BMTBD-nxcuong 1

Nguyên tắc chung chọn hệ thống nối đất

• Phù hợp với tiêu chuẩn của từng quốc gia

Ví dụ : ở các nước Châu Âu , TT là bắt buộc trong lãnh vực nhà ở và trường học.
IT là bắt buộc trong một số lãnh vực.

• Không có hệ thống nối đất nào là tốt nhất. Mỗi hệ thống đều có ưu và khuyết
điểm. Hệ thống nối đất là tốt nếu tuân thủ đúng các qui tắc.

• Hãy xem xét cẩn thận :

- Tầm quan trọng của tính liên tục cung cấp điện,
- Trình độ tay nghề của nhóm bảo trì.

• Xét đến
ế đặc điểm
ể của
ủ tải
ả : một số
ố tải
ả nhạy với dòng điện sự cố
ố cao hoặc có
cách điện kém.

Kết luận : hãy nghĩ về khả năng kết hợp các hệ thống nối đất với nhau: dùng
máy biến áp hạ áp/ hạ áp để có hệ thống nối đất mới ở thứ cấp máy biến áp.

BMTBD-nxcuong 2

1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Những nguyên tắc chung theo IEC 364 § 312.2
• Hệ thống

T T
T N
I T

Chữ đầu tiên Chữ thứ hai

Trạng thái trung tính nguồn Trạng thái vỏ máy thiết bị

T = trung tính nguồn nối đất T = vỏ máy nối đất trực tiếp
trực tiếp N = vỏ máy nối đất chung với điểm nối đất
I = trung tính nguồn cách ly của trung tính nguồn
đất hay nối đất qua tổng trở

 Hệ thống TN
Chữ thứ ba

S = có dây nối đất PE riêng

C = dây trung tính đồng thời là dây nối đất
(PEN) PE: Protective Earth
BMTBD-nxcuong
French: Terre, Isolation 3
T: đất N: trung tính

Earthing system technique

TT system
Definition
E36886

 The neutral point of the LV L1

transformer is directly L2
connected to an earth L3
N
electrode
 The exposed conductive parts
of the installation are
connected to an electrically
separate earth electrode

PE

Rn Ru

BMTBD-nxcuong 4

1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
TT system
Earth fault study
Value of fault current:

E36892
Uo = 230 V
L1
If = Uo / (Rn + Ru) L2
= 230 / (10 + 10) L3
N
= 11,5 A
400V / 230V
Exposed conductive
Uf = Ru x If metallic part
= 10 x 11,5
= 115 V
Remark ? If = 11,5A

 The fault current generates

a dangerous touch voltage: Uf = 115 V
Uf=115V
Uf 115V > UL
UL=50V
50V
Load
 The short-circuit protection device Rn Ru
(SCPD) is usually not suitable for 10  10 
eliminating this type of fault

BMTBD-nxcuong 5

Earthing system technique

TT system
Earth fault study
E36894

Uo = 230 V
L1
Solution L2
 The SCPD is usually not suitable L3
N
to eliminate this type of fault
400V / 230V
(ex: setting at 25 A) In < ?
SCPD
 A residual current device 25 A In < 5A
specially designed to protect
people Exposed conductive
metallic part
 Tripping conditions:

Touch voltage < Safety curve

Ru x In < UL
Load
(In is the setting of RCD) Rn Ru
10  10 
In < UL / Ru
< 50 /10
<5A

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1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Suitable Device in TT:
RCD: Residual Current Devices
Operating principle

E37508
 auxiliary supply type
Tripping
Residual Current Devices
(electronic)

 Detection
 Measurement own voltage
supply
 Tripping

Detection
differencial relay

M
Measurement

BMTBD-nxcuong 7

Main features of TT System

 Protection of people:
 fault current is dangerous,
 fault current is too weak to trigger
gg the short-circuit
protection devices,
 protection must be practically instantaneous,
It is provided by a specially designed RCD device

 Fire protection:
 fault current is limited,
 "naturally" managed by RCDs for the protection
of people,

 continuity of service:
 obtained by discrimination between the RCDs.

BMTBD-nxcuong 8

1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
TNS system
Definition

E36887
 The neutral point of the LV L1
transformer is directly L2
connected to an earth L3
N
electrode (source earth)
PE
 The exposed conductive parts
of the installation are
connected by the PE to the
same earth electrode
 The PE and neutral conductor
are separate

Rn

BMTBD-nxcuong 9

Earthing system technique

TN-C system
Definition
 The PE and neutral conductor L1
are common: the PEN L2
L3
PEN

Rn

BMTBD-nxcuong 10

1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
TN-C-S system
Definition

E36890
 In the TN sub-system: L1 L1
L2 L2
 the upstream part is TN-C
TN C
L3 L3
(with PEN)
N
 the downstream part is TN-S PEN PE
(with PE and N)
N.B It is prohibited to use a
TN-S system upstream from a
TN-C system

Rn

BMTBD-nxcuong 11

Earthing system technique

TN system
Earth fault study
E36896

Uo = 230 V
L1
 Fault current is equal to? L2
a Phase/Neutral short-circuit
short circuit L3
N
400V / 230V PE
 The fault current generates
dangerous touch voltage
 The source voltage goes down to If
0.8.Uo
 If the PE and the Phase size are
equivalent, the touch voltage is ? Exposed
conductive
metallic part Uf
Uf = Uo / 2 = 115 V > UL (=50V)
( 50V) F lt
Fault

Rn
 How to protect?
Tripping of the circuit breaker
by magnetic within allowed
maximum disconnecting times

BMTBD-nxcuong 12

1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
TN system
Maximum disconnecting times for TN systems

UL= 50 V UL= 25 V

Rated voltage Uo Disconnecting time Rated voltage Uo Disconnecting time

volts (*) seconds volts (*) seconds

120, 127 0.8 127 0.35

220, 230 0.4 230 0.2
380, 400 0.1 380 0.02
> 400 0.1 580 0.02

(*) values based on IEC 38 publication

BMTBD-nxcuong 13

Earthing system technique

TN system
Earth fault study (continue)
E36896

Uo = 230 V
L1
 calculation of fault current L2
 The Ohm Law L3
0.8 Uo = (RPE +RPh) x If N
400V / 230V PE
with:
RPE =  L / SPE
RPh =  L / SPH If

the value of fault current is Exposed

conductive
0.8.Uo. SPH metallic part Uf
If =
 (1+m) L
.(1+m).L F lt
Fault

with m = SPH / SPE Rn

 How to protect ?
By SCPD
If > Imag ==> L < Lmax
Imag: magnetic tripping threshold
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1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
TN system
Checking of tripping conditions
0.8.Uo.Sph
L max = .(1+m).Imagn
 (1+m) Imagn
 Approximate formula for terminal feeder

 or else impedance calculation

 If the condition is not met ?

 reduce the magnetic setting
 install an RCD - LS (up to 250A)

BMTBD-nxcuong 15

Earthing system technique

TN system
Implementation
E36897

Uo = 230 V
L1
TN-S L2
 PE separate from the neutral L3
N
 Protection of the neutral PE
400V / 230V
SN = SPH  disconnected, not protected
SN < SPH  disconnected, protected*

* except for dispensation

Exposed
conductive
metallic part

Load

Rn

BMTBD-nxcuong 16

1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
TN system
Implementation

E36899
Uo = 230 V
L1
TN-C L2
 PEN = protective conductor L3
PEN
and neutral conductor
400V / 230V
 Protection of the PEN Tripping
SCPD 160 A
SPEN = SPH
the PEN must not be
disconnected
 The exposed conductive parts
of the substation, the LV Exposed
conductive
neutral and the exposed metallic part
cond cti e parts of the loads
conductive
are connected to the same Load

earth electrode Rn

BMTBD-nxcuong 17

Suitable Device with TN-S

Protection by short-circuit protection devices
 Protection:
for given cross-section / material (copper /
aluminium) the fault current Id depends on the
aluminium),
t
length of the conductors

t < 0,4s
 fuse protection: inverse time curve, check the
tripping time
Id I

 circuit breaker protection: setting of the

magnetic relay
< 30 ms

Im Id I

BMTBD-nxcuong 18

1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Suitable Device with TN-S
Fire risk
 A 300 mA residual current

E36896
Uo = 230 V
device is recommended if L1
L2
there is a risk of fire L3
only in TN-S N
PE
 same as TT 400V / 230V

 provided by RCDs…
 … but no limitation of Id. RCD

Exposed
conductive
metallic part

Load

Rn

BMTBD-nxcuong 19

Main features with TN-S and TN-C

TN-S TN-C
 Protection of people:  Protection of people:
 fault current is dangerous,  fault current is dangerous,
 fault current is usually
y high
g enoughg to be  fault current is usually
y high
g enough
g to be tripped
pp byy
tripped by the short-circuit protection the short-circuit protection devices,
devices
 tripping must be practically instantaneous,  tripping is practically instantaneous = same as TN-S

 if protection condition is not filled, RCDs  protection cannot be provided by RCDs.

may be used to ensure the protection

 Fire protection:  Fire protection:

 fault current is high,  cannot be provided.
 It must be managed by additional RCDs
RCDs.

 Continuity of service :  Continuity of service:

 obtained by discrimination between the  obtained by discrimination between the short-circuit
short-circuit protection devices. protection devices = same as TN-S.

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1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
IT system
Definition

E36891
 The neutral point of the LV L1
transformer is not connected L2
to an earth electrode L3
N
 The exposed conductive parts
PE
of the loads are connected by
the PE conductor to a
common earth electrode or to
separate earth electrodes

PE PE

BMTBD-nxcuong 21

Earthing system technique

IT system
Earth fault study
E36908

L1
 System leakage impedance L2
L3
PE

BMTBD-nxcuong 22

1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
IT system

The first fault

E36908
L1
 The touch voltage is L2
L3
d
dangerous? ? PE
 No
 There is no risk of fire
 The fault does not cause
tripping but it must be
indicated.

BMTBD-nxcuong 23

Earthing system technique

IT system
Tracking of the first fault
E36904

L1
 Detection principle: L2
 injection of a specific zero L3
sequence signal PE

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1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
IT system
Detection of the faulty feeder:

E36904
L1
 detection by core balance CT L2
and indication of the faulty L3
feeder PE

BMTBD-nxcuong 25

Earthing system technique

IT system

The second earth fault

E36905

L1
L2
 If the exposed conductive
L3
parts
t off the
th loads
l d are PE
connected to a common earth
electrode
 Situation similar to the TN
system. The second fault
creates a short-circuit
 Tripping of protections

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1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Earthing system technique
IT system
Maximum disconnecting times for IT systems on
the second fault
Rated voltage disconnecting time
UO / UC (seconds)
(volts)
neutral not neutral
distrib. distrib.
120/240, 127/220 0.8 5
220/380, 230/400 0.4 0.8
400/690 0.2 0.4
580/1000 0.1 0.2

UC = voltage between phases

UO = voltage between phase and neutral

BMTBD-nxcuong 27

Earthing system technique

IT system
Conclusion
 First fault tripping
 First fault current very weak
 First fault touch voltage very weak
 Dangerous touch voltage if there is a double fault
 optimal safety when first fault occurs
 continuity of service when first fault occurs
 use of PIM for fault tracking
 Second fault tripping
 checking of tripping conditions
 calculations necessary for extensions

PIM: Permanent Insulation Monitor

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1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Main features with IT

 Protection of people:
 no automatic breaking,
 PIM* monitoring,
monitoring
 FTD** tracking.

 Fire protection:
 no fault current = not necessary,
 monitoring by PIM.

 Continuity of service:
 total.
total

* Permanent Insulation Monitor

** Fault Tracking Device

BMTBD-nxcuong 29

Choice of earthing systems

6 selection criteria
 Protection of people according to IEC 364
 Protection of equipment according to IEC 364
 Continuity of the power supply
 EMC Effects
 Easy implementation
 Economic analysis

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1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế

 Choice of earthing systems
Conclusion
 Facilities managers' need:
 dependable electrical distribution
 The IEC 364 offers solutions which:
 protect people (RCDs, switching of
the Neutral, …)
 limit leakage / fault currents (IT, TT, TN-S with
RCDs)
 minimize the risk of fire (TT, IT)
 manage "pollution" (switching of the Neutral)

IEC 364 means: a dependable,

g p g installation
high-performing

TN networks save the cost of a low-impedance earth connection at

the site of each consumer. Such a connection (a buried metal
structure) is required to provide protective earth in IT and TT systems .
TN-C networks save the cost of an additional conductor needed for
separate N and PE connections. However to mitigate the risk of
broken neutrals, special cable types and lots of connections to earth
are needed .
TT networks require RCD protection and often an expensive time
delay type is needed to provide discrimination with an RCD
BMTBD-nxcuong
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1.6 Sơ đồ nối đất hạ thế