Chuyên đề 3:

Passive voice
Câu bị động
Câu bị động là loại câu được sử dụng khi chúng ta muốn nhấn mạnh vào bản thân
một hành động, không phải chủ thể thực hiện hành động.

Để có thể biến đổi một câu từ chủ động sang câu bị động, động từ trong câu chủ động
phải là ngoại động từ (Transitive Verb).

Ngoại động từ (Transitive Verb) là gì?

Ngoại động từ diễn tả hành động tác động trực tiếp lên người hoặc vật, nó luôn
được theo sau bởi một tân ngữ.

He bought a bunch of flowers.

They will build a building next year.

She is doing her homework now.

 PHẦN I.
Bị động của câu khẳng định -
phủ định - câu hỏi
Cách chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động

1. Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động (tân ngữ đứng sau động từ chính của câu).

2. Lấy tân ngữ của câu chủ động xuống làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động.

3. Động từ ở câu bị động chia giống thì với động từ ở câu chủ động, theo công thức
(BE + VP2).

4. Đặt "by" trước chủ ngữ của câu chủ động rồi đặt chúng xuống cuối câu bị động
hoặc trước trạng từ thời gian.
 1a. Present simple
Active voice
This company employs eighty people.

Eighty people are employed by this company.

Passive voice: S + tobe (am/ is/ are) + P2 + by (O)

 1a. Present simple
Active voice

They always serve tea with cakes.

Tea is always served with cakes (by them).

adverb
Passive voice: S + tobe (am/ is/ are) + P2 + by (O)
 1b. Present progressive
Active voice

They are renovating the hotel.

The hotel is being renovated (by them).

Passive voice: S + tobe (am/ is/ are) + being + P2 + by (O)
 1c. Past simple
Active voice

I repaired the roof last year.

The roof was repaired (by me) last year.

Passive voice: S + tobe (was/were) + P2 + by (O)

 1d. Past progressive
Active voice

The scouts were pitching the tents when it started to rain.

when it started
The tents were being pitched by the scouts
to rain.

Passive voice: S + tobe (was/were) + being + P2 + by (O)

 1e. Present perfect simple
Active voice

We have removed all the furniture from the living room.

All the furniture has been removed from the living room.

Passive voice: S + has/ have + been + P2 + by (O)

 1f. Past perfect simple
Active voice

The fire had destroyed the house before the fire brigade arrived.

The house had been destroyed by the fire before the fire
brigade arrived.

Passive voice: S + had + been + P2 + by (O)

 1g. Future: will do
Active voice

Mary will pay the bill tomorrow.

The bill will be paid by Mary tomorrow.

Passive voice: S + will be + P2 + by (O)

 1h. be going to
Active voice

They are going to publish his new novel next month.

His new novel is going to be published next month.

Passive voice: S + am/ is/ are + going to + be + P2 + by (O)

 1i. Future perfect simple
Active voice

I will have posted all the letters by noon.

All the letters will have been posted by noon.

Passive voice: S + will have been + P2 + by (O)

 2. Bị động của câu hỏi
1. Chuyển từ câu hỏi sang câu khẳng định.

Did you buy your shirt two days ago?

You bought your shirt two days ago.
2. Chuyển câu khẳng định trên sang câu bị động.

Your shirt was bought two days ago.

3. Chuyển câu bị động trên về dạng nghi vấn bằng cách chuyển từ ngay sau chủ
ngữ lên trước chủ ngữ.

Was your shirt bought two days ago?

 3. Bị động với những động từ có hai tân ngữ
Rewrite the sentences in the passive in two ways.
They sent him a letter.
They sent him a letter.

He was sent a letter.

A letter was sent to him.

Một số động từ được theo sau nó bởi hai tân ngữ như: give (đưa), lend (cho
mượn), send (gửi), show (chỉ), buy (mua), make (làm), get (cho),... thì ta sẽ có
hai câu bị động.
Note
• get có thể dùng thay cho be để chỉ hành động xảy ra không mong
muốn, bất ngờ.
His jeans got caught on a spike as he was climbing the fence.
• by + O: được dung khi chúng ta muốn nhấn mạnh ai hoặc cái gì gây ra/
tạo hành động
The investigation was ordered by the Police Commissioner.
• with + dụng cụ/ vật liệu: mô tả hành động được tạo ra/ làm bằng dụng
cụ/ vật liệu gì
This photograph was taken with an expensive camera.
 PHẦN II.
Cấu trúc câu bị động đặc
biệt
 1. Bị động với các động từ chỉ quan điểm, ý kiến
Believe: tin rằng
Consider: xem xét rằng
Expect: mong rằng
Find: thấy rằng
Hope: Hy vọng rằng
Know: biết rằng
Report: tổng hợp/ báo cáo rằng
Say: nói rằng
Think: hiểu rằng / cho rằng
Understand: hiểu rằng
ĐỘNG TỪ DẪN NHẬP + MỆNH ĐỀ
1. Họ tin rằng anh ta đã lấy trộm cái hộp bút.
⇒ They believe that he stole the pen case.
2. Họ mong rằng cô ấy sẽ nói sự thật.
=> They expect that she will tell the truth.
3. Họ hiểu rằng anh ấy đã kể câu chuyện có
thật.
=> They understand that he told the true
story.
 1a. Bị động với các động từ chỉ quan điểm, ý kiến
Active voice
understand tells
They that she the truth.
(V1) (V2)
Hiện tại đơn Hiện tại đơn → cùng thời

Passive voice

It is understood that she tells the truth.

She is understood to tell the truth.

→ Cùng thì: S + tobe (V1) + P2 (V1) + to V2 …

 1a. Bị động với các động từ chỉ quan điểm, ý kiến
Active voice
expect will tell
They that she the truth.
(V1) (V2)
Hiện tại đơn tương lai đơn → cùng thời

Passive voice

It is expected that she will tell the truth.

She is expected to tell the truth.

→ Cùng thì: S + to be (V1) + P2 (V1) + to V2 …

 1b. Bị động với các động từ chỉ quan điểm, ý kiến
Active voice
believe
They that he stole (V2) the pen case.
(V1)
Hiện tại đơn quá khứ đơn → lệch thời

Passive voice

It is believed that he stole the pen case.

He is believed to have stolen the pen case.

→ Lệch thì: S + to be (V1) + P2 (V1) + to have + P2 (V2) …

2a. Bị động của “động từ + to + inf” (không có tân ngữ)
Active voice

We need to finish this work by tomorrow.

This work needs to be finished by tomorrow.

Passive voice: S + V (chia) + to be + P2 + by (O)

 2b. Bị động của “động từ + O + to + inf” (có tân ngữ)

Active voice

I expect my mom to agree with my idea.

Passive voice
I expect to be agreed with.

I expect my idea to be agreed with.

Passive voice: S + V (chia) + to be + P2 + by (O)

 2b. Bị động của “động từ + O + to + inf” (có tân ngữ)

Active voice

I expect my mom to have agreed with me.

Passive voice
I expect to have been agreed with.

to have been with.

I expect my idea/ opinion
agreed
Passive voice: S + V (chia) + to have been + P2 + by (O)
 3a. Bị động của “V-ing” (khi S = O2)
Active voice
S V O1 V-ing O2

I hate people staring at me.

I hate being stared at.

Passive voice: S + V (chia) + being + P2 + by (O)

 3a. Bị động của “V-ing” (khi S ≠ O2)
Active voice
S V O1 V-ing O2

John saw the police arresting James.

Passive voice
John saw James being arrested.

Passive voice: S + V (chia) + O2 + being + P2

 3a. Bị động của “V-ing” (khi S ≠ O2)
Active voice
S V O1 V-ing O2

not having
My mom hated me my homework.
done

Passive voice
not having been
My mom hated my homework
done.

Passive voice: S + V (chia) + O2 + having been + P2

Practice
1. We need him to pick the apples in the garden.
=> We need the apples to be picked in the garden.
2. We like her making cakes for our birthdays.
=> We like cakes being made for our birthdays.
3. The teachers wanted their students to have studied English hard.
=> The teachers wanted English to have been studied hard by their
students.
4. The students hated their teachers having told them to do
homework.
=> The students hated having been told to do homework.
 4. Bị động với make/ let
Active voice

My parents don’t let us go out at night.

Passive voice

We are not allowed/permitted to go out at night.

Passive voice: S + to be + allowed/ permitted + to do st

 4. Bị động với make/ let
Active voice

My parents make us clean our room.

Passive voice

We are made to clean our room.

Passive voice: S + to be + made + to do st

 5. Causative (Thể nhờ bảo)
HAVE sb DO = GET sb TO DO HAVE/ GET st DONE

Active voice
Passive voice
• Subject (to have) somebody DO sth
• Subject (to have/ to get) something
(thuê/ nhờ ai làm gì)
Ví dụ: DONE
In summer, my grandma has me pick Có cái gì đó được làm (bởi ai).
apples.
• Subject (to get) sb TO DO st Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:
In summer, my grandma gets/ has
In summer, my grandma gets me to
apples picked.
pick apples.
Practice
I. Choose the best answer
1. We can’t go along here because the road _____.
a. is repairing b. is repaired c. is being repaired d. repaires
2. The story I’ve just read _____ Agatha Christie.
a. was written b. was written by c. was written from d. wrote by
3. Why don’t you have your brother _____ the roof?
a repairs b. repair c. repaired d. to repair
4. The man died because medical help was not summoned. A doctor should _____.
a. be have called b. been called
c. be called d. have been called
5. Something funny _____ in class yesterday.
a. happened b. was happened c. happens d. is happened
6. Many US automobiles _____ in Detroit, Michigan.
a. manufacture b. have manufactured
c. are manufactured d. are manufacturing
7. A lot of pesticide residue can _____ on unwashed produce.
a. find b. found c. be finding d. be found
8. We ________ by a loud noise during the night.
a. woke up b. are woken up
c. were woken up d. were waking up
9. How did that window ________? - I don’t know.
a. get broken b. broke c. got broken d. broken
10. Some film stars ________ difficult to work with.
a. are said be b. are said to be c. say to be d. said to be
11. Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? I don’t enjoy ________ at.
a. be laughed b. to be laughed
c. laughing d. being laughed
12. John ________ last week.
a. had his house painted b. had painted his house
c. had his father to paint d. had his house paint
13. Today, many serious childhood diseases ________ by early immunization.
a. are preventing b. can prevent c. prevent d. can be prevented
14. ‘__________ about the eight o’clock flight to Chicago?’ ‘Not yet.’
a. Has been an announcement made b. Has an announcement made
c. Has an announcement been made d. Has been made an announcement
15. ‘Has the committee made its decision yet?’
‘Not yet. They are still __________ the proposal.’
a. considering b. been considered c. being considered d. Considered
16. I might watch this programme. It _________ very funny.
a. supposes to be b. is supposed being
c. is supposed to be d. was supposed be
17. Do you get your heating _________ every year?
a. checking b. check c. be checked d. checked
18. Claude Jennings is said __________ his memory since the accident last month.
a. to have been lost b. to be lost c. to have lost d. to lose
19. All bottles __________ before transportation.
a. frozen b. is frozen c. was frozen d. were frozen
20. Everything that ___________ remained a secret.
a. had be overheard b. had been overheard
c. had been overheared d. would had been overheard
21. Everything ___________.
a. were forbidden b. is forbidden c. is forbidded d. are forbidden
22. Everything___________________________.
a. are going to be forgotten b. is going to be forgotten
c. is going to be forgot d. were going to be forgotten
23. I ___________________.
A. have not given the money B. have not been given the money
C. have not been give the money D. have not be given the money
24. It _________ for years.
A. has not been known B. had not been known
C. had not be known D. have not been known
25. It _________ that learning English is easy.
A. are said B. said C. is said D. is sayed
26. I spoke to Victor last night and he says he _____________ while he was on holiday.
A had stolen his phone B got stolen his phone
C was got his phone stolen D had his phone stolen
27. Why didn't you _____________ you when you moved house?
A have Aaron help B have got Aaron help
C have Aaron helped D get Aaron help
28. Profits _____________ slightly next year, although we don't predict any job losses.
A expect to fall B are expecting to fall
C are expected falling D are expected to fall
29. It's hard to believe that this film _____________ completely by computer.
A was been generating B has generated
C has been generated D was to generate
30. As soon as Dad _____________, we can leave.
A has the car starting B has got the car started
C got started the car D was got starting the car
Read the text below and deride which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits the gap.
Attitudes towards the teaching profession have changed considerably and it's
sad that the number of students considering a career in teaching has (1)
…………… off a lot. Consequently, the teacher training faculty has (2) ……………
by about 25%. However in other departments, the options have (3) ……………
greatly, though competition with other colleges has, it must be admitted, (4)
……………. Meanwhile, departments have expanded into new areas such as
media studies. and computer studies in particular has (5) …………… beyond all
expectations.
1.A depressed B dropped C sunk D declined
2. A shrunk B curtailed C reduced D cut
3. A stretched B protracted C widened D lengthened
4. A boosted B enhanced C fuelled D intensified
5. A encouraged B grown C raised D promoted
In the following pairs of sentences, a, b, or both are correct. Put a cross next to every
sentence that is incorrect. Write the correction.
Example:
a Drop me a line when you get there.
b He was upset to discover he dropped from the team. (x) => had been / was dropped
1 a The Titanic was sunk by an iceberg.
b The boat sank without trace.
2 a This shirt dries extremely quickly.
b Her hair soon dried by the wind.
3 a The hole soon filled with water.
b The room was filled with hundreds of people.
4 a The western shore washed by warm currents.
b Fertile soil washes down into the valleys.
5 a My dress ripped when it caught in the car door.
b His newspaper had been ripped into shreds.
II. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as possible
to the sentence before it.

1. There were once thought to be canals on Mars.

It _____________________________________________________________________
2. From what we understand, there was an attack last night in the vicinity of the beach.
There is ________________________________________________________________
3. It's a widespread assumption that George was wrongly accused.
George _________________________________________________________________
4. You have to clean these football boots until they shine.
These football boots are ___________________________________________________
5. She vaguely remembers that she was knocked down by a motorbike.
She has vague memories of _________________________________________________
II. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as possible
to the sentence before it.

6 It's never very nice when people laugh at you.

Being __________________________________________________________________
7. One of the others agreed to post my letters for me.
I got ___________________________________________________________________
8. My dentist is supposed to be capping my two front teeth this morning.
I'm ____________________________________________________________________
9. My car really needs servicing.
I really _________________________________________________________________
10. Why did you let them go without signing the receipt?
Why didn't you __________________________________________________________
Answer Key
I. Choose the best answer
1. We can’t go along here because the road _____.
a. is repairing b. is repaired c. is being repaired d. repaires
2. The story I’ve just read _____ Agatha Christie.
a. was written b. was written by c. was written from d. wrote by
3. Why don’t you have your brother _____ the roof?
a repairs b. repair c. repaired d. to repair
4. The man died because medical help was not summoned. A doctor should _____.
a. be have called b. been called
c. be called d. have been called
5. Something funny _____ in class yesterday.
a. happened b. was happened c. happens d. is happened
6. Many US automobiles _____ in Detroit, Michigan.
a. manufacture b. have manufactured
c. are manufactured d. are manufacturing
7. A lot of pesticide residue can _____ on unwashed produce.
a. find b. found c. be finding d. be found
8. We ________ by a loud noise during the night.
a. woke up b. are woken up
c. were woken up d. were waking up
9. How did that window ________? - I don’t know.
a. get broken b. broke c. got broken d. broken
10. Some film stars ________ difficult to work with.
a. are said be b. are said to be c. say to be d. said to be
11. Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? I don’t enjoy ________ at.
a. be laughed b. to be laughed
c. laughing d. being laughed
12. John ________ last week.
a. had his house painted b. had painted his house
c. had his father to paint d. had his house paint
13. Today, many serious childhood diseases ________ by early immunization.
a. are preventing b. can prevent c. prevent d. can be prevented
14. ‘__________ about the eight o’clock flight to Chicago?’ ‘Not yet.’
a. Has been an announcement made b. Has an announcement made
c. Has an announcement been made d. Has been made an announcement
15. ‘Has the committee made its decision yet?’
‘Not yet. They are still __________ the proposal.’
a. considering b. been considered c. being considered d. considered
16. I might watch this programme. It _________ very funny.
a. supposes to be b. is supposed being
c. is supposed to be d. was supposed be
17. Do you get your heating _________ every year?
a. checking b. check c. be checked d. checked
18. Claude Jennings is said __________ his memory since the accident last month.
a. to have been lost b. to be lost c. to have lost d. to lose
19. All bottles __________ before transportation.
a. frozen b. is frozen c. was frozen d. were frozen
20. Everything that ___________ remained a secret.
a. had be overheard b. had been overheard
c. had been overheared d. would had been overheard
21. Everything ___________.
a. were forbidden b. is forbidden c. is forbidded d. are forbidden
22. Everything___________________________.
a. are going to be forgotten b. is going to be forgotten
c. is going to be forgot d. were going to be forgotten
23. I ___________________.
A. have not given the money B. have not been given the money
C. have not been give the money D. have not be given the money
24. It _________ for years.
A. has not been known B. had not been known
C. had not be known D. have not been known
25. It _________ that learning English is easy.
A. are said B. said C. is said D. is sayed
26. I spoke to Victor last night and he says he _____________ while he was on holiday.
A had stolen his phone B got stolen his phone
C was got his phone stolen D had his phone stolen
27. Why didn't you _____________ you when you moved house?
A have Aaron help B have got Aaron help
C have Aaron helped D get Aaron help
28. Profits _____________ slightly next year, although we don't predict any job losses.
A expect to fall B are expecting to fall
C are expected falling D are expected to fall
29. It's hard to believe that this film _____________ completely by computer.
A was been generating B has generated
C has been generated D was to generate
30. As soon as Dad _____________, we can leave.
A has the car starting B has got the car started
C got started the car D was got starting the car
Read the text below and deride which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits Drop off: if the amount,
the gap. number, or quality of
Attitudes towards the teaching profession have changed considerably something drops off, it
becomes less
and it's sad that the number of students considering a career in Shrink: to become
teaching has (1) …………… off a lot. Consequently, the teacher training smaller or cause
faculty has (2) …………… by about 25%. However in other departments, something to become
smaller
the options have (3) …………… greatly, though competition with other Curtail: to reduce or
colleges has, it must be admitted, (4) ……………. Meanwhile, limit something
departments have expanded into new areas such as media studies. Protract: to make
something last for a
and computer studies in particular has (5) …………… beyond all long time or last longer
expectations. than necessary
1. A depressed B dropped C sunk D declined Widen: to (cause
something to) become
2. A shrunk B curtailed C reduced D cut larger or to include a
3. A stretched B protracted C widened D lengthened larger amount or
4. A boosted B enhanced C fuelled D intensified number
5. A encouraged B grown C raised D promoted
Read the text below and deride which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
the gap.
Attitudes towards the teaching profession have changed considerably Boost: to improve or
and it's sad that the number of students considering a career in increase something
teaching has (1) …………… off a lot. Consequently, the teacher training Enhance: to improve
the quality, amount, or
faculty has (2) …………… by about 25%. However in other departments, strength of something
the options have (3) …………… greatly, though competition with other Fuel: to supply a
colleges has, it must be admitted, (4) ……………. Meanwhile, system with a
substance that can be
departments have expanded into new areas such as media studies. burned to provide heat
and computer studies in particular has (5) …………… beyond all or power
expectations. Intensify: to make
something stronger or
1. A depressed B dropped C sunk D declined more extreme, or to
2. A shrunk B curtailed C reduced D cut become stronger or
3. A stretched B protracted C widened D lengthened more extreme

4. A boosted B enhanced C fuelled D intensified

5. A encouraged B grown C raised D promoted
 In the following pairs of sentences, a, b, or both are correct. Put a cross next to every
sentence that is incorrect. Write the correction.
1 a The Titanic was sunk by an iceberg.
b The boat sank without trace.
2 a This shirt dries extremely quickly.
b Her hair soon dried by the wind.
=> in the wind
=> The wind soon dried her hair.
With some transitive verbs (Ngoại động từ), we can change the subject of a
sentence without using the passive. Verbs that allow us to change the subject to
“the thing affected by the action” without using the passive are called “ ergative
verbs”. By changing the subject of the sentence in this way, the active transitive
verb become intransitive.
Other verbs used in this way include: begin, vary, decrease, expand, increase,
open, close, finish, fade, stretch, crack, smash
3 a The hole soon filled with water.

b The room was filled with hundreds of people.

4 a The western shore washed by warm currents. => is washed

b Fertile soil washes down into the valleys.

5 a My dress ripped when it caught in the car door.

b His newspaper had been ripped into shreds.

II. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as possible to
the sentence before it.

1. There were once thought to be canals on Mars.

was once thought that there were canals on Mars.
It _____________________________________________________________________
2. From what we understand, there was an attack last night in the vicinity of the beach.
understood/thought to have been an attack last night in the vicinity of the beach.
There is ________________________________________________________________
3. It's a widespread assumption that George was wrongly accused.
is widely assumed to have been wrongly accused.
George _________________________________________________________________
4. You have to clean these football boots until they shine.
to be clean until they shine.
These football boots are ___________________________________________________
5. She vaguely remembers that she was knocked down by a motorbike.
being knocked down by a motorbike.
She has vague memories of _________________________________________________
II. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as possible
to the sentence before it.

6 It's never very nice when people laugh at you.

laughed at is never very nice.
Being __________________________________________________________________
7. One of the others agreed to post my letters for me.
one of the others to post my letters for me/ my letters posted by one of the others.
I got ___________________________________________________________________
8. My dentist is supposed to be capping my two front teeth this morning.
supposed to be having two front teeth capped this morning.
I'm ____________________________________________________________________
9. My car really needs servicing.
need to/ must have/ must get my car serviced.
I really _________________________________________________________________
10. Why did you let them go without signing the receipt?
get them to sign the receipt/ get the receipt signed before you let
Why didn't you __________________________________________________________
them go/ before they left?
Thanks!