Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HR Engl
HR Engl
Task 2
Behavioral changes
Sentence: The therapy sessions led to noticeable changes in behavior, as the
individual became more assertive and confident.
• to pursue goals
Sentence: Despite facing challenges, she continued to pursue her goals with
determination and resilience.
• inability problem-solving abilities
Sentence: His excellent problem-solving abilities allowed him to tackle
complex issues with ease.
• those who display cognitive flexibility
Sentence: In academic settings, success often comes to those who display
cognitive flexibility, adapting their approach to various challenges.
• changes in behavior
Sentence: The new fitness routine resulted in positive changes in behavior,
promoting a healthier lifestyle.
• to meet criteria
Sentence: The project proposal must meet specific criteria to be considered
for funding.
• prolonged emotional state
Sentence: The loss of a loved one can lead to a prolonged emotional state of
grief and sorrow.
• process information
Sentence: Our brains constantly process information, allowing us to navigate
the complexities of daily life.
• sudden insights
Sentence: Creative breakthroughs often come from sudden insights,
providing unexpected solutions to problems.
• to be unrelentenly optimistic
Sentence: Despite facing setbacks, she continued to be an incorrigible
optimist, always seeing the silver lining in every situation.
• to endure tough times
Sentence: Resilient individuals not only survive but also learn and grow
when they endure tough times.
• to abandon/relinquish hope
Sentence: Sometimes, it is necessary to abandon hope in certain situations
and focus on new opportunities.
• to cling to hope
Sentence: Even in challenging circumstances, he chose to cling to hope,
believing that things would eventually improve.
• encounter roadblocks
Sentence: During the project implementation, the team unexpectedly
encountered obstacles that required quick problem-solving skills.
Task 3
1. to traverse current situation: долати поточну ситуацію
Meaning: To navigate or move through one's present circumstances or
conditions, suggesting an active engagement with the challenges or
opportunities at hand.
2. to explore novel situations mentally: - досліджувати нові ситуації
подумки
Meaning: To mentally engage with and examine new or unfamiliar
situations, implying a cognitive process of considering possibilities or
scenarios that are innovative or unexplored.
3. nervous system responses: реакції нервової системи
Meaning: Reactions or changes that occur in the body and mind as a
result of the nervous system's activity, indicating physiological and
psychological responses to stimuli or situations.
4. to determine one’s outlook on life: визначитися зі своїми поглядами
на життя
Meaning: To shape or influence one's perspective, beliefs, and attitude
towards life, indicating how personal experiences and perceptions
contribute to an individual's overall worldview.
5. to go over one’s to-do list: переглянути список справ
Meaning: To review or examine one's list of tasks or activities that
need to be accomplished, suggesting a deliberate and organized
approach to managing responsibilities.
6. conscious perception of future events: усвідомлене сприйняття
майбутніх подій
Meaning: Being aware and intentional in one's understanding or
interpretation of upcoming events, indicating a mindful and deliberate
consideration of what lies ahead.
7. to handle disappointment: справлятися з розчаруванням
Meaning: To manage or cope with feelings of sadness, frustration, or
dissatisfaction resulting from unmet expectations or unfavorable
outcomes, suggesting emotional resilience in the face of setbacks.
8. to come to terms with failure: змиритися з невдачами
Meaning: To accept and emotionally process the experience of not
succeeding or achieving one's goals, indicating a willingness to
acknowledge and move beyond the negative aspects of failure.
9. unsullied direction: незаплямований напрямок
Meaning: A clean, untarnished, or pure path or course of action,
suggesting a fresh and uncontaminated approach or route that is free
from negative influences or past complications.
Task 4
1. Anticipating the future with hope can alter our behavior and self-perception.
2. The ability to solve problems and pursue goals is higher in those who are
filled with hope; they exhibit cognitive flexibility and easily tackle new
mental challenges.
3. Emotions are automatic and reflexive; they induce physical and behavioral
changes as a result of the nervous system responses.
4. The concept of "hope" is better understood as a "cognition" that creates a
certain mood—a prolonged emotional state capable of determining one's
outlook on life.
5. Our brain can process information and work on a problem unconsciously,
leading to sudden insights and conscious perception of future events.
6. Being unrelentingly optimistic means adapting easily to new circumstances
and being able to endure tough times.
7. In relationships, there are instances when abandoning hope is
psychologically safer than clinging to it, even though it may evoke feelings
of helplessness, despair, depression, or yearning—negative counterparts of
hope.
8. Continuing to pursue a specific direction where we inevitably encounter
roadblocks, whether in interpersonal relationships, career, or business, can
obscure other paths that could lead us to our goal.
Reading comprehension
Task 1
1. What is hope and how does it influence people’s state of mind and
behavior?
Hope is a positive expectation or anticipation of a favorable outcome in the
future. It influences people's state of mind by creating a positive mood and
altering their behavior in the present. The act of looking ahead with hope,
envisioning positive possibilities, and imagining what might happen can
reshape one's current self-perception. The positive feelings associated with hope
contribute to a person's overall outlook on life, influencing their emotional state
and behavioral choices. Hope structures life in anticipation of the future,
providing motivation and shaping methods of traversing current situations.
2. What differs hopeful people from their low-hope peers?
Hopeful people differ from their low-hope peers in various ways. Hopeful
individuals exhibit better problem-solving abilities and cognitive flexibility.
Research suggests that those who are hopeful tend to navigate novel situations
more effectively and approach cognitive tasks with an open mind. They are
more adaptable and capable of mentally exploring new scenarios. In contrast,
low-hope individuals may struggle with flexibility and problem-solving,
possibly due to a lack of positive anticipation for the future.
3. Is hope an emotion? Why or why not?
Hope technically does not fit the criteria as an emotion. Emotions are typically
automatic, reflexive, and lead to immediate physical and behavioral changes. In
contrast, hope is described as a cognition that creates a prolonged affective
state. While it influences mood and outlook on life, hope lacks the immediacy
and intensity of reflexive emotions. The distinction lies in the nature of hope,
which involves conscious anticipation and positive expectations rather than
automatic responses.
4. What is the effect of visualizing your wishes and goals?
Visualizing wishes and goals is a motivational principle that directs behavior
toward positive outcomes. It involves consciously imagining and creating
mental images of desired achievements. This process, often associated with
hope, structurally influences behavior by unconsciously aligning actions with
the envisioned positive outcomes. According to unconscious thought theory,
visualizing goals allows the brain to work on problems in a non-conscious way,
leading to bursts of insight. Therefore, consciously visualizing one's aspirations
can contribute to problem-solving and goal pursuit.
5. Why were clinical drug trials a good example of the power of hope?
Clinical drug trials served as a good example of the power of hope because they
involved comparing the efficacy of a medication with an inactive substance,
known as a placebo. Notably, studies showed that placebos engineered to
produce side effects, making participants believe they were taking the actual
medication, exhibited efficacy similar to the medication itself. This
phenomenon suggests that the belief in the effectiveness of treatment, or
"hope," played a significant role in the perceived success of the intervention.
6. Why is it good to be unrelentingly optimistic?
Being unrelentingly optimistic is beneficial because it fosters adaptability,
resilience, and a positive outlook on life. Optimistic individuals are more likely
to recognize their own capabilities and reassure themselves during challenging
times. This mindset enables them to handle disappointment more effectively,
buffering stress and reducing the impact of negative events. Unrelenting
optimism promotes a belief in one's ability to adapt and overcome difficulties,
leading to a limitless positive vision of the future. Optimists tend to make
excuses for negative outcomes, reinforcing their adaptive capacity and
maintaining a constructive perspective.
7. In what cases is it prudent to abandon hope?
It is prudent to abandon hope in situations where persistent pursuit of a
particular direction encounters insurmountable roadblocks. Whether in
relationships, career, or business ventures, continually striving for a specific
goal may obscure alternative paths that could lead to success. Recognizing
when hope should be relinquished requires strength and courage,
acknowledging one's helplessness in the face of unattainable objectives.
Abandoning hope, in these cases, is constructive, as it allows redirection
towards new opportunities and unsullied directions unburdened by past
limitations. This shift in perspective can lead to fresh approaches and renewed
hope.
TASK 2
The text explores the multifaceted influence of hope on individuals' mental states
and behaviors. It posits that hope, akin to optimism, creates a positive outlook by
shaping one's anticipation of the future. This mental time travel not only alters self-
perception but also structures life with positive feelings, influencing present
behavior. Hopeful individuals exhibit superior problem-solving abilities and
cognitive flexibility compared to their low-hope counterparts, suggesting a positive
impact on cognitive processes. While technically not classified as an emotion,
hope is described as a cognition capable of creating a prolonged affective state,
guiding one's overall perspective on life. The text also highlights scenarios, such as
clinical drug trials and relationships, where understanding when to abandon hope
can be psychologically constructive.
Talking points
Task 1
How does hope help people to cope with their problems?
Hope serves as a powerful psychological resource, aiding individuals in coping
with their problems in several ways. Firstly, hope creates a positive anticipation of
the future, influencing individuals' current states of mind. This positive outlook
acts as a stress buffer, reducing the impact of negative events and disappointment.
Hopeful individuals tend to exhibit better problem-solving abilities, cognitive
flexibility, and adaptability, enabling them to navigate challenges with resilience.
The positive feelings associated with hope contribute to a sense of self-assurance,
reassuring individuals that they possess the capability to overcome tough times.
Moreover, hope fosters an optimistic mindset, allowing individuals to make
excuses for negative outcomes and maintain a constructive perspective.
1. Stress-Buffering Effect: Hope acts as a stress buffer by providing individuals with a
positive outlook even in challenging situations. The anticipation of a positive future
outcome can mitigate the emotional impact of present difficulties.
2. Adaptability and Resilience: Hopeful individuals tend to be more adaptable and
resilient. Believing in the possibility of a positive outcome allows them to navigate
obstacles with a mindset that fosters flexibility and the ability to bounce back from
setbacks.
3. Positive Self-Perception: Hope influences how individuals view themselves. Even when
facing adversity, maintaining hope can contribute to a positive self-perception,
reinforcing a belief in one's adaptability and capabilities.
4. Motivation for Goal Pursuit: Hope provides motivation for pursuing goals. The
positive feelings associated with hopeful anticipation drive individuals to take proactive
steps, engage in problem-solving, and persist in the face of challenges.
5. Reduced Impact of Negative Events: Even if the present is unpleasant, the hope for a
positive future can reduce the impact of negative events. This perspective helps
individuals maintain a long-term focus and avoid being overwhelmed by immediate
difficulties.
Do you agree with the author’s opinion that relinquishing hope can have
positive effects? WHY YES
Yes, I agree with the author's opinion that relinquishing hope can have positive
effects in certain situations. Recognizing when hope should be abandoned requires
a realistic assessment of one's circumstances, acknowledging the limitations of a
particular direction or goal. In relationships, careers, or other endeavors,
persistently clinging to hope despite insurmountable roadblocks can lead to
stagnation and missed opportunities. Relinquishing hope, in such instances,
demonstrates courage and strength to acknowledge one's helplessness, opening the
door to exploring new paths and unsullied directions. This shift in perspective can
be liberating, allowing individuals to redirect their efforts towards more achievable
and fulfilling objectives, potentially leading to positive outcomes that were
previously obscured by unwavering hope in an impractical direction.
1. Recognition of Limitations: Relinquishing hope may involve acknowledging the limits
of one's ability to control or influence certain outcomes, fostering a realistic
understanding of the situation.
2. Psychological Health in Relationships: In relationships, especially those characterized
by rescuing behaviors, giving up hope may mean coming to terms with one's inability to
change a partner's choices or behavior. This recognition can lead to a healthier
emotional state by letting go of unrealistic expectations.
3. Directional Shift: Relinquishing hope can prompt individuals to redirect their efforts
toward alternative paths or goals. This shift in focus allows for exploration of new
avenues, unburdened by the constraints of unattainable expectations.
4. Freedom from Negative Emotions: The author suggests that the feelings associated
with giving up hope—such as helplessness, despair, or yearning—are negative
counterparts of hope. However, embracing these emotions can be constructive, leading
to personal growth and a clearer understanding of one's emotional landscape.
5. New Hope and Opportunities: Relinquishing hope in a specific direction may open the
door to new hope and opportunities. It is a process that involves letting go of what may
be unattainable in favor of a fresh start, potentially leading to positive outcomes in
different areas of life.
Task 2