Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2015. 7.
특허심판원 제5심판장
특허심사2국장
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- 執 筆 陳 所 懷 -
이지만, 특허법의 각 조문에 배여든 법리는 발명의 실체를 탐구하는 자연과학에 가깝지
않나 하는 느낌이 듭니다. 특허법은 각 조문이 유기적으로 연결되어 있어서 어느
한 조문에 관한 법리는 다른 조문에도 영향을 끼치므로 판단기준을 마음대로 정할
수 없으나 나라마다 차이가 나는 것을 보면 우리는 아직도 발명의 특성을 정확하게
알지 못함을 깨닫게 됩니다. 본 책자를 통하여 각 나라에서 전개되는 법리를 파악
하는데 도움이 되었으면 합니다.
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“주요국 특허판례 100선”은 특허 선진국인 미국, 일본 및 유럽의 판례를 검토
바램입니다.
- 심판정책과 기술서기관 김용재
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목 차
I. 미 국 편 ·
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1. 분리된 인간 DNA의 특허성 유무 ················································································ 3
2. 의료방법 발명의 특허성 판단기준 ················································································ 5
3. 진단, 치료 관련 방법 발명의 특허성 ············································································ 7
4. 영업방법 발명의 특허성(유용성 기준) ··········································································· 9
5. 영업방법 발명의 특허성(MoT 기준) ··········································································· 11
6. 소프트웨어 발명의 특허성 ························································································· 13
7. 소프트웨어 발명의 특허성(검증법 제시) ······································································ 15
8. 소프트웨어 코드 자체를 부품으로 볼 수 있는지 여부 ·················································· 17
9. 신규성 부정을 위한 선행기술의 용이실시 요건 ··························································· 19
10. 신규성 판단시 선행기술에 누락된 구성의 보충 ··························································· 21
11. 신규성 관련 선행기술 내재 및 통상의 기술자의 인지 여부 ·········································· 23
12. 청구항의 모든 구성요소가 선행기술에 내재된 경우 신규성 부정 가능 여부 ··················· 25
13. 신규성(선행 논문이 FTP 서버에 게시된 경우) ···························································· 27
14. 통상적인 기술자 수준 판단시 고려되어야 할 요소 ······················································· 29
15. 결합발명의 진보성 판단 방법 ···················································································· 31
16. 진보성 판단기준(그래엄 요소) ···················································································· 33
17. 진보성 판단기준(TSM 심사) ······················································································ 35
18. 진보성 판단기준(KSR 판결) ······················································································ 37
19. 선택발명의 특허성 판단기준 ······················································································ 39
20. 진보성 판단시 상업적 성공의 고려 여부 ····································································· 41
21. 진보성 판단시 선행기술문헌의 기술분야 범위 ····························································· 43
22. 영업비밀의 여부 판단시 진보성 판단 관련 여부 ·························································· 45
23. 화합물 발명에서 KSR 판결 적용에 따른 사후적 고찰 배제 ········································· 47
24. 복수의 선행발명을 인용하는 경우의 진보성 판단기준 ·················································· 49
25. 선발명과 그 용도를 청구한 후발명 간의 이중특허 여부 ············································· 51
26. 미국 특허법 112조의 발명의 기재 요건과 실시 가능 요건 ··········································· 53
27. 특허청구범위를 뒷받침하기 위한 상세한 설명 기재 요건 ············································· 55
28. 기능식 청구항의 기재 요건 ······················································································· 57
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29. 기능적으로 기재된 발명의 명확성 ·············································································· 59
30. 청구항 해석(기능식 청구항의 요건) ············································································ 61
31. 청구항 해석(내적증거의 중요성) ················································································· 63
32. 청구항 해석(주변한정주의에서 균등론 인정) ································································ 65
33. 청구항 해석(균등론과 출원경과금반언 원칙 1) ···························································· 67
34. 청구항 해석(균등론과 출원경과금반언 원칙 2) ······························································ 69
35. 침해판단시 Product by Process 청구항의 권리범위 해석 ·············································· 71
36. 방법특허에 특허소진이론이 적용되는지 여부 ······························································· 73
37. 종자기술 관련 특허에서의 소진이론 적용 범위 ··························································· 75
38. 방법특허가 복수 주체들의 결합에 의해 실시된 경우 특허권 침해 여부 ························· 77
39. 계약관계의 변화에 따른 직무발명의 승계 여부 ·························································· 79
40. 가처분 제도의 제한 ·································································································· 81
Ⅱ. 일 본 편 ·
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1. 기록매체에 의한 정보제시에 관한 발명의 성립성 ························································ 85
2. 의료행위 관련 발명의 산업상 이용 가능성 ·································································· 87
3. 자연법칙 이용의 판단(1) ··························································································· 89
4. 자연법칙 이용의 판단(2) ··························································································· 91
5. 자연법칙 이용의 판단(3) ··························································································· 93
6. 발명의 완성과 거절이유 ···························································································· 95
7. 방법 발명인지 여부 판단기준 ···················································································· 97
8. 공서양속의 의의 ······································································································· 99
9. 공중의 요구에 즉응하여 교부된 복사물의 간행물 반포성 ············································ 101
10. 특허법 제29조1항1호 공지공용의 의의 ······································································ 103
11. 간행물에서 발명의 개시 정도 ··················································································· 105
12. 신규성 판단시 용도 한정이 구성요소인지 여부 ·························································· 107
13. 신규성, 진보성 판단 시 특허청구범위의 특정방법 ······················································ 109
14. 진보성 판단기준 ····································································································· 111
15. 진보성 판단시 사후적 고찰 금지 ·············································································· 113
16. 진보성 부정 자료로 실시불능 발명의 사용 가능 여부 ················································ 115
17. 현저한 작용효과의 인정과 출원 후에 제출된 실험결과 ··············································· 117
18. 수치한정발명의 동일성 판단기준 ·············································································· 119
19. 수치한정을 둘러싼 진보성의 인정 ············································································ 121
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20. 수치한정발명의 진보성 판단시 이질적 효과의 취급 ··················································· 122
21. 선택발명을 둘러싼 진보성의 인정 ············································································ 124
22. 제법한정 물건발명의 청구항 해석 ············································································ 126
23. 의사에 반하는 공지 ································································································· 128
24. 확대된 선원의 동일성 판단에서 ‘실질적 동일’의 의미 ················································ 130
25. 확대된 선원의 단서 규정에서 출원인의 동일 등 판단기준 ·········································· 132
26. 선․후원에서 발명의 카테고리가 달라도 동일한지 여부 ············································· 134
27. 동일날짜 동일인 출원의 동일성 판단 방법 ································································ 136
28. 분할출원 및 원출원이 상하위개념인 경우 분할의 적법성 ············································ 138
29. 분할출원의 적부 ····································································································· 140
30. 의약용도 발명의 용이 실시 기재 정도 ······································································ 142
31. 파라미터 발명의 서포트(상세한 설명 뒷받침) 요건 ···················································· 144
32. 실시가능요건과 서포트(상세한 설명 뒷받침) 요건 ······················································ 146
33. 청구범위의 기재불비 규정의 취지 ············································································ 148
34. 심사전치 보정에서 전체적으로 청구범위 감축이더라도 청구항 수가 증가된 경우, 청구범위
감축에 해당하는지 여부 ·························································································· 150
35. 진보성 결여로 거절이유 통지한 경우 거절결정불복심판에서 신규성 결여로 심결할 수
있는지 여부 ············································································································ 152
36. 주지관용기술의 추가가 새로운 거절이유인지 여부 ····················································· 154
37. 균등성립의 요건 ····································································································· 156
38. 무효이유가 명백한 특허권에 기초한 청구와 권리 남용 ··············································· 158
39. 직무 해당성과 특허를 받을 권리의 승계 ··································································· 160
40. 물품의 구조 등의 고안의 의의 ················································································· 162
Ⅲ. 유 럽 편 ·
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1. 데이터가 특허법상 물건인지 여부 ············································································ 167
2. 개별 요청에 의한 특허서류 복사물의 반포된 간행물성 ··············································· 169
3. 선택발명의 신규성 판단기준 ···················································································· 171
4. 진보성 평가 방법(수정된 Windsurfing test) ······························································· 173
5. 진보성 평가 방법(Problem-Solution Approach) ·························································· 175
6. 진보성 판단기준 ····································································································· 177
7. 산업표준과 연관된 특허의 진보성 판단 ····································································· 179
8. 진보성 판단시 발명의 기술적 과제가 특허명세서 및 선행문헌에 개시되어야 하는지 여부 ·· 181
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9. 진보성 판단시 통상의 기술자의 지식수준 ·································································· 183
10. 복수의 구성요소로 이루어진 발명의 진보성 판단방법 ················································ 185
11. 특허와 실용신안의 진보성 판단수준 차이 유무 ·························································· 187
12. 청구범위 해석시 상세한 설명 참작 여부 ··································································· 189
13. 기능적으로 표현된 발명에 대한 상세한 설명의 개시 정도 ·········································· 191
14. 침해 예외사항으로 실험적 목적 실시 범위 ································································ 193
15. 균등론 적용요건 중 ‘동등성’에 관한 판단 ································································· 195
16. 발명의 구성 중 일부를 타국에서 실시한 경우 침해 여부 ··········································· 197
17. 필수 구성요소 일부가 타국에 있을 경우 침해 여부 ················································· 199
18. 수치범위 밖에서 실시할 경우 침해 여부 판단기준 ····················································· 201
19. 생략침해가 되는 경우의 판단기준 ············································································ 203
20. 무상의 전용실시권 설정시 특허권자의 침해소송 당사자 적격 ····································· 205
- viii -
- 참 고 사 항 -
USPQ(The United States Patent Quarterly)는 The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.에서
출판되는 판례집으로, 미국의 법원, BPAI 및 ITC에서 나오는 판결 및 심결이 수록
되어 있다. F.(Federal Reporter, 1880-1924), F.2d(Federal Reporter 제2시리즈,
1924-1993) 및 F.3d(제3시리즈, 1993-현재)는 West Publishing Co.에서 발행된 판례
집으로, 순회항소법원과 연방지방법원의 판결 중에서 선택된 판결이 수록되어 있다.
연방대법원의 판결은 U.S.(United States Reporter)라는 공식 판결집 및 CLawyers
Operative Publishing Co.가 발행하는 L.Ed(United States Supreme Court Reporters,
Lawyer’s Edition)와 West Publishing Co.가 발행하는 S.Ct(Supreme Court Reporter)
라는 비공식 판결집에 수록된다.
본 책자에서 해설한 『CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 99 U.S.P.Q.2d
1690 (Fed. Cir. 2011)』 판례를 찾는 방법을 소개한다.
- ix -
전산검색을 통하여 주요국 판례를 쉽게 입수할 수 있는데, 미국 판례는 『Westlaw
Next』에서, 일본 판례는 『TKC Law Library』에서 쉽게 얻을 수 있으며 특허청
전자도서관 싸이트에 연계되어 있으므로 특허청 심사관․심판관은 쉽게 접근 가능
하다. 또한, 유럽특허청 홈페이지 → “Law & practice”로 들어가면 유럽특허청 심판
부 심결뿐만 아니라 EPC 회원국의 주요 판례도 입수할 수 있고, 유럽 각국 대법원
판례를 검색할 수 있는 포털 싸이트로 “hwwp://network-presidents.eu”가 있다.
한편, 우리나라는 법원도서관에서 매년 ‘대법원판례집’, ‘대법원판례해설’을 발간
하여 주요 판례를 소개하고 있다. 또한 “대법원 종합법률정보” 싸이트로 가면 원
하는 판례를 전산검색을 통하여 쉽게 입수할 수 있다.
- x -
I. 미 국 편
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature and not patent eligible
merely because it has been isolated, but cDNA is patent eligible because it is not
naturally occurring.
해 설
- 3 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 4 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Although “laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas” are not
patentable subject matter under § 101 of the Patent Act, … “an application of
a law of nature … to a known structure or process may [deserve] patent
protection,”… But to transform an unpatentable law of nature into a
patent-eligible application of such a law, a patent must do more than simply
state the law of nature while adding the words “apply it.”… It must limit its
reach to a particular, inventive application of the law.
Patent claims covering processes that helped doctors … to treat patients with
autoimmune diseases determine whether given dosage level was too low or too
high, and purporting to apply natural laws describing relationships between
concentration in the blood of certain thiopurine metabolites and likelihood that
drug dosage would be ineffective or induce harmful side-effects, did not
transform unpatentable natural laws into patent-eligible applications of those
laws; steps in claimed processes, apart from natural laws themselves, involved
well-understood, routine, conventional activity previously engaged in by
researchers in the field.
해 설
- 5 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 6 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
7) Bernard L. Bilski and Rand A. Warsaw, Petitioners, v. David J. KAPPOS, Under Secretary of Commerce
for Intellectual Property and Director, Patent and Trademark Office. No. 08–964(2010).
8) U.S. Patent No.6,638,739(filed Apr. 18, 2002) U.S. Patent No. 6,420,139(filed Jul. 6, 2000), 아래는
’739 청구항으로, ’139 청구항과 각 단계에서 큰 차이가 없다.
1. A method of immunizing a mammalian subject which comprises:
(I) screening a plurality of immunization schedules, by (a) identifying a first group of mammals and at least
a second group of mammals, said mammals being of the same species, the first group of mammals
having been immunized with one or more doses of one or more infectious disease-causing
organism-associated immunogens according to a first screened immunization schedule, and the second
group of mammals having been immunized with one or more doses of one or more infectious
disease-causing organism-associated immunogens according to a second screened immunization
schedule, each group of mammals having been immunized according to a different immunization
schedule, and (b) comparing the effectiveness of said first and second screened immunization schedules
in protecting against or inducing a chronic immune-mediated disorder in said first and second groups,
- 7 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
as a result of which one of said screened immunization schedules may be identified as a lower risk
screened immunization schedule and the other of said screened schedules as a higher risk screened
immunization schedule with regard to the risk of developing said chronic immune mediated disorder(s),
(II) immunizing said subject according to a subject immunization schedule, according to which at least
one of said infectious disease-causing organism-associated immunogens of said lower risk schedule
is administered in accordance with said lower risk screened immunization schedule, which
administration is associated with a lower risk of development of said chronic immune-mediated
disorder(s) than when said immunogen was administered according to said higher risk screened
immunization schedule.
9) U.S. Patent No. 5,723,283(filed May 31, 1995) 1. A method of determining whether an immunization
schedule affects the incidence or severity of a chronic immune-mediated disorder in a treatment group
of mammals, relative to a control group of mammals, which comprises immunizing mammals in the
treatment group of mammals with one or more doses of one or more immuno-gens, according to
said immunization schedule, and comparing the incidence, prevalence, frequency or severity of said
chronic immune-mediated disorder or the level of a marker of such a disorder, in the treatment
group, with that in the control group.
- 8 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
State Street Bank and Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc.
149 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1998)
The Court of Appeals, Rich, Circuit Judge, held that: (1) patent was directed to
machine, not process; (2) invention was not unpatentable under mathematical
algorithm exception to patentability; and (3) there is no “business method”
exception to patentability.
Today, we hold that the transformation of data, representing discrete dollar
amounts, by a machine through a series of mathematical calculations into a final
share price, constitutes a practical application of a mathematical algorithm,
formula, or calculation, because it produces “a useful, concrete and tangible
result”—a final share price momentarily fixed for recording and reporting
purposes and even accepted and relied upon by regulatory authorities and in
subsequent trades.
해 설
- 9 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
10) Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of
matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the
conditions and requirements of this title.
- 10 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Bilski v. Kappos
561 U.S. 593 (2010)
해 설
- 11 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 12 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Thus, the district court did not err in holding that claim 3 fails to meet the
machine-or-transformation test. However, our analysis does not end there. In
holding that the machine-or-transformation test “is not the sole test for
deciding whether an invention is a patent-eligible process,” Bilski, 130 S.Ct. at
3227, the Supreme Court has made clear that a patent claim's failure to satisfy
the machine-or-transformation test is not dispositive of the § 101 inquiry.
Nonetheless, we find that claim 3 of the ’154 patent fails to recite
patent-eligible subject matter because it is drawn to an unpatentable mental
process—a subcategory of unpatentable abstract ideas.
해 설
- 13 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
17) 2. A computer readable medium containing program instructions for detecting fraud in a credit card
transaction between a consumer and a merchant over the Internet, wherein execution of the program
instructions by one or more processors of a computer system causes the one or more processors
to carry out the steps of:…
- 14 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International was a legal case about patentable
subject matter (patent eligibility) that the United States Supreme Court heard
in 2014, presenting the issue of whether certain claims about a
computer-implemented, electronic escrow service for facilitating financial
transactions concern abstract ideas ineligible for patent protection.
The Supreme Court of the United States held that the Alice’s patents were
held to be invalid because the claims were drawn to an abstract idea, and
implementing those claims on a computer was not enough to transform that
idea to a patentable invention. It was the first Supreme Court case on the
patent eligibility of software since Bilski v. Kappos in 2010, which was the
first such case in three decades.
해 설
- 15 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 16 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
19) 여러 문헌에 따르면 Deepsouth Packing v. Laitram Corp 사건(406 U.S. 518, 519, 1972년)이 법률
개정의 직접적인 발단을 제공한 것으로 보인다.
- 17 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
20) 신승남, 미국 특허법의 소프트웨어 분야에서의 역외적용과 그 시사점, 인터넷법률 통권 제38호, 2007
- 18 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
In order to anticipate, a prior art disclosure must also be enabling, such that one
of ordinary skill in the art could practice the invention without undue
experimentation.
The standard for enablement of a prior art reference for purposes of anticipation
under section 102 differs from the enablement standard under 35 U.S.C. § 112.
While section 112 provides that the specification must enable one skilled in the
art to ‘use’ the invention, section 102 makes no such requirement as to an
anticipatory disclosure.
Anticipation does not require actual performance of suggestions in a disclosure.
Rather, anticipation only requires that those suggestions be enabled to one of skill
in the art.
해 설
21) Diversitech Corp. v. Century Steps, Inc.(850 F.2d 675, 677, 7 USPQ2d 1315, 1317, 1988년)
22) Rasmusson v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.(413 F.3d 1318, 1325, 2005년)
23) 특허법원 2006. 6. 8. 선고 2005허49 판결에서는 내용이 기본적 상식이나 경험칙에 명백히 위배되어
내용 전체를 신뢰할 수 없는 경우 적법한 선행기술이 될 수 없다고 판시하였고, 특허법원 2014.
4. 4. 선고 2013허8802 판결에서는 심지어 미완성 발명도 선행기술이 될 수 있다고 판시하였음
- 19 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
24) 과거 판결(대법원 2000. 12. 8. 선고 98후270 판결 등)에서는 ‘미완성 발명’도 신규성에서 선행기술
로 채택할 수 있다는 표현이 많였으나 최근 판결들에서는 그 표현이 삭제된 것이 많음
25) 이러한 취지는 이후 여러 판례에서 확인할 수 있고, 예시적으로 In re Gleave 사건(560 F.3d 1331, 2009
년)에는 다음과 같은 판시내용이 있다. “a prior art reference need not demonstrate utility in order to serve
as an anticipating reference under section 102.”
- 20 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 21 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
< Intermec Tech v. Palm Inc. 811 F.Supp.2d 973 [2011] >
additional references may be used only to shed light on what a prior art
reference would have meant to those skilled in the art at that time, not for
a specific teaching, as this would be indicative of an attempt to improperly
“combine the teachings of the references to build an anticipation.”
- 22 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 23 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
29) 원문은 다음과 같다. “Humans lit fires for thousands of years before realizing that oxygen is necessary to
create and maintain a flame. The first person to discover the necessity of oxygen certainly could not
have obtained a valid patent claim for “a method of making a fire by lighting a flame in the presence of
oxygen.” Even if prior art on lighting fires did not disclose the importance of oxygen and one of ordinary
skill in the art did not know about the importance of oxygen, understanding this law of nature would not
give the discoverer a right to exclude others from practicing the prior art of making fires.”
- 24 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
This court recognizes that this may be a case of first impression, because the
prior art supplies no express description of any part of the claimed subject matter.
The prior art ′233 patent does not disclose any compound that is identifiable as
DCL. …(중략)… In these prior cases, however, inherency was only necessary to
supply a single missing limitation that was not expressly disclosed in the prior
art. This case, as explained before, asks this court to find anticipation when the
entire structure of the claimed subject matter is inherent in the prior art.
This court sees no reason to modify the general rule for inherent anticipation
in a case where inherency supplies the entire anticipatory subject matter.
The inherent disclosure of the entire claimed subject matter anticipates as well
as inherent disclosure of a single feature of the claimed subject matter. The extent
of the inherent disclosure does not limit its anticipatory effect.
Thus, inherency operates to anticipate entire inventions as well as single limitations
within an invention.
해 설
- 25 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 26 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
A three member panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit issued a decision on January 8, 2008. Writing for the majority, Chief
Judge Randall R. Rader upheld the District Court's decision that the '212' patent
was enabled by the EMERALD paper and therefore invalid. However, he
concluded that there were issues of material fact about whether the Live Traffic
paper constituted prior art. Since a grant of summary judgment requires that there
be no remaining issues of material fact between the parties, the majority vacated
and remanded the District Court's grant of summary judgment that the Live
Traffic paper invalidated the '203', '212', '338', and '615' patents.
Rader found that the Live Traffic paper was in a situation much more similar
to the uncatalogued thesis in In re Bayer than the publicly disseminated posters
in In re Klopfenstein. Rader concluded that the pre-publication Live Traffic paper
could not be considered catalogued or indexed in a meaningful way and was not
intended to be disseminated to the public. Rader concluded that, without
additional information about the structure of SRI's FTP server, genuine issues of
fact should have prevented the Delaware District Court from rendering summary
judgment on the patent invalidity issues.
해 설
- 27 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
32) SRI Int’l, Inc. v. Internet Sec. Sys., Inc. 456 F.Supp. 2d 623 United States District Court, D.
Delaware (Oct.17,2006)
33) 대법원 1996. 6. 14. 선고 95후19 판결
- 28 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Factors that may be considered in determining level of ordinary skill in the art
include: (1) the educational level of the inventor; (2) type of problems
encountered in the art; (3) prior art solutions to those problems; (4) rapidity with
which innovations are made; (5) sophistication of the technology; and (6)
educational level of active workers in the field.
Not all such factors may be present in every case, and one or more of these
or other factors may predominate in a particular case.
해 설
34) Jacobson Brothers, Inc. v. United States 사건(512 F.2d 1065, 1071, 185 USPQ 168, 1975년)에서
위 요소들과 동일하지는 않지만 유사한 요소들이 먼저 제시되긴 하였다.
- 29 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
35) 위 후속 판결이 있고 난 이후, 판례의 태도는 대체적으로 발명자의 교육수준을 요소에서 제외하고
나머지 5개만을 예시적으로 채택하는 쪽으로 정리되었으며(In re GPAC, 57 F.3d 1573, 1579, 35
USPQ2d 1116, 1121 1995년; Custom Accessories, Inc. v. Jeffrey-Allan Indus., Inc., 807 F.2d 955,
962, 1 USPQ2d 1196, 1201 1986년 등 참조), MPEP 역시 판례의 태도 변화에 맞추어 당초 6가지
요소에서 발명자의 교육 수준을 제외한 5가지만을 현재 고려할 수 있는 요소로 삼고 있다(MPEP
2141.03 : Factors that may be considered in determining the level of ordinary skill in the art may
include: (A) “type of problems encountered in the art;” (B) “prior art solutions to those problems;” (C)
“rapidity with which innovations are made;” (D) “sophistication of the technology; and” (E) “educational
level of active workers in the field.).
36) 한편, 진보성 판단시 통상의 기술자 수준을 파악한 다음에 선행기술과 대비판단하라는 대법원 판
결이 있다(대법원 2009. 11. 12. 선고 2007후3660 판결).
- 30 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
15 결합발명의 진보성 판단 방법
In re Rouffet
149 F.3d 1350 (Fed. Cir. 1998)
As this court has stated, “virtually all inventions are combinations of old
elements.”Most, if not all, inventions are combinations and mostly of old
elements.”Therefore an examiner may often find every element of a claimed
invention in the prior art. If identification of each claimed element in the prior
art were sufficient to negate patentability, very few patents would ever issue.
Furthermore, rejecting patents solely by finding prior art corollaries for the
claimed elements would permit an examiner to use the claimed invention itself
as a blueprint for piecing together elements in the prior art to defeat the
patentability of the claimed invention. Such an approach would be “an illogical
and inappropriate process by which to determine patentability.”
To prevent the use of hindsight based on the invention to defeat patentability
of the invention, this court requires the examiner to show a motivation to
combine the references that create the case of obviousness. In other words, the
examiner must show reasons that the skilled artisan, confronted with the same
problems as the inventor and with no knowledge of the claimed invention, would
select the elements from the cited prior art references for combination in the
manner claimed.
해 설
37) 35 U.S.C. 103 : A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained …(중략)… if the differences
between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole
would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having
ordinary skill in the art
- 31 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 32 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
The Patent Act of 1952 added 35 U.S.C. § 103 essentially requires a comparison
of the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art, to determine whether
or not the subject matter of the patent as a whole would have been obvious, at
the time of the invention, to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Justice
Clark held that the Congress, in passing the Act, intended to codify and clarify
the common law surrounding the Patent Act by making explicit the requirement
of non-obviousness.
Although patentability is a matter of law, the Court held that §103 required a
determination of the following questions of fact to resolve the issue of
obviousness:
1. the scope and content of the prior art;
2. the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art;
3. the level of ordinary skill in the prior art.
In addition, the Court mentioned “secondary considerations” which could serve
as evidence of non-obviousness. They include:
1. commercial success;
2. long felt but unsolved needs; and
3. failure of others.
해 설
- 33 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 34 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
In re Peterson,
223 F.2d 508 (C.C.P.A 1955)
It is clear that the reference patents each relate directly to the prestressing art.
Each patent reflects basic teachings in that art. While no single reference
discloses all the admittedly old steps of the claimed method, it is proper to
combine references, if warranted, to show that the bringing together of these
old steps was reasonably suggested by the prior art, and would have readily
occurred to the worker skilled in such art. We think the affirmative of that
proposition is applicable here, and that the Board of Appeals was entirely
correct in its application of the references to meet the subject matter of the
appealed claims.
해 설
- 35 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 36 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
On April 30, 2007, the Supreme Court unanimously reversed the judgment of
the Federal Circuit, holding that the disputed claim 4 of the patent was obvious
under the requirements of 35 U.S.C. §103, and that in "rejecting the District
Court’s rulings, the Court of Appeals analyzed the issue in a narrow, rigid manner
inconsistent with §103 and our precedents," referring to the Federal Circuit's
application of the TSM test.
When generally describing the obviousness test, the Court was largely
uncontroversial: In determining whether the subject matter of a patent claim is
obvious, neither the particular motivation nor the avowed purpose of the patentee
controls. What matters is the objective reach of the claim. If the claim extends
to what is obvious, it is invalid under §103. One of the ways in which a patent's
subject matter can be proved obvious is by noting that there existed at the time
of invention a known problem for which there was an obvious solution
encompassed by the patent's claims.
However, when the standard was applied to the facts before the Court, the
Court stated: The proper question to have asked was whether a pedal designer
of ordinary skill, facing the wide range of needs created by developments in the
field of endeavor, would have seen a benefit to upgrading [a prior art patent]
with a sensor.
해 설
- 37 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 38 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Prior art disclosed number of different combinations of ingredients, but number was
not so large that combination of WS–23 and menthol would not be immediately
apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, given that prior art identified
combination of WS–23, as a “particularly preferred” cooling agent, with menthol,
as one of the “most suitable” flavoring ingredients
해 설
- 39 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 40 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
42) ITC: The United States International Trade Commission의 약칭으로서 1974년의 통상법에 의거하여
종전의 관세위원회(Tariff Commission)가 개편된 기관이다. 통상위원회는 대통령 및 의회의 요청에
따라 국내산업에 심각한 피해를 줄 우려가 있는 수입품의 생산원가를 조사하거나 불공정의 조사,
외국의 차별대우 등의 조사를 하고 대통령에 대하여 관세인상 등을 권고한다.
- 41 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 42 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Two separate tests define scope of whether patent claim was obvious: (1) whether
art is from same field of endeavor, regardless of problem addressed, and (2) if
reference is not within field of inventor’s endeavor, whether reference still is
reasonably pertinent to particular problem with which inventor is involved.
해 설
- 43 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 44 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Weins v. Sporlener
569 N.W.2d 16 (S. Dakota S.ct. 1997)
Basically, Weins agreed with the opinion of the patent examiner who rejected
Weins' patent claim on the product because his "composition is merely a
combination of well-known feed materials provided as a feed supplement for their
known and expected functions.” Weins' patent application was ultimately denied by
the United States Patent Office based upon obviousness, reinforcing the
determination that Weins' product is not a trade secret as a matter of law.
해 설
44) 가축의 사료를 배합하는 방법에 관한 것으로, 배합된 사료는 밀가루, 콩가루, 당밀 줄기, 설탕, 요소,
효소, 에틸알코올, 단백질 화합물, 각종 비타민, 인산 등이 포함된다.
- 45 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 46 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Claims Beyond that step, however, the ordinarily skilled artisan would have to have
some reason to select (among several unpredictable alternatives) the exact route that
produced topiramate as an intermediate. Even beyond that, the ordinary artisan in
this field would have had to (at the time of invention without any clue of potential
utility of topiramate) stop at that intermediate and test it for properties far afield
from the purpose for the development in the first place (epilepsy rather than
diabetes). In sum, this clearly is not the easily traversed, small and finite number
of alternatives that KSR suggested might support an inference of obviousness.
해 설
- 47 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 48 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
Claims of patents for extended-rod safety utility lighters with automatic locking
features were obvious, rendering them invalid, where, as patentee admitted,
components required to assemble claimed inventions were simple mechanical
parts well known in the art, need for safer utility lighters was recognized in the
art as of patents’ priority date, and cigarette lighters and utility lighters were
analogous arts, such that one of ordinary skill would be directed to claimed safety
utility lighters by combining available utility lighters with prior art automatic
locking mechanisms on cigarette lighters.
The Federal Circuit concluded that the undisputed facts of the case—including
the state of the prior art, the simplicity and availability of the components making
up the claimed invention, and an explicit need in the prior art for safer utility
lighters—compelled a conclusion of obviousness.
해 설
46) KSR 판결(KSR International Co. V. Teleflex Inc., 127 S. Ct. 1727 (2007)) 에서는 ⅰ) 다수의 특허들
의 상호 관계가 있는 가르침, ⅱ) 시장에 존재하거나 디자인 업계에 공지된 요구, ⅲ) 통상의 기술
자가 가지고 있는 배경지식을 고려하여 판단하도록 하고 있다.
47) Graham 판결(Graham et al. v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City et al., 383 U.S. 1(1966))에서는 ⅰ) 선
행기술의 범위 및 내용, ⅱ) 당업자의 수준, ⅲ) 선행기술의 기르침과 청구발명의 차이, 이차적으로
ⅳ) 상업적 성공, ⅴ) 장기간의 미해결 과제, ⅵ) 타인의 실패 고려하여 판단하도록 하고 있다.
- 49 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 50 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 51 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
patenting analysis entails two steps. First, as a matter of law, a court construes the claim in the earlier
patent and the claim in the later patent and determines the differences. Second, the court determines
whether the differences in subject matter between the two claims render the claims patentably distinct.
A later claim that is not patentably distinct from an earlier claim in a commonly owned patent is invalid
for obvious-type double patenting.
- 52 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 53 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 54 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
First, it must describe the manner and process of making and using the invention
so as to enable a person of skill in the art to make and use the full scope of
the invention without undue experimentation. Second, it must describe the
invention sufficiently to convey to a person of skill in the art that the patentee
had possession of the claimed invention at the time of the application,
Suppose that an inventor created a particular fuel-efficient automobile engine and
described the engine in such detail in the specification that a person of ordinary
skill in the art would be able to build the engine. … it would not necessarily
support a broad claim to every possible type of fuel-efficient engine,
The single embodiment would support such a generic claim only if the
specification would reasonably convey to a person skilled in the art that [the
inventor] had possession of the claimed subject matter at the time of filing, and
would enable one of ordinary skill to practice the full scope of the claimed
invention,
해 설
55) Union Oil Co. v. Atl. Richfield Co.(208 F.3d 989, 2000년)
- 55 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
56) http://www.bakerbotts.com “LizardTech v. Earth Resource Mapping and the Written Description
Requirement in the Predictable Arts”,
- 56 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
28 기능식 청구항의 기재 요건
The trade-off for allowing such claiming is that the specification must contain
sufficient descriptive text by which a person of skill in the field of the invention
would know and understand what structure corresponds to the means limitation.
When dealing with a “special purpose computer-implemented means-plus-function
limitation,” we require the specification to disclose the algorithm for performing
the function. The “specification can express the algorithm in any understandable
terms including as a mathematical formula, in prose, or as a flow chart, or in
any other manner that provides sufficient structure.” Id. Importantly, we have said
that while it is true that the patentee need not disclose details of structures well
known in the art, … the specification must nonetheless disclose some structure.
Here, there is no specific algorithm disclosed in prose, as a mathematical formula,
in flow charts, or otherwise. … FM's citation to the flow charts as sufficient
structure is similarly unavailing because the charts also do not describe how the
transmitting function is performed.
해 설
- 57 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
57) MPEP 2181. “Identifying and Interpreting a 35 U.S.C. 112(f) or Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, Sixth Paragraph
Limitation [R-11.2013]”
- 58 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
When a word of degree is used in a patent claim, in determining whether the claim
is indefinite the court must determine whether the patent provides some standard
for measuring that degree; similarly, when a claim limitation is defined in purely
functional terms, a determination of whether the limitation is sufficiently definite
is highly dependent on context, e.g., the disclosure in the specification and the
knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art area.
해 설
58) Enzo Biochem, Inc., Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. and Yale University를 ‘Enzo’라 통칭함
59) Applera Corp. and Tropic, Inc.를 ‘Applera’라 통칭함
60) 미국특허 제5,328,824호(이하 ‘824 특허’라 함), 제5,449,767호(이하 ‘767 특허’라 함), 제5,476,928호
(이하 ‘928 특허’라 함) 및 제5,082,830호
- 59 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 60 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
We agree with AWH that the district court ultimately construed the meaning of
the term “baffle” properly. we determine that “baffle” is not in
means-plus-function language. The claim term in question does not expressly use
the word “means,”1 thereby invoking the presumption that § 112, ¶ 6 does not
apply. Moreover, the word “baffle” is a sufficient recitation of structure, which
carries its ordinary meaning of “something for deflecting, checking, or otherwise
regulating flow.”
However, our analysis does not end there-while the district court erroneously
considered the term “baffle” to be in means-plus-function format, we must still
read the claims in view of the specification and determine whether the patentee
has otherwise limited the scope of the claims with respect to the term “baffle.”
The ordinary meaning of a term must be considered in view of the intrinsic
evidence: the claims, the specification, and the prosecution history.
해 설
- 61 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 62 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
64) Claim 1. A bat, comprising: a hollow tubular bat frame having a circular cross-section; and an insert
positioned within the frame, the insert having a circular cross-section, the insert having first and
second ends adjoining the tubular frame, the insert being separated from the tubular frame ….
- 63 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 64 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
The Court, in an opinion written by Justice Robert Jackson, raised the doctrine
of equivalents. It noted that if another party could use a process exactly the same
as one that is patented, but escape infringement by making some obvious
substitution of materials, it would deprive the patentee of the exclusive control
meant to come with a patent. This would undermine the profitability of the patent,
which would go against the policy of encouraging inventors to invent by giving
the opportunity to profit from the labor of invention.
The Court also outlined how the doctrine should be used, noting that "what
constitutes equivalency must be determined against the context of the patent, the
prior art, and the particular circumstances of the case." The Court laid out two
possible tests to determine equivalency. Under the first of these (which has since
come to be known as the "triple identity" test), something is deemed equivalent
if:
1. It performs substantially the same function
2. in substantially the same way
3. to yield substantially the same result.
Under the second test, something is deemed equivalent if there is only an
"insubstantial change" between each of the features of the accused device or
process and the patent claim.
해 설
- 65 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 66 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
The Supreme Court, Justice Thomas, held that: (1) doctrine of equivalents is not
inconsistent with Patent Act; (2) doctrine of equivalents must be applied to
individual elements of patent claim, not to invention as a whole; (3) prosecution
history estoppel does not apply whenever patent claim has been amended during
application process, regardless of reasons for change; (4) patentee's addition of
lower pH limit during application process did necessarily preclude application of
doctrine of equivalents as to that element; (5) remand was required to determine
whether reason for amending patent claim to add lower pH limit was sufficient
to avoid prosecution history estoppel; (6) doctrine of equivalents does not require
proof of intent; (7) doctrine of equivalents is not limited to equivalents disclosed
within patent itself.
해 설
- 67 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
67) 대법원 2002. 6. 14. 선고 2000후2712 판결에서 최초로 금반언 원칙을 적용한 이후 판결에서 계속
설시하고 있다.
- 68 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 69 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 70 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
if an inventor invents a product whose structure is either not fully known or too
complex to analyze, this court clarifies that the inventor is absolutely free to use
process steps to define this product. Because the inventor chose to claim the
product in terms of its process, however, that definition also governs the
enforcement of the bounds of the patent right.
The inventor of this compound obtains a product-by-process claim: “Compound
X, obtained by process Y.” Enforcing this claim without reference to its defining
terms would mean that an alleged infringer who produces compound X by
process Z is still liable for infringement. But how would the courts ascertain
that the alleged infringer's compound is really the same as the patented
compound? Furthermore, what analytical tools can confirm that the alleged
infringer's compound is in fact infringing, other than a comparison of the claimed
and accused infringing processes?
해 설
- 71 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
74) In re Thrope 판결(1985), Atlantic Thermoplastics Co., Inc. v. Faytex Corp. 판결(1992), SmithKline
Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp. 판결 등
- 72 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 73 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
76) Glass Equip. Dev., Inc. v. Besten, Inc.(174 F.3d 1337, 1341, 1999년), Bandag, Inc. v. Al Bolser's
Tire Stores, Inc.(750 F.2d 903, 924 1984년) 등
77) Ethyl Gasoline Corp. v. United States(309 U.S. 436, 446, 457, 60 S.Ct. 618, 84 L.Ed. 852 1940년);
Univis, supra, at 248–251(62 S.Ct. 1088 1942년) 등
78) 김동진, 권리소진 이론과 라이선스 전략에 관한 연구, 부산대학교 석사논문, 2010, 86면
- 74 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 75 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 76 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 77 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
82) Reza Mirzaie 외 1, The future of inducing infringement claims after Limelight v. Akamai,
http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9c3f1b14-ebe4-4983-abbd-291d7718b12c
- 78 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
해 설
- 79 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 80 -
Ⅰ. 미 국 편
40 가처분 제도의 제한
The Supreme Court overturned the Federal Circuit's approval of the injunction,
holding that nothing in the Patent Act eliminated the traditional reliance on
weighing the equitable factors considered in determining whether an injunction
should issue. But it also ruled that District Court erred in denying an injunction
on the basis that MercExchange does not itself practice the patented invention.
"That test requires a plaintiff to demonstrate: (1) that it has suffered an irreparable
injury; (2) that remedies available at law are inadequate to compensate for that
injury; (3) that considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and
defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would
not be disserved by a permanent injunction. The decision to grant or deny such
relief is an act of equitable discretion by the district court, reviewable on appeal
for abuse of discretion. (…) Neither the District Court nor the Court of Appeals
below fairly applied these principles."
해 설
- 81 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 82 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
해 설
- 85 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
86) State Street Bank and Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc., 149 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1998)
- 86 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
외과수술 재생 가능 광학 표시장치 사건
東京高裁/평성 12년(行ケ)제65호(평성 14년 4월 11일 판결)
해 설
- 87 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 88 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
회로시뮬레이션 방법 사건
東京高裁/평성 16년(行ケ] 제188호[평성 16년 12월 21일 판결]
해 설
- 89 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
89) 특허·실용신안 심사기준(2011년 12월28일 개정)의 제Ⅶ부 「특정 기술분야의 심사기준」 제1장 「컴
퓨터·소프트웨어 관련 발명
- 90 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
해 설
- 91 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 92 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
번역사전 사건
知財高裁/평성 20년(行ケ] 제10001호[평성 20년 8월 26일 판결]
해 설
- 93 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 94 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
가축병치료용 조성물 사건
최고재판소/소화 49년(行ツ] 제107호[소화 52년 10월 13일 판결]
해 설
- 95 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 96 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
7 방법 발명인지 여부 판단기준
방사 작용 차단 방법 사건
東京高裁/소화31년(行ナ)제18호(소화 32년 5월 21일 판결)
해 설
- 97 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 98 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
8 공서양속의 의의
지폐 사건
東京高裁/소화 59년(行ケ] 제251호[소화 61년 12월 25일 판결]
해 설
93) 그 주장의 취지는 “본원 고안에 관한 지폐는 본원 고안의 명세서 및 도면에 기재된 기술에 의해서
는 현실적 의미를 갖고 실시할 가능성은 없기 때문에, 상식을 갖고 판단하면 현재의 사회생활, 경
제생활의 기초를 이루는 통화로서 국가가 그와 같은 지폐를 채용할 가능성은 생각할 수 없고, 또
한 일반 사인이 이와 같은 지폐의 고안을 적법하게 실시할 수 없는 것도 물론인바, 이와 같은 사
정 하에 있는 본원 고안에 만약 남아 있는 의미가 있다고 한다면, 그것은 일반 사인이 행하게 되
면 위법으로 되는 진화(眞貨) 지폐에 펀치공을 천설한다고 하는 행위, 즉 범죄행위를 부추기는 것
이외에 있을 수 없다”는 것임
- 99 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 100 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
해 설
- 101 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
95) 또한, 불특정 다수인이 현실적으로 의장 내용을 인식할 수 없다 하더라도 의장 서류의 열람, 복사
의 신청이 가능하다면 그 의장은 공지된 것으로 보는 판결도 있다(대법원 2001. 7. 27. 선고 98후
2020 판결).
- 102 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
BRANUTE 과립 사건
東京地裁/평성 15년(ワ] 제19324호[평성 17년 2월 10일 판결]
해 설
- 103 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 104 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
11 간행물에서 발명의 개시 정도
정제 아카루보스 조성물 사건
東京地裁/평성 19년(ワ] 제26761호[평성 20년 11월 26일 판결]
해 설
- 105 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 106 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
ABS계 수지 조성물 사건
東京高裁/평성 11년(行ケ)제345호(평성 13년 10월 25일 판결)
해 설
- 107 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 108 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
해 설
- 109 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 110 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
14 진보성 판단기준
회로용 접속부재 사건
東京地裁/평성 20년(행ケ] 제10096호[평성 21년 1월 28일 판결]
해 설
- 111 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 112 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
레이더 사건
知財高裁/평성 20년(行ケ)제10130호(평성 20년 12월 25일 판결)
해 설
- 113 -
주요국 특허판례 100선
- 114 -
Ⅱ. 일 본 편
반송장치 사건
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세제 조성물 사건
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23 의사에 반하는 공지
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액정디스플레이 반사장치 사건
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렌즈 첨부 필름 유닛 사건
東京高裁/평성11년(行ケ)제31호(평성 12년 10월 11일 판결)
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금속 냉간 가공 방법 사건
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불상 제단 사건
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이양기의 이식 간의 정지장치 사건
東京高裁/소화57년(行ケ)제225호(소화59년5월23일 판결)
위 자동 정지 장치 중, ① 동력 전달 기구 구성 및 ② 동력 전달 기구 중의 동
력 전달을 끊고 이식간을 상방으로 정지시키는 구성에 대하여, 본원 발명의 특허
청구범위는 모두 아무런 한정도 하지 않은 반면, 원출원 공보는, 위 ①의 구성에
대하여 클러치를 가지는 취지의 한정을 하였고, 위 ②의 구성에 대하여 동력 전
달 기구 중에 캠과 접촉자(캠롤러)가 접촉하는 것에 따라 동력 전달을 끊고 이식
간을 상방으로 정지시키는 취지의 한정을 한 발명을 기재하고 있으며, 위 두 가
지 구성에 대하여 그것 이외의 구성은 개시되어 있지 않다. 위 인정에 따르면 본
원 발명은 원출원 공보에 개시된 발명의 범위를 넘어선 것으로 인정할 수밖에 없
다… 공고 후는 공고공보에 기재된 명세서가 분할 대상 특허 출원(원출원)의 내
용으로 되는 것이고, 분할된 발명이 원출원의 명세서에 기재되어 있는지 여부는
이 명세서에 따라 판단해야 하는 것이지, 출원 당초의 명세서에 따라 위 발명의
기재의 여부를 결정할 것이 아니다… 본원의 출원일은 원고가 그 원출원의 출원
일이라고 주장하는 소화 39년 11월 21일까지 소급할 이유가 없어 현실에 출원된
소화 50년 9월 4일이라는 것이다. … 본원 발명과 인용례 기재의 발명은 중복관
계에 있고, 양자는 동일하다고 인정할 수밖에 없다. 그렇다면, 본원 발명은 특허
법 제29조 제1항 제3호에 의하여 특허를 받을 수 없는 것이라고 할 수 있다.
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Ⅱ. 일 본 편
112) 분할규정에서 일본과 한국이 차이가 있다. 일본 특허법의 분할 규정은 위 사건 당시의 분할규정
과 별 차이 없이 현재에도 여전히 ‘원서에 첨부된 명세서 또는 도면에 대하여’로 규정하고 있어
최초 명세서라는 규정이 아님에 비해, 한국의 분할은 원출원의 최초 명세서의 범위를 벗어나지
말아야 한다고 규정되어 있다.
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29 분할출원의 적부
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Ⅱ. 일 본 편
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30 의약용도 발명의 용이 실시 기재 정도
구토 억제 의약 사건
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편광필름의 제조법 사건
知財高裁평성 17년(行ケ] 제10042호[평성 17년 11월 11일 판결]
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성적 장애 치료를 위한 프리반세린의 사용 사건
知財高裁/평성 21년(行ケ] 제10033호[평성 22년 1월 28일 판결]
(i) “법 36조 4항 1호의 취지는, 유용한 기술적 사상의 창작인 발명을 공개함에 따른
대상(代償)으로 독점권이 주어진다고 하는 특허제도의 목적을 달성하기 위함이다. 이
것에 대하여, 법 36조 6항 1호는, 「만일, ‘특허청구범위’의 기재가 ‘발명의 상세한
설명’에 기재·개시된 기술적 사항의 범위를 넘는 경우에 그러한 광범위한 기술적 범위
에까지 독점권을 부여하게 되면, 해당 기술을 공개한 범위에서 공개의 대상으로 독점
권을 부여한다고 하는 특허제도의 목적을 일탈하기 때문에, 그러한 특허청구범위의
기재를 허용하지 않기로 한다」는 것이다.”
(ii) “법 36조 6항 1호 규정의 해석에 있어서, … 동호의 취지로부터 벗어나, 법 36조
4항 1호의 요건 적합성을 판단하는 것과 완전히 같은 방법에 따라 해석, 판단하는
것은 동일 사항을 이중으로 판단하는 것이 될 수도 있다. … 법 36조 6항 1호 규정의
해석에 있어서는, 특허청구범위의 기재가 발명의 상세한 설명의 기재의 범위와 대비
되고, 전자의 범위가 후자의 범위를 넘는지 아닌지를 필요한 합목적적 해석방법에
의해 판단하면 족하고, 예를 들어 특허청구범위가 특이한 형식으로 기재되어 있기
때문에 36조 6항 1호의 판단의 전제로서 ‘발명의 상세한 설명’을 상기와 같은 방법에
의해 해석하지 않고서는 특허제도의 취지에 현저하게 반하는 등의 특별한 사정이 있
는 경우는 논외로 하지만, 그러한 사정이 없는 한 동조 4항 1호의 요건 적합성을 판단하
는 것과 완전히 같은 방법에 따라 해석, 판단하는 것은 허용되지 않아야 한다. … ”
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124) 대법원 2006. 5. 11.선고 2004후1120 판결, 대법원 2006. 10. 13. 선고 2004후776 판결, 대법원
2011. 10. 13. 선고 2010후2582 판결, 대법원 2012. 12. 27. 선고 2011후2596 판결 등
125) 대법원 2003. 8. 22. 선고 2002후2051 판결, 대법원 2006. 11. 24. 선고 2003후2089 판결 등
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126) 특허법 제36조 제6항 제2호 취지는 특허의 부여된 발명의 기술적 범위가 불명확해져 제3자에게
불측의 불이익을 미칠 수 있는 부당한 결과를 방지하는 데 있고, 특허를 받고자 하는 발명의 종
류(물건의 발명, 방법의 발명, 물건을 생산하는 방법의 발명)가 불명확하거나, 발명이 불명확한 경
우에 있어서, 이러한 발명에 특허를 부여하는 것은 권리가 미치는 범위가 불명확하여 부적절하다
고 판시하였음
127) 법 제36조 제6항 제2호의 취지는 위 ①번 판결과 동일하고, 발명에 관련된 기능, 특성, 해결 과제,
작용 효과 등의 기재 등을 요건으로 하는 것은 아니라고 판시하였음
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자기 부재를 가진 모터 사건
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아조 안료 후처리법 사건
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토양 환경의 상대습도 제어 방법 사건
東京高裁/평성2년(行ケ)제228호(평성 4년 5월 26일 판결)
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37 균등성립의 요건
볼스플라인 사건
최고재판소/평성 6년(オ] 제1083호[평성 10년 2월 24일 판결]
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133) 제70조(특허발명의 기술적 범위) ① 특허발명의 기술적 범위는 원서에 첨부한 특허청구의 범위의
기재에 근거하여 정하여야 한다.
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134) 제1심은 피고제품이 본건 발명의 기술적 범위에 속한다고 할 수 없다고 하여 X의 청구를 기각하
였다. 이후 원심(제2심)은 구성요건 A 및 B에 관하여, 본건 발명과 피고제품의 구성은 다르다고
한 뒤, 구성요건 B에 관하여는 치환가능성 및 치환용이성이 있고, 구성요소 A의 차이에 관하여는
특단의 기술적 의의가 없다고 하여, 피고제품이 본건 발명의 기술적 범위에 속한다고 판단해 제1
심을 취소하고 X의 청구를 인용하였다. 이에 Y는 원심판결에 대해 상고하였다.
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킬비특허 사건
최고재판소/평성 12년(オ] 제364호[평성 12년 4월 11일 판결]
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청색발광다이오드 사건
東京地裁/평성 13년(ワ] 제17772호[평성 14년 9월 19일 중간 판결]
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40 물품의 구조 등의 고안의 의의
커트 장치 사건
東京高裁/소화 25년(行ケ] 제8호[소화 26년 7월 31일 판결]
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Gleichwohl hat die Beklagte mit der Herstellung der DVD das Patent nicht verletzt,
da der DVD-Master durch die (von der Klägerin als Testbestellung veranlasste)
Lieferung an die Beklagte mit Zustimmung der Klägerin in den Verkehr gebracht
worden und das Patentrecht insoweit erschöpft (verbraucht) worden ist. Gerade weil
nämlich der DVD-Master wie jede einzelne auf dieser Basis hergestellte DVD ein
und dasselbe unmittelbare Verfahrenserzeugnis verkörpern, kann auch hinsichtlich
der Erschöpfung nicht zwischen der Lieferung des Masterbandes (mit Zustimmung
der Klägerin) und der (Rück-)Lieferung der DVD (ohne Zustimmung der Klägerin)
unterschieden werden.
해 설
139) 인터레이스된 비디오 시퀀스의 교대하는 필드를 코딩하기 위한 시스템 및 방법에 대한 특허임
140) 소를 제기하기 전, The Trustees는 제3자를 시켜 A사로부터 DVD 500장을 주문하고, 주문을 받은
A사는 CD를 제작하여 상기 제3자의 독일 주소로 송부하였다. 주문한대로 DVD가 송부되자, The
Trustees는 A사를 상대로 독일법원에 특허침해소송을 제기하였다.
141) 독일 특허법 제9조는 특허권의 효력을 규정하고 있는데, 그 중 제3호는 특허가 방법발명에 관한
것인 경우, 그 특허발명의 대상인 방법에 의해 직접 얻어지는 물품에도 특허의 독점배타권이 미
치는 것을 규정하고 있다.
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
COURT THE HAGUE, 13. 07. 2010, 200. 023. 759/01 <네덜란드>
[Y] (voor het eerst) dat bedoelde brief en Brochure niet tot de stand van de techniek
kunnen worden gerekend, omdat het verleningsdossier waarvan de betreffende
stukken deel uitmaken, vóór de prioriteitsdatum van het Octrooi (2 maart 1990) niet
openbaar toegankelijk was. … Het hof verwerpt deze stelling. Vaststaat dat
verleningsdossiers ook in de periode vóór 1990 in die zin toegankelijk waren dat
deze (na publicatie van de aanvrage) door het publiek konden worden opgevraagd
of ingezien, zoals ook voorgeschreven in artikel 128 lid 4 van het Europees
Octrooiverdrag (EOV). De omstandigheid dat het publiek van tevoren niet kon
weten wat zich in een dossier bevond doet er niet aan af dat de inhoud daarvan
openbaar toegankelijk was. … De brief van 8 augustus 1988 en de Brochure behoren
derhalve tot de stand van de techniek.
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143) After the publication of the European patent application, the files relating to the application and the
resulting European patent may be inspected on request, subject to the restrictions laid down in the
Implementing Regulations.
- 170 -
Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Zu ermitteln ist deshalb nicht, in welcher Form der Fachmann etwa mit Hilfe
seines Fachwissens eine gegebene allgemeine Lehre ausführen kann oder wie er
diese Lehre gegebenenfalls abwandeln kann, sondern ausschließlich, was der
Fachmann der Vorveröffentlichung als den Inhalt der gegebenen (allgemeinen)
Lehre entnimmt. In der Rechtsprechung des Senats und der Beschwerdekammern
des Europäischen Patentamts wird dies auch dahin ausgedrückt, dass maßgeblich
ist, was aus fachmännischer Sicht einer Schrift "unmittelbar und eindeutig" zu
entnehmen ist.
Der Senat sieht sich mit dieser allgemeinen Beurteilung des Offenbarungsgehalts
chemischer Formeln im Wesentlichen in Einklang mit der - auch vom High Court
für England und Wales (Floyd J.) in dem das Streitpatent betreffenden
Nichtigkeitsverfahren zugrunde gelegten ([2008] EWHC 2345 (Pat)) - Rechtsprechung
der Beschwerdekammern des Europäischen Patentamts, nach der nur solche technische
Lehren neuheitsschädlich sind, die einen Stoff als zwangsläufiges Ergebnis eines
vorbeschriebenen Verfahrens oder in spezifischer, dh individualisierter, Form
offenbaren
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
… Assessing obviousness. …
It will be recalled that it forms the first step of the well-known Windsurfing test of
Oliver LJ [1985] FSR 59 at 73. The test provides a structured approach to the problem
and is often useful. … I think the test requires some restatement and elaboration. …
In the result I would restate the Windsurfing questions thus:
(1) (a) Identify the notional "person skilled in the art”
(b) Identify the relevant common general knowledge of that person;
(2) Identify the inventive concept of the claim in question or if that cannot readily
be done, construe it;
(3) Identify what, if any, differences exist between the matter cited as forming part
of the "state of the art" and the inventive concept of the claim or the claim as
construed;
(4) Viewed without any knowledge of the alleged invention as claimed, do those
differences constitute steps which would have been obvious to the person skilled
in the art or do they require any degree of invention?
… Overall conclusion on obviousness … the patent is obvious.
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
144) ’85년 영국의 Windsurfing International Inc. v. Tabur Marine (Great Britain) Ltd. 사건에서 제시됨
145) common general knowledge를 간단히 cgk라 함, 기술상식이나 주지관용기술 정도로 이해됨
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
해 설
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
6 진보성 판단기준
Zutreffend weist der gerichtliche Sachverständige weiter darauf hin, daß das
Vorhandensein der benötigten Druckluft in Operationssälen wie die vergleichbare
Verwendung von Gleithämmern in der orthopädischen Chirurgie anders als durch
die Klägerin als Hinweise auf ein Naheliegen gedeutet auch-und nach Auffassung
des Senats mit ebenso großer Berechtigung-als Hinweis darauf angesehen werden
können, daß die Hürde, die vor dem Verlassen der gängigen technologischen
Denkrichtung zu überwinden ist, groß ist. Schließlich kann nicht außer acht gelassen
werden, daß die durch den Vorschlag von Sakulin et. al. nur zum Teil gelösten
Schwierigkeiten bei der Stoßwellenerzeugung lange bekannt waren und daß von der
Veröffentlichung von Sakulin et al. bis zum Prioritätstag des Streitpatents fast
fünfzehn Jahre vergangen sind, obwohl ersichtlich ein Bedürfnis nach einfacheren
Vorrichtungen zur Steinzertrümmerung bestand. All diese Gesichtspunkte lassen das
Vorliegen einer erfinderischen Leistung im Sinn des Art. 56 EPÜ trotz des
Vorbekanntseins oder jedenfalls Naheliegens der Einzelelemente nicht als widerlegt
erscheinen. Dies steht einer Verneinung des Vorliegens erfinderischer Tätigkeit
durch den Senat entgegen.
해 설
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Denn auch eine in der Patentschrift angegebene Aufgabe stellt lediglich ein
Hilfsmittel bei der Ermittlung des objektiven technischen Problems dar
Es ist vielmehr auch zu erwägen, ob die Bewältigung eines (anderen) zum
Aufgabenkreis des Fachmanns gehörenden technischen Problems dessen Lösung
nahegelegt hat.
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Dies erfordert zum einen, dass der Fachmann mit seinen durch seine Ausbildung
und berufliche Erfahrung erworbenen Kenntnissen und Fähigkeiten in der Lage
gewesen ist, die erfindungsgemäße Lösung des technischen Problems aus dem
Vorhandenen zu entwickeln. Hinzukommen muss zum anderen, dass der
Fachmann Grund hatte, den Weg der Erfindung zu beschreiten. Dazu bedarf es
in der Regel über die Erkennbarkeit des technischen Problems hinausreichender
Anstöße, Anregungen, Hinweise oder sonstiger Anlässe.
Bei der Prüfung, ob der Stand der Technik ausgehend von einer Entgegenhaltung
dem Fachmann die erfindungsgemäße Lösung nahe gelegt hat, ist nicht nur zu
berücksichtigen, was sich für den Fachmann unmittelbar und eindeutig aus dieser
Entgegenhaltung ergibt, sondern gleichermaßen, was der Fachmann kraft seines
Fachwissens aus ihr ableiten kann.
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
153) Liège Court of First Instance of 6 December 2007 – Joskin Machines Agricoles v Veenhuis Machines
154) 특허법 제42조 제3항에서의 통상의 기술자에 관하여는 ‘보통 정도의 기술적 이해력을 가진 자, 즉
평균적 기술자’라고 설시한 대법원 2004. 10. 14. 선고 2002후2839 판결, 대법원 2003. 8. 22. 선고
2002후2051 판결 등이 있다.
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
해 설
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
해 설
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Die angefochtene Entscheidung wird dahin abgeändert, dass das Patent Nr 398 098
für nichtig erklärt wird. … Nach § 22a PatG wird der Schutzbereich des Patents
und der bekanntgemachten Anmeldung durch den Inhalt der Patentansprüche
bestimmt. Die Beschreibung und die Zeichnungen sind jedoch zur Auslegung der
Patentansprüche heranzuziehen. Dabei ist das Protokoll über die Auslegung des Art
69 des Europäischen Patentübereinkommens, BGBl 1979/350, in der jeweils
geltenden Fassung sinngemäß anzuwenden. Nach dem Auslegungsprotokoll zu Art
69 EPÜ
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
155) In a number of decisions, such as T 23/86 (OJ 1987, 316), T 16/87 (OJ 1992, 212), T 89/89, T
121/89, T 476/89, T 544/89, T 565/89, T 952/90, T 439/92, T 458/96, T 717/98, T 500/01, T
1321/04 and T 1433/05, the boards of appeal have laid down and applied the principle whereby
the description and drawings are used to interpret the claims and identify their subject-matter, in
particular in order to judge whether it is novel and not obvious. Likewise, in a large number of
decisions (e.g. T 327/87, T 238/88, OJ 1992, 709; T 416/88, T 194/89, T 264/89, T 430/89, T
472/89, T 456/91, T 606/91, T 860/93, T 287/97, T 250/00, T 505/04), the boards interpreted the
claims in the light of the description and drawings in order to establish whether they were clear
and concise within the meaning of Art. 84 EPC 1973.
156) 동일 취지의 2010후1107, 2011후3230, 2010후2377, 2010후3486, 2010후3639, 2010후2605, 2013
후778, 2010후3219, 2012후948, 2012후85 판결 등이 있다.
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
해 설
157) 1. Verwendung von Effektoren der Dipeptidyl-Peptidase (DP IV)- bzw. DP IV-analoger Enzymaktivität zur
Senkung des Blutzuckerspiegels unter die für Hyperglykämie charakteristische Glukosekonzentration im
Serum eines Säugerorganismus.(Use of effectors of dipeptidyl peptidase (DP IV) - or DP IV-like enzyme
activity for lowering the blood sugar level below the glucose concentration characteristic of hyperglycemia
in the serum of a mammalian organism.)
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주요국 특허판례 100선
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
14 침해 예외사항으로 실험적 목적 실시 범위
해 설
159) 영국특허법 제60조 제5항은 “영국 특허법의 규정에 따라 피고의 행위가 특허의 권리 범위에 속
하는 경우에도 아래 (a) 내지 (h)의 행위에 대해서는 특허의 침해에 해당하지 않는다고 주장할 수
있다.”고 규정하면서 (b) 항목으로서 “단순한 실험적 목적의 실시”를 들고 있다.
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주요국 특허판례 100선
160) 따라서 결국, ①특허침해자 자신이 특허발명 제초제의 야외 실지 사용(field trial)을 수행하는 것은
허용하되, ②제품의 작용여부를 제3자에게 입증하기 위한 시도나 제3자를 만족시키기 위한 정보
를 축적하기 위한 시도는 ‘실험적 목적’으로 간주될 수 없으므로 특허침해자 소유의 농장이 아닌
다른 농장에서 야외 실지 사용을 허용할 수 없다고 하였다(항소 일부 인용, 일부 기각).
161) 특허법원 2008. 12. 30. 선고 2008허4936 판결(약사법 관련), 서울지방법원 남부지원 2001. 6. 15.
자 2001카합1074 결정(농약법 관련)
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Wie der erkennende Senat erstmals in seinem Formstein-Urteil (BGHZ 98, 12, 18
f. = BGH GRUR 1986, 803, 805), sodann in dem Urteil "Ionenanalyse" (BGHZ
105, 1, 10 [BGH 14.06.1988 - X ZR 5/87] = BGH GRUR 1988, 896, 898 f.) und
zuletzt in seinem Urteil "Schwermetalloxidationskatalysator" (BGH GRUR 1989,
205, 208) ausgeführt hat, ist maßgebliche Grundlage für die Bestimmung des
Schutzbereichs eines Patents nach § 14 PatG 1981 der durch Auslegung zu
ermittelnde Inhalt der Patentansprüche, zu deren Verständnis die Beschreibung und
die Zeichnungen heranzuziehen sind.
해 설
162) 전통적으로 구성요소완비의 법칙(All Elements Rule)을 상대적으로 덜 엄격하게 적용하는 독일에서
는 과거부터 생략발명에 대해서도 ‘동등성’이 충족될 경우 균등관계를 인정하는 경우가 있었다.
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주요국 특허판례 100선
163) ①특허청구범위에 기재된 수단과는 상이하게 변경되었으나 객관적으로 균등한 수단에 의해 발명의
기술적 문제점을 해결할 것 ②발명이 속하는 기술분야에서 통상의 지식을 가진 자가 그 변경된 수단
이 동일한 효과를 가지는 것으로 인식할 수 있을 것 ③통상의 기술자가 그 변경된 수단을 갖는 실시
예를 균등한 문제해결 수단으로 여길 수 있도록, 적용해야 할 고려사항이 특허청구범위에 기재된 기
술적 가르침의 필수적인 의미에 관련되어 있을 것
- 196 -
Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Ein deutsches Patent oder ein vom Europäischen Patentamt mit Wirkung für die
Bundesrepublik A erteiltes europäisches Patent kann allerdings bereits verletzt sein,
wenn die fragliche Handlung wenigstens teilweise im Inland vorgenommen wird
und sie, soweit sie im Inland vorgenommen wird, den Tatbestand einer dem
Patentinhaber allein vorbehaltenen, in § 9 PatG genannten Benutzungshandlungen
erfüllt (vgl. Benkard/Scharen, a.a.O., § 9 PatG Rdnr. 10 m. w. Nachw.; Kraßer,
a.a.O., 749).
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
For my part I believe that it would be wrong to apply the old ideas of location
to inventions of the type under consideration in this case. A person who is
situated in the United Kingdom who obtains in the United Kingdom a CD and
then uses his terminal to address a host computer is not bothered where the host
computer is located. It is of no relevance to him, the user, nor the patentee as
to whether or not it is situated in the United Kingdom.
In those circumstances it is not straining the word "use" to conclude that the
United Kingdom punter will use the claimed gaming system in the United
Kingdom, even if the host computer is situated in, say, Antigua. Thus the supply
of the CD in the United Kingdom to the United Kingdom punter will be intended
to put the invention into effect in the United Kingdom.
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Auch ihr Hinweis darauf, daß die nach den Angaben im Patentanspruch zulässige
Schwankungsbreite gegenüber dem Wert von 10 mmol/l von ± 2 mmol/l absolut
und ± 20 % bezogen auf die Mengenangabe deutlich kleiner ist als bei den meisten
der übrigen Bestandteile der Lösung, ist in der Sache berechtigt. Lediglich bei
Tryptophan ist eine prozentual größere, absolut allerdings geringere Abweichung
zugelassen. Dabei ist weiter zu berücksichtigen, daß das Klagepatent von vornherein
für den Zusatz Magnesiumchlorid nur eine verhältnismäßig geringe Variationsbreite
mit einem bevorzugten Mittelwert von 10 mmol/l vorsieht. Dies legt es nahe, in
den Bereichsgrenzen wenn schon keine absolute Begrenzung des Schutzbereichs zu
sehen, doch unter Berücksichtigung des Gesichtspunkts der Rechtssicherheit nur
eine geringe Breite zulässiger Überschreitungen in den Schutzbereich einzubeziehen.
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Der Schutzbereich eines europäischen Patents kann nicht auf eine Ausführungsform
erstreckt werden, die auf den entscheidenden Vorteil der Erfindung verzichtet,
indem sie ein im Leistungsergebnis übereinstimmendes Mittel benutzt, dessen Einsatz
zu vermeiden Hauptzweck der Erfindung ist.
Bei einem europäischen Patent scheidet der Schutz für eine Unterkombination
jedenfalls dann aus, wenn auf ein für die unter Schutz gestellte Lehre wesentliches
und bestimmendes Merkmal des Patentanspruchs verzichtet ist.
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
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Ⅲ. 유 럽 편
Die von der Gesellschaft durch Ausübung der Lizenz erzielten Gewinne, an denen
der Schutzrechtsinhaber kraft seiner Stellung als Gesellschafter beteiligt ist, stellen
einen aus dem Patent resultierenden wirtschaftlichen Vorteil dar. Dass dieser Vorteil
seine rechtliche Grundlage nicht im Lizenzvertrag hat, sondern im Zusammenspiel
zwischen der Lizenzeinräumung und dem Gesellschaftsvertrag, begründet keinen relevanten
Unterschied. Ob dem Schutzrechtsinhaber aus einer begangenen Schutzrechtsverletzung
ein eigener Schaden in Form von entgangenem Gewinn entstanden ist, hängt nicht
davon ab, auf welcher rechtlichen Grundlage der entgangene Gewinn beruht hätte.
Entscheidend ist vielmehr, ob ein hinreichender ursächlicher Zusammenhang zwischen
der Schutzrechtsverletzung und der Vermögenseinbuße besteht, deren Ausgleich der
Schutzrechtsinhaber begehrt.
해 설
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주요국 특허판례 100선
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< 위 장 >
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