knRTk gtvYBv

knRTk klprVt

Alr vMkTrMr

knD svVLn
14 3 e nqptMgrs MgLr 560 002

Arf gMDrvf
vKvM

nsw
MgLr
nMk
18 9 1982

sMkl 

svr erD sr vSRgg hc VGRvd hk prMpr knD nnd  I

avM knD BS  st  k  sMsgL svqdv  VvMtv Ld  I nn
ihsvn Bvvv 
oMd nn aMtHst aDkvrvdV adr sMsk ngn  I ngT
BdvrVkdr sMsk prMpr utSRk Erl nt ssl rMtrv
pMtgL nDMVk 
BrVM sMsM hshk sdkMdr knD tndV Ad S sMsrgLn 
sMsMn hMd 
knD nn Bv prMprMn gk nM  k knD sMsM vMn
srv sddVMd pv knD svVLnvn knRTkd pvK sMsk
kVMdvd vYsn EpRdVv  idMd cthRvd sMdBRvMd nn nMk 
I cthR svVLn sRkvgl vt bhkl idr n nnp uMl hlv
MVjngLn rdVv  knD t VKkr vhtd kqgLn pk  slB g
odsvd I MVjngL oMd  idrMt oMdnr erD kqgLn  hnVL
sMklngLn AM v pksdVv  I st vkM kvn  kdMb  nTk 
cr std kqgLld knD std stvn vYvn pPsv bgM
sMklngL iv  an Bkg knD std kMp VrvMt klv AM kqgL iMSf
BSMtrvn kD pksdVv  st vM I kqrtgLn shqdM vckr
O Asdr nv v sRk  svVLn aRpNRvgvdMd nn aS 
I kqgLn AM vDv st sM pNt sdsr skS dr 
sdYvMd knDd pBvMt VKkr avl kqgg krt il  I nM
t sMM st kqgLn AM vDvd slBd klsvl 
Adr
bhjng ogMgvMt st s tn ktRv vRdMMd BstVn  I
sg kqtjtgLn aRsvd nn ktRv  I kqgLn pksl anv V 
VKkr upkdr  avr udr upkrvn I sMdBRd kqtjtpvRkv
nnMttxVn 
I gMv kngr vnsn t  hqdMsMdn vdr nv sMklk
drdMt  I pMt n BtV
eMd hvMd hVLb  t BvnV I
pMtvn hr  vMgLvMTvDMd Vt pRn sstVn 

r  gMDrvf
vKvM

A swMdMRd rjMk A rjn vYBvM

A svMtsvhv bsBsnMgL gMgLf
A sVvnnMrf pvtnqpptrf GVpvMgLf
A svRrf vrMdrrvMMd klV vMdnM ||
Mtk

BtqRhM vYrg tkMd



svpR
knRTkMtMRMd Brt B vtg


Alr vMkTrM
3

knRTk gtvYBv
1nM pkrN

I vqtvd knRTkMdVn
kpRNdVSVphtH sBvH |
pqc tM vRsvcVtH ||
McVMH stM b tnV |
SsVhM vM tM ppnvf ||

Vt 2 7

kkltM kT t | s vRd nM kNd |

kvn n v kVLv Vsdvdn ||
kM pVLng V M | kV vrvknnn |
vkLVpM r kMVkMd ||
ngrs
nv Brt BM In Mn kMD  tLvLgMD  adr udrRv
hlv ptr hlv bggMd pMt pDrvrSV I bgM pMtgL  nv
dVd b svRvn  vYBvvn  jnr nng tMdkT avr tv pvRjr
SMvM  pvRsMsM SMvM  pvRd GntM SMvM
snMdMRvd avnvn hsvd oMd vKvd upMvd  cMdgp 
aVk  v vMtd arsr vhkMRgLn rjVM ctMRvn kV
Mv BrVMn pltngl bd  Mkr  rvnj vMtd vhtr pN
ctgL Mv pvrn hqdMvn pt vDl srM BrVMr tv
pvRjr SMv avnvn h vMd vYBvvn pDMl utVjkvgvdk
ihsMt Vr slB snl  aSV al  nvM Atsvlv adhV 
nv Vg nYrvgLgvdk  dbRlrMt pMMdr prr vVrM kDg
nVDvdk  nvM cYtnVM nMhVgvdk nv ihsnd
aBvvV al pMRsvV vlkrN  rjudwln kt kVM kM nv
jnr SMv nvvrM prVMrM eMth rsr bMn ht
Adr adlv kVvl kTkMMd d bMrvdMd  Ig nvgS svnvd
1857nM iM dMgM pg bMd nnshVbn ob dD rksnMd nv
klnMtlv Adr iVcg gtrv sMggMd A nv pvRd klnM
blvg bdl vDVkrvdlv AddMd kln dvDM k odDrv
nV jnBMn udsk hNgrv ptg avr gtvYBvvV gM 
nV drvsM adMdV nvg sMtsd SMv  I gtvYBvd srM nvn
In rMkvd Md ovMV ekMD  klhnvrgdr uthMk
vtvrNdLg tgsrvdMbdk En sMdVhl nv pvRjr bg
nv MVgvd avnvn hsvdk  avr SMv nv SrNv

ngMrv tp vkgLn aDsk  nv dVd jvd ihsvn nv

jnrV avnpvRkv brMvd  rSd pgg atMt avvd sMgMd 
Adr I kMRv kYgDvdMt Mdsnv lvd dVvd idr
nn jnMggL  nn vRgL nn gL sVrtv  Mdsnd ihsvMdr
ivlvgL oTgd ihsv  AddMd I dVd ihsvn brv klsv
atMt kNvd  Adr avd rSvn BSttd vV B  AM
BSpMtd jnr gMp sV  tv tv unMn vkLvd rVMtk
pVSkvd upMvMd  rSVdrk anklvd sMgMMd  Vr v
BVdgLn ksvdg  idMt k k BggLn vDvdg  anvkv 
rVMtk Gtkv ArvdMd  it ckNrd dMsr dMtpdr 
Mdk bMglvn ig vdg nv vMgbMgL hl gdl nddk
idV krN 
AMr tlgr tvg VrMd iM  dlMv
VkMd anVk vSRgMd kkLrvdr gdr idV alvV vhrSd
bMgL vMd avqgM  tv rjVM ungM Vr pMtk
sMbMpTvrd tv BS bMgLnDgMV kls vDk vMdvMvdr
iMtv idV  AddMd idV ttvnns  Vr Vr BSpMtgL ihsv
vdl Vr VrM brMlDVk  Vg vdr vt Vr Vr pMtgLLn
VvLd eLM oMdV ArvdMd  A eLM AM ihsgLn pVN iV
Md dVd ihsvn brMv pcMDkMRv aMv slBvgvdMd
nv dqpMv  EkMdr  vlMMd rvVrdvrg  AMRr  AMRr
rkd  AMRr sMsM  oMd vd svv  swhdRv kMDbrtv
pwrNkvd VrvkqSdvtrgL SMd asVtvcldvrg oMdV bgM
pjBvv tVbrtdlvV idV trhd pjBvv  avnv  anrgv
nv hk prSr SMdM nv hTvdV rVMtd pNtvs  aMth
pMMgVkdr  nv nv pMtgL vhkMRgLnsd vhprSr
SMv avnvn t  avr utvgLn eDDd nD  avrn rVM
vhprSr pMM ksVk  nv strSr avnv nvgV ild bk
V rvds  V
k pMtdvg avr SMv avn hTvd hVg
v ivr hsrgLn kVdDnM vhrVMr hqdMd AnMdv ukVrvMt
ad AMr av bMgMr Ig ukVrvdVn ptprddVv  nnMBT
vMtdvr hsrgL AMg Ig kDvS avnvn  uthvn  vrgg
kDvvV og  rVMtv pNRv ngLvdk AM pMtd jnr
vdl tv vhprSr vYBvvn s  tv vnsn AnMdsgrd eDDd
OsVk  avr vRgLn tv kNvMTkMD sVk 
k pMtgLLn pMtgLlv I vgRMdV nDrvlv
nv
pRkr vdl iMMth vhkqtgLn vdr  tv vYMl iMMth
vh vh Vrr rkv hMd  tv nD iMth pNprSr pdMd
pvnvd eMd vMt hV pMMd BSMvr tv jnrn rSkMRk

hgsdr  Mv dVv oMd klk VrvcMd  cMdgp  aVk 

hSRvRn  pqVrjrMth vh Rkrjg tvrvnMtV  Mv nv
dVv tLVds  kVrdsrM Bgvdkg jn ktV  A MVrSv eMddr
pgM MdVtV eMd MV bMgL tv vMMn pVrVstr 
ptptnMth ptM nv rSvn alMkrl  cYtnnM vRVrn
nv cYtnvn tMrl nv t b svn ktkLVk
aMth
eMd vMt hg bMggL
VrprSr vMdM  nv vYdVrrrV
tvvr n cpsrvr
rjrjnrVMd  ptprddVv  kqSdVvrM
vMtd rNVrr nv pvRjrV alvV ApsMb  kvl BT  apMVt
ivrV vdd dnNgL nv dVd hTlvV Vd bk AMrd
nv aLvdVtk
eMd AMr tv jnr ppM AvV tMbdr
nvd bh pVn BS  cVr  cVL  pMD rjgL  rvMN vhBrt
klMdl gMv  rjrj  kVtMg vMtd vhVrr nv arsr 
rvnj  vVdMtdVkrM vRvtRMDr nv vgRdRkr eMdvV
dVvdtrd iMth aMprSr hsr nv rSVdrvn vDrvV
eMd tLr Alsvn t tMtrMdr  it nv nrhrMvrd
vrdvrMt V rvds  V v vhrjr BjngMdl utvgMdl
tv rSvnV tMdr 
nVr rvdsrM sgL nv jrl 
v VrMrM VrgVsrr nv udrl  rSgL ErkM nvVk
nvVn kvMvrV nMd rSVnMgdMdMV
eMd
MddVv
vrr vYM vMdvMdk sMdr 
gjRrr svn kl 
BrVMgl atMt pjnd V kqSn nv BMMV vdlvV avn
drkM igV  idV alvV A kqSn vMjrd nv kYgdvrV vnrj 
vlrj  drj avr nvMV ALlvV VvlBcMRr avnv nvg
irVDvV gjRrrd nv lpvd nv gwrvvn vr pDMrvV eMd
hV gjRrr tv rSvn unM vgRk hrvr  I bgM pMMd
BSMvr  tv tv pMtgL ihsvn avnpvRkv aBs v  tv
jnrn cVtngsrl  nv knRTkdvrV CV knRTkvd knRTkv jgn
nTrMgMd eMdV nvVSv hVd in eM knRTk nr kDg
hd hMhVd knRTkvn hd aKMDv vDvvrr aSMd avnv
nv elMT k kDMl nv BSbMgL vsvr  avr rkv nv
rkv oMdV  nv pvRjrV avr pvRjr  nv arsr avr arsr oMdV 
nv kgLV avr kgL  eMb svnv kD Mr in aMklvV  avMd
Mv kMRvVt aMthr kpvMDknMMd sMkt crgLLvrdr
AMRvVn Adr pMMd nnvr nlgM vV tv pvRjr nr
hsrgLdr avnMd ndDrl kngr nlgg cTn oMddr hsr
brrvd Vr lsdvd sMgMd MdsndM pMMd BSMdrV

tv pvRjr ihsvn uthMd sMVsrl  knRTkv vt in

kMBkNR dMMV id  idM dHKd nVT
Adr Vggvdk krNvVrbhd adk nv ihs nd aBvvV vl
krNvMd nv apM  nv brd arsrl  nv GnpMtrl 
nv eMg hVgLV  eMg dDrV  aMd bk vMn AMdr nvgMd
eMd nv jnr apM  AddMdV avr kVLvdVnMdr  nv knRTkd
SMk avnpDtk sMggLVv nvdVn rSvV nvgVn ihsdMV
nv knRTkv eMddr vMvn kMtV adk arsrVndr idrV
nvg Svd sMsMMV Vld bk  aM st kRTkvn htkMD
hVgvdMt A nv krLLn ggMn hdgd k jnMggL rt
hVgvdV sMlvV iSV al  klvgMt knRTksrMd hVkLvdk
kD nk brd  AddMd avr nv jng updVsvdVnMdr
kngrV
igV  i nv nrhrMvrd vrr  tlgr  tLr vVgMd srM
vgRvn Akshdr  nv nv knRTktvn sT b v  Vn kl
DVN  Vv ild sld crgLn tgd hs ATvn hDV  svn A
knRTkd hsMd Ek tLDV hVg A knRTkv EnV  knD nM
nvn Dd  aSrvg Vkdr knRTk
rk 
I bgM knRTkr
SdgMD oMdV svn orlhdr  Vgd vV vhBgL nvvM
ndDvdMt ivr rVM BgL utvgLgvdMt pvRjr avnvV
ildMthr tv jnr rVMtd BvngLn tvdMt iMth jnr jvd
rSvnv eMddr vLdVrvdV Mv knRTksg tv pvRjr bg
skwtkvd avnvMgvlvV  Mr tv jnr vhkMRgL nld
in kgtM adDrvrV aM jnr BSvqkv kD BrMd LMdr
sVgvVn kngrV  v I Sd
vn hVg  v vVn rvntM
vskn hrhDMk Vv v ihskV rN hV  v vMddqg adV
vVd aMjn 


2nM pkrN

knRTkv vqtrSvV
kYbM v sgvH pR nYttMppdtV
kdM hqdMdwbRlM tkVS prMtp ||
Vt 2 3
aBMMkr V npMsk | rvnYdl VD  nd |
drkgd Vrtnd hkrvhd ||
vrL  bDvnMd hdrd | vrLtnvn T kdnk |
BrvsdVLnl kqSg pRMtMd ||
ngrs

BrtKMDMtgRtrd kngrV 
kLd pkrNd  nv nv k rSbMgL uMrv pvRM
vkMn  sdM SMd avr nDrv ptppvRkvd unM
kvvn  nv vt eLS sld vlrv VcVMv lsdv Ad
sMgMn ak vkMDv  Adr jvM kngrd nv Vg SdgMD
htrgk Endr krNvMV eMbdn nV pkrNd MVsv 
vckrV  p hV upgMd kgL  arvn hV srvnMd udhr
gL nv kN vMd oMdrD irtvMV ahh cknVkvVN
aMdr gM
hlgLMt rgrv I kln adtvd kqMn Vd hg vnslv
agvd dHK svdd vnSn sBvkngNvMV id  Adr  kNkvd I
hqdMdwbRlvn vMn nv knM vrg hgMV dqvTkMD
hVgLMt aLt ktr vt ad akvvd tpgvd  vt I nv tg
nvg aSV ald nv vkLvgg sh nv hsMd kDMt krv
psMg rdV ird
vYBvKrvnDd Mv jnMgk ov iM
drvs bMdV VrVk sqM MvrvdMd pVn ihsv I SMd
nvn sMtsk kMkMD Md  nv Nrdr A pVn ihsd
anBvd vtn kV nv aLdMn kdM vDl pMsVk  rSk
kn oddg  A rVMr kVvl kwTMk atEv sMktvd nv
crgLn lg  vnvrgLn ksMt kDv  hMr vkLn dVk
kNht Vrrgk Vk  hqdMdwbRlv Mg utv vqtrSk Mv
rSdLn ngL clnMlv MthV VvkL irvlvV  Mv dVd
ihsd vYBvd  prkvd  bvMkM sMggL eMg nvrvvV 
Mv nD nvvtk vnSMd tMrvdV  aM nnvr Vg apgY
hkMD ktr oMd vVL sdVrbhd  EkMdr dVd eMg VvMttnd
krhgLV ild vV  A dVdvMd vMd eMddr vhkMRgLgvvMdr
oMd vVL sMdVhvMgbhd  Adr Mv rSv ihsrMgdLg bh gwrvMd
eDDd srr vSRgL tnk vrtV  Mvdr hsr svRkrgMd
brMlDk MVgvV  aM rSv klMd gsv tvdr  ad
iMldr nLMdr tn kLdkMD vYBvvn sMpMV VrvdMbd
Rdvd sMgM  srM ov VvMtvd rSv eMd vqtvgd  ad
d hVrbhd  gbgMD kkMd nv kNg ad vqtvdMt tVrbhd 
Adr skvM klMkSvM cdr  nv BvM bM  adr
vYBvd VjgL in acMd irvv dRnk rrd 
id svn crvt  nv jnBMd knDnn sdd avs En ad
vqtrSvV  VvMtrSvV eMbdn nn Ml vMdvMv  kngrV
nv v kYM kV kT s d hVLvdVnMdr  nv knRTkv vqtrSvl 
ad VvMt rSv  aSVk  adMd pB sMpnvd rSv  1000 1500
vSRgLvrg avhtv MddVd ihsd vYBvMd vrd rSvMdr


knRTkvMdV utr MdsndM blvd rSd ihs kD hSRvRnn

kld lpv hVt  Adr dNd nv knRTkv vt pvRMd nDd
bMd tn vYBvvn slvdr kMsd  r hbvMt v  vMd srr
vSRgLvrg tn GntMn atMt dktMd kpkMd  I knRTkdMV
jgtnl AMRgsvM  andqvd kTDgL hv  I knRTkdMV
itr vMgLn Vsv gMgL vRNvv  I nv knRTkd srM
SbgMdrvdMdV gMnsd knRTk
vMbdMd hs pdMV
rvd  srM nv arsr dDvdr  nv rjv srv ht  nv
vYBvv aMvd GntgVt  A klk Mdsnd knRTkvn Md hkv
rSv Mvd irl  knRTkdLrvS dD pTNgL MddVd irl 
knRTkdrvS dMsr Vr kDMrl  knRTkdS sMpnvd vMv
k kDMrl  knRTkdrvM kTDgL MddVd kNvMrl  Vd 
nv adk vqtvMd krMvdMt
kngrV v stvtl dqMn cdr al v pVn knRTkd
sMpntM dVVpvnvd hgrtgL kNg kTrrv  A nn h
Ld gMt VRMn pDd rjkMRrMrr  vVgL vt rjgrgL
VvnctMnVdr  v Vvnd ogM shjv oDMd ld  A nn
pVn sMpg  kkwlk sM Mrv ggVprgLn nVdr  iMth
avnS kMRgLn slBv nrvVd rSd hgkM shjv gtgvd 
iM rSv vqtvrvdMd kln vDvddr hVg kngrV knRTkv
vqtrSvl  ad sBvcYtnpNRvd rSv  knsrv ad vVl VL
g IDrbhd  Adr adrrv cYtnM vt Mv kqvVpMgMdl
kMdrd  Ig ad tn Alsd vlk  tn jnr hVtnd vlk  tn kDtrvd
dYvdRsd vlk  slddk stn kd pM vlk  lkNvd
dVDrvdVnV s Adr iM sMdkn  tn srd VvMtvrvdMb
vn vt nv A rSd vnn cn Mdr sk 
adV  adn
aDb ecrgLvMt vDvd  ald tn sMptd VnM bg prkSM
udVgvn uMTvDvd 
srM rSk vnSnMt Atrv krN 
vVdMtsvnV Atn avqttvn avMtvn Akrtvn dkMrv
vnSn hVg dHsd  edgMdd  VrnM VrnM irvnV hgMV tn
VvdMn atkMD rSv eMth kSprMprgg aMjd  aLkd irvd 
Adr Ig nv M hgd kngrd nv I tttvn eMdr knRTkt

vn vrt Irv nv kNkvd avsMV knMvrg irvdMb Bvk

BvnMd kYkl kLdkMD krvv adV  nv nv gtvYBvd nv
pVn sMsM hqdMMgvvd vVMn vnn nDvMt atvrdr  nv
knRTkv BrVM ihsd nTrMgdLg kYkMD ptd bM nv vskd
vnn vdr  ihsvn  InMt nv Vld vt d vVrMvr
eMg ktkLrl oLMd Addt Igdr krd nv nv


 knRTkt
vn at nv vMdN vgRvn kMDr  jgn ngVDgd  nv
vnvn nv kMkMDMtgvd  iVg nvlr VSvd ktRvv 
hgdr A knRTkt
vn atkLvdMt adVn kNg kNvd g
hdr I
kVLvdV kYg sRsvdV vg vsvdV il  il 

kMRv eSMd slBsvgbhdt AvV I trhd gMdlk avkvV

irrl  hrvlvMdV pMbn adn ndqMdV kMDd 
adr atvn hqnMrd MsVkd Adr Ah I dqlrvdMdV
nv kNd krDr  d vDr  AdVv
nv stl eM
ihsd rMV od  nvg ihsvV ilvMd svn arkLdVv
idV i ng vYgMD Mrv I kV ktLgL nv gtvYBvd
hgrtgLlvV adV a kNrv sMdrvd Bv dVvlMgL nv ihsd
pt rkBMDrgLlvV jgn hsr pDrv dYt  adYt  SdYtvMV
vtgL knRTksr hsrn eMddr vrsvvV kVNn vMd nMn
dMt ivlv nv vnn Mtdr sRMnMTvDvlvl
knRTkv nv hTnD  adnd arsr nvvr  sMkTkld adr Vkg
kd VnMt tv vYntrn bdM kdLgL nv Vr bMgL  anVk
tvngL sMd hVdr k kgL tv kYgkM sMd vgvkMD
Mrv g gVprgL nv prtn lsd vdgL eMb avnv nv
vnVBkM eMvrg aMksvlvV  aMvrg avl nvn k
nVDrv nvn sVsrv nvg Vsrv nvn pVsrv
eMd vV  ssMTgLnMD VLvn vltl  ckMdvDtl kVvl
tvsvqMd klkLMrv nvM crnrd kngr avgL nVTMd
ucBvngL u brv vtMt drvV s knM nv vKv kNsVkdr
ad scvrVk 
hgMV iM udt klngL nv vDVkdr 
nv vns dv skhMkrMdDgd irVk 
Mv vnSn
skhMkrd rNgL kNbrvlvV avn L Ll  ad BBrv  nn
kngn
knRTkv nnd
eMb scrtrMggMd Mvn hqdMv atnMdMd
VMDvlvV  knD tg Ig bMddrv SvM Mvtn hqdMv
tlNsvlvV  tLvsvlvV  rVv rMgL kD knRTk
vMb sl
hrDvlvV  ad hqdMvl  kn bMD
dVhvl  vVTvr
iM
cVtnlrv jng kNVDrv A knD tM gVMdVn kL VLrv
A ggVprgMdVn ld ucMd kgrv A vMMdVn
kDVDgL kVLvvld svn gMTl hdkMD k hgLBTrMt tv
Vrrn  VrsMrn hgLrv A Vrgl  vhs klgMdVn AddMd 
eY kngrV Vv knRTkvn dVvtMn psVkkMD  avL avrtvn
ndqMd kMDd  avL ihsvn AdMtv pV  kngrMb v
hsrn sRkpk 

10

3nM pkrN
knRTk sr

kvVMdv gV
dvvrdR nDd knDdLf
Bd jnpdM vs
vLMVndSMVSM ||
nqptMg
vckrV Mn pkrNd nv vg knRTkd ihsvn aBsk
adr vMS eMbdV vdl
hVrvvSV Adr knRTkvMdrVn
vnnrdr  adr ihsvn aBsv bg hVg knRTkvMdr  vMb
iMrv rvD  Lg  pr  krvr I nl gL  vds
ig sVrv bL  anMtpr  vMgLr I gL  hYdrd sMsnk
hMd rMcr  klbR  Vdr vddvgL  idV vYsr sMsn  sMg 
r  jvKM  kpr  krMdvD  vVL  rvdgR sMsngLLn klv
BggL  kDg pMt iSV eMd nv kln  I tp vkMn Vv v
tMLMd vdl th Mn knRTkv krgt krgt hV  Ig adr
klpl vt udkMd  adr klv Bgv vhrSk  klv Bgv tlg
Vvg  klv Bgv tL vMtd BSgLnDv Vvg sVhVd  AddMd
nv I pkrNd Mdk knD BSM srv eMvrtMbdn hVLvvdVv 
Mdk knRTk
vt knD BSM pdV ivrD svnRk bgLrl 
knD BSMnDv pdVgL knRTk  vhrS  T  kMtL  kMkN 
ivV vMtd Bggdv  Adr vMd brbrt knRTk
vMb BgvV hc
pblvddMd adV hsr knDdVkl rvt  vt ihs dqMd
nVdr  knD dVk knRTk
vMb hsrV optdMd kMDbrvd  EkMdr 
knD BSg knRTk
av kRTk
vMb hsr bh prtn klMdl
nDdbMd  vhBrtdM kD knRTkd
uVKv bMd  kngr tv
vYBvd kld tvn knRTk
rMtV hVkLdr  clkr dMg knRTk
bl
vMb hsrvd Md dbrd  jMngrd svj spkrd
drNg knRTk Mhsn spncMRrMb rt  vYsr sMsnd
vhrjg knRTk
d arsrMdnvrld  vYsr vhrjrMdnvlvMbdn
vYsnvr
vrMkDd 
ivl
sMggLn
vnn
tMdkMDr  BSdqMdl rj srd dqMdl sRkvd I knRTk

av kRTk
vMb hsrnV kngrlr avnpvRkv ekMrvdVn
AMRvl 
ir  in knD BSM Md eMvrg htMbdn cr vDv  9nM
tvnd ad utrd gVdvMd dNk kvVMvrg htMbdk
nqptMgn krjvgRdlMt blvd pvNd rVVKd pdvn nV 

11

idV nvn 16nM tvndM nMjMDnMb kM tn prdrsVdr

rvn ct
vMb gMd erDnM sMM kvVMd gVdvvrgdR
vstLvLMM | Bs knRTk jnpdvdnvnd bNsvn || eMbd
blpsvn  srM knRTkd vM An klk kvVMd gVdvMvrg
itMbd sSvgtd 
Adr I pdgLn anVkr Odr  knD nn
ctVvMn idvrg Mr gt vrvl  jMngrd svjd klk
knRTkd VvM dNk vLM vLl vrg hrtMbd bkrMn
ssMd gMgdVM rd kvdLn kLn I VkMd gtgvd 


a lMtknRTH pMcSVrVv vsrYH |

pptf kMpvVplH kMTknnptnvf ||
Vr kMprM ct  4 47
srM d vsd dMn nDd bk kMpvVpln knRTkvn d
kMTknn vLl pTNvn tdn  AddMd Mdk kD knDnn
gM kvVM nMvrg hrbhdMbdk sMdVhv il  Ig kD aMvrg
knD nM pcrdrvdMd  knDnn dN gM SSRMdMtMt 
in pvRk kvVnM nDMd utrk svr gVdvV nM vKdvrg
grMnLdr ad knDnn pvR VvMgbhd  idld  vvlnrf

eMb tL kM brd krMVk

eMbdMd tL pskd tLBSM
VvMn vNRsvdr vVMd knD BSM AgVM gM pkVf pLvVkRD
eMb pTNdvrg itMd Usk Asdvd  pvn arVsvdvV knM
VvMtMbd kMkNd drMv gMd gtgtd  in vMv
vt utrd ggLn svd vt bh kNvd klsvd  EkMdr 
atkDMd vrr dM nv nn vV blv d  adn bl kLk od 
Vg jvd knRTkvlv vhrSvMvrvdMd  utrk gVdvMvrg
nv knDnD htMd hVdr  nv kngr ad sLMdV Bsvr  In
vhrSd pvRk tlg dVd gVdvM Vrdvrg knDnD Mdk hdr
hrbhd  vhrSd vt knDd pvVrlvMd anVkr in nMbtr 
Adr I SMvn cn aBs vd nv prv sVtrd nrMN Vvs
rjprVt ivr nV
M knD bgL tMrtvMd  gVvMM
kptgL vn vnvrg knDdM idvMd  pMrprd Vln vKv
kngr dVvtMV eMd  pMrprd stn pdVv knDvV eMd  Ig 27
vSRgL kLgMV vrV BSM pkTvgrv pd kVsV
ptd vhrS
v knRTk eMb VKnvM spvNv srvr  Adr idV SMvn
vsMg vDrvg  nvg gtd klv vhtd hn sMggLn i nv
hVLvv  ihs sMVkr A vgRMd vMd s  hn VgLn v 
In vhrS BSM nn  kngr rjsrddld  knD BSsrv
kD itMb nv nvn hg blpsVkMd nv pRn  nvg gtd
sMggL MvvMdr
1 vhrS BSM Un hsrgL bhtrv
knDd hsrgLV irtvMbdn kV  kngg AnMdv AMRv Agrd 

12

 kMdr
eMb d knD hsn Ur pM htr irtd  idld  
k  rt vMtd vrV gLM  knD hsn gvgL tMrtv 
udhrg pMnD  rVL  klv  dVvrkp  aklkp  uL  agVr 
vsL  nVrr  pL  dVvr  DVN  gRD  kNkv  bhnL  gNgpr 
krVv  kLs ivV vMtd gvgL vhrSd kMDbrtv  vhrSdM

svr aRMt hc Ur hsrgL knDrtvMd vhrSd pd ihs

sMVkrd V rjvDMvr vn vn okMdr 
2 aNMBT 
kqSMBT vMtd a rrv hsrgLLn vkrv knD ptMvd 
3 str vMtd sLgLM Ynr bnMdl knD BSMn ADtr 
4 knRTkdM hlv vntnd kldVvtgL vhrSdv  wvnrMh 
VrnrMh  kVhLnrMh  tLBv ivV av  5 knRTkdM ggLLn
Acr pdgLV vhrSdM kMDbrtv  nv trd V rjprVtr
dVvrgDdM gg  Vjnrv gg irv svvn dprvr 
adrMtMV pLNd hrv prrv rVNk gM svdM elvn gg
svvrtd  6 vMbM stvtn
dVvn
ALd hr arsr



 
kngrdrMd vMb gMr
d uVKd 
7 kprd arsvntnd lggL lT
eMbv pdM uMTMt 
8 Md dVd hNr pMcdDrMtl  pMcgwDrMtl vgRgL uMT 
vhrSdLn kMkNs vt dVs hNr pMcdDr sVrtr  idk
krNvVrbhd
9 svMtvMd kMkNk hVgv vgRk dDvgR

dD vgR eMd Igl krMtr  10 kMkNdM vhrS BSM

v
c
vMtd knD hsrgrtv  11 jkcMRr kd kTDgL
vhrSdM iv  avgg avr hVvDpMV
ggLMd hVLtr  12
in vhtvL sMgMVnMdr  v vhrSd knD sngL  VrglgL
drv  str M vsvD eMb gvd oMd knD snv drd 
idld  I SMvn kt nv vsMg vDvg  k
M cwl
eMb
 "!$#%&' !$
gvd knD MMd MkVMr )(shVbg
1874nM
*#,+,!' #.-/#01!'2435 6

PbvM drtMt iMMnf eMkV
M 7nM sMpTd
234nM pTd uVKrvd
Orvv
avVknRv
adr

79nv
8:#;
1<%=; >5vckr
&?@ #,+B
A#,C >5<;1<%D14+,
+E4F
klv
Bgvn
i
kDtVv

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-

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u

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Rd1<%wvxu4 &Q-/@!' P1!'Aw"4A!?90G

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>5&Z AG{8D<%_@A<,V&Z P1@|>

@@+q!?IN0p8}LH

13

;pC.>5&' Ae!?

srM


nn ag hVdg 

arv g vt svgL nDv hMD tgMvvr oMd kg tv cgLn

vsMt ktkMDdn kMDn  nVDvSr A kl knD VKvt  utr
kMkNdM nDvhrSd  I trhd knD VKv drtd BSsd
dqMd jv vhtd sMgMlvV sl hNvn bhL MMn MV
nn A VKvn sMp adn rMf EMkf ssM vMb
Mrv  vs sMghgL i  aMMd iMnvrg ad pMtr pvr hM
hVgv dM hrvV hrLDt d kngrV  iM vhtd M Lg
bMd vr tpgL hVdr  ad kngg vt kNrvd Etr hgrt I
VKvn nVDVkMb apVkMd nv vMbM nl
vsgLvrg adn

: PC &'JV3% 
hDdr ad nvg drMdVhVt  A sMsM p
MM
adr hsr sVdMt tVrl  sMVkr I SMd hc vvsVkMd nv
pRn 
13 1915nM iM vV Mgn nv I SMvnV tM tMkMD
kngg atMt avnsdvd vVrn vVNbgLn  vVNggLn nVDk
hVdv  A klk aVndr knD M drMtdVn eMd hDkrl 
nvg 3nM nMbn vVNbM kMbd vV knD akrd MMd kNg
t  Ag nvgd AnMdvn bNslLvl  vVrL gvd tlg knD

vMb hsr  srM iM gL VMd nv knDBSM eMvrg tn

kl ctMbd vckr gvnk rrd  Adr A kMRv knggld vtg
sv
14 strM htr MvtVrd jkcMRr kndMd gMMT  A
gM htr VKvn hDkvSr sVpd hldMd Vrgl
drt 
vrg I VrglgL klnl 
I bgM nvg gtd sMggLn vckr avghng i krvv 
ivgMd Mv tvd dMtvn tgMl nv Ig YMRgLvl 
An kld BSsrvnSV vNRsvd In nv udVrvdMd iSMd
srvd pdVd nv knD BSM tn vcRsn hrtMbdn vV hVdVv 
idMd  kVrvrv kngr vnn knD BSMM pjbM avnv
hc Gnvdr  nv kMRv kYgdMtt 
kngrV In BSsrk  Mn BSsrk hV nV  sdk
knD BSM utrd sMgMvrg vt hg Vg  Ak kNd gM
sVMkrvM hl klv jnr M ADrbhd  ad kvVN vrVBSM
urg l  vYvkLtd 
vckrV  nv ddYRvMdV  nv
vtqBSM ddYRvMdV  oMd klk knDngl gMgL d pn  rn
vMtdvr hd UrgLV prBSMd vslrtv  knD tMM krg
kYh dbrv I nVTv Mv kngn hqdMvn krsd ird knDnDlv
vhrSvMvgrvd eM dVnd lkNv pvRrv bLMM d
knD M kD  kngr rvntM vlk tlnvr irn kMD
Drv nVTv kngr VkBrvn ivgsd ird  I bgM


14

nv kdgVnV nv BSMn prBSgL kLg dDrl  knRTk dvRk

sMG
knRTk st pStf
vMtd sMsgL in kNvMV krvdn kV
Mv kngn vns vsnkMtvgl kDg  Vl pMtgL jnr kngrV
irvrMb nv nvg irrdV krr nv dVnk
kngrV ujlvd v BSM oMdnMd klk utrd bhdrdvrg
vn vkMtMb sMgM v hqdMvn sRgs 


4nM pkrN

knRTk BgL
nMtV vv vnM BVnM prMtp
EStdVtH pVkV BtVRsrV vM ||
Vt  10 40
e prMtp vvsv |
hlv bgM BBvk |
s vdl kDlvnM MVgvMgL ||
clvsv Bsr |
jlML nM ng pVLn |
klv  k BBvk kMd ||
ngrs

nv Mn pkrNd vNRd knRTkd vMn O  ahd  v

knRTkv aMd iMvrg hrbhd  hd vtk Vv adr SMv
avnpDvd sMVtV bM srvnSV tgdkMDr  AkMLn
shrYl
srdVn kvMrvd v knRTkv hgV idr adr
Mg tnV avnvMgVk nv dD dD arsr hVdr  kpMgvr
hVdr  vRspkr hVdr eMd svnv hVd vtk Vt avr
Mr avr vd vhkMRgL Mvv eMb nv nvg VDvV hg
nldr ad oN avnvgvd eMd hlvr AkVsbhd  AddMd
hg avnpDk MVgvd sMggLvvMbdn i sMkVpv vsvv 
vckrV tn jnMgv rvMN vhBrt klMdl vn vnvrg
hsrvMtMd hVdr  Mvg tnV AnMdvgl
v knRTkv
adV pkrd rSvMd  v knRTkv VrvcMdn pdMd
pvnvd  VrvcMdn sVvnDn sK Ld A MM AngM idV
knRTkdMV uMT  vhBrt kld  cMdhsn I kMtl dVdMV
rjvdn  pwrNk klvn T  hk klk idr  AM Bqt  kdMb
vMtd b rjvMgL skd ArMBk knRTkd Vr Vr BggL vYBvMd
Artv  ArnM tvnMd hnrnM tvnd knM BgdvrgMt v


15

I knRTkv  dN Mdsnkl svRBwv ckv  atMt gwrvMd vrrtd 

v arsr cVr  cVL  pMD  gjRr  vLv vMtd prrjrn sdbd 
avr rjgLn pdkMtvn vkMD vt vwMR  klcMR vMtd k
k knDrjgLn tv VnvkMD svRBwvr AdrMd hVdr  ad
vg kns tVrvlvV id knsl nns  v pvRjr oMdnMd
klk  utrd bMgl AsvgLvrg dNd MhlVpd vrg tv rjvn
hdr  iSV al  knRTk vMvqkd agL gjr nVpLgLM ndv 
dM clk arsnd v stM VpkVM 7 nM tk utr
Mdsnkl svRBwv ckvRMd hSRvRnnn sV prvVr
nMb
Gnvd rdn pDrvn  vLVDd rSkT arsnd 3nM gVMdn 9nM
tk tn rdv bMDMvn hd hnrD jn arsrn bgbd  gjRr 
vLv  vpMt ivV vdd nDgLn gd  pvRclkr arsnn hNg
tMd  avg tn kV ktLgLn kTl hd sMgMVn srNvtV
knRTkr pnv ssVkrv A rSkTr avVGvSRn av nqptMgn
9nM tk Mv dVk BSNvsrn 60vSRgLvrg eDDd Ad I
nqptMgnV alvV kngr krjvgR
vMb alMkr gMvn brdvn pMb
AMRptg grv A pd BVjrjn kknd r Vr vMjnn srd
tMdvn  nv knRTkd tYlpnV 10nM tk  vVlDg gjRr  vLv vMtd
arsrn gd  MpvRtdvrg rjvn pdkMtv vkMD  bMgld vV
dV v  In n AsvdM  kLgDg kVrL cVL pMD vMtd
arsrn vbDd  svddvrg rjvn h dNd MhlVpdM
knRTkd jMptkMnd A rNVrn rjtMtpVNn dpkpM
Ad vhb kvtnMb 11nM tk kprSn av kD kngg
Ig irdr  avn hsrn knRTk ihsv AcMdkRv vrMrd 
gMg  kdMb  hr  Mdv vMtd arsr ivg dsndsrdr 
lN  nVr vMtd kvrr EkCtpMd Itn AsnvnlMkdr 
knRTksrV pkV  nqptMg  gVMd  tYlp  kvtrM vhvvrd
rjr v pg bMdd Gnvd pNvMd B  aSVk v hhr
bkrMrVn 14nM tk kv ptgLV utr Mdsnvlv tv gMTl
itMb gvRMd dN Mdsnvn kD nM Vr kMVkMd vsnr
hvNd svMd AMRvRvn  AMRsMsMn  AMR vYBvvn avr
MLMd bdd bMTr ivrV alvV cd hVd kdMb  hML  gMg
ivrV vdd arsrlrn  oTg MdvtM vrdMn kMvrr
aSgjgLMd krMlDv trd pMtjng AMkT A vYBvMd
jMngrd kqSdVvrMn  nv arsnMbd knRTksg gtgrd srM
gMg  kdMb  cLk  rSkT  hML  Mdv  jMngr vMtd arsr
nn klk Vr Vr hsrgLn kMdr avrlr d kngrV
avr nvMtMV knD nMnV ADdr I knRTkvV avr jnB 


16

pvRd clkr rjMd dM  rSkTr rjMd vLVDv 

knM clkvMd rjMd kNv  jMngrd arsr rjMd
jMngrv ivl kVvl knRTkd pTNgLV  A v arsrlr I kDkgd
knD BS
MnDvd apvnkrvMd Ml Vg v rr Vrr Ad
arsr prMprM bl prtnMd anv nDd bMrl  Vv htVrrgl
krNvVn
in nvM bgL nvvMn hVLVNvV adkMt nMV il 
iMg jgn atMt pvKvMd pgNslrv  adYt SdYt dYtgLMb
vr vtgL spncMRg I nv pt BM kMR kVtvt 
MkrcMRr qMgV  kD  hMp  sMkVr  vgMg vMtd vgL I
knRTkdMV irtv  cVLrjn avrvd MsMn tkLvdk 
VrvncMRr knD arsnd SvRnnn A tv vtpsrMn
vdr  vcMRg v knRTkvV tvr vn  VrYv vtVdrknd
bsvVrnMt kngnV  Ynvt pt grgLd pjpd  nsVn  gNBd 
vMtdvr nv knDnnMV bddr  clk kvtn Olgd
dp Md lNn  vRskrnd nVrn  pd vVdMMd
sMNn  pt VMd BsrcMRn  ivrlg vkTvNMMrv
knRTk Mhsn spncMR rMb rdL jgtrd V drNr 
ivrlr knD tM vd vkLV alvV kLd anVk tvngMd knRTk
vMvMb ggnvMDldLg v nktgLMt Lgrv Ak pMp  pn  rn 
jn vdd vM pBgL kVvl kngr prv Bgvdkrd prMdrds 
knkds vMtd dsVSg  alvpB  bsv vMtd rN VSg I nv
bD knRTkvV jnB  iSV al  kngr nv Bgvn eSMd hVLVk
v arsr sMt kgLdr  gMg arsr vv  dRVt vMtd anVk
rjr as rtjRn Vk dtst vMtd vhtd pskgLn brrvr 
rSkTr pt arsnd nqptMgn krjvgR
vMb pdvd alMkr sd
gMvn brrvn  clk vMd arsnd sVvVrnMbvn vnsVs
av altR MtvN
eMb rjVM gMvn brdn  iM rjkgL
vrkgL v hrl Vv v knRTkk hsDvdVk
kRTkd VMrMdr kv pdr nv knRTkd VMr hsrgL knRTkd
ihsd svRkrgMd brDvS ujlvv  spd pkV vhrjn
M ssMd jMvhdV
M abMdr rjBrvn bh ctMRMd
tkMD hVglv
pv clkr 2nM sVvVrn Mr
Md
vYrLdVM An klk vMb pMtdS dDdd bnv pMtvnrvd
knRTk Vsvjk eS gwrvsdvd sMg pv clkr 3nM jMMhn
tMMrd akdVMrf snD pTvM sKsMknVdM ALr An
klk gVkMd bMDMvn vd  rNBYr
eMb tv anvn
sRkgd sMgMn kVdDn Mv kngn vMd A VrMgnM tv

17

bMd ld iVt
akvhdV  kM  Vlv  hnv  Mv ivr
rd psd sMpdn
hbdMr
cMdhsct
ivV vdd gMrtgL 
knMg AvrNv AdRvgd irv  klv vSRgL Md knRTkd kNg rv
VrkMprM ct
vMb atMt srsvd sMst kvd kRM  d knRTk
rjpMV  avL hsr gMgdV 
ivL jMngrd pt arsnd bkrMn
sktf ss  srM kngrd knRTk vrkgLn td s  avr aM
kt  In kgL ktM sRMn pDMVk
blvMdVn
pkV  gVMd  nqptMg  tYlp  kv ivrV nv
vV VrM vMtdvr 
drNrV nv rvdsr 
pMp  rn 
lV  SDkgLV nv vVrVpMt  vkVrr 
kqSdVvrMnV nv
akbrn  hnv  Mv ivrV vk  VrMvr  jMvhdV 
vYrLdVMrV nv tr  ahMvr  ak dV  tn cnv
ivrV nv JM lVMvr  vckrV  I v nv pVn ihsv
vhprSMdl  vhsMMdl tMkMd  kngrd nvg vt ad
kdMbMMt kNrvd eMth dYvdRs I v BgL nvvMn
kV kngrV indr kr
nv knRTkd arsr I dVd vtvV ptrMtl  avr irN vMtd
prdVd ckvRgL kDg kD tv rMBgLn kLhdrMd hVdr kngg
Adr kngrV ad knsl 
I pkVMV
ad knnMt Bsvgbhd 
tn rMBgLn irNd arsr kDg kLdn  vr irNd arsn tn
rMBgLn nv dM pkVM oDVlgk kLdn  idr ptk tv
utrdrv ajMtM gMLg Igl sSv kMgsd  kngr A tv
svRBwvn tvn ovMdr kr kMD nrgrdV svr 1300 vSRgL
Mn I tv knRTkg drdd avr vhtf pNvlvV
kngrV v jnr vd atdt krgL kDg in vn oMtVv 
MdsndLn al jgnLn sVgvd vt adtvd  knLg krd
aKMD dVvlMvMdr  vVrn kYs dVvlMv  I dVvlMvn kngnd
kqSnMdb rSkTd arsn kdnMdr ahdV  alvV  eMd v vns
sMMgsvgbhdlvV dM vVNbgL  kRM atMt vnVhrvd
cYtlMv  ajMtMLn tMt sMdrvd tgL  ivlv v knDnn
klkgr kYgkgLV knRTkdLn vNLgLd gvVrn Bvv 
rvNVMv Ad vRM srr vYlgL vVrv jpn vt VndVgL
jnrn sh sgnMt eLMhrvlvV lMDnS VNRvd pTNv
Vkd ilvMtV v vkMlvV Adr Ig hLrv jMngrdLg
Mdk 50 60 lk jnr vsdrMd dMsr tkR tTtr  nVd kDMl
lvd rjVgMdl  untvd gVprgMdl  sMdrvd ggMdl 
Bvvd kV ktLgMdl  VNRvd rvVdngMdl tMkMd  Ig
krg vt urv A knRTk rjMn nV kNVr ssd p Mr
kngrV v Bgvn eSMd vNRsVk jgdLgl swMdMRMMd


18

vrMrv Vln cnkVvn dVvlMvn  oMdVsvn 86 vrSgLvrg

kdr pNRvgd irv atMt sMdrvd hMLVrn gMn  v kngr
aM a klvd ksr klsvn kMD  A kld vYBvvn bvMkMn
nn  usgRrMd vnSnvn I ggL swMdMRd kLsgLMdr slvd 
kngrV nv ihsd vtMd VSvMT 
MvdMdr  anVk
BSpMtgLrvMt nv BSM adl bdlgLgl  Mdk nv arsr
dMsr ADd BSMnV nVg ADtVv 
knD tLgL htR itr
jnMggLlv bhvg bd hVv  utr Mdsnd aVk  cMdgp
ivr ADd BSMV Vr  vrg bMglg tv dVgL pVn rjr
vr  bMg BSMnV ADdrMd hVLk brrd  Adr kngr vt nv
Mn arsrlr I knD BSMnV ADdrMd ed t hVLbhd  I trd
avnv vtg kv
in knRTkdLg oMd klk vrd  knRTkk lkpMvrv pTNgL
ivgL pVn vYBvvn lkk
SMvn hV I pkrNvn vsvv 
tMdkMDr ivk hk kVt
gLMd hVLvd Mkvgvd  Rk dqMd
kVt VRgg eS psvV  ihs dqMd ivk aSV psv 
AddMd kngrV  v hk kVtgLd d  pTdkl  hL  vLVD 
kN  ajMt  vVrL  hLVVD drsvd  lkM  hMp ivV vMtd
dRVMvd sLgLn nV v kNgL prMn Vk  vt kqtjr 


5nM pkrN
sn sv

Mn
pkrNd 
knRTkdLg
d
vckrV 
brd arsrn vRspkrd AcMRrn  tVVSrd ttgLn 
pBsMpnrd vrkgLn  kvMrn  VMRvMrd VrMgnMrn 
nv kd kTDgLn oMdr MdMd v avVknk tMdkv 
I
nvvM v nnnrVkdr avr Mvg hdr  Mvg pblg
bMdr ivV vMtd sMggL nrvd avd  nv Md hVd sMggMd
nv kngr knRTkd bg skwtkvd avnv  knRTk ihsd bg
sM hrbhdMd kln vdr A sMn tNsvM ihsvd A
trnd kngr AdMtvd ihsv hst in vRNvgVkd  knRTkd
jvd Mnt  aMthdMd ihsvn brvd  ad knRTkd ELg hVg
snvgtdMbdn atkLvd  ivV Ig kngr pv ktRvgL  sdk
knRTk
vMb bv nv g d kD adr bg nv vnn vsvskd
crgL vt tdVrtv  nv knRTkr
Ek knRTk
rMdkLvdr
nvVk hv pDVk ivV vMtd pgg nv hr sMd utrrvl 
AddMd  nv vnd Ig vKhL ngMrv klngL Lv v 
knRTkd pkvnvd tv nv kNn vMd edkNVkdr  nv nv nn

19

ihsvn avnpvRkv pMMd sMgM gtgvMt aBs vDVk 

knRTkd jvd vhtvn Mk adr jvd ihsvV dM 
Adr  kngr drdqSvMd  A ihsvn hrgDhvdk Vkgv sngL
oMd vVL eMV oMdrD drtr av
Ig skdS drMvl 
hrkvrkgL  I tp Mrd vdV knRTkd vYBvv nShM vnr
nnr vSRgLv  vV prVM jnr An kld tv hggL vVn DMMd
avr vYBv hgLn tMDdr  iM M kD  udS svMn
khkv bM nvdr ihsk eSV shMvgbht  Adr nv
aM bM VSv hTl 
aMd bk  Ig nv htr AdMtvd
ihsvn brMvdk VkdS sngld tp nvdV alvV kngrV
indr E svdS sngLn k hdr eSV kMRvgvMd
EkMdr  I v rvntMn v pvRjr vdV kMDddMdV
EnV avr tv vYBvd krhgLn tv  kTD vMtdvgL
iT hVdr 
1000 1500 vSRgLvrg Ad knRTkdM vYBvMd
rSvMdrVn Mdsnd dD dD ihs gMgL kD adr ctM pg
htMT pTgLV brvdMdrVn kngrV id apvnkrvlv I kMdkvn
hVgsvd v ktRvvlvV
nv pvRjr T hVd snsvM tvd hVdvS
A
sngL MvvMbdn in nVDv 
aM snMMd plvrdr 
sdVBMd pVtndvg ihsvn brMvdk skgvS irtvMd
kMDbrvd  aMvg knRTkdLg e nVdr ihs svM rgL
alg orvd kNvv  EkMdr nv nn et nVdrt gL
hrkMrvv  i drMvS gL Vr Mv kDg drMvl 
nv nD gL tvrvnMMdr slvd  knRTkdLg klgld
Ul  ld gl  nv arsr dMRvn dnwMDtvn
hgLd l  nv sdYvMd vYsn srkrdvr tv pMtd vg
Ekgld tv dVd v kMpgLn sh hD  svr 8000
vt tvsngLn ac hdr  utr knRTkdM kS 7 8 sr
VKgL kbhd 
rvDd oMdV Mrv oT 100 110 dD
gvdLg nMT gvgLn vtvV T ud el gvgL gL
drMtv  lkM  aNgV vMtd gvgLlMt 20 30 gL oMdMdV
Un drMtv  srM nv nD vMvrvdMdr atMgd
eMd svMdM vlnv nvrl adr avs Enrvd  nVrV
akTkT ad nnpdDnMV ed hrtd nv n V
eMdnv dMsg
avgL vVM cn hLrvl  svn jnr vtMt drv svn
jnr klvr avgL vV e sMtr  vt klvr avk bN bMtr 
Vr klv hDgr tv sBvngNv adn vnbMdMt kd kstr 
Vgd sngLn srg nVDbhd 
avgL vhtvntvrd srf
fR iMf  D  Vf  D  rYsf ivrM MrVVM bMgL vt
srr gLn vpT uddr  Vt kvgLl hgV vNvkt


20

dkMv1  avgL drvs kMD Mv ihsvM kNgL agMd

tM tLkd irrv Vg inS  vNn hd hVrvvV dVvrV bl
anVk gL pM hrLDvdn  gg pvggL rvdn
g gMDrgg t jMtgLrvdn pst VKkn kr kMdn Adr
En avgLndsv kMRv obMd slB svV vYsr srkrdvrMt
nv srkrdvr vnn bMdgV A klsv slBsv  Adr aM klv
brvvrg nv svrVkV il  nv sMGMd AdS vg avgLn
kln Mddr ukMD v iDVk  slB sngLL vhrS
bMgg tv ihsvn sMVsk pd Vkrd V rjvDMM nrr
jnr Vkrvr  in nv ihsk eS rjvDMvr VkgvrMbdn VvV
k  aM jnr hd vsvV knRTkk vMgl vsv  avr Mvg hTvrV
hT sdkMt nv gLn v tMdVv  Mv gLn rjr
vhrjr pt vsgLMd sMrsdrV avgg hhVkr sh vsnpDv
dHM bMddd  knRTk ihsk vK snvd ivgLn udsvdV
kngn vdlnM kMRv 
knRTk ihsd erDnM snvvdMdr tvpTgL iv MSV
vhtdvrtv 
ivgL dp tvd tgDgL vV svcvd akrgL
ktlT  nr tgDgL rM krd tvd bLgL pVNslrtv  I
tvpTgLlv Bdnd sndgLV s  iM nrr drMbhd  Ig av
hNr vnM nlvnMg dVvr jggL vVg rtv  anVk
vgL avn jnr p vDtr  iM tv sngLn ihs sMVkr
hD tgMVk 
knRTk ihsvn srv vrnM snvvdMdr VrglgL
vsklgL VrglgLMdr Vrr vd sLgL avr srkkMd nT klgL 
ivgL vV AM Vrr vRgLn kd dVvdtr avrn vngL sgRk
krdMrvMt t tVrtd  klv VrglgL vV nDnDv akrgrtv 
vhsklgLMdr pvtMr Vrrd tv pgLDn shgvn vd sLd
avr srkRv d klgL  idk hvDd jnr vkl
eMdntr 
iM klgL klvgL vV oMd oMd kYMkrd grt vt irtd  I Vrgl
vhsglgMdl klv vg ihsk shMvgvd 
nlnM snvvdMdr nNgL  I nNgMd AM kld arsr hsr
itgL vkvgtv 
dnM vhtd snvMdr pvRkld kTDgL dN MdsndrvM
Bvvd ggL iV MdsndMV il  idr krNvVnMdr nv dVd
lkM atMt pNtvsMn pDdS ad vtv dVdM pDrl  idr
sttM  nvM vnVhrvd asMK dVvlMgLn nVdr gtgvd  D 
PgRsnfrMbvr I dVvn sMcrv  I kTDgL Avgvd ihsvn
brdr  I kTDgLn skv avVdr iM gM svr iM arsr


nv pvd pvv 1925 Md srkrdvr utr knRTkdM gLn actgdkLvdk prMrvrMbd

sMtVSkr

21

AkMMV htMd Rsk brtdMd D  PgRsnf ivr hVLtr  idld 

A ggL vV krrv tgMd A kld jnr k kwl  ug tg 
svj  AM  vhn ivV vddvgL dbrtv  knRTkd arsrn oMd
vVL vrMbhd  knRTkd dnNgL oMd vVL nv spMd drvdr 
knRTk vMv oMd vVL hL Md hL hVVt Adr gD TgL
bMDgL krMlT aKMDvd kqv ggL  awkvd kkwlMd Mkvd
dVvlMgL vt nv vYBvvn Mn sMpMn jggl pdRst
pVn kld vL ggL AGtgg vYgT MgMtdvrg lvdrVn
sMdVhl 
ArnM
snvvdMdr vM  tLMVgLnV An klk brhk bLsddMd nv
vMvlv tLMVgL aDkvd  Adr A tLMVgL Ig dlRBvv 
tv vMvn svqpsVkMd kthlvLvrd pkk kngr vdl A
hLM tLMVgLn gdl hLgL Md bdsVk  Mn kld vM
sMptlv sdYvMd nv kYsVdr  adr ArMd Invrg nDdbMd
knD BSM ihsvn adr LvNgMn gtMbhd  ald  ad
rjVM ihs sMVnk nrvgvd  krjvgR
 rjVKr Ls

cnbsvprN
vMtd gMgLn ihs dqMd Odk kngr vdl
vDVk  Adr A dqMd knD vMvn vsMgvDv ihs Bkr nv
eS jndr nv prv trd r  rjprVtrvr pMrprd ihsvn
I knD vMd ArMdV tgrvr  lNn kvMkdVv ct
vMb sMst
kvv knRTk ckvRMd clk kvn VvnctvV Arvd  srM nv
vMv ihsd oMd dD ksvV Ad  I ksd vdMn tgd
adrLrv vsgLn pVsdr adr tp
ELnM vhtd snvvdMdr prdVVM pvkr brT brhgL
V  hMntMg  PhYn  albR  ibbtt  vkVRpVV  abl
rk vMtdvr uVKgMd nv ihsnk hc Lk drMvd 
VndVd pvMd hMntMgn brd dM 2nM pkVM vNRnMn 
abl rkn brd jMngrd vNRnMn Odr nv I pskd
agg hVrv nv vYBvd aMVMbd nv avnv pkpt
vlkvddlvMbd vndgvd 
kvMld
eMTnM
snvvdMdr prMprgtvd kgL  sL vhtgL AcrgL vt
Rk crgL ivgL vhtv aSMd hVLkgd  pMMd pdvd
sLk sL prN
vMd idV irtd  adn ihs dqMd Vdr A Un
ut  adr hLM hsr vMtdvgL gtgvv  kgLn Acr crgLn
pV avgLrv hTn hrhDdr  oLg oMdrD gkLgL hrV
hrDvv 
oMBtnM vhtd snvMdr BM agt  cMdv  hrkl  v vMtd
anVk sLgL hk svgL  Mg VhMggL krhgL drMtv 

22

srM I sn svMnl khkvdV ihs sMVkr vdlnM

klsv  I sn svMnl kh kDdr hrDd irvdV Adr
vnM klsvn b  adn krd nVDvvrr id rkvd SMvMd
ktvr idn hMtr  EkMdr  idMd hN pl  gwrv pl 
akr pl  vV M Ig kMv dM i bhL vg
upMVgvgvl  iSV al  Ig nvg M kv dMd sMVnk
d MvdMbd Mvl  I bgM I SMv rkvrvdld kNv
Ad  anVk svgLn O  aNvTkMDr ovv ihsd oMd kNv
kD kNd hVgbhd Vg eDMM rMV btkMrv iMth M
kVvl dVBMd pVtr  MvdMd vtR pvvn pDMvvMb A
MdV dMvMvrV vMdLgL ihs vMrk tLhMn hkkV
Vk  adr vV kTDvnVsv kMRvn vMd Mrdr kYkLbhd 
I tLhMn hkv kMRd vhtv eMdr sMVn kMRd vhtv
svn jng Vgn MvlvddMd  blvr adn MhV kMRk
prMsVk  In sMVkr adqvd Avrd vVMV vMd Bvv
kNsv sMdrvd vMrv kNtkrtd  sVtbMnd kMRvVn kdV
Adr rv BMd pVtvd algL oMdMdV vLl kNvn tMd h 
A pcMD kMRk nrvglv A alB
Mn nng tMdkMD  srr
ihs sMVkr rpVk bMdl MvdMd vtR pvvn tvV
nVDVkMd apVsdM hNdr vt Btkl vt vtRvn ivgL nDn I
sVtbMnv dv adr vVMd BStlk hVgvdk nvg vgRvgvd 
srM ihs sMVn kMRv avsrMdgtk kMRvl id svnMdl 
pMt sttMdl  kvMdl svgtk kMRv  Md hVdMt  i
akr Vlpg Asdrvl  hNdMvg Asrl  VR kMgg iMl 
iMvr it iN sh nVDkDd  Mg krL krdr  ntrNdr 
vYvdr MjMd dMvS aprvd uth rvdV  Mr rSd
sVv vDvvMbdMdV sMtVSMd kY hkvrV avr vt I kVtd kDl
ahRr  rSd Ig nvVvnv sMcsrvdMd  iM sRtgL sMM
knRTkdLg nvRM Vgn LMMd hrkT vMd sgvv 


23

6nM pkrN

clkr pvRd knRTkd ihs

5nM tkdvrg


nlnM pkrNd knRTkd ihsd vvMvn vNR  dnMdr

knRTk ihsd snsMpMn hVrvvS  Adr I vvMv cn
vnn nT  A snsMpMn MVgv upMVg vkLv svRv
nv brVkdr  nv knRTkd sMp ihsvn Ig gd vg
atkLvd avvd  Ig nvM stg kD  knRTkd pd arsr
Mr  avr Mvg Adr  svRBwv rjr vntngL Mvv  vMDkr
vntngL Mvv eMb klnM kD cn tVrvl  clk kvnMdr pd
kktRnd utr pMtd kvtnMdV iMg anVkr Bvn  pkVMMbd
arsn hsrV  ars vntnd hsrV  id kD grvl  clkr dM
AdrV lkVrd AdrV eMbdn anVkr aMr  1 Vg jrvdMd 
aMd iMd hrrv snsvMn tM hkLvd svn jng
kN krvrtdMbd nn anBvk bMd  AddMd  vdMd knMvrg
knRTkd ihsd vhtd sMggLn i sMkVpv hVTr hsd drt
sngL pMVjn vkLvdk anklvgtd 
arsr AkgL kvvd
ihsvn hVLvdV Ig nDd bMd pd  adknsrv  svn vckr kD
nnnDbhdd vt pMb kngn avv kMtk sMggLnSV hV 
a pVnklMd knMvrn ihs kVtd nv vckrn vVr
vVgMd
aDkMD brtVv 
rvMN kld nvRdM dNk dMDkrNvMb vh kMtrt 
knRTkd Ag Ld aDg vtMgvnvMd hsr  adr vtMg  glv  jvd
vMtd QgL tpMR vDdr  Adr A kld kD sVvn rjMd
M pTNv BrBrM idVit  In hMp av pMp pTNvV A M 
InMt Agl kD adMd kVtvMdNslDt  jMngrvMdr idV srM
I pTNv knRTkd a pVn klMd pdv  knRTkd vYBvd svM
iMV At  MkMdr  knD nn knM arsrd jMngrd rjr idV
pTNvn tv rjMn v Adr  1565r tkV kLgd I
kLgd jvd hsr rks tMg kLg  EkMdr rks tMgD UrgL htr A
kLgvd  avr sVtdMd avr vYBvvlv vNpt  ir  gVkNRd
vhbLVr Mgv rvNMd stvtMd kMMT  I dVvsnd uVKv
rvMN kldM irtd  id rvMN kld Mt 
vhBrtd kldLg knRTkdLg hlklv rjgL ngMdv  krVrpr
kpr d qgl vsdVvnMb arsn ALdn  kqSn avnn kMd
avr rjk sVd gVvMtk pMtvn tn kYv vkMDn  vtprd


knRTk kVj asVMVnd vMd gvnRr shVbg vVd pVRnM vhtd VKd sh I bgM BMMkrvd tpgL
sVdn nV Mv ihsvg vsnvgl knRTk ihsvMDld AvktM bg idMt hn Arv VD


24

rTnMb rjn rj vDdn  vhn kd 12nM tvndM 

hngg rTkVMMb hstMd A kld gMd Mtd  hngn
hLV kVMn Vckn grVvnMn jnr Igl tVstr  rT rjd
dNk adk hM  svRnMb arsn gtR dVd rjtMd rTpvRd
gtRvMdr vr kgL tgL VvMMbRv 
I vNRnM
hVd 
vYsr Vvg shMdtd  og kwrv pMDvr kld gVvMtk  vt 
gtR I vr rSgL knRTkddvMd UhMgtd  AngMMMbdV
vhBrtdM uppv vhBrtd VSpvRd knRTkd hsr bMd
kRTk vSk k vSks
kH kMtYv swhqd nBknnH ||
VSpvR 9 59

pMDvr klMd vhn kd ArMBdvrg knRTkd ihsv l  I

avM knRTkk kMtL nT T vMtd hsr ppvdv  kMtL
dVd cMdhsnMb arsn Ad kM prN pdvd  I avMMV
Ip Vs dVgL vprsr knRTkk Agg brdrMd tVrtd  Ip
dVd V eMb gMktRn 150nM vSRd idn avn A
klk vprkVsr Mdsnd pv svd Vrk brd vtRkrn kV AMRk

eMb dVdLn 5 gvgL hsrn brdn  av MvvMdr bdMvV

iM
 kgV
 vdVgl
 ptgRl 
iv kvv d
 iMV

klkV
 vdgl
pTdkl
vMtd UrgL  bnvM hsr hnvr
vt Rnf bMdrgL hsr adr ukvv  erDnM tvnd hd
ahnnr eMb tL gMd ervYnn eMdr vS vMDl vYsr dV d
arsn pMD rjnDn MdvdMt uVKd  5nM tvnd ABgdd
vrhrcMRr gMdM knRTk eMb bv bMd  Adr ivlvgMd
hn hk sMggLVn gtgvl  ir 
Mdsnd SMv nvg gd ihsv nMd cMdgpr klMd
eMdr  p  d 4 5 tvngMd prMBvgtdMd hVLbhd  cMdgpn
 p  321r AdnMb sMgMV elk pVnvd vt sVMvd hk
sMgM  Mdsnd pVn ihsd vKv erD BggLn vDbhd 
oMd utr Mdsnd eMdr Md utrd ihs  vtMd dN Mdsnd
av dpd ihs  ivrD ihsgL n nrtv  ivrDr srM
Vr  ivrDk tv tv S sMsrtd  Adr dpd ihsd
sMbMv nDnDv utr Mdsnd kD bMrvdMd nv utr Mdsnd
Mv Mv rjvMgL AhVdvMbdn sldr hVLtVv 
nMdrMb arsrn sV cMdgpn cNknMbvn shMMd rjpdvn
pDd  p  321r pTvVd sMgMn svnv elr kVrvr  I
cMdgpn vwMRvMdvn  I vwMRvMv vMd  p  184rvrg At 
cMdgpn vvgnV aVkn  avn  p  d 273 Md 232rvrg aMdr  41
vSR Adn  ivn klk rjsrv aM dDdt  utr Mdsnvl ivn


25

vd iddld  pvk aPgNsnv ivn aVndMV it  dNd vYsr

pMtdvrg ivn rjv ht  I hsrd aVkn vMdvnd bqhdnn kMd
pStnMb avn hN sVnpM sMg
vMvn sdn  I vMv  p 
d 184 Md 72rvrg At  AvV AMrMb tMkNgr a ALdr  ivr
  d anMtr 3nM tvnd vMvdr  I avMMV pVvrd
kSnMb b arsn   123rvrg Adn  vMd utrd cMdgpnMbvn
320nM iM gpvMvn sdn  I gpvMd svdgpnMbvn atMt
prkM  ivnn Mdsnd npVMnnMd hVLtr  avn 375r vrN
hMdn  I gp vMv utrd 480nM isMvrg pblvt  I gpvMv
prdVMrd hNMd hL vg dVd rjVM vcRs hrT hVt  vMd
utrd svRBwvnd arsnMdr knVjd t hSRvRnnV  avn  
606 Md 648rvrg Adn  avnn knRTkd 2nM pkVM sVdMMd
utr Mdsnd ujl ihsv vt  utrd vMd svRBwvrgl 
ir  I vVrg utr Mdsnd vYBvd ihsv  p  d 321 Md aMdr
cMdgpn klMd   642rvrg aMdr hSRvRnn vrNdvrg svr 900
vSR nDtMd hVLbhd 
I pkr  utr Mdsnd ihsd sl klnMn vkrvvSV  in I
ihsd sMbMv nv knRTkd ihsk Mv Mv klk uMgtdMbdn
hVLtVv 
nMdr I kMtL dVvn oMdnMd klk eMdr 
p  d 4nM
tvnd AdMt tVrtd  12nM tvnd gL nMdr kMtL
dVvn AdMt brrtd  aVkn kld I dVv avn vMddMt
avn VKgLV hVLrvdMdl  aVkn kMg dVd hrt Vr Mv
hs dVvn AkslvddMdl cMdgpn kldMV I dVv avn
vvtMd Usk Asdrtd  vV cMdgpn tn grvd Bdhvn
krdkMD dN dVk bMdnMd avVvRr vYsr pMtd cMdM
tpMR vdrMd itkDM ArnM tvnd klv gMd gtrv
sMgM vVn Uhg vMd pMn kDtd  aVkn kldlMt I
dVv avn aVndtMbdn i drMv avn sngLV hVLtv  A
sngL vLklr tlnM bh  dpr vt jMg rvVr gDgL
drMtv  rMcr MLn Mgsr tlk pY vs
eMbM
oMd snv vn vn rtd  aVkn klk bnvM kdMb arsdr 
aVkn  p  231 rtnMb vRVpdVknn bnvg  vhdVvnMbvnn
vSvMDlk kLrvd Ar drMtv 
vMd nlnM tvnd gpvMd svdgpnMbvn Mdsnvnl
pdkMt vDVkMb vhtkMkMd dNk kMMvrg hV knRTkdLn
11 rjgL hM utrk trdn  svdgpn trvM knRTkk sMbMpT
utrd svRBwv rjnMdr hSRvRnnV  knRTkd pt rjnd 2nM
pkVM   634r sVd hSRvRnn ivnV 
I vVrg  utrd vwMRr  sMgr  AMr  gpr a br

26

ALdg  nv dVd kdMb vMtd k k rjgL vt al ALdv 

Adr dpd vYBvd ihsv Vg tDv prMBvdr ad vMd anVk
tvngLvrg tMbdn vrMkDd    prMBk I dVd klv Bgd
AMBqtr ALdr  ivr rjv kqS vt gVdvV ngL vKdvrg ht 
Adr knRTkvlv ivr vvgl  rSkT  plv  gMg  N  kdMb vMtd
k k rjgL Ag I dVd ALdMt tVrtd  AMBqtr   225rvrg
Adr  vMd svr 100 vSRgL ihsv cn gtgvl  Ag ktprMb
prdVsr pblvdMt tVrtd  vMd 5nM tvnd clkr tMdr 
I clkr vMd iV knRTkvnl tv sVnk tgdkMDdMd knRTkd
vYBvd ihsv aMd prMBvgtd  Adr avr ihsvn prMBvDv
vdl kdMb  gMgr SMv sMkVpv hVLvd avd  EkMdr iv
knRTkd elk hLM rjvMgL 
kdMbr
kdMbr SMkv grv sMggLMdr  ivr vlprSn vMr vRn 
ivn srb tln sngMDr av tLgMd eMbM hNn  ivn kMg
vVdMnk hVdg aM plv arsMd avvtnddMd kM vRvn
Vk bnvM kdMbrjvn sdn  I kdMbr 3nM tvnMd 6nM
tvndvrg stMtv Adr  I vMd kktvvR  kqSvvR vMtd arsr
pblrdr  vMd clkr 6nM tvnd ivr stMtvn hrN vdr 
vMd I kdMbr anVk tvngLvrg vMDk arsr Adr 
kdMb vMv1
vMrvR


vMrvvR

kktvvR 4 nV tvn

rvvR

MvvR

kqSvvR

vqgVvvR

SvvR

BnvvR

vr

MhvvR
kqSvvR

hvvR

dVvvvR

gMgr
1

I vMvM vKvd hsrgLn vtvV kd



27

vYsr srkrdvr tv pMtd gLn hrgDrvdMd  A pMtd

Mdk Ad gMgvMd SMv nv hg sMggL gtv  avr srBwv
arsrldr avr anVk pd rjr Arvr  gMgr vYsn 2nM
tvnMd 11nM tvndvrg Adr  avr rjk gMgv eMd hsr 
kVr tlkDgLV avr rjgL  vv av kMgNvvRn ivr
vlprSn I vMd hvvR  avVt  dRVt vvr VprS
vMtd arsr pblrdr  avr VprSnV VSn 726 776  I vMd
anVk arsr gMktRrdr  A SMvn vMd hVLvv  rcvlnMb I
vMd arsn kld avn vMMd cvMDrMn vNLgLd atMt Bvvd
gVvVr eMb Yn vRMn 983r sdn  I gMgr nDnDv clk
rSkTg vMDkrdr  vMd I rjv cVLrjd Vnvt 

gMgvMv2
vv kMgNvvR 103

aVt 430 482

dRVt 482 517

vvr 670 713

VprS 727 776

rcvl 820 907
Btg 938 953

vrMh 961 974

rcvl 974 984

2

I vMvM vKvd hsrgLn vtvV kd



28

7nM pkrN

dM clkr1


550 757


I clkrV iV knRTkk svRBwvr vdl Ad arsr  I vMd 9

jn arsr dM bh vYBvMd svr 200 vSRgLvrg Adr  hVt
QM dVvtgg aGRVdkvn kDvg  avn clkMd eMdr gsMLMd
ob VrprSn hdnMt  clkr tv A VrprSn vMjrMd hVkLtr 
AddMd ivg hVtptrMdntr  ivr gVt vnv  kldVvt S  vM
cMdvM  ivr vdl utrdvr  nvRdMn d vdl bMdvn jMMhn 
ivn rSkTr arsnd iMdnn sV  vMd dNk s  kMMrv
plvvMd Vcn plvnDn kdn  Adr A Mdd tnV vdn  Ag
gRNMd avn hMDM SsVvMMb ob hNnn AdL  a
avg rjMhnMb vgn hdn  avn dDvnd bk plvrDn k  avrn
sV  A vMd rjpMn vdvMdn  Adr avn ihsv nvg VSv
l  ivn vgnd pkVMV I clkvMd vdlnM ptrjn  ivn
rjM vdl iMdkMt av ajMtMt  Adr vMd I pkVM
plvrn bg bd vt av dMn avMd sLdkMD  adn tn
rjMn vdn  ivn srBwvtsckvd avV Mjvn v gMt
VRMn pDdn  ivn vgnd vMgLVn 597 608 vhkVVrn Bkn 
dMM elk dDdd vrnM vYSv gMn krdvn idV
vMgVn 

dM clkr vMv
1
utr knRTkd I vMd tvpTgL k svr 100rvrg drdr avgl 50 55 vtvV Vslv ivr
VKgL MpLnVr hYdrd vLN kMDlgv rMgD bd vhkT ADr hL pTdkl vMtd sLg drMtv

29

jMMh
1 pkV pkV
stM  rNkv  550


dlRBdV

2 VRvvR
rNprkv
566 597

3 vMgLV  rNkMt
597 608

4 pkV

stM

609 642

kb SvRn 615 633

pvR clkvM spk

At vvR
jM vhdV 655 659

5 kvt
rNrk
615 680

cMdt

6 nMt  rM
7 jMt
 svs BvnM
(6(
8 kvt
VkvhdV
(6(
9 VRvvR

680
696
733
746

696
733
746
757

ivn trvM pwptMd 2nM pkVM pTvVdn 609 642 

I 2nM pkVM knRTkd gMg  kdMb  plv vMtd arsrn gddld 
knRTkvn d hV  utrd ALd kVsl  kMg  vwMR vMtd arsrn 
dNdM pMD  cVL  kVrL  vdd arsrn pdkMtrn vdn 
nr hDggLL hDgpDMMg pv svdd sYnvn s utrk vMb
htr irv p eMb pTNvn tgdkMDn  Adr I pkVM vd
elk vhtd kMRvMdr  utr Mdsnkl srBwv ckvRMd knVjd
arsnd hSRvRn nn nrdM dMDM vV sMpNRv sVddV  Ag
avn prvVr eMb rdn  avVMgvn vdn  hSRvRnn
ivn vV dMD bMdg avn sYnd bV AngLV arvt srdv  eMd
vV avn kdr kLgL sYnv etMbdn VvV U  aMMd utr
Mdsnd ihsv vt  knRTkd ihsk kLMVrt hVt  ivn
rjsrv nvRdMd dNk iV dpvnV Akt  pvR  pv  dN
svdd nDn nDlv ivn kYsVt  hMntMgnMb VndVd pvM
639nM iM svg I pkVM rjdLg sMcr vdn  avn nv
I knRTkvn pkVM An pgLn  avr nD ngLn atMt sMdrv
vNRdn  vMd vYBv vNRnM 12nM pkrN nV  pMb kngn
adn tndM vV brTkLVk  I pkVMM vYBvsMpnrd arsr
Mdsnd ihsd rMdNsvS sh kvd apvR  avn vcRs irN

30

vMtd prrSgL vVM itMd gtgtd  arV BSM oMd pskd

Itn irNd arsnd Ks n kDg tn rMBMn kLdnMd uVKd 
vV  irNd rMBgL ivn oDVlgk bMdrMbd ajMt Mn
gMLn oMd tMd gtgtd  I pkVM ptk dRnv A td
kngg AgvMd  kngr ddYRvMd  adrM pkVM vKvnV MvnV
ob dSn krvn 
Adr adV ajMtMrv vtMd gM oMd
rjs nwkM td  adrM vRM pkVMdV irbhdMd nvg
tVrtd 
ir 
vKv hVLvdVnMdr  I pkVM hsrn Mv
ivn prkvd vt rjVM kqtgLn
kngn eMg vrMkDd 
eS vNRdr slvV ivn kld ivn M ssMd jMBk
eMbvL svMtvMndL 
pkVM vgn AkM dN gjrd
clkrdMd M sslt  ivn vg  vvg  vvkL  ivrl rrd
arsrV  avr  I vMd hT hggLd plvrDnM  cVL  pMD  hYhM
vMtdvrDnM ktnMd  k clkvMd hsrn tv rvr 
Adr ihsvn kDvd nv vK udVrd  vYBvvn kdg tMDvdV
nv vK vnVgtrvdMd  nv hn sMggLn i hVLvl  I
vhpkVMd nlnM tMvnd 2nM kvtn tn vMk prMdl
tgLd plvrDn hVr  vNkd rMn  gjtrggLn MVcv
tgdkMD avr rjMd kMMn hk sMgM vt nnnDtkdd 
EkMdr  I kvtn kvrMt A pTNvn hL vDd  dVvhNg 
bDbgg anVk dn vMtdvgLn v aM rjMhVr vMtd
dVvlMgLn uddn  ivn hMDMd VkvhdVMMbvL Itn I
jMd scnRv pTdkn rpkn a srvd dVvlMvn 656
k kdL  ivL I kld svLf
eMdr pTdkn ALdL  Adr 
ivn vgn klk  ELMT tgMd anv nDMt kYvvd rjlM
I vMvn T hVdL  rSkTr arsnd dMvvRnMbvn ivr rjvn
sLdkMD  rSkT vMvn sdn 
I bgM  knRTkvnl oMdV Ctd kLg tMd  knRTkd VRMn
dkgL pssvMt vd I clkr klv kl ihsMd vrMdr 
Adr clkr vLdr  knRTkd vYBvv vLgl  EkMdr  ivr trvM
bMd arsr knRTksrV  avr EkCtpgLV  ir 
avr ihsvn
vMn pkrNd kDvv  I clkvMd 2nM pkV  avn ssMd
jMBk
vt 2nM kvtn hMDMd VkvhdV
vMtdvr
kngr spMd vrMgvdMt hMntMgn vNRd kngr sBvv 
wMRv  kngrd avr SMdM andrvn OsrvV dM
ggL  ajMtMM atMt sMdrvd tgL I clkvM Vpknn kngr
kdg Tn tMsd irv  pd YnkMd rVR
M 2nM pkVM
sMbMv hLM VKvn brT kngr vYBvk sM Mrtn 
kngr A VKvnV krd nVDdr avnVn vMn

31

8nM pkrN
rSkTr1


757 973


VtLrdLwsB
td bL kMDpTdMr sM
VMnvnngl
VrMtrndrn nqptMgM ||
krjvgR
vckrV  dM clkr iV knRTkvn tv aMtv vkMD 
knRTk svjvn knRTkd hrg bhL drdvrg hd sMgMn hVd
pkrNd hVrvvS  I bgM clkr d knRTk svRBwvtd Vjvn
rSkTr vqkv Ldr  clkr hV rSkTr bMdr knRTk vYBvv
kngr kYT hVgl  EkMdr  rSkTr kngrV  avr tv rjMn
knRTkdMV sdr  avr knD BSMnV Ldr  AddMd clkr
kld vVg bMd knRTk svRBwvtv rSkTr kldM avhtv
vMdk st 

utr knRTkdM I vMd VKgL svr 60 70 vtvV pdvv av svngD vN k knV sMg krD hvtr
pTdkl lkVr vVrL svd vMtd sLgL drrtv

32

rSkTr vMv3
dMvvR
kkR

kqS 1 aklvSR

iMd

BtMg

dMdgR 754
v  rpv

gVMd
gVMd jgtMg
794 814

pBtvSR iMd gjrd

Mn sdvn


svR avVGvSR  nqptMg 815 877

kqS 2 aklvSR 884 913



iMd 3 915 917



avVGvSR 918 933

kqS  aklvSR 933 968

iMd 982r vdn

I rSkT vMd vdlnM arsn clkrMt vdg utrMd

bMdvn  dMdgR nMbvn utrMd bMd dM clkr knM arsnd
VRvvRnMbvnn sV  avn rjvn kdkMDn  avn kM  kMg  kVsl 
VYl  vLv  T  TMk vMtd rjgLn gdnMtl  ujM svr  rt
vMtdvgLn plv dn vdnMtl uVKd 
dMdgRn trvM  kqSrj av BtMgn 760 770 pTvnV
clkrn pnH sMpNRv sV rSkTr svRBwvtvn dqv dn 
jgnLn pvkrlrn aMv rggsvM vVrnM atdtvd
kYsvMb aKMDvd kn gMn krdvn idV kqSrjn  vYBv vNRnM
12nM pkrNvn nV 

vMvM pd arsr hsrgLn vt kdVv



33

ivn trvM vn hsrvMd arsn  ivg rpv  kvlBf eMd

hsrgdv  ivn plvrn gMgrn gd avMd kpvn tgdkMDnld
utrd add hrrv kwMM ALd vt arsn vV dMD hV 
avnn kg a avMd rjCtgLn kdkMDn 
AnMtr 3nM gVMdn b arsn  MhsnvnVd kD oLsMc vd
hnrD jn arsrn ivnbnV bg bdn  anMtr ivn gjRr  vLvdVgLn
tgdkMDn  aMd MpvRtk shV vrrnMb arsnn vvkMDn 
vMd avn dNk tMgBdM kDg hr plvrn gd  vMdVd arsrn
pvR clkr arsnn dsndsnn vkMD avn kYMd tn kVM
gVDgLn kkMDn  Itn jM MtM 804nM iM svg vt 
srM I vrnM gVMdn rSkT arsrLg atMt rnd arsn  Itn
klk rSkTr rjsrv utrd vLv dVMd dNk kMMvrg ht 
nvRdMd tMgBdMvrn pvR pv svdgL nDn pdVvMt ptkv
Itn aVndMV it  k pdVd Itn vcRs nDMt 
I gVMdn vgnV kngrlg ptnd avVGvSR av nqptMgn 
uplbrv knD gMgL elk hLMdd krjvgR
vMb pt gMd
ktRn ItnV  gNBdn grv AprNvMb Yn gMd ktRn Ad nsVnn I
nqptMgn gr  vMb htrv knVM gL  aM hrr I
nqptMgn vMDkrdMt uVKd  I avVGvSRn vLVDd knRTk
Mhsnd vV og 63 vSRgLvrg kt atMt vYBvMd rjvdn 
iMvnn kngr vrMvd hVg
Adr clkr vMd atMt pdnd 2nM pkVM trvMd obMt
obr dD dD arsr AhVdMt I rSkTr Agl  avVGvSRn
trvMd pTvVd ob arsr rr hVdr avr bhL vs ALl 
vMd rSkT arsr hThggLd clkr pblr avr tYlpnMbvn I
rSkTvMd arsnd kkRnMbvnn sMpNRv sV  rjvn sLdkMD 
pnH clk vMvn sdn 972  I vVrg nqptMg av avVGvSRn
trvM svr nr vSRgLMV I vMv lMhMt 

34

9nM pkrN

kNd clkr1


973 1181


VvlBntjM | VvlBn kvtMgM |

Vvvsv M | dVgvdM tnBvM tYlnqpM ||
gdn VK
AsVtVH VRrV rGkllksc Yr |
dc ptkfpMVVTlkVtMgMgtrMgtf ||
Ac pVsvd ntnqprVrt BBsrMVH |
pMcMdtrM jMdvlM kvtdVvH ||
tkr nVr
a srpvlvBVVndM |
ptvtpM BtqRBtf pqvH ||
alBt rt cMt clklVH |
kvSvSVkM kvtdVvH ||
kvMkdVv ct lNkqt

kngrV  I pkrNd nv v rjvYBvd prvvMn vNRsvv  I

kN clkr klvMdr knRTk vYBvsMRn vhklv  dM clkr
d Vjv rSkTr kld vqkv Ld  adr sMd PlgL I kN
clkr kld nk drtv  ivr kld kngr VRM dkgL
ht  kngr jptkM Ink AsvpMtd Urlt  knRTk arsr
anVk kpMgvg djg AMdtrdr  I bgM kngg atMt
avnsdvd I clkr ihsvn i kDvv 
I clkvMd vlprSn tYlpn 
ivn cVL arsnn cV
bMdVlKMD arsnn gdn  I tYlpn gjr clkvMd vl prSnd
vlrjn vV rpnMbvnn kLdn  Atn vlrjnn sVdn 
AvV tYlpn vLv dVd vV dTn  BrVMrlg a ptnd
pd BVjrjn kknd vMjnMbvnV Ag vLvpMdn  I vMjn
dDsYndMg gVdvMn d bMd tYlpnn kNdn  Adr tYlpn avnn
sV  sr dn  vMjn tkLk MdMd tYlpn Atn t hdn 
Itn vMDknbn svdM Yngg Bdn krtn  tYlpn hMDM
hsr kv  ivL tYlpn vd rSkT vMd rjpM 

utr knRTkd I clkr VKgL svr 300 400 drrtv Adr vYsnvr vd VKgLn Tr it kDg 100 115
VKgL vtvV pdvrtv clk kvnbn VKgLV inrr vV irtv ivr VKgL gdg Yrv an
rj bMkpr kgd vMtd anVk sLgL drMtv

35

kN clkr vMv
tYlp  973 997 
stM  iv DMg  997 1008 
kvt  1008 1068 
sVvVr  ahvvl  tYVkvl  1043 1068 
sVvVr 
 BvnYkvl  1069 1076 
clkkv  kvt  Bvnvl  1076 1126 
sVvVr  
 BVkvl  1126 1138 
jgdVkvl  1138 1150 
pYlp  tYVkvl  nvR  1150 1165 
sVvVr




Bvnvl  1182 1189 

tYlpn trvM 1040 I vMd dD arsn sVvVr ahvvln

pTvVd kD ivn cVLrDn kdVkt  avrn gd nMtr utrk
tr BVjn rjMd rpTNvn tgdkMDn  cV arsnd kNRnn
d kMdn  aMd hrT pvd svdd kDg r aM arsnn
gd  jMsMBvn U  svdvgRMd dNk id bMdn  vMd cVLr
rjMd kMMn tgdkMD  A arsnn Odn 
I sVvVrn
utrd knkb aMdr knVjd arsnn gddMd avn OhV aDMn
AsVkt  sVvVrnV kN pTNvn s adn rjMn
vdn  ivg sVvVr  kvt vt jMMh Vg vr vM vkL 
2nM vgnd kvtn ivrlrLg ctrn dMsn Adn  avnnV
Mvrjnn vDVkMd sVvVrn ic  Adr kvtn tn aNn hkn
vLsl isl  Adr tMdg Atn svr shsgL shM vdvn
kvnV  I kvn vdl cVLrn gd A rjvn tn rjk kkMDn 
vLvd arsg shM v  avn kLdkMD pTvn avg kdn  bMgl
Asv pMtgL vV dV iTn  kVrLrn kNdn  MhLVpd arsn ivg
rgtndn  kMMn kYv vkMDn  aMd vMV dV aMdr tlg dVd

36

kDg hrdn  Vg kvtn oMdV svn rjgLn glt srl  it avn

tMdMd sVvVrg Svjr ht  in tng bdkv AlvMd d
kD avn tMgBdM bg bMd  svNR dn vddvgLn v nM
hV vL sthVdn  ahvvln dpkpM  dMsg AMdtn 
ivn sdNgL vlk kgL ivnn tv kvd nMknn vrvrMd
lNn ivnn vNRdn 
ivn trvM ivn M vgnd erDnM sVvVrn pTvVdn  ivg
BvnYkvlnMd hsr  kvtn  tv tMdM st sMn kV  rjg
bMd tn tMd sgMnl aNn vk odn 
Adr I sVvVrn
AkM pgg sKkrvgl  avn tn vMgL vtn kVLl  tn
kl tvnd kvtn updVk gDl  vn bMdMt vR pgLn
asMtSpdn  iSV al  tn tvnd kvtg rdvMV pMt
nDdn  I sMgMn dkMD kvtn dDdMd sYndDn tn tvnd
jMMhnn krdkMD rjMn Tn  sVvVrn tvnn Mk sYn
kLdn  Adr kvn adn ncnM vdn  anMtr kvn kdMbrn
kkMD avr arsnd jMkVMd plv nknkgLn tgdkMD
cVLrjd kDg rdn  sVvVrn Akg jnr vdV VstdMd  kvn
hVdhVd  vMDk arsr avnn gwrst bMdr  ALp  kVrL  vMtd
rjgL arsr I bgM kvg nrvddMd  avn YMRMd cVLrjd
dV d ag bMd sYndMg tdn  aM arsn kvnDn sMMn
vDVkMd kthlvLvn  tn vgLn avg vdv vDl idn  kvn
bh tRn  avn I ssMMn kLdkLd A cVL rjpMn vdv
vkMD avLDn tMgBd nM Vrk bMd tLvdn  klv vsgLMV
cVLrjd dDkMMt  kvn vvn vdn  oDnM kvn kMg
hV tn Vgnn pTk kdn  Adr kvn vr bMdkD  vMdVd
arsnd kVtMg av rgnMb vhptM kvn Vgnn gMd
t cVLMhsnvn Akdn  in kvn tn vV EbrvnMd d A
rgn kvn aNnd sVvVrn M avnn kvg rdv dn 
I hn kvn tVd wMR YMRgL lkNvdv  it vVlDMd
tn aNnd sVvVrn n brdn  at rgn sYnv dNMd kvnn
vVlktVkMd hvNt  Adr kvn tn aNnn al  rgn sYnvn
sVsVkMd dNk sdn  rgn sYnd hr bMd tlvSr aNn
sYnv kvn sYnd n Md bMd Mt  kvn I AtGtkd kqtv
sMlvMd tn aNg updVdn  Adr sVvVrg adn AsvS bM
et AddMd rpMn atMt Yr t  nMn vt nvMn Vg
erD kDM sYngLMg ov Md vDvdnV dn  vt rgn
sYnvn sMpNRv sVddMd rgn pMnstvn hVdn  it
sVvVrnnMt srMLMV dn  vMd avnn MhsnMd t  tnV
pTvV rjvLl prMdn 
I bgM I kvn tn tMdM klk aNn klk tnV Mvt
ivnV
rkqtgLn v hsrvM 1076nM isM pTvVdn 

37

kngrlg atMt avnsdnd arsn  ivn nv arsrLg elk

VSvd arsn  ivn klk knRTkd rjsrv prvvMn vt 
ivn dpkpMddMd dMsrlr ivnnV Adr  lNn ivn
Asnd dpMdn  ivnV kvMkdVv ct
vMb ivn SMvd kvvn
brrvn 
I
kvg
clkkv
av BvnvlnMd hsr  kkv pvRrMnMd rdgLMT  Itn
tn pTvVd kDV  tndMd Vr kvn prMdn  Adr avn trvMd
A hVd arsr avnMt brldMd A kv vMd bhL vs Ll 
ir  kvn arsnd nMtr krDk hV aM arsn vgLd cMdVK
av cMddVMn vdvMdn  ivL atMt sMdM  kvn pTvVd
nMtr  avn tvnd jMMhg dr h avn aNg rdv bnvM
oLsMc hdn  clk kvn avg hg vDVDvMd oLM VMd hV
nVdr avn kVLl  jMMhn tndMd sYnvnV dp kqSM dDk bMd
tLvdn  a aN tvMr nDv BMMkr kLgvst  jMMhn O aDM
pdn  vMd kvn sYndvr avnn d kvndg tMdr  kvn
avnn k TkTn  vMd anVk vSRgLvrg kvn MMd rjvdn 
avn AkM knM Bgd hMLr SvRnnMbvn bMDMvndn  Adr
kvn srdrnd ac av agnMbvn A bMDMvn t  pMD  kMkN
vMtd arsrn vdn  cVL arsn kD kvn sMt tnV Md v
avnn sVdn  anMtr kNk bMd kvprvMb tn hsndMd pTNvn
sdn  ivg 16 vM vMDk rjdr 
Itn AkM pgg atMt sKkrvt  bDbgg Itn AMdtn 
tkM ktRnd nVrn ivn hrvV idn  Itn rj vNRnMn nv
vMd vYBvvNRnM 12nM pkrNd krvv  adn O Mv kngn
hqdMv tnV AnMdMd ukVrvl Mv vns tnV avnvn tLvl
clk kvn trvM  Itn vgnd 3nM sVvVrn pTvV 11 vSR
Adn  aSrMV Itn AM  dD  vg  nVpL dVgL arsrn gdnMd
dMsMd hgLlTnMd vNRnMMT  sVvVrn stH gMktRn  I
sVvVrn sMstd vnsVs av altR MtvNMMb oMd
adr  rjvn hVg gsVk  gd rjvn
rjVM gMvn brdn 
hVg rkLVk  arsr eMtMth sgLn upBVsVk  ivV vdd
SMgL V vMtd SMgL irtv  Itn bhL dMsnddMd Itg
svRjBp
nMd rd 
Itn trvMd arsr bRlrddMd vMDkrjrV stMtrgt bMdr 
2nM tYlpn klk vMDk rjnd jNnMbvn kpr  kktVM vMtd
arsr shMMd clkr tYlpnn tdn  tYlpn kNvn T aNgVMn
rjMn vdn  jLn aMdl tYlpnn OddMd avn bnvg
Odn  clkr Mhsnvn jLn vMdvr Akdr  Adr A vMv bhL

38

n Ll  vnMb srdrn shMMd 4nM sVvVrn pnH klv vs

rjvdn  Adr hMLr pblr clkr vMvn vdr 

10nM pkrN

klcMR Mdv vMtdvr



1156 1183
klcMRr

jLn vdl rSkTr vhvMDVrndMt tVrtd  Itn clkr

knM arsnd tYlpnn O svRBwvnd sMgMn hVd pkrNd
hVrvvSV Adr jLn I svRBwv pdMn bhL n anBsl 
kNdlMd vRkMM gMdld avn tn Vvk ervg Vkt  I
vRkMM vrvn kLg kd 
pr gVvM vMgM vrjnMb Ar hNdn 
avn vgnV bsvn  jLn vMMd bldVvn I bsvn sVdrvvn 
bsvn bldVvn vgLd gMgMk eMbvLn vdvMdn  bldVvn vrN
hMd bk  jLn bsvnn tn vMMn MkMDn 
bsvg
ngMk eMb akdL  ivL hMd cnbsvVn hdn  bsvn
MgMt vRvn L  bhjn Ynrn tn vtk sVkMDdMd jLg
avg VsrMt  bsvn grvd alvpB VYlk hV kngl 
bsvn sh kpM sMgvnd kgMDn 
bk jLn cnbsvVg
vMpdMn kTn  MgMt vtsrd hrLM  vvM eMbr Vr
Vr kldvr prsr Mvvn drMb krNMd jLn avrn An kg
k esl  drMn sVkMd jgdVv vMr sMk  cnbsvVn
apMn pDd  drM bM VvgM udVgvn Vkdr  vMd
ht s  jgdVv vlM vMr arsnn id kMdr 
idMd
pTNd hhkrvt  I sMn kV  cnbsvn irvd tkdMdN 
vrNrDn uLg hrTn  aM jLn vhsVnMMg bMd  avr vV
d apjMpT Mrdn  bk cnbsvn tn sMggrDn uLM vhvng
hV aMV bMdn 
Ynr kM idMd nvd  avr jLnn kMd dVSvn bsvn vV
hstr  Adr ad EnV ir  bsv  cnbsvVr Rk grgdMtMV
rjkrNpTgL idrMd vt Rvdv hVLbhd  svjsrMn
vDsvvrlr MgMt vRdvr Vkd pdMn skvM 
klMkSvM aBs vDvMd  vRk rjkrNk hrv I tLk nv
knRTk ihsd pdV pdV kNbrtd 
jLn vrNd nMtr I klcMR vMv bhL vs Ll 

39

dVv Mdvr
1113 1318
dVv Mdvr vMv
tYlp  973 997 
stM  iv DMg  997 1008 
kvt  1008 1068 
sVvVr  ahvvl  tYVkvl  1043 1068 
sVvVr 
 BvnYkvl  1069 1076 
clkkv  kvt  Bvnvl  1076 1126 
sVvVr  
 BVkvl  1126 1138 
jgdVkvl  1138 1150 
pYlp  tYVkvl  nvR  1150 1165 
sVvVr




Bvnvl  1182 1189 

clkr aglk ArMBvdg  hML Mdvr arsnd SvRnn

kqSnM hrrv clkr VvMn tkLk pMdn  Adr An
clkr arsn pblnddMd SvRnn ATv sgl  vMd clkvMv
aD  klc vMv kD nSv rjd gMdlvdg  SvRnn vvgnd
VrbLn vnDn kLgv  klv VvMn tgdkMDn  idV sMMn
s  utrdM Mdvr st vtl tv kl cdr  lvn rj
srvn v kNd arsgMn ehdn  avn kqSM utrrv
Vvgl arsn  1187nM isM dVv pTNvn s a ALtDdn 
it hML arsnd VrbLn utrk kYccdn  I vVrg hML
Mdvg dVv Mdvg kqSM hrrv VvM oDtnk vVMd vV
kLggLdv  kng lkMMd dD kLgd hML arsnd VrbLn
lvn vgnd YtMhnn sMpNRv sV  kMtL dVk apMdn 
lvn trvM 1113nM kd avn vgnd Ytqpln av YtM
40

pTvVdn  pd VSnd BsrcMRn vgnd lVrn I Ytqpln

Asnd pMtndn 
anMtr avn vgnd MGNn arsndn  dVv MdvrLg ivnV VSn 
Itn vLv vMtd arsrn gdn  vrM vt kM arsr ivMd
kllTr  Itn hMLrn gd utr VvMn sLdkMDn  MGNn
gjrd vVl anVkvR dgLn vdn  I MGNn vgnd rvn 
gjrd ALrvg oMd kLgd vdn  Ag avn vg kvnddMd
avn tMMd lM  A dVvn klv klpMRMt AdL  MGNn k
nMbvn
vgnd jNnn dN dVk akMn nVdn  I jNn rTrn 
kdMbrn  gtrn  pMDrn gd  hMLrjvn tgdkMD kvV nM
dDd tn jM sMBvndn  AddMd I MGNn kld klklv rjd
srv aMv idMt tVrtd  MGNg pqVvlBnMd rd it  dVv
Mdvr tv SvMVdvrMd  drvVprvrVrrMd hVkLvr 
BsrcMRr vvgnd cMgdVvn MGNn Asnd VSndn 
AnMtr vhdVvnV hsrd arsn  Itn tlMg  gjRr  knRTk  kMkN
vMtd arsrn gdn  knRTkvMdr hML arsr 
I vMd knM arsn rvcMdn 1261 1309 
rvcMdn rjv
vYsnvrg ht 
pd rskrnd hVvM  vhdVv vt
rvcMd ivr AkM vMMdn  1296nM isM avVn lM
rvcMdnn sVdn  AnMtr vkPrn rvcMdnn kMd dVvMn
vvkMDn 

hML Mdvr
1006 1346

cVLr gMgrjvn 1004r vd nMtr vYsn pvd hMLr

tMdr  vMd avr 1006r cVLrn cd tvV rjr 14nM
tvndvrg Adr  I vMd vlprSn sLnMbvn  Itn sdtnMdb
hN MM dMn kMdg  ov vsMkdVM gg pg
hVdn  Ag a oMd dD hM bMt  kD A MM tn kYMLn
tvn avg kT A hMn hM
k hVdn  sLn A vVrg adn
kMdn  aMMd avn vMk hMLvMd hsr bMt  I sLn h hDMv
tgLnLgMD kTDgLlv I vMdvrvV 
hML Mdvr vMvM

41

sL hML 1006 


nMt  Bvnvl hML 1047 1100

erMMg Mvrj 1063 1065

bL
1101 1109

dVv  SvRn 1111 1173

nrMh
ptpnrMh 1141 1173

bL

 VrbL
vr  dgRvl  MdvnrMN 1173 1220
nrMh

VrnrMh 1220 1235





bL


bL

VrnrMh 1254 1271

VrbL 1271 1342
1343

sVvVr  VrsVvVr 1253 1254

nrMh

kLg tMvrMd vVlD sprdvrg I vMd VKgL drMtv 

hMLr vdl kN clkr vMDkrdr  Adr vMd SvRnn kld
ivr stMtr ALdr  ivr rjM vdl Vlr  anMtr hLVD
av drsvd 
I vMd nMt  SvRn  VrbL ivrV blvd arsr 
dVv av SvRnn I vMk vdl pNR stMtvn kTvn  ivn
rvncrr updVMd Ynvtvn T VvYSv vtvnMVkd sMgM
elg dV id  Itn vYsr pMtMd cVLrn hDddn  Itn rnd
arsndn  tLkD  ucM  bnv vMtd nDgL arsrn gdn  tLkD 
drsvd  bMkpr vMtdvgL Vr Vr klk Itn rjgLdv 
2nM bL av VrbLnV Itn trvMd pd rjn 
Itn
1173nM isM jY 22nM vs drsvdd pTvVdn  Itn cMgL 
ucMM pMD  klcMR vMtd arsrn sVdn  Adr elk vVd
Itn rtnd kqtvvdMdr  sVvN aMdr dVv Mdvr dD sYnvn
1

I pkr hd kLnvn sktf vgnl vMjnMd MVk

42

srTn sVdd  I sYnd erD lk kLgdr  1193r ivn

lkMM vsvdn  Adr vMd rnr tlnrv hlr pTNvn
tn rjMn vkMdn  Itn 47 vSRgLvrg vYBvMd A 1220r
vdn  Itn vd kD Itn prv Bknd lkNnMbvn ivn hMDM
oMdsr jn Vrr Itn vVn pVvMd vlk AthtMn vkMDr
Itn trvMd pTvVd 2nM nrMhn prkMd arsnV  ivn
anVk rjgLn gd rvVrd jMsMBvndn  Itn dVv Mdvrn
sVdn 
I nrMhn vgnd sVvVrn rnV  Adr I sVvVrn vrNd nMtr
I rjgL erD BggL knD rjv 3nM nrMhn pg bMt  tL
rjv rvnnMb avn tvn pg hVt  3nM nrMhn dVv Mdvrn
LvM sVdn  Adr vMd 3nM bLn klk ivr rjd vsnr
pvVv ivr vMv nSvt 
kprd hrr

iMvrg nv stMt rjvMgLn hVdv  in vMd sgv vdl 

rSkTr klk clkr klk pblk bMd klv vMDk rjvMgLn kt
hVLvv 
oT hr vntngL vr  avl rSkTr kld tdv  utr
kMkNd 1400 hgdv  p eMbd I utr kMkNd hr vMd
rjM  rSkTr arsnd avVGvSR av nqptMg 815 873 n klk
a Pl eMbvn avn vMDkn ALdn  dN kMkNd hrd
rjM rpTNvt  I hrr aS pdrrl  kprd hr
vMvV vrnM hr vM  kpr  rj  khRD pMtgL ivr vddv 
id elk IcM vntnv  rSkT vMv hLgv knkng I vntnv
udMk bMt  ivr vMvMn i kd 

43

jg 
jg  
gMk

ghl

VRrj cMdt

vrMh  1058 
BVj  1089 

gMDrt
jMt
BVj 
  1178 

gMDrtnMbvn pd rjn 
gMDsvd
vMb srVvrvn kdn 

rj

sMsndM

irkM

svdM rTr
rSkTr kldM clkr kldM rTr vMDk rjrdr  avr
vMd klv vs stMtr Adr  AnMtr dVvM Mdvg ttdr  ivr
rjM vdl sgMvR av svdM it  vMd vVNgvk av
LgMg adn ndr  ivr VKgL sgl  nVsr  kNr  rMBg
vMtd UrgL drMtv  ivr ltnr prvrVrrMd hVkLtr 
ivr Ynr  svNRgrD jv ivr ptkM  ivr Mr MCnr  ivr
vMvMn kLg kNd 

44

pqVvvR
MvvR
ktRVMR 980
aMk 1048

ktRVMR 1087

sVn
ktRVMR
lVdVv 1208
ktRVMR

vkjRn

lVdVv

I bgM nv I pkrNd klcMR  Mdv vMtd anVk rjvMgLn

hVdv  kN clkr nMtr klcMRr avr rjk arsr Adr avr bhL
vs ALl  vMd A rjk erD tMD utrd aRBgv dVv Mdvr
vk dNd aRBgv hML Mdvr vk hVtMd slvnMd
hVLbhd  vMd ivgL utrBgv Md jnr kYThVt  dNBgk
jMngrd arsr oDMrdr  ir  avr ihsvn vMd kDvv  sdk
hVLvdVnMdr  ivrD vMgL stMt rjvMgL  kvgL eMdr rT 
hr  kdMb vMtdvgL vMDk rjvMgLMbdn vckr vrMkDd 
kN clkr kld kdMbr erD gdMt kMDbrtd  bnv hngl
kdMbr MV vdlnMd  gVv av hlsM kdMbr MV erDnMd 
vdlnM M VRvvR  MvvR  vkjRn  kvdVv  sVvdVv
vMtd vMDk rjr pblrd avr clkg anVk vhtd psMggL
shM vdr  erDnM M rjM klv kl gVvMM klv
kl hlsMM it  ivrM jMt  jMkV vMtdvr clkr
vMDkr hsg bMdr 
srM I pkrNd hVd rjvMgL klcr  dVv Mdv  vt
hML Mdv I vMgL stMtv Ad vMgLMbdn hr  rT  kdMb
vMtdvgL vMDkrjr vntngLMbdn vckr nnnDVk 


45

11nM pkrN

jMngrd arsr
jMngrd vMv
vK hsrgL
sMgvvM

sMgv


1  hhr

1336 1353

kMpN


sMgv

kvMk

2  bkrM vrp
vdp
gwrMk 1353 1377

3 hhr


1377 1404

rpN

4 bkrM
1405 1406

5 dVvrM  ptpdVvrM 1409 1416

6 jMrM 1416 1446

7  dVvrM


1419 1446

vn

kMpN

9 rpk 1467 1478

8 vkjRn 1446 1467
nrs vntn
12 nrs  nrMh 1469 1503

13 VrnrMh 
BjblrM
1504 1509

14 kqSrM
1509 1529

15 actrM rMg
1530 1542

16 vMkTdVvrM
1542

kRTVknMnVtvpNRcMdH |
skM tM hqdMsvtM nrVMdH ||
kVtnnBvnf kvH s |
VrrM jMprvvVtf ||
gMgdV
46

sdvrM
1543 1567

knRTkd
knM
rjvntnvV
jMngrv 
dM
clkrn knRTk Mhsn spncMRrMd krMbhd  EkMdr clkMt
vdl kdMb  gMg vMtd Vr Vr rjgL knRTkd AhVdr  iV
knRTkv obnV arsn EkCtptk dM clkr kldMV oLpt 
Ag stvd EkCtptv rSkTr klk pnH kN clkr klk
anv nDt  vMd ad erD hVLgL  utrd aRBgv dVv
Mdvr vvtMd dNd aRBgv hML Mdvr vk hVtMd
slvnMd hVLbhd  vMd vsnr dVv Mdvrn sV utrd
aRBgvn nMdr  dNd aRBgvn nMgv hMkMdr  vsnr
vdlnM phrv dVv Mdvg vrMgl kktVM arsg tgt  A
pT tglvvrg k arsr ecrgLl  Adr A pT bd kD dN
Mdsnd hhkrvt  vsnr pblrd tgLddMd  obrV
avrdg Mtr nDMrdMd bgd  elr ok lvd avvMb klnM
udt  I klnM vVtdkrV V drNr  cd hVd k k rjgLn
oTg vsnrdg okMd lvMt vddV V drNr vd
vhtd kls  prdVVM tgg irgVkdr nv nv oLjgLgLlvn
vrtDVkMb ttvn Mdsnd ihsd elk vdg V drNrV
kdr  I ttvnMd vlkvV utr Mdsnv vsnr aMtvt 
vMd I ttvn vrt vsnr jMngrd brd arsrDn svr
erD tvngLvrg eDDd kdVkt  I ttvn vsnr kMDd 
tv tpn dkMD okMd kddMdV avg jMngrvn ptLk
svr erD tvngLvrg jM ngrd
vTvdk svt  ir
arsr vsnr pvhvn kqSM dNk brgDdMt hVg tDddrMbdr
ihsv atMt vnVrMjkvd  I dqMd nVDl  jMngr rjv
Mn rjgLS srvn hMrdr adMt hc vhtvLdd  EkMdr
dN Mdsnk atMt dGRTvd sMkTklvddg adn rdVn kvM
kMRvl  jMngrd arsr tv pvRvYBvvn acMd kMkMDrMbd
knRTksg jvM atMt gwrvsdvd sMgMd 
VdrNr hkbkrn pVt  I srj spnM kMRvn kngNdr 
V drNr Ag qMgVM MkrcMRr snpnrdr 
Adr dVk
iM pt bMdddg svn vg dkMD krvd vtvV tv
ktRvvlvMd A tv vRrkRvMV srjvn ssvd tv
AdktRvvMd AV  avr jMngrd rjvn sdr 
sMgv vM 1336 1478 jMngrd oT vr vMgL rjvdv 
vdlnM vMv sMgv vMv  idr oMbt jn arsr AhVdr  ivr
Mdvr  ivr kldVvt rpkn  bkrMnV I vMd pblnd vdlnM
rjn 1354 1377  jMngrdM kV ktLgLn kdvn ivnV  ivg
BSg tpv rMr gMD  pvR pv dN svdVr eMb rdgdv 
1368nM isM Itn Yng V vYSvg uMd jgLvn Vd kM

47

vnVvVkvd  14nM pkrN nV  adMd I arsn vR SMd eS

svbMLvdnMbd gtgtd  I bkrMn ssMd gMgdVMMbvL
VrkMpNrM ct vMb atMt srsvd sMst kvvMdn rdL  ad
vtvd  bkrMpTN vMtd ivn hsn UrgL Igl pdrtv 
ivn vgnd hhrn dMsg bhL AM kDdn  I 3nM hhrrMnn
knRTk d snMd krMdr  I hhrn kld gMDnMb sVnnMkn
anVk rkqtgLn vdn  hhrn 30 8 1404nM isM vrN hMdn 
erDnM dVvrMg pwdVvrMnMd hsrMT  Itn tRcrv
tn sYnd vsnrTkMD tn sYkg MdkMn kdn  Itn
24 5 1446r stn  ivn trvM sMgvvMv kt  vMd jMngrd 2nM
vMv et 
sLvntn 1479 1496
sMgv vntnd knM arsnd rpkn
vK srdrnd sL nrMhn jMngrd pTvn sLdkMD arsndn 
vsng  jMngrd arsg kqS tMgBd ngL nDn Vvg Agg
MdgLgdv 
I MdgL sLnrMhn prkvvn tV atMt
pblndn  AddMdV ivg Mhsnvn ehkvdk svt  Adr
Itn vMjr bhL vs ALl  Itn vgnd iv nrMhnn nrs av
nrMgnMb avn sVnpM 1496nM isM kMd hdMt tVrtd 
nrs vntn 1496 1567
I nrsn tLvn  bl rn 
Itn
cVr cVL pMD dVgLn gdn  Itn trvM Itn vr vM vkL
obr Mdbr pTvVdr  Adr avr 2nMvnd kqSdVvrMnV atMt
ptpM  Itn pTvVd kD vsnrDn kLgk Mtn  Itn AkM
vsnr ivnDn anVk kLggLn vdr  avg oMdrM jMv
kl  kqSrMn vhprkMddld  d kkwl dMRgLM
bhL tndn  Itn stH tlg BSM gMvn brrvn  ivg
AMBVjnMd krMdr  ivn tlg vnSnMd klvr kln  Adr id
tpMd tVrtd  ivn tlg BSM avkvld
av SVM
eMb
gMvn rrvnMbdMd ivn tlg vnSnMd jnr UrvMt tVrtd 
Adr A pskv Ek brMltMbdk adr prMBd kT kMn Odr avn
jvMV knD vnSnMd hVLk Asdd  ad Vg id
kqSrMn VklvMb AMgvk hVdg aM S dVvr EkdM vs A
rjn knn bMd Atg tlg BSM oMd kvvn brd adn rpM V
vMkTrvN dVvg svRsk hVdnMt Ag tlg BSMMV knDrM
n Ek
gMvn brMVkMbdk A dVvr klv krNgLn hVdn  av MvvMdr
1 id tlg dV  2 nn tlg dVvr  3 tlg BS svn BSMl  4
anVk dV BSgLn blvnd ng tlg BSM Vsd BSMMbd gtMT 
Adr iSMd Atn vtqBSM tlg AtMd Usgd  trdv
1 tlg dVvr Atg knDrM
nMd krrvn 
2 kqSrMn tlg
BSMvnV Adr Atg tlg BSMMV gMdn brMVkMd Vr hVLv
pMVjnrl  3 jMngrd rjv bhtrv knD rj  4 rjMd

48

jMngr pTNd vK BS knD  5 kqSrMg knDrjrvrvN eMd

rt  ivV vMtd krNgL vlk rMn vtqBSM knDvV AtMd
Usk blvd AsdvMd  ir 
VdrNrMtMV vR vt rjkrNgLMb uBM SMgLM atMt
Strd V vsrM sgL I nrs vntnd klgrgL  V vsrMr
ldMV sns Vkdr  tv grgLd VpdrMr apM vVrg
avr VkVpkrkVsr rjsBMnlMkdr  jMngrd avr vcRs
VSvt  kqSdVvrMn avrn bMgrd Vd k avg vt
vNkgMd aSVk vdn  avn avg tn kldVvtMMd krMdn 
bMgl  AsvgL tMb hrv cYtnpMk I vsMVgLV krNr  avr
1446nM iM h 1539r vdr  aMdr 93vSR dr  ivr
shMMdV nrsn jMngrd Mhsnvn sdn  ivr oMd kN
psMgd MhsnvnV ptk AdrMd nMgMMT 
adknsrv V
vsrMr vd pt rjsBM nrslT  I Vd sgg knRTk
MhsngtpBV eMd prk
hVLlDtd  ir 
kqSdVvrMn klk jMngrd svjv prvvM GntgVt  Adr nv
k rjgLMt idk vMd brd rjr drMddMd  id ov nlk
kkt  ir  I kqSrMn atMt udtgNgLLvnddMd tn dVdM
vsn pgLn eS svBvnMd nVDdnMdr  vsnr slv oMd
krnvT adkVnV sM vDk hVLdn  Itn drn aSgjgLMb
eMT vM vhpMtdr  tn rvkqSn apM Vtr avrLnvrV 
Itn klk prdVVM pvkr jMngrd vYBvvn bl sMdrv vNRdr 
vMd 12nM pkrNvn nV 
actrMnMb vMn arsn 1539nM isM AnMd eMb dD
dnvn vdn 
Adr avn trvM jMngrd rjv bhL vs Ll 
kDM sdvrMn AkM kqSdVvrMn aMnd rvrjnMbvn kYM
rjstgdv  pr  gVvLkMD  ahvdngr  Vdr I nl rjgL
dhr ok oLsMc v avnDn Mdk anvdr  rvrjn atMt
rndn  avg Ag 96 vSRvt  iM vn vdkndr avn 30 vSRd
trNnMt uthvLvndnMt avn tn dD sYndMg rks tMg eMb
gvgL hr vsnr vh sYnk irdn  a 1565nM isM jnv
23r atMt tvl kLgvst  rvrjn pkd vMkM  iLVtv rjn
bh prkvMd hVr hggLn Osv sMM  rvrjn tn vVM
kt tn sYndvg YMR kDvdk rgDdn 
aSrLg tgL
vdn vYvV ddn nV BVgL aM tv VvdsMd vVMn
c OhVg vhn rvrjnn srd aMV avn tMn kM
Blk c sYndLg rdn  adn nV jMngrd dMnvr YMRgM
ntVdr  Ag vsnr vd kg ALl  rkd klvgL hdv 
I vVrg jMvd kD vsnr nTg jMngrk s  tvg jM kV

49

kvdMb BrvsMd vYvrd pTNd vgLnl kYg dMt kMd  pTNvn

MVcv sg vdr 
I vVrg svr 230 vSR GntMd vrd vYBv sMpn rjv Akk krNMd
aR Sd vMvt  Vt  aMg knRTkd vYBvk knMt
knRTkdVM hM kMkvv at krL vMgLstv ht knRTkd
sMpM sv hMt knRTkd dM aDhVt knRTkd ptp
sMRn asndn  srMvVnMdr aMMd iMnvrg knRTkrd nv
ihsMd nvVSr hVrvv knRTkrV  nv pvRvYBvvn pDMl
pMsv klv in ppvlvV cr v 


12nM pkrN
vYBv vNRn

Mn klv pkrNgL knRTkd ihsdLn vhtd sMggLn sMkVpv

hVrvvS  in I pkrNd nv nv knRTk dVvn rjgLn
vNRsvv  nv nv skpVlktvd vNRngLn i kDvl  nv
knRTkd rjrn  pTNgLn kt prdVVM pvkr pVnkld kgL
vd vNRngLn vtvV i kDvv 
knRTkd elk hLM arsvntnv kdMbrd  ivr rj bnv 
kdMbrd dVvn bnvdVvMd krMdr  I bnv dVvn knD BSM
pt kMd ApMpn tn Brtd I bgM vNRrvn


tMkNg sVMdDvLgMdMpnLgV
MM vkDM d vggMDDvd kMdlM
pM kLgMDDM vvhVtvvdDvVnnMn
rMksDM nnvdn vnM bnvdVvM ||

dNd vlMvrtv nn vYg sdr  utvvd sVt tvd

sBtgLn vN vdr  iMpd gMnv g dr  adV Ag ard
vgM vggLn kMDr  kMtsvgvd sMtVSvMdr  vsMtVtvvn
anBdr vKv  eM sKgLn anBsdg  Mr eSV pbM
vdr nn vns A bnv dVvn ssd ld 
dM clkvMd pt rjnd 2nM pkVM AkM hMntMg
eMb VV pvM 629 Md 645nM isMvrg Mdsnd sMcdn 
Atn pkVM rjvn pgLn kt brrvdVnMdr
I vhrS dD rS d rjd stLtM svr 6000 1200
vYl uMT  rjM pv Bgd oMd dD hLM sVpd irtd 
id dMV eMd D  bgRs ivr apM prtr  vlpBMV A
hL  idr stLt svr 60  BM ksvLd PlvtM

50

id adr ngL plv LMtv  hvM uS  jnr SpgL

sjnr stvMtr Artr  ivr lk etr  nDtM Clv avnv
hc  vd upkrvnMg vrMr  apkr vdvrn vt vTd Dr 
apvnvn phsvdk tv Vvvn sr  sMkT kld vrhkvrn
sMrsvdk Msvg ivr tvn kD vrtDvr  hg Vsvdg
ivr vdl A hgg scnMn kDk eMd vrMvl  A scnMn
kT bk ibr jgLDtkvr  l BgLn tgdkMD jgLk hrDvr 
rNBMd OhVgvvrn ivr nTvr  Adr vr hkvrn kMvl 
dLvM Mdd sVt bMdr arsr avg dVhdMDnMn vDvl 
VrMn vrsvn  adMd A sVt dLvM tnMV pNkDvn 
I sMsnd edgMdd VrLgL srr vMMMT  ivr vMBgdM
rNBVM ndvnns hkvr  srr vdngMdl kLgMdl
kd I sVn svhvn isv ed MgMT iM anpvvd sVn
blv gjblv uL I arsr dpRMd nrhrM rjrnl ksvdr
sVgvVn I arsn kM kldvn  Itn hsr pkV  ivn crgL udt
vt gMVrvdvgL  pgL vV ivg bl V  ivn kDgYdr eMd
hsrgMrvn  Itn pgL atMt rjSr Itn sVvM ttrrrvr 
ckvRMd hSRvRnn anVk rjgLn grvn  nrhrMvr drdn
dVdvr I hSRvRng aM nDgvr  Adr I pkVM pgL vt Atnn
rvl  A hSRvRnn ivrn sVsvdk pMcndgL el sYnvn k
hdn  tn rjdLn ar vhrgLnl krkMdn  iSl blvd
sVnsvgLnLvkMD hSRvRnn tnV stH ivn vV dMD bMdn 
Adr ivrn vMbDMvd avMdgl  idr vVMd I nn jnr
kttVjv eSMbd gtgvd  jnr dvMtr  ivr nkr Akr
irvr  I rjd nr vgLMT  adrLg svr 5000 wd kgdr 
avrLg vhMn pMdvr irvr 
vckrV  I VM in hg vNRnrvd  srBMMd nv adn i
kl  knRTksrV  I vVn vNRnMn O Mv knRTksg tn pvRjr
bg skwtkvd avnvMgvl kngrV  v pvRjr A VrVdtvd
sBvk In bRl sBvvn hV nV 
in clkr anMtrd rSkT vMd rjMd vLVD pTNd
vNRnMn i kDvv  vR vt khRDgL d tvsngL I kLn
Vkv drMtd
ttnrntnqpV nqptMgdVvH ||
sVBtf ssYnBrBMgtrjH ||
MV vnVTvvrVMdprVph ||
VvRNgvRv KvRtM vt ||
vR vt krD tvsn


tn vhsYnMd arjnn hNg tMdM vt nqpgMd nslDvM

avn vgnd nqptMgdVvn dVvtgL gvRvn KMsv udVMdV EnV tn
51

rjMd vnVT vLVDprvn dVvtgL avrvM pTNvn kD

nsvMt Ldn eMbd idr vNRrtd 
sVTM VKd  I pTNv sMdrvd BvvMrgMd tMtMd
nM dMDM vV VrMgnMr vKkvlgLV kNdvMd vNRnMMT 
in  nv knRTkd arsrlrLg VSnd clk kvBpM vNRnMn
kDvv  kvrnd lNn I kvdVvn ctM bg stMtvd oMd sMst
kvvnV rrvn  adrLg oMdV Vkvn i udstVv

jnYrvtkvTvdYH kpsrkvYrspt
kr M sgvkvtRs kpptVdpYnRtsrH ||
kvMkdVv ct 17 7

eMdr jnr rM tv lgLn kD vcrl  avg kLr

VMV il 
kLg bdl cMdrNgL avr gqhgLn pvVsdv 
srM Ig rvVrMd kMvrg  kVg bMgr tghkMD hVdr
aMklvMd jnr nMvMt  Ag clk kvn kld MttM pNRv
ngMtMbdn vV hVdMt vNRsdr  Md nv dVd MttMV
irl  e nVd arjktMV it eMd tMLg tp klnMn hkMrv
nv str tMLg vVn vkMd pkrNgL VLvvMd Ad 
lNn brdd kVvl kklnMlvMd clkkvn k ihsvnVdr
vnvkMgvd  Atn pTvVrv pvRdMV anVknVk rjgLn gdn 
pTvVd nMtr 50 vSRgLvrg avn rjd pNR MttM ngMt 
avn klk AhVd gMgLn nVDl  aM gMgL pNR MttM ngMD
kldlld k klk Agvd klvMd gtgvd  adV kld vtb
pMtn nv I knRTkd arsrn vNRsvdn A  nVrn tn pd
pskvd tkr
eMb vRs gMd kng brrvdVnMdr


nVd BS tV kNklM prM

nV dSH t Ev v pH VkvkRVpvH
nVrpMtV n BvtV McndnVpvM
AklM rvs kllkklM tdVttMM ||
pqM vV kNdM vtMd pTNv Md il 
Igl il 
vMdM hTvl  kvkRnM ptpMd arsn jgnLg Vrbr
il vMt vNRddVn svn vNRnMV kngrV  v arsn sMn
td prMN v pN kk 
Adr nv arsr vNRngLn AdMtv kDvd nv udVvl  kngr
Vrd klv Bvk klngLn hDdVsk gRnRv nv ivn i
krvv 
in  kngr knM rjMd jMngrd vYBvvn sMghv vNRsvv 
irNd rMBgL MrVM pvgL jMngrd rjk bMd A pTNvn
nV rg rL krvr 

52

kVsf kM eMdb iTdVd pvM 1420nM isM I pTNk

bMdn  avn hVd vNRnM srMvn kDtVv
I pTNd stLtM 60 vYl irtd  I oMdV pTNd 90  000 sYkrvr 
I pTNk pcMDvd ags lgLL EL sn Bdvd kVrvd  Vn
pltrvdMd e nVdr sMdrvd bngL Btd vt kn tVTgL
kMgsvv  al Bvvd sMdr dVvlMgL avk hM vhpgL
dlMgL tMv 
abl rjknMb irNd rMBM 1442nM iM ig bMdn  Atn
I pTNvn bl sMdrv bNrvn 
I jMngrd1 rMn kld 600 bMdrgLMT  eDDd vr MgL
pvs vDvS I rj srd  I rjn hr 11 lk sYnrtd  iM
vYBv sMpnnd Vr arsnn kNvd dlRB  I jMngrk sgTv pTNvn
kNgL nVl  gL kVl  arvnM vgg pgM pTdMt ir bdr
nl pVM slgrtv  utrk rMn arvnM vKvMTprtd  arvnM
erD vgg Bvv etrv Ad upgM slgL kMgstv  arvnM
sBvMTpv ivlk etrv Bvvrtd  pVM VgL atMt lvdv
udvdv irtv  I pTNd e nVdr gV hgL s  iM
jng avgL vV bl V  UTldr avg sVt  Adr I hvgld
sgvl  vt rt pc vjgL vprv ptv nDMtd  e nVdr 
aMdvd klgMd kTlT Vr klvgL jLjL hMtv  arvnM anVk
nlvngLMT  avlvgL nNd ksgL tMv  vNnM ig AnM
slgL uMT  pMMd Ang lk oMd dD kTD irtd  TMksM vMd
pTNd vkrsn vnMMT  a 12  000 kvlgrdr 
I ablrjkn pTNd ov utv nDddn nV  I VM vNRrvn
rMn apM vVrg rjdLn vK vK srdrr  rjptr  ckcsv
aMrgLnDgd
srr
AngLnV arvng bMrvr  kLMd vVlMvrg sMdrvd tgMd vd
aMtsgLL DVrgL ivr idkMrvr  A DVrgL hlv DVrgL rdt
rgtv  A DVrM pMMd kNk hs sBvMTpgL dqg VLdv 
ivlvgL vMd 9 aMtsgLL sMdrvd oMd dD DVrMMt  I DVrM
9nM upgM rMn rtKtvd bMgrd Mhsnv kMgstd  10 gj
30 ccwk PT udglvL nDn sBvMTpk nnn krdMr  A sBvMTpd
gVDgL vVlM ML vt rtgMd ktlT bMgrd nktgMd tM
vcldv  adr tgDgL kM alnS dpv bMgrd vLgMd gM
ksldv 
dMTR Rs eMb pVtRVsf pvM 1534r ig bMdn  avn
VgVMV bNrvn




Ag jMngrd arsg rM rMd pt Ig nv rMrV Vv rMrV rj rM rv I ankvv rpgL bdgt

bMrtd


53

I pTNd asMt jnrMT  arvngL asMtvv  i el trd

jnMggL vt gL jnr vKgLn nVDbhd  ig pVg vt Mhl
VpMd vjgL brtv 
nJnMb vtb pVtRVsf pvM VgMV vNRrvn 
vVvsnMb pVtRVsf pvM 1520r eMdr I vYBvd prvvM
kld ig bMdn  avn jMngr pTNvn a srv vNRrvn 
adMd iM pVM iM kDMV itMd  iM gM iMV itMd Igl
gt Mbhd  adr sl srMvn i kDrrv
I pTNd srvn nn EnMd bNs ovMV iV pTNvn kMDrSV 
idn nn cn bNsVt Adr nn oMd gDvnV nVdn  Ag
nn kNg d BgvV rVvf pTNdS lv atMt vnVhrv Ad  a
Dvd DgL slgL aMdv kMDv  alg anVk srVvrgL kMgstv 
arvnM sVpdMV tMn bngL PlBtvd tVTgL tMv  alg
vRlv hMv JgMdl  hsr bgMdl M  d  tL  aMVr
vMtd PlvqkgMdl I pTNv bh VBMvnvd  I pTNd
jnsMM aptvd  vtRkr vt rt hvL vNk vjgL vprvn
V vDtr  p kvrkv dD sMtMgtd  Adr pMMd
nv Vr Vr VgL sMtgL kMV kDtv  I pTNd iM srkgL
kvlvMl  hN hMpl kplgL rMn nVdr kN rgtv  aMg
vMtdvgLld  jnr vsv vngLV I pTNd oMd lk iv  I rMn 20
lk sYnvn ksbln  ivn sYkrn nn nVdn  A sYkr hVMbn
nng kNbrl 
vckrV  dVtr 14 vYl  pvRpv 10 vYl srvL I pTNd
vYBvvn skdS bNsvdMt aM pMMd VM vMbMrv
elk dD VMt aglv srLv cMdv Ad  pMMdr vgg oMd
sMdrvd srVvrt  Igl A hL pTNd krhgLn kNbhd  AddMd
adn pMb kngn stH nVMV tqgMD sRgLVk  I pTNvn
nVDdvn kngnV alvMd hVLbhd 
I pTNgLld in anVk pTNgL vNRnMn kDbhd  hLVVD av
drsvdv 5 vYl udt  adMdV pTNd 770 ggdvMt  hLM
vprd pDvtMd vNRngv  bLg  dVv  tVrdL  pTdkl
vMtd anVk pTNgL vNRnMn nv pskgL Odbhd  kngrV  avn O
AnMdpD 

54

13nM pkrN
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Vg vDvdr avr tVd
adMd lpMv kMdMrvl 
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utvvd sgLv  I bg iV jgt avgg atMt QNMd  pVn
srMMV Ag  AvRn srMMV Ag  aSMd untvd
sMsMn Vrvd hrvl  vRvn AMSd i ktRvtM
vDvdr adrS Mn Vrv srM pDMvl  ald  vnv
nBMDrk adMddS shMv VrvdMdl Arvl 
hvf
a pVn klMd iMnvrn ihsvn nVdr  unt Krvn td
pMMd rSv lkM tn pVNvn tVrtdMd kMDbrvd  k
kgL krhgL klMd svM ahVgvMt I kM pvgL a
hVgvl  AddMd lkM ihsk pnvd aMgvd  nv knRTkd
vYBvv Ig hL hVrvdMd adn Ig oMd snk hVsbhd  i nv
Mn vYBvvlv tV kVM kLgd sT bM hVd  e nVdr
iM M snBM drMv elb vMtd
hL sMtd 


55

avVSgMdV a sT bM hVd jnr vYkT  lk vMtdvgL bg

klngLn vDvMt nv nv pvRvYBvd avVSgLd I kTDgMdV nv
pvRjr svRd klnMn vDVkd  AddMd nv knRTk lkM
ihsvn i sMkVpv vNRsvv 
Yn vt bdr kld hrgLn cYtlMgLn klgL krMv
sMpdMt  I krd klgL nv dVd plvrvv  Mdsndrv
I trd ggL htr oMbt pl ggL I pv MdsndMV irvv 
pv GTd vgRgL nrMM gDd slgL iM ggL nrr irvv 
nk  kR  ajMt  knV  B  nnGT  kD  jnr vMtd sLgL I
vdM ggL tMv  I trd hlv krd klgL gL irtv  kR
vt nk ggLV atMt pVnvdvgL 
ivgL trvMd ggLMdr  ivV ggL vdM vV kd ggL  I trd
ggL hL  pTdkl  dgL drMtv  iv pNR ggL al 
ggL al 
I aKMDvd klggL kR  knV  ajMt ivgLM hlv ggL
nv knRTkrjr AkMMV krMlv eMb sMgM nnnDtkdd 
kRMLn dD sMdrvd cYtlMvn kdMb arsr AkM nMMdb
nvMtn kdnMt 
knVM nrr hrgLn rSkT arsnd
avVGvSR av nqptMg svRBwvn ckvRMdg avn vMDk arsnd
hrr kdrMd A ggL uVKd  ajMtMM ggL avgLLn
atMt sMdrvd tgL bhtrv dM clkrLg atMt pdnd 2nM
pkVM kld hrtd 
dM pd vYSv gMn 2nM pkVM kknd vMgVnMbvn
500nM kd kdn  I gMLn tgL bl sMdrvv  hLM k
dD sMdrvd dVvlMgL tMrtv  idV hLMM oMd YngM
atMt pdvd dD M iMg acMd urtd  idMd drtS
hk vM k Mv Mdl drl  2nM pkVM vt avn
pvRjr SMk A M vhtd sMgMn vstd  pTdkLg oMdV
kDg s 8 9 oMdMt oMd sMdrvd dVvlMgL nVDtkvv  avgLl
rpk dVvlMv dDd  idn 2nM pkVM vMjnd kvtnMbvn
hMDMd VkvhdVM 656nM kd tn gMDn plvrn sVdr
scnRv kdL  I dVvlMgLld iT  lkM  lkVr  hngl 
kknr vMtd anVk sLgLM dVvlMgL nVDtkvv  I trd ggg
clkpdM kTDgLMd krMv vkMMT  I pdM ggL SMv pd
lsjnd D  PgRsnf eMbn hVLvdVnMdr

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k knRTkdM VSv kMDbrtv  pvRg tMgBd vt kqSngLV
avgL dN gM l srVvrd dN tMd vV utrk ngprdvrg
aMd pvk dNk svd Vrdvrg I ggL tMrtv 
rvD MMt iM ggL hTBMV Ad 
knRTk rjr Ad pdVvlv I clkpdM ggMd tMd  AddMd
knRTkv iM ggL AgrvMd rvD M tvrvnMMd hVLbhd  I
pdg clk pdMnVkV VDvV eMb vdd nv pvRsvl  clkr
rSkTr hs clkr hMLr knRTkrV ArvdMd avr kd ggL
pdg ihs dqMd knRTk pd MMdV krMbhd 
I nv kTDgL atMt pdvd klv dVvlMgL vNRnMn nv idr
kDtVv 
jgnLgl atMt adt kqtvMd hsrgMD  prdVVM pvkrn
ljrn tn kDg eDDd eLdkMD brv dVvlMvvdMdr  nkd
utrd vgMLg knD
vMb tln vVrL eMb gvdLn
kYsvMb dVvlMv  oMd dD gDvnV pNRv krd VNRvrv
I aKMDvd sMdr dVvlMvn Rrtr  drMd nVdr kd
gMMdV Bsvgtd  vVrL gDd s svr 34 dD dD krd
ggLMT  iS VNRvd sBvMTpgLn knRTkd gr hVg kdrMbdV
atMt AMRjnkvd sMgMd  krd tgd oLn klbMDgL oMd dD
gDvV Agbhd  avlvn hVg tgdrV av Ig evMV vMtd sMggL
Uslkvv  I 34 ggL kYs gMV atMt sMdrvdd Bvvdd
Ad  idn nv rSkT arsnd kqS 753 775 nMbvn krdn 
bDVdM d tvpTgL I gM vNRnM drMtd 
I gM
sMMB
gMV s id vnS kqMrrd  vnvg iM adt gMn
kTv M eMd a vNRnMMT  kvRnMb gn idn krdnMt  I
gMn krd vV avg atMt AnMdv  iM gMn tn hVg rdnMbd
tngV MdS AMRvtMt
I dVvlMvn nVd kD  vnSn vns vdl dMgbDd 
AMR AnMd vnVvqgL a ukV  nVDvvn nVDvdn T ssv
ltn vt MtMV Mt  vV kLg Md vMd nV abb id En adt
kq eMd udr tgMtn  klv hn vV avn adn nVDk vMdk
oMdMdV hMktn  A dVvlMd VBMn BvtMn ltMn
nV avn vnn adn kd kl gr SMd pj bM adrv p
kNk LMt hVgtv  I dVvlMd oLgD vVlM alg sMdrv
bNv iMg acMd urtd  I gM h Ig svr 1200 vSRgLdv 
aMd vV aS Mn bNvn nV knRTkdvg AnMdvglv vnM
kt Vv eSV adt dVvlMvn hsVkMd vnn vMg vdr iM


57

adt vMgMn vD  ob gNtjn I kYs vt adr htrv ggLn

nV k h  I ggLn krMk 48 lk jnr oMdV svn 21 vrSgLvrg
kls vDVkVt eMdntn ir 
kqSrjn stH tnV aM Mgvn vNk rt vMtd asMtvd
ABrNgMd alMkdnMt  srM I gM vNRnMn Md hVLvd
av kNkMd vNRsvd kl  adn kNMd nVDVk  eS nVdr
kNgg tqMgvl  idV gMn nVDk nn hVdg I ggL
snrv oMd gM nv kNg knD VKvMd dqg rv sMgMn
 kngrV  I kYsvn kNMd nV nrgrdV
Md
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clk
kvn klk iTM avn vhpnn dMDnMkn knDsMgM Ad
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srM sMpNRvM  l sdqMd atMt sMdrvM kTlT

clk pdM ggL idn gNn vDVk  klv kMbgL CvNgL vt
VdggL kgMMt  DV Vlrf ivr hVLvMt vNRslLvldS
apvvd  bMgrgL kD aS sMdrvd kgMn ktvd asv 
D  PgRsnnM lsjn I gM lkM pNRtvn hMrtdMd 
DV VlrnMvr bMgrgL kD iS ks klsvn ktvd akvMd
vNRsvM gMn nv knRTksnbn krl adr avnv nvg En
irVDv
pvRclkr
prMd
lsv
hML
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sMdrvdvgLMd hVLbhd  aSVk pqMM atMt sMdrvd ggLMV
iv eNslv  D  PgRsnn ivgL SMv brrvdVnMdr


58


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59

nVdr arjkttMd nvg Agdvr hVLtr  nv vkMD

kVLtVv  iM dbRltnkVnnVk
I bgM  hLM clk  rSkT  hsclk  hML vMtd arsr kld
oMdMdV vNRnMn kTdt  in knM vMvd jMngrd kldM
kTDvMdn kt ts hV I Ld pkrNvn vsvv 
hMp av jMngrvn nVDvdk erD kNgL slv  a svr 2000
ggdvMt A pTNdLn atMt pdvd jMln gMMdnV i
vNRsvv  I gM vVrLd kYs gMn hVltd  I dVvlMvn
kTv klsv kqSdVvrMn klk prMBvt 
vMd actrM vt
sdvrMn kldM A kTDd klsv nDMtV it  Adr 1565nM
isM tVkVM kLgvddMd gM kTkM ag MthVt 
vds ARMkf svRM spMMDMTrd 
rV eMbvr idn
vNR( rvdVnMdr
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kr knd  I trd ggL  iS gMVrv ed kNsv gM VrM
kNbrvl 
I vV vNRd ggLld knRTk rjr vt nvMtr kd eSV
ggL nVDtkvv  kR  knV  lkM  hL  pTdkl vMtd sLgLn
knRTksr nV AnMdpDVk 
nv vV vNRd ggLn nVDdr
knRTk
rMb nvvn svdk nv ahRrvl  A pMMd gg A
pdMd kd ggL elk VSvMdV tjr vntptvn krvr  vt
tv kNkMdS svRMd adn vNRrvr 
in kng lscMRrd jkcMRr kMn hV I Ld pkrNvn
vsvv 
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avg vgn hdg avr avn kMDMn pVsl Atn vcrk hdvnMd
avg d bMt  kD  avr vYrgvn t vn T hrTr  avr
lk pVNrddMd hVd hVd ggLn kTt kng Vlg brl 
aM arsnd SvRnn avMd cnkVvn dVvlMvMdn kdn 
A gM cnkVvn sMdrvd vRM pNpSpn vDVknvSr 
hnr vSRd hDgnbn A utvk bMd  A cnkVv vRM advd
kMd vDlrvdMd  ad pNpSpng MVglvMd ppdn 
Ag avbr vd nDt  ad advMd tVkTr tv blgYMnV
kdkMDDvnMd jkcMRr hVdr 
Ag A hDgn A vRM
nkvld htr ts vLl Vr oMd kpM irvdMd  AdkrN ad
advMd A vRMn oDd pVsbhdMd hVdn  A hDgn vtn


60

nM  A sMdrvd vRMn oDMvd hVg AddMd avn vtn Mr

Asl  A vRM tn hVLvMt Vr vMtdv irvvMb bg tvg
s hdr vt  tv adn oDMbhdMd jnr A hDgg hVdr 
Ag A lkn ts cr v Vv I vRM Vrkl gMvn tDd
nV  aMdr nkvld hr oLg VrvdMd gMv hMd kkDg
oNgvd  a Vrvdk adV grt eMd utrvtn  nrd jng A vt
sdV avn hVdMt vdr  nkvld hr tDd gMv Arl  Ag
avn sd pNrvnMb BrvsMM avr A vRM nkvlvn
oDd nVD avn hVdMt oLg kp  Vr vMtdv kMDbMdv  aM
vhjnglg atMt sMvM A lkn klgVtgLn kVdr  avn 
tn adV jkcrr vgnd DMkcMRnMd tv tMdM oMd kDg VS
gNnM t  SrNv tn tM vV vcrvn ArVdrMd hVdn 
Ag tMd vkbrn arsn sn  tMdvkbr k uBM ctrMd
hsdMd atMt sMdrvd gMn vRN vDVkMd dn  adk
o  avbr Vlnrv In cnkVv dVvlMvn Rdr  Vln
Ig erD ggLMT  vdlnM gMM cnkVv vRM nkvld htr
nvd  vt A gM htrvV In hs gM Md  idMd vVn kg
p drMtd  vMd jkcMRr tv hd Urrv kYdLd kVvn
gMMdn kd kD avr kYM vt gtMt 
ir  knRTk pVn gr dsVj  vVj  nnVj vMtd hsrgL
bhL drMtv  ivr klgLn sMVkrV gthcVk 
kngrV I nv kTDgLn nV nrgrdV


61

14nM pkrN
Rk un

kngrV  knRTk arsr kld vRgqM eSrvg AtMbdn nv

sldrMV hVLvv  I pkrNd vrV SMgLn kt hVLtkvdVv 
av MvvMdr 1 nvM Rk grgL rjkrNvn kslvMbd 
2 dYt  adYt  SdYt  VrYv vMtd pbl vtgL utg hcLk
knRTkvV hTBMMbd  3 nv arsr prrsStMLvrdrMbd 
svnv svVdr MdsndLgN rjgLlv vdl Rk
prSMdV ugv hMrvv av pVslrvv eMd kMDbrvd 
VrvcMdg vS trV rjVM grgL  ajRng VkqSn 
Mrg VScMRr rjVM udVkrdr  ihVkd sKk v
vrLgd pMtrV rjvYBvvn sk rjg shMktRr updVkr Adr 
ivr tv stl sMpM rM odr  vt A rMn hsvdk tvV
krNrdr  adrLg tv vnsn tD aMrrl  AddMdV avr
vd updVv sRbMd apv uMt  idMd MddVd
vYlkNvMdV hVLVk  hNrg Vr Rk grgLg rjVM avnM
klk adk shMvt vt pd rd eMbMt svM bMdr tvV kYM
KD sk vMdrvM sMggL nv BrVM ihsdVn oMdrl 
pstk nvg kVvl knRTkd crvV ktRvrvdMd A dqMdV nv adn
vRsVN 
knRTkdLgl kdMbr bhL pVnd ars vntndvr 
I vMd
vlprSn vMrvRnMb hNn 
ivn vVdMn vDVkMb
apVkMd kMg hVrl  plvr a sMsMd avvtndn vt kM
rjr hNg avvn vDvdk avrVn hnvr eMd avn vnn
ud avn kMvqMn kYkMDn  srM A apvnvV avn kMvqg
Vjvt  idMd vdl vVd psrvvn oMdv sM adV
plvrjrn sV kdMb
vMvn sdn  kdMbr svkVnrd gMg

arsg Ynr grgLdr  MhnMMMb Yngrv dgn av 2nM vvn

grvdn  ivnV gMgrj vMd Avrvn hdn  adV vVrg vtrvMb
vkrN gMvn rd pjpdnMbvn dRVtn grvdn 
clkr arsnd rjMhg AM kTvn SgVpnMb hNnV 
rjMhn tMdMd jMMhn plvrDn k vd klk avn hMDM
bsrdL  avg I SgVpn AMvt rjMhnn dDvnn vdn 
I rjMhnV clkrjvn vr sdn  vt tnn rd SgVpn
srRv SvRnnMd hsTkMDn 
rSkTr pt rjnd nqptMgn gr  AprN ktRnd nsVnnMtn 
hML rjv sdt nMb sMnM pVrMdV stvt  I vMk
sMbMpT SvRn av dVvg rvncMRrV grgL  jLn

62

kld VbsvVrnMb Rk prSnV rj stgLn nDsdn 

V
drNr tv jgdr Vvn sh tgv hkbkr shMRv 
jMngrd svjk tLhMn hd sMgM I ttvnV blpstd 
I krNMdV avg knRTk Mhsn spncMR rMd gwrvd rd
ppvt  I drNr vr tMvrg rjVM grgL  aDtDld
rjstgLn nDdr tv rjvYBvMd aprV idr  adV vVrg
jMngrd M pMt rMbvr grgLdr  V vsrM sgL
sttv nrs  nrMh  kqSdVvrM  actrM  vMtd Ar jn ckVrg
rjgrgLd SM knRTkk vtvV al  iV jggVnV apvRvd sMg 
kqSdVvrMg VvsrMsgL rjgrgLdr  oMd kN psMgd 
avr stH jMngrd rjvn klkl AdMt tVrtd  avg knRTk
Mhsngt pB eMd rt 
srM knRTkd Rk ihsd
nnDtk vdlnM sMgMMdr  dVk sMkTvddg  svntH k sKMd
aprrvvrV ActM  kM svg wkM eMbMt rj nsblr 
drNr MVg jng kttVjvn pkTgsvMt pV  rjgLn s  tv
vt SMsKd tDkLd dvsMgd jnvn kLMdr  rjVM
SMk vRk EnVn sMbMlvMd kcvvr I nv pvRprMprMn
lkdDVk 
Rk
ihsdM erDnM vhtd sMgMVnMdr  dYt  SdYt  VrYv vMtd
pbl vtgg knRTkvV tvrvnMtMbd  s kd prMBk i wdvRv
pblvtMd  anMtr anVk nr vSRgLvrg YnvRv hkMtMd 
anMtr YvvRk uk bMtMd  kng vYSvvRv htMd svnv
hVLbhd  Adr dN Mdsnd Mvgl wdvRMtl YnvRv
pblvt  knRTkd vdn kVSr nqpVSr YnvRdvrV Adr 
Ynvtvn svMtBdn 2nM tvndM  aklMkn 8 av 9 nM tvn
dM Vdr  Ynr pvK gMggl nqptMgn grvd nsVncMRr
pVtrr  tkRsd prMgtnd lkVn YvVpsnMn pcrgdn 
ivn oMdnM tvnddnMd hVLtr  Mkrcrr 8nM tkddr 
12nM tvnd rvncMRr udMv  12nM tvnd vBgd
VrYv vtv bsvVr  cnbsvMd udslt 
13nM tvnd
vcMRr dYtvtvn sdr  idr vVMd Ig BrtKMDdl pvK
hM pctrv anVk vtpMgL vdl knRTkdMV hdvMbdn
oDd hVLVkdl  oMd bgMd nVDl  iV Md dVvV vRcMRr
SMd kRTkk QNMrvdMdr aMV dVSrd  tv nn I
asrNvd Rk sMpg kngr avnpDvd MRvgdV
in  arsr prvRsStMn vNRsv  id nv rVM sdNvd 
tv bsvRMd vtvV nv vRgrgL jnr vV tv vcRsn
ksdr 
ald  k Mv upMgLn avr avlMsl 
nv
arsr  tv pgL tvg iStVd vRvnV anssVkMd kT vdr 

63

VrvdMd AM kld rjr YnrV Ar  wdrV Ar  YvrV Ar  av

vYSvrV Ar  pMMd vRdvrn svnvMV Bsdr  I avr
vwRdMRd dsMd iMM rjr iMM vRdvrdrMbdn SRsvdV
kSvrtd 
Adr kdMbr vYk vRdvr  gMgr Ynr  dM
clkr vYSvrMd  rSkTr klvr Yvr klvr YnrMd  kN
clkr klvr Yvr klvr vYSvrMd  jMngrd arsM klvr
Yvr  klvr vYSvrMd slvnMd hVLbhd  ad hVgV ir elr
atMt prvRsSgLdrMbdMt RvdvV n  S  v I vRgL
oMdDM stvd udhrgLMT  adV vVrg bh  S  vhVrr
vRgLn oMdDM kNbhd 
I kLn Vkv nv Rk sStMn cn hrpstd
MM YvH svpstV v i bhV vVdMnV ||
wdH bd i pvNpTvH ktRV nYMkH ||
ahRcV h YnsnkprH kvRV VvMskH ||
sVMM vV dt vMtPlM VkVvsvRd ||
Yvr
vnMd
vVdMgL
bhnMd
wdr
srM
bdnMd pvNpTgLd nYMkr ktRnMd Ynr ahRnMd VvMskr
kvRnMd Vg nn jnr nn v upsngYMv V kVvn nvg sd
vMtPlvVM 
id VlrM oMd VKdLn Vk 
vRsStM vtMd Vpdvd udhrMn kT I pkrNvn
vsvv 
1368nM
vSRd
jMngrdLg
bkvhrMn
ALrl  Ynr vYSvMd tv vRcrNk vtMvMgvdMd avg dr
hVkMDr  Ag bkrMn erD pMd vKMDrn kr  pMbr tv
tv vRdMt nDMVk  obr vtbr vRcrg aD brrd eMd
dn  ald avn stH Ynr kYM vYSvr kYMn k uBMtg tv
vRknsrvMV vRsl Vdn  idMt prvR sStM kvdV
I sdNv nv arsg pNRv gt  gL avr eMd dVSvn
sl  bvMtr kVvl tv bblMdV jnrn tv kDg okLVkMb
ttvn avr atvrdr 
ir  kngrV  Ig A Rk sMpt e ud nv nvvtk Yvr
vYSvr AdVv  id ankMpVMvlvV


15nM pkrN
ib

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64

Mr eSV prVpkr bMd av udr bMd Mv trd srjvnV

nvg kD  nv tMMrDv BSM SMd nv vnd adr bldr
nv jvd srj BVgLgrv 
vht gM
  150r Mdsnk bMd pt pvMd VM d  iM 
klkV  pTdkl ivV vMtd knRTkd pTNgL hsrgLn hVrvn  vVlMD
hsrgL knDvrvdMd knD BSM An kld oLV URt M
irvd sSvgtd  2nM tvnd vvlnr eMb kMd rtvd
ahnnr
eMb gMd vSvMDlvMbdk prMMd ervY nD
eMb
vYsr dVd hsr ukvd  ald  kLgN ip dVdM aMksnf eMb
sLd drt   2nM tvnd rtvd oMd Vkf nTkd klv knD
bgLL vkv drMtd  A vkv MvdMdr
Vr kMc vptk h  pnM Vr k vvM Vrtvnf 
nqptMgn klMdl knDdLg hLgnD hsgnDvMb BVdv irvdMt
sMSV I klk knDBSM MvdV oMd hLM avsMd hsdd avsg
htMd Usk avkvd  hLgnDv hV hsgnDv hTvdk vMc
7 8 tvngL kLd hVrVk  srM knD BSM 2nM tvnd oLV
GntgVtMd hVLbhd  vMd 3 Md 5nM tvnd gMg arsr AkMM 
kdMb arsr kldM d svMtBd  kprvV  pjpd  dRVt vMtd
vh vhpsk kgL gMgMdl idV vkvgtd 
clkr AkMM knDnM avqM lkNgL dqgVcrvgtv  ivr
klk VvRdVv  vl  udM  ngjRn vMtd kVrr jdr  hngl
tlk ADnM M knD akrgL aM pVnvdv  ad svr
566nM isM M 
rSkTr klkMt knD ng vS hn psv ppvt  rSkTr
arsnd nqptMg stH vMpBvdnld knDk oLV AMdtndn  ivn
brd krjvgR
eMb alMkr gMv Ig uplbrv gMgL atMt
pVnvdd 9nM k  I nqptMgn sMstdM pVtrv
eMb
gMvn rrvn  I gMv VT BSM pvRtvrv sMgMn
Ps
eMbvr gtdr  knDnD  kngr  knD BS ivgL bg
nqptMgnrv AdrMv avn gMMd cn tVpRDtd  ivn kldd
bMkVnMb sVnpM hMD jM
eMbvL oMd sMst kvvn brrvd
dbrtd  adrLn oMd Vkvn i udsvv
srsVv kRV jMMk jMtsw
Mt vYdBRrM vsH kdsdnMtrvf ||
kdsn trvM vYdBRYg AM kT jM eMb rdL knRM 
p srsMMt vrMrvL  hMn rd krhs eMb gMk rSkTr
arsnd kqSnV nMkndn  pd YnkgLd nsVn  aklMk  gNnM  pn
vt gNBd ivrlr rSkTr Asn pMtrdr 

65

hs clkr ADtd knD BSM vS hc pbl g bMt  ivr

klk knRTkd rjsrv prvvMn hMdMt BSM pNtvsMn
hMt  knRTkd vh vh kgLlr srNv ivr AkMMV hsg
bMdr  rSkTr aMtklk eMdr clkr AkM ArMBk utr Mdsnd
brd arsrl  VrvdMd pt kMd lNn AMk aMt
aMt  Mdsnvnl s kng dNd ALrv clk kvn Asnk bMd
a Mtn  avg dp
eMd rdMT  vRskrnd nVrn Itn
htrvV idn  avn tkr
eMb pd vRs gMvn brrvn  ad
vMb iM kVTRgLM Mdsnd k anVk BggLM  Mdrk
pvNgMvd  knD BSM kgL  ApMp  rn  cMdrj  dgRMh 
VRvr  ngvvR ivrV vKMDr  An klk arsr knD kgLn nn
bgMd bhvsdr  knD krttMr ApMp  pn  rn obnd rng
tYlpn Ctcvr rjhgLn s vn vdn  clk kvn vgnd
3nM sVvVrn vnsVs
vMb sMst gMvn rdn  idMd anVk
rjVM sMggL MvMv  idr  rj sMpsv bg  rj kMkLv
bg  rjs vNRn vMtd SMgv  arsr rjV  VS  PlVS 
BSs  alMkrs  kv  sMVt  tk  lk  ad vMtdvgL
StrrVkMd idr hVd  I arsn dvMtnddMd svRjBp nMd
hst 
hML arsr rjkrBrdM anvpMp  kM  rt  svnVN 
vkjRn  rdBT  jn  kVrj it rtgL knRTkk ldv  jMngrd
klk vVdMt  nM  VvMs  AMrVd  V  Mdk  rsMn iM anVk
bgM sgg vVdgg vn brMvM drNr jnvdr  I klk
d knD kgL vr  vMgrs  gdn kvrvs  ttk  lkN dMDV
ivrld prMdrds  vsrMrM k strSr uddr  kqSrMn
AsnvMt aSgjgMd Vst  knRTk kgLnVkr sMst vt knD
erD BSgLM pMtrddMd avg uBMkckvR eMb rt 
anVk arsr stH knD kgLdr  3nM tvnd gMg arsnd 2nM
vvn dtkst vq eMb gMvn brdn  5nM tvnd dRVtnMb
gMg arsn vtrvn pYc BSMd bqhtg sMst pvtRnvn
BrM rtjRVM 15nM sgRk knD VkMn brdn  ald knDd oMd
gdgMvn brdMt Mtd  Adr id uplbl  8nM tvnd gMgrsnd
VprSnMbn gjsvMb gMvn rdnMt avn vgnd vvrnMbvn
gSk vMb gMvn rdn  ivn nTkgL pvNpVNnMdkMDn 
ald An kdrgLn svdrM ivn gMvnV pvNv MdrMt
nv knRTk hMgsr vMk vd sVvM k MMtl
kvMrvl  kM  hnv vMtd kvMr kngg gtVirvdMd
avr hsrn i pnH hVLvl  Adr knRTk rjM  kRV  ngv  k
vMtd hMgsr sMst kvMrdr  vn vn jgg gtd jMngrd

66

bk vhrMn M ssMd gMgdVMMbvL aM pBsMpnLd sMst

kvMdLMd hVdr Mv kngg AnMdvgl ivL tn gMDnd
kMpNn vrM vV dMDhVd sMgMn vrjMM av VrkMprM
ctM eMb pwYMd Mkvd kvd vNRrvL 
srM sMst  knD vMk nv kRTsr vd sVvM aSMd
hVLlLvl 
knRTkd anVk kD dlMgdv  jMngr  bLg  hL vMtd
pTNgL dlMgdv  Adr avgL vNRnMn kDl i avkl 
oMdV dlMvn kt ts hVLvv 
iM tlg sVd sVT eMb nqptMgn klk ckMnMbvn oMd
dlMvn sdn  avn dRgg 500 vtRn
BMn dnv
kdn ald  avr vsk 27 vngLn kdn vt Ur vdv
vMgLdr A g jnr iMS hNvn kDVkMd kTvdn 
dR sMGM sdvN H pMcpSN dVM vhV ssjnYH ||
apkg irk vnM avr upVvnk hlv kDldv  idV bgM
anVk dlMgL vNRngLn nv k hkbhd 
I vVrg nv vM vYBvvn sMkVpv vNRrvv  vdl vdl
sMstd pblddMd  knD vMv adrDn kdVkt  hNr
gMgLlv anVk nr vSRgLvrg sMstdMV idv  Adr wd Yn
vRgL vYkrMd d MtdMd  vYkrd vK BSMd sMstd
avr gMgLn brMd dVBSM brMtDdr 
vMd brbrt
vYkrd srkr udd VrYv vRdvr Yn wdrnV ankrN
vdr  Adr vMd hNr klvMMd I dVBSM pbl pvhd sLg
hd bMdr  avr tv rSMgLn kD pkqtd brMtDdrMbd
VprMdrds vMtdvr AcrMd gtgtd  I vVrg knD vMv
sMstdDn vd Mdd kM vnVrMjkvd  Adr adn i gRn
vDvdMt hg hVLvdk avkl  iSdr id pVvMdvV At 
EkMdr sMst BSM SMrv Adrv adMd lpMv kvMgl  iSV
al  anVk Yn  wd  VrYv rdvr sMstd gMgLn rdr 
 tvpTgL SMvM svnv idV pkrd nvn
vDbhd  pVn VKgLlv sMstdMV iv  brbrt avgL  knD
akr vt bgL pvVvd  anMtr  av knD vt sMst vdv  kng
pNR knD VKgLV hcdv  kdMbr kld tvpTgL avr gL
kv sMstd irtv  clkr gL aS iS knD akrgL
bgL drMtv  rSkTr kld knD gL drMtv  kng
hs clkr kldlMt gL bhtrv knD BSMMV irtv  kng
tv knD BSM vcRs vRkVtdM hVg pstvtMbdk jgndsr
rd hkvqtsrd erD VkgLn kT I pkrNvn vstVv  av


67

MvvMdr


AdRv gtk BS | BVdMd krMldn |

SVgYdvVsd Dvr vVgL ||
vvn gN pVL pkqt | vdr s  kV prv |
hdbDpr rMtr bl kjnr ||
16 34
Bsrn vMDlv kMD n | vs vVsd dVS |
tsrn Msl kMdhdV vkrg ||
sMstdMd khk | rssVnhd Bp |
rsr kVLg odn pSrks ||
16 35

anVk kngr tlg BSM pMtr tlg BSM gMgLn brdr

avg tv knRTkrMdkLvdk MdM nkMMgrl  iSV
al  tv knRTkrV eMd GMGVSv srdr  VnnMb tlg kM
jMngrd rjnd hhrrMn klk pg bMdn  ivn tn brd VvVr
prN
vMb tlg gMd brrvdVnMdr pwgrMp sMst BSMMD | plk
nkrvnnM BSMMD | MwvrV vnnMD | nkV krt | n ktvMb
jv knRT BS || ||
srM nn ktM pw nVdr ad sMst BSMnvr  vn VMn
nVdr tlg BSMnvr  Mr EnV envlr nngVn krt nn ktv
jv knRTk BS ahh eM knRTkvnv
kngrV  iMMvr knDvn gwrrl nv adn rssvdtvV


16nM pkrN
upsMhr

kngrV I bgM nvlg atMt Mvrv I knRTkd gt vYBvvn

hMgvdqMd al AkMndqMd nv v avVknk tMdkrvv 
in anVk sMggL hVLd urtv  An kld bMdrgL  nNgL  rjpd 
vprVdVg  V V vMtd anVk vhtd SMgL bg anVk Vpdvd
vt avnsdvd sMggLn nv nv ihsd kNbhd  Adr pbMv
IggV anpVtv LrvdMd  avgL bg nvg gtrv al sl
sMggLn hVLd kY MVkrtd 
bV
arsr
nvvMn 
rjvMgL
prMprMn  hlklv sMggL vrgLn  klv psk vt kgL hsrgLn
hVd vtk ihsvglvMbdn nv sMpNRv arvv  nv pvRjr
iSMd vYBvvn hVg pDdr  avr crgL utMM Mv bgMd
At  avr rv Ek unMn hMt  avr crgL Ek ktvdv
ivV vdd sMggLn sdMtv vsvdV jvd ihsv  Adr iM
ihsvn brMvd nv udVvl  ad nvg iSr sv il  kngr
avnv kthlv sM gqtvgk Md hVd sMggL skMd hg

68

hVLvdMd apcnvgbhdMd nv bgMtVv  nv ihsd bg I vK

sMggLdr grdr  nv st
rMb nvnk ahRrlvMd nv
Bvn 
Mdsnv oMd sN jgtV irtd  idr nn trd jnMggL BSgL
irvdMd oMd Bgd ihsv vtMd Bgd ihsd tDkMrtd 
ud vhrSd ihsv nv ihsd tDkMd  AdkrN  AM BSM
jnr tv ihsvn aBs vDvdld  k ihsvn vDVkgvd 
adk Vr Vr pMk ihs vMDlgLld rVM vMDlvMdn dMsr
EpRsVkMd nv nv scn 
Adr  knRTksrV nv nv rVM VMvn vt eMdMg  kNvMMd
VLrd 
nv pvRjr dDvrdr  dMsrdr  brdr 
avr vYBvv aprvt eMd vMt orlt ktvtk kMRvgl 
A crgMd nv uthgMD vtRvnkld VnMn drvDVkMd
pv BSkld VMvn pDMk I ihsd shMvn pDdrlvV
idr pMVjnv
Mn vYBvvn nnsvdV rRkvMd Mvd eS
hDtnvV  aSV Mn vYBvvn nn vL vL ALt kYkl kLdkMD
krvd rsrNVMv  Mn ihsd pMVjnvn vMn rVM ung
EpRkLvdV Ntnd vgRv 
nv srM uc KrMd Ig
ptrrvvlv hg ptrgvdk Vkgv Gtk VjgL nv Ig VD
kMrvv  avgLn kMDd thkvdk ihsvV Sv 
AddMd
kng nv knD Mvg kYV pnH pnH hVLvdVnMdr kngrV  nv
nv Alsvn tLVN  Bvk klngLn TDVN  vt vMn vgRk
htVN  ptLd nv knRTkd AMRsMsMn nv udsd inr
udsvvr kngr hVgL  Mddvr  avnnr eMd vdd
kNRkTvd ngMd nvn ccvvg nv nv MMd utr kDVN 
sMd knRTkk ihsd sMVvV vtMn h cVtngsVN  nv
Avqkvn kL DvM hLgLn kll ihsvV vd  kngrV 
knRTk vMb oMd bd  eM adtvd vMk M tMrtdMbdn
lkk t knRTkd arsr hVdr kgL hVdr sMpt hVt
vYBvv hVt Adr knRTk
vMb bv vt in ud  ad dwpM
akMptMLn agnMrtd 
VkqSprvtn kqpMd nv idMd
agMd srr jnr hvMn Msbhd  AdkrN  kngrV  knRTk
sMsMMb gpgMd gMgMn vVlk e trVN E  iVg nv vK
ktRvv 
AddMd  kngrV  in ajRnn tn vVhvn dVk VkqS prvtg


69

utrtMt  nv rSdVvtg VgMd hVLv



nSV vVhH slRttsdnMct

tV gtsMdVhH kSV vcnM tv ||
Vt 18 73
dVv nh v kr
vVknMMdn g
vlMbndjtn nr kTddMd
VvBvvnd j sM
Bt sMdVh Vtd
dVv V hVdd vDvnMdn pR ||

VkqSpRNvs

70

prk pkrN 1

knRTk ihs sMVn

vckrV  knRTk ihsd SMv svnv hVLVkddlvn hVdv 

in  I vMn pkrNd  knRTk ihs sMVnd kMRk avv
grVkrv klv sMggLn i vV  sMVkr Mv vgRMd
sgVkMb bg nvg gd vg klv scngLn vrvv  EkMdr hg
vDdr  sMVkr d t aDg VLv sMBvvMT 
Md 5nM pkrNd ihsk uplbvgbhdd sn sMpMn
hVrvvSV  I snsvM slv erD vgRgLn vDbhd 1 pVn
vs sMVn 2 Mn vM sMVn  ivgL erDnMdr bg hg
hVLv krNl  cnbsvprN  knkds prMdrdsr pdgL vMtdvgLn
ihsd dqMd O  avgL drMv ihsd aMvn oMdDg kTr 
knRTkd ihsvn dkLvdk upMVgvgbhd  knRTkd ihsk
sMbMpT knD vt sMst pskgLn klkvv oMdMd tgdkMDr hc
oLMd  iMM pskdMV nv ihsd aMv drMtdMd hVLvd
kl  Adr Mn pkrNd hVd ihsMd Mv dqMd A vM
OdVkgvdMbd gtrbhd  MvdMd pskvnVd kD  adrLg
nv arsr hsrgLMV  knRTkd srg kYkT jnr nvdRVrvdV 
A pskv eMd htMbdr bg adr Endr ArvMV ivV vMtd
sMggLn pNv iTkLVk  pskd ArMBk kng gMktRr tv
klgVtgLn hVDv sMpdMrtd  AddMd at lkDVk 
in erDnM vgRd SMv eMdr prNvs sMVnd SMv
vt hc s hVLv avd 
EkMdr knRTkd ihsk sMbMpT
gL VKgL oMdV kDg sMktv drMvl  av anVk pskgL
hrrtv  vt iMnvrg AhVd pMtgL nrdr  nvg SrNv
vvMgv sMBvvMMd nv sMt anBvk bMd 
iMnvrg eS
gL e vtvv  avgL aRvn gthrvrV ilvV ildr
avgL sMghv Mr htrvMT  gL Mv Mv sLd ktv ivV
vMtd SMgLn kt ssrvd pskvMdn rdr vMn sMVkg
vgRdRMgvd  adr kMRvn tqkrv vMd Mr vDvrV vD 
sdk ht hnrD vrSgL AS IS vd aBsMd nvg pskgL drt
sMggLn i a sMkVpv hVDvv 
knRTk
1vMb
bvncdDnM vY vDvS rVMtv nv kngr iS vs
ksvglvMb krNMdV  knRTkv tMD tMD hV aKMD knRTkv
kNg lvMb krNMdV  nv kngr tv ihsvn kt

vYsr dlMdvr Vr vn vYsr ihs brMvvg bhvn kDvrMd Vr vd sMgMn O Mv kngg

AnMdvgd iVt Adr rSd nvVvnv sMcsrv iM kld vYsr vg sMktvd avnvn tLd knRTk d
avnvn tdr sgsgt

71

vkBvvnV avlMdr  vMb knRTkdvr sVpdrv vrV bMgL

avnpvRkvd rVM pMtgMd grkr tv BSSMd klvg
avngMDvrdr A avnv BSkVtvn vtvV vkMrvdld 
hc srvd srpv adk iMnvrg ppvl  utr knRTkd kn
pMV idk krNvrbhd  av klv anklrlvMd hVLbhd  ad
EnV ir  Mn 50 60 vSRgL  knRTkd pMtrVnV anVkr AhVdr 
dMsrVnV kvMgl  BSvgL bgbgM tdVdr  Adr nV
knRTkvn avnk Vvnvd ihsdqMd Mr aBs vDl  idr
pvvVntMdr  knRTkr vnn BSvnv klvg Vrdr 
ad vqkv LMk Vkd ihs Vvnv avg drMddMd  A Vr
ksld oNght 
ir
id kngr Mt 
in kngrV I
SMd udVnrd bk  adn k nVDvvrr tv jnr ihsv
tvg hVg kNvd kdMV  hg ad prVMg kNvd klvSV
AddMd prVMr nv ihsvn svndqMd aBs vlvMd
hVdr AMRvVn Adr klv MrVVM dMsr prtn vs sMVn
kMRd tDdg avg nv ihsd sMggL gt  avr avgLn
kthlMd sMgrvr  avr I pMtgL SMv nv avr upkrvn
eS sdr Vrd  avr a pMtgLV nv ihsBsk vkrgLv 
I dMsr prNvsgLn sMVsvg klvg gL drtv  klvr
lkv nvM nNgL kDg eLt  kTDgL klvr vnsn AkRdv 
avr AM SMgL pvpT anVk pskgLn brrvr  MrVVM jnr
ihs dqM I vdV ecrgMrvdMd  vt hs vsgLn kMDDnMV
avgLn lkpvRkv pVsv ppv avg vdMd iddMd 
avr tv b svRvn vcv  avgLn aBsv avgMd Snvgv
sMggLn Ml vngMDvrdr  srM AMgpMtr kthlvV nv
ihs sMVnd Akkvd vlv  I hnvrg avr vd pMtgL
PlvnV vlnvnTkMD vMn ihsvn  jvd knRTkd avnMd
aBs vDVkd  Adr  knRTkk sMbMd pMtgLn kt hVLv vdl 
Mdsnd ihsd bg Mr Mr I vgRMd pMt vdrMbdn
dkLVk 
I
SMv sV VMd pMt vdvr rMf EMkf ssgLV
vKvdvgL  bMgl rMf EMkf ssM 1775r stvt 
vMb sMsM 1804nM isM stvt  1818nM iM vds
sMsM stvt  1825nM iM lMDnf ssM stv  vdl
Vr Vr hsrgMd kls vDd ivl sMsgL A lMDnd vKsMsg gL
vDlTv  PgRsnf  npf  iMf vMtd anVk dMsr AM sMsgMd
hrslT vspkgL VKngLn brrvr  Adr  tvsngLn
sMVsvdMdV A sMsM klsrl  pwvRt dVgg sMbMd MvdV
vsr  MvdV nr  avlvn sMVsvd avr klsvt  AdkrN 

72

nv dVd BgBRs  pkqs  vMtd nn trd SMgL vV VKgL

bhtrv vMb sMsMvr tgd vs pkMMV VSv drMtv 
adn srv vMd kDvv  sdk nnnDtk sMgMVnMdr  I sMsgMd
hrDv vspkgLn sMVkr AdS vg sMgsVkMbd 
)( #,+,!Z #
1872nM

isM

D
bgRsf
eMb
dMsr
iMM

nf
AMk

-/#01!'2435 6

eMb stMtvd vspkMn tgdr  aMMd prN vs sMVn
SMkvd VKgLlv I vspkMMV hc brtv  I vspkM
vMtdvgL SMk VKgL bMdMt k SMgL sMbMMdl
VKgL brtv  Adr)(*#,gLn
sMVsv klsv LddMd srkrdvr
+,!' #
-/#01!'2435 6

I iMM
nf AMk ( #,+,!'A 
vspkM tg egM

z>5!$JV1 >5<,!'
iMk
eMb stMtvd pkMn 1891nM iMd
hrshrvr  idr kVvl gLV drMtv  ivrD pkgL in
nDMtv  iv sMVkg avvd pskgL 
vYsr srkrdvrMt tv pMtd vMtdvgLn sMpNRv
sMV ac hdr  Ig 1917rvrg oT 12 pskgL hrv  idld
I tMvr pvrSv hs VgLn vDdr  av pskgL nv
ihsk sMbMpTvgLV ArvdMd avlv OdtkvgLV 
it
vt v srkrdvr I prNvs sMVnd
-b
A<5 V&$rvMkr
J5
Vr tMnV EpRdr  v iMM hsd I
sMbMMd oMd tM Rtvd 
in I SMvn nv srkrdvr
hVg kYkMDrMbdn i sMkVpv
-bA PV&$J5 b
3%JV@@
kDvv
ivr iMVMf
 prNvs sMVnk
( ;> !Z &
4!?@C
 /#%1 & }3,#,#,!$#%J0<5 K
Vsf
vt jnrf kMgfhvf
ivr
/!$@6!'A fv >H61@C
k pVTR
iv vdlnM pskgL  Adr D  bgRsf
b

3%JV@@
ivr I SMvn sMVsv udVMdV nVsldr 
avr iV Mdsnd kls vDl  bsf kVvsf APf vsnfR iMM vt

<%
t3,+,+,!'@  : N0@7RHW@ 1#

AMsf APf Vdrf AMDf rMgd kf
( #,+,!Z

<%W #01!'243,!?1!$@dRQ
!$+5 _ #,+n-/3%1 #%J 

+ /!'@ !'A C@C
ivV vMtd
avr pskgL vVMd nv vV hVdr sttM kMDbrvd  avr pVTRgL
klklk hrDrl  skS slkrgL kdnMtr oMdMd pskv Yg
brt  1874nV isMd 1902nV isMvrg aMdrt
29
vSRgL 32 pskgL
V&$3,;@kR"C<%S( ;> !Z &
 adk vlvf APf iMVMf Vsf
hrrtv
41!?@C
b



eMdn
t
r
ovv
oMdV
vSRd
5
pskgL
hrdv
D
bgRsf

3%JV@@C
ivr tg vt 9 jnr kls vDvvdr  aMdr I 32 pskgL D 
b
t3%J@@C
bgRsf
ivrbrV
brrtr 
 /#%1 & }3,#,#,!$#%J0<5 K
jnrf kMgfhvf
ivr k pVTRgLMdr
ivr tv pvsd tgdkMD pNgLb s1862
Md 1884rvrg iM

3%JV@@C
pVTRgL vslv  iv D  bgRsf
ivr pVTRgMt


73

hc stvrtv  Adr ivr pVTRgL  v vt utr Mdsnk

sMbMrtv  AddMd knRTkd ihsd SMv ptkv En vM
I bgRsf vt kMgfhvf ivr pVTRgL kvl 
srkrdvr prtnvs sMVn SMk /elk
vdl
vd pMtvMdr
#%1 &
}3,#,#,!$#%J0<5 K
1862nM iM jnrf b!k
Mgfhvf
ivrn
$A 1|Rx-bA<5 PV&$J5
DMrkrf APf ARM
eMb hdg nVdd 
aMMdV nv srkrd I t prMBvrtd  avrn nVsvg I Mn
tv iDvd srkrdvr udVrlvMbd I vMn udrgL vVMd
gtgvd

DB LV #Q AA3%1 Pt+%@A!$>%1!$V#|R5@3,AC< B !'#,@ @ dV@  +%@66N0S#,1!$A


8D!?1<;1<%<,!$@616;RkC<%UG @R } @}!?:!'@tC A 5&$/ #,+BA+;1<%/1 +,!?1!'#,@
1<5 PD I !'#%+KJ +,!'#%JT1<%U

srM hk avVSgLn avgL ihs stv gd vg cn

vNR  avgL SMk pctrv dMtkgLn sMgsvd
eMd srkrdvr
gtpdr 
Adr 1862 Md 1871rvrg kls vdr I klsv
vM
ddMd A vSR DMrkr jnrf APf ARMkf svR APf iMM
/!$AI1 /#%1 &VRE-bA<5 V&$J0!'A &"3%6N0IORE(*#,+,!' 
eMbdMd hs hdM
Rtv
hVdMt
kls
DtkdMd
gtt
1!$# vMd
#,+ A
;>5&$IM
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1AC
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uN0:1<%M8D
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d"3% >avn


@ %@ B P1!'AdA+` #,+`+%@AI1!?>%1!'V#jR/ &'&

1<5 Pp qd LP 5&$q &'!$L`R 

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Rd1<%!$

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srM dVdl sMc  pVnt  swMdMR av hk vht ivgL

bg gMrv  lkM vt k avVSgLn sMgsvd cn avgL
vNRnMn brMvd 
Adr I vVrg iV Mdsnd avr anVk kls
vDVkMd gtdr avr pMH utr Mdsnd vtvV kls vrtr 
vMb vds igL 1874nM isMvrg ARMkf svR
-bA<5 V&$J0!'A &"3%NV5
prMBvrl  Ag hLM ivrtgLn rsvd 
av drs vDvd ivr klsvrl  ad pMk srkrdvr klsvMd
srkrdvr vkMt  pMk srkrdvr lkd I kTDgL sMrkM
SMv cn rddVn AMRvl  AdMd  dD
dD
sMdrvd kTDgL

+
k41V# 
kD d hVghdv  I vt DfRTnf
ivr lkd
1874nM
iM vdg bMt  avr hVdVnMdr

<% >,@6N P1!'V#qRD1<%ai/ P1!$V#5 &:-b# 1!$2"3,!lC!?@Y #,+q8 LeR P;V3%J0<0


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74

srM rVM prtn vsgLn sMrsv kMRvn sk srkrgL kDg

osvd MVgvgrd  MkMdr avg avgL vhtv cn lkd brv
sMBvl  swMdMRd ar  rjkrsnd ivrD uL nMT gvRnr
jnr Vr kv  idld id vS srkrdvr tvV kYkMD tv hNvn
vc v vDtk SMv
}3 %1 Pidr
pvvVntMdr
vMd krVTrf
1URr-b#,A!?#0^g V#"3,r#01@
APf EnMf vnvMf
eMb akM
nVslDVkMd Mdsn srkrdvr iMgMg sdr  adk Ag skT APf
4AIIC 6MR
 C P 
sVf gU  {]V&?V vO xivr
opl  vMd  1891nM isM v
t vVjrf


}3%C C R
ivr krVTrf APf EnMf vnvMf
kVf
#,A!$#  dV#43,;# 1@C
eMb hdM vV vr vSRgL vg nVvkvdr  avr
tv klsvnga
vr
pskgL rpMd pkdr  avk vVjrf kVf ivr vr
 z]O&$
@h1<%:N V&$3,;@C
vlvgL
tr  idld JvRVnf APf
z@66N P1!'V#yRMib PeMdn
1!'V#5 &xg V#43,;#01@Q!'# (*#,+,!' 
nSnf vnvMf 
eMb
pVTRgLn brdr  I pVTRgL bhL vhtvL
v
gLv

 M#%1 & }3,#,#,!'#%J0<5  
1895nM isM jnrf kMgfbhv
f
ivr
/
t3%JV@@C
klsMd vqtrdr  Ag D  bgRsf
ivr A klsk nVslTr 
Ag oT d svRV kVtgL vDlTv 1 vds  2 vMb  3 pMb M
vt rjptsn st  4 vMv pMt vpMt st  5 bMgl Asv
st 
iSdr I tMn MM vDv crv rvgl  D  hfJ
b
b3,&?A< 

z>5!$JV1 >5<,!$@6 
eMbvr 1886nM isM egsf
aMdr
gL Vn klsk nVsldr  Adr 1889nM isM ivr klsMd
vqtrdDnMV I tM avvsMt  EkMdr  adV klk srkrdvr
KcR kv /!
v$Dv
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AI1K M#%1 &=R -D1AC<5 &'J5
ARMl
hdg Mrn nVsV il 
AdMd 1890 Md 1895rvrg I tM VS klsvVn Agl 
1895nM isM
}pnH
cr nDt  vr vSR cr nDd  1897nM
V#,@66N P1!'V# 
eMdr kTD vMtdvgLn rsv klsv
isM)vxknvRVnf
@6u P1AC< 
VscfR
eMdr hs VMt vhtd klsvMd Rslt  Ag pnH
d svRVkVtgL EpRTv 1 vds kDg st  2 vMb M vt
vrD st  3 pMb blsn  ajVr ivgL st  4 vMv pMt
vpMt st  5 bMgl Asv st I igLV in irtv  pMMd
iM vKsn vVtnv Mdsn srkrMd kDlDtd  Adr avn pMk
srkrk tVdrnrtn 
1890 nM isM DfR kjRnr
I /SM
d oMd hs GTnMn
/!$AI1
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dvdg DMrkrf jnrf
rvr d vSRgLvrg
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75

1901nM jn 4rMd hs hkv hrT dVV sMsngL I tg kslTv 

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pvSR hrDd idr iV Mdsnd AM vSRd Ad klsd vM
sMgslrvdMd I pVTRgL bhL vhtvLvgLv  idld  pMMd
iMvr tv tv k k pVTRgLn vsrvr  I SMd DR
kjRnf
shVbr tgd udrgL lkdDtkvv  avVnMdr
( d!$@;!'#j1<%X
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pvRjr SMv vDtk ktRvvvdMbdn tVkDtd  EkMdr nv
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nv vMjg osd vlk nv anBVsv adr Bgg avr ervdr A
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76

I pkrv  ihsd bg Mv sMsgL Mdk pMt pTvMbdn  Ig

Mvv pMt pDrvvMbdn hVdv 
in avr pMtgL pvv EnrvdMbdr SMk  knRTkk sMbMd
sMggLnSV VSv hVLvv 
I SMv elk vdl VSv pMt vdvrMdr srf Vvf PgRsnf
1808 1886 eMbvr  ivr 1834nM isMd 1845rvrg Mdsndl
rg  gDd krd ggLn  k kTDgLn VM VMd Vn
vdr  kVvl ihs dqMdldr ls dqMd ivr ivgLn
avV pskvn brdr  ivr nVDd id kTDgLV il  rV sVnMd
bh drdrv hpgL sh hV ivr kTDgL tvn tgdkMD
adMd ihsk hVg shMvgtdMbdn spvNd tVkrvr  ivr
knRTkd d  hL  pTdkl  lkM  iT vMtd anVk sLgLn
nV aM kTDgLn vRVkdr  ivr VMdV hrpgMD rMf
EMkf ssMvr  iMgMnM kVfR APf DMrkrg brd ajMt
gMLn tgLn tgMk hdr  A vVrg rbfRf eMbvr 12 vSR
vpT ajMtMLn tgLn nk tgdkMDr  Adr kngr ddYRvMd
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tgdr  av MvvMdr 1 ahdd  2 pr  3 vYsr vt rvD 
D  PgRsnf ivg srkrdvr shMv irl  Adr ivr iS lkNvd
klsvn
vdd jvMV Arkrvd sMgM  ivr brd lkM ihs
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I SMvn kvv
)(*#,+,!' #;-b# 1!'2435 65
aBs vDvdk 1872nM isM D  bgRsf ivr
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77

1874nM isM vMb iM ARMkf svRg prMBv

d  hL  pTdkl vMtd sLgLM 56 tgLL pVTR vtvt 
1889nM isM vVrL  ajMt  kR  knV  jnr  B vMtd sLgLM
ggL vrvL oMd pskv hrslt  1896nM isM bL MM
clkr ggL SMgk 114
pVTgLL oMd pVTR vtvd  1897nM
 }V3,@6#,@
isM  kwjnf
ivr vMb iMM vnvMTf
g V#"3,r#0C & -b# 1!'243,!?1!?@C
AM Vf
eMb hspMn tMdr  avr
idV SMv hsdMd pskvn brMhdr  ajMt gMM tgL
1856nM isM
sThVd sMgMn nv vV rvvS  Adr vMd pnH
VV<,#n /!
rC< 
nf tf
eMbvr pnH avgLn pvpT tgdkMdr 
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tgL nvdv  ilv kT hVdv  it kDg  tf ivr 159 pVTgLL A
SMkvd oMd pskvn vdr 
1872nM isM iMMnf AMk eMb vspkMn D  bgRsf ivr
prMB vDv pvRd bhH el gLn rMf EMkf ssM
vMb iMvrV vrtrMd hVrvvSV  avr vrv VKgL
vrvn i kDvv  vMb iM elk prtn gLMdr aVkn
jngDdM gL   p  245  av oMdnV sMpTd vtvv 
anMtrd gLMdr gDd gMLn gL  I gL tvhn av vhn
vntnk sMbMrtv  iv nk  kR  nnGT  knV  B  jnr  kD
vMtd sLgL drMtv  avgLLn elk prtn gLMdr nkd
gL  I gL tvhn vntnk sVd kqSrjn hsr drM
td  knV


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7C I
nk  B vt kD iM VKngLn nMf f
eMbvr 1854nM isM
rMf
EMkf ssM vMb M
N V&)

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d vrtr  ArnMdr knVM
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D SMk VKgv  tvhnr 2nM tvndvrg Adr  vMd 5nM
tvndvrg Mr AdrMbd cn gtgvl  bhLv tYkTrMbvr
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sMpTd vtvd  vtMd 16nMdr vtvd 
in clkr SMv I ssM vspkM Mv VKgrtvMbdn
nVDv  1nM sMpTd clk SvRnn tvsnv vtvd  adrMV
pkVM tvnd jMMhnMbn vgnd ngvRnn tvsnv vtvd 
1851nM isM nVrr drt erD tvsngL 9nMdr vtvv 
avgL oMd clkr 9nM arsnd jMtnd  vtMd pkVM vgnd
cMdtnMbvn hMDMd jMBk eMbvLd  idV jMBkM
kVcVrvfd drt vtMd tvsnv 9nMdr vtvd  10nMdr
rVv VpMd stMn pkVM vt rVMdvvRnMbvn 517nM kd
kd tvsnv achkld  9nMdr D  BvdMvr rvD vt
vYsr VKgL bg brrvr  14nM sMpTd Mdk hVd ngvRnn

78

tvsnd sd AvqM pdvd  16nMdr D  Vfrvr clkr

gjrdM M arsnd 2nM pkVM vgnd AtvvRn tvsnv
vtvd  idld oMdnM kvtn vr tvsngL jMtn oMd
tvsnv vtvv 
rSkTr 2nM sMpTd svngDd d tvsnv 975 k
vtvd  3nMdr  rSkTr 15nM arsnd 4nM gVMdnMbvn 
855nM kd sMgM drt tvd snv vtvd  18nM sMpTd
862nM kd 3nM kqSnMbvn  dVvLM drt tvsnv vt 13nM
arsnd 3nM iMdn nvsM drt 836nM kd snv vtvv  10nM
sMpTd  vMDk arsnd pqvvRnMbvn sgMvR svd Mn 897nM
kd Yngg dnkT VKv vt oMd 834nM kd vLgMdd
Yng kd VKgL vtvv  1nM sMpTd r pTNdM snv
1843nM isM vtvt 
clkr
ivr VKgL I vspkM bhLv drMvl 
9nM sMpTd Bvnvl kvtn VKd  10nMdr tYlpdVvn
vMDk arsnd MvvRnMbvn 902nM kd svdM Yngg kT
tvsnvMT  vtMdr ktRVMRn hsr irtd  3nMdr Bvnvln
vMDknd sVnnMbvn hsrMT  11nMdr D  VT ivr M vMd
VKgLn vdr  I M vMd VKgL 2 3 4nM sMpTgLM
uMT 
klcMRr klcM jLn vgnd sVvnMbvn tvsnv 18nM
sMpTd vtvd  2nMdr Mdvr 7 VKgL vtvv  9nMdr
1 vtvd  vt 15nM sMpTdM Mdvr oMd VKv vtvd 
kpr hr vMd 15 vM arsr Adr  avr VKgL 2 3 13 nM
sMpTd acv 
I vspkMLn VKgLld vt klvr pMtgMd knRTkk"aM
v
!? y &?
shM
vd  I bgM pMt vdvr srf vlrf iMf
7&'&$!' 
eMbvrV vdlnMvr  ivr vds iM srkV akrsrdr 
ivr 7 8 vSR stt vpT knRTkpMt  v rjd pvBg vt
vYsr pMtd utrBg I vr pdVgLLn svr 1300 M vt
tvsngL VKgLn khdr  avgL scvd 595 VKgLn Vr
tgd  oMdMdr nl nl pgLn
7+,v!$#4dr
 avgLMd enfbrV
V3%J0< b#,!lN0@!?9

pTNdrv
dlMd psklM
d knRTkd
)]O #5 PC LP :( #,@A!?>%C!$V#,@C
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pbMvn brd  avr adn lMDnf ssM
1836nM isM jY
b!'#,+,3 vMd
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79

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f EMkf ssM hLM vspkgL nlnM sMpTd
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d pdgrvr 
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in pdvdMt tVrl 
ga  
b!
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it vYsn vYsr srkrdvr  vVjrf knf
ivr
tgdkMD tsVrgLn vdr  vVjrf knf shVbr vYsr srkrd
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1865nM isM pdpdr 
D  g vt knRf gf I uBMtr rvD vt vYsr pMtdLn
svr 60 VKgL tsVr tgdkMdr  avgL ArMd  hVpf
eMbvr
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shMMd #,+ rvD
vt vYsrgLM VKgL
)(*#,@AI!$>%1!'V#,@
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vr
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d oMd VKnvn brrvr  idld  pMt LgMgr 

srf gMD  VVkb
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Tr ss vMb
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vYsr gMrf ivV vddvgL 

knRTkd hLM ihsvn ihs dqMd avn pvRkv D 
BMDrkrr vdl brdr  D  VTr kVvl knD pMtd ihsvn brdr
avr adn gL dqMd vtvV Vrvr  avr tv ihsd
oT svr 200 gMd hrDv ihsvn sMgdr  D  VTr nv
ihsk vd upkrvn aSMd hVLlLvl  ivr I pMtd knrdr 
ivr tv hVd hVd kMD gL vdgLn tgdkMrvr  avr
I ihsvn brd vr tpgL hVdr iMnvrg Mv kngn at
svnMd dq rslvMbdMt hc krsdvd sMgM vtvd
D  BMDrkrrvr brd pskv kngg bhL MLdd  Adr D 
rvr knRTkd avnMd adn brMk pvRlvMbdn vrMkDd 
I krNkVsrvV I pskvn vdMd knMvrg Odr ad knRTkk
Mvdr sMbMrbhdMb klnMV vnn vDvl  iSV al  adn
Odvvg ad vhrSd ihsvMtV Bsvgtd  AddMd adnVdv
kngr  Dkrvr A pskvn tv pMtd ihsvMb dqMd brdr ad
vKvd knRTkd ihsvV ArtdMb BvnMn vnn dqvTkMD
adn OdVkMd nv otMMd sstVv  ir  knRTkd hLM ihsk
Ig ArBtvrv ivrD gMgL ktRg nvlr atMt QNgLdVv 
r   sMRnrMNrvf vt  vf shVbr brd jMngrd
ihsgL kngg svntH grvdMd avgL bg hg brMv krNl 
d kngr kVvl knRTkd avnMd I SMvn aBs vdvr
nvg pjrd r  vMkTrMg k eMbvrV ivr tv utTvd dVvnMd
knRTkd sVvMn vrvdMd ivr hsrn Mv kngn vrMvMl  ivr
srkV nvkMdg srkrdvr apM vVrg knRTk gMrn knDd
srsv BSMtrvr  id nv ihsvn aBs vDvvg avvd
pskv  idld ivr kdMd knRTkd ihsvn brrvr 
r  pkg gL vV bl V  ivr 25 30 vSRgMd I Vnd
klsvn Agg vDt bMrtr  Igl avr A vvsMvn l 
ir  iMvrg knRTkd ihsd bg ptkvMg  aptkvMg
Mr pMtpTrMbdn pDrvrMbdn vVrvv  ivrlr pMtgL
Plvn gtvkMD  kVvl ihsd avnMd pVtrd jnr vMd bMd
I kMRvn kYkLVkMd nv pRn 

82

prk pkrN 2
gL vdN pd

vckrV nv I pkrNd vt tvsngL vdgLn tgdkLv

VMn hVLvv  gLn Odvd ts kN kMRv  Adr avgLn
kgdd vV vkLvd aSMd kNvd klsvl  sl aBsMd adn
pMbn kMbhd  vV  In pM gLn OdvdMt
@6u A< 
gLn
sMg

sv
klsv
hc
vhtdd
Vn
Mt rkNv


}V#,@66N P1!$V# 
hc vhtvLdMdV anVk vSRgL anBvMd gtd 
AddMd nv nv dVd aMd iMd rv gLn vdl
rsVk  vt avgL vdNvn tgd  ihs vMDldM oMd sMsM
sMgTr  iMl nL Mv ptndr avgLn O srvn tgdn 
Adr I SMd iMvrg Ad klsvn nv vdl atkLd klsk
pvqtrdr SrNv vv vcv LMvd  AdkrN vdNd VMn
hVLv pvRd eS gL vtvrtvMbdn hVLvv 
nv
sdYvMd 1905nM isMvrg vtvd
VKgLdMd
sMpNR
pM
n
z>5!?JV1 >5<,!Z `( #,+,!'A 
p  lhnfR eMbvr egM iMk
pkM 7nM
sMpTd knM krtr  idr  svr 1000 sngL MM irtd 
avgL 210 tvsngL 890 sngL irtv 
320 knD  290
sMst  90 knD sMst  kv tlg vMtdvgL vMn pMn vt
tMsVkd  idld D  Vf shVbr tgdkMD 500 600 vdNgL sMghv
pM ARMlkf pTRvMn oMd kM rvdn nv stH
nVdVv  adr pM a drMl  A pMMdn dvdr  Mv Mv
gL vtvvMMbdn dkLk anklvgvd  iS vM
drMVkdr nvg pMsvddMd vMd vgRdRMgVkMd nv I
vMn i nv irvv 
gLn Odv klsk Endr hMkMMV eMb bg nv bhL VdVv 
Adr ad kVvl aBsMdV svgtkdMd anVk tjr vtvMT  Adr Vr
Mn
akrgL srNM hVtMbd klvg vMd kNd pskgMd gtgvd 

7#%J0&$!'@<
C #,@&' P1!'V#YR
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2 BrVM pVn v eMb MV pskd knD akrgL
anVk vdgL kDlv 
vV
hVd
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VMMt
vdNgLn tgdkLVk  I klsk iMSf nv VkVkMtl il  I SMd
kDg knD apkr lkv vVdr nv kMRv slBv Agbhdd 

vdNd V

1 vdl  kn ktM vN  sN  e vMtdvn vln vLgMd

tgd kln cn tLMVk  Vg vDvg  akrgL cLv kNVkMd Mv

83

svngLn kg o krd  akrgL nTg kNsVkMd kg vh kp

vDrd  idMd akrgL MvvMd vg vdl tVdr ad kln
kDvdld  vMd  nVDvvg tMdrMMT 
2 pvtH vqtpkgg bLsv utv trd kgdvn tgdkMD adn
klv S Vn tsVk  hrbrkd gg dVVM kgdgLn bLsVk 
A kgdvn Vn tsVVk  PlsVpf kgdgL svnv eltrd
klgg upMVgk brtv 
3 A td kgdvn  at sdDdMt oMdV svn A kn vV
iDVk 
nDnDv vk VLgDrd 
A td kgdv Ag kg
aMkLvd 
4 kD  rsd kMcvndr vsvndr tgdkMD  gMd hrd
kgdv kg ack hkLvMt vlg NtnMd otVk  A kgdvl
sMgM sh DdMt kg sMgvMt hgr otrVk  akrgL ALv
krMldr av vVlM DMkdr kgdk anVk kDg rMgL VLvv 
Vgd pkk  A kgdd vV vtMd  ad hMhdr vt oMd kgdvn
vdnMtMV tV h otVk 
5 otv kvv vdDnM kgdvn tgMrd  oNd kD ad tnSk
tnV kL VLvd  adl vd nMtr v kgdv vdMtgvd  I kgdv
oNrv krN  ad bh rsd eS odr hgV irtd  AvV adn sr
sT  ad odMgdMt ecrDVk 
6 kgdv kgl skgvS dDdrdr  vV hVd VMMV klgL
oMdMdV Bgvn aLt v tgdkLVk  Adr I vdNvd kD AM
kgdgg nMbrgLn h V adr vV ad iM gM iM rv
VKvMd vMt brMvdk vrMrd 
7 k MMtgL klsdMt I klsvn vDk rM Vkgtd  pMMdr
vr nl vdNgLn tgdkMDr akrgL tpgLn Mk  avgLn
dk anklvgvdddMd Vr Vr vr nl pgLn vkLvd
oLMd 
2nM V
I VM vVnMtMV idr MVgvd vt hdnd
upkrNgL anBvv idr  idr vdgL hc sTv vDvv  vdl
vdkr rVlrf oMdn tgdkMD adk v h  kl sl tNrvgV Adr
odMl adr vV ursVk  cvRstvd uM kMcMd adn vlg
odr  v htrv v htvd  vt v hc hd sLv Lggvd 
idMd skklsv bh sgsgvd  AvV pvRdMt kgdvn kn vV
oNgk DVk  vt EnVtV eMd sMM tgdkLd srM stVk 
idk Vkgv vg pRMnf vMndr kg aMT vt VMd kd
vMndr bLsbhd  hc vMn hdr vdM kDvd  AddMd
sM VkdS vMnV hkVk  adrMt rlr
n otvg adn oMdV

84

svn ursVk  eMdr akrgL sMM vhVgd akrgL Lg uMvv 

k kDg v htvd 
3nM V I VM bhL slBvrtd  VS KcR VD  id vVn
VMMtMV irtd  gg odM kgdvn aM  rsd kMMd vlg
akrgL vV bMVk  aMdr akrgL sMM A odM kgdv hV kDvd 
kD cvRd pDf oMdn tgdkMD adk erDnM VM hVdMt tMr
vd kgM vMn h  A odM kgdd vV bMVk  hg vdr
akrgL sMM kt kgdk vM htd k kDgl v htvd  akrgL
Lg kNvv  kgM aMT bhL hkrd  kgM h hVgrdMd sl
aMT hkVkgtd  rbr sMp otvMt A odM kgdd vV vlg hcVk 
tvsnd vdN vdl tvpTvn sbkr h cn tLMVk 
adMd scvgdr nYkf ADfn Vrn sl hkVk  I Vrn hc hdr
snv kDv sMBvd  A snv oNd nMtr vsv vMn kMMd
vlg bLMVk  idkMV oMd dD kMcvn vsVk  av oMd
kn tNkn tgdkMD  adr vV vMn h  adnl adk cn oMd
kDg DdMt hcVk  DMgf pVprdM dpd vtn kgdvV oLMd 
kgdvn tvpTMt hc dDd kt  sl Vr Mp  adr vVgvn
snd vV h  kgdvn vgg vcVk  Vg vdr  A snv at
algDvl  snk bLdr  A kgddLg bL hMvMthdMd rMvn
vDVk  vVgvn rsd sc kgdMd vlg otVk  otd irv sLd
oMd h bMn Mvgl v iDVk  AvV kMgdMt kgdvn tgd
oNgk iDVk  vdgL vY Artv  Adr pVV tgdkMDr av vt
vvY Agtv  vM kgL pNRv hVgVkdr TpRMnn sl h 
AvV snvn sbkrMd tLMVk  hg vdr ad scvgvd 
vV hVd VgLld k VgLMT  Adr avk bhL vc tglvdMd svn
jng sl  Adr  tvsnvn ARMkf tMvr kDg ksvdV
oLMd  avr adr tsVr tgdkMD r ksvr 

kN clkr vMv sd

anbM

pSt n sv


D Vvs


knRTkd ihs sMVnM pg

V Alr vMkTrMr knRTk gtvYBv htnM AvqMn hMdMMdg 
adr jnMtg Vr s Vl  Odgr blMt I gM b Mn AghVggLn
vsvMdl  kn BSMd kngr avnvn bd  Mn vYBvd

85

Ln vngl pVrVsv gM 
iM gMvn pSsvd shsvV 
Adr idr upMkt hcgMb apVkMd id pkTvdMMd
kLd
50 vSRgL knD sMVnM Ad pgMn I gMk prkv  slv
vsd 
pst gMd 5nM pkrNd VMtr ihs rcnM sn
svgLn
sMpv rdr  vt I sn svgL sMVnM nDd klsd bg
knRTk ihs sMVn eMb prk pkrNd vVdr  aMdc I
kVtd gvnhRvd pgMd  ad avVsd 
B Vn
ihs pvRkld
jnVvnd
bg vkMnMTvkDv  B Vn

%A N P1!'# 
aMdr BMngd
a drt svgLn pVsvd vKvd
sn  hrp  vhMVdrVgL agtMd hsdMd sMsM Lg bMdd
elg d SMvd  knRTkd I VM dD pvNd B Vn
nDlvVnV sMV  Adr klvDgL nDd utnnMd  p  2sr
vSRgL Mn vnvn Vvnd bg hs SMgL d bMv  iM klv
utnngLn i hssbhd  vYsr prtt M nDd  nrVprd bM
utnn  knRTk dlMd knD sMVn sMs vt pM Dknf kVf
sMVn sMs ivgL k nDd bL M tklkVT  sMgn klgLM
utnn  vt idV knD sMVn sMsM nDd rVkrr tlnM hLr
bM utnn  Vr iVcg glgR M sn eMb gvd bM hk
dqMd vhtrv snvn kMDMd  wdvRd nMd I sLd
drt   1 2nM tvnd sngL  dDgtd iTgL  vDkM crgL
vMtdvgL pVlnMd i utnnvn nDdg  vhtpNRvd aMgL
Lg brtvMMbd sSvgtd 
sngL Vn sMgh
nn ihs rcng sngL vht eSMbdn Vr hVLVkl  hg nVdr 
nv ihsd kTD lvd sngL apMd vVMV eMd hVLbhd  I
kVtd aMdr sngL Vn vt sMghgL kMRd bhLS pgMdMMd
hVLll 
Brtd sngL sMgh vt aBsd kMRv 19 nV tvnd knM
BgMdV ArMBvt 
knD nn sngL SMvM idV vtn
hVLbhd  I klk aMn vYsr sMsnd prtt Bgd vkgLd
l rYsr I bqhtf kMRvn kYkMDr  aM el gLM sngLn
sMg 
avgLn knD vt
z>rVvnf
gL pRp vt iMSf
5!$JV1 >5<,!' : P1#5 C!$A 0
BSMtrgLMg 12 sMpTgL
pkdr  knD nn
ihsd aBgg idMd avl MdMMbd elg d SMvV 
tdnMtr idV vkM in erD sMpTgL hrbMdv  Ig klv vSRgL Md
vtMd sMpTv pkTvt  ivl sMpTgL vlk Lk kMD oT sngL
sM 9  000 k vVlT 

86

idV klk utr knRTkdM sngL sMgh kMR nDt  Adr I

pMtv vYsnMMt ssMGtvrd hc
kv vYMkvt  D 
DE#5 @ C!?@/RS]O #5 @6 /!$@ 1!$AI1@C
VTr  tv knD gL ars vntngL

eMb gMkVsg utr knRTk vt hYdrdd knD gL sMc 

anVk sngLn
sMg  avgL ArMdV tv gMvn rdr  I el
E #,@6L4!?G z1 L4!?T #,+ /&'+ : #5 @K( #,@A!?>%C!$V#,@C
sngL
eMb sMpTd
vtvd  A sMpTVg uplbldd 
vYsnMMt utr knRTkdM iM kMR nDMvd agtt  idn
vngMD aMn ihstjr avgL Ad Alr vMkTrMr vdd
vKMDr I M stt pMt nDdr  ivr pMtd Plv kVMd srkrd
prtt Bgd snMvr iM pMMd tln pMMd hg hV
aM sngLn sMgsv kMRvn kYkMDr  I kMRv 1926 rS MdMV
ArMBvdr iMg aRdS vt prYd  dVv stMtv Mn hYdrdv
VngMDg  kVMd sn M ag tn kMRvMn Lt  pvv
rMcr M Mgsgr  v tlkgLM sngLl iMd sMgtvv 
kVMd sn MvMd iMvrg sMgslT knD sngL sM svr 7  000 
iS kVMd srkrdvMd nDd kMRvdr  pdVk srkrgL I M
kls vdv  rYsr nMtr aMn vYsr srkrd prtt Bgv sngL sMgh
kMRvn al slv vMdvt  knRTkd BS stgL sMVnMn
nDsl I Bgd sMsMMd agtvMbdn vngMD  aMn vMb srkrdvr
1939 r knD sMVn sMsMn rvDd sdr  aMMd I sMsM
snsMgh kMRvn nDd  iMvrg I sMsM svr erD srdS
sngL sMgslv 
iM sMsgLSV ald  klv dMsr ihs sMVnM AsMd  vYMk
pMtMd sngL Vn vt pkn kMRgLn kYkMdr  iMvr  n 
V  rjprVtr  p  kMdNgrr  D  nMVv  D  pMDrMgrv dVs
ivrn uVsbhd  D  pMDrMgrMr Md kVMd sn g vt sd
knD sMVn sMsg sMbMdvrdr adk MdMV sMM pVrMd anVk
sngLn V pkdr 

87

I el pMtgMd iMd AM BggL VKsd sngL sM  hLM

vYsr sMsndMvn d oT svr 18  000 Agvd  ivl sngL
nv nn ihsd avl Mv  Vg bhsMM sngL drtdMdV
 udhrg hML
Vr Vr rjvntngL ctMn rsvd
svd

z>5!$JV1 >5<,!'
: #5 P1!$A 
vMd ctMn brMvd rYsr
dM sngL
ArMdV svd  adV VM knRTkd hsrMt clk vntnd
ct drMvd nvg Ivrg drt sngMdV eMd hVLbhd  knRTk 
vhrSgLrDrM tv rjvn sd Mdv av sVvN vMd bg
vrgL  avr nD  n  hT vMtdvgL bgg sSvd sMggL iVcg drt
anVk sngMdV uplbvv  I vrg d SMgL vV hc Lk Vrv
sngL klvdr  in klv hs SMgLn hrgDhtv  gVvM Bgd
6 7 tvngL vwMR vt BVj vntngL ALdd  kMkN vt krDgL
hrrld adV vntnd in klv gL rMcr  Vdr gL kdMbr
vntnd gL akrddd  knD sMstgL sngbgLn rd kgL
SMgL  itM anVk vhtd SMgL nvg iVcg drt sngMd d
bMv 
iVcg vhrS rjd gVdv Vrd nMdVD M anVk knD sngL
drtd pVn knRTkd srvn ssv vhtd sngLv  I pskd 3nM
pkrNd vMkTrMr I bg vVst vhrSdM anVk knDd krhgLn
vdr  avgg I sngLn sVsbhd  gVdv psrd drt I
sngL knDnn srd bg pbl ArgLd ad gVdvMvrg htMb
nqptMgn hVkMn dqpstv 
sn pkn
Vg sMgtvd sngL aRdS vt pkTvv  rYsr VKd 9  000
k vVlT sngLn avr 12 sMpTgL pkd SMvn IggV d 
tdnMtr adV vkM in vr sMpTgL pkTvdv  kVMd srkrd
sn M sMgslT sngL srMgL AM vSRgL vRk vrgL
kDldr svr 1500 sngL pR p vt pktvv  ivgL svr
1000 vMb knRTk aMdr In utr knRTkd BgdvgLdr udv bL 
dN knD vt vds  AM pMtdv  vMb knRTkd svr 400
sngLnLgMD sMpT and av VGdMV dMsr kYsVrd  knD
sMVn sMsMM sngL svr 680 sngL srMgL pkTvv 
iMvrg nl sMpTgL 183 sngL pR pgL odslv  ind
sngL pR pgLn pNgLMg pksv dt nDd 
gMrpv sngLn
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gMvn odsl idV klkMV  sntjrd V nlvMgl lVnrMNrMr
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eM   kqSrMr knRTkd ct
knRTkd sMp ihs vt 
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ihsvnLgMD V pMcvMvr oMd sMpT iVg pkTvd  vn vn
D  pVrdsMvr knRTk sMs sVk
eMb inMd gM pkTvd 
knRTk dlMd knD sMVn sMsM I M kMRpvqtvd
IggV bhvg pgMn sd  knRTkd rjVM  svk  sMsk
ctMnLgMD sMpTvMd VGdMV hrbrd 

89

knRTkd VrVr rjvntngLn kt Md aBsgL klvg

nDv  1931r pkTvd  eM  vrVsr kdMb kl
kdMb vntngLn
ktd aBsvd  eM   kqSrMr tLkn gMgrn i hssbhd  D 
dVs pMDrMgrMr jMngr svj MdMV pktvdr iMg
ArgMvd  avrdV Ad knRTkd klcgL
klc vntnd aBspNR
kqMd  D  strMvr erD sMpTgL jMngrd AkM vrgLnl
oLgMd  1934rS MdMV D  ALVkrr rSkT vntnd bg tv
aBspNRvd gMvn pkdr  1950r D  kVV avr vt 1957r
D  Drf avr hML vMd ctMnddr  D   Arf  gVpl
avr dpd kNd clk vntnd ArMBMd   1076rvrn ct
in pkTvgVkd  idVV D  Vvs Mvr sVvNr av dVv
Mdvr eMb pbM iVcg drt sngL klMkS pVnMd kMDbMd
hs SMgLnLgMD ctgMvd in pktvgVkd  jMngrd
bgg anVk gMgdr knDdM svgLn pV jMngrd ctMn
brMv pMt sgthRvV Ad 
idld knRTkd ctM aMgL nvg BrVM ihsgL
sMpTgLM
D!'@ 16K
#,+ }3,&lC3%


VKn
sMg
h
gLM

drM

tv
BrVM

dBvnd
R%(*#,+,!' #  >5&$
t &? b!$@616MR
eMb sMpTgLn MJdMvMd
bAA #
&$!';sMpt
>5@6@tR ]O #5 PC LP
eMb gMd sMpTgLn eM   kqSrMr ]O #5 PC LP / @<5 #5 vt
vkr rMgrMr 60nM hThbd t pkd
eMb
gMvn i hssbhd  MtkkgL Agg bMd VKngLMt sMV 
Vg knRTkd ct nvg sdk I v drMdr knRTkd jnVvnd
pNRtvndsv pvN Btvd ArgMgL agtvv eMbd Rvd 
kMRv
Vg sMVn kVtd eSV pgMdr in ssVkd
kMRbhLd 


%>5&$1 P1!'V# 
B VnM dqMd vhtd sLgL anVS
nD 
utnngLn kYkLVkd  Ag ihspvRkld bg inS v drMtd 
sngL sMghM kMRv ttgMd sgVkd  vYsr Bgd I
kMR MdMV bhvg prYdr  ud BggL sMgsd ud sngL
hVrLvv  bL vt dN knD M nrr sngL pktvdr
a in anVk hs sngL drMtv 
rvD  LgMv  krvr
gLM sngL sMghM pNRvl 
rMcr  klbR  Vdr
gLMMt bhLS vhtd sngL drMtvMbd anBvd vtd 
I el BggLn pVdg nvg ELMT srdS sngL drMvdr
sMdVhl  ivlvgLn sMg  V  pkdg ctM aBsgg avl
drtMtgtd  nNgL sMgh vt vvtvd aBsd hn pgMl 
tDVM  kgdd  hspgLM kvgLn sMV hk svMn
khkvd aSV vhtd SMvd  p-bMMd
MM pVn dVvlMgL
A<,!lA 13% 
pMn tM avgLn vsl
vt kM dqMd

90

aBsVkd kMR in ArMBvgVkd  I el kMRgLn sdg knD

sMsM pNR tvn svd svgtd 

Alr vMkTrMr
1880 1964

iptnV tvnd vdl hMtd iV BrtddMt stMt hVrTd

hrt  oMdvr tkMt hn kl Vt avsMd BrVMrn gqtrn
vDl bhLS svjsrkr  sMtr  bVgL stt pMt nDdr 
l l pl avr pBv tr vV bhvt  Brtd kMMgVdr p
obr dVkMRd BgvsVk AgV ad s idk dVd pvs kYkMD
jnr gq tsVk eMd l gMgr Lkr hVLdr  srj  sdV 
bSr hg rVM kN I nl stgLn A snr shkrMd Brtdl
hrDl hg pMb BrVMr vnd Msl iV dVd pMRTn kYkMDr 
idr pvv dVd anVk MvVgM vV At  utr knRTkd Alr
vMkTrMr avr pvKr 
Alr vMkTrMr rvDd h  unt kNkVsr pM kl kl
sMdr  Ag p rVM cLvM kVMd Md At  Vr svrkrf  sVnp
pf iMth kMk shgL sMgt  B  kvR  rjvDMvr upnsgMd
pBtrdr  rjVM kVtgL gVK hg LkrMth aVv dVBkr tv
cr hg kqgMd AgV jnMrdr  iMvr pBvk bhLS dvMt
MvVg hkMDd AMRvVl  dvMtr tv dVd BS hg
aBdMkVsr Mtn hg kMR vDVkMb avr GVS Mvkrn tt 
Alrr adk apvdrl  Od vd vV dVkMR hVg vt Mv pkr
vDVk eMb p elg kDtDt  ov pM svRjk sBM Alrr
gVKMvg Mv trhd dVkMR kYgLVkMd pdg gVKMvr dV
sVvM anVk pkrgLn sdr  vVvq vDbhd  kkr djRn
vDbhd  bhrgr  pkktRr  ihskrr jngL dVvn  tv
ihs  sMs hg prMprM bg n VDbhd  rVM pgLn
prMsbhd it  ARk svk vt rjVMv BrVM svjvn Mv
jnr hsd kTVk eMb I vtgL Alrg vVd vkgLdv  Alrr vV
sd el kVtd kY hdvr  AD vTd Dl Alrr vTd kVtl eMb
gd avr VvMtvdgV pst 

rjVM rMgd Alrr kDg

stMt Mjd sLMlT Alr vMkTrMr tn AMS I sLn
bdt  AMd oMd kNvn bpvRkv vR kLl eMd hVLtr 
1905 r ef  ef  v rvDd Ag tn vV vq prMdvr
vV T sdV cLvM vdr  vhrSd Lkr kYgMD kMRvn
91

knD pMtd alrr vMdvrdr  srjd vhMn jnr Mdr 

nv udVggg Mbl kDl sdV vsgL bLk  dV vsgL bSr hg
idr Mn ARk nMn vdr  trN jnMgk stMt VvnVpM
odsl rVM kNMd vt s  AMg kNv ADt MMtk bMMn
tMsv oMd krnMMt  idMd nv dVd EgMgd  nv dVd ihs 
sMs  BS ivgL n jnr Lsl rVM gL vRNd avktMn
Mdr  aSV al svlMbng agtvd pkvgLn kD nvV r nv
vkg Od ksbhd eMd hV adn kMRrpk tMdr  kYgk hg ksb
ivgLn kNd SMgLn vDl kpg tMk  bDtn  hNg  hg 
vdN it ksbgLn iMh rVM gL ksdr  Alrr erD vSRd
stt pMtMd 1909 r knRTk ntn dlMd spn rvDd At 
VMd  M V  rMgn vkr ivr apkrdr 
LkrMt Alrr kD VvggL  srtf kMgn Lkr prv Mtvr 
hVvfrf Vg Alrr kMRdRM kls vdr  pMk rjVM
pSn vRNk n r ddr  idk Vr shVdVgL shvtrl  Adr
1917 r gjrt pMk rjVM pSt sVdg  knRTkk kD idr B gv
As gt  avr pMtd Plv rvDd pv knRTk rjVM pSt  
vvrMr aktM 1920 r sVt  Vg stMt cLvMn Alrr utr
knRTkk eLd tMdr 
Alrr svRjk BSNgL jnr sR  uth tMdv  rS pVv  sdV 
srjd klngg vRrp trv vgR tVdr  jngq tMdr 
Alrr kMD knRTk
r tv gd pdVgLn ADtd swkMRkVsr vVcnldV Bdr 
avr BwgVk  hk  Bk ntMn gvsV il  kngr vMY knRTk 
hYdrd knRTk hg vds BggL hrdr  idr pvv kngr
prBS dkM tvtn ukLl bhLS prdDVkt  bhBS
pMtd  alBkg srkrMdgV av Vr sMG sMsgMdgV Mv shM
hg swkMRgL drkl 
knD BSM hg ihsd aBs vd Alrr knRTkd sMsk v
In vhrSd utrk hMv gVdvMvrg ht eMd nMjMD kM
rvn ct
MM erDnM sMM prv kT tv brvNgM sS
pdr  knRTkd AgVMd Vv kfvrg htMd vvrf eMb tL
kM
brd
krMVk

vMb
gMd
Ar kDtr  vt dNd Vv vLlvrg hrt enl gMgdVM
kMprMctMn udstr  Vg in anVk std Ard vV knRTk bl
eMdr knRTkdvr sYnd bld gt dr drdvrg pst eMd hV kngr
g v hg knD BSM v clk rSkTr klMd gVdvMvrg
ht eMd krjvgRd s prvgLMg sS pstr  In vhrSd
h pgL knD BSM skS pvNd kMD brtd  Un hsrgL

92

urf ur  pL  kp eMd kngLtv  ivl knD hsrgLMd pd vr

ihskrrd V rjvDMvr kD okMdr  kprd arsvntngL
lTd
pd id  jkcMRn kd ggLn vrgr hvDpM
entr  aSV al  Lkr kD knDv vMc vhrSd BS At  iVcg
vdl BSMn T vrMn aLvkMdr eMd jnv oMd 1907 r
glbgRd glRhsn vd BSNd okMdr  Vg Alrr hlvr
sgLn A kngr tv VvMt sMsM vTvn vhrSd utrdvrg
hdr eMd avnMd brMtr 
Alrr svkVnrd nrMN Vvs rjprVtr kD tv Vvvnd
anVk sMVtk pbMgLn brd pVn knRTkd kngr vnDMn
vhrSd atMt jnM pkMd kVsM pkdr 
oMd kld
Brtd aRMt hc pdVvn tv wMR YMRMd A vrd kngr Ig
avnnrdn kMD avrn ec rS kTv klsk aN vdr Alrr 
knRTkd EVkrN hg spnM Alrrd Mhd pd  oDd knMMd
knRTkk aKMDtd kln kTvrV Alrr  avr knRTkd BpTd tMD
tMDdr kD cYtnMkvd kngr Ar dYvtvn kMDr  adn pdr 
Vdr  adr Egg art dr vt idV BvnMn pMb kngn
gqt vDl pMspTr  knRTkd BpTv bV rVkqM cYtndMk
vR eMd Bdr hg I BvnMn jnr pVrVdr 
Alrr knRTkt d kt sdg klv knRTkd vKMDrd
kwjl VvsrMr hg gMgrrv dVpMDMvr pMVMt rVM
ktg Gtk eMbd vdr  adk utrv Alrr VKngL vkMn
brdr  knRTkd sVvMV dV sVv eMd sdr  vMd tv brhgL Alrr
knRTkMtMRMd Br dVg nvV  BrtMtMRMd BdVg nvV
eMd hV   Brt hg knRTkgL prsr sMbMvn vvhkv  tkv 
Akv vdr  knRTktv id sMkt klnMl eMd avr qv
nMdr  hVg prvtn M iV d aDkMdMV  adV trh d
oMd Bgvd Brtd  M aM aDd  hgM knRTktd kD A
kNstd  pMtgL vRN Adr kD avgL nv A S Mn
kMD d rVMtMn kNVk eMd avr nMdr  knRTkd Brtd
eMb avr kln adYtprvdd  vV dVvM sMBtvdg  BrtvVn 
knRTkvVn ivldr dYvt idV id  hgdr knRTk EVkrNk Mk
prddr env p udstd  idk krN jnr knD BSM  tv sMsM
avnvn gqtgsl Ag ad a avvt  kngrV knRTkd hg
knDd sVv vDdr inr vDvr kvMp rt kvn Brt jnM tnt
jMhV knRTk vt idV ttvn oLgMd  knRTkv BrVMtMd VpRT
SMvrl  knD sMsk vMkMn e Mvd vt adr bg jn
gq vsvd rSvnd dVtkvt 

93

knRTkd sPf vZ Alrr

19nM tvnd MrVp KMDdM anVk rjVM Ag hVggL iTM
EVkrN oMd vhtd GTnMMd ihskrr vt  npVMnf npRMn
sVd Vt rSgL tvtv iTM pdVgLn hMkMDr  Vg
1848 r iT prVM rjvhrjr ALv sN pT rjgL oMd
svhvt  I svhd Mvpkrd Ekt irl BwgVk  rjVM  Bk 
hk it  aMth svMd sPf vZMMb trNn vMd bMd jnr
EVkrNd hg stMtd gq tMd vhprS  knRTkk kD BwgVk 
rjVM  Bk  hk ktM aBvt  vZMMt Alrr jnr
rVMtM hg kngr EVkrNd av trl bhL hNgd Vv 
Alrr hMM VRMtg hVdg jMngrd Bv svjd avVSgLn
kMD  ad knRTkdt hg idnd kqSdVvrMnMth VvMt svTn
knRTkvn Advn eMb std av avr Vvnd pvtRnM n hwd  ad
knRTkd pvtRnM n kD  A kNMd rvt knRTkd EVkrNd
AVcn 
rjVM gq hg sMsk uthMd tM tLkd pMd vrd
Alrg kMDd vl sd rvDvn knD BSM bg irv ans
kMD vrdr  vMY knRTk  pMtdrv kngr vrgr pL ahMkrk
ttdr  tv ihs  sMs  BS  sMVt  k it aM VvMtvd
eMd hv pDv vrgr vMd kngg tv klkr  tvg hv pDl En
ilvMb Bvn brtDt  bMglk vhrSk ujl ihsd anVk sMtr 
rS kTvr A hVdr  Adr knRTkd iMthdVn iMd VLtn Bdr 
iMth pM knDvn  tv ihs hg sMsM av hsvdV tv
ktRvvMdN Alrr kMRvqtrdr 
Alrr iTM sPf vZMMt BggL hMhVd knRTkd
jnr vnd knRTkd aKMDtM klnMn vsl t pMt vdr 
rjd ktg Vkgv el sngLn prYdr  knRTkd EVkrNd agl
hdr  vMd I kMRvn vMdvrdvr anVkr  crv hg VMv
Ad vZM brhgL rVMtd std attvvMd pgNsd  I
brhgMd pVtr anVk stMt MVr 20nM tvnd tv tv dVd
stMt sMgvgg krNVBtrdr  vMd gr hg kvrf Md hg
kTVMd iTM EVkrN s vdr  adV trh alrr hkT
hM knRTkd Vr sYkr aMstk id gMVvd VM knRTkd
EVkrN svdr  Alrr knRTk gtvYBv hg avr anVk kqgMd
knRTkd stMt MVr pVtrdrMd sMRn kvtr tv brhgL
hg BSNgL hVdr 
knRTkd EVkrNvn kMRrpk trl 1916r knRTk sBMn
rvDd Alrr sdr  p vSR Alrr vgRdRnd kDd I
sB 1920 r svg kngrn sMG  ngpr kMgsf avVnd Bgvsl

94

aNvt  Alrr shMVMd kDp rGvVMdrMr knRTkddMt pvs

kYkMD jnrn hddr  ivrgL pMtMd 800 sMMsVvkr knRTkvn
pdr  I avVnd knRTkk ptVk kMgsf k EpRsv prvn
kTr  id EVkrNd M Ad oMd vhtpNR NRM  1920 r
pv knRTk rjVM pSt   vvrvr aktM sVt  AMd
kldS  AMvRVd  ihs  udVg  vNj  pkrMg  VD vMtd
anVk kVtgg sMbMpT sB svrMBgL knRTktvn sdv vt aKMD
knRTkd klng cln drt  1924 r Lg avVnv EVkrNd cLvg
inMd dpgl ht  avVnd gk jMngr eMd krd  knRTk
ihs vt sMsM vMkMn bhL cn pdRdr  knRTkd jng
hg ang idMd knRTkvn atkLv oMd oLM sMdBRvt 
idV avVnd hlgVL nrMNrMr brd udMvg nv clv
knDnD eMb ktMn gMg hngf avr hdr  id vMd knD
nn rSVtMt  Vg Alrr hkT M vMd knRTkd pgL
vhVntvd kMRvn vMdvrkMD bMd EVkrNvn s vdr 
Lkr gVVtv vhrSd prMd vdM knRTkd dsr hg
nDhb  pMpVtv  vsVtv  kvrvs utv  jMngrVtv  drN
utv  bsvVr utv vMtd utvgLn vDl pVtdr  kngr EktM
Bvtrl dV ATgL  BSNgL  sRgL nDsl otdr  MgLr 
gdg  hb vMtd UrgL CVMbrf APf kvsfR spng nM hdr 
knRTkd svRMVN pVSg hg ung Vkgv eldr bg Mtn  kLk
aSV al avgLn kMRrpk trl artv hNgdr  idV krNk
d  r  VMdMvr Alrrn knRTk pVpskrMd krMtr  knRTkd bg
iS Mtn hg klsvn SMd vdvr ivrbrV antr 

Alrr st sMsk kDg

knDd avn Alrg dR dsMdV it 
pM PgRsnf
kVn Oddg kngrn oTg knD nTkgLn ksdr  kVj
vcnlMd knD pskgLn iDVkMd Vk itr  rvDk bMd vV
a knD vtvrN Rsl bhLS kMRkvgLn hkMDr 
avr
vMdLtnd knD nTk  svVLngL  sMVt kCVgL hg k pdRngL
jn svnr knD BSM bg av  gwrv trl bhL shMvdv 
vdlnMd dvRk sMGd kMRBr htr  I sMsMn 1890 r
r  h  dVpMDMvr rvDd sdr  anVk kMRkvgLn hkMd
I sMs knD gM pkn  Mtkk pkT  VKkg pVth iv vKv
nDMdv  vr pBvd krN knDd utv gMgL ild kMDkMDr 
hg knDd Ekrpt ildV irvd gM pcrk dD AtMkvMdN Ekrpt
trl EkMM dr  avr vd pvv 1907 r knRTksMGd
vRk avVnd aMgv rvDd pv knD gMktRr svVLn nDdr  I
svVLnk knRTkd BggMd gMktRr  dkgL  kkr sV  elg
95

svtvgv VM gMgL rcnMgVk hg knRTk gMv

eMb hsn
pkk sMsMn prMsv VvRn vDt  vrvrS vt rvDd
svVLn sVt  MgLn svVLn jrgVkMd Alrr Ar vSR pMt
nDdr  idr Plv 1915 r vn VrMr hsn blMd al knRTk
st svVlnd rpgMt  In st pSg vtq srpvt  1908
r knRTk gM psrk vMDl spng Alrr krNktRrdr  ivrdV Ad kN
VvMs hg sMsr sK eMb erD kqgL vslTv  vMd hs gMgL
brdV iddMd vdN MthVt 
rvDd ngkg vhtd rjVM gMgL lsVkMb udV iTkMD
vcnlMgLn prMdr 
avr pkr vcnlMgL rjkrN hg
vMgLn Vsv kM  el kD sdr aKMDt vRNv EVkrNk
slBvgtd eMd avr blv nMdr  idV udVMd iV knRTkd
vcnlMgL gMnV hsv MVjn hkMdr  vMd vnD sd
vYsr sMsnd kD Alrr vcnlM pcrMd pBtr sMsnd
vcnlMgL Ur  hg tlk pdVgL spn vDt 
Alrr pk ppMc
gVK  rnD hg Lkr pM Mt pk ppMcMd rvDk brtV
Alrr uth tNgt  krN i eD uthVn vtvrNt  knD BSg
id rdr  Ats ad hVd vMdLtnld jnr vd Alrr knDd
vtvrNvn Lsl pNtTr  rvDd dvRk sMGd vcnlMd
Alrr hkg pskgL vVn L kMD rnDMvr hVd  pskgL vVn L
 gM sMgh vDvd kD oMd dV kMR eMb vt nnn bMtMd
hVLtr  sMGd kMRBrvn tvV htr 
vMY knRTk pMtd gLd utr knD  Lg  rvD  pr  hg
utr vt dN sVprd tlkgL  vMgLvD vt akpkd knD vtDv
pdVgL knD gLV irl  elg vr kMVkgt  knDd
gMgL brdV irvdk vrg irv pnvV krNvt 
Alrr stt pMtMd 1907r knRTk dvRk sMGd vRk avVnd
aMgv  rvDd pv knD gMktRr svVLn sV  el Bgdvr opv
VM gMgLn r knRTk gM v eMb hsMd pkstkd eMb NRM
tgdkLt 
I avVngL pvSR jr  kng 1915r al knRTk st pSn
rpd
nDd  In st pSn spng nMMt  I svVLnvn Alrr
rvDMd nDdr  idr vr avrV brd vgSNd sMkM id  1920
r svg Alrr Ar knD pkgLn nDsdr VkbM  cMdVdM
pkgg sRdMk VKngLn brMdr  knRTk pt  knRTk vqt hg
knD kVs pkgg sMpdVM VKngLn prYsdr  knRTk vqtd arMd
GVSr ptgL BSMtrvn pk Odgg bMgld I apvR kMkM bg
v Vdr 

96

knD kVsM Lkr vr kVsM VKngLn BSMt rVM cr hg

jn gqg shMkrdr 
kvRVr pkM knRTkd svRtVvK avqM bg gMVr Mtn
vdr  1921 r rvDd gVr pkrNd vvr sMMsVvkr stg
Alrr kvRVrdM BrksM sh
vMb VKn bhL p pDt 
jMknRTk
I vspkM knRTkd anVk BggMd VKkr knRTkd
svk  ARk  svsgLn kt  sN kt  Rk Mtn  st vRgL
bg brMdr  I pk eS p pDtMdr vr kVd sMpdkrd
hg vr srst Vkd vn pDd D  kVtkrr hg iMh vspk
vrMM ilvMd hVdr  I vtn Alrr knRTktd ksd
hVkMdr 
gMktRr ihskrr
vrM pBvd krNMd An M knRTkd knD gM rcng
AsdrlvMd I Md hVd  jnr dV B vsl  tv Gn ihs
hg sMsM bg av VDl knDd brvNg atMt avkvt  Alrr
prMd knRTk gMv hg knRTk gM psrk vMDlvMb shk pkn
sMsgL I aBvvn tMkTv  Alrr tv Vvvnd anVk gMgLn
brdr  avgL pkt gMgL svr ipt iptYd irbhd 
1909 r knRTk Mhsn spncMR V drN
pktvt  jMngr
rj sMspng drNr kDgMn ssrv vNRdr 
tdnMtrd
sMVngL nMtr hn v Ig uplbvd 
vM  n  vgdLrMg k kN VvMs
Mn 1911 r Alrr hrtMdr 
avr jnM gMvd knRTk gtvYBv
1917 rMd Lg bMt  id vKv
knRTkd ihsvn kngr vMd iDl brd gM  knRTkv cYtnMkvd Gn
sMs pDd rSvMd prv st ppdr  I gMv vMd utr knRTkd
anVk stMt MVr vt cLvgrg pVrk hg sRdMkvt eMd
sMRn kvtr tv stMt sMgvd sgL
eMb gMd nvdr 
adV vSR nv Ig VDv srj
pktvt 
1920 r sKv MM Bg 1 hg Bg 2 hrbMt 
Alrr stMt sMgv
brd tv pvRjr hVg YMRsYMRMd AMg
svjd rd sMGSR vd bg jnr rVMtM BvnMn gqt
vdr 
1928 r pksd rVMtd VvMs
eMb I r gMv At  vVdMt 
BrVM ttn  sMs hg prMprMn tLhMTkMD rVMtd
ppdn vDtd  Alrr rSvn prSg hVstr  oMd Vvk  vns 
dVh vt Atv hVg vKvd GTkvV hg oMd rSk iv vr ildr
rSvsrd  rSk svjvV dVh  dV vt sMs vns hg ivgL
Ekstt oMdV Vvv elr sMcsVk  idV Alrr hVLv At 

97

 knRTkd

VrrtgL
I hgM r Vr arsr  sVnpgL bg v
kT kngr YMR tMbv pMt vdr 
Alrr vns kn kng ttndt sLd krN 1934 Md 1957 r kld
Vt pk
 Vt pvL
 Vt sMdV
 Vt Bv pVp
erD BggL 
VvcMRr vldMt
hg vdMt pvVk
it hg in anVk
vdMtd vV gMgL hrbMdv  VtM kt Mtnvnvr 1931 r
klGTMn krgqhddg vdr 
nn Vvn sgL
id pvRrMg hg utr rMg erD BggL 1940
hg 41 r pkst 
I gMd knRTktd VS vDtr 
avr pkr knRTktv kD vsYv kTMbkvd  ad sMktvldV st
aRvnLgMd  knRTkd svRMVN unM knRTk dVM upsnM
blMdV Brt KMD hg d svgbldMd Brvs tndMMd avr
brMtr 
knRTkd bg MtnMd avr vkrgl  avrn ad sd kt  tv
MtngLn avr knRTktd stgL hg knRTktd ks I pskgL
vdr  av 1950 hg 1957 r pkTgMDv 

knRTk gtvYBvd ktRr

19nV tvnd knM hg 20 r vdl vrSgL kld AMg ADtd
pvv BrVM st  ihs  sMs I kVtgL pnrtnvt  jnr
rVMtMn Lsl nv dVd hk v hg vYBvpNR sMsMn
tsl pMVM BSgL dVd ihs rcnM kMRkvv aV agtvt 
vhdVv gVMd rnDMvr vrM vr stM udM

 


  "! vMb pskvn brdr  jnr vr svjd udM  v vhrjr
shspNRvd ihsd av vDl  hg I ihsMd jnr uthtM
svjd rd hVrDv YMR brl brd pskd 
adV pkr nl kgL hMhVd kngrn oMd kD
trl  svnnr  tv vtvnV kLkMD rrd kngr Ats
tMbl  tv nn svR  hk  sMsk hg ARk vYBvd kln kDl
Alrr knRTk gtvYBvvMb ddr aSV pBvMd pskvn brdr 
vdrD pkrNgL knRTkv vqtrSvlvMd kLkMd s hVLtr 
vrnM pkrNd pVn st hg sngL Ard vV knRTkd
srv dNk vLlvrg  AgVMd pkVMvrg hg utrd
gVdvMvrg hrt eMd dpstr  Mn knRTk Ig kr hV bV
kl Bg vt udkMd eMd hVLt knRTk
I hsn jn knD BSM
vM bg kD vr kDtr  In vhrSd bhLS knD bgL in
AcrMv eMd rjprVtr 32 vSRgL Md kVs pkM vhrS
v knRTk
vMb VKnvM brdr 
I bg hn vrgg VKkr
pbMvn kRR jnRf APf d kf ss $#%'&)(+*-,/.01324
567198:(<;'6&>=:?A@BDCB
EFFG n nVDbhd tvg grv kl vhtd SMgLn Odgr vMd iT

98

sMVkr vMd kls vDVk eMd hVLtr  vhrSd knD VrglgL

v  vrg Vrgn klnl Vg av kngrdV eMd hVLbhd  aM
UrgL  pTNgL  vrgr kldVvtgL  eSV jnr hsrgL el knDdv 
I Ard vV kngr In vhrSd hrdr hg knRTkd v
gVdvMvrg hrt eMd KDKMtv Alrr brMtr 
knRTk BgL env tv nlnM pkrNd Alrr knRTkd vYBvMd
vrd arsr  ALrsr  kgL  ttgL  VKkr  sMtr  svj srkr
vMtdvrgL bg kngr v kDtr 
dnM pkrNd Alrr hn ck dKgL ild kld sn
svgLn Mg kvbdv vRVkrN vrtr  sn svgLn k
hkvd  nsl kDd ukLvd kD rSsVv eMd nMdr  srkrMd
I sn svgLn rsl Agdr  sMG Md gLn u 
vsv pMt vDVk eMd kLkMd brMtr  Alrr pkr ihs
aMnd sn svgLn I pkr Mgsbhd sn  tvpTgL 
vs klgL  nNgL  pvRkld kTDgL  vM  prdV pvkr brd
brhgL  prMprgtvd ktgL  sL vhtgL  AcrgL vt Rk crgL 
knMd BM agt  tMbt vSRgL nMtrv ivV hk dKg
Alrr hsd sn svgL  adV rpd sMVk jgt Vkd Alrr
vMdVcng dVtkvd  vVNd akqt knRTkd ihsd vl prSrV
Alrr 
ArnMMd hnMd pkrNdvrg oMdMd knRTk arsvntngL bg
vr kDtr  avr tMbt vSRgL Md kT vKvd ars vntngL
vMvgL aSVn vhtd bdvgL sMBl eMd hVdr tpgl 
rSkTr arsvntnd vt  Alrr avVGvSRn trvM pbl rjr
irl  Vg nr vSRgLMV rSkT vM kngMt eMd hVLtr  Adr
tdnMtr bhLS sn svgL  vKv gL avVGvSRn trvM
bMd vrnV iMd  vrnV kqS ivr pblrdr  vdnvn utrBrtd
hg knMvn dN Brtd  MhLd tnk rSkTr jMBV hDdr  I
vg khRD  dVv  sMjn  jr  VlkM  kLgf vMtd tvpTgL vt
rvVrdM jM gVpr  sVvdVv sM Mlk eMb gM sgLv 
pT 92 
,/'1D
5
5 =  13  B(3@B6= 13
   
pkrN hnrDr knRTkd vYBvd vNRn brtd  knRTkddMt ktkvd
ghMtr vt  6 6& g gVprgLn kdMbr klMd jMngrd kl  vt
adr nMtrd kldvrg aMdr 4nM tvnMd 17 r vrg kMD brtv 
knRTkv anVk vRgL sMgvvt  Yn vRk kTS vnsnngL
Vr Mv rjdl irl  Yn krtgL  arsr  rNMr  st pVSkr 
gNtjr  ttgL  Vr MVr  gL hg in anVk kVtgL
pNrdvr knRTkd sMsk ung tv kDg Vdr  i Yvr 
vYSvr  Ynr  wdr  kng vsnr  kYsvRdvr elr sK MMd
idr envdk VkdS prvgL iv 

99

sMVkr Alrr
ihs vt sMVnMM As Alrrn knRTkddMt rgt 
hk sLgLn avr hlv sl BVkdr  aNgr  lkM  gDgr  lkVr 
bMkpr  d  pTdkl  hL  vrLf  hLVVD  Vlr  vNLgL 
kkRL  kYdL  vDd  kR  kn  tdgR  gVv  vLVT  sVDM  ergL 
n  kpr it  iM VrglgL  sngL  vklgL  nNgL 
dVvsngL aBsn vdr  I hk dKgL vht hg rkM bg
klMkv tv knRTk gtvYBvd
upsMhrd brdr  prk pkrNd
gL vdN pdMn vdr  anbMd knRTk ihsd Ad sMV
nM pg  B Vn  sngL Vn  avgL sMgh  pkn  hg I sn
svgL Ard vV ct rcn ivgL vr kdr 
Alrr pMM Brt ihs sMVn vMDld sdsrdr  I sMsM
vhrSd ihs sMVn hg ihs rcng eS Asd kd eMd
kMDkMdr  adV trh knRTkd ihs vt sMVng ptVkv oMd
sMsMn ssv MVcn avr vnn it  ad knRTk ihs sMVn
vMDl
d rpd rvDd 1914r dsrM B avsrd stvt 
rjprVtr  s   rvcMdrMr  vhr hNvMtrMr  rkMgdrv
dVpMDMvr  DMbLf vMtd hvn ihs Mr I sMsM ddr 
knRTk gt vYBvd pkT I sMsMdV At  Alrr stt pMtMd kVMd
srkrd prtt Bgv utr knRTkd hhgL sngL svR v  sngL
aBsk vgRdRn h kt  I vMDlv pVn knRTk
vMb Skvn
pk ihs Mg hs VgL bg v kt  iMth rcntk kMRgMd
knRTk hk sMVng hg ct rcng Alrr apM hdr eMdr
aMV Agl 


knRTk gtvYBv d nMtrd sMVn

Alrr knRTk gtvYBvd knRTk ihsd sMVnM kMR eS
AgVt aS AlvMd Sstr  adrl utr knRTkd EnVn
AlvMd vMn VgMvr uthMd sMVnM kls kYgLVkMd
kLkMd hVLtr 
in Alrr knRTk gtvYBv brd I tMbt
vSRgL knRTk ihsk sMbMpT sMVn hg brvNg skS AdM
eMd kMDkLVk  BVnM vYsr prtt M hg knRTk
dlMd knD sMVn sMs vt pM Dkn kVj sMVn sMs ivr
stt pMtd vlk bhLS utnnd klsgL nDd vhtpNR aMgL Lg
bMv 
knRTkk sMbMpT sngL 1980 vrg 30  000 dS egM iMk 
iMMnf eMk  egM knRk  swtf iMMnf iSnf  vYsr
ARMkf pVfR vMtdvgL pkslv 

100

aVkn kld 10 Mt hc pgL tdgR  bL vt rMcr gL

bh  dpr  jMgrvVr  v  plgMD  gVv  Tr  sn 
udMgL  erg vMtd pdVgL v 
rSkTr kld bhLS v sngMd gtgtd 
A kld
dMdgRn svngD  avVGvSRn sMjn  vdlnV kqSn tgMv tvpT 
vn Tv vrnV gVMdn Sf vMM tvpT Vg svr
sngL uplbvrvdMd knRTk ihsd sMVnM skS pgMd
enbhd  jMngr kld 5000 sngLn pt hcd  avgL 300
tvpTgLv 
idV kld svk  ARk hg rjVM ihsd hn v n  
hg tvd nNgL VnMd Agtd  hYdrf vt pn kld pRMnf
sMkVtrv n   hg tvd nNgL v  dnMd vRMvr knD
sngL sMsk aMn
dtfpNR kqMd 
iMMnf kwf APf skf VscfR I sMsMn ihs vt sMsg
sMbMpT el SMgL vV sMVn vDl 1970 r sst  I
vrg Brtd ihs vt Vr Vr rjgL ihs  knRTkvn oLgMD anVk
pskgLn pkd  Mvr sMpd jMngrd arsr sngL
eMb
sMVntk pskvn ecf Arf d BggL pkd 
D  pMDrMgrv dVsMvr klc vMd kt hg knRTkd
ihsvMb snt gMgLn tMdr  avrdV ;%
51
5 
51 @:'6B
132B
 12
@B   ;%
51 C
C id dVsMvr vhtd gMvd  k   rvVrvr
pv gMgr sngL vV hg A1  
5C
5'1   6&561'2B6  spr M
sngL vV Mvr gMgLn pkdr   r  gVplr sMpd 427
sngLnLgMD jMngrd sngL vdln Bg 1985 r  erDnV
Bgd 796 sngLn  1990 r vrnV Bgvn hg nlnMdn
1996 r pkTgMDv   esf  Vtr    & @:D&> #% 1   1:
51  D2
5D#& 13  
VSMvr knRTkd VrglgL  sMRn kvtr knRTkd ihs hg
avr sMpd knRTkd pMMd gL gZVMrfgL  knRTkd ihsd
brvNgM vYglgLv 
1985  esf  Vtrvr vgRdRnd sMRn kvtr hg avr
anVk ihsd avgL knRTk ihs akD eMb sMsMn prMdr 
I sMsM p vSR knRTkd pdVgL vr nd sMVntk cr
gVMn nrvVstd  vt avgLn ihs dRnvMb vRk jnRfn
pkstd  I gVM knRTkd Vr Vr BgMd bMd ihs tjr 
sMVkr  sn tjr  pc vs sMVkr hg ihs Mr Bgv
tv tv sMVngL bg cr vM vDl avk vkDtd  ihsd
dRgL vt sMVk vgRv p vSR tv tv BggMd anVk sngLn
kMD d avgL aBsn v hs v VK ihs rcng prkrdr 
Vg ihsd sMVn rMtrv  hchc nDMv Brvs id  idMd
Alrr Atk slvdr M rl sk  tv gtvYBvd upsMhrd knRTk

101

ihs sMVnMMb pkrNd bhL kLkMd vMn VgMvr sMVnM

kMRvn kYkLVk  idr hN pl  gwrvl Adr idn rS sVv  dV
sVvMMd ihs pVgL vDVkd ktRvvMd hVLtr 
bqhtr knRTk
Alrr knRTk gtvYBv
d uVd knRTkd g pdVd kYkMD
sMVn vt vMdM hs hs VgMd bhLS v lsl
std  D  pMDrMgrv dVsMvr 1970 r sMpd knRTkd
ihsd knRTkMdcg hd kngr shspNRvd SMgL gvnk
brtv  rSkT ckvRgL In utr Brt  pvRk bMgl  hr hg
pvk rjsndvrg tv sYndMg anVk sl hV tv pBvvn Vdr 
rSkT vMk sVd Adr aS hsrvMld aVn rjr 9 nV tvnd
str pdVd  hrd  gjrM rjvdrMd sngL Ard vV
dpdr  plr rjd rSkTr pBv bhLS it  knRTkd MVr
bMgld sYnd BR Agdr  vpdVd bsr pdVd 11 Md 13
nV tvnd ngvMd Mdkr utr knRTkvn Ad sVMdkr aVnr
Adr 
ivr hsrgL kngr hsrgLv 
bMgld sVnr sMspknd
VrsVnn dNdvnMd  knRTk kMr ABSNnMd krMldn  hrd
drt srs hqdMlMkr hr
vMb VM gMv M nndVv
1097 1147 nn knRTk kld ABSNnMd vNRstd pT 214 eMd
dVsMvr hVLtr 
Arf   vjvdr avr  1996 r pkd 
5 =   -
51326 ,/& 1
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51 132 
5132B6
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51 @:'6B    
 d pT 10 kMVjd aMdr In kn cYn rjr
kwMn gVtk sVdvr eMd hVLtr  adk vYsn k oMd snvn
A kwMN gVtd hNr knRTk hg Brtd vMv Md jnr
eMd hV ivrM kl shgr EMd nYQtdrv kMVjd rj v
aM bDkn jnrn tk vg ssMstrn vdr eMd vjvdrr hVk 
aM dVvsngL d clkr vVsr pdMv eMd sstr  Vg
Alrr knRTk gtvYBv
d nMtr skS sMVngL A hn v k
knRTkd rjVM pBvd v In bMgl  hg nYQt EMvrg htMd
gtgtd 

EVkrNd nMtr knRTkd In BwgVk sr

PjZf a kSnf vMjr vd knRTk rjd rcnM kns 1956  nvMbr
oMdrMd nnst  I hs rjd 1 bL st vYsr rj  2 vMb
pdVMd cMdgD tlk T Lg vt iV rvD  pr hg
utrknD gL  3 vds pdVMd ksrgVD tlk vt anV Vp
T  ud dN knD  kMvtr M kLgl tlk 4 iV kDg
5 hYdrd rjd I kLn gL kDngf vt tMdrf tlkgLn

102

T glbgR  Alvpr vt gDvf tlk T rMcr  Vdr

M Vdr  B  rd vt hvnd tlkgL svvVvdv  I
rjk vYsr
eMd nvkrNvt  Alrr kns nnst  Adr vYsr

knRTkd oMd k Bg vt  iV knD nDn svvV vDvl vt knRTk

I hsr pVn klMdl Brtd hg prdVgLl pctvd  Vg

utr knRTkd jng I nvkrNMd rMt  kng 1973 nvMbrf oMdnV
tVg bh jnr icMMt knRTk
vMd krMlt  iSdr knRTkd ihs
Odvg knRTkd Vv iSVn eMb dD p kDtd  Alrr srv
tVkT knRTkd g VNR hkv bh dDd  Adr stMtd nMtr
odd kMt knRTk  Alrr gtvYBvd erDnM aMd I pMn d
bhLS Mtn vdr 
vgRdRkr
Alrg knRTkd kl prVt
rMd kT nvVM bhL MVgvdd 
phsd avg klprVtrMd krdd sRkvt  prVtrMt kMR
prM  Vr Mjvng o hVgvvr
eMd vYsn sVd 16nV knD
st svVLn akrMd vMkTrMr AMMdg tv VKnd brdr  avg
Vvn bhL kdd hg vDl klsgL Vkdv eMd arVk  Vg
el kVtd nnt kMD avgL pg ssv Clt  dMl Mr ildg
tvV stH adr jv v kls vDdr  avr sMggL bMdkDV
avg o ivgVsr kMrv inMd klsvn vsl ttrrgdr 
avr nMkrgl AdvrV al  kVvl vgRdRkrdr  svRjk kMR
vDVkd psMgd sR irkDd env apMdvr avr 
avr
klsd otDvn spRgLMd pdrd dVs  hnvMtrMr  e  ePf  AMf 
pN  Vg nrMr  pkr nrMhcMRr  hskV acMRr 
jrf bLvMtrMr  vdVD vMkTrMr  vdVD kqSrMr  nrMN
rjprVtr  kDp rGvVMd rMr vMtdvr hMkMDr  avr Vvnd
Ag hVggLn pVdg Alrr kN hMd kVtl  rVM cLvM
Lkr anMM  AvV knD cLv  vcnlM cLv  vM  Rk
st  pk ppMc vt dVk kVtd kD  vpr  kq  udVg  kYgk 
kN  ArVg  sg  ADtd svsgL iMth anVk ARk hg svk rMgd
kD avr kls vdr eMd avr Vvn ctMd Mtd  nn dVk
cTvkgL
eMb VRkML VKnd klv udVggL bg v Vdr 
aSV al knRTkd svRtVvK avq ssVkdr I el SMgL tjr
vSRkvMdr sV AM kVtgLM ks hg svsgL kt cR kls
vDVk  eMd blv nMdr 
Alrr bhLS kVtgL kY h MvdV oMdr avg vMdLtnd p
glvMb apsr kV brtd  Adr hr hM hVd knRTkk obrdr vMd
bMd nVtqt vsvvr Ag irl  aMh pM knRTkd ihs hg
sMsk gq hg EVkrNk EkM dvr Alrr  bh dD
sMGTkrd  pMMd kVtd ut Mv tMDvnV tv Vvnddk
103

tMst bMdr  rVM cLvkrr tMD  knRTk EVkrNkVsr dMvvr

tMD  knD VKkr  pkVdgL  sMVkr tMD Vg anVk rSsVvktRr
sVnMn Alrr kdr  id svn kDgMl  avg akrd ls il  b
sR BvnMd SMgL vV MtnMSV al vdgr kls vdr 
I trh vMn VgMvg pcVd Alrrn Igdr kngr kqtjtMd
ssVkd 
Ar gMgL

vK sMpdkr esf  esf  vLvD knRTk klprVtr

jn tvnVtv s 
rvD  25 12 19

knRTk gtvYBv 
svj psklM  rvD 
9nV Avq  1968 
nn Vvn sgL

Alr vMkTrMr

sMpdkr
dVs pMDrMg
Vvs vt  r  gVpl

-
5 =  13'
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>6
3 '2  1970

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51326

sMRn kvtf

stMt sMgvd sgL

pv  VM vt tqVM sMpT 
knD vt sMs dRVnlM 
MgLr  1998 
knRTk EVkrNd vt sn
knD st pSt  1997 

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v vr


hsr
tMdM hsr
jnn
vrN
Ls
kN
vq
BS n
cTvkgL

pkgL

vMkTrM VvrM Alr

VvrM Alr  rsdr hg vvVdrrdr
j 12  pr
Pbv 25  1964
snkV  rvD 
pk kN pr hg rvDd 
 e   Prfgsnf kVj  p  1903 
ef  ef    vMb  1905 
vVV vq  1905 
rVM M spn knRTk ntn dlM  1909  26
jnv 
knD  sMst  iMVS  vr 
rVM cLvM vKMDr 
knRTk EVkrNd vT vdl VNr 
utr knRTkd vcnlM cLvg nM hdvr 
Dkn kVj  pM knRTk ihs vt sMsM kt
upns 
anVk rVMtM  knRTktd kt BSNgL 
s  pkVd  ihskr  sMVk 
vgSNd 1906 sMpdkt
jMknRTk 1914 1923 sMpdkt
kvRVr 1920 sMpdkt
knRTk pt  knRTk vqt  knD kVs sMpdkt
VkbM  cMdVdM  vMtd pkgg pKr hg
sRdMk VKngLn prYsdr 
1907 knRTk gMv  rvD 
1908 knRTk gM psrk vMDL 
1914 knRTk ihs sMVn vMDL 
1915 knRTk st pSt 
1920 pv rjVM pSt 
1949 knRTk dlM

spkr

105

gwrv snngL 1941 knRTk klprVt  hYdrd kngMd

1961 MgLr ngrsB snn
1930 akr  16nM knD st svVLn
st rcn
1909 knRTk Mhsn spncMR V drN

1910 kN VvMs

1917 knRTk gtvYBv

1918 nv Ig VDv srj
1919 k srgL Slt
1920 sKv MM Bg 1
1921 sKv MM Bg 2
1924 stMt sMgv
1928 rVMtd VvMs
1929 knRTk Vr rtgL
1930 Vr rt
1934 Vt pk
1936 Vt pvL
1936 Vt sMdV
1938 Vt Bv pVp
1940 nn Vvn sgL pvRrMg
1941 nn Vvn sgL utr rMg
1946 V vcMRr vl dMt
1950 knRTktd stgL
1951 v dMt pvVk
1957 knRTktd ks
l gMgr Lkr Vt rhsvn knDd anvd

106