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Chng I: Tng quan v dn ng hng khng.
I-1.Chc nng dn ng hng khng.
I-2.Cc phng php dn ng hng khng.
I-3.Phn lai cc thit b dn ng mt t.
I-4.nh gi v thnh tu ca thit b dn ng khng gian.
Phn I: CC H THNG DN NG HIN TI
Chng II: i dn ng v hng (NDB)
II-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i dn ng v hng.
II-2.Mng NDB ti Vit Nam.
II-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i NDB.
II-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i NDB.
Chng III: i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng cc ngn (VOR)
III-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng
cc ngn (VOR).
III-2.Mng VOR ti Vit Nam.
III-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i VOR.
III-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i VOR.
Chng IV: i o c ly (DME)
IV-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i o c ly.
IV-2.Mng DME ti Vit Nam.
IV-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i DME.
IV-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i DME.
Chng V: H thng hng dn h cnh chnh xc (ILS)
V-1.Chc nng, thnh phn ca h thng ILS.
V-2.Mng ILS ti Vit Nam.
V-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi h thng ILS.
V-4.Cc phng thc khai thc h thng ILS.
Chng VI: Nhc im ca h thng dn ng hin ti
Phn II: H THNG DN NG TNG LAI
Chng VII: H thng dn ng v tinh ton cu (GNSS)
VII-1.Chc nng, thnh phn ca h thng GNSS.
VII-2.H thng nh v ton cu GPS.
VII-3.H thng v tinh nh v qy o ton cu GLONASS.
VII-4. Cc h thng tng cng.
VII-5.Cc phng thc khai thc h thng GNSS.
CHNG I
TNG QUAN V DN NG HNG KHNG.
I-1.Chc nng ca h thng thit b dn ng hng khng.
H thng thit b dn ng hng khng l h thng thit b nhm
cung cp thng tin cho tu bay thng qua cc my thu c trang b trn tu
bay, gip ngi li xc nh c cc thng tin sau:
- Tu bay ang u ?
- Tu bay ang bay v hng no ?
- Tu bay ang cch i dn ng/sn bay bao nhiu dm ?
- Tu bay bay nh th no ?
I-2.Cc phng php dn ng hng khng.
2-1.Dn ng theo phng php bn (Pilotting): quan st, theo di
da vo cc a vt c nh nh cc ngn ni cao, sng h, cc cy cao, cc
nh cao tng.
2-2.Dn ng theo phng php thin vn (Celestial): quan st da
vo cc chm sao v cc hnh tinh trong v tr nh sao Bc u xc nh
v tr ca mnh.
2-3.Dn ng theo phng php qun tnh (Inertial navigation): s
dng dng c dn ng qun tnh t trn tu bay (gia tc k), xc nh
c v tr tu bay, tc , gia tc, v v hng mi tu bay (heading).
2-4.Dn ng theo phng php da vo thit b v tuyn mt t
(Ground-based radio navigation aids): s dng cc my thu, thu cc tn hiu
dn ng trong khng gian c pht ra bi cc thit b v tuyn mt t.
2-5.Dn ng theo phng php da vo thit b khng gian (Spacebased radio navigation aids): s dng my thu GNSS thu cc tn hiu dn
ng pht ra t cc chm v tinh v cc thit b tng cng.
I-3.Phn lai cc thit b dn ng mt t.
3-1.Thit b dn ng v tuyn (Non visual navigation aids): l h
thng cc thit b cung cp cho tu bay cc thng tin cn thit xc nh v
tr ca tu bay trong khng gian theo phng thc pht sng ra khng gian.
Cc h thng dn ng thng dng (Conventional navigation aids):
L cc h thng ph bin hin ang s dng nh:
+ i dn ng v hng (NDB): Xc nh hng (Bearing).
+ i ch chun (Marker): Xc nh v tr (Location).
+ i dn ng a hng sng cc ngn (VOR): Xc nh gc
phng v (Azimuth).
+ i o c ly (DME): Xc nh c ly.
+ H thng hng dn h cnh chnh xc (ILS): Xc nh qi o
h cnh.
3-2.Thit b dn ng bng mt (Visual navigation aids): l h thng
cc thit b cung cp v hng dn tu bay bng tn hiu nh sng, bin bo,
tn hiu sn trong khu vc tip cn, ti sn.
CHNG II
I DN NG V HNG NDB.
II-1 Chc nng nhim v ca i NDB.
1-1. M u.
NDB (Non Directional radio Beacon) cng vi ILS (Instrument
Landing System), VOR/DME (VHF Omnidirectional radio Range / Distance
Measuring Equipment), l cc h thng thit b dn ng nhm mc ch
ph tr khng vn trong c hai ch :
- H cnh (Landing) (Hnh 2-1)
Airway W1
NDB
PK
NDB
BU
NDB
AC
D = 20 Km (Ni a)
D = 30 Km (Quc t)
STT
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tn Khu Vc
Nhim v
Sn bay TSN
25 R
i xa
i gn
25 L
i xa
i gn
Sn bay LK i xa,
im
i gn
Sn bay
i xa,
BMT
im
i gn
Sn bay CL i gn
Sn bay PQ i gn
Sn bay RG i gn
Sn bay QL i gn
Sn bay CS
i gn
Sn bay CT i xa
i gn
i xa
i gn
Thit b
ND 500
ND 500
ND 500
ND 500
ND
4000
ND 500
ND
4000
ND 500
XLA 50
ND 500
ND 500
ND 500
UCFR
fct
(Khz)
Cng
sut
(W)
Ident
Ghi
Ch
358
375
326
343
330
50/125
30/125
50/125
30/125
1000
TD
GV
SG
GN
DL
H24
H24
H24
H24
H12
312
386
50/125 HYD
1000
BU
Off
H24
370
350
278
335
305
330
244
408
244
408
50/125
50
50/125
50/125
50/125
100
HS
Off
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HT
CL
PQ
RG
QL
CS
MT
M
PL
P
STT
4
5
6
Tn Khu Vc
Nhim v
Thit b
fct
( Khz)
Cng
sut
(W)
Ident
Ghi
Ch
Sn bay
Ni Bi
i xa
i gn
320
230
KW
K
H24
H24
i xa
i gn
274
327
BK
B
HS
HS
i xa
i gn
i gn
218
448
349
XW
X
BQ
HS
HS
HS
i gn
380
DB
HS
i gn
408
GL
HS
Sn bay
Ct Bi
Sn bay
Vinh
Sn bay
N sn
Sn bay
in Bin
Sn bay
Gia Lm
STT
Tn Khu Vc
Sn bay
Nng
35 R
Nhim v
i xa
i gn
i gn
5
6
7
8
Ident
Ghi
Ch
212
1000
DJ
H24
234
50/125
H24
ND
2000
ND 500
440
500
PB
H24
348
125
HS
250
500
PC
H24
388
282
50/125
1000
C
PK
HS
HS
200
150
TH
HS
289
200
NG
HS
414
500
CR
H24
300
100
CQ
HS
Sn bay
Ph Ct
i xa
ND
4000
ND 500
Cng
sut
(W)
Sn bay
Ph Bi
i xa
Thit b
fct
( Khz)
Sn bay
Pleiku
Sn bay
ng Tc
Sn bay
Nha Trang
Sn bay
Cam Ranh
Sn bay
Chu Lai
i gn
i gn
i gn
i gn
i gn
i gn
ND
2000
ND 500
ND
4000
LX
4000
ND
2000
ND
2000
UCFR
STT
Tn Khu Vc
Nhim v
Khu vc MN
i An Lc i im
Khu vc MB
i Ninh
i im
Bnh
Khu vc MB
i Mc
i im
Chu
fct
( Khz)
Cng
sut
(W)
Ident
Ghi
Ch
SA
1000
320
1000
AC
H24
SA
1000
304
1000
HL
H24
SA
1000
514
1000
MC
H24
Thit b
in mng
cng nghip
NO
(8 20)
OK
Ngun Acqui
NO
OK
in my n
NO
OK
Ngun Acqui
Radiation efficiency
of antenna
20%
(-7 dB)
10%
(-10 dB)
8%
(- 11 dB)
d.
500 W
5%
(-13 dB)
e.
100 W
3%
(-15 dB)
f.
50 W
2%
(-17 dB)
g.
10 W
1%
(-20 dB)
h.
10 W
0,3%
(-25 dB)
3-9. V tr t i (Siting).
Ty thuc vo nhim v ca i NDB m v tr t i c xc nh.
a. Khi NDB l i im :
- Nu l i im trong ch En-route th n l giao im ca hai
Airway hoc nm trn mt Airway v l tm ca Airway . Chiu
cao ca ng-ten c tnh ton ph hp vi cng sut ca my.
- Nu l i im trong ch Landing th n c t ti sn bay
mt v tr thun li cho vic pht sng, chiu cao ca ng-ten
khng c vi phm vo qui nh v chng ngi vt ca sn bay .
b. Khi NDB l i gn, i xa :
- Nu l i xa, chiu cao ng-ten ti thiu 18 m, v tr i cch
im chm bnh trn ng CHC t 6.500 m 11.100 m .
- Nu l i gn, chiu cao ng-ten ti a 12 m, v tr i cch im
chm bnh trn ng CHC 900 m 1.200 m .
c. Khi NDB lm nhim v i locator kt hp b tr cho h thng ILS
th v tr ca n t v tr ca i Outer v Middle marker v nm v cng 1
pha ca trc tm ng ct h cnh .
II-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i NDB.
4-1.i NDB c s dng cho dn ng trung cn.
- Cc i NDB c b tr dc theo ng bay.
- Tm ph sng phi tho mn tiu chun ICAO.
- C chnh xc cho php 10.
4-2.i NDB c s dng cho dn ng tip cn v vng ch.
- S dng ti thiu hai i NDB, cho mt hng tip cn.
- Vng ch c th s dng mt hoc hai i NDB.
- Tm ph sng phi tho mn tiu chun ICAO.
- Phng thc tip cn khng linh hot.
- C chnh xc cho php 5.
Ph lc 2-2
Ngi bin son : K s Nguyn vn Thanh
14
B
C
N
O
Z
1
CHNG III
I DN NG V TUYN A HNG SNG CC NGN
(VOR-VHF Omnidirectional radio Range)
III-1.Chc nng nhim v ca i VOR.
1.1.Chc nng: Cung cp cho tu bay thng tin v gc gia hng ca tu
bay n ni t i v phng Bc t. Xem Hnh 3-1.
H
Tn khu vc
Sn bay in Bin
Sn bay Ni Bi
Sn bay Ct Bi
Nam H
Sn bay Vinh
Sn bay Ph Bi
Sn bay Nng
Sn bay Ph Ct
Sn bay BMT
Phan Thit
Sn bay TSN
Sn bay Cam Ranh
Sn bay Cn Sn
Sn bay Vng Tu
Sn bay ng Hi
Sn bay Lin khng
Sn bay Ph Quc
Sn bay Cn Th
u Ty Ni Bi
i hiu
DBI
NOB
CAB
NAH
VIN
HUE
DAN
PCA
BMT
PTH
TSN
CRA
CSN
VTV
DOH
LKH
ZDG
TRN
VPH
Tn s/Knh
113.6MHz/83X
116.1MHz/108X
115.1MHz/98X
115.5MHz/102X
113.1MHz/78X
115.8MHz/105X
114.4MHz/91X
116.3MHz/110X
112.1MHz/58X
114.1MHz/88X
116.7MHz/114X
116.5MHz/112X
115.6MHz/103X
114.7MHz
116.2MHz/109X
112.3MHz/70X
115.2MHz/99X
113.2MHz/79X
113.9MHz/86X
Loi
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
CVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
CHNG IV
I O C LY (DME)
a.DME/N (DME/Narrow): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch enroute v Landing, N k hiu thit b c c tnh ph hp ( phn bit vi
W).
b.DME/W (DME/Wide): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch enroute v Landing, W k hiu thit b c c tnh ph rng ( phn bit vi
N).
c.DME/P (DME/Precise): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch
Landing, P k hiu thit b c c tnh ph hp v c tnh chnh xc cao.
d.Kiu W,X,Y,Z: l phng php m ho qu trnh pht xung ca
DME da vo s khc nhau v khong cch gia hai xung ca cp xung
c th s dng nhiu ln i vi mt tn s lm vic, xem bng 4-1.
3.2.Cc yu cu c bn:
a.Cu hnh: Mt h thng o c ly bao gm hai thnh phn c bn, mt
t trn tu bay v mt t trn mt t.
CHNG V
H THNG HNG DN H CNH CHNH XC (ILS).
V-1.Chc nng nhim v h thng ILS.
1.1.M u.
- ILS (Instrument Landing System) cng vi MLS (Microwave
Landing System) l cc h thng thit b nhm mc ch hng dn
tu bay tip cn v h cnh bng thit b trong cc iu kin thi tit
kh khn nht (tm nhn b hn ch).
- Trong giai on chuyn tip ca chng trnh CNS/ATM, h thng
ILS vn c tip tc duy tr v l mt h thng phc v h cnh
hiu qu.
1.2.Chc nng, nhim v.
- H thng ILS c hai i c bn cung cp thng tin gip tu bay
xc nh c qy o h cnh xung ng CHC mt cch chnh
xc, l i Localizer v i Glidepath.
- i Localizer cn gi l i xc nh hng, dng xc nh
chnh xc trc tm (center line) ca ng CHC v gip tu bay h
cnh vo chnh gia tm ng CHC.
- i Glidepath cn gi l i xc nh tm, dng xc nh chnh
xc ng trt h cnh (ng glidepath) ca qy o h cnh v
gip tu bay h cnh chnh xc vo vng h cnh ca ng CHC
(touch down zone).
- Ngoi ra cc i ch chun (Marker) (c th c thay th bi cc
i locator hoc DME) gip tu bay xc nh c ly t tu bay n
ngng ng CHC.
(xem hnh v 5-1)
Ch th CPI
Ch th CPI
Ch th CPI
i OM
i MM
i GP
i LLZ
Tn khu vc
1.
Sn bay Ni bi
- ng CHC
11L
i hiu
NB
NBA
- ng
11R
CHC
2.
PBA
Sn bay Ph bi
3.
DAD
Sn bay nng
Tn s
(MHz)
Loi
Hng
sn xut
110,5
329,6
42X
108,3
334,1
20X
109,5
322,6
32X
110,5
329,6
42X
Hai tn s
cp I
Park-Air
Na Uy
Hai tn s
cp II
Park-Air
Na Uy
Hai tn s
cp II
ASII
M
Hai tn s
cp I
Thomson
Php
4.
HCM
Sn bay TSN
- ng CHC
25R
- ng
25L
SGN
110,5
329,6
42X
108,3
334,1
20X
Hai tn s
cp I
Thomson
Php
Hai tn s
cp II
Park-Air
Na Uy
CHC
Glidepath
Localizer
Glidepath
(MHz)
108,1
108,15
108,3
108,35
108,5
(MHz)
334,7
334,55
334,1
333,95
329,9
(MHz)
111,35
111,5
111,55
111,7
111,75
(MHz)
332,15
332,9
332,75
333,5
333,35
Glidepath
(MHz)
335.0
333,8
332,6
334,4
333,2
332,0
331,4
330,8
330,2
329,6
Localizer
(MHz)
108,1
108,3
108,5
108,7
108,9
111,1
111,3
111,5
111,7
111,9
Glidepath
(MHz)
334,7
334,1
329,9
330,5
329,3
331,7
332,3
332,9
333,5
331,1
DME
(No.channel)
18X
18Y
20X
20Y
22X
...
Localizer
(MHz)
110,3
110,35
110,5
110,55
110,6
...
DME
(No.channel)
40X
40Y
42X
42Y
43X
...
- Cch khong 7,2 Km (3,9 Nm), hoc trong khong (6,5 11,1) Km
(3,5 Nm 6 Nm) t ngng ng CHC khi iu kin a hnh
phc tp.
- Khng lch qu tm ng CHC 75 m (250 ft).
d.Mt i DME c th c s dng thay th mt phn hay ton b
cc i marker trong h thng ILS.
e.Khi s dng DME th DME s cung cp thng tin v c ly tng
ng nh cc i marker cung cp.
f. Khi s dng DME nh l mt i thay th cho i middle marker th
tn s lm vic ca DME phi c ph hp vi tn s lm vic ca i
Localizer v c t ti v tr sao cho c li v thng tin c ly l nh nht.
7.H thng gim st (Monitoring):
H thng gim st ca cc i marker s chuyn hoc tt my khi:
- Cng sut gim 3 dB.
- Mt tn hiu nhn dng.
- su iu ch gim 4 dB.
3-7.Cc vng gii hn ca h thng ILS.
1.Cc tc nhn gy nhiu n h thng ILS:
Do s dng nguyn l iu ch khng gian, nn h thng ILS s b nh
hng bi cc tc ng sau :
- H thng a vt trong khu vc t ILS.
- Mi trng ca mt phn x.
- Nhiu do tc ng ca tu bay v cc vt th chuyn ng.
- Nhiu do tc nhn cng nghip, in t trng...
Cc tc ng s lm sai lch cc vng ph sng, lm cc tham s khng
gian b thay i tc thi hay lin tc.
2.Cc khi nim v vng gii hn:
a.Vng gii hn tuyt i (Critical area): Tt c cc chng ngi trong
vng ny u gy ra s thay i ng k n cc tham s ca h thng.
b.Vng nhy cm (Sensitive area): Vng c kh nng gy ra sai s cho
cc tham s ca h thng.
3.Mt s qui nh v vng gii hn:
Cc yu t quyt nh v kch thc ca vng gii hn v vng nhy
cm bao gm :
- Kch thc ca tu bay.
- Gc m ngten i Localizer.
- Dng ngten.
- Thit b mt tn s , hai tn s.
- Chiu di ng CHC.
- Cp hot ng ca h thng.
(Xem hnh v 5-6)
Cp I
cao quyt nh
(Decision height)
Khng thp hn 60 m
Tm nhn ng CHC
(RVR)
Khng di 550 m
Cp II
Cp IIIA
Cp IIIB
Cp IIIC
Thp hn 60 m nhng
khng thp hn 30 m
Thp hn 30 m hoc
khng c
Thp hn 15 m hoc
khng c
Khng c
Khng di 350 m
Khng di 200 m
Di 200 m nhng
khng di 50 m
Khng hn ch
CHNG VI
NHC IM CA H THNG DN NG HIN TI.
Cc tn ti ca h thng dn ng hin ti bao gm cc i NDB,
VOR, DME, ILSc th c tm tt nh sau:
Ngi bin son : K s Nguyn vn Thanh
44
CHNG VII
H THNG V TINH DN NG TON CU.
( GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM - GNSS )
VII-1.Tng quan.
1.1.nh ngha: H thng v tinh dn ng ton cu ( GNSS ) l h thng
xc nh v tr v thi gian trn ton th gii, n bao gm mt hay nhiu h
Ngi bin son : K s Nguyn vn Thanh
45
chnh
xc ngang
95% (1)
3.7 km
(2.0 Nm) (6)
0.74 km
(0.4 Nm)
220 m
(720 ft)
chnh
xc dc
95% (1)
-
Mc
vn
ton (2)
1-10-7/h
thi gian
bo ng
(3)
5 min
1-10-7/h
15 s
1-10-7/h
10 s
220 m
(720 ft)
20 m
(66 ft)
10 s
16.0 m
(52 ft)
8.0 m
(26 ft)
16.0 m
(52 ft)
6.0m n
4.0m
(20 ft n
13 ft) (7)
1-2x10-7
ln tip
cn
1-2x10-7
ln tip
cn
1-2x10-7
ln tip
cn
6s
6s
Mc
lin tc
(4)
1-10-4/h to
1-10-8/h
1-10-4/h to
1-10-8/h
1-10-4/h to
1-10-8/h
Mc
sn sng
(5)
0.99 to
0.99999
0.999 to
0.99999
0.99 to
0.99999
Loi RNP
tng ng
1-8x10-6 /
khong
15s bt k
1-8x10-6 /
khong
15s bt k
1-8x10-6 /
khong
15s bt k
0.99 n
0.99999
0.3/125
0.99 n
0.99999
0.03/50
0.99 n
0.99999
0.02/40
20 n 10
5 n 1
0.5 n 0.3
Gii thch cc ch :
(1) : Cc gi tr 95% i vi li v tr ca tn hiu GNSS c yu cu cho
hot ng ti im c cao thp nht trn thm (HAT) nu c cung cp.
(2) : nh ngha ca mc vn ton bao gm c yu cu thi gian bo ng
l thi gian chm nht phi a ra cnh bo k t khi pht hin thy li (vt
qa gii hn bo ng) trong h thng . Cc gii hn bo ng l:
Bng 7-2: Cc mc gii hn bo ng.
Loi khai thc
Bay ng di
Bay ng di
Bay ng di v
trung cn
NPA
APV-I
APV- II
Tip cn chnh xc
Cp 1
Gii hn bo ng
ngang (HAL)
7.4 km
(4 NM)
3.7 km
(2 Nm)
1.85 km
(1 Nm)
556 m
(0.3 Nm)
556 m
(0.3 Nm)
40.0 m
(130 ft)
40.0 m
(130 ft)
Gii hn bo ng dc
(VAL)
N/A
N/A
2 n 5
N/A
N/A
0.5 n 0.3
50 m
(164 ft)
20.0 m
(66 ft)
15.0 m n 10.0 m
(50 ft n 33 ft)
0.3/125
20 n 10
0.03/50
0.02/40
.
1
X
11
6
= 0.3 + (1 012
. 10 ) +0.82 10 6
Y
Z
0.9
0
WGS 84
0.82 10 6 0 X
1
0 Y
0
1 Z PZ 90