Chapter 1

Introduction: The Nature of Leadership

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1-1
 Learning Objectives
After Studying this Chapter you should be able
to:
• Understand the different ways leadership has been
defined.
• Understand the controversy about differences
between leadership and management.
• Understand why it is so difficult to assess leadership
effectiveness.

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-2
 Learning Objectives (Cont.)
• Understand the indicators used to assess leadership
effectiveness
• Understand what aspects of leadership have been
studied the most during the past 50 years.
• Understand the organization of this book.

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 Learning Objective 1
Understand the different ways
leadership has been defined

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 Definition of Leadership
• “Always, it seems, the concept of leadership eludes
us or turns up in another form to taunt us again
with its slipperiness and complexity. So we have
invented an endless proliferation of terms to deal
with it…and still the concept is not sufficiently
defined.”

• Bennis (1959)

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 Controversies Over Leadership
Definitions
• Specialized role or shared influence process
• Type of influence process
• Purpose of influence attempts
• Influence based on reason or emotions
• Direct versus indirect leadership
• Leadership versus management

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 Leadership: A Working
Definition
“Leadership is the process of influencing
others to understand and agree about what
needs to be done and how to do it, and the
process of facilitating individual and
collective efforts to accomplish shared
objectives.”

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-7
 Learning Objective 2
Understand the controversy about
differences between leadership and
management

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-8
Controversies about Differences
Between Leadership and Management
• Leaders and managers as qualitatively different and
mutually exclusive types of people
• Leading and managing as different roles or processes
• Leading as an influence relationship and managing as
an authority relationship
• Integrative approach

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-9
 Learning Objective 3
Understand why it is so difficult to
assess leadership effectiveness

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-10
 Difficulties With Assessing
Leadership Effectiveness
• Many different indicators
• Immediate and delayed outcomes
• Stakeholders with different preferences
• Different conceptions of leadership
• Development of a composite measure

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-11
 Learning Objective 4
Understand the different indicators used
to assess leadership effectiveness

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-12
 Indicators of Effective Leadership

• High group performance

• Follower satisfaction
• Improved group processes
• Career success of leader

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-13
 Learning Objective 5
Understand what aspects of leadership
have been studied the most over the
last 50 years

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Leadership in Organizations 1-14
 Ways to Classify Leadership
Theory and Research

• Type of variable emphasized

• Type of leader characteristic
• Level of Conceptualization

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 Key Variables in Leadership
Theory
• Characteristics of the Leader

• Characteristics of the Follower

• Characteristics of the Situation

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 Type of Leadership Characteristic

• Trait Approach

• Behavior Approach

• Power-Influence Approach

• Situational Approach

• Integrative Approach

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Level of Conceptualization

• Intra-individual process
• Dyadic process
• Group process
• Organizational process
• Multi-level theories

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 Other Bases for Comparing
Leadership Theories

• Leader-centered versus follower-centered

• Universal versus contingency
• Descriptive versus prescriptive

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 Learning Objective 6
Understand the organization of this
book

1-20
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 Primary: Type of Leadership
Variable Studied

• Behavior Approach
• Trait Approach
• Situational Approach
• Power and Influence Approach

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 Secondary: Level of
Conceptualization

• Dyadic level
• Group level
• Organizational level
• Multiple levels
• Summary of Major Findings

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