Definiranje ciljeva i hipoteza istraživanja

P3
Nacrt diplomskog rada
Pripremila Helena Štrucelj
Definiranje ciljeva i hipoteza istraživanja

Ishodi učenja: sažimanjem podataka iz literature generirati istraživački

cilj i hipoteze
U nacrtu istraživanja:
2. CILJEVI I HIPOTEZE
• Definirati ciljeve istraživanja jednostavno, nedvosmisleno i ujednačeno.
• Ako je primjenjivo, definirati ih kao glavne i specifične ciljeve.
• Definirati hipoteze istraživanja dosljedno prema navedenim
općim/specifičnim ciljevima istraživanja.
• Voditi računa o tome da se postavi hipoteza o svakom od postavljenih ciljeva.
• Redoslijed hipoteza treba slijediti redoslijed pripadajućih ciljeva.
• Pravilno formulirati hipotezu kao izjavnu rečenicu.
Cilj istraživanja Hipoteza istraživanja
Formulirati npr. koristeći neki od glagola: Ima oblik tvrdnje (ne pitanja!)
• Usporediti učestalost pojave burnouta između Treba biti:
skupina…
- Jednostavno formulirana
• Analizirati najčešće uzroke burnouta u - U skladu s poznatom teorijom (mora biti
populaciji… potkrijepljena teorijskom podlogom iz Uvoda)
• Ispitati povezanost učestalosti burnouta s - Provjerljiva ili testabilna (mora se moći
organizacijom rada znanstveno provjeriti, tj. dokazati ili
• Opisati simptome burnouta… opovrgnuti)
• Navesti prednosti i nedostatke prevencijskih
aktivnosti… Učestalost pojave burnouta značajno je veća kod
• … fizioterapeutkinja nego kod fizioterapeuta.
Ili: Najčešći uzroci burnouta kod fizioterapeuta su
??
Cilj je je usporedba učestalosti pojave burnouta
između skupina… Učestalost pojave burnouta negativno je
povezana s kvalitetom organizacije rada.
Po potrebi: glavni i specifični ciljevi
Paziti kod definiranja hipoteza:
Kakva je ta
razlika?

Postoji razlika u učestalosti pojave burnouta između fizioterapeutkinja i

fizioterapeuta. Između
njih i koga?
Kakva
razlika?

Postoji razlika u učestalosti pojave burnouta između fizioterapeutkinja.

U odnosu na
koga? Primalja?
Fizioterapeuta?

Učestalost pojave burnouta značajno je veća kod fizioterapeutkinja.

 Zadatak:
C i H – primjeri: Objasnite zašto ova H
nije u skladu sa
postavljenim C:
C: Utvrditi postoje li razlike u
stupnju kvalitete spavanja H: Zdravstvene
između dvije skupine radnice imaju veću
zdravstvenih radnika: onih kvalitetu spavanja
koji rade noćne smjene i onih
nego zdravstveni
koji ne rade noćne smjene. Zadatak:
radnici.
Objasnite zašto ova H
nije u skladu sa
H: Zdravstveni radnici koji postavljenim C:
rade noćne smjene imaju
manju kvalitetu spavanja H: Kvaliteta spavanja
nego zdravstveni radnici
pozitivno je povezana
koji ne rade noćne
smjene. s brojem radnih
smjena.
C i H – vježba:

C1: Usporediti subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja zdravstvenih radnika s obzirom na

prisutnost noćnog rada.
C2: Usporediti subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja zdravstvenih radnika s obzirom na
vrstu radilišta: ordinacija obiteljske medicine, poliklinika za fizikalnu terapiju i rađaona.

H1: ???

H2: ???
Vježba:
Na temelju rezultata sljedeća dva istraživanja, definirajte dva cilja novog
istraživanja.
Ramírez-Elvira S, Romero-Béjar JL, Suleiman-Martos N, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Monsalve-Reyes C, Cañadas-De la
Fuente GA, Albendín-García L. Prevalence, Risk Factors and Burnout Levels in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11432. doi:
10.3390/ijerph182111432.
Abstract
Nursing is considered to be an at-risk profession of burnout due to daily exposure to difficult
situations such as death and pain care. In addition, some units such as the intensive care unit
(ICU), can be stressful due to high levels of morbidity and mortality and ethical dilemmas.
Burnout causes a deterioration in quality of care, increasing the risk of mortality in patients due to
poor performance and errors in the healthcare environment. The aim of this study was to analyse
the levels, prevalence and related factors of burnout in ICU nurses. A systematic review and meta-
analysis were carried out in the Medline, Scopus and CINAHL databases. Fifteen articles were
found for the systematic review and four for the meta-analysis. With a sample of n = 1986 nurses,
the meta-analytic estimate prevalence for high emotional exhaustion was 31% (95% CI, 8-59%),
for high depersonalization was 18% (95% CI, 8-30%), and for low personal accomplishment was
46% (95% CI, 20-74%). Within the dimensions of burnout, emotional exhaustion had a significant
relationship with depression and personality factors. Both sociodemographic factors (being
younger, single marital status, and having less professional experience in ICU) and working
conditions (workload and working longer hours) influence the risk of burnout syndrome.
Keywords: burnout; intensive care unit; nurses; occupational health; risk factors; stress.
Hämmig O. Explaining burnout and the intention to leave the profession among health professionals - a cross-
sectional study in a hospital setting in Switzerland. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 Oct 19;18(1):785. doi:
10.1186/s12913-018-3556-1. PMID: 30340485; PMCID: PMC6194554.
Abstract
Background: Burnout and the intention to leave the profession are frequently studied outcomes in healthcare settings that have not been
investigated together and across different health professions before. This study aimed to examine work-related explanatory factors or predictors of
burnout and the intention to leave the profession among health professionals in general, and nurses and physicians in particular.
Methods: Cross-sectional survey data of 1840 employees of six public hospitals and rehabilitation clinics recorded in 2015/16 in German-speaking
Switzerland were used. Multiple logistic and stepwise linear regression analyses were performed to estimate the relative risks (odds ratios) and
standardized effects (beta coefficients) of different workloads and work-related stressors on these outcomes and to study any possible mediation
between them.
Results: On average, one in twelve health professionals showed increased burnout symptoms and every sixth one thought frequently of leaving
the profession. Temporal, physical, emotional and mental workloads and job stresses were strongly and positively associated with burnout
symptoms and thoughts of leaving the profession. However, the relative risks of increased burnout symptoms and frequent thoughts of leaving the
profession were highest in the case of effort-reward and work-life imbalances. In fact, these two work-related stress measures partly or even
largely mediated the relationships between exposures (workloads, job stresses) and outcomes and were found to be the strongest predictors of all.
Whereas a work-life imbalance most strongly predicted burnout symptoms among health professionals (β = .35), and particularly physicians (β =
.48), an effort-reward imbalance most strongly predicted thoughts of leaving the profession (β = .31-36). A substantial part of the variance was
explained in the fully specified regression models across both major health professions and both outcomes. However, explained variance was most
pronounced for burnout symptoms of physicians (43.3%) and for frequent thoughts of leaving the profession among nurses and midwives (28.7%).
Conclusions: Reducing workload and job stress, and particularly reward frustration at work, as well as the difficulties in combining work and
private lives among health professionals, may help to prevent them from developing burnout and/or leaving the profession and consequently also
to reduce turnover, early retirement, career endings and understaffing in healthcare settings.
Keywords: Burnout; Health professionals; Intention to leave the profession; Nurses; Physicians; Switzerland.
 Vježba
Kratko predstavite ciljeve i hipoteze svog istraživanja
Literatura:
1. Marušić M. Znanost. U Marušić M, (ur.). Uvod u znanstveni rad u medicini
(str. 1-13). Zagreb: Medicinska naklada; 2013.
2. Mejovšek M. Uvod u metode znanstvenog istraživanja u društvenim i
humanističkim znanostima. Jatrebarsko: Naklada Slap; 2013.
3. Ramírez-Elvira S, Romero-Béjar JL, Suleiman-Martos N, Gómez-Urquiza JL,
Monsalve-Reyes C, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA, Albendín-García L.
Prevalence, Risk Factors and Burnout Levels in Intensive Care Unit Nurses:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health.
2021;18(21):11432. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182111432.
4. Hämmig O. Explaining burnout and the intention to leave the profession
among health professionals - a cross-sectional study in a hospital setting
in Switzerland. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 Oct 19;18(1):785. doi:
10.1186/s12913-018-3556-1. PMID: 30340485; PMCID: PMC6194554.
Fotografije preuzete sa:
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