di tu: L tng -> F gim
+ H s ch tiu s dng (Cs: Criterion of Service numeral):
mc s dng tu ch khch

Cs 23
Cs 123

:Tu ch hng
:Tu ch khch

Xc nh Cs
P1 >P
TH khc:
Trong :
-M: Th tch khoang my cng vi th tch cc kt nhin liu
c nh c th nm trong y i vng ngoi khoang my
trc v sau n
-V: Ton b th tch tu di ng nc ti hn
-P: ton b th tch khoang hnh khch nm di ng
nc ti hn
-P1 : Th tch quy c P1 =0,056L.N (N: s lng hnh khch
ng k)

Sau khi tnh Cs , xc nh F cn tnh

Dng cho tu
ch yu ch
hng
Dng cho tu
ch yu ch
khch

STT

Chiu di tu (L:m)

Bt k

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

L<79
79<L<131
79<L<131
79<L<131
L>=131
L>=131
L>=131

iu kin b sung
N>12(N<L 2/650)
N>50
Cs <=S
S<Cs <123
Cs >=123
Cs <=23
23<Cs <123
Cs >=123

Cn ;nh

1
1
1
F=B
F=A
F=B

Cs ,S
Cs ,S, F
Cs ,B
Cs ,A
Cs ,A,B,F
Cs ,B

 th xc nh F theo L v Cs

Tu c F tnh theo quy nh ca cng c:

F>0,5: l tu c 1 khoang chng chm
0,33<F<=0,5: tu c tu c 2 khoang chng chm
F<=0,33: tu c 3 khoang chng chm

PHNG PHP XY DNG

NG CONG KN NC
BC 1: Xy dng ng cong Bonjean ca tu kho st
BC 2: V cc ng nc tai nn
-S lng v phn b cc ng nc tai nn c chn
sao cho cc im c tnh ton trn ng cong chiu di
khoang gii hn c ri u trn trc honh.
-Theo gio s Stalinski th nn chn 7 ng: 3 pha mi, 3
pha li v 1 ng tip xc vi im thp nht ng chm
gii hn (Thng l im v tr sn gia)

Cch v cc ng nc tai nn

h=1,6H-1,5T

BC 3: Trnh t tnh ton. Trong i=17 DNtn

1. Th tch ngp tu di ng nc tai nn DNtni
L /2

Vui =

Tnh bng
pp hnh
thang

AMi dx

L /2

2. Momen ca th tch ngp Vui i vi mp yOz

M Oxi =

L /2

AMi xi dx

L /2

3. Lng nc trn vo khoang khin chiu chm ca

tu t DNtni v trng tm khoang m xgi

vi = Vui V
Vui . X Bui V . X B
xgi =
Vui V

V c
ng cong
vi = f(xgi )

Tu thuc vo h s m khoang m ta c
c th tch thc ca khoang v0:
V ng
vi
v0i =
cong v0i =f(xi)

4. Din tch mt ct ngang ng vi ng chm ti hn :

AM(x) Tra t Bonjean
V ng cong AM(x)
5. Tnh tch phn sau trn mi on chiu di l thuyt tu
Tnh bng
x
pp hnh
Vx ( x ) = AM ( x)dx
thang
L /2
V ng cong Vx(x)

BC 4: Tm chiu di phn khoang

1. Ti (xgi , 0) v ng
Oy vung gc vi trc
honh Ox
2. T ng cong vi = f(xi )
ta c ng vi xgi th th tch
nc vo khoang vi
Trn Oy tin hnh o 1
khong vi v iu chnh n
so vi ng cong Vx (x)
sao cho 2 din tch gch
cho bng nhau
3. Khi khong cch gia B v D theo trc Ox l chiu di
phn khoang cn tm li

BC 5: V ng cong kn nc

Ti v tr xgi ta ly 1 on li theo trc Oy. Ni cc im cui ca

tung li chnh l ng cong kn nc

CC BIN PHP M BO AN TON

CHNG CHM CHO TU I BIN
1.Bin php phn khoang
m bo
Phn
tnh chng
khoang
chm

lkhoang < lcp = F.lngp (F - h s

phn khoang)

2.Cc bin php cu tu khi b tai nn thng khoang

Tai nn thng khoang s lm thit hi v tnh ni v tnh
n nh ca tu
Nguy c lt tu do mt n nh xy ra nhanh v bt ng
hn nn cn p dng ngay cc bin php khc phc tnh n
nh trc

 Trnh t x l tu b tai nn thng khoang

vXc nh v tr, kch thc, lu lng nc qua l thng v
tm cch bt kn l thng
Pht hin v tr l thng bng cc cch :
Phn on da vo nguyn nhn tai nn hoc
quan st v tr bt kh ni
Quan st s thay i mc nc trong khoang
xc nh khoang b thng
Da vo nghing tu khi b thng v s dng
vt r l thng
Da vo lng nc chy xc nh s b kch
thc l thng
Cho th ln xc nh v tr v kch thc l thng
nhng ht sc cn thn

 Xc nh lng nc chy qua l thng

Tc dng chy qua l thng :

Lu lng nc chy qua l thng trong mt n v

thi gian q (m3/s)

Nu dng bm bm nc khi tu phi dng my

bm c lu lng : A > q
Bt kn l thng bng cc dng c nh nm v cht g,
thm bt cu thng v..v
v ng cc ca kn nc cch ly hm b thng vi cc
hm k cn nhm hn ch lng nc trn vo tu

vTm cch h thp trng tm v khc phc mt thong ca

khi cht lng trong khoang
vTm cch cn bng tu, thm ch lm tu nghing ngang
gim gim bt tc dng chy qua l thng v bm nc ra
ngoi tu
Di chuyn cc ti trng trn tu

S dng phao ni gn vo mn b thng

YU CU V PHN KHOANG TU KHCH

a) Theo sut chiu di tu, mn tu c nng n boong tng ng

vi ng chm gii hn cao nht; cc l v tu thp hn boong ny
trn sut chiu di tu c coi l nm thp hn ng chm gii hn.
b) Mi mt trong hai bung k cn vi bc ca boong vch c
chiu di nm trong gii hn ca chiu di cho php ng vi ng
chm ng chm gii hn ca bung. Ngoi ra, tng chiu di ca c
hai bung khng ln hn hai ln chiu di cho php, tnh theo ng
chm gii hn thp hn.

- Chiu di ca mt bung c th vt qu chiu di cho php xc

nh theo cch va nu nu tng chiu di ca mi cp bung k
nhau c cha bung ang cp khng ln hn chiu di ngp nc
hoc hai ln chiu di cho php, ty theo gi tr no b hn.
- Nu mt trong hai khoang k nhau nm trong bung my, khoang
kia nm ngoi, h s ngp trung bnh ca phn tu c cha khoang
th hai khc vi h s tng ng ca bung my, th tng chiu di
ca hai khoang ny s phi iu chnh ph hp vi h s ngp trung
bnh ca hai phn tu c cha hai khoang .
- Hai khoang k nhau c h s phn khoang khc nhau, tng chiu
di ca hai khoang xc nh theo t l.
Trong cc trng hp, khi h s phn khoang c quy nh bng
0,5 hoc nh hn, tng chiu di ca hai khoang k tip nhau khng
ln hn chiu di ngp nc.

Vi cc tu di bng hoc trn 100m, mt trong cc vch ngang chnh

pha sau mi phi c b tr cc ng thng ng pha mi mt
khong khng ln hn chiu di cho php. Vch ngang chnh c th
c phn nh v c th c bc.
Khong cch gia hai vch ngang chnh k nhau hoc cc vch phng
tng ng ca chng, hoc khong cch gia hai mt phng ngang
i qua cc phn c bc gn nht ca cc vch nh hn 3,0m cng
vi 3% chiu di tu hoc 11,0m, ty theo gi tr no nh hn, ch
mt trong cc vch c coi l mt thnh phn phn khoang ca
tu.