Professional Documents
Culture Documents
øNWLVDGLYHøGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL
<&6V
260$1/,'(9/(7ø¶1'(
0ø//(76ø67(0ø9(<$+8'ø0ø//(7ø
$Uú*|U0XKDUUHP*h5.$<1$.
g=(7
.HQGLQH|]JELUVLVWHPROXSX\JXODPDVÕEDúDUÕLOHJHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ
2VPDQOÕ0LOOHW6LVWHPL'HYOHW¶LQKDNLPXQVXUXGXUXPXQGDRODQ0VOPDQ
WHEDD LOH ELUOLNWH GL÷HU 0VOPDQ ROPD\DQ JD\UL0VOLP XQVXUODUÕ GD
VLVWHPOHEWQOHúWLUPLúWLU%XED÷ODPGD2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QGHNLJD\UL0VOLP
XQVXUODUDUDVÕQGD<DKXGLPLOOHWLQLQ|]HOELU\HULROGX÷XJ|]OHPOHQPHNWHGLU
%X oDOÕúPDGD 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QGH PLOOHW VLVWHPL KDNNÕQGD WHPHO
ELOJLOHU YHULOGLNWHQ VRQUD EX VLVWHPLQ |QHPOL ELU XQVXUX RODQ <DKXGL
PLOOHWLQLQ\HULYH|QHPL]HULQGHGXUXOPDNWDGÕU<DKXGLOHU2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL
LoHULVLQGH \ÕOÕ DúNÕQ ELU VUH EDUÕú YH KX]XU LoLQGH \DúDPÕúODU WHEDDVÕ
ROGXNODUÕ LPSDUDWRUOX÷D |QHPOL ELOLPVHO VL\DVDO YH HNRQRPLN NDWNÕODUGD
EXOXQPXúODUGÕU
0LOOHW 6\VWHP RI WKH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH ZKLFK ZDV XQLTXH IRU WKH
6WDWH KDV LQWHJUDWHG GRPLQDQW 0XVOLP DQG QRQ0VOLPV FLWL]HQV RI WKH
(PSLUH,QWKLVVHQVHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKH-HZLVKFRPPXQLW\KDG
DQLPSRUWDQWSODFHVDPRQJVWQRQ0XVOLPFRPPXQLWLHV
+HQFHLQWKLVSDSHUDIWHUGLVFXVVLQJ0LOOHW6\VWHPRIWKH2WWRPDQ
(PSLUH WKH SODFH DQG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH -HZLVK FRPPXQLW\ LQ WKH
2WWRPDQ (PSLUH KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG -HZV KDYH OHDYHG LQ WKH (PSLUH
RYHU \HDUV SHDFHIXOO\ DQG PDGH LPSRUWDQW SROLWLFDO VFLHQWLILF DQG
HFRQRPLFFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHFRXQWU\
*ø5øù
2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QLQ KDNLPL\HWL DOWÕQGD EXOXQDQ WRSOXOXNODUÕ GLQ \D
GD PH]KHS HVDVÕQD J|UH |UJWOH\LS \|QHWPHVLQH ³PLOOHW VLVWHPL´
GHQLOPHNWHGLU 0LOOHW VLVWHPL \D\JÕQ RODUDN 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QLQ KDNLPL\HWL
$QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU%|OPg÷UHWLP
(OHPDQÕ
%LODO (5<,/0$= 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWLQGH *D\ULPVOLP 7HEDDQÕQ <|QHWLPL %DVNÕ
5LVDOH<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV
%HQMDPLQ %5$8'( ³)RXQGDWLRQ 0\WKV RI WKH 0LOOHW 6\VWHP´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q
7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG
/HZLV+ROPHV 0HLHU3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN/RQGRQS
(5<,/0$=V
0PWD]¶HU 7h5.g1( 2VPDQOÕ 0RGHUQOHúPHVLQLQ .|NOHUL <HQL ùDIDN <D\ÕQODUÕ
øVWDQEXOV
øOEHU 257$</, ³2VPDQOÕ øPSDUDWRUOX÷XQGD µ0LOOHW¶ 1L]DPÕ´ $h+)' +DPLGH
7RSoXR÷OX¶QD$UPD÷DQ$\UÕ%DVÕP$QNDUDV
%HQMDPLQ %5$8'( DQG %HUQDUG /(:,6 ³,QWURGXFWLRQ´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH
2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG
/HZLV+ROPHV 0HLHU3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN/RQGRQV
(5<,/0$=V
$ùHUHI*g=h%h<h.$oÕNODPDOÕ7UN$QD\DVDODUÕ7XUKDQ.LWDEHYL$QNDUDV
ùSKHVL] 2VPDQOÕPLOOHWVLVWHPLDOWÕDVUÕD\QÕ\DSÕGDJHoLUPHPLúWLU
g]HOOLNOH7DQ]LPDW¶ÕQLODQÕQGDQVRQUDWRSOXOXNODUÕQKHUELULODLNXQVXUODUÕQGD
WRSOXOXN LoLQH NDWÕOPDLVWHNOHUL\OH\DYDú\DYDúELUHUQL]DPQDPHoÕNDUWWÕUPÕú
UXKDQL OLGHU YH NXUXOODUÕQ \DQÕQGD PLOOHW PHFOLVOHULQLQ ROXúXPX VDIKDVÕQD
JLULOPLúWLU %|\OHFH PLOOHW VLVWHPL DGHWD ELU KNPL úDKVL\HW ND]DQDUDN
WRSOXOXNODUÕQ YDNÕI RNXO YH VRV\DO WHVLVOHULQLQ LGDUHVL YH GHQHWLPL EX
PHFOLVOHULQHOLQHJHoPLúWLU
0VOPDQELUGHYOHWLOH|QFHJD\ULPVOLPWHEDODUÕGDKDVRQUDODUÕGD
NRPúXODUÕ DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNLOHULQWDULKL3H\JDPEHULQ]DPDQÕQGDEDúODPDNWDGÕU
0HGLQH'|QHPL .XUDQ¶GDYH0VOPDQJHOHQHNWH3H\JDPEHULQ
257$</,V
257$</,V
(5<,/0$= V 0LOOHW NDYUDPÕ .XUDQ¶GD oHúLWOH D\HWOHUGH \HU DOPDNWD KDNLNL GLQ
7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG
/HZLV+ROPHV 0HLHU3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN/RQGRQV
%HUQDUG /(:,6 øVODP 'Q\DVÕQGD <DKXGLOHU dHY %DKDGÕU 6LQD ùHQHU øPJH .LWDEHYL
$QNDUDV
øVODP KXNXNXQD J|UH EWQ EX WRSOXOXNODU WHED RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU
\DúDPDoDOÕúPDYHYLFGDQKUUL\HWLEDNÕPÕQGDQGHYOHWLQKLPD\HVLQGHGLUOHU
(5<,/0$=V
7h5.g1(V/HZLVV
'DU¶OøVODP¶GDNRUXPDDOWÕQDDOÕQDQ]ÕPPLOHUDVNHUROPDGÕNODUÕQGDQNRUXPDYHUJLVLRODUDN
EXQX |GHUOHU øOEHU 257$</, 7UNL\H øGDUH 7DULKLQH *LULú 7XUKDQ .LWDEHYL $QNDUD
V
+DUDF UHWLPGHQ DOÕQDQ YHUJLGLU %X WRSUDN VDKLSOHULQLQ DUD]LVLQGHQ YH UHWLOHQ UQ
]HULQGHQ DOÕQÕU 7RSUD÷ÕQ oÕSODN GH÷HUL ]HULQGHQ ELoLOLUVH KDUDFÕ PXYD]]DID UQ
]HULQGHQDOÕQÕUVDKDUDFÕPXNDVHPHGHQLU257$</,7UNL\HøGDUH7DULKLQH*LULúV
7h5.g1( V =ÕPPLOHU LOH LOJLOL D\UÕQWÕOÕ ELOJL LoLQ EN] 0DUN 5 &2+(1+DoYH
+LODO$OWÕQGD2UWDoD÷GD<DKXGLOHUdHY$KPHW)HWKL6DUPDO<D\ÕQHYLøVWDQEXOV
%26:25+7 V ø 0HWLQ .857 ³7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI =ÕPPL LQWR $VNHUL´
&KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\
%HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV 0HLHU 3XEOLVKHUV 1HZ <RUN /RQGRQ
V
/(:,6V
/(:,6V
/(:,6 V $YUXSD¶GDNL 0VOPDQODU LoLQ ]LPPHW VLVWHPL PHYFXW ROPDGÕ÷Õ JLEL
0VOPDQ]L\DUHWoLOHULoLQGHDPDQV|]NRQXVXGH÷LOGLV
/(:,6V
5RGHULF + '$9ø621 ³7KH 0LOOHWV DV $JHQWV RI &KDQJH LQ WKH 1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\
2WWRPDQ (PSLUH´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO
/DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV 0HLHU 3XEOLVKHUV 1HZ
<RUN/RQGRQV
260$1/,<$+8'ø/(5ø
øVWDQEXO¶XQ)HWKLQH.DGDU<DKXGLOHULQ'XUXPX
2VPDQOÕODU¶ÕQ X\JXODGÕ÷Õ PLOOHW VLVWHPL |QFHOLNOH IDUNOÕ GLQ YH
PH]KHSOHUDUDVÕQGDNLoDWÕúPD\Õ|QOH\HQJoOELUPHUNH]LGHYOHWROPDúDUWÕQD
ED÷OÕROPDN]RUXQGD\GÕ2VPDQOÕODUEXGXUXPXGLNNDWHDODUDNPLOOHWVLVWHPLQL
GDKLFHELULQFHOLNOHJHOLúWLULSX\JXODPÕúODUYHX]XQ|PUOELUGHYOHWLQWHPHO
GD\DQD÷Õ KDOLQH JHWLUPLúOHUGLU g]HUNOLN IDUNOÕNOWUOHULQELUEDVNÕ\DPDUX]
NDOPDGDQ \DúDPDVÕQD YH JHOLúPHVLQH KL]PHW HWPLú YH 2VPDQOÕ KDNLPL\HWL
JD\ULPVOLPOHUDUDVÕQGDUÕ]D\DGD\DOÕELUNDEXOJ|UPúWU%XPVDPDKDGDQ
HQ oRN \DUDUODQDQ GLQL WRSOXOXN <DKXGLOHUGLU +ÕULVWL\DQ WRSOXOXNODU YH
GHYOHWOHU LoLQGH EDVNÕ\D PDUX] NDODQ <DKXGLOHU LoLQ 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QLQ
WRSUDNODUÕ DGHWD ELU FHQQHW RODUDN J|UOPúWU <DKXGLWRSOXOXNODUÕQÕQNROD\
LGDUH HGLOHQ ELU WRSOXP ROPDODUÕ YH \DQODUÕQGD ELOLPVHO YH WHNQLN EHFHULOHU
JHWLUPHOHUL \]QGHQ 2VPDQOÕ \|QHWLFLOHUL <DKXGL J|oQ WHúYLN ELOH
HWPLúOHUGLU$YUXSD¶GDQJHOHQ<DKXGLOHU¶LQVDYDúVDQDWÕ\ODLOJLOLNDWNÕODUÕGD
ROPXúWXU$YUXSDOÕ+ÕULVWL\DQJH]JLQOHUGHQEXNRQXGD\DNÕQPDODUPHYFXWWXU
gUQH÷LQ\ÕOÕQGD2VPDQOÕ0ON¶QJH]PH\HJHOHQQOJH]JLQ1LFKRODV
GH 1LFROD\ úXQODUÕ \D]PDNWDGÕU ³%LU VUH |QFH øVSDQ\D YH 3RUWHNL¶GHQ
VUOHQ YH NRYXODQ >EX \DKXGLOHU@ +ÕULVWL\DQOÕ÷ÕQ ]DUDUÕQD RODFDN úHNLOGH
7UNOHUH WRSXQ WIH÷LQ EDUXWXQ JOOHQLQ YH GL÷HU VLODKODUÕQ \DSÕPÕ JLEL
VDYDúODLOJLOL\HQLOLNOHUL|÷UHWPLúOHUGLU´
(QYHU =L\D .$5$/ ³1RQ0XVOLP 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV LQ WKH )LUVW &RVWLWXWLRQDO $VVHPEO\
´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV
(GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV 0HLHU 3XEOLVKHUV 1HZ <RUN
/RQGRQV
/(:,6V
FD]LEHVLQHNDSÕODUDNEXUD\DJHOPH\HEDúODPÕúODUGÕU
øVWDQEXO¶XQ)HWKLQGHQ6RQUD<DKXGLOHULQ'XUXPX
øVWDQEXO¶XQ IHWKL 2VPDQOÕ WDULKLQGH ROGX÷X NDGDU 2VPDQOÕ
<DKXGLWDULKLQGHGHELUG|QPQRNWDVÕROPXúWXU)HWLKWHQVRQUDNLLON\ÕOODUGD
L]OHQLOHQLPDUYHLVNDQSROLWLNDODUÕøVWDQEXO¶XE\NELUEDúNHQWKDOLQHJHWLUGL
2VPDQOÕ %DONDQODUÕ¶QGDQ YH $QDGROX¶GDQ JHOHQ <DKXGLOHU EXUD\D
\HUOHúWLULOPLúOHUGLU(GLUQHEDúWDROPDN]HUHNÕUNWDQID]ODúHKLUGHQ<DKXGLOHU
øVWDQEXO¶D VUJQ HGLOPLúOHUGLU %L]DQV¶WDQ GHYUDOÕQDQ YH (GLUQH¶GHNL
QH NDGDU JFH VDKLS YH HWNLOL ROGX÷X YH GHYOHWOH LOLúNLOHUL ]HULQGH NHVLQOLN
EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU <DKXGLOHUH YHULOHQ RWRQRPLQLQ NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ RODUDN
NHQGLOHULQGHQFL]\HLUDYDGÕYHULOHQ|]HOELUYHUJLDOÕQPD\DEDúODQPÕúWÕU%X
YHUJL\L WRSOD\ÕS G]HQOL RODUDN LGDUH\H XODúWÕUPD J|UHYL GH &DSVDOL¶\H
YHULOPLúWLU
&HQWXULHV´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV
(GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV 0HLHU 3XEOLVKHUV 1HZ <RUN
/RQGRQV
(367(,1V
&2+(1 V ¶WH øVWDQEXO¶XQ IHWKLQGHQ VRQUD 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL ONHVLQGH EXOXQDQ
oRN VD\ÕGD <DKXGL¶\L \HQL EDúNHQWH ]RUOD \HQLGHQ \HUOHúWLUGLOHU 7UNoH NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ VUJQ
GHQLOHQ GHYOHW oÕNDUÕQD EX ]RUXQOX J|o SROLWLNDVÕ %L]DQV <DKXGLOHUL EXQX ELU NRYPD RODUDN
DOJÕODPDVÕQD NDUúÕQ 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QGHNL GL÷HU WRSOXOXNODU LoLQ GH ]DPDQ ]DPDQ
X\JXODQPÕúWÕU
/(:,6 V 2VPDQOÕ EHOJHOHUL LPSDUDWRUOXNWDNL <DKXGL WRSOXOXNODUÕQÕQ NHKLOORW KDOLQGH
\DúDGÕNODUÕQÕ KHU NHKLOODQÕQ NHQGL PDKDOOHVLQGH \DúDGÕ÷ÕQÕ NHQGL KDYUDODUÕ HWUDIÕQGD
WRSODQGÕNODUÕQÕ YH NHQGL KDKDP \D GD UDEELOHULQH ED÷OÕ ROGXNODUÕQÕ ERO ERO ROXPODPDNWDGÕU
%X 2VPDQOÕ NHQW |UJWOHQPHVLQLQ JHQHO J|UQWVQH GH X\JXQGX 2VPDQOÕ NHQWLQLQ HWNLQ
ELULPLQLNHQWLQNHQGLVLGH÷LO PDKDOOHDGÕYHULOHQGLQVHORODUDNWDQÕPODQPÕúYHNHQGLLEDGHW
\HULQLQ FDPLQLQ NLOLVHQLQ \D GD KDYUDQÕQ HWUDIÕQGD YH LPDPÕQ SDSD]ÕQ YH\D KDKDPÕQ
OLGHUOL÷LDOWÕQGD|UJWOHQPLúWRSOXOXNODUÕQROXúWXUGX÷XVHPWOHUPH\GDQDJHWLUPHNWH\GL
(367(,1V
(367(,1V
øVSDQ\RO<DKXGLOHULQLQ*|o
\ÕOÕQGD<DKXGLOHULQøVSDQ\D¶GDQ.DWROLNEDVNÕLOHNRYXOPDODUÕ
YH 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QH JHOPHOHUL <DKXGL WDULKLQGH ELU G|QP QRNWDVÕ
ROXúWXUPXúWXU .RYXODQ <DKXGLOHULQ 2VPDQOÕ WRSUDNODUÕQD JHOHUHN
$\UÕFDYDVÕIOÕúHKLUOLQIXVWDQ\RNVXQRODQ2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL<DKXGL
J|o\OH ELUOLNWH |QHPOL úHKLUOHULQLQ NDONÕQPDVÕQÕ GD VD÷ODPÕúWÕU 7FFDUODU
EDQNHUOHU GRNWRUODU JLEL YDVÕIOÕ LúJF LOH WHNQRORMLN ELOJL YH EHFHUL\L GH
$YUXSD¶GDQ EHUDEHUOHULQGH JHWLUPLúOHUGLU 'L÷HU ]ÕPPL JUXSODUGD ROGX÷X
JLEL <DKXGLOHU LoLQ GH KHU VDKDGD LOHUOHPHOHUL YH GHYOHW J|UHYOHULQGH
oDOÕúPDODUÕGDPPNQROPXúWXU
(5<,/0$=V
%X G|QHPGH øVSDQ\D¶QÕQ \DQÕQGD 3RUWHNL] YH øWDO\D¶GDQ GD J|oPHQOHU JHOPLú YH 2VPDQOÕ
'HYOHWL¶QH \HUOHúPLúOHUGLU *HOHQ J|oPHQOHU øVWDQEXO¶XQ \DQÕ VÕUD 6HODQLN ø]PLU (GLUQH LOH
$QDGROXYH%DONDQ<DUÕPDGDVÕ¶QÕQGL÷HUúHKLUOHULQH\HUOHúPLúOHUGLU/(:,6V
(367(,1V
5REHUW0$175$1³)RUHLJQ0HUFKDQWVDQGWKH0LQRULWLHVLQ,VWDQEXOGXULQJWKH6L[WHHQWK
DQG 6HYHQWHHQWK &HQWXULHV´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH
&HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV 0HLHU
3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN/RQGRQV
-RVHSK 5 +$&.(5 ³2WWRPDQ 3ROLF\ WRZDUG WKH -HZV DQG -HZLVK $WWLWXGHV WRZDUG WKH
2WWRPDQV GXULQJ WKH )LIWHHQWK &HQWXU\´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH
3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN/RQGRQV
+$&.(5V
+$&.(5V
YH \]\ÕOODUGD 2VPDQOÕ <DKXGL WRSOXPXQGD LNL WLS OLGHUOLN
PHYFXWWX 7RSOXPXQ KDKDPODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ NXOODQÕODQ JHOHQHNVHO OLGHUOLN YH
WRSOXPXQ VL\DVDO YH HNRQRPLN LOLúNLOHUGH HWNLOL GLQ DGDPÕ ROPD\DQODUÕQ
OLGHUOL÷L%LULQFLWLSGHLNLE|OPHD\UÕOPDNWDGÕUøVWDQEXO¶GDNLKDKDPEDúÕQÕQ
OLGHUOL÷L YH GL÷HU E|OJHOHUGHNL KDKDPODUÕQ OLGHUOLNOHUL øVWDQEXO¶GDNL
KDKDPEDúÕVDGHFHøVWDQEXO¶GDNL<DKXGLOHULQGLQLYHRWRULWHUOLGHULROXSGL÷HU
E|OJHOHUGHNL <DKXGLOHUL WHPVLO HWPHPHNWH\GL <DQL øVWDQEXO¶GDNL 2UWRGRNV
3DWUL÷L JLEL GH÷LOGL øNLQFL WLS OLGHUOLN LVH PHúKXU GRNWRUODU PDOL\HFLOHU YH
SROLWLNDFÕODUGDQ ROXúPDNWD\GÕ %XQODU 2VPDQOÕ \|QHWLPLQH \DNÕQ ROGXNODUÕ
LoLQ'HYOHWSROLWLNDODUÕQÕHWNLOH\HELOL\RUODUGÕ
$YUDP *$/$17, )DWLK 6XOWDQ 0HKPHW =DPDQÕQGD øVWDQEXO <DKXGLOHUL )DNOWHOHU
0DWEDDVÕ øVWDQEXO V DNWDUDQ (5<,/0$= V 257$</, ³2VPDQOÕ
øPSDUDWRUOX÷XQGD µ0LOOHW¶ 1L]DPÕ´ V $\UÕFD EN] $YLJGRU /(9< ³,QWURGXFWLRQ´ 7KH
-HZV 2I 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH (GLWHG E\ $YLJGRU /HY\ 7KH 'DUZLQ 3UHVV 3ULQFLWRQ
V
/(:,6V
(367(,1V
%XWDULK<DKXGLOHULoLQ|QHPOLROPDNODELUOLNWH<DKXGLOHULQ2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QHJ|oHWPHOHUL
VDGHFHEXWDULKOHVÕQÕUOÕGH÷LOGLU
¶GHGHUOHQHQ6HODQLN¶OHLOJLOLHOLPL]GHNLHQHVNLQIXVND\GÕQGD
oRNVD\ÕGD2UWRGRNV+ÕULVWL\DQD]VD\ÕGD.DWROLN+ÕULVWL\DQYHELUPLNWDUGD
0VOPDQJ|]HoDUSPDNWDGÕUDPDKLo<DKXGL\RNWXU'DKDVRQUDKD]ÕUODQDQ
NWNOHUGH úHKULQ <DKXGL QIXVXQGD KÕ]OÕ ELU DUWÕúJ|]HoDUSPDNWDGÕU
WDULKOLELUNWNWHKDQHOLNWRSODPQIXVXQ\DUÕVÕQGDQID]ODVÕQÕROXúWXUDQ
WDQHD\UÕ<DKXGLWRSOXOX÷X\HUDOPDNWDGÕU¶WHEXWRSOXOXNODUÕQVD\ÕVÕ
¶H oÕNPÕúWÕU KDQH YH EHNDU HUNHN %X G|QHPGH <DKXGLOHU
6HODQLNQIXVXQXQ¶LQLROXúWXUPDNWD\GÕ
YH YHUL LoLQ EN] -XVWLQ 0F&$57+< ³-HZLVK 3RSXODWLRQ LQ WKH /DWH2WWRPDQ3HULRG´7KH
-HZV 2I 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH (GLWHG E\ $YLJGRU /HY\ 7KH 'DUZLQ 3UHVV 3ULQFLWRQ
V
KD.ROHO NLPL ]DPDQ GHYOHWH NDUúÕ WRSOXOX÷XQ WHN WHPVLOFLVL RODUDN KDUHNHW
HWPHNWH\GL%XJ|UHYLoR÷X]DPDQWRSOXOX÷XQLOHULJHOHQOHULQGHQVHoLOHQODLN
KDONWDQNLúLOHU\UWPúWU
øPSDUDWRUOX÷XQ*HULOHPH'|QHPLQGH<DKXGLOHULQ'XUXPX
<DKXGLWRSOXOX÷XQGD\]\ÕOÕQLKWLúDPÕQGDQ\]\ÕOÕQVRQXYH
\]\ÕOÕQ EDúODUÕQGDNL JHULOHPHQLQ ELU oRN QHGHQL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU %X
GXUXPDELU|OoGH2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQGDKDGR÷UXVXELUEWQRODUDNøVODP
GQ\DVÕQÕQ DVNHUL WHNQLN SROLWLN YH NOWUHO JHULOHPHVLQLQ HWNLVL ROPXúWXU
$QFDN VRUXQD <DKXGLOHU¶L LOJLOHQGLUHQ QHGHQOHUGHQ EDNDUVDN HQ |QHPOLVL
$YUXSD¶GDQ JHOHQ J|o GDOJDVÕQÕQ NXUXPDVÕGÕU $YUXSD¶GDQ J|o NHVLOGL÷LQGH
YHE|\OHFH$YUXSDLOHRODQLOLúNLOHUNRSWX÷XQGDR]DPDQDNDGDU<DKXGLOHULQ
KHPNHQGL\DUDUODQGÕNODUÕKHPGHGHYOHWLQKL]PHWLQHVXQGXNODUÕEHFHULOHUGH
D]DOPD\D EDúODPÕú YH <DKXGLOHULQ VXQDELOHFHNOHUL ID\GDOÕ \D GD |]HO KLo ELU
úH\ NDOPDPÕúWÕU /DWLQFH¶\L XQXWPXúODUGÕ 'LOOHUL GH DUWÕN øVSDQ\ROFD GH÷LO
/DGLQRLGLYHEXGLODUWÕN+ÕULVWL\DQOÕNGQ\DVÕ\ODED÷NXUDPÕ\RUGX$\UÕFD
$YUXSD¶GDQ 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QH <DKXGL KDUHNHWLQLQ \HULQL 2VPDQOÕ
+ÕULVWL\DQODUÕQÕQ $YUXSD\D KDUHNHWL DOPÕúWÕU 5XPODU YH VRQUDODUÕ GL÷HU
+ÕULVWL\DQ WHED oRFXNODUÕQÕ H÷LWLP J|UPHN E|\OHOLNOH VRQ ]DPDQODUD GHN
<DKXGLOHU¶LQ HOLQGH EXOXQDQ DPD DUWÕN \LWLUGLNOHUL D\QÕ WU EHFHUL YH
ED÷ODQWÕODUÕ ND]DQPDN ]HUH $YUXSD¶\D J|QGHUPH\H EDúODPÕúODUGÕU
2VPDQOÕODUD KL]PHW HWPHN NRQXVXQGD <DKXGLOHUOH UHNDEHW KDOLQGH RODQ
+ÕULVWL\DQODUÕQSHNoRNVWQO÷YDUGÕ0HVHODVD\ÕRODUDNGDKDID]OD\GÕODU
H÷LWLP NRQXVXQGD oRFXNODUÕQÕ +ÕULVWL\DQ RNXOODUÕQD YH oR÷X NHUH GH
$YUXSD¶GDNL QLYHUVLWHOHUH J|QGHUL\RUODUGÕ 2\VD <DKXGLOHU EXQX
\DSDPÕ\RUGXD\UÕFD$YUXSDOÕODUGDEXQDSHNVÕFDN\DNODúPDPDNWD\GÕ
øPSDUDWRUOX÷XQ6RQ<]\ÕOÕQGD<DKXGLOHULQ'XUXPX
\]\ÕO RUWDODUÕQGD LPSDUDWRUOXN LoLQGH ELQ <DKXGL ROGX÷X
WDKPLQ HGLOPHNWHGLU %X QIXVXQ \DNODúÕN \DUÕVÕQÕ %DONDQODU¶GD YH
$QDGROX¶QXQ EDWÕVÕQGD \DúD\DQ YH /DGLQR NRQXúDQ WRSOXOXNODU
ROXúWXUPDNWD\GÕ <DKXGLOHULQ VD\ÕVÕ %DONDQ 6DYDúÕ VÕUDVÕQGD <XQDQLVWDQ¶ÕQ
6HODQLN¶L LOKDN HWWL÷L G|QHP HSH\FH DUWPÕú GXUXPGD\GÕ ¶GH EX JQN
7UNL\H¶QLQ VÕQÕUODUÕ LoLQGH NDODQ E|OJHGH ELQH \DNÕQ <DKXGL
$URQ 52'5,*8( 7UNL\H <DKXGLOHULQLQ %DWÕOÕODúPDVÕ ³$OOLDQFH´ 2NXOODUÕ
dHYøEUDKLP<ÕOGÕ]$\UDo<D\ÕQHYL$QNDUDV$YLJGRU/(9<³0LOOHW3ROLWLFV
7KH $SSRLQWPHQW RI D &KLHI 5DEEL LQ ´ 7KH -HZV 2I 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH (GLWHG
E\$YLJGRU/HY\7KH'DUZLQ3UHVV3ULQFLWRQV
/(:,6V
/(:,6V
2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQVRQG|QHPOHULQGHNL%DWÕOÕODúPDKDUHNHWOHULHVNL
VLVWHPOH EWQOHúPLú RODQ <DKXGLOHU LoLQ VÕNÕQWÕODUD QHGHQ ROPXúWXU %X
DQODPGD ,, 0DKPXG GHYUL <DKXGLOHUDoÕVÕQGDQoRN|QHPOLELU
G|QHP ROPXúWXU %X G|QHPLQ HQ ND\GD GH÷HU EDúDUÕVÕQÕQ 9DND\L +D\UL\H
+D\ÕUOÕ2OD\GL\HELOLQHQ<HQLoHUL2FD÷Õ¶QÕQOD÷YHGLOPHVLROD\ÕQÕQ
<DKXGLOHULoLQKLoGHKD\ÕUOÕROPDGÕ÷ÕWRSOXOX÷XQOLGHULYHGHYOHWLQ|QGHJHOHQ
POWH]LPOHULQGHQ %HKRU ø]DN .DUPRQD¶QÕQ ER÷XODUDN |OGUOPHVL\OH RUWD\D
oÕNPÕúWÕ
7]÷QQLONPDGGHVLQGHGHUQH÷LQDPDFÕú|\OHNRQPXúWX
<DKXGLOHULQ NXUWXOXúX YH PDQHYL LOHUOHPHVL LoLQ KHU \HUGH
oDOÕúPDODU\UWPHN
<DKXGLROGXNODUÕLoLQDFÕoHNHQOHUHHWNLQ\DUGÕPODUGDEXOXQPDN
%XDPDFDNDWNÕGDEXOXQDFDNHVHUOHULQ\D\ÕQODQPDVÕQÕ|]HQGLUPHN
$GÕQGDQ GD DQODúÕODFD÷Õ JLEL $OOLDQFH¶ÕQ XOXVODUDUDVÕ ELU <DKXGL
|UJW ROPDVÕ DPDoODQPÕúWÕ 2\VD NÕVD VUHGH )UDQVÕ] +NPHWL¶QLQ ROXPOX
GHVWH÷LQLVD÷OD\DQ]DPDQ]DPDQNHQGLVLGH)UDQVÕ]oÕNDUODUÕQDJ|UHKDUHNHW
HGHQ|]JOELU)UDQVÕ]|UJWGXUXPXQDJHOPLúWLU %XQDUD÷PHQ0VOPDQ
52'5,*8(V
.HPDO .$53$7 ³-HZLVK 3RSXODWLRQ 0RYHPHQWV LQ WKH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 7KH
-HZV 2I 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH (GLWHG E\ $YLJGRU /HY\ 7KH 'DUZLQ 3UHVV 3ULQFLWRQ
V
52'5,*8(V
3DXO'80217³-HZLVK&RPPXQXWLHVLQ7XUNH\GXULQJWKH/DVW'HFDGHVRIWKH1LQHWHHQWK
&HQWXU\ LQ WKH /LJKW RI WKH $UFKLYHV RI WKH $OOLDQFH ,VUDHOLWH 8QLYHUVHOOH´&KLULVWLDQV $QG
-HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGHDQG
%HUQDUG/HZLV+ROPHV 0HLHU3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN/RQGRQV
/(:,6V
oRFXNODUÕQDLONYHPHVOHNLH÷LWLPLYHUHQ¶WDQID]ODRNXOXEXOXQPDNWD\GÕ
$YUXSD¶GDRUWD\DoÕNDQ)UDQVÕ]'HYULPL¶QLQILNLUOHULYH\]\ÕOÕQ
EDúODUÕQGD 5XPODU YH (UPHQLOHU DUDVÕQGD 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QH NDUúÕ
NÕSÕUGDQPDODUD QHGHQ RODQ GúQVHO ROXúXP HVNL \DúDP WDU]ODUÕQÕ
GH÷LúWLUPHGHQVUGUHQ2VPDQOÕ<DKXGLOHULDUDVÕQGDKLoELU\DQNÕ\DSPDPÕú
KDWWD 0VOPDQ 7UNOHU DUDVÕQGD ILOL]OHQHQ \HQL ILNLUOHUGHQ GH
HWNLOHQPHPLúOHUGLU $\UÕFD +DVLGL]P D\GÕQODQPD øEUDQLFH¶QLQ FDQODQPDVÕ
GLQL UHIRUP 6L\RQL]P JLEL $YUXSDOÕ <DKXGLOHUL HWNLOH\HQ KDUHNHWOHUH GH
NDSDOÕNDOPÕúODUKDWWDIDUNÕQDELOHYDUPDPÕúODUGÕU
6218d
2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL <DKXGL WHEDDVÕQÕ IHWLK YH J|o JLEL LNL \|QWHPOH
DUWWÕUPÕúWÕUøON\|QWHP2VPDQOÕRUGXODUÕQÕQJHQLúOHPHVLYH2VPDQOÕJFQQ
\D\ÕOPDVÕLOH2VPDQOÕWHEDDVÕKDOLQHJHOHQGL÷HUWRSOXOXNODULoLQGHJHoHUOL\GL
øNLQFL \|QWHP LVH QHUHGH\VH WDPDPHQ NHQGL |]JU LUDGHOHUL LOH 2VPDQOÕ
WHEDDOÕ÷ÕQDJLUPHJLELD\ÕUWHGLFLELU|]HOOL÷HVDKLSEXOXQDQ<DKXGLOHUOHVÕQÕUOÕ
NDOPÕúWÕU
<DKXGLOHULQ2VPDQOÕHJHPHQOL÷LDOWÕQGDUHIDKLoLQGHROPDODUÕQÕQELU
QHGHQL <DKXGLOHULQ \DUDUOÕ YH UHWNHQ ELU XQVXU RODUDN J|UOPHOHUL YH
HPSHU\DO SROLWLNDQÕQ ELU DUDFÕ RODUDN NXOODQÕOPDODUÕQGDQGÕU *HQHO RODUDN
LIDGH HGLOLUVH YH \]\ÕOODUGD YH VRQUDVÕQGD 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QGHNL
<DKXGLOHU7UNOHUOHUHNDEHWKDOLQGHGH÷LOOHUGLDNVLQHRQODUÕWDPDPOÕ\RUODUGÕ
1IXVXQ HNRQRPLN EDNÕPGDQ UHWNHQ JHOLU VD÷OD\DQ ELU XQVXUXQX
ROXúWXUX\RUODUGÕYH|]HOOLNOH\]\ÕOGDQLWLEDUHQ<DKXGLWRSOXOX÷XQXQ
/(:,6V
(VWKHU %(5%$66$ ³$VVRFLDWLRQDO 6WUDWHJLHV LQ 2WWRPDQ -HZLVK 6RFLHW\ LQ WKH 1LQHWHHQWK
DQG 7ZHQWLHWK &HQWXULHV´ 7KH -HZV 2I 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH (GLWHG E\ $YLJGRU /HY\
7KH'DUZLQ3UHVV3ULQFLWRQV
/(:,6V
/(:,6V
%26:257+ & ( ³7KH &RQFHSW RI 'KLPPD LQ (DUO\ ,VODP´
&KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO
/DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV
0HLHU3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN/RQGRQVV
&2+(1 0DUN 5 +Do YH +LODO $OWÕQGD 2UWDoD÷GD <DKXGLOHU dHY
$KPHW)HWKL6DUPDO<D\ÕQHYLøVWDQEXO
'$9,621 5RGHULF + ³7KH 0LOOHWV DV $JHQWV RI &KDQJH LQ WKH
1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\ 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH
2WWRPDQ(PSLUH 9,7KH&HQWUDO/DQGV(GLWHG%\%HQMDPLQ%UDXGH
DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV 0HLHU 3XEOLVKHUV 1HZ <RUN /RQGRQ
VV
'80217 3DXO ³-HZLVK &RPPXQXWLHV LQ 7XUNH\ GXULQJ WKH /DVW
'HFDGHV RI WKH 1LQHWHHQWK &HQWXU\ LQ WKH /LJKW RI WKH $UFKLYHV RI WKH
$OOLDQFH,VUDHOLWH8QLYHUVHOOH´&KLULVWLDQV$QG-HZV,Q7KH2WWRPDQ
(PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG
%HUQDUG /HZLV+ROPHV 0HLHU3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN/RQGRQ
VV
(367(,10DUN$³7KH/LGHUVKLSRIWKH2WWRPDQ-HZVLQWKH)LIWHHQWK
DQG 6L[WHHQWK &HQWXULHV´ &KLULVWLDQV $QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ
(PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG
+$&.(5 -RVHSK 5 ³2WWRPDQ 3ROLF\ WRZDUG WKH -HZV DQG -HZLVK
$WWLWXGHVWRZDUGWKH2WWRPDQVGXULQJWKH)LIWHHQWK&HQWXU\´&KLULVWLDQV
$QG -HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG
%\ %HQMDPLQ %UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV 0HLHU 3XEOLVKHUV
1HZ<RUN/RQGRQVV
.8170HWLQ³7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRI=ÕPPLLQWR$VNHUL´&KLULVWLDQV$QG
-HZV ,Q 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 9 , 7KH &HQWUDO /DQGV (GLWHG %\
%HQMDPLQ%UDXGHDQG%HUQDUG/HZLV+ROPHV 0HLHU3XEOLVKHUV1HZ
<RUN/RQGRQVV
/(9<$YLJGRU³0LOOHW3ROLWLFV7KH$SSRLQWPHQWRID&KLHI5DEELLQ
´ 7KH -HZV 2I 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH (GLWHG E\ $YLJGRU /HY\
7KH'DUZLQ3UHVV3ULQFLWRQVV
/(9< $YLJGRU ³,QWURGXFWLRQ´ 7KH -HZV 2I 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH
(GLWHGE\$YLJGRU/HY\7KH'DUZLQ3UHVV3ULQFLWRQVV
0$175$15REHUW³)RUHLJQ0HUFKDQWVDQGWKH0LQRULWLHVLQ,VWDQEXO
GXULQJWKH6L[WHHQWKDQG6HYHQWHHQWK&HQWXULHV´&KLULVWLDQV$QG-HZV
,Q7KH2WWRPDQ(PSLUH 9,7KH&HQWUDO/DQGV(GLWHG%\%HQMDPLQ
%UDXGH DQG %HUQDUG /HZLV +ROPHV 0HLHU 3XEOLVKHUV 1HZ <RUN
/RQGRQVV
0&&$57+< -XVWLQ ³-HZLVK 3RSXODWLRQ LQ WKH /DWH 2WWRPDQ 3HULRG´
7KH -HZV 2I 7KH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH (GLWHG E\ $YLJGRU /HY\ 7KH
'DUZLQ3UHVV3ULQFLWRQVV
257$</,øOEHU³2VPDQOÕøPSDUDWRUOX÷XQGDµ0LOOHW¶1L]DPÕ´$h+)'
+DPLGH 7RSoXR÷OX¶QD $UPD÷DQ $\UÕ%DVÕP$QNDUDVV