ANNA MARY A.

GINTORO

SOFTCOPY HANDOUT

Mga Prinsipal na Angkan ng Wika

FIL-ED 205: PANIMULANG LINGGWISTIKA
Mga Dapat Sauluhin bago Magtapos ang Buwan ng Septyembre
2023 kay Gng. Cherrie Mae R. Alada

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Mga Prinsipal na Angkan ng Wika e) Baltic
1. Lithunian ng Lithunia
I. INDO-EUROPEAN (pinakamalaking angkan) 2. Latvian ng Latvia
a) Germanic (o Teutonic) f) Alabanian
1 English-Frisian – sinasalita sa baybayin ng g) Armenian – sinasalita sa kahilagaang
Netherlands at Alemanya Caucasus at sa ilang lugar sa Near East
English – pinakamalaganap sa kasalukuyan; h) Griyego ng Greece
Frisian ng mga pulong malapit at sakop ng i) Iranian (Kurdish ng kanlurang Turkiya;
Netherlands at Alemanya (Frisian Islands) Persyano sa mga Muslim ng India at Pakistan;
2 Dutch-German Pashto o Afghan sa bahagi ng Afghanistan at
Dutch ng Netherlands paligid-ligid ng Pakistan; Balochi sa isang
German ng Alemanya bahagi ng Pakistan)
Flemish ng Belgium j) Indic – mga wika sa gawing timog ng India
(Ang Afrikaans, isa sa dalawang wikang at Pakistan
opisyal ng Unyon ng Hilagang Africa, ay 1. Hindi ng Republika ng India
buhat sa Dutch; Ang Yiddish na gumagamit 2. Urdu ng Pakistan
ng alpabetong Ebreo ay buhat sa Aleman) 3. Bengali ng Bengal
3 Scandinavian Danish 4. Nepali ng Nepal
ng Denmark Swedish 5. Sinhalese ng Ceylon
ng Sweden Riksmal at 6. Sanskrito – ginagamit pa
Landsma Icelandic ng ring wikang
Iceland pampanitikan at
Anglo-Saxon ng Britanya panrelihiyon sa Indya
II. FINNO-UGRIAN
b) Celtic a) Finnish ng Finland
1 Breton ng Timog-Kanlurang Pransya b) Estonian ng Estonia
2 Welsh ng Wales c) Hungarian ng Hungary
3 Irish of Ireland d) Lappish, Mordvinia, Cheremiss – mga
4 Scots ng Scotland wikang kaangkan ng kumalat sag awing
c) Romance timog ng Europa at Asya
1 Portuges ng Portugal at Brazil
2 Espanyol ng Espanya III. ALTAIC
3 Pranses ng Pransya at nga a) Turkic (Turkish, Azerbaijani – timog-
bansang sakop ng isa sa mga kanluran ng iran at Caucasus; Kirghiz, Uzbeg,
opisyal na wika ng Bnika Kazak – kalagitnaang Asya)
Belgian Congo, Switzerland at b) Mongol ng Mongolia
Canada c) Manchu-Tangus ng Silangag Mongolia
4 Italyano ng Italya
5 Rumanian ng Rumania IV. CAUCASSIAN sa rehyon ng Caucascas sa U.S.S.R.
6 Sarinian a) South Caucassian (Georgian, Mingralian)
7 Rhato-Romanic b) North Caucassian (Kabardia)
a. Romansch – isa sa mga opisyal c) Basque
ng wika ng
8 Haitian Creole V. AFRO-ASIATIC – timog ng Africa at Hilagang-
9 Catalan at Galician ng Espanya Kanluran ng Asya
10 Latin a) Semitic
1. Ebreo ng Israel – wikang ginagamit
d) Slavic ng Silangang Europa sa Matandang Tipan
1 Ruso 2. Arabiko ng Arabia
2 Byelorussian at Ukranian – wika sa 3. Maltese ng Malta
gawing hilaga ng Rusya 4. Assyrian ng Asyria
3 Polish ng Poland 5. Aramaic – sa wikang ito naisulat ang
4 Czech ng Czechoslovakia unang Bibliya; wikang ginamit ni Hesus
5 Slovak ng Slovakia Kristo at ng Kanyang mga disipulo
6 Serbo-Croatian ng Yogoslavia 6. Phoenician – kahawig na kahawig ng
7 Bulgarian ng Bulgaria matandang Ebreo, wika noon ng komersyo
sa Mediterranean at pinagmulan n gating
matandang alpabeto

b) Hamitic
1. Egyptian

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 2. Berber ng Timog Africa ng Sahara 2. Kkasi
3. Cushitic ng Silangang Africa 3. Nicolabarese
4. Chad ng Nigeria 4. Palauag
5. Wa
c) Mande ng Kanlurang Africa 6. Mon
d) Kwa ng Gitnang Africa
e) Sudanic ng Sudan
f) Bantu (Swahili, Congo, Luba, Shona, Ganda,
Nyanja, atbp.) ng Niger-Congo ANG ANGKANG MALAYO-POLINESYO AT ANG
MGA WIKA SA PILIPINAS
VI. KOREAN

VII. JAPANESE - Ang rehiyong nasa baybay-ilog ng kanlurang Tsina

a) Niponggo at hangganan ng Tibet ang orihinal na pinagmulan ng
b) Ryuku ng Ryuku Islands sa kanlurang Pasipiko kulturang Indonesyo.
VIII. SINO-TIBETAN ng Silangang Asya - May pangkat na lumikas sa kanluran patungong
a) Tribeto – Burma (Tibetan, Burmese, Garo, Bodo, India, Indo-Tsina at Indonesia.
Naga, Kuki-Chin, Karen)
b) Chinese (Mandarin, Fukien, Wu, Cantonese) - May pangkat na lumikas sa Indonesia ang siyang
c) Kadai (Thai, Siamese, Laotian, Lao, Shan) nakaabot sa Pilipinas Formosa (Taiwan) at iba
pang kapuluan sa Pasipiko.
IX. MALAYO-POLYNESIAN (pangalawang
pinakamalaking angkan) – kumalat sa mga kapuluan sa - Iisa ang pinagmulan ng iba’t-ibang sistema ng
Pasipiko at sa kanluran ng Madagascar pagsulat noon, ang alibata.
a) Indonesian
1. Tagalog - Ang alibata ay mula sa alifbata ng Arabia na
2. Bisaya pumasok sa Pilipinas nang maitindig ang emperyong
3. Ilocano Madjapahit sa Java.
4. Pampango
5. Samar-Leyte
6. Bicol, atb. ng Pilipinas
7. Chamerrong Guam
b) Malay ng Sumatra
1. Malaya ng Borneo
2. Batak ng Sumatra
3. Balinese ng Bali
4. Dayak ng Borneo
5. Makassar ng Celebes
c) Micronesian
d) Polynesian
1. Hawaiian
2. Tahitian
3. Samoan
4. Maori
e) Melanesian
1. Fijian ng Fiji

X. PAPUAN (New Guinea at mga kalapit-pulo)

XI. DRAVIDIAN (Hilagang India))

1. Telugu
2. Tamil
3. Kannarese ng Kanara
4. Malayalam ng hilagang-kanlurang India

XII. AUSTRALIAN
XIII. AUSTRO-ASIATIC (Hilagang-Silangang Asya)
a) Munda (kalagitnaang India)
1. Santoli

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Points to Study and Remember for the SS 111 Quiz on Monday: September 18, 2023
(The Contemporary World)

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION

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 Why do we need to study the world? At first glance the world, as a concept, is abstract.
After all, our daily experiences are considered interactions with our country.

When we engage in official transactions like paying taxes, we deal with the Philippine
government. However, we need to step back a little bit to see that the world
―out there‖ is already here. You likely have relatives who are overseas (OFW). They
bringing home part of the world with them. Needless to say that the media and the
internet are your windows to the contemporary world.

Finally, our consumption habits are global. Dined in a McDonald‘s, uses chopsticks in eating,
maybe owned a China mobile phone and eaten in Korean restaurant. We are already
citizens of the world whether we are aware of it or not. Just living your own life, you
automatically think about the contemporary world.

Globalization refers to the process and direction of change over time, globalism refers to a set of
ideologies ranging from the worship of the free-market to global
jihadism, and globality is a ―single socio-political space on a planetary scale.‖ It is a wide
spread belief among powerful people that the global interaction of economic market be
beneficial for everyone (Paul, 2013).

Various perspectives have described how globalization take part in the world wide social
relation.

The world system theory of Emmanuel Wallerstein discussed the regions of globalization; core,
semi-periphery, and the periphery which described the opposing scenario of the world.

The World System Theory was proposed by Emmanuel Wallerstien (Goldfrank

2000). A world-system is multicultural territorial division of labor which production and
exchange of basic goods and raw materials is necessary for the everyday life of its
inhabitants.

He pointed out that some nation-state failed to develop due to asymmetrical trade in global
capitalism making them difficult to compete and become dependent to rich nation–states.
For him globalization represents the triumph of a capitalist world economy. For a tie,
certain countries become the world hegemon. The key structure of the capitalist world-
system is the division of the world into three great regions, or

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geographically based and hierarchically organized tiers: the core, semi-periphery and the
periphery. The core countries focus in higher skill, capital intensive production and
the rest of the world inequality global economic system is inherently unfair.(to add
based on module at home)

Another was the network society of Manuel Castells, showing the informational change
made by technological advancement.

The Network Society by Manuel Castell is a society whose social structure is made
up of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication
technologies.

Globalization is seen to exercise the technological change in various ways and

processes. This new economy is described as informational which is knowledge based,
production of information is organized on a global scale and global network interaction
is used for productivity. Whereby, internet usher the constructions of a new symbolic
environment which makes ―virtuality a reality‖ ( Castell, 2005).

This new symbolic environment is characterized with: SPACE OF FLOWS, in which

informational flows bring physical spaces closer through networks; TIMELESS TIME in
which technology is able to manipulate the natural sequence of events; and REAL
VIRTUALITY based on a hypertext reality and global interconnection which bends space
and time relations.

Castell also argues that globalization is a network of production, culture and power that
is constantly shaped by advances in technology, which range from communication
technologies to genetic engineering. This globalization represents a new age of
information (2005).

Information has become the key substance of all human activity and is directly
integrated into culture, institutions and experience. The development of new
information technology (IT), in particular, computers and the Internet, representing a
new technological paradigm and leading to a new ―mode of development‖ that Castells
terms ―informationalism.‖ Informationalism refers to a technological paradigm that
replaces and subsumes the previous paradigm of industrialism.

Yet, castells (2005) mentioned that it creates digital divide, the division of the world into
those areas and segments of population. Segment that switched on to the

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new technological system and segment that switched off or the marginalized. With it,
information age does not necessarily mean that the world has become flat, rather with
technological advance Castell argues that it creates a global forms of exclusion and
inclusions, fragmentation and integration.

Anthony Giddens (2013) described globalization as ―the intensification of worldwide

social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.‖

Notable theory was the work of Anthony Giddens, expressing that globalization diminished
time and space. He also cited the risk of globalization in many aspects of the world. On
the aspect of global culture, there are three main bodies of theory regarding the effects of
globalization on local culture: homogenization, hybridization and heterogeneity or
polarization.

There are three main bodies of theory regarding the effects of globalization on local
culture: homogenization, hybridization and heterogeneity or polarization. Each of these
processes can be demonstrated in different parts of the world.

• Homogenization is the name given to the process whereby globalization

causes one culture to consume another. Homogenization theories see a global cultural
convergence and would tend to highlight the rise of world beat, world cuisines, world
tourism, uniform consumption patterns and cosmopolitanism (Appadurai). Many use
the term Americanization to depict specifically the way that American culture has been
exported to all corners of the globe.

• Hybridization - Cultures are however rarely simply consumed. More often two
cultures clash and a new hybrid culture is formed. Hybridization stresses new and
constantly evolving cultural forms and identities produced by manifold transnational
processes and the fusion of distinct cultural processes.

• Polarization or heterogeneity - this condition continued cultural difference

and highlight local cultural autonomy, cultural resistance to homogenization, cultural
clashes and polarization, and distinct subjective experiences of globalization.

Time-Space-Distanciation by Anthony Giddens. Giddens defines time- space

distanciation as ‗the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant
localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many

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miles away and vice versa‘ – social relations are ‗lifted out‘ from local contexts of
interaction and restructured across time and space

Global Risk Society by Anthony Giddens. Giddens (2009) provocatively argues that
globalization has led to the creation of a ―global risk society.‖ Human social and
economic activities, especially in modernity, produce various risks such as pollution,
crime, new illnesses, food shortages, market crashes, wars, etc., and societies have
become more responsible for managing these risks that their activities intentionally or,
more often than not, unintentionally produced.

On the other hand, “global village‖ was introduced by Marshall McLuhan, that
technological advancement was made as culture was shared and spread.

Global Village by Marshall McLuhan. The late Marshall McLuhan, a media and
communication theorist, coined the term ―global village‖ in 1964 to describe the
phenomenon of the world‘s culture shrinking and expanding at the same time due to
pervasive technological advances that allow for instantaneous sharing of culture.

McLuhan chose the insightful phrase ―global village‖ to highlight his observation that
an electronic nervous system (the media) was rapidly integrating the planet - events in
one part of the world could be experienced from other parts in real-time, which is what
human experience was like when we lived in small villages.

Moreover, his insight known as ―the medium is the message‖ suggests that the qualities
of a medium have as much effect as the information it transmits. It is from this that
various medium are used to convey information in best way possible it is.

Another famous theory was the McDonaldization theory of George Ritzer, the
westernization of the world and the principle of a fastfood chain process.

McDonaldization by George Ritzer . Ritzer (1996) claimed that the contemporary

world is undergoing process of Mcdonaldization. McDonaldization theory is defined as
―the process whereby the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate
more and more sectors of American society and the world.‖ The said theory follows the
Four Main Dimensions such as;

Efficiency - The optimum method of completing a task. It is he rational determination of

the best mode of production. Individuality is not allowed.

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Calculability - The assessment of outcomes based on quantifiable rather than
subjective criteria. In other words, quantity over quality. They sell the Big Mac, not the
Good Mac.

Predictability - The production process is organized to guarantee uniformity of product

and standardized outcomes. All shopping malls begin to look the same and all highway
exits have the same assortment of businesses.

Control - The substitution of more predictable non-human labor for human labor, either
through automation or the deskilling of the work force.

Meanwhile Roland Robertson stresses upon the significance of the local or the communal
which can be viewed as one ingredient of the overall globalization process.

In the book of Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global

Culture (London: Sage, 1992) ―globalization refers both to the compression of the
world and intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.‖ “Compression”
meaning the world turns small in which everything is not far to reach and accessed by
everyone in the world. Furthermore, it is a process that breaks the gap, boundary or
barriers between nation-state to create common consciousness. “Intensification”
means the extent and strength of consciousness or practice not limited to a specific
geographical place but is able to cross the boarders of nation-states. Consider this
example, the use of Nike products, many people not only Filipinos are consumer of
these American products. Your favorite Guess products are sold in worldwide markets
and even in internet.

―Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy” by Arjun

Appadurai.

For anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1997), different kinds of globalization occur on

multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes.” Appadaurai
uses the suffix SCAPE to connote the idea that these processes have fluid, irregular,
variable shapes.

Mediascapes are about the flows of image and communication.

Ethnoscapes are concerned with the flows of individuals around the world/global
movement of people.

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Ideoscapes deal with exchanges of ideas and ideologies.

Technoscapes refer to the flows of technology and skills to create linkages between
organizations around the world/ circulation of mechanical goods and software.

Financescapes relate to the interactions associated with money and capital

global/circulation of money.

Ideoscape - realm where political ideas move around

Globalization on the description of Manfred Steger (2009) states that “it is

the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness
across world-time and across world-space.” When you say ―expansion‖ it relates
to making of new connection of social network and further multiplying it that expands
across political, economic, cultural and geographic borders. Meaning, globalization
creates a wider opportunity for social relations among nation-states.

Meanwhile, Steger referred intensification as expanding, stretching, accelerating the

presence of connection or network a nation-state to another nation-states.

Steger (2009) also cited that globalization has four main dimensions: economic,
political, cultural, and ecological, with ideological aspects for each category.

1. Economic - Economic globalization is the intensification and stretching of

economic interrelations around the globe. It embraces such things as the occurrence
of a new global economic order, the internationalization of trade and finance, the
dynamic changing power of transnational corporations, and the greater role of
international economic institutions.

2. Political - Political globalization is the intensification and expansion of political

interrelations around the globe. It comprises the modern-nation state system and
its changing place in today‘s world, the role of global governance, and the path of
our global political systems.

3. Military - Military globalization, as subdomain of political globalization, is defined as

the intensification and stretching of military power across the globe through numerous
means of military power (nuclear military weapons, radiation weapons simply weapons
of mass destruction). This form of globalization occurs across offensive and defensive

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uses of power and survival in international field. Beyond states, global organizations
such as the United Nations also extend military means globally through support given
by both Global North and South countries.

4. Cultural - Cultural globalization is the intensification and expansion of cultural flows

across the globe. Culture is a very wide-ranging concept and has various facets, but in
the argument on globalization, Steger means it to refer to ―the symbolic construction,
articulation, and dissemination of meaning.‖ Topics under this heading include
discussion about the development of a global culture, or lack thereof, the role of
media in shaping our identities and desires, and the globalization of languages.

5. Ecological - Topics of ecological globalization include population growth, access to

food, worldwide reduction in biodiversity, the gap between rich and poor as well as
between the global North and global South, humaninduced climate change, and global
environmental degradation. Furthermore, Steger also posits that his definition of
globalization must we separated with an ideology he termed globalism.

Ideologies of Globalization

Ideology - There is no really clear and agreed upon definition of ideology. It is a

difficult term to define properly.

“Globalization” has been used in both popular and academic literature to describe a
wide variety of phenomena, including a process, a condition, a system, a force, and an
age.

• In my view, the term globalization should be confined to a set of complex,

sometimes contradictory, social processes that are changing our current social
condition based on the modern system of independent nation-states.

• At its core, then, globalization is about the unprecedented compression of time

and space as a result of political, economic, and cultural change, as well as powerful
technological innovations

• The slogan ‗globalization is happening‘ implies that we are moving from the modern
socio-political order of nation states that gradually emerged in the seventeenth
century toward the ‗postmodern‘
conditionofglobality.Indeed,like‗modernization‘andotherverbalnounsthatend inthesuffix‗-
ization‘,theterm‗globalization‘suggestsadynamicbestcapturedby the notion of

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‗development‘ or ‗unfolding‘ along discernable patterns. Such unfolding may occur
quickly or slowly, but it always corresponds to the idea of change, and, therefore,
denotes the alteration of present condition.

1. Liberalism - ideal of promoting ―freedom and democracy‖ around the world.

 Self-regulating market. One role [of government] is to get out of the way—to
remove barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital.
 This ideology is in a sense the ideology of the ―industrialized West‖
 It has a focus on a particular set of values: the individual, freedom, reason,
justice, toleration.
 Emphasizes the importance of the individual, both the uniqueness
and equality of all individuals. (Individualism)
 Has commitment to individual freedom, does not mean that he/she is free
what he/she wants to do. There are still constraint being you are not
allowed to hurt another individual.
 The ability to use one‘s intellect in taking action (Faith in Reason)
 Person should be given of what is due (Justice and Tolerance)
 Individual rights is central
 Believes in tolerance and pluralism- means different political cultures,
moral and cultures can exist together.
2. Conservatism
 Preservation of tradition with regards to values, practices and
institution. (Tradition)
 See tradition as being one of the foundation of society; without it they
believe that society would crumble.
 They need Stability and security in lives, which the government can provide.
 Human beings could not exist outside of society or social group that
nurture him/her like, family, friends, community and the nation. (Organic
society)
 Believes that society is hierarchical, and that authority (who is on top or
in charge) develops naturally. (Hierarchy and Authority)
 Believes in the importance of owning property, and encourage savings
and private investment in property, property is seen in creating a stable
world. (Property)
 People less damage someone else‘s property if they also own property.

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3. SOCIALISM
 Human beings are tied to one another by the bonds of common
humanity. (Community)
 We are all brothers and sisters
 Socialist believe that natural relationship among humans is one
of cooperation rather than competition. (Cooperation)
 Socialists are committed to equality. (Equality) Social class as
the determining factor of the society. (Social Class)
 Disagree with the idea of private property, as they see as one causes
of competition and therefore of social inequality. (Common ownership)
 Views that all property should be communal
View Liberalism Conservatism Socialism
Human nature Good Imperfect and Good
selfish
Individual Free to pursue Individual obey Support the
individual goals the power common good
structure
Society Working together Hierarchical- Society is more
divisions are important than
natural individual
Private Property Used for personal Necessary for The cause of
benefit stability inequality
4. Fascism
 Life is struggle, survival of the fittest
 Believes in elitism, some people are born as leaders
 A certain nation is powerful than others
5. Capitalism
 economic system that is focused on profit
 Production is privately own
 (MARKET) defining mechanism in ordering society.

6. TOTALITARIANISM
 State is handled of 1 or group of persons
 They handled everything in the territory
 This is the total system of control
 Establishes rule by manipulating, terror, and brutality

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 7. ANARCHISM
 No government rule among people
 People are good in nature

8. NATIONALISM
 Nation is the central principle of political organization

9. ENVIRONMENTALISM
 Nature is the central focus of organization

10. FEMINISM
 Equality among men and women

11. Justice Globalism- all people are equal, deserve equal rights and
opportunities.
Distributive justice- socially just allocation of goods.

12. Religious globalism- Struggle against both market and justice

globalism as they seek to mobilize a religious values and beliefs that are thought
to be under severe attack by the forces of secularism and consumerism. People
live in single social unit.

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