የምንኖረው በሰው ልጅ በሚመራው የጂኦሎጂካል ዘመን አንትሮፖሴን ውስጥ ነው። የከተሞች መስፋፋት መለያ

ባህሪያቸው። አለም ከዚህ በፊት ታይቶ በማይታወቅ ፍጥነት ወደ ከተማነት እየተለወጠች ነው። የተባበሩት
መንግስታት ድርጅት ከአለም ህዝብ አንድ ሶስተኛ በላይ በከተሞች እንደሚኖሩ ይገምታል እና በ 2050 ከአለም ህዝብ
ከግማሽ በላይ የሚሆነው በከተሞች እንደሚኖር ይገመታል ። ከከተሞች መስፋፋት ጋር ተመጣጣኝ የችግሮች ድርሻ
ይመጣል። በከተሞች መስፋፋት ምክንያት በዓለም ላይ ካሉት ቀውሶች አንዱ ደረቅ ቆሻሻ ነው። በየአመቱ አለም ወደ
2 ቢሊዮን ቶን የሚደርስ ቆሻሻ ያመርታል እና 33 % ቆሻሻዎች በአግባቡ ያልተያዙ ናቸው ተብሏል። እነዚህ በአግባቡ
ያልተያዙ ቆሻሻዎች በሰዎች፣ በእንስሳት እና በይበልጥ የማይቀለበስ የአካባቢ ጉዳት አደጋዎችን ይፈጥራሉ። የቆሻሻ
አወጋገድ ስርአቶች እነዚህን ችግሮች ለመቅረፍ የተነደፉ በመሆናቸው በዚህ የቆሻሻ አወጋገድ ስርዓት ውስጥ
አርክቴክቸር እና አርክቴክቶች ምንም ወይም አነስተኛ ሚና እንደሌላቸው ይስተዋላል። ይህ ጥናት ወደዚህ አስቸጋሪ
ሁኔታ ዘልቆ የሚገባ እና ስነ-ህንፃን በብቃት እንዴት መጠቀም የተቀናጀ የቆሻሻ አወጋገድ ስርዓትን ለመፍጠር
እንደሚያግዝ ያጠናል። የቆሻሻ ማከሚያ ፋብሪካዎች በአብዛኛው በሰዎች አእምሮ ውስጥ አሉታዊ አመለካከት
ሲኖራቸው ይታያል. ከህዝቡ ምንም ተሳትፎ የሌለበት የተዘጉ ሂደቶች ናቸው. ጥቅም ላይ የሚውለው አርክቴክቸር
ለማያስደስት እና ምንም ማህበራዊ ቦታዎች የሉትም። እነሱ ቀዝቃዛ እና የማይጋብዙ ናቸው. ይህ በተለይ በቆሻሻ
አወጋገድ ኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ለሰዎች ግንዛቤ መፍጠር ቀዳሚው ዓላማ ነው። ስለዚህ ይህ ጥናት ህብረተሰቡ
ሊደርስባቸው የሚችላቸው ቆሻሻ ወደ ሃይል ማመንጫ፣ የቁስ ማገገሚያ ፋሲሊቲ እና በይበልጥ የተዋሃዱ የህዝብ
ቦታዎችን ያካተተ የቆሻሻ ማእከልን ሀሳብ አቅርቧል። ደማቅ የህዝብ ቦታዎች የተዘጋውን የቆሻሻ አወጋገድ ሂደት
ለመክፈት እና የህዝብ ተሳትፎን ለማበረታታት ቁልፍ ሆነው ይታያሉ። በተለያዩ የንድፍ ገፅታዎች፣ የህዝብ ቦታዎች
እና የኢንደስትሪ አርክቴክቸር ላይ የስነ-ጽሁፍ ግምገማዎች እና የጉዳይ ጥናቶች በቆሻሻ ማእከሉ ውስጥ ግልጽ እና
ግልጽነት ያለው አርክቴክቸርን ለማካተት ተዳሰዋል። እንደ አረንጓዴ ጣሪያ፣ አረንጓዴ የፊት ለፊት ገፅታዎች፣
የተፈጥሮ የሰማይ ማብራት፣ ጃሊስ፣ የውሃ አካላት ውበትን የሚስብ እና የተረጋጋ አካባቢን ሲፈጥሩ ጥቅም ላይ
የሚውሉ እና የግንዛቤ ማስጨበጫ ቦታዎች ለህብረተሰቡ እንደ ክሬን ቲያትር፣ የቆሻሻ ቲያትር እና ነጸብራቅ ቦታ
ታይተዋል። ቆሻሻን የሚታከም፣ ከፋይናንሺያል ተመላሽ የሚያደርግ እና ከሁሉም በላይ የህዝቡን መስተጋብር
የሚያባክን ፋሲሊቲ ለመፍጠር ወደ ቆሻሻ ማዕከሉ ተተግብሯል። በቆሻሻ አወጋገድ ሂደት ውስጥ የኪነ-ህንፃው ሚና
በጥልቀት መታሰብና ማሰብን የሚያበረታቱ ክፍተቶችን መፍጠር ሲሆን ይህም አመለካከቶችን እና ድርጊቶችን
የሚቀይር እና የህዝብ እና ሂደትን ሁለንተናዊ ውህደት ይፈጥራል። በዚህ መሠረት የቆሻሻ ማዕከሉ ቆሻሻን ከማከም
ይልቅ የሰዎችን አስተሳሰብ የሚያስተናግድ ፈር ቀዳጅ ፕሮጀክት እንዲሆን ተዘጋጅቷል።

Poor waste management poses a several challenges to the well-being of the city residents,
particularly those living adjacent the dump sites due to the potential of the waste to pollute water,
food sources, land, air and vegetation, Orogeny [2]

Njoroge G. Kimani, 2007. Environmental Pollution and

Impacts on Public Health: Implications of the
Dandora Municipal Dumping Site in Nairobi, Kenya.
Report Summary by Njoroge G. Kimani,
in cooperation with United Nations Environment
Programme and the St. John Catholic Church,
Korogocho. web: http://www.unep.org/urban_Environment

The growing concerns of health and environmental risks in the landfill area are now becoming more
serious as different incompatible land uses are surrounding the site. In countries like Ethiopia, where
there is a general lack of awareness of the risk associated with long serving open solid waste dump
sites. There have been very little studies of this nature in Ethiopia. The present waste disposal site,
therefore, is not acceptable to use for disposal purposes and necessary remedial measures have to be
under taken at the earliest.

This book presents a refreshed, design-led approach to waste-to-energy (WTE) plants, reflecting work
done at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design over a period of three years. Architecture and design
currently play a minor role in the design and construction of industrial building types, especially
waste-to-energy facilities. As densities increase and consumption patterns change, the need for more
waste-to-energy facilities is only going to increase. Through comparing the well-established waste-to-
energy industries in Sweden with less established engagements in the northeast of the United States,
opportunities and lessons are revealed. Architects have a role to play in integrating waste-to-energy
plants physically and programmatically within their urban or suburban contexts, as well as potentially
lessening the generally negative perception of energy recovery plants.
it is seen that the architecture and architects have no or minimal role in this waste management
systems

.they offer no amenities beyond their core function, no opportunities for visitors or communities to
engage, and only minimal integration with their built and natural surroundings.

.
Architecture has always taught us to work for the betterment of the society our surroundings,
environment etc. Identifying the proper concern regarding a certain issue which has been harming the
society and then giving a thoughtful approach to it and arriving at a solution which may not be the
one silver bullet but will definitely work for the betterment of the people and region or the country
we are serving to.

Achieving sustainable development goals from the perspective of solid waste management plans

Sustainable SWM enhancing the quality of life

By looking at the services of SWM, there are two billion people without access to waste collection
services globally, and 3 billion people lack controlled waste disposal facilities according to data
collected between 2010 and 2018 ad [13]. This leads to a lack of indicators of quality of life for cities
and the sustainability of local communities. Therefore, good practices for SWM through waste
reduction, reuse, recycling, and exploitation in generating energy or safe disposal of it are an essential
element in sustainable city management and improving the quality of life. “It is impossible to create a
sustainable, livable city without rational solid waste management. It is no longer about technical
solutions only. There are impacts on climate, health, and safety as well as important social
considerations,” Vasquez stresses [14]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to invest in waste
management infrastructure, including the opportunities to convert full landfills into green parks

Solid waste disposal and climate change measures

Greenhouse gasses such as methane emitted from solid waste are a major factor in air pollution and
climate change. Many municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal facilities in developing countries are
open dumpsites that contribute to air, water, and soil pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions.
In 2016, 5% of global emissions were generated from solid waste [15]. This calls for the need to
improve solid waste disposal in most parts of the world, as the safe disposal and the reduction of
open burning of garbage are one of the most important climate change-related measures.

According to the statistics issued by the World Bank, the world generates 2.01 billion tons of MSW
annually, and at least 33% of it is not managed in an environmentally safe manner. Without
improvements in the SWM sector, emissions related to solid waste are probably to increase to 2.6
billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2050 ad [16]. Environmentally sound management of solid
waste will help reduce the spread of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

SWM impact on land ecosystems

As a result of the rapid urbanization processes and the increase in the population, the solid waste
sector is one of the important sectors with a significant impact on the health of ecosystems with their
growth rates of waste. One of the aspects of preserving the ecosystems on the earth’s surface is the
safe disposal of solid waste. and Adopting an integrated and sustainable SWM system, which takes
care of reducing the amount of waste from the source according to a set of concepts related to such
as the (3Rs), and (5Rs), in addition to the circular economy model, which are all widely accepted
approaches and principles for waste management operations. The importance of using these
concepts is due to the reduction of waste production, which supports the reduction of the need for
land utilized for the sanitary burying of waste and using a lower amount of land sustainably and the
reduction of the impact on the pollution of soil, water, and air.
Integrated SWM and institutional building strengthening
Given the ISWM, the institutional framework depends on delegating and distributing responsibilities
and functions between central governments and local administrations, in addition to the partnership
with the private sector, civil society organizations, and all actors in the system. This ensures that
decisions are made in a manner that is responsive, inclusive, participatory, and representative at all
levels. Many developing countries have turned to the institutional framework based on the principle
of decentralization because of its potential benefits as a result of its application in the processes of
integrated solid waste management, such as improving economic efficiency, protecting local interests,
enhancing citizen participation, and ensuring the availability of tools and methods to activate
transparency and accountability to ensure that the costs of programs and projects are evaluated and
then monitor the service delivery process.

Research
Open Access
Published: 15 September 2021
Achieving sustainable development goals from the perspective of solid waste management plans
K. M. Elsheekh, R. R. Kamel, D. M. Elsherif & A. M. Shalaby
Journal of Engineering and Applied Science volume 68, Article number: 9 (2021) Cite this article
https://jeas.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s44147-021-00009-9

After consult

The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the relationship between the architectural
quality and protection of the natural environment through the technological solutions applied

Geo-environmental assessment and geophysical investigations were carried out over the only
functional municipal solid waste disposal site of the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, known locally as
Koshe. The accumulated wastes from Koshe have impact on the surrounding human and physical
environment since the disposal site was not designed. The study deserves emphasis because the city
of Addis Ababa currently obtains a considerable portion of its domestic water supply from a well field
developed not much farther from and along a groundwater flow direction in relation to the waste
disposal site. It was found out that the leachates from the site contain high concentration of biological
oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, chloride and sulphate besides high concentration of
cobalt, nickel and zinc in the surrounding soils. The geophysical results have mapped weak zones and
near-vertical discontinuities that could potentially be conduits for the leachate from the wastes into
the deep groundwater system. Further, a zone of potential leachate migration from the landfill was
identified from the electrical models; the location of this zone is consistent with the predicted
direction of groundwater flow across the site. The results further suggested that the open dump site
tends to cause increasing amount of pollution on the surrounding soil, surface and ground waters.
Furthermore, it was observed that the Koshe waste disposal site has grown beyond its capacity and
the poor management of the open dump landfill has reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding
environments. The need to change/relocate the existing waste disposal site to a more suitable and
technologically appropriate site is emphasized.

Article
Environmental impact and vulnerability of the surface and ground water system from municipal solid
waste disposal site: Koshe, Addis Ababa
September 2012Environmental Earth Sciences 67(1)
DOI: 10.1007/s12665-011-1480-3
Authors:
Tigsitu Haile
Addis Ababa University
Tamiru Abiye
University of the Witwatersrand
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
257793589_Environmental_impact_and_vulnerability_of_the_surface_and_ground_water_system_fr
om_municipal_solid_waste_disposal_site_Koshe_Addis_Ababa

The accumulated wastes on Koshe have an impact on the surrounding human and physical
environment since the disposal site was not designed.The results further suggested that the open
dump site tends to cause an increasing amount of pollution on the surrounding soil, surface, and
ground waters. Furthermore, it was observed that the Koshe waste disposal site has grown beyond its
capacity and the poor management of the open dump landfill has reduced the aesthetic value of the
surrounding environments

This problames show on the solid waste disposal site of the city of Addis Ababa koshe Because the
disposal site was not designed well, the accumulated wastes on Koshe have an impact on the
surrounding human and physical environment. The findings also indicated that the open dump site
causes an increasing amount of pollution to the surrounding soil, surface, and ground waters.
Furthermore, the Koshe waste disposal site has outgrown its capacity, and the open dump landfill's
poor management has reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding environments.

Those problems also appear on the only functional solid waste disposal site of the city of Addis Ababa
koshe Because the disposal site was not designed well, the accumulated wastes on Koshe have an
impact on the surrounding human and physical environment. The findings also indicated that the
open dump site causes an increasing amount of pollution to the surrounding soil, surface, and ground
waters. Furthermore, the Koshe waste disposal site has outgrown its capacity, and the open dump
landfill's poor management has reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding environments.

On 11 March 2017, a garbage landslide at the Koshe Garbage Dump in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia killed
115 people

The results further suggested that the open dump site tends to cause increasing amount of pollution
on the surrounding soil, surface and ground waters. Furthermore, it was observed that the Koshe
waste disposal site has grown beyond its capacity and the poor management of the open dump
landfill has reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding environments. The need to
change/relocate the existing waste disposal site to a more suitable and technologically appropriate
site is emphasized.

waste management and public activities by

using the design ability to significantly improve people’s relationship with waste

1, To achieve The relationship between ‘usefulness’ and ‘quality’ in architecture on this large waste
disposal projects

2, to create spaces that encourage deep reflection and thinking which would change perceptions and
actions on solid waste management centers

1. To create awareness of waste management and convince people how they can contribute to the
betterment of the environment by using recycled materials.

,To design other activities and waste process through the merging of architecture and landscape to
create public engagement and break the
physical and mental border between the public and waste, as well as the raising awareness of
recycling.
1.4 Research questions

Addis Ababa was established in 1886. It has an area of 540 sq km. It lies between 2000 and 3000 m
above sea level. Despite its proximity to the equator, Addis Ababa enjoys a mild, Afro-Alpine
temperate and warm temperate climate. The lowest and the highest annual average temperature are
about 10 °C and 25 °C. Annual rainfall is around 1200 mm. In the projection, however, we assumed
Addis would grow in the same proportion as the overall urban population of the country .
Addis Ababa is the capital city of the country with great geographical diversity endowed with rich
natural and human resource base. To undergo its administration activities, Addis Ababa is divided into
11 sub cities.

According to the experts of Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency, in the city, the formal
waste management sector is characterized by the primary collection, carried out mainly by per-
collector associations, the secondary collection, and final disposal, mostly carried out by the
government..

1.5,Significance of the study

Chapter 2 , literature review

Precedent Analysis

Addis Ababa was established in 1886. It has an area of 540 sq km. It lies between 2000 and 3000 m
above sea level. Despite its proximity to the equator, Addis Ababa enjoys a mild, Afro-Alpine
temperate and warm temperate climate. The lowest and the highest annual average temperature are
about 10 °C and 25 °C. Annual rainfall is around 1200 mm. In the projection, however, we assumed
Addis would grow in the same proportion as the overall urban population of the country .

According to the experts of Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency, in the city, the formal
waste management sector is characterized by the primary collection, carried out mainly by per-
collector associations, the secondary collection, and final disposal, mostly carried out by the
government..

Current municipal solid waste management in Addis Ababa

2nd consult send

About land fill
About
The MSc thesis project titled Landfill to Landform_ A Story of Transformation highlights the process of
regenerating the current landfill sites around the Indian states, to establish the biodiversity that has
been lost to the urban development and reverse the contribution to climate change, by supporting
sustainable methods like reducing Urban Heat Island Effect, rainwater management, treating leachate
and proving education and spreading awareness about waste management through interaction based
strategies adopted throughout the site design. Landfill sites have known to impact the environment,
people and economy in a significant manner, but has been neglected over past decades, that has to
lead to the current scenario, where drastic measures have to be implemented towards waste
management to reduce the negative effects and contribute positively across all the three major
sectors.
2nd consult estif

Specific objectives
.
1, To design use full and quality spaces on the waste disposal and treatment facilities.

2,To design other activities and waste processes through the merging of architecture and landscape .

3, To propose a treatment or restoration plan for landfill areas

1.4 Research questions

1, how to design use full and quality spaces on the waste disposal and treatment facilities?

2, how to design other activities and waste processes through the merging of architecture and
landscape?